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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Sabers
San Diego Sabers
["1 History","2 Season-by-season records","3 Previous Logos","4 Alumni","5 References","6 External links"]
Ice hockey team in Carlsbad, CaliforniaSan Diego SabersCityCarlsbad, CaliforniaLeagueUnited States Premier Hockey LeagueFounded2001Home arenaCarlsbad IcetownColorsGold, black, white     Owner(s)Tomas KapustaGeneral managerTomas KapustaHead coachDomenic DiCiccoFranchise history2001–2008San Diego Surf2008–2015San Diego Gulls2015–presentSan Diego Sabers The San Diego Sabers are a junior ice hockey team and are a member of United States Premier Hockey League. The team is based in Carlsbad, California, and plays at the Carlsbad Icetown. The team was the fourth team to be known as the San Diego Gulls from 2008 to 2015 until it gave up the nickname to the American Hockey League San Diego Gulls before the 2015–16 season. History The franchise was founded in 2001 as the San Diego Surf. At the time, the Western States Hockey League (WSHL) was a Tier III Junior B league before later transitioning to a Junior A in 2007. It played as the Surf from 2001 until 2008 when the team took the name San Diego Gulls, the name of three former hockey franchises in San Diego. Prior to the 2011–12 season, the WSHL and all its team members, including the Gulls, became Amateur Athletic Union sanctioned instead of USA Hockey, the first Junior A hockey league to make that transition. In February 2015, it was announced that the team has changed its name to San Diego Sabers for the 2015–16 season as the San Diego Gulls name would be used by the new San Diego AHL team. In 2017, the Sabers were sold to former Czech national team and Olympian Tomas Kapusta. In 2020, the Sabers left the WSHL and joined another independent junior hockey league, the United States Premier Hockey League (USPHL), in the Premier Division. The team also relocated from Iceplex Escondido in Escondido, California, to Carlsbad Icetown in Carlsbad, California. Season-by-season records Season GP W L OTW OTL Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs 2010–11 46 23 22 — 1 47 141 151 — 4th of 8, Western7th of 13, WSHL Lost div. semifinals, 0–2 vs. Idaho Jr. Steelheads 2011–12 46 24 17 — 5 53 181 132 851 2nd of 6, Western7th of 16, WSHL Lost div. semifinals, 0–2 vs. Valencia Flyers 2012–13 46 24 18 — 4 52 173 131 620 4th of 6, Western10th of 22, WSHL Lost div. semifinals, 0–2 vs. Valencia Flyers 2013–14 46 8 35 — 3 19 142 226 837 6th of 6, Western21st of 24, WSHL Did not qualify 2014–15 46 15 29 — 2 32 146 208 998 6th of 8, Western22nd of 28, WSHL Won div. quarterfinals, 2–1 vs. Long Beach BombersLost div. semifinals, 0–2 vs. Fresno Monsters 2015–16 52 9 40 — 3 21 110 275 1015 8th of 8, Western27th of 29, WSHL Did not qualify 2016–17 52 24 25 — 3 51 189 213 832 6th of 8, Western17th of 27, WSHL Lost div. quarterfinals, 0–2 vs. Ontario Avalanche 2017–18 51 5 42 — 4 14 112 312 558 6th of 6, Western21st of 23, WSHL Lost div. quarterfinals, 0–2 vs. Fresno Monsters 2018–19 51 17 27 4 3 62 187 228 965 3rd of 5, Western13th of 23, WSHL Lost div. semifinals, 0–2 vs. Fresno Monsters 2019–20 51 31 18 1 1 96 180 145 777 2nd of 5, Western8th of 20, WSHL Playoffs cancelled 2020–21 43 3 39 — 1 7 81 269 1096 4th of 5, Pacific60th of 62, USPHL-Premier Lost div. semifinal game, 2–6 vs. Fresno Monsters 2021–22 44 17 23 — 4 38 154 187 712 4th of 6, Pacific46th of 65, USPHL-Premier Did not qualify for post season play 2022-23 46 33 11 1 2 68 212 124 948 4th of 7, Pacific17th of 69, USPHL-Premier Lost div. Semifinal, 0-1-1 vs. Fresno Monsters 2023-24 46 15 31 1 0 3 212 248 943 6th of 7, Pacific17th of 69, USPHL-Premier Did not qualify for post season play ^ a b Beginning with the 2018–19 season, the WSHL awarded 3pts for a win, 2pts for an overtime win, and 1pt for an overtime loss. Previous Logos Team logo when the franchise played as the San Diego Gulls 2008–15. Team logo when the franchise played as the San Diego Surf 2001–08. Alumni The Sabers have had a number of alumni move on to college ice hockey, higher levels of junior ice hockey, and professional ice hockey. David Brito — San Diego Gulls (ECHL), US National Inline Hockey Team Ted Lauer (2014–15) — Lake Forest College Lake Forest, Illinois, NCAA Division III Cameron Todd (2014–15) — NACKA HK Team A, Sweden References ^ "SABERS SIGN NEW HEAD COACH!". San Diego Sabers. June 24, 2020. ^ "JUNIOR LEAGUE HELPS LOCALS BECOME HIGH FLYERS VALENCIA-BASED TEAM GIVES PAIR a CHANCE AT BIG-TIME HOCKEY. - Free Online Library". Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2010-06-11. ^ "San Diego Gulls Statistics and History ". hockeydb.com. ^ Brents, Phillip (September 27, 2009). "San Diego Sports Arena plays host to hockey again". California Rubber. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. ^ Hamilton, Lee (May 19, 2009). "Hacksaw Hamilton: No more hockey night in San Diego". SDNN. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. ^ "San Diego Gulls Officially Change Name to San Diego Sabers Hockey". Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. ^ "WSHL PRESS RELEASE - April 26, 2017". WSHL. April 26, 2017. ^ "United States Premier Hockey League Adds Eight New West Coast Member Organizations". USPHL. April 17, 2020. ^ "Ice Rink Facility". San Diego Sabers. Retrieved March 16, 2021. ^ "Western States Hockey League". Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2014-01-08. ^ "San Diego Amateur Hockey Club". www.sdahc.org. Archived from the original on 2002-11-16. External links Official San Diego Sabers Website Official WSHL Website vteSports in the San Diego metropolitan areaAustralian football USAFL San Diego Lions Baseball MLB San Diego Padres Basketball NBA G League San Diego Clippers ABA Oceanside Surf Cricket MiLC San Diego Surf Riders Indoor football IFL San Diego Strike Force Women's football WNFC San Diego Rebellion Ice hockey AHL San Diego Gulls USPHL San Diego Sabers Box lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals Field lacrosse PLL California Redwoods Roller derby WFTDA SoCal Derby RDCL San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby union MLR San Diego Legion PRP OMBAC WPL San Diego Surfers Soccer MLS San Diego FC (2025) NISA Albion San Diego NWSL San Diego Wave FC Indoor soccer MASL San Diego Sockers MASL 2 San Diego Sockers 2 Ultimate UFA San Diego Growlers WUL San Diego Super Bloom Volleyball NVA San Diego Wild PVF San Diego Mojo College athleticsNCAA Division IFBS San Diego State Aztecs FCS San Diego Toreros Non-football UC San Diego Tritons NCAA Division II Cal State San Marcos Cougars Point Loma Sea Lions NAIA San Diego Christian Hawks Venues Current Aztec Aquaplex Balboa Stadium Canyonview Aquatic Center Del Mar Arena Del Mar Racetrack Fairbanks Ranch Country Club Fowler Park Golden Hall Jenny Craig Pavilion LionTree Arena Morley Field Sports Complex Omni La Costa Court Petco Park Peterson Gymnasium Pechanga Arena San Diego Velodrome Snapdragon Stadium Tony Gwynn Stadium Torero Stadium Torrey Pines Golf Course Triton Ballpark Viejas Arena Future Frontwave Arena (2025) Former Aztec Bowl Cajon Speedway Glacier Garden Hourglass Field Lane Field San Diego Stadium Westgate Park Related San Diego Chicken vte Sports teams based in CaliforniaAustralian rulesfootball USAFL Golden Gate Roos Los Angeles Dragons Orange County Giants Sacramento Suns San Diego Lions Baseball MLB Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants PCL Sacramento River Cats CL Fresno Grizzlies Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Modesto Nuts Rancho Cucamonga Quakes San Jose Giants Stockton Ports Visalia Rawhide PIO Oakland Ballers Yolo High Wheelers PEC Bakersfield Train Robbers Dublin Leprechauns Martinez Sturgeon Marysville Drakes Monterey Amberjacks (2025) San Rafael Pacifics Vallejo Seaweed Basketball NBA Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Sacramento Kings WNBA Golden State Valkyries (2025) Los Angeles Sparks G League San Diego Clippers Santa Cruz Warriors South Bay Lakers Stockton Kings ABA Team Trouble Esports CDL Los Angeles Guerrillas Los Angeles Thieves OWL Los Angeles Gladiators Los Angeles Valiant San Francisco Shock Americanfootball NFL Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers IFL Bay Area Panthers San Diego Strike Force WFA Central Cal War Angels Inland Empire Ravens Kern County Crusaders Los Angeles Warriors Ventura County Wolfpack IWFL Carson Bobcats North County Stars Sacramento Sirens X League Los Angeles Black Storm Ice hockey NHL Anaheim Ducks Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks AHL Bakersfield Condors Coachella Valley Firebirds Ontario Reign San Diego Gulls San Jose Barracuda USPHL Anaheim Avalanche Fresno Monsters San Diego Sabers WSHL Valencia Flyers Roller derby WFTDA Angel City Derby Girls Bay Area Derby Central Coast Roller Derby Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Humboldt Roller Derby Sacramento Roller Derby Santa Cruz Derby Girls Silicon Valley Roller Girls Sonoma County Roller Derby RDCL Los Angeles Derby Dolls Orange County Roller Girls San Diego Derby Dolls Rugby league CRL Los Angeles Mongrels Oakland Originals Sacramento Immortals San Francisco Savage Rugby union MLR LA Giltinis San Diego Legion PRP Golden Gate RFC Old Mission Beach Athletic Club Santa Monica Rugby Club Belmont Shore RFC Olympic Club SCRFU Finlander Rugby Club SDSU Aztecs Soccer MLS LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC San Diego FC (2025) San Jose Earthquakes NWSL Angel City FC Bay FC San Diego Wave FC USLC Monterey Bay FC Oakland Roots SC Orange County SC Sacramento Republic FC MLSNP LAFC2 The Town FC Ventura County FC USL1 AV Alta FC (2025) Central Valley Fuego FC Santa Barbara Sky FC (2025) NISA Albion San Diego Capo FC Irvine Zeta FC Los Angeles Force USL2 Academica SC Almaden FC AMSG FC Capo FC Coachella FC Davis Legacy SC Marin FC Legends Monterey Bay F.C. 2 Project 51O Redlands FC San Francisco City FC San Francisco Glens SC Southern California Seahorses Ventura County Fusion NISA Nation Chula Vista FC FC Golden State Force NPSL A.S. Los Angeles Contra Costa FC FC Davis El Farolito SC High Desert Elite FC Napa Valley 1839 FC Sacramento Gold FC Sonoma County Sol Temecula FC UPSL Santa Ana Winds FC L.A. Wolves FC La Máquina FC FC Santa Clarita Del Rey City SC Real San Jose Oakland Stompers Oakland Pamperos Aguiluchos U-23 Orange County FC 2 San Diego Internacional FC WPSL UWS Santa Clarita Blue Heat SoCal Crush FC MASL Empire Strykers San Diego Sockers M2 Empire Jets San Diego Sockers 2 Turlock Cal Express Ultimate UFA Los Angeles Aviators Oakland Spiders San Diego Growlers WUL Los Angeles Astra San Diego Super Bloom San Francisco Falcons Lacrosse NLL San Diego Seals PLL California Redwoods Volleyball PVF San Diego Mojo NVA Los Angeles Blaze Ontario Matadors Orange County Stunners San Diego Wild Sports in Los Angeles Sports in Sacramento Sports in San Diego Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area College Sports in California
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At the time, the Western States Hockey League (WSHL) was a Tier III Junior B league before later transitioning to a Junior A in 2007.[2] It played as the Surf from 2001 until 2008 when the team took the name San Diego Gulls, the name of three former hockey franchises in San Diego.[3][4][5]Prior to the 2011–12 season, the WSHL and all its team members, including the Gulls, became Amateur Athletic Union sanctioned instead of USA Hockey, the first Junior A hockey league to make that transition.In February 2015, it was announced that the team has changed its name to San Diego Sabers for the 2015–16 season as the San Diego Gulls name would be used by the new San Diego AHL team.[6]In 2017, the Sabers were sold to former Czech national team and Olympian Tomas Kapusta.[7]In 2020, the Sabers left the WSHL and joined another independent junior hockey league, the United States Premier Hockey League (USPHL), in the Premier Division.[8] The team also relocated from Iceplex Escondido in Escondido, California, to Carlsbad Icetown in Carlsbad, California.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3pts_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3pts_10-1"}],"text":"^ a b Beginning with the 2018–19 season, the WSHL awarded 3pts for a win, 2pts for an overtime win, and 1pt for an overtime loss.","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanDiegoGullsJrA_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_San_Diego_Surf.gif"}],"text":"Team logo when the franchise played as the San Diego Gulls 2008–15.Team logo when the franchise played as the San Diego Surf 2001–08.","title":"Previous Logos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"junior ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"San Diego Gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Gulls_(1995%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"ECHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL"},{"link_name":"US National Inline Hockey Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_inline_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Lake Forest College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//goforesters.com/sports/mice/index"},{"link_name":"Lake Forest, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Forest,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"NACKA HK Team A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www4.idrottonline.se/NackaHK-Ishockey"}],"text":"The Sabers have had a number of alumni move on to college ice hockey, higher levels of junior ice hockey, and professional ice hockey.[10][11]David Brito — San Diego Gulls (ECHL), US National Inline Hockey Team\nTed Lauer (2014–15) — Lake Forest College Lake Forest, Illinois, NCAA Division III\nCameron Todd (2014–15) — NACKA HK Team A, Sweden","title":"Alumni"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Number
Individual Number
["1 Promotional campaign","2 Fraud","3 Mainapoint","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
This article is about national identification number. For smart card for ID, see Individual Number Card. This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Japanese individual number card ("My Number card") An Individual Number (個人番号, kojin bangō), also known as My Number (マイナンバー, mai nambā), is a twelve-digit ID number issued to all citizens and residents of Japan (including foreign residents) used for taxation, social security and disaster response purposes. The numbers were first issued in late 2015. There are pros and cons regarding efficiency when using Basic Resident Registers Network and Number System . Promotional campaign To advertise the system's introduction, the Government of Japan hired actress Aya Ueto and created a mascot character named "Maina-chan". Fraud The first fraud related to the system occurred in 2015 when an elderly woman in the Kantō region was defrauded of several million yen. Mainapoint The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications promotes a cashless payment card called Mainapoint (マイナポイント) linked to a person's My Number. See also Individual Number Card Corporate Number (Japan) Social Security number National identification number References ^ a b Osaki, Tomohiro Ready or not, government will soon have your My Number September 20, 2015 The Japan Times Retrieved October 6, 2015 ^ The Social Security and Tax Number system Cabinet Secretariat Retrieved October 6, 2015 ^ Japan introducing “My Number” system, some information Austrian Business Council Retrieved October 6, 2015 ^ (水町 2017), p. 260 "住民基本台帳ネットワークシステムと番号制度が別個に併存していることが効率的かというと、そこは賛否が分かれるであろう。" ^ Woman in her 70s first confirmed victim of My Number-related fraud October 7, 2015 The Japan Times Retrieved October 7, 2015 ^ https://mynumbercard.point.soumu.go.jp/ 水町, 雅子 (2017-11-15). 逐条解説マイナンバー法 (1st. ed.). Kayaba-cho, Nipponbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Shojihomu Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-4-7857-2567-9. External links The Social Security and Tax Number System (Official introduction by the government) vteNational identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil (RG • CPF • CNPJ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland France Ghana Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand North Macedonia Norway Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia Somalia South Korea Spain (DNI • NIE) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States This article related to government in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles
Beyoncé
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Career beginnings","2.2 1997–2002: Destiny's Child","2.3 2003–2007: Dangerously in Love, B'Day, and Dreamgirls","2.4 2008–2012: I Am... Sasha Fierce and 4","2.5 2013–2017: Super Bowl XLVII, Beyoncé, and Lemonade","2.6 2018–2021: Everything Is Love and The Lion King","2.7 2022–present: Three-act project","3 Artistry","3.1 Voice and musical style","3.2 Songwriting","3.3 Production","3.4 Influences","3.5 Music videos and stage","3.6 Alter ego","3.7 Miscellaneous","4 Public image","5 Personal life","5.1 Marriage and children","5.2 Politics","5.3 Activism","5.4 Wealth","6 Legacy","7 Achievements","8 Business and ventures","8.1 Endorsements and partnerships","8.2 Fashion lines","8.3 Philanthropy","8.4 Hair Care Brand","9 Discography","10 Filmography","11 Tours and residencies","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"]
American singer and songwriter (born 1981) For other uses, see Beyoncé (disambiguation). BeyoncéBeyoncé in 2023BornBeyonce Giselle Knowles (1981-09-04) September 4, 1981 (age 42)Houston, Texas, U.S.Other namesHarmonies by The HiveQueen BeyThird Ward TrillOccupations Singer songwriter producer businesswoman actress philanthropist record executive director Years active1990–presentOrganizationBeyGOODWorksAlbumssinglessongsvideosperformancesTitle Founder, chairwoman, and CEO of Parkwood Entertainment Co-founder, CEO, and owner of Ivy Park Founder, chairwoman, and owner of Cécred Spouse Jay-Z ​(m. 2008)​Children3, including Blue IvyParentsMathew KnowlesTina LawsonRelatives Solange Knowles (sister) Angela Beyincé (cousin) AwardsFull listMusical careerGenres R&B pop hip hop afrobeats dance country Instrument(s) Vocals Labels Parkwood Columbia Music World Member ofThe CartersFormerly ofDestiny's ChildWebsitebeyonce.com Musical artistSignature Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biˈɒnseɪ/ ⓘ bee-ON-say; née Knowles; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter and businesswoman. Dubbed "Queen Bey", she is regarded as a prominent cultural figure of the 21st century and has been recognized for her artistry and performances, with Rolling Stone naming her one of the greatest vocalists of all time. As a child, Beyoncé started performing in various singing and dancing competitions. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as a member of the R&B girl group Destiny's Child, one of the best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). She then followed with the US number-one solo albums B'Day (2006), I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), and 4 (2011). After creating her own management company Parkwood Entertainment, Beyoncé achieved critical acclaim for the experimental visual albums Beyoncé (2013) and Lemonade (2016), which explored themes such as feminism and womanism. With her Black queer-inspired dance album Renaissance (2022) and country album Cowboy Carter (2024) from her trilogy project, she became the only female artist to have all of her solo studio albums debut at number one on the Billboard 200. Beyoncé's most successful songs on the Billboard Hot 100 include "Crazy in Love", "Baby Boy", "Check On It", "Irreplaceable", "If I Were a Boy", "Halo", "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", "Drunk in Love", "Break My Soul", "Cuff It" and "Texas Hold 'Em". She is the only woman in history to achieve at least 20 top 10 songs as a solo artist and 10 as a member of a group. Her collaborative music ventures include Everything Is Love (2018), an album with her husband and rapper Jay-Z, released as the Carters, and the musical film Black Is King (2020), inspired by the music of the film soundtrack The Lion King: The Gift (2019). Self-directed concert films, including Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé (2019) and Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023), document some of her most acclaimed onstage performances. Outside of music, she has starred as an actress in films such as Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002), The Pink Panther (2006), Dreamgirls (2006), Cadillac Records (2008), Obsessed (2009), and The Lion King (2019). Having sold 200 million records worldwide, Beyoncé is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Her accolades include a record 32 Grammy Awards, as well as 26 MTV Video Music Awards (including the 2014 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award), 24 NAACP Image Awards, 35 BET Awards, and 17 Soul Train Music Awards – all of which are more than any other artist in the music industry. Her success during the 2000s earned her recognition as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)'s Top Certified Artist of the Decade and Billboard's Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. She is the most successful black touring act in history and received the Pollstar Touring Artist of the Decade award in 2021. Rolling Stone named her the world's greatest living entertainer of the past decade. Time included her as one of the 100 women who has so far defined the 21st century. Early life Beyonce Giselle Knowles was born on September 4, 1981, in Houston to Celestine "Tina" Knowles (née Beyonce), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Tina is Louisiana Creole and Mathew is African American. Beyoncé's younger sister, Solange Knowles, is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and Beyoncé are the first sisters to have both had number one solo albums. Beyoncé's maternal grandparents, Lumis Albert Beyincé and Agnéz Deréon (daughter of Odilia Broussard and Eugène DeRouen), were French-speaking Louisiana Creoles, with roots in New Iberia; She is a descendant of Acadian militia officer Joseph Broussard, who was exiled to French Louisiana after the expulsion of the Acadians, and of the French military officer and Abenaki chief Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie, Baron de Saint-Castin. Beyoncé's fourth great-grandmother, Marie-Françoise Trahan, was born in 1774 in Bangor, located on Belle Île, France. Trahan was a daughter of Acadians who had taken refuge on Belle Île after the Acadian expulsion. The Estates of Brittany had divided the lands of Belle Île to distribute them among 78 other Acadian families and the already settled inhabitants. The Trahan family lived on Belle Île for over ten years before migrating to Louisiana, where she married a Broussard descendant. Beyoncé researched her ancestry and discovered that she is descended from a slave owner who married his slave. Her mother is also of distant Irish, Jewish, Spanish, Chinese and Indonesian ancestry. Beyoncé was raised Methodist and attended St. John's United Methodist Church in Houston. As her mother's family was Catholic, on Christmas Eve her family attended Midnight mass at St. Mary of the Purification Catholic Church. She went to St. Mary's Catholic Montessori School in Houston and enrolled in dance classes there. Her singing ability was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and Beyonce finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyoncé's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's "Imagine" to beat 15/16-year-olds. In the fall of 1990, Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she performed with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyoncé was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church where she sang her first solo and was a soloist for two years. Career Career beginnings When Beyoncé was eight, she met LaTavia Roberson at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyoncé later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995, Beyoncé's father, Matthew, resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced the family's income by half, and Beyoncé's parents were forced to sell their house and cars and move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyoncé's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records with the assistance of Columbia talent scout Teresa LaBarbera Whites. 1997–2002: Destiny's Child Main article: Destiny's Child Beyoncé (center) at the final line-up of Destiny's Child, performing during their 2005 Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It concert tour The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song "Killing Time" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black. In November, the group released their debut single and first major hit, "No, No, No". They released their self-titled debut album in February 1998, which established the group as a viable act in the music industry. The group released their Multi-Platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features songs such as "Bills, Bills, Bills", the group's first number-one single, "Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. "Say My Name" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song "After All Is Said and Done" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man. The remaining band members recorded "Independent Women Part I", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, "Bootylicious" and the title track, "Survivor", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut, playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film Austin Powers in Goldmember, which spent its first weekend atop the U.S. box office and grossed $73 million. Beyoncé released "Work It Out" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding Jr. in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyoncé released "Fighting Temptation" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyoncé's contributions to the soundtrack, "Summertime", fared better on the U.S. charts. 2003–2007: Dangerously in Love, B'Day, and Dreamgirls Beyoncé performing "Baby Boy", which spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. On June 14, 2003, Beyoncé premiered songs from her first solo album Dangerously in Love during her first solo concert and the pay-per-view television special, "Ford Presents Beyoncé Knowles, Friends & Family, Live From Ford's 100th Anniversary Celebration in Dearborn, Michigan". The album was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, "Crazy in Love", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single "Baby Boy" also reached number one, and singles, "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Dangerously in Love 2", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Crazy in Love", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for "The Closer I Get to You" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince. In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles "Lose My Breath" and "Soldier", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It sponsored by McDonald's Corporation, and performed songs such as "No, No, No", "Survivor", "Say My Name", "Independent Women" and "Lose My Breath". In addition to renditions of the group's recorded material, they also performed songs from each singer's solo careers, including numbers from Dangerously in Love. and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006. The group has sold 60 million records worldwide. Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 4, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyoncé's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single "Déjà Vu", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second international single "Irreplaceable" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. B'Day also produced three other singles; "Ring the Alarm", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light" (released in the United Kingdom only). Beyoncé performing during The Beyoncé Experience tour in 2007 At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards (2007), B'Day was nominated for five Grammy Awards, including Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Ring the Alarm" and Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration"for "Déjà Vu"; the Freemasons club mix of "Déjà Vu" without the rap was put forward in the Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical category. B'Day won the award for Best Contemporary R&B Album. The following year, B'Day received two nominations – for Record of the Year for "Irreplaceable" and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Beautiful Liar" (with Shakira), also receiving a nomination for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Pictures, Television or Other Visual Media for her appearance on Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture (2006). Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyoncé released "Listen" as the lead single from the soundtrack album. In April 2007, Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million. Beyoncé conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira "Beautiful Liar". 2008–2012: I Am... Sasha Fierce and 4 Beyoncé performing during the I Am... Tour I Am... Sasha Fierce was released in November 2008 and formally introduced Beyoncé's alter ego Sasha Fierce. It was met with mixed reviews from critics, but sold 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number-one album in the US. The album featured her fourth UK number-one single "If I Were a Boy" and her fifth U.S. number-one song "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)". "Halo" achieved the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, "Halo"'s success in the U.S. helped Beyoncé attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s. The music video for "Single Ladies" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the "first major dance craze" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won three categories, including Video of the Year. Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's "You Belong with Me", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyoncé embarked on the I Am... Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyoncé further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyoncé donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. The film received negative reviews from critics, and did well at the U.S. box office, grossing $68 million – $60 million more than Cadillac Records – on a budget of $20 million. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyoncé received ten nominations, tying with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. Beyoncé went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyoncé provide guest vocals on Lady Gaga's single "Telephone". The song topped the U.S. Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again". During the break, she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. "Eat, Play, Love", a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. Beyoncé's performing during her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concert residency in August 2011 On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. The performance was lauded, with several publications noting an ascension in Knowles' capabilities as a live performer. Other publications discussed the polarized attitude of the UK music establishment in response to a Black woman performing on the same stages and to the same crowd sizes that were past reserved for legacy rock acts. Her fourth studio album 4 was released two days prior in the US. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles "Run the World (Girls)" and "Best Thing I Never Had". The fourth single "Love on Top" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US. The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyoncé the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. In June 2012, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to her daughter. 2013–2017: Super Bowl XLVII, Beyoncé, and Lemonade Beyoncé performing at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show on February 3, 2013 In January 2013, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But a Dream, first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself. Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyoncé's cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black" with André 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released. Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic, released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, "Rise Up", co-written with Sia. On December 13, 2013, Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyoncé received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as "bulimia, postnatal depression the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood". The single "Drunk in Love", featuring Jay-Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Beyoncé sold 2.3 million units worldwide, becoming the tenth best-selling album of 2013. The album also went on to become the twentieth best-selling album of 2014. As of November 2014, Beyoncé has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and has generated over 1 billion streams, as of March 2015. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyoncé was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for "Drunk in Love", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé. In April 2014, Beyoncé and Jay-Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyoncé also won home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for "Pretty Hurts", as well as best collaboration for "Drunk in Love". In November, Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row – earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyoncé released "Formation" in on February 6, 2016, and performed it live for the first time during the NFL Super Bowl 50 halftime show. The appearance was considered controversial as it appeared to reference the 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party and the NFL forbids political statements in its performances. Immediately following the performance, Beyoncé announced The Formation World Tour, which highlighted stops in both North America and Europe. It ended on October 7, with Beyoncé bringing out her husband Jay-Z, Kendrick Lamar, and Serena Williams for the last show. The tour went on to win Tour of the Year at the 44th American Music Awards. Beyoncé performing during The Formation World Tour in 2016. The tour grossed $256 million from 49 sold-out shows. In April 2016, Beyoncé released a teaser clip for a project called Lemonade. A one-hour film which aired on HBO on April 23, a corresponding album with the same title was released on the same day exclusively on Tidal. Lemonade debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Beyoncé the first act in Billboard history to have their first six studio albums debut atop the chart; she broke a record previously tied with DMX in 2013. With all 12 tracks of Lemonade debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, Beyoncé also became the first female act to chart 12 or more songs at the same time. Lemonade was streamed 115 million times through Tidal, setting a record for the most-streamed album in a single week by a female artist in history. It was 2016's third highest-selling album in the U.S. with 1.554 million copies sold in that time period within the country as well as the best-selling album worldwide with global sales of 2.5 million throughout the year. Lemonade became the most critically acclaimed work of her career. Several music publications included the album among the best of 2016, including Rolling Stone, which listed Lemonade at number one. The album's visuals were nominated in 11 categories at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, the most ever received by Beyoncé in a single year, and went on to win 8 awards, including Video of the Year for "Formation". The eight wins made Beyoncé the most-awarded artist in the history of the VMAs (24), surpassing Madonna (20). Beyoncé occupied the sixth place for Time magazine's 2016 Person of the Year. In January 2017, it was announced that Beyoncé would headline the Coachella Music and Arts Festival. This would have made Beyoncé only the second female headliner of the festival since it was founded in 1999. It was later announced on February 23, 2017, that Beyoncé would no longer be able to perform at the festival due to doctor's concerns regarding her pregnancy. The festival owners announced that she would instead headline the 2018 festival. Upon the announcement of Beyoncé's departure from the festival lineup, ticket prices dropped by 12%. At the 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017, Lemonade led the nominations with nine, including Album, Record, and Song of the Year for Lemonade and "Formation" respectively. and ultimately won two, Best Urban Contemporary Album for Lemonade and Best Music Video for "Formation". In September 2017, Beyoncé collaborated with J Balvin and Willy William, to release a remix of the song "Mi Gente". Beyoncé donated all proceeds from the song to hurricane charities for those affected by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in Texas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and other Caribbean Islands. On November 10, Eminem released "Walk on Water" featuring Beyoncé as the lead single from his album Revival. On November 30, Ed Sheeran announced that Beyoncé would feature on the remix to his song "Perfect". "Perfect Duet" was released on December 1, 2017. The song reached number-one in the United States, becoming Beyoncé's sixth song of her solo career to do so. 2018–2021: Everything Is Love and The Lion King On January 4, 2018, the music video of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's 4:44 collaboration, "Family Feud" was released. It was directed by Ava DuVernay. On March 1, 2018, DJ Khaled released "Top Off" as the first single from his forthcoming album Father of Asahd featuring Beyoncé, husband Jay-Z, and Future. On March 5, 2018, a joint tour with Knowles's husband Jay-Z, was leaked on Facebook. Information about the tour was later taken down. The couple announced the joint tour officially as On the Run II Tour on March 12 and simultaneously released a trailer for the tour on YouTube. On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé played the first of two weekends as the headlining act of the Coachella Music Festival. Her performance of April 14, attended by 125,000 festival-goers, was immediately praised, with multiple media outlets describing it as historic. The performance became the most-tweeted-about performance of weekend one, as well as the most-watched live Coachella performance and the most-watched live performance on YouTube of all time. The show paid tribute to black culture, specifically historically black colleges and universities and featured a live band with over 100 dancers. Destiny's Child also reunited during the show. On June 6, 2018, Beyoncé and husband Jay-Z kicked-off the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff, United Kingdom. Ten days later, at their final London performance, the pair unveiled Everything Is Love, their joint studio album, credited under the name The Carters, and initially available exclusively on Tidal. The pair also released the video for the album's lead single, "Apeshit", on Beyoncé's official YouTube channel. Everything Is Love received generally positive reviews, and debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200, with 123,000 album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. On December 2, 2018, Beyoncé alongside Jay-Z headlined the Global Citizen Festival: Mandela 100 which was held at FNB Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. Their 2-hour performance had concepts similar to the On the Run II Tour and Beyoncé was praised for her outfits, which paid tribute to Africa's diversity. Beyoncé at The Lion King European premiere in 2019 Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé, a documentary and concert film focusing on Beyoncé's historic 2018 Coachella performances, was released by Netflix on April 17, 2019. The film was accompanied by the surprise live album Homecoming: The Live Album. It was later reported that Beyoncé and Netflix had signed a $60 million deal to produce three different projects, one of which is Homecoming. Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé received six nominations at the 71st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Beyoncé starred as the voice of Nala in the remake The Lion King, which was released in July 2019. Beyoncé is featured on the film's soundtrack, released on July 11, 2019, with a remake of the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" alongside Donald Glover, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen, which was originally composed by Elton John. An original song from the film by Beyoncé, "Spirit", was released as the lead single from both the soundtrack and The Lion King: The Gift – a companion album released alongside the film, produced and curated by Beyoncé. Beyoncé called The Lion King: The Gift a "sonic cinema". She stated that the album is influenced by everything from R&B, pop, hip hop and Afro Beat. The songs were produced by African producers, which Beyoncé said was because "authenticity and heart were important to ", since the film is set in Africa. In September of the same year, a documentary chronicling the development, production and early music video filming of The Lion King: The Gift entitled "Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift" was aired on ABC. In March 2020, a photograph Beyoncé captured of her swimming pool was used as the album cover for rapper Jay Electronica's highly anticipated debut album A Written Testimony. In April of the same year, Beyoncé was featured on the remix of Megan Thee Stallion's song "Savage", marking her first music release for the year. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Beyoncé's eleventh song to do so across all acts. On June 19, 2020, Beyoncé released the nonprofit charity single "Black Parade". On June 23, she followed up the release of its studio version with an a cappella version exclusively on Tidal. Black Is King, a visual album based on the music of The Lion King: The Gift, premiered globally on Disney+ on July 31, 2020. Produced by Disney and Parkwood Entertainment, the film was written, directed and executively produced by Beyoncé. The film was described by Disney as "a celebratory memoir for the world on the Black experience". Beyoncé received the most nominations (9) at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards and the most awards (4), which made her the most-awarded singer, most-awarded female artist, and second-most-awarded artist in Grammy history. In 2021, Beyoncé wrote and recorded a song titled "Be Alive" for the biographical drama film King Richard. She received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 94th Academy Awards for the song, alongside co-writer Dixson. 2022–present: Three-act project Beyoncé performing at the Renaissance World Tour On March 27, 2022, Beyoncé performed "Be Alive" at the 94th Academy Awards. Choreographed by friend and past collaborator Fatima Robinson, Beyoncé was applauded for choosing to perform on the Compton tennis courts Venus and Serena Williams practiced on in their childhood instead of at the venue. On June 9, 2022, Beyoncé removed her profile pictures across various social media platforms, causing speculation that she would be releasing new music. Days later, Beyoncé caused further speculation via her nonprofit BeyGood's Twitter account hinting at her upcoming seventh studio album. On June 15, 2022, Beyoncé officially announced her seventh studio album would be titled Renaissance. The lead single of Renaissance, "Break My Soul", was released on June 20, 2022. The album was released on July 29, 2022. "Break My Soul" became Beyoncé's 20th top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100, and in doing so, Beyoncé joined Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson as the only artists in Hot 100 history to achieve at least twenty top tens as a solo artist and ten as a member of a group. As Renaissance was released, Beyoncé announced the album was the first installment of a trilogy she conceived and recorded over three years during the COVID-19 pandemic, a time she found to be her "most creative ." The three recorded projects are designated into acts under Roman numerals. Upon release, Renaissance received universal acclaim from critics. Renaissance debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, and in doing so, Beyoncé became the first female artist to have her first seven studio albums debut at number one in the United States. "Break My Soul" concurrently rose to number-one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the twelfth song to do so across her career discography. The song "Heated," which was co-written with Canadian rapper Drake, originally included the lyrics "Spazzin' on that ass / spazz on that ass". Critics, including a number of disability charities and activists, argued that the word "spaz" represented a derogatory term for spastic diplegia, a form of cerebral palsy. In response, in August 2022, a representative for Beyoncé issued a statement and explained that "The word, not used intentionally in a harmful way, will be replaced". On January 21, 2023, Beyoncé performed in Dubai at a private show. The performance, which was her first full concert in more than four years, was delivered to an audience of influencers and journalists. Beyoncé was reportedly paid $24 million to perform. Beyoncé faced criticism for her decision to perform in the United Arab Emirates where homosexuality is illegal. On February 1, Beyoncé announced the Renaissance World Tour with dates in North America and Europe, becoming for a short-span the highest-grossing tour by a female artist. On July 28, Beyoncé appeared on "Delresto (Echoes)", the second single from rapper Travis Scott's album Utopia, eventually becoming her 100th career appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (encompassing Destiny's Child, her solo career, and musical duo The Carters). On November 30, 2023, Beyoncé released documentary concert film Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé written, directed, and produced by her in collaboration with film distributor AMC Theatres. The film chronicles the development and execution of Beyoncé's Renaissance World Tour, and contained new song "My House" in the end credits. In February 2024, Beyoncé launched her hair care brand Cécred. On February 11, 2024, immediately following a partner commercial with Verizon for the Super Bowl LVIII, she announced the second installment of her trilogy project and released its first two songs, "Texas Hold 'Em" and "16 Carriages". "Texas Hold 'Em" became her highest chart debut in her career, her ninth solo number-one and her thirteenth across all credits on the Billboard Hot 100. On March 12, 2024, she announced the album's title, Cowboy Carter. A country and gospel-tinged record, it was released on March 29 to universal acclaim from critics, and includes collaborations with artists including Tanner Adell and her daughter Rumi Carter, Miley Cyrus, Tiera Kennedy, Willie Jones, Post Malone, Linda Martell, Willie Nelson, Shaboozey, Brittney Spencer, Dolly Parton, and Reyna Roberts. Artistry Voice and musical style With "Single Ladies", clearly I'd just gotten married, and people want to get married every day – then there was the whole Justin Timberlake thing on Saturday Night Live, and it was also the year YouTube blew up. With "Irreplaceable", the aggressive lyrics, the acoustic guitar, and the 808 drum machine – those things don't typically go together, and it sounded fresh. "Crazy in Love" was another one of those classic moments in pop culture that none of us expected. I asked Jay to get on the song the night before I had to turn my album in – thank God he did. It still never gets old, no matter how many times I sing it. —Beyoncé Critics have described Beyoncé's voice as being mezzo-soprano. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as "one of the most compelling instruments in popular music". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is "velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyoncé's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was "capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars." On the 2023 Rolling Stone's list of the 200 Greatest Singers of all time, Beyoncé ranked at number 8, with the publication noting that "in voice lies the entire history of Black music". Beyoncé's music is generally R&B, pop and hip hop but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyoncé's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. To record these, Beyoncé was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. Songwriting Beyoncé has received co-writing credits for most of her songs. In regards to the way she approaches collaborative songwriting, Beyoncé explained: "I love being around great writers because I'm finding that a lot of the things I want to say, I don't articulate as good as maybe Amanda Ghost, so I want to keep collaborating with writers, and I love classics and I want to make sure years from now the song is still something that's relevant." Her early songs with Destiny's Child were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like "Independent Women" and "Survivor", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as "Cater 2 U". Beyoncé's songwriting process is also known for combining parts of different tracks, resulting in alteration of song structures. Sia, who co-wrote "Pretty Hurts", called Beyoncé "very Frankenstein when she comes to songs"; Diana Gordon, who co-wrote "Don't Hurt Yourself" called her a "scientist of songs"; Caroline Polachek who co-wrote "No Angel", called her a "genius writer and producer for this reason. She's so good at seeing connections." In 2001, she became the first Black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards. Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number-one songs ("Irreplaceable", "Grillz" and "Check on It") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles. The latter wrote her song "I Was Here" for 4, which was motivated by the September 11 attacks. In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyoncé has received criticism, including from journalists and musicians, for the extensive writing credits on her songs. The controversy surrounding her songwriting credits began with interviews in which she attributed herself as the songwriter for songs in which she was a co-writer or for which her contributions were marginal. In a cover story for Vanity Fair in 2005, she claimed to have "written" several number-one songs for Destiny's Child, contrary to the credits, which list her as a co-writer among others. During a 2007 interview with Barbara Walters, she claimed to have conceived the musical idea for the Destiny's Child song "Bootylicious", which provoked the song's producer Rob Fusari to call her father and then-manager Mathew Knowles in protest over the claim. In 2010, Fusari told Billboard: " explained to me, in a nice way, he said, 'People don't want to hear about Rob Fusari, producer from Livingston, N.J. No offense, but that's not what sells records. What sells records is people believing that the artist is everything.'" However, in an interview for Entertainment Weekly in 2016, Fusari said Beyoncé "had the 'Bootylicious' concept in her head. That was totally her. She knew what she wanted to say. It was very urban pop angle that they were taking on the record." Production I am really passionate about all of the steps the production I love to stack vocals, and I love to create my own little Oreo with arrangements, sometimes it can be thousands of vocals I go back and then kind of piece things together, because usually the songs are way too long I go back and edit the structure of the song. make sure that every section has an intention, so that takes months. I hear certain elements of things that go with things that are opposites. I am rarely happy with one track, it's usually four or five things put together that again don't really go together. I am so excited when I'm able to adjust the tempo and key and mute certain elements that don't complement and put opposites together. Sometimes it's just like the EQ of a synth or the warmth of a bass or the distortion of a bass that's on a different song and I can hear like, 'Ah! That's exactly what is missing to make the track full and complete!'— Beyoncé in pre-recorded audio speech at 'Club Renaissance' 2022 party. Beyoncé's collaborators frequently mention her talent and involvement in the record production of her songs, sometimes describing her as a genius in the skill. She is known to have favorite saturation and distortion plug‑ins, intentionality about stereo imaging and concentration on individual elements of her songs as a "focal point" in production. Influences Beyoncé's major influences include Michael Jackson (left) and Tina Turner (right). Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyoncé attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyoncé said, "if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed." Beyoncé was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, and once said "Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy". She admires Diana Ross as an "all-around entertainer", and Whitney Houston, who she said "inspired me to get up there and do what she did." Beyoncé cited Madonna as an influence "not only for her musical style, but also for her business sense", saying that she wanted to "follow in the footsteps of Madonna and be a powerhouse and have my own empire." She also credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Rachelle Ferrell, Aaliyah, Janet Jackson, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Fairuz, Mary J. Blige, Selena, Anita Baker, and Toni Braxton. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing "Déjà Vu" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyoncé's third solo album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose "boldness" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying "she proves you can do it all", and has described Oprah Winfrey as "the definition of inspiration and a strong woman." She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life. Beyoncé has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter "what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw". Beyoncé also cited Cher as a fashion inspiration. Music videos and stage Beyoncé performing during the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards In 2006, Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song on B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for "Irreplaceable" and "Green Light". The band have supported Beyoncé in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyoncé Experience, I Am... Tour (2009–2010), The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013–2014) and The Formation World Tour (2016). Beyoncé has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian, Beyoncé is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage. Similarly, Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she "takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good." The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of The StarPhoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyoncé's stage outfits have been met with criticism from many countries, such as Malaysia, where she has postponed or cancelled performances due to the country's strict laws banning revealing costumes. Beyoncé has worked with numerous directors for her music videos throughout her career, including Melina Matsoukas, Jonas Åkerlund, and Jake Nava. Bill Condon, director of Beauty and the Beast, stated that the Lemonade visuals in particular served as inspiration for his film, commenting, "You look at Beyoncé's brilliant movie Lemonade, this genre is taking on so many different forms ... I do think that this very old-school break-out-into-song traditional musical is something that people understand again and really want." Alter ego Described as being "sexy, seductive and provocative" when performing on stage, Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego "Sasha Fierce" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha Fierce as being "too aggressive, too strong, too sassy too sexy", stating, "I'm not like her in real life at all." Sasha was conceived during the making of "Crazy in Love", and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album, I Am... Sasha Fierce. In February 2010, she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyoncé announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live shows later that month. Miscellaneous Beyoncé has been documented pursuing many other understated passions and talents. Some of these include canvas painting, video editing, poetry, scriptwriting, lighting design, photography, and cultural historiography. Public image Beyoncé at the premiere of her 2006 film Dreamgirls Beyoncé has been described as having sex appeal, with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has "become a crossover sex symbol". When off stage, Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress "is absolutely for the stage". Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term "bootylicious" (a portmanteau of the words "booty" and "delicious") to describe Beyoncé, the term popularized by the single of the same name by her group Destiny's Child. In 2006, it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary. In September 2010, Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named the "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its "100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyoncé are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York City, Berlin, Singapore, Tokyo, London, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood Sydney, Istanbul, Blackpool, Las Vegas, Orlando, San Francisco, Nashville, Budapest, Vienna, Shanghai and Delhi. The latest was unveiled by Madame Tussauds New York on July 27, 2023, showcasing Beyoncé's look from her historic 2018 Coachella performance. Debuted at Edge, New York City's highest outdoor sky deck, the figure features Beyoncé in a Balmain bodysuit and Nefertiti-inspired headpiece, commemorating her as the first Black woman to headline the festival. This addition involved extensive collaboration with the original designers, requiring six months to capture Beyoncé's iconic style precisely. According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style, an account of how fashion affected the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after model and television personality Tyra Banks, and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity. Beyoncé has been named "Queen Bey" from publications over the years. The term is a reference to the common phrase "queen bee", a term used for the leader of a group of females. The nickname also refers to the Queen bee of a beehive, with her fan base being named "The BeyHive". The BeyHive was previously titled "The Beyontourage", (a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage), but was changed after online petitions on Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007 that he thinks race plays a role in many criticisms of Beyoncé's image, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, the French personal care company L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that "it is categorically untrue", and in 2013, Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed "retouching" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only "natural pictures be used". Beyoncé has been a vocal advocate for the Black Lives Matter movement. The release of "Formation" on February 6, 2016, saw her celebrate her Sub-Saharan Black African ancestry, with the song's music video featuring pro-black imagery and a shot of wall graffiti that says "Stop shooting us". The day after the song's release, she performed it at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show with back up dancers dressed to represent the Black Panther Party. This incited criticism from conservative politicians and police officers, with some police boycotting Beyoncé's then upcoming Formation World Tour. Beyoncé responded to the backlash by releasing tour merchandise that said "Boycott Beyoncé", and later clarified her sentiment, saying: "Anyone who perceives my message as anti-police is completely mistaken. I have so much admiration and respect for officers and the families of officers who sacrifice themselves to keep us safe," Beyoncé said. "But let's be clear: I am against police brutality and injustice. Those are two separate things." Personal life Marriage and children Beyoncé performing on the I Am... Tour with Jay-Z, whom she married in 2008 In 2002, Beyoncé and Jay-Z collaborated on the song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyoncé appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fueling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé and Jay-Z married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed since 2013. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyoncé miscarried around 2010 or 2011, describing it as "the saddest thing" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyoncé and Jay-Z traveled to Paris to shoot the album cover for 4, and she unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyoncé performed "Love On Top" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for "most tweets per second recorded for a single event" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and "Beyonce pregnant" was the most Googled phrase the week of August 29, 2011. On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. Following the release of Lemonade, which included the single "Sorry", in 2016, speculations arose about Jay-Z's alleged infidelity with a mistress referred to as "Becky". Jon Pareles in The New York Times pointed out that many of the accusations were "aimed specifically and recognizably" at him. Similarly, Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone noted the lines "Suck on my balls, I've had enough" were an "unmistakable hint" that the lyrics revolve around Jay-Z. On February 1, 2017, she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million likes within eight hours, breaking the world record for the most liked image on the website at the time. On July 13, 2017, Beyoncé uploaded the first image of herself and the twins onto her Instagram account, confirming their birth date as a month prior, on June 13, 2017, with the post becoming the second most liked on Instagram, behind her own pregnancy announcement. The twins, a daughter named Rumi and a son named Sir, were born at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in California via caesarean section. She wrote of her pregnancy and its aftermath in the September 2018 issue of Vogue, in which she had full control of the cover, shot at Hammerwood Park by photographer Tyler Mitchell. Politics Beyoncé performed "America the Beautiful" at President Barack Obama's 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as "At Last" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. The couple held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for President Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. Beyoncé voted for Obama in the 2012 presidential election. She performed the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" at his second inauguration in January 2013. The Washington Post reported in May 2015, that Beyoncé attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Clinton in a concert held the weekend before Election Day the next year. In this performance, Beyoncé and her entourage of backup dancers wore pantsuits; a clear allusion to Clinton's frequent dress-of-choice. The backup dancers also wore "I'm with her" tee shirts, the campaign slogan for Clinton. In a brief speech at this performance Beyoncé said, "I want my daughter to grow up seeing a woman lead our country and knowing that her possibilities are limitless." She endorsed the bid of Beto O'Rourke during the 2018 United States Senate election in Texas. Activism Beyoncé has conducted several fundraising and donation campaigns during her tours In 2013, Beyoncé stated in an interview in Vogue that she considered herself to be "a modern-day feminist". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling "We should all be feminists", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song "Flawless", released later that year. The next year she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading "Feminist". Her self-identification incited a circulation of opinions and debate about whether her feminism is aligned with older, more established feminist ideals. Annie Lennox, celebrated artist and feminist advocate, referred to Beyoncé's use of her word feminist as 'feminist lite'. Adichie responded with "her type of feminism is not mine, as it is the kind that, at the same time, gives quite a lot of space to the necessity of men." Adichie expands upon what "feminist lite" means to her, referring that "more troubling is the idea, in Feminism Lite, that men are naturally superior but should be expected to 'treat women well'" and "we judge powerful women more harshly than we judge powerful men. And Feminism Lite enables this." Beyoncé responded about her intent by utilizing the definition of feminist with her platform was to "give clarity to the true meaning" behind it. She says to understand what being a feminist is, "it's very simple. It's someone who believes in equal rights for men and women." She advocated to provide equal opportunities for young boys and girls, men and women must begin to understand the double standards that remain persistent in our societies and the issue must be illuminated in effort to start making changes. She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses TV and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyoncé's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. In December 2012, Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for "Demand A Plan", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 U.S. mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyoncé publicly endorsed same-sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8. She spoke against North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, a bill passed (and later repealed) that discriminated against the LGBT community in public places in a statement during her concert in Raleigh as part of the Formation World Tour in 2016. She has condemned police brutality against black Americans. She and Jay-Z attended a rally in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the killing of Trayvon Martin. The film for her sixth album Lemonade included the mothers of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown and Eric Garner, holding pictures of their sons in the video for "Freedom". In a 2016 interview with Elle, Beyoncé responded to the controversy surrounding her song "Formation" which was perceived to be critical of the police. She clarified, "I am against police brutality and injustice. Those are two separate things. If celebrating my roots and culture during Black History Month made anyone uncomfortable, those feelings were there long before a video and long before me". In February 2017, Beyoncé spoke out against the withdrawal of protections for transgender students in public schools by Donald Trump's presidential administration. Posting a link to the 100 Days of Kindness campaign on her Facebook page, Beyoncé voiced her support for transgender youth and joined a roster of celebrities who spoke out against Trump's decision. Wealth Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. It placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the "Most Powerful Women in the World" list in 2010. The following year, the magazine placed her eighth on the "Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyoncé at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Beyoncé and Jay-Z placed at number one on the "World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples", for collectively earning $78 million. The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the "highest-earning power couple" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyoncé earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyoncé's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion-dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyoncé was published as the fourth-most-powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings. In June 2014, Beyoncé ranked at number one on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 – June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. In 2016, Beyoncé ranked at number 34 on the Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $54 million. She and Jay-Z also topped the highest-paid celebrity couple list, with combined earnings of $107.5 million. Beyoncé is one of the wealthiest musical artists. As of 2018, Forbes calculated her net worth to be $355 million, and in June of the same year, ranked her as the 35th-highest-earning celebrity, with annual earnings of $60 million. This tied Beyoncé with Madonna as the only two female artists to earn more than $100 million within a single year twice. As a couple, Beyoncé and Jay-Z have a combined net worth of $1.16 billion. In July 2017, Billboard announced that Beyoncé was the highest-paid musician of 2016, with an estimated total of $62.1 million. By December 2023, Forbes estimated Beyoncé's net worth to be $800 million. In 2023, the couple bought a house in Malibu, California, designed by the architect Tadao Ando, for $200 million. It established a record for the most expensive residence sold in California. Legacy Main articles: Cultural impact of Beyoncé and Destiny's Child § Legacy Beyoncé performing during her I Am... Tour in 2009 Beyoncé's success has led to her becoming a cultural icon and earning her the nickname "Queen Bey". Constance Grady wrote for Vox, "The transformation of Beyoncé from well-liked pop star to cultural icon came in three phases, punctuated by the self-titled Beyoncé album of 2013, 2016's Lemonade, and 2018's Homecoming concert at Coachella." In The New Yorker, music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as "the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century ... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop." She topped NPR list of the "21st Century's Most Influential Women Musicians". James Clear, in his book Atomic Habits (2018), draws a parallel between Beyoncé's success and the dramatic transformations in modern society: "In the last one hundred years, we have seen the rise of the car, the airplane, the television, the personal computer, the internet, the smartphone, and Beyoncé." The Observer named her Artist of the Decade (2000s) in 2009. Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Alex Suskind opined that Beyoncé was the decade's (2010s) defining pop star, stating "no one dominated music in the 2010s like Queen Bey", explaining that her "songs, album rollouts, stage presence, social justice initiatives, and disruptive public relations strategy have influenced the way we've viewed music since 2010." Based on Billboard rankings of chart success and sales, Beyonce was ranked 9th on the Top R&B and Hip Hop artists of the 2010s decade chart, behind the likes of Drake, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Nicki Minaj, Post Malone, The Weeknd, Kendrick Lamar and Lil Wayne in ranks 1 through 8, respectively. British publication NME also shared similar thoughts on her impact in the 2010s, including Beyoncé on their list of the "10 Artists Who Defined The Decade". In 2018, Rolling Stone included her on its Millennial 100 list. Music critics have often credited Beyoncé with the invention of the staccato rap-singing style that has since dominated pop, R&B, and rap music. Lakin Starling of The Fader wrote that Beyoncé's innovative implementation of the delivery style on Destiny's Child's 1999 album The Writing's on the Wall invented a new form of R&B. The staccato rap-singing style continued to be used in the music industry in the late 2010s and early 2020s; Aaron Williams of Uproxx described Beyoncé as the "primary pioneer" of the rapping style that dominates the music industry today, with many rappers implementing Beyoncé's rap-singing. Michael Eric Dyson agrees, saying in 2019 that Beyoncé "changed the whole genre" and has become the "godmother" of mumble rappers, who use the staccato rap-singing cadence. Dyson added: "She doesn't get credit for the remarkable way in which she changed the musical vocabulary of contemporary art." Beyoncé has been credited with reviving the album as an art form in an era dominated by singles and streaming. This started with her 2011 album 4; while mainstream R&B artists were forgoing albums-led R&B in favor of singles-led EDM, Beyoncé aimed to place the focus back on albums as an art form and re-establish R&B as a mainstream concern. This remained a focus of Beyoncé's, and in 2013, she made her eponymous album only available to purchase as a full album on iTunes, rather than being able to purchase individual tracks or consume the album via streaming. Kaitlin Menza of Marie Claire wrote that this made listeners "experience the album as one whole sonic experience, the way people used to, noting the musical and lyrical themes". Jamieson Cox for The Verge described how Beyoncé's 2013 album initiated a gradual trend of albums becoming more cohesive and self-referential, and this phenomenon reached its endpoint with Lemonade, which set "a new standard for pop storytelling at the highest possible scale". Megan Carpentier of The Guardian wrote that with Lemonade, Beyoncé has "almost revived the album format" by releasing an album that can only be listened to in its entirety. Myf Warhurst on Double J's "Lunch With Myf" explained that while most artists' albums consist of a few singles plus filler songs, Beyoncé "brought the album back", changing the art form of the album "to a narrative with an arc and a story and you have to listen to the entire thing to get the concept". She is known for coining popular phrases such as "put a ring on it", a euphemism for marriage proposal, "I woke up like this", which started a trend of posting morning selfies with the hashtag #iwokeuplikethis, and "boy, bye", which was used as part of the Democratic National Committee's campaign for the 2020 election. Similarly, she also came up with the phrase "visual album" following the release of her fifth studio album, which had a video for every song. This has been recreated by many other artists since, such as Frank Ocean and Melanie Martinez. The album also popularized surprise releases, with many artists releasing songs, videos or albums with no prior announcement, such as Taylor Swift, Nicki Minaj, Eminem, Frank Ocean, Jay-Z and Drake. In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae, a species of horse-fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyoncé due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. Achievements See also: List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé and Destiny's Child Beyoncé has received numerous awards and is the most-awarded female artist of all time. Having sold over 200 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), Beyoncé is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s decade, with a total of 64 certifications. In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, Billboard named her in their Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years list at number 15. In 2012, VH1 ranked her third on their list of the "100 Greatest Women in Music", behind Mariah Carey and Madonna. In 2002, she received Songwriter of the Year from American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers becoming the First African American woman to win the award. In 2004 and 2019, she received NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year and the Soul Train Music Award for Sammy Davis Jr. – Entertainer of the Year. In 2005, she also received APEX Award at the Trumpet Award honoring the achievements of Black African Americans. In 2007, Beyoncé received the International Artist of Excellence award by the American Music Awards. She also received Honorary Otto at the Bravo Otto. The following year, she received the Legend Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Arts at the World Music Awards and Career Achievement Award at the LOS40 Music Awards. In 2010, she received the Award of Honor for Artist of the Decade at the NRJ Music Award. At the 2011 Billboard Music Awards, Beyoncé received the inaugural Billboard Millennium Award. Beyoncé received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards and was honored as Honorary Mother of the Year at the Australian Mother of the Year Award in Barnardo's Australia for her Humanitarian Effort in the region and the Council of Fashion Designers of America Fashion Icon Award in 2016. In 2019, alongside Jay-Z, she received GLAAD Vanguard Award which is presented to a member of the entertainment community who does not identify as LGBT but who has made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for LGBT people. In 2020, she was awarded the BET Humanitarian Award. Consequence named her the 30th best singer of all time. Beyoncé has won 32 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child and The Carters, making her the most honored individual by the Grammys. She is also the most nominated artist in Grammy Award history with a total of 88 nominations. "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" won Song of the Year in 2010 while "Say My Name", "Crazy in Love" and "Drunk in Love" have each won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while Lemonade has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Beyoncé has won 29 MTV Video Music Awards, making her the most-awarded artist in Video Music Award history. She won two awards each with The Carters and Destiny's Child making her lifetime total of 29 VMAs. "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" and "Formation" won Video of the Year in 2009 and 2016 respectively. Beyoncé tied the record set by Lady Gaga in 2010 for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist with eight in 2016. She is also the most-awarded and nominated artist in BET Award history, winning 29 awards from a total of 60 nominations, the most-awarded person at the Soul Train Music Awards with 17 awards as a solo artist, and the most-awarded person at the NAACP Image Awards with 24 awards as a solo artist. Additionally, Beyoncé is the most-awarded artist at the NAACP Image Awards with 22 awards and the BET Awards with 32 awards. Following her role in Dreamgirls, Beyoncé was nominated for Best Original Song for "Listen" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyoncé won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for "Listen" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture. According to Fuse in 2014, Beyoncé is the second-most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson. Lemonade won a Peabody Award in 2017. In 2022, "Be Alive" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones, She was named the Most Powerful Woman in Music on the same list in 2020. In the same year, Billboard named her with Destiny's Child the third Greatest Music Video artists of all time, behind Madonna and Michael Jackson. On June 16, 2021, Beyoncé won the award of "top touring artist" of the decade (2010s) at the Pollstar Awards. On June 17, 2021, Beyoncé was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame as a member of the inaugural class. Business and ventures In 2010, Beyoncé founded her own entertainment company Parkwood Entertainment which formed as an imprint based from Columbia Records, the company began as a production unit for videos and films in 2008. Parkwood Entertainment is named after a street in Houston, Texas where Beyoncé once lived. With headquarters in New York City, the company serves as an umbrella for the entertainer's various brands in music, movies, videos, and fashion. The staff of Parkwood Entertainment have experiences in arts and entertainment, from filmmaking and video production to web and fashion design. In addition to departments in marketing, digital, creative, publicity, fashion design and merchandising, the company houses a state-of-the-art editing suite, where Beyoncé works on content for her worldwide tours, music videos, and television specials. Parkwood Entertainment's first production was the musical biopic Cadillac Records (2008), in which Beyoncé starred and co-produced. The company has distributed Beyoncé's albums such as her self-titled fifth studio album (2013), Lemonade (2016) and The Carters, Everything is Love (2018). Beyoncé has signed other artists to Parkwood such as Chloe x Halle, who performed at Super Bowl LIII in February 2019. Endorsements and partnerships Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyoncé signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyoncé's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of "Wishing on a Star") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. In February 2011, Beyoncé launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush. Beyoncé's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million deal with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers. Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Oréal since the age of 18. In March 2015, Beyoncé became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyoncé's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry. In November 2020, Beyoncé formed a multi-year partnership with exercise equipment and media company Peloton. The partnership was formed to celebrate homecoming season in historically black colleges and universities, providing themed workout experiences inspired by Beyoncé's 2019 Homecoming film and live album after 2020's homecoming celebrations were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the partnership, Beyoncé and Peloton are donating free memberships to all students at 10 HBCUs, and Peloton are pursuing long-term recruiting partnerships at the HCBUs. Gwen Bethel Riley, head of music at Peloton, said: "When we had conversations with Beyoncé around how critical a social impact component was to all of us, it crystallized how important it was to embrace Homecoming as an opportunity to celebrate and create dialogue around Black culture and music, in partnership with HBCUs." Upon news of the partnership, a decline in Peloton's shares reversed, and its shares rose by 8.6%. In 2021, Beyoncé and Jay-Z partnered with Tiffany & Co. for the company's "About Love" campaign. Beyoncé became the fourth woman, and first Black woman, to wear the 128.54-carat Tiffany Yellow Diamond. The campaign featured a robin egg blue painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat titled Equals Pi (1982). Both Beyonce and the brand faced significant backlash for the campaign, as the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which was discovered in the Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa in 1877, is classified as a blood diamond and viewed as a symbol of British colonialism over Africa. Fashion lines Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon, a women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyoncé's grandmother, Agnèz Deréon, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyoncé's taste and style. Beyoncé and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon. House of Deréon pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their Destiny Fulfilled era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the U.S. and Canada. In 2005, Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva, a "high-style" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Deréon collection. In July 2009, Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Deréon, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. In May 2010, Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses. In October 2014, Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50–50 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyoncé's daughter and her favorite number four (IV in Roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. She has since bought out Topshop owner Philip Green from his 50% share after he was alleged to have sexually harassed, bullied and racially abused employees. She now owns the brand herself. In April 2019, it was announced that Beyoncé would become a creative partner with Adidas and further develop her athletic brand Ivy Park with the company. Knowles will also develop new clothes and footwear for Adidas. Shares for the company rose 1.3% upon the news release. In December 2019, they announced a launch date of January 18, 2020. Beyoncé uploaded a teaser on her website and Instagram. The collection was previewed on the upcoming Elle January 2020 issue, where Beyoncé is seen wearing several garments, accessories and footwear from the first collection. In February 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the line was struggling financially with revenue falling by more than 50% over the past fiscal year to $40 million; well short of the company's $250 million projected forecast. In March 2023, it was announced that Beyoncé and Adidas reached a mutual decision to end their partnership. Later in March 2023, Olivier Rousteing, the creative director of Balmain, announced that he and Beyoncé collaborated on a couture collection complete with sixteen looks corresponding to the sixteen tracks on her album Renaissance. This "Renaissance Couture" collection marked the first time that a Black woman oversaw the development of a collection from a Parisian couture house. Philanthropy See also: BeyGood Beyoncé (center) and her mother, Tina, (left) at the opening of the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center on March 5, 2010 In 2002, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Tina Knowles built the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing to displaced families and provide means for new building construction, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later. Beyoncé also donated $100,000 to the Gulf Coast Ike Relief Fund. In 2007, Beyoncé founded the Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments, a housing complex offering living space for 43 displaced individuals. As of 2016, Beyoncé had donated $7 million for the maintenance of the complex. After starring in Cadillac Records in 2009 and learning about Phoenix House, a non-profit drug and alcohol rehabilitation organization, Beyoncé donated her full $4 million salary from the film to the organization. Beyoncé and her mother subsequently established the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center, which offers a seven-month cosmetology training course helping Phoenix House's clients gain career skills during their recovery. In January 2010, Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon, donated a large sum to the organization, and was named the official face of the limited edition Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) "Fashion For Haiti" T-shirt. In April 2011, Beyoncé joined forces with U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single "Get Me Bodied". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song "God Bless the USA", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song "I Was Here" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci "Chime for Change" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013, in London. With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyoncé also took part in "Miss a Meal", a food-donation campaign, and supported Goodwill Industries through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S. Beyoncé and Jay-Z secretly donated tens of thousands of dollars to bail out Black Lives Matter protesters in Baltimore and Ferguson, as well as funded infrastructure for the establishment of Black Lives Matter chapters across the US. Before Beyoncé's Formation World Tour show in Tampa, her team held a private luncheon for more than 20 community leaders to discuss how Beyoncé could support local charitable initiatives, including pledging on the spot to fund 10 scholarships to provide students with financial aid. Tampa Sports Authority board member Thomas Scott said: "I don't know of a prior artist meeting with the community, seeing what their needs are, seeing how they can invest in the community. It says a lot to me about Beyoncé. She not only goes into a community and walks away with (money), but she also gives money back to that community." In June 2016, Beyoncé donated over $82,000 to the United Way of Genesee County to support victims of the Flint water crisis. Beyoncé additionally donated money to support 14 students in Michigan with their college expenses. In August 2016, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated $1.5 million to civil rights groups including Black Lives Matter, Hands Up United and Dream Defenders. After Hurricane Matthew, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated $15 million to the Usain Bolt Foundation to support its efforts in rebuilding homes in Haiti. During Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, Beyoncé launched BeyGOOD Houston to support those affected by the hurricane in Houston. The organization donated necessities such as cots, blankets, pillows, baby products, feminine products and wheelchairs, and funded long-term revitalization projects. On September 8, Beyoncé visited Houston, where she sponsored a lunch for 400 survivors at her local church, visited the George R Brown Convention Center to discuss with people displaced by the flooding about their needs, served meals to those who lost their homes, and made a significant donation to local causes. Beyoncé additionally donated $75,000 worth of new mattresses to survivors of the hurricane. Later that month, Beyoncé released a remix of J Balvin and Willy William's "Mi Gente", with all of her proceeds being donated to disaster relief charities in Puerto Rico, Mexico, the U.S. and the Caribbean after hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, and the Chiapas and Puebla earthquakes. In April 2020, Beyoncé donated $6 million to the National Alliance in Mental Health, UCLA and local community-based organizations in order to provide mental health and personal wellness services to essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BeyGOOD also teamed up with local organizations to help provide resources to communities of color, including food, water, cleaning supplies, medicines and face masks. The same month Beyoncé released a remix of Megan Thee Stallion's "Savage", with all proceeds benefiting Bread of Life Houston's COVID-19 relief efforts, which includes providing over 14 tons of food and supplies to 500 families and 100 senior citizens in Houston weekly. In May 2020, Beyoncé provided 1,000 free COVID-19 tests in Houston as part of her and her mother's #IDidMyPart initiative, which was established due to the disproportionate deaths in African-American communities. Additionally, 1,000 gloves, masks, hot meals, essential vitamins, grocery vouchers and household items were provided. In July 2020, Beyoncé established the Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund in partnership with the NAACP, which offers $10,000 grants to black-owned small businesses in need following the George Floyd protests. All proceeds from Beyoncé's single "Black Parade" were donated to the fund. In September 2020, Beyoncé announced that she had donated an additional $1 million to the fund. As of December 31, 2020, the fund had given 715 grants to black-owned small businesses, amounting to $7.15 million donated. In October 2020, Beyoncé released a statement that she has been working with the Feminist Coalition to assist supporters of the End SARS movement in Nigeria, including covering medical costs for injured protestors, covering legal fees for arrested protestors, and providing food, emergency shelter, transportation and telecommunication means to those in need. Beyoncé also showed support for those fighting against other issues in Africa, such as the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon, ShutItAllDown in Namibia, Zimbabwean Lives Matter in Zimbabwe and the Rape National Emergency in Liberia. In December 2020, Beyoncé donated $500,000 to help alleviate the housing crisis in the U.S. caused by the cessation of the eviction moratorium, giving 100 $5,000 grants to individuals and families facing foreclosures and evictions. Hair Care Brand In February 2024, on the launch day of Beyoncé's Cécred hair care brand, she established an annual grant in collaboration with BeyGood. This is an effort to provide financial support to cosmetology students and professional hair stylists within the beauty industry. A yearly $500,000 is funding cosmetology school scholarships and salon business grants across five cities chosen for their large, diverse community of hair stylists: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and Clementon. Discography Main articles: Beyoncé albums discography, Beyoncé singles discography, and List of songs recorded by Beyoncé Solo studio albums Dangerously in Love (2003) B'Day (2006) I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008) 4 (2011) Beyoncé (2013) Lemonade (2016) Renaissance (2022) Cowboy Carter (2024) with Destiny's Child Main articles: Destiny's Child discography and songs Destiny's Child (1998) The Writing's on the Wall (1999) Survivor (2001) 8 Days of Christmas (2001) Destiny Fulfilled (2004) with Jay-Z (as The Carters) Main article: The Carters discography Everything Is Love (2018) Soundtrack albums The Lion King: The Gift (2019) Filmography Main article: Beyoncé videography § Film This section lists select works only. Refer to the main article for further information. Films starred Carmen: A Hip Hopera (2001) Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) The Fighting Temptations (2003) Fade to Black (2004) The Pink Panther (2006) Dreamgirls (2006) Cadillac Records (2008) Obsessed (2009) Epic (2013) Lemonade (also director) (2016) The Lion King (2019) Black Is King (also director) (2020) Mufasa: The Lion King (2024) Documentary and concert films Live at Wembley (2004) The Beyoncé Experience Live (2007) I Am... Yours (2009) I Am... World Tour (also director) (2010) Live at Roseland: Elements of 4 (also director) (2011) Life Is But a Dream (also director) (2013) Live in Atlantic City (also director) (2013) On the Run Tour (2014) Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé (also director) (2019) Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (also director) (2023) Tours and residencies Main article: List of Beyoncé live performances Headlining tours Dangerously in Love Tour (2003) The Beyoncé Experience (2007) I Am... Tour (2009–2010) The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013–2014) The Formation World Tour (2016) Renaissance World Tour (2023) Co-headlining tours Verizon Ladies First Tour (with Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott) (2004) On the Run Tour (with Jay-Z) (2014) On the Run II Tour (with Jay-Z) (2018) Residencies I Am... Yours (2009) 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé (2011) Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live (2012) See also Forbes list of highest-earning musicians Honorific nicknames in popular music List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of artists with the most number-one European singles List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists List of black Golden Globe Award winners and nominees List of highest-grossing live music artists List of most-followed Instagram accounts Notes ^ a b Naming laws in Texas do not allow accented characters (é). ^ For her works with Destiny's Child and The Carters, see Destiny's Child discography, List of Destiny's Child songs and The Carters discography ^ The gross takings from the 29 shows which were reported to Billboard Boxscore totalled $24.9 million; the tour comprised 96 concerts. ^ Clementon is technically a borough but is listed as one of the "cities" chosen on the Cécred website. References ^ Curto, Justin (April 30, 2021). 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External links Beyoncé at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Official website Beyoncé at AllMusic Beyoncé at Amazon Music Beyoncé discography at Discogs Beyoncé at IMDb vteBeyoncé Albums discography Singles discography Destiny's Child Awards and nominations Live performances Songs Videography Cultural impact Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am... Sasha Fierce 4 Beyoncé Lemonade Renaissance Cowboy Carter Collaborative albums Everything Is Love (with Jay-Z, credited to The Carters) Soundtrack albums Dreamgirls The Lion King: The Gift Live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live I Am... Yours I Am... World Tour Homecoming EPs and remix albums True Star Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé Heat 4: The Remix Concert films and documentaries Live at Wembley The Beyoncé Experience Live I Am... Yours I Am... World Tour Live at Roseland Life Is But a Dream Live in Atlantic City On the Run Tour Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé Video releases and visual albums The Ultimate Performer B'Day Anthology Above and Beyoncé Elements of 4 Beyoncé Lemonade Black Is King Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am... Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour On the Run II Tour Renaissance World Tour Live performances I Am... Yours 2011 Glastonbury performance 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Super Bowl 50 halftime show Beychella 2023 Dubai performance Retail products and brands True Star House of Deréon Heat Rise Tidal Ivy Park Cécred Family Angela Beyincé Blue Ivy Carter Jay-Z Mathew Knowles Solange Knowles Tina Knowles Related articles EveryBODYisflawless Let's Move! Flash Workout Parkwood Entertainment Premier Tower Scaptia beyonceae Suga Mama   Category vteBeyoncé songsDiscographyDangerously in Love "Crazy in Love" "Naughty Girl" "Baby Boy" "Me, Myself and I" "The Closer I Get to You" "Dangerously in Love 2" "Daddy" B'Day "Déjà Vu" "Get Me Bodied" "Suga Mama" "Upgrade U" "Ring the Alarm" "Kitty Kat" "Freakum Dress" "Green Light" "Irreplaceable" "Resentment" "Listen" "Check on It" "Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero" "Welcome to Hollywood" "Flaws and All" "Still in Love (Kissing You)" "Amor Gitano" I Am... Sasha Fierce "If I Were a Boy" "Halo" "Broken-Hearted Girl" "Ave Maria" "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" "Radio" "Diva" "Sweet Dreams" "Video Phone" "Ego" "Honesty" "Why Don't You Love Me" "Poison" 4 "1+1" "I Care" "I Miss You" "Best Thing I Never Had" "Party" "Rather Die Young" "Start Over" "Love On Top" "Countdown" "End of Time" "I Was Here" "Run the World (Girls)" "Lay Up Under Me" "Schoolin' Life" "Dance for You" Beyoncé "Pretty Hurts" "Haunted" "Drunk in Love" "Blow" "No Angel" "Partition" "Jealous" "Rocket" "Mine" "XO" "Flawless" "Superpower" "Heaven" "7/11" "Ring Off" "Standing on the Sun" "Grown Woman" Lemonade "Pray You Catch Me" "Hold Up" "Don't Hurt Yourself" "Sorry" "6 Inch" "Daddy Lessons" "Love Drought" "Sandcastles" "Freedom" "All Night" "Formation" The Lion King: The Gift "Bigger" "Find Your Way Back" "Brown Skin Girl" "Already" "Spirit" "Black Parade" Renaissance "Cozy" "Alien Superstar" "Cuff It" "Energy" "Break My Soul" "Virgo's Groove" "Heated" "America Has a Problem" "Pure/Honey" Cowboy Carter "Blackbiird" "16 Carriages" "Texas Hold 'Em" "Jolene" "II Most Wanted" As featured artist "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" "Delresto (Echoes)" "Family Feud" "Feeling Myself" "Fighting Temptation" "Hollywood" "Hymn for the Weekend" "I Got That" "Just Stand Up!" "Lift Off" "Love a Woman" "Love in This Club Part II" "Make Me Say It Again, Girl" "Mi Gente" "Part II (On the Run)" "Put It in a Love Song" "Runnin' (Lose It All)" "Savage (Remix)" "Say Yes" "See Me Now" "Shining" "Telephone" "Top Off" "Until the End of Time" "Walk on Water" "What More Can I Give" Other songs "A Woman Like Me" "All I Could Do Was Cry" "Apeshit" "At Last" "Back to Black" "Be Alive" "Before I Let Go" "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" "Die with You" "Fever" "God Bless the U.S.A." "I'd Rather Go Blind" "My House" "One Night Only" "Perfect Duet" "Pink + White" "Sexy Lil Thug" "So Amazing" "Sorry Not Sorry" "Summertime" "Wishing on a Star" "Work It Out" Category Related articles vteDestiny's Child Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Studio albums Destiny's Child The Writing's on the Wall Survivor 8 Days of Christmas Destiny Fulfilled Compilation albums This Is the Remix #1's Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol.1: Love Destiny Playlist: The Very Best of Destiny's Child Love Songs Destiny's Child: The Untold Story Presents Girls Tyme Singles "No, No, No" "With Me" "Get on the Bus" "Bills, Bills, Bills" "Bug a Boo" "Say My Name" "Jumpin', Jumpin'" "Independent Women Part I" "Survivor" "Bootylicious" "Emotion" "Nasty Girl" "8 Days of Christmas" "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" "Lose My Breath" "Soldier" "Girl" "Cater 2 U" "Stand Up for Love" Featured singles "Just Be Straight with Me" "She's Gone" "Thug Love" "What's Going On" "The Girl Is Mine" Live and video releases The Platinum's on the Wall Destiny's Child World Tour Live in Atlanta Video Anthology Concert tours Total Request Live Tour Destiny's Child World Tour Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It Other collaborations "Say Yes" Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé The Live Album Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Mathew Knowles Teresa LaBarbera Whites vteThe Carters Beyoncé Jay-Z Studio albums Everything Is Love (2018) Singles "Apeshit" Song collaborations "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" "Crazy in Love" "Déjà Vu" "Upgrade U" "Hollywood" "Lift Off" "Drunk in Love" "Part II (On the Run)" "Shining" "Family Feud" "Top Off" Tours On the Run Tour (2014) On the Run II Tour (2018) Awards for Beyoncé vteAmerican Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist Roberta Flack (1974) Diana Ross (1975) Aretha Franklin (1976) Aretha Franklin (1977) Natalie Cole (1978) Natalie Cole (1979) Donna Summer (1980) Diana Ross (1981) Stephanie Mills (1982) Diana Ross (1983) Aretha Franklin (1984) Tina Turner (1985) Aretha Franklin (1986) Whitney Houston (1987) Anita Baker (1988) Whitney Houston (1989) Anita Baker (1990) Janet Jackson (1991) Mariah Carey (1992) Patti LaBelle (1993) Whitney Houston (1994) Anita Baker (1995) Mariah Carey (1996) Toni Braxton (1997) Mariah Carey (1998) Janet Jackson (1999) Lauryn Hill (2000) Toni Braxton (2001) Aaliyah (2002) Mary J. Blige (2003) Aaliyah (2003) Alicia Keys (2004) Mariah Carey (2005) Mary J. Blige (2006) Rihanna (2007) Rihanna (2008) Beyoncé (2009) Rihanna (2010) Beyoncé (2011) Beyoncé (2012) Rihanna (2013) Beyoncé (2014) Rihanna (2015) Rihanna (2016) Beyoncé (2017) Rihanna (2018) Beyoncé (2019) Doja Cat (2020) Doja Cat (2021) Beyoncé (2022) vteBET Award for Album of the Year Lemonade – Beyoncé (2017) DAMN. – Kendrick Lamar (2018) Invasion of Privacy – Cardi B (2019) Please Excuse Me for Being Antisocial – Roddy Ricch (2020) Heaux Tales – Jazmine Sullivan (2021) An Evening with Silk Sonic – Silk Sonic (2022) Renaissance – Beyoncé / SOS – SZA (2023) vteBET Award for Best Collaboration Snoop Dogg, Pharrell Williams and Charlie Wilson (2003) Beyoncé and Jay-Z (2004) Ciara and Missy Elliott (2005) Kanye West and Jamie Foxx (2006) Ludacris and Mary J. Blige (2007) Kanye West and T-Pain (2008) Jamie Foxx and T-Pain (2009) Jay-Z and Alicia Keys (2010) Chris Brown, Busta Rhymes and Lil Wayne (2011) Wale and Miguel (2012) ASAP Rocky, Drake, 2 Chainz and Kendrick Lamar (2013) Beyoncé and Jay-Z (2014) Common and John Legend (2015) Rihanna and Drake (2016) Chance the Rapper, 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne (2017) DJ Khaled, Rihanna and Bryson Tiller (2018) Travis Scott and Drake (2019) Chris Brown and Drake (2020) Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion (2021) Wizkid, Justin Bieber and Tems (2022) Future, Drake and Tems (2023) vteBET Award for Best Female R&B/Pop Artist Mary J. Blige (2001) India Arie (2002) India Arie (2003) Beyoncé (2004) Alicia Keys (2005) Mary J. Blige (2006) Beyoncé (2007) Alicia Keys (2008) Beyoncé (2009) Alicia Keys (2010) Rihanna (2011) Beyoncé (2012) Rihanna (2013) Beyoncé (2014) Beyoncé (2015) Beyoncé (2016) Beyoncé (2017) Beyoncé (2018) Beyoncé (2019) Lizzo (2020) H.E.R. (2021) Jazmine Sullivan (2022) SZA (2023) vteBET Award for Video of the Year2000s "Ms. Jackson" – OutKast (2001) "Pass the Courvoisier, Part II" – Busta Rhymes (2002) "Love of My Life (An Ode to Hip-Hop)" – Erykah Badu (2003) "Hey Ya!" – OutKast (2004) "Jesus Walks" – Kanye West (2005) "Be Without You" – Mary J. Blige / "Gold Digger" – Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx (2006) "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé (2007) "International Players Anthem (I Choose You)" – UGK (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009) 2010s "Video Phone" – Beyoncé featuring Lady Gaga (2010) "Look at Me Now" – Chris Brown (2011) "Otis" – Jay-Z and Kanye West featuring Otis Redding (2012) "Started from the Bottom" – Drake (2013) "Happy" – Pharrell Williams (2014) "7/11" – Beyoncé (2015) "Formation" – Beyoncé (2016) "Sorry" – Beyoncé / "24K Magic" – Bruno Mars (2017) "God's Plan" – Drake (2018) "This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2019) 2020s "Higher" – DJ Khaled featuring Nipsey Hussle and John Legend (2020) "WAP" – Cardi B featuring Megan Thee Stallion (2021) "Family Ties" – Baby Keem and Kendrick Lamar / "Smokin out the Window" – Silk Sonic (2022) "Kill Bill" – SZA (2023) vteBET Award for Video Director of the Year Erykah Badu (2008) Benny Boom (2009) Anthony Mandler (2010) Chris Robinson (2011) Beyoncé and Alan Ferguson (2012) Benny Boom (2013) Hype Williams (2014) Beyoncé, Ed Burke and Todd Tourso (2015) Director X (2016) Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé (2017) Ava DuVernay (2018) Karena Evans (2019) Teyana Taylor (2020) Bruno Mars and Florent Déchard (2021) Anderson .Paak (2022) vteBET Her Award Anthony Hamilton (2006) Gerald Levert (2007) Raheem DeVaughn (2008) Jazmine Sullivan (2009) Monica (2010) Marsha Ambrosius (2011) Common (2012) Tamar Braxton (2013) Jhené Aiko (2014) The Weeknd (2015) Beyoncé (2016) Solange (2017) Mary J. Blige (2018) H.E.R. (2019) Beyoncé, Blue Ivy, Wizkid and Saint Jhn (2020) SZA (2021) Mary J. Blige (2022) Beyoncé (2023) vteBrit Award for International ArtistInternational Artist Kid Creole and the Coconuts (1983) Michael Jackson (1984) Prince and The Revolution (1985)International Solo Artist Bruce Springsteen (1986) Paul Simon (1987) Michael Jackson (1988) Neneh Cherry (1990) Prince (1992) Prince (1993)International Artist Billie Eilish (2022) Beyoncé (2023) SZA (2024) vteBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist Tracy Chapman (1989) Sinéad O'Connor (1991) Björk (1994) K.d. lang (1995) Björk (1996) Sheryl Crow (1997) Björk (1998) Natalie Imbruglia (1999) Macy Gray (2000) Madonna (2001) Kylie Minogue (2002) Pink (2003) Beyoncé (2004) Gwen Stefani (2005) Madonna (2006) Nelly Furtado (2007) Kylie Minogue (2008) Katy Perry (2009) Lady Gaga (2010) Rihanna (2011) Rihanna (2012) Lana Del Rey (2013) Lorde (2014) Taylor Swift (2015) Björk (2016) Beyoncé (2017) Lorde (2018) Ariana Grande (2019) Billie Eilish (2020) Billie Eilish (2021) vteBrit Award for International Group Huey Lewis and the News (1986) The Bangles (1987) U2 (1988) U2 (1989) U2 (1990) INXS (1991) R.E.M. (1992) R.E.M. (1993) Crowded House (1994) R.E.M. (1995) Bon Jovi (1996) Fugees (1997) U2 (1998) The Corrs (1999) TLC (2000) U2 (2001) Destiny's Child (2002) Red Hot Chili Peppers (2003) The White Stripes (2004) Scissor Sisters (2005) Green Day (2006) The Killers (2007) Foo Fighters (2008) Kings of Leon (2009) Arcade Fire (2011) Foo Fighters (2012) The Black Keys (2013) Daft Punk (2014) Foo Fighters (2015) Tame Impala (2016) A Tribe Called Quest (2017) Foo Fighters (2018) The Carters (2019) Haim (2021) Silk Sonic (2022) Fontaines D.C. (2023) Boygenius (2024) vteCritics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song1990s "When You Believe" – Music and Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz (1998) "Music of My Heart" – Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren (1999) 2000s "My Funny Friend and Me" – Music by David Hartley and Sting; Lyrics by Sting (2000) "May It Be" – Music and Lyrics by Enya, Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan / "Vanilla Sky" – Music and Lyrics by Paul McCartney (2001) "Lose Yourself" – Music and Lyrics by Jeff Bass, Eminem and Luis Resto (2002) "A Mighty Wind" – Music and Lyrics by Christopher Guest, Eugene Levy and Michael McKean (2003) "Old Habits Die Hard" – Music and Lyrics by Mick Jagger and David Stewart (2004) "Hustle & Flow" – Music and Lyrics by Terrence Howard (2005) "Listen" – Music and Lyrics by Scott Cutler, Henry Krieger and Anne Preven (2006) "Falling Slowly" – Music and Lyrics by Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007) "The Wrestler" – Music and Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (2008) "The Weary Kind" – Music and Lyrics by Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009) 2010s "If I Rise" – Music and Lyrics by Rollo Armstrong, Dido and A. R. Rahman (2010) "Life's a Happy Song" – Music and Lyrics by Bret McKenzie (2011) "Skyfall" – Music and Lyrics by Adele and Paul Epworth (2012) "Let It Go" – Music and Lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013) "Glory" – Music and Lyrics by Common and John Legend (2014) "See You Again" – Music and Lyrics by Andrew Cedar, DJ Frank E, Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth (2015) "City of Stars" – Music by Justin Hurwitz; Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016) "Remember Me" – Music and Lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017) "Shallow" – Music and Lyrics by Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando and Andrew Wyatt (2018) "Glasgow (No Place Like Home)" – Music and Lyrics by Mary Steenburgen / "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again" – Music by Elton John; Lyrics by Bernie Taupin (2019) 2020s "Speak Now" – Music and Lyrics by Leslie Odom Jr. and Sam Ashworth (2020) "No Time to Die" – Music and Lyrics by Billie Eilish and Finneas O'Connell (2021) "Naatu Naatu" – Music by M. M. Keeravani; Lyrics by Chandrabose (2022) "I'm Just Ken" – Music and Lyrics by Mark Ronson and Andrew Wyatt (2023) vteBillboard Millennium Award Beyoncé (2011) Whitney Houston (2012) Britney Spears (2016) vteGLAAD Vanguard Award Roseanne Barr & Tom Arnold (1993) Aaron Spelling (1994) Steve Tisch (1995) Sidney Sheinberg (1996) Cristina Saralegui (1997) Cher (1998) Whoopi Goldberg (1999) Elizabeth Taylor (2000) Shirley MacLaine (2002) Eric McCormack (2003) Antonio Banderas (2004) Liza Minnelli (2005) Charlize Theron (2006) Jennifer Aniston (2007) Janet Jackson (2008) Kathy Griffin (2009) Drew Barrymore (2010) Kristin Chenoweth (2011) Josh Hutcherson (2012) Jennifer Lopez (2014) Kerry Washington (2015) Demi Lovato (2016) Patricia Arquette (2017) Britney Spears (2018) Beyoncé & Jay-Z (2019) Taylor Swift (2020) Kacey Musgraves (2022) vteGrammy Award for Song of the Year1950s "Nel blu, dipinto di blu (Volare)" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1958) "The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1959) 1960s "Theme of Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1960) "Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1961) "What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1962) "Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1963) "Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1964) "The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1965) "Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1966) "Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1967) "Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1968) "Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1969) 1970s "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1970) "You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1971) "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1972) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1973) "The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1974) "Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1975) "I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1976) "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1977) "Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1978) "What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1979) 1980s "Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1980) "Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1981) "Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1982) "Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1983) "What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1984) "We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1985) "That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1986) "Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1987) "Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1988) "Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1989) 1990s "From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1990) "Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1991) "Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1992) "A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1993) "Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1994) "Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1995) "Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1996) "Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1997) "My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1998) "Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (1999) 2000s "Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2000) "Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2001) "Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2002) "Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2003) "Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2004) "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2005) "Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2006) "Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2007) "Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2009) 2010s "Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2010) "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2011) "We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2012) "Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2013) "Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2014) "Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2015) "Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2016) "That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2017) "This Is America" – Donald Glover, Ludwig Göransson & Jeffery Lamar Williams (songwriters) (2018) "Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2019) 2020s "I Can't Breathe" – Dernst Emile II, H.E.R. & Tiara Thomas (songwriters) (2020) "Leave the Door Open" – Brandon Anderson, Christopher Brody Brown, Dernst Emile II & Bruno Mars (songwriters) (2021) "Just Like That" – Bonnie Raitt (songwriter) (2022) "What Was I Made For?" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album2000s Ashanti – Ashanti (2002) Dangerously in Love – Beyoncé (2003) Confessions – Usher (2004) The Emancipation of Mimi – Mariah Carey (2005) B'Day – Beyoncé (2006) Because of You – Ne-Yo (2007) Growing Pains – Mary J. Blige (2008) I Am... Sasha Fierce – Beyoncé (2009) 2010s Raymond v. Raymond – Usher (2010) vteGrammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album2000s Kish Kash – Basement Jaxx (2004) Push the Button – The Chemical Brothers (2005) Confessions on a Dance Floor – Madonna (2006) We Are the Night – The Chemical Brothers (2007) Alive 2007 – Daft Punk (2008) The Fame – Lady Gaga (2009) 2010s La Roux – La Roux (2010) Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites – Skrillex (2011) Bangarang – Skrillex (2012) Random Access Memories – Daft Punk (2013) Syro – Aphex Twin (2014) Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü – Jack Ü (2015) Skin – Flume (2016) 3-D The Catalogue – Kraftwerk (2017) Woman Worldwide – Justice (2018) No Geography – The Chemical Brothers (2019) 2020s Bubba – Kaytranada (2020) Subconsciously – Black Coffee (2021) Renaissance – Beyoncé (2022) Actual Life 3 (January 1 – September 9 2022) – Fred Again (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Melodic Rap Performance2000s "Let Me Blow Ya Mind" – Eve featuring Gwen Stefani (2001) "Dilemma" – Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland (2002) "Crazy in Love" – Beyoncé featuring Jay-Z (2003) "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Ludacris and Lil Jon (2004) "Numb/Encore" – Linkin Park and Jay-Z (2005) "My Love" – Justin Timberlake featuring T.I. (2006) "Umbrella" – Rihanna featuring Jay-Z (2007) "American Boy" – Estelle featuring Kanye West (2008) "Run This Town" – Jay-Z featuring Rihanna and Kanye West (2009) 2010s "Empire State of Mind" – Jay-Z featuring Alicia Keys (2010) "All of the Lights" – Kanye West, Rihanna, Kid Cudi and Fergie (2011) "No Church in the Wild" – Jay-Z, Kanye West, Frank Ocean and The-Dream (2012) "Holy Grail" – Jay-Z and Justin Timberlake (2013) "The Monster" – Eminem featuring Rihanna (2014) "These Walls" – Kendrick Lamar featuring Bilal, Anna Wise & Thundercat (2015) "Hotline Bling" – Drake (2016) "LOYALTY." – Kendrick Lamar featuring Rihanna (2017) "This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018) "Higher" – DJ Khaled featuring Nipsey Hussle & John Legend (2019) 2020s "Lockdown" – Anderson .Paak (2020) "Hurricane" – Kanye West featuring The Weeknd & Lil Baby (2021) "Wait for U" – Future featuring Drake & Tems (2022) "All My Life" – Lil Durk featuring J. Cole (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Music Film1983–1986 Duran Duran – Duran Duran (1983) Making Michael Jackson's Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984) Huey Lewis & The News: The Heart of Rock 'n Roll – Huey Lewis and the News (1985) Bring On the Night – Sting (1986) Best PerformanceMusic Video (1987−1988) The Prince's Trust All-Star Rock Concert – Various Artists (1987) "Where the Streets Have No Name" – U2 (1988) 1989–2009 Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson (1989) Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em: The Movie – MC Hammer (1990) Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90 – Madonna (1991) Diva – Annie Lennox (1992) Ten Summoner's Tales – Sting (1993) Zoo TV: Live from Sydney – U2 (1994) Secret World Live – Peter Gabriel (1995) The Beatles Anthology – The Beatles (1996) Jagged Little Pill, Live – Alanis Morissette (1997) American Masters: Lou Reed: Rock & Roll Heart – Lou Reed (1998) Band of Gypsys: Live at Fillmore East – Jimi Hendrix (1999) Gimme Some Truth: The Making of John Lennon's Imagine Album – John Lennon (2000) Recording The Producers: A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks – Mel Brooks (2001) Westway to the World – The Clash (2002) Legend – Sam Cooke (2003) Concert for George – Various Artists (2004) No Direction Home – Bob Dylan (2005) Wings for Wheels: The Making of Born to Run – Bruce Springsteen (2006) The Confessions Tour – Madonna (2007) Runnin' Down a Dream – Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (2008) The Beatles Love – All Together Now – The Beatles and Cirque du Soleil (2009) 2010–present When You're Strange: A Film About The Doors – The Doors (2010) Back and Forth – Foo Fighters (2011) Big Easy Express – Mumford & Sons, Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros and Old Crow Medicine Show (2012) Live Kisses – Paul McCartney (2013) 20 Feet from Stardom – Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer & Judith Hill (2014) Amy – Amy Winehouse (2015) The Beatles: Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years – The Beatles (2016) The Defiant Ones – Various Artists (2017) Quincy – Quincy Jones (2018) Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé – Beyoncé (2019) Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice – Linda Ronstadt (2020) Summer of Soul – Various Artists (2021) Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story – Various Artists (2022) Moonage Daydream – David Bowie (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Music VideoVideo of the Year (1981−1982) Elephant Parts – Michael Nesmith (1981) Olivia Physical – Olivia Newton-John (1982) 1983–1986 "Girls on Film" / "Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran (1983) "Jazzin' for Blue Jean" – David Bowie (1984) "We Are the World" – USA for Africa (1985) "Brothers in Arms" – Dire Straits (1986) Best ConceptMusic Video (1987−1988) "Land of Confusion" – Genesis (1987) "Fat" – "Weird Al" Yankovic (1988) 1989–2009 "Leave Me Alone" – Michael Jackson (1989) "Opposites Attract" – Paula Abdul (1990) "Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991) "Digging in the Dirt" – Peter Gabriel (1992) "Steam" – Peter Gabriel (1993) "Love Is Strong" – The Rolling Stones (1994) "Scream" – Michael Jackson & Janet Jackson (1995) "Free as a Bird" – The Beatles (1996) "Got 'til It's Gone" – Janet Jackson (1997) "Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998) "Freak on a Leash" – Korn (1999) "Learn to Fly" – Foo Fighters (2000) "Weapon of Choice" – Fatboy Slim featuring Bootsy Collins (2001) "Without Me" - Eminem (2002) "Hurt" – Johnny Cash (2003) "Vertigo" – U2 (2004) "Lose Control" – Missy Elliott featuring Ciara & Fatman Scoop (2005) "Here It Goes Again" – OK Go (2006) "God's Gonna Cut You Down" – Johnny Cash (2007) "Pork and Beans" – Weezer (2008) "Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas (2009) 2010–present "Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010) "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele (2011) "We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012) "Suit & Tie" – Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z (2013) "Happy" – Pharrell Williams (2014) "Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015) "Formation" – Beyoncé (2016) "Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017) "This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018) "Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (2019) "Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Blue Ivy & Wizkid (2020) "Freedom" – Jon Batiste (2021) All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022) "I'm Only Sleeping" – The Beatles (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Progressive R&B Album2010s Channel Orange – Frank Ocean (2012) Unapologetic – Rihanna (2013) Girl – Pharrell Williams (2014) Beauty Behind the Madness – The Weeknd (2015) Lemonade – Beyoncé (2016) Starboy – The Weeknd (2017) Everything Is Love – The Carters (2018) Cuz I Love You (Deluxe) – Lizzo (2019) 2020s It Is What It Is – Thundercat (2020) Table for Two – Lucky Daye (2021) Gemini Rights – Steve Lacy (2022) SOS – SZA (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance1980s "Parents Just Don't Understand" – DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (1988) "Bust a Move" – Young MC (1989) 2010s "Otis" – Jay-Z & Kanye West (2011) "Niggas in Paris" – Jay-Z & Kanye West (2012) "Thrift Shop" – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz (2013) "I" – Kendrick Lamar (2014) "Alright" – Kendrick Lamar (2015) "No Problem" – Chance the Rapper featuring Lil Wayne & 2 Chainz (2016) "Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017) "Bubblin" – Anderson .Paak / "King's Dead" – Kendrick Lamar, Jay Rock, Future & James Blake (2018) "Racks in the Middle" – Nipsey Hussle featuring Roddy Ricch & Hit-Boy (2019) 2020s "Savage" – Megan Thee Stallion featuring Beyoncé (2020) "Family Ties" – Baby Keem featuring Kendrick Lamar (2021) "The Heart Part 5" – Kendrick Lamar (2022) "Scientists & Engineers" – Killer Mike featuring André 3000, Future & Eryn Allen Kane (2023) Between 1990–2010, the category was split into two categories Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. vteGrammy Award for Best Rap Song2000s "Lose Yourself" – Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto (songwriters) (2003) "Jesus Walks" – Miri Ben-Ari, Che Smith & Kanye West (songwriters) (2004) "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" – Devon Harris & Kanye West (songwriters) (2005) "Money Maker" – Ludacris and Pharrell Williams (songwriters) (2006) "Good Life – Aldrin Davis, Faheem Najm & Kanye West (songwriters) (2007) "Lollipop" – Dwayne Carter, Stephen Garrett, Darius Harrison, Jim Jonsin & Rex Zamor (songwriters) (2008) "Run This Town" – Shawn Carter, Robyn Fenty, Makeba Riddick, Kanye West & Ernest Wilson (songwriters) (2009) 2010s "Empire State of Mind" – Shawn Carter, Angela Hunte, Alicia Keys, Jane't "Jnay" Sewell-Ulepic & Alexander Shuckburgh (songwriters) (2010) "All of the Lights" – Jeff Bhasker, Stacy Ferguson, Malik Jones, Warren Trotter & Kanye West (songwriters) (2011) "Niggas in Paris" – Shawn Carter, Mike Dean, Chauncey Hollis & Kanye West (songwriters) (2012) "Thrift Shop" – Ben Haggerty & Ryan Lewis (songwriters) (2013) "i" – Kendrick Duckworth, Columbus Smith & Ronald Isley (songwriters) (2014) "Alright" – Kendrick Duckworth, Kawan Prather, Mark Spears & Pharrell Williams (songwriters) (2015) "Hotline Bling" – Aubrey Graham & Paul Jefferies (songwriters) (2016) "Humble" – Kendrick Duckworth, Asheton Hogan & Michael Williams II (songwriters) (2017) "God's Plan" – Aubrey Graham, Ronald LaTour, Daveon Jackson, Brock Korsan, Matthew Samuels & Noah Shebib (songwriters) (2018) "A Lot" – Jermaine Cole, Dacoury Natche, 21 Savage & Anthony White (songwriters) (2019) 2020s "Savage" – Beyoncé, Shawn Carter, Brittany Hazzard, Derrick Milano, Terius Nash, Megan Pete, Bobby Sessions Jr., Jordan Kyle Lanier Thorpe & Anthony White (songwriters) (2020) "Jail" – Dwayne Abernathy, Jr., Shawn Carter, Raul Cubina, Michael Dean, Charles M. Njapa, Sean Solymar, Kanye West & Mark Williams (songwriters) (2021) "The Heart Part 5" – Jake Kosich, Johnny Kosich, Kendrick Duckworth & Matt Schaeffer (songwriters) (2022) "Scientists & Engineers" – Andre Benjamin, Paul Beauregard, James Blake, Michael Render, Tim Moore & Dion Wilson (songwriters) (2023) vteIFPI Global Year-End ChartsArtist of the Year One Direction (2013) Taylor Swift (2014) Adele (2015) Drake (2016) Ed Sheeran (2017) Drake (2018) Taylor Swift (2019) BTS (2020–2021) Taylor Swift (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Album of the Year Hybrid Theory by Linkin Park (2001) The Eminem Show by Eminem (2002) Come Away with Me by Norah Jones (2003) Confessions by Usher (2004) X&Y by Coldplay (2005) High School Musical by Various Artists (2006) High School Musical 2 by Various Artists (2007) Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends by Coldplay (2008) I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle (2009) Recovery by Eminem (2010) 21 by Adele (2011) 21 by Adele (2012) Midnight Memories by One Direction (2013) Frozen by Various Artists (2014) 25 by Adele (2015) Lemonade by Beyoncé (2016) ÷ by Ed Sheeran (2017) The Greatest Showman by Various Artists (2018) 5x20 All the Best!! 1999–2019 by Arashi (2019) Map of the Soul: 7 by BTS (2020) 30 by Adele (2021) Un Verano Sin Ti by Bad Bunny (2022) FML by Seventeen (2023) Single of the Year "Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne (2007) "Lollipop" by Lil Wayne featuring Static Major (2008) "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga (2009) "Tik Tok" by Kesha (2010) "Just the Way You Are" by Bruno Mars (2011) "Call Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen (2012) "Blurred Lines" by Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell (2013) "Happy" by Pharrell Williams (2014) "See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth (2015) "One Dance" by Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (2016) "Shape of You" by Ed Sheeran (2017) "Havana" by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug (2018) "Bad Guy" by Billie Eilish (2019) "Blinding Lights" by the Weeknd (2020) "Save Your Tears" by the Weeknd (2021) "As It Was" by Harry Styles (2022) "Flowers" by Miley Cyrus (2023) vteKids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer Britney Spears (2000–2001) P!nk (2002) Ashanti (2003) Hilary Duff (2004) Avril Lavigne (2005) Kelly Clarkson (2006) Beyoncé (2007) Miley Cyrus (2008–2009) Taylor Swift (2010, 2023) Katy Perry (2011, 2013) Selena Gomez (2012, 2014–2015, 2017) Ariana Grande (2016, 2019–2022) Demi Lovato (2018) vteKids' Choice Award for Favorite Song1980s "La Bamba" – Los Lobos (1988) "Kokomo" – The Beach Boys (1989) 1990s "Hangin' Tough" – New Kids on the Block (1990) "Ice Ice Baby" – Vanilla Ice (1991) "Jump" – Kris Kross (1992) No Award (1993) "Whoomp! (There It Is)" – Tag Team (1994) "Creep" – TLC (1995) "Gangsta's Paradise" – Coolio (1996) "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees (1997) "MMMBop" – Hanson (1998) "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" – Backstreet Boys (1999) 2000s "Wild Wild West" – Will Smith (2000) "Who Let the Dogs Out" – Baha Men (2001) "Get the Party Started" – P!nk (2002) "Sk8er Boi" – Avril Lavigne (2003) "Hey Ya!" – Outkast (2004) "Burn" – Usher (2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends" – Green Day (2006) "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé (2007) "Girlfriend" – Avril Lavigne (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009) 2010s "You Belong with Me" – Taylor Swift (2010) "Baby" – Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris (2011) "Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO (2012) "What Makes You Beautiful" – One Direction (2013) "Story of My Life" – One Direction (2014) "Bang Bang" – Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj (2015) "Hello" – Adele (2016) "Work from Home" – Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign (2017) "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (2018) "Thank U, Next" – Ariana Grande (2019) 2020s "Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish (2020) "Dynamite" – BTS (2021) "Happier Than Ever" – Billie Eilish (2022) "As It Was" – Harry Styles (2023) vteMichael Jackson Video Vanguard Award The Beatles and Richard Lester (1984) David Bowie (1984) David Byrne (1985) Russell Mulcahy (1985) Godley & Creme (1985) Madonna (1986) Zbigniew Rybczyński (1986) Peter Gabriel (1987) Julien Temple (1987) Michael Jackson (1988) George Michael (1989) Janet Jackson (1990) Bon Jovi and Wayne Isham (1991) Guns N' Roses (1992) The Rolling Stones (1994) Tom Petty (1994) R.E.M. (1995) LL Cool J (1997) Mark Romanek (1997) Beastie Boys (1998) Red Hot Chili Peppers (2000) U2 (2001) Duran Duran (2003) Hype Williams (2006) Britney Spears (2011) Justin Timberlake (2013) Beyoncé (2014) Kanye West (2015) Rihanna (2016) Pink (2017) Jennifer Lopez (2018) Missy Elliott (2019) Nicki Minaj (2022) Shakira (2023) vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best Female Mariah Carey (1994) Björk (1995) Alanis Morissette (1996) Janet Jackson (1997) Madonna (1998) Britney Spears (1999, 2004) Madonna (2000) Jennifer Lopez (2001–2002) Christina Aguilera (2003, 2006) Shakira (2005) Beyoncé (2009) Lady Gaga (2010–2011, 2016) Taylor Swift (2012) Katy Perry (2013) Ariana Grande (2014) Rihanna (2015) vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act Take That (1995) U2 (1997) Red Hot Chili Peppers (2002) Muse (2007) Tokio Hotel (2008) U2 (2009) Linkin Park (2010) Katy Perry (2011) Taylor Swift (2012) Beyoncé (2013) One Direction (2014) Ed Sheeran (2015) Twenty One Pilots (2016) Ed Sheeran (2017) Shawn Mendes (2018) BTS (2019) BTS (2020) Harry Styles (2022) vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B Blackstreet (1997) Whitney Houston (1999) Jennifer Lopez (2000) Craig David (2001) Alicia Keys (2002, 2004–2005) Beyoncé (2003) Rihanna (2006) Chlöe (2022) vteMTV Movie & TV Award for Best FightGeneral (1996–2019, 2023–present) Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker – Happy Gilmore (1996) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney – The Craft (1997) Will Smith vs. Cockroach – Men in Black (1998) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog – There's Something About Mary (1999) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne – The Matrix (2000) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar – Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang – Rush Hour 2 (2002) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2003) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama – Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2005) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt – Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet – 300 (2007) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet – Never Back Down (2008) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet – Twilight (2009) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter – Obsessed (2010) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig – The Hunger Games (2012) Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston – The Avengers (2013) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs – The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter – The Maze Runner (2015) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein – Deadpool (2016) Gal Gadot vs. German soldiers – Wonder Woman (2018) Brie Larson vs. Gemma Chan – Captain Marvel (2019) No Award (2020) Courteney Cox vs. Ghostface – Scream VI (2023) Scripted (2021–2022) Elizabeth Olsen vs. Kathryn Hahn – WandaVision (2021) Sydney Sweeney vs. Alexa Demie – Euphoria (2022) Unscripted (2021–2022) Kourtney Kardashian vs. Kim Kardashian – Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2021) Bosco vs. Lady Camden – RuPaul's Drag Race (2022) vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration Beyoncé and Shakira (2007) Lady Gaga and Beyoncé (2010) Katy Perry and Kanye West (2011) Pink and Nate Ruess (2013) Beyoncé and Jay-Z (2014) Taylor Swift and Kendrick Lamar (2015) Fifth Harmony and Ty Dolla Sign (2016) Zayn and Taylor Swift (2017) Jennifer Lopez, DJ Khaled and Cardi B (2018) Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello (2019) Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande (2020) Doja Cat and SZA (2021) Lil Nas X and Jack Harlow (2022) Karol G and Shakira (2023) vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Editing Roo Aiken and Godley & Creme (1984) Zbigniew Rybczyński (1985) David Yardley (1986) Colin Green (1987) Richard Lowenstein (1988) Jim Haygood (1989) Jim Haygood (1990) Robert Duffy (1991) Mitchell Sinoway (1992) Douglas Jines (1993) Pat Sheffield (1994) Eric Zumbrunnen (1995) Scott Gray (1996) Hank Corwin (1997) Jonas Åkerlund (1998) Haines Hall and Michael Sachs (1999) Dylan Tichenor (2000) Eric Zumbrunnen (2001) Mikros & Duran (2002) Olivier Gajan (2003) Robert Duffy (2004) Tim Royes (2005) Ken Mowe (2006) Ken Mowe (2007) Aaron Stewart-Ahn and Jeff Buchanan (2008) Jarrett Fijal (2009) Jarrett Fijal (2010) Art Jones (2011) Alexander Hammer and Jeremiah Shuff (2012) Jarrett Fijal (2013) Ken Mowe (2014) Beyoncé, Ed Burke and Jonathan Wing (2015) Jeff Selis (2016) Ryan Staake and Eric Degliomini (2017) Taylor Ward (2018) Billie Eilish (2019) Alexandre Moors and Nuno Xico (2020) Troy Charbonnet (2021) vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message2010s "Born This Way" by Lady Gaga (2011) "Skyscraper" by Demi Lovato (2012) "Same Love" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Mary Lambert (2013) "Pretty Hurts" by Beyoncé (2014) "One Man Can Change the World" by Big Sean featuring Kanye West and John Legend (2015) No award (2016) "Scars to Your Beautiful" by Alessia Cara / "Light" by Big Sean featuring Jeremih / "Surefire" by John Legend / "Immigrants (We Get the Job Done)" by K'naan, Snow Tha Product, Riz Ahmed and Residente / "Black Spiderman" by Logic featuring Damian Lemar Hudson / "Stand Up/Stand N Rock #NoDAPL" by Taboo featuring Shailene Woodley (2017) "This Is America" by Childish Gambino (2018) "You Need to Calm Down" by Taylor Swift (2019) 2020s "I Can't Breathe" by H.E.R. (2020) "Your Power" by Billie Eilish (2021) "About Damn Time" by Lizzo (2022) vteMTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year1980s "You Might Think" – The Cars (1984) "The Boys of Summer" – Don Henley (1985) "Money for Nothing" – Dire Straits (1986) "Sledgehammer" – Peter Gabriel (1987) "Need You Tonight" / "Mediate" – INXS (1988) "This Note's for You" – Neil Young (1989) 1990s "Nothing Compares 2 U" – Sinéad O'Connor (1990) "Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991) "Right Now" – Van Halen (1992) "Jeremy" – Pearl Jam (1993) "Cryin'" – Aerosmith (1994) "Waterfalls" – TLC (1995) "Tonight, Tonight" – The Smashing Pumpkins (1996) "Virtual Insanity" – Jamiroquai (1997) "Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998) "Doo Wop (That Thing)" – Lauryn Hill (1999) 2000s "The Real Slim Shady" – Eminem (2000) "Lady Marmalade" – Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink (2001) "Without Me" – Eminem (2002) "Work It" – Missy Elliott (2003) "Hey Ya!" – Outkast (2004) "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" – Green Day (2005) "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" – Panic! at the Disco (2006) "Umbrella" – Rihanna featuring Jay-Z (2007) "Piece of Me" – Britney Spears (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009) 2010s "Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010) "Firework" – Katy Perry (2011) "We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012) "Mirrors" – Justin Timberlake (2013) "Wrecking Ball" – Miley Cyrus (2014) "Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015) "Formation" – Beyoncé (2016) "Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017) "Havana" – Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug (2018) "You Need to Calm Down" – Taylor Swift (2019) 2020s "Blinding Lights" – The Weeknd (2020) "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" – Lil Nas X (2021) All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022) "Anti-Hero" – Taylor Swift (2023) vteNAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year Dionne Warwick (1985) Patti LaBelle (1986) Dionne Warwick (1987) Lionel Richie (1988) Eddie Murphy (1989) Oprah Winfrey (1990) Patti LaBelle (1991) Michael Jackson (1992) Whitney Houston (1993) Quincy Jones (1995) Denzel Washington (1996) Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds (1997) Will Smith (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Steve Harvey (2000) Beyoncé (2003) Jamie Foxx (2012) Kevin Hart (2013) Taraji P. Henson (2014) Michael B. Jordan (2015) Dwayne Johnson (2016) Ava DuVernay (2017) Beyoncé (2018) Lizzo (2019) D-Nice (2020) Jennifer Hudson (2021) Angela Bassett (2022) Usher (2023) vteNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Duo, Group or CollaborationDuo or Group (1979–2007) The Jacksons (1979) The Commodores (1980) Kool & the Gang (1981) Gladys Knight & the Pips (1982) No Award (1983–1985) Atlantic Starr (1986) Gladys Knight & the Pips (1987) LeVert (1988) After 7 (1989) No Award (1990) The O'Jays (1991) Boyz II Men (1992) En Vogue (1993) No Award (1994) Boyz II Men (1995) Kirk Franklin (1996) Boyz II Men (1997) Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey (1998) Destiny's Child (1999) Destiny's Child (2000) Destiny's Child (2001) India Arie and Stevie Wonder (2002) Outkast (2003) Destiny's Child (2004) Destiny's Child (2005) The Cheetah Girls (2006) Eddie Levert and Gerald Levert (2007) Duo, Group or Collaboration (2008–2019) Jennifer Hudson and Fantasia (2008) Black Eyed Peas (2009) John Legend and The Roots (2010) Mary J. Blige and Drake (2011) Mary Mary (2012) Robin Thicke, T.I., and Pharrell (2013) Sam Smith and Mary J. Blige (2014) Empire Cast featuring Estelle and Jussie Smollett (2015) Beyoncé featuring Kendrick Lamar (2016) Kendrick Lamar featuring Rihanna (2017) Kendrick Lamar and SZA (2018) Blue Ivy, Saint Jhn, Beyoncé, and Wizkid (2019) Contemporary (2020–present) Megan Thee Stallion featuring Beyoncé (2020) Tobe Nwigwe featuring Fat Nwigwe (2021) Chris Brown featuring Wizkid (2022) Chris Brown featuring Davido and Lojay (2023) Traditional (2020–present) Chloe x Halle (2020) Silk Sonic (2021) Silk Sonic (2022) Ciara and Chris Brown (2023) vteNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist1970s Dionne Warwick (1979) 1980s Aretha Franklin (1982) Anita Baker (1985) Aretha Franklin (1986) Natalie Cole (1987) Stephanie Mills (1988) Anita Baker (1989) 1990s Natalie Cole (1991) Vanessa Williams (1992) Whitney Houston (1993) Whitney Houston (1995) Toni Braxton (1996) Erykah Badu (1997) Lauryn Hill (1998) Whitney Houston (1999) 2000s Yolanda Adams (2000) Aaliyah (2001) India Arie (2002) Alicia Keys (2003) Fantasia (2004) Alicia Keys (2005) Mary J. Blige (2006) Alicia Keys (2007) Beyoncé (2008) Mary J. Blige (2009) 2010s Mary J. Blige (2010) Jill Scott (2011) Alicia Keys (2012) Beyoncé (2013) Beyoncé (2014) Jill Scott (2015) Beyoncé (2016) Mary J. Blige (2017) H.E.R. (2018) Beyoncé (2019) 2020s Beyoncé (2020) Jazmine Sullivan (2021) Beyoncé (2022) H.E.R. (2023) vteNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video1990s "Unforgettable" – Natalie Cole (1991) "Black or White" – Michael Jackson (1992) "I'm Every Woman" – Whitney Houston (1993) No Award (1994) "Waterfalls" – TLC (1995) "I Believe I Can Fly" – R. Kelly (1996) "Stomp" – God's Property (1997) "Just the Two of Us" – Will Smith (1998) "Wild Wild West" – Will Smith (1999) 2000s "I Wish" – R. Kelly (2000) "You Rock My World" – Michael Jackson (2001) "Little Things" – India Arie (2002) "Dance with My Father" – Luther Vandross (2003) "If I Ain't Got You" – Alicia Keys (2004) "Unbreakable" – Alicia Keys (2005) "Be Without You" – Mary J. Blige (2006) "Like You'll Never See Me Again" – Alicia Keys (2007) "Yes We Can" – will.i.am (2008) "I Look to You" – Whitney Houston (2009) 2010s "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)" – Alicia Keys (2010) "Where You At?" – Jennifer Hudson (2011) "Girl on Fire" – Alicia Keys (2012) "Q.U.E.E.N." – Janelle Monáe featuring Erykah Badu (2013) "You & I (Nobody in the World)" – John Legend (2014) "Shame" – Tyrese Gibson (2015) "Formation" – Beyoncé (2016) "That's What I Like" – Bruno Mars (2017) "This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018) "Juice" – Lizzo (2019) 2020s "Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Saint Jhn, and Wizkid featuring Blue Ivy Carter (2020) "Essence" – Wizkid featuring Tems (2021) "Lift Me Up" – Rihanna (2022) "Sensational" – Chris Brown featuring Davido & Lojay (2023) vteNAACP Image Award for Outstanding SongSong (1971–2015) "Theme from Shaft" – Isaac Hayes (1971) No Award (1972–1994) "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" – Whitney Houston (1995) "I Believe I Can Fly" – R. Kelly (1996) "A Song for Mama" – Boyz II Men (1997) "Lean on Me" – Kirk Franklin (1998) "Spend My Life with You" – Eric Benét featuring Tamia (1999) "Open My Heart" – Yolanda Adams (2000) "A Woman's Worth" – Alicia Keys (2001) "Brighter Day" – Kirk Franklin (2002) "Dance with My Father" – Luther Vandross (2003) "If I Ain't Got You" – Alicia Keys (2004) "Unbreakable" – Alicia Keys (2005) "I Am Not My Hair" – India Arie (2006) "Like You'll Never See Me Again" – Alicia Keys (2007) "Yes We Can" – will.i.am (2008) "God in Me" – Mary Mary (2009) "Bittersweet" – Fantasia (2010) "I Smile" – Kirk Franklin (2011) "I Look to You" – Whitney Houston and R. Kelly (2012) "All of Me" – John Legend (2013) "We Are Here" – Alicia Keys (2014) "Back Together" – Jill Scott (2015) Contemporary (2016–2019) "Freedom" – Beyoncé featuring Kendrick Lamar (2016) "HUMBLE." – Kendrick Lamar (2017) "Boo'd Up" – Ella Mai (2018) "Before I Let Go" – Beyoncé (2019) Traditional (2016–2019) "I See Victory" – Kim Burrell and Pharrell Williams (2016) "That's What I Like" – Bruno Mars (2017) "Long as I Live" – Toni Braxton (2018) "Spirit" – Beyoncé (2019) Soul/R&B (2020–present) "Do It" – Chloe x Halle (2020) "Pick Up Your Feelings" – Jazmine Sullivan (2021) "Cuff It" – Beyoncé (2022) "ICU (Remix)" – Coco Jones featuring Justin Timberlake (2023) Hip Hop/Rap (2020–present) "Savage (Remix)" – Megan Thee Stallion featuring Beyoncé (2020) "Fye Fye" – Tobe Nwigwe featuring Fat Nwigwe (2021) "Hotel Lobby" – Quavo and Takeoff (2022) "Cobra" – Megan Thee Stallion (2023) International (2020–present) "Lockdown" – Original Koffee (2020) "Essence" – Wizkid featuring Tems and Justin Bieber (2021) "No Woman, No Cry" – Tems (2022) "Me & U" – Tems (2023) vte2000–2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue2000 Elsa Benítezp Kylie Bax Michelle Behennah Laetitia Casta Yamila Díaz Luján Fernández Kristy Hinze Malia Jonesp Heidi Klum Melania Knaussp Shakara Ledard Ana Paula Lemesp Noémie Lenoir Josie Maranp Carré Otis Daniela Peštová Audrey Quockp Gabrielle Reecep Rachel Roberts Molly Simsp Veronika Vařeková Estella Warren 2001 Michelle Behennah Elsa Benítez Aurélie Claudel Yamila Díaz* Luján Fernández Janelle Fishmanp Heidi Klum* Shakara Ledard* Kim Lemantonp Noémie Lenoir* Shirley Mallmann Josie Maran Petra Němcováp Daniela Peštová Audrey Quockp Molly Sims* Fernanda Tavares* Veronika Vařeková* Amy Wesson 2002 Ana Beatriz Barros Elsa Benítez Ehrinn Cummings Yamila Díaz Isabeli Fontana Bridget Hall Melissa Keller Heidi Klum Shakara Ledard Vanessa Lorenzo Josie Maran Carla Mariap Marisa Millerp Annie Mortonp Petra Němcová Chandra North Daniela Peštováp Audrey Quock Molly Sims Veronika Vařeková 2003 Michelle Alvesp May Andersen Ana Beatriz Barros Yamila Díaz Reka Ebergenyip Isabeli Fontana Bridget Hall Rachel Hunter* Melissa Keller Noémie Lenoir Juliana Martins Marisa Miller Petra Němcová Sarah O'Hare Daniela Peštová Audrey Quock Molly Sims Fernanda Tavaresp Jessica White 2004 May Andersen Ana Beatriz Barros Elsa Benítez Yamila Díaz Bridget Hall* Melissa Keller* Noémie Lenoir* Angela Lindvall Marisa Miller* Fernanda Motta Carolyn Murphy Petra Němcová* Daniela Peštová Frankie Rayder Molly Sims Jessica Van Der Steen Veronika Vařeková Jessica White* 2005 Michelle Alves Ana Beatriz Barros Yamila Díaz Alicia Hall Bridget Hall* Shakara Ledard Noémie Lenoir Michelle Lombardo Marisa Miller* Fernanda Motta Carolyn Murphy Petra Němcová Oluchi Onweagba Frankie Rayder Daniella Sarahyba* Mallory Snyder Jessica Van Der Steen Anne V* Veronika Vařeková Jessica White* 2006 Ana Beatriz Barros Elsa Benitez Carla Campbell Brooklyn Decker Yamila Diaz Bridget Hall Rachel Hunter Heidi Klum* Noémie Lenoir Elle Macpherson Marisa Miller Fernanda Motta Carolyn Murphy Aline Nakashima Petra Němcová Oluchi Onweagba Daniela Peštová Rebecca Romijn Pania Rose Daniella Sarahyba Molly Sims Mallory Snyder Yésica Toscanini Veronica Varekova Anne V 2007 Ana Paula Araújo* Ana Beatriz Barros Brooklyn Decker Yamila Díaz Selita Ebanks Julie Henderson Beyoncé Knowles Marisa Miller* Fernanda Motta Aline Nakashima Raica Oliveira Oluchi Onweagba Tori Praver* Bar Refaeli Daniella Sarahyba* Irina Shayk Fernanda Tavares Yésica Toscanini Anne V Veronika Vařeková Jessica White 2008 Ana Beatriz Barros Yasmin Brunet Jeísa Chiminazzo Brooklyn Decker Selita Ebanks Jessica Gomes* Quiana Grant* Melissa Haro Julie Henderson Jarah Mariano Marisa Miller* Oluchi Onweagba Tori Praver* Bar Refaeli Daniella Sarahyba Irina Shayk Anne V Jessica White 2009 Kim Cloutier Brooklyn Decker* Cintia Dicker Lucia Dvorská Esti Ginzburg Jessica Gomes Melissa Haro Jessica Hart Julie Henderson* Damaris Lewis Jarah Mariano Ariel Meredith Tori Praver Bar Refaeli Hilary Rhoda Daniella Sarahyba Irina Shayk* Anne V Jessica White* 40th Anniversary (2004)Hall of Fame Elle Macpherson Paulina Porizkova Rachel Hunter Tyra Banks Valeria Mazza Stacey Williams Heidi Klum Cheryl Tiegs Roshumba Williams Christie Brinkley Vendela Kirsebom All-Star ReunionCover (2006) Elsa Benítez Yamila Díaz Rachel Hunter Elle Macpherson Carolyn Murphy Daniela Peštová Rebecca Romijn Veronika Vařeková (Celebrity special: Maria Sharapova) underline indicates cover model, *appeared in bodypainting by Joanne Gair, pappeared in print edition only vteSports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models1960s Babette March Sue Peterson Sunny Bippus Marilyn Tindall Turia Mau Jamee Becker 1970s Cheryl Tiegs Tannia Rubiano Shelia Roscoe Dayle Haddon Ann Simonton Cheryl Tiegs Yvette and Yvonne Sylvander Lena Kansbod Maria João Christie Brinkley 1980s Christie Brinkley Christie Brinkley Carol Alt Cheryl Tiegs Paulina Porizkova Paulina Porizkova Elle Macpherson Elle Macpherson Elle Macpherson Kathy Ireland 1990s Judit Mascó Ashley Richardson Kathy Ireland Vendela Kirsebom Kathy Ireland, Rachel Hunter, Elle Macpherson Daniela Peštová Valeria Mazza, Tyra Banks Tyra Banks Heidi Klum Rebecca Romijn 2000s Daniela Peštová Elsa Benítez Yamila Díaz Petra Němcová Veronika Vařeková Carolyn Murphy Veronika Vařeková, Elle Macpherson, Rebecca Romijn, Rachel Hunter, Daniela Peštová, Elsa Benítez, Carolyn Murphy, Yamila Díaz Beyoncé Knowles Marisa Miller Bar Refaeli 2010s Brooklyn Decker Irina Shayk Kate Upton Kate Upton Nina Agdal, Lily Aldridge, Chrissy Teigen Hannah Jeter Ronda Rousey, Ashley Graham, Hailey Clauson Kate Upton Danielle Herrington Tyra Banks, Camille Kostek, Alex Morgan 2020s Kate Bock, Jasmine Sanders, Olivia Culpo Megan Thee Stallion, Naomi Osaka, Leyna Bloom Kim Kardashian, Ciara, Maye Musk, Yumi Nu Kim Petras, Martha Stewart, Megan Fox, Brooks Nader vteBillboard Year-End number one singles (2000–2019) 2000: "Breathe" – Faith Hill 2001: "Hanging by a Moment" – Lifehouse 2002: "How You Remind Me" – Nickelback 2003: "In da Club" – 50 Cent 2004: "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005: "We Belong Together" – Mariah Carey 2006: "Bad Day" – Daniel Powter 2007: "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé 2008: "Low" – Flo Rida featuring T-Pain 2009: "Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas 2010: "Tik Tok" – Kesha 2011: "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele 2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: "Thrift Shop" – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams 2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016: "Love Yourself" – Justin Bieber 2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran 2018: "God's Plan" – Drake 2019: "Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus Complete list (1946–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019) (2020–present) Portals: Biography Pop music United States Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Artists Emmy Awards Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Trove Other NARA IdRef
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Sasha Fierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._Sasha_Fierce"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"Parkwood Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkwood_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"visual albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_album"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(album)"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"womanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanism"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diva_house"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Crazy in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Baby Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Boy_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"Check On It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_On_It"},{"link_name":"Irreplaceable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreplaceable"},{"link_name":"If I Were a Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Boy"},{"link_name":"Halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)"},{"link_name":"Drunk in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Break My Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_My_Soul"},{"link_name":"Cuff It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff_It"},{"link_name":"Texas Hold 'Em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hold_%27Em_(song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_July_5-10"},{"link_name":"Everything Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Is_Love"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"the Carters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carters"},{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Black Is King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Is_King"},{"link_name":"The Lion King: The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King:_The_Gift"},{"link_name":"Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Austin Powers in Goldmember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Powers_in_Goldmember"},{"link_name":"The Pink Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Dreamgirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Records"},{"link_name":"Obsessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"best-selling music artists of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"link_name":"Her accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"a record 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_milestones#Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_Video_Vanguard_Award"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"BET Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Radio Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Songs_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pollstar Touring Artist of the Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"American singer and songwriter (born 1981)For other uses, see Beyoncé (disambiguation).Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biˈɒnseɪ/ ⓘ bee-ON-say;[6] née Knowles; born September 4, 1981)[7] is an American singer, songwriter and businesswoman. Dubbed \"Queen Bey\", she is regarded as a prominent cultural figure of the 21st century and has been recognized for her artistry and performances, with Rolling Stone naming her one of the greatest vocalists of all time.As a child, Beyoncé started performing in various singing and dancing competitions. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as a member of the R&B girl group Destiny's Child, one of the best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). She then followed with the US number-one solo albums B'Day (2006), I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), and 4 (2011). After creating her own management company Parkwood Entertainment, Beyoncé achieved critical acclaim for the experimental visual albums Beyoncé (2013) and Lemonade (2016), which explored themes such as feminism and womanism. With her Black queer-inspired dance album Renaissance (2022) and country album Cowboy Carter (2024) from her trilogy project, she became the only female artist to have all of her solo studio albums debut at number one on the Billboard 200.Beyoncé's most successful songs on the Billboard Hot 100 include \"Crazy in Love\", \"Baby Boy\", \"Check On It\", \"Irreplaceable\", \"If I Were a Boy\", \"Halo\", \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Drunk in Love\", \"Break My Soul\", \"Cuff It\" and \"Texas Hold 'Em\". She is the only woman in history to achieve at least 20 top 10 songs as a solo artist and 10 as a member of a group.[8] Her collaborative music ventures include Everything Is Love (2018), an album with her husband and rapper Jay-Z, released as the Carters, and the musical film Black Is King (2020), inspired by the music of the film soundtrack The Lion King: The Gift (2019). Self-directed concert films, including Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé (2019) and Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023), document some of her most acclaimed onstage performances. Outside of music, she has starred as an actress in films such as Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002), The Pink Panther (2006), Dreamgirls (2006), Cadillac Records (2008), Obsessed (2009), and The Lion King (2019).Having sold 200 million records worldwide,[9] Beyoncé is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Her accolades include a record 32 Grammy Awards, as well as 26 MTV Video Music Awards (including the 2014 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award), 24 NAACP Image Awards, 35 BET Awards, and 17 Soul Train Music Awards – all of which are more than any other artist in the music industry. Her success during the 2000s earned her recognition as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)'s Top Certified Artist of the Decade and Billboard's Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade.[10] She is the most successful black touring act in history and received the Pollstar Touring Artist of the Decade award in 2021.[11][12] Rolling Stone named her the world's greatest living entertainer of the past decade.[13][14] Time included her as one of the 100 women who has so far defined the 21st century.[15]","title":"Beyoncé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naminglaws-1"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Mathew 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Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KreolMag-24"},{"link_name":"French-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_French"},{"link_name":"Creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_people"},{"link_name":"New Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Iberia,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishCentral-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KreolMag-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Acadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadians"},{"link_name":"Joseph Broussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Broussard"},{"link_name":"French Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)"},{"link_name":"expulsion of the 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to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Belle_%C3%8Ele#Aftermath"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"a slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishCentral-25"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC2017-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"Midnight mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_mass"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danceclasses-37"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(John_Lennon_song)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_Today-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-39"},{"link_name":"magnet school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contactbio-40"},{"link_name":"High School for the Performing and Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_for_the_Performing_and_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Alief Elsik High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alief_Elsik_High_School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOX-19"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)"},{"link_name":"soloist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC2017-33"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Beyonce Giselle Knowles[a] was born on September 4, 1981, in Houston to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (née Beyonce), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager.[16] Tina is Louisiana Creole and Mathew is African American.[17][18][19][20] Beyoncé's younger sister, Solange Knowles, is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and Beyoncé are the first sisters to have both had number one solo albums.[21]Beyoncé's maternal grandparents, Lumis Albert Beyincé and Agnéz Deréon (daughter of Odilia Broussard and Eugène DeRouen),[22] were French-speaking Louisiana Creoles, with roots in New Iberia;[23][22][24] She is a descendant of Acadian militia officer Joseph Broussard, who was exiled to French Louisiana after the expulsion of the Acadians, and of the French military officer and Abenaki chief Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie, Baron de Saint-Castin.[18][25] Beyoncé's fourth great-grandmother, Marie-Françoise Trahan, was born in 1774 in Bangor, located on Belle Île, France. Trahan was a daughter of Acadians who had taken refuge on Belle Île after the Acadian expulsion. The Estates of Brittany had divided the lands of Belle Île to distribute them among 78 other Acadian families and the already settled inhabitants. The Trahan family lived on Belle Île for over ten years before migrating to Louisiana, where she married a Broussard descendant.[26] Beyoncé researched her ancestry and discovered that she is descended from a slave owner who married his slave.[27] Her mother is also of distant Irish, Jewish, Spanish, Chinese and Indonesian ancestry.[28][29][30][23]Beyoncé was raised Methodist and attended St. John's United Methodist Church in Houston.[31][32] As her mother's family was Catholic, on Christmas Eve her family attended Midnight mass at St. Mary of the Purification Catholic Church.[33] She went to St. Mary's Catholic Montessori School in Houston and enrolled in dance classes there.[34] Her singing ability was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and Beyonce finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes.[35] Beyoncé's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat 15/16-year-olds.[36][37] In the fall of 1990, Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she performed with the school's choir.[38] She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts[39] and later Alief Elsik High School.[17][40] Beyoncé was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church where she sang her first solo and was a soloist for two years.[31][41]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaTavia Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTavia_Roberson"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaufman-44"},{"link_name":"Girl's Tyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl%27s_Tyme"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"Star Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Search"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farley-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J.R.-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOX-19"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaufman-44"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_record_labels"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOX-19"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Teresa LaBarbera Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_LaBarbera_Whites"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_Today-38"}],"sub_title":"Career beginnings","text":"When Beyoncé was eight, she met LaTavia Roberson at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group.[42] They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston.[43] After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyoncé later said the song they performed was not good.[44][45] In 1995, Beyoncé's father, Matthew, resigned from his job to manage the group.[46] The move reduced the family's income by half, and Beyoncé's parents were forced to sell their house and cars and move into separated apartments.[17][47]Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups.[42] The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company.[17] This put further strain on the family, and Beyoncé's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records with the assistance of Columbia talent scout Teresa LaBarbera Whites.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destiny%27s_Child_Tour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Fulfilled..._and_Lovin%27_It"},{"link_name":"Book of Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Men in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J.R.-47"},{"link_name":"No, No, No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No,_No,_No_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut 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Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_It_Out_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Cuba Gooding Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Fighting Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Fighting Temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Temptation"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"1997–2002: Destiny's Child","text":"Beyoncé (center) at the final line-up of Destiny's Child, performing during their 2005 Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It concert tourThe group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah.[48] In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black.[45] In November, the group released their debut single and first major hit, \"No, No, No\". They released their self-titled debut album in February 1998, which established the group as a viable act in the music industry.[42] The group released their Multi-Platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards.[42] The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide.[44] During this time, Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man.[49]The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks.[42] In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet.[50] When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them.[42] The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold.[51] The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.[52] After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers.[42]In July 2002, Beyoncé made her theatrical film debut, playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film Austin Powers in Goldmember,[53] which spent its first weekend atop the U.S. box office and grossed $73 million.[54] Beyoncé released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium.[55] In 2003, Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding Jr. in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love.[56] The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S.[57][58] Beyoncé released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film.[59] Another of Beyoncé's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the U.S. charts.[60]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonce_Baby_Boy_Dancing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baby Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Boy_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 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Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Dreamgirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"The Supremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supremes"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Jamie Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx"},{"link_name":"Eddie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamgirls:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"The Beyoncé Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"America's Second Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Second_Harvest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Liar"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"2003–2007: Dangerously in Love, B'Day, and Dreamgirls","text":"Beyoncé performing \"Baby Boy\", which spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[61]Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's song \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.[62] On June 14, 2003, Beyoncé premiered songs from her first solo album Dangerously in Love during her first solo concert and the pay-per-view television special, \"Ford Presents Beyoncé Knowles, Friends & Family, Live From Ford's 100th Anniversary Celebration in Dearborn, Michigan\".[63] The album was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts.[64] The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200,[65] and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide.[66]The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US.[67] The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one,[61] and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five.[68] The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince.[69]In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America.[70] On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.[71] After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child.[72] Released on November 15, 2004, in the US[73] and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200,[74][75] Destiny Fulfilled included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[76]Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It sponsored by McDonald's Corporation,[77] and performed songs such as \"No, No, No\", \"Survivor\", \"Say My Name\", \"Independent Women\" and \"Lose My Breath\". In addition to renditions of the group's recorded material, they also performed songs from each singer's solo careers, including numbers from Dangerously in Love. and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour.[78] The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the US[79] and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006.[80] The group has sold 60 million records worldwide.[81][82]Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 4, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday.[83] It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyoncé's second consecutive number-one album in the United States.[84] The album's lead single \"Déjà Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[68] The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States.[68][85] B'Day also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\",[86] \"Get Me Bodied\",[87] and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only).[88]Beyoncé performing during The Beyoncé Experience tour in 2007At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards (2007), B'Day was nominated for five Grammy Awards, including Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Ring the Alarm\" and Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration\"for \"Déjà Vu\"; the Freemasons club mix of \"Déjà Vu\" without the rap was put forward in the Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical category. B'Day won the award for Best Contemporary R&B Album.[89] The following year, B'Day received two nominations – for Record of the Year for \"Irreplaceable\" and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for \"Beautiful Liar\" (with Shakira), also receiving a nomination for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Pictures, Television or Other Visual Media for her appearance on Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture (2006).[90]Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin,[91] grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide.[92] Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical[93] loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally.[94][95][96] In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross.[97] To promote the film, Beyoncé released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the soundtrack album.[98] In April 2007, Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues[99] and grossed over $24 million.[c] Beyoncé conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\".[101]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonce_in_Vienna.jpg"},{"link_name":"I Am... Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)"},{"link_name":"I Am... 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festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiatus-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Essence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"New York Association of Black Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonce_(New_York).jpg"},{"link_name":"4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Intimate_Nights_with_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"2011 Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_2011"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"The performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2011_Glastonbury_performance"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Run the World (Girls)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_the_World_(Girls)"},{"link_name":"Best Thing I Never Had","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Thing_I_Never_Had"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beyoncehot100-70"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKChartHistory-122"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Love on Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_on_Top"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Roseland Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beyonceonline1-138"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beyonceonline1-138"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4_US_Sales-140"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"performed for four nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revel_Presents:_Beyonc%C3%A9_Live"},{"link_name":"Revel Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revel_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"2008–2012: I Am... Sasha Fierce and 4","text":"Beyoncé performing during the I Am... TourI Am... Sasha Fierce was released in November 2008 and formally introduced Beyoncé's alter ego Sasha Fierce.[102] It was met with mixed reviews from critics,[103] but sold 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number-one album in the US.[104] The album featured her fourth UK number-one single \"If I Were a Boy\" and her fifth U.S. number-one song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\".[105] \"Halo\" achieved the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career,[106] \"Halo\"'s success in the U.S. helped Beyoncé attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s.[107]The music video for \"Single Ladies\" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the \"first major dance craze\" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star.[108] At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won three categories, including Video of the Year.[109] Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech.[109] In March 2009, Beyoncé embarked on the I Am... Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million.[110]Beyoncé further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics,[111] and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress.[112][113] Beyoncé donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country.[114] Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. The film received negative reviews from critics,[115] and did well at the U.S. box office, grossing $68 million – $60 million more than Cadillac Records[116] – on a budget of $20 million.[117]At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyoncé received ten nominations, tying with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist.[118] Beyoncé went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyoncé provide guest vocals on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\".[119][120] The song topped the U.S. Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992.[121]Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\".[122][123] During the break, she and her father parted ways as business partners.[124][125] Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances.[122][126] \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists.[127]Beyoncé's performing during her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concert residency in August 2011On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years.[128][129] The performance was lauded, with several publications noting an ascension in Knowles' capabilities as a live performer. Other publications discussed the polarized attitude of the UK music establishment in response to a Black woman performing on the same stages and to the same crowd sizes that were past reserved for legacy rock acts.[130][131] Her fourth studio album 4 was released two days prior in the US.[132] 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\".[68][119][133] The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100, the highest peak from the album.[134]In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances:[135] the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only.[135] On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores.[136] By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US.[137] The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyoncé the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform.[138] In June 2012, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to her daughter.[139][140]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonc%C3%A9_at_Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVII halftime show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show"},{"link_name":"second inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondinauguration-144"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVII halftime show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Superdome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome"},{"link_name":"New 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Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_on_Water_(Eminem_song)"},{"link_name":"Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_(Eminem_album)"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Duet"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"2013–2017: Super Bowl XLVII, Beyoncé, and Lemonade","text":"Beyoncé performing at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show on February 3, 2013In January 2013, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C.[141][142] The following month, Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans.[143] The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute.[144] Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But a Dream, first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013.[145] The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself.[146]Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time.[147] In May, Beyoncé's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with André 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released.[148] Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic, released by 20th Century Fox on May 24,[149] and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia.[150]On December 13, 2013, Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US.[151] This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one.[152] Beyoncé received critical acclaim[153] and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days;[154] Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood\".[155] The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[156]According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), Beyoncé sold 2.3 million units worldwide, becoming the tenth best-selling album of 2013.[157] The album also went on to become the twentieth best-selling album of 2014.[158] As of November 2014[update], Beyoncé has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and has generated over 1 billion streams, as of March 2015[update].[159] At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyoncé was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé.[160][161]In April 2014, Beyoncé and Jay-Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together.[162] On August 24, 2014, she received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyoncé also won home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\".[163] In November, Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row – earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013.[164]Beyoncé released \"Formation\" in on February 6, 2016, and performed it live for the first time during the NFL Super Bowl 50 halftime show. The appearance was considered controversial as it appeared to reference the 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party and the NFL forbids political statements in its performances.[165][166][167] Immediately following the performance, Beyoncé announced The Formation World Tour, which highlighted stops in both North America and Europe.[168][169] It ended on October 7, with Beyoncé bringing out her husband Jay-Z, Kendrick Lamar, and Serena Williams for the last show.[170] The tour went on to win Tour of the Year at the 44th American Music Awards.[171]Beyoncé performing during The Formation World Tour in 2016. The tour grossed $256 million from 49 sold-out shows.In April 2016, Beyoncé released a teaser clip for a project called Lemonade. A one-hour film which aired on HBO on April 23, a corresponding album with the same title was released on the same day exclusively on Tidal.[172] Lemonade debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Beyoncé the first act in Billboard history to have their first six studio albums debut atop the chart; she broke a record previously tied with DMX in 2013.[173] With all 12 tracks of Lemonade debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, Beyoncé also became the first female act to chart 12 or more songs at the same time.[174] Lemonade was streamed 115 million times through Tidal, setting a record for the most-streamed album in a single week by a female artist in history.[175] It was 2016's third highest-selling album in the U.S. with 1.554 million copies sold in that time period within the country[176] as well as the best-selling album worldwide with global sales of 2.5 million throughout the year.[177]Lemonade became the most critically acclaimed work of her career.[178] Several music publications included the album among the best of 2016, including Rolling Stone, which listed Lemonade at number one.[179] The album's visuals were nominated in 11 categories at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, the most ever received by Beyoncé in a single year, and went on to win 8 awards, including Video of the Year for \"Formation\".[180][181] The eight wins made Beyoncé the most-awarded artist in the history of the VMAs (24), surpassing Madonna (20).[182] Beyoncé occupied the sixth place for Time magazine's 2016 Person of the Year.[183]In January 2017, it was announced that Beyoncé would headline the Coachella Music and Arts Festival. This would have made Beyoncé only the second female headliner of the festival since it was founded in 1999.[184] It was later announced on February 23, 2017, that Beyoncé would no longer be able to perform at the festival due to doctor's concerns regarding her pregnancy. The festival owners announced that she would instead headline the 2018 festival.[185] Upon the announcement of Beyoncé's departure from the festival lineup, ticket prices dropped by 12%.[186] At the 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017, Lemonade led the nominations with nine, including Album, Record, and Song of the Year for Lemonade and \"Formation\" respectively.[187] and ultimately won two, Best Urban Contemporary Album for Lemonade and Best Music Video for \"Formation\".[188]In September 2017, Beyoncé collaborated with J Balvin and Willy William, to release a remix of the song \"Mi Gente\". Beyoncé donated all proceeds from the song to hurricane charities for those affected by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in Texas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and other Caribbean Islands.[189] On November 10, Eminem released \"Walk on Water\" featuring Beyoncé as the lead single from his album Revival. On November 30, Ed Sheeran announced that Beyoncé would feature on the remix to his song \"Perfect\".[190] \"Perfect Duet\" was released on December 1, 2017. The song reached number-one in the United States, becoming Beyoncé's sixth song of her solo career to do so.[191]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4:44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:44_(album)"},{"link_name":"Family Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feud_(song)"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Ava DuVernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_DuVernay"},{"link_name":"DJ Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled"},{"link_name":"Top Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Off"},{"link_name":"Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"On the Run II 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history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_records#Most_Grammys_won"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Be Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Alive"},{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"King Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard_(film)"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"94th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Dixson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"}],"sub_title":"2018–2021: Everything Is Love and The Lion King","text":"On January 4, 2018, the music video of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's 4:44 collaboration, \"Family Feud\" was released.[192] It was directed by Ava DuVernay. On March 1, 2018, DJ Khaled released \"Top Off\" as the first single from his forthcoming album Father of Asahd featuring Beyoncé, husband Jay-Z, and Future.[193] On March 5, 2018, a joint tour with Knowles's husband Jay-Z, was leaked on Facebook.[194] Information about the tour was later taken down. The couple announced the joint tour officially as On the Run II Tour on March 12[195] and simultaneously released a trailer for the tour on YouTube.[196]On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé played the first of two weekends as the headlining act of the Coachella Music Festival. Her performance of April 14, attended by 125,000 festival-goers, was immediately praised, with multiple media outlets describing it as historic. The performance became the most-tweeted-about performance of weekend one, as well as the most-watched live Coachella performance and the most-watched live performance on YouTube of all time. The show paid tribute to black culture, specifically historically black colleges and universities and featured a live band with over 100 dancers. Destiny's Child also reunited during the show.[197][198]On June 6, 2018, Beyoncé and husband Jay-Z kicked-off the On the Run II Tour in Cardiff, United Kingdom. Ten days later, at their final London performance, the pair unveiled Everything Is Love, their joint studio album, credited under the name The Carters, and initially available exclusively on Tidal. The pair also released the video for the album's lead single, \"Apeshit\", on Beyoncé's official YouTube channel.[199][200] Everything Is Love received generally positive reviews,[201] and debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200, with 123,000 album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales.[202] On December 2, 2018, Beyoncé alongside Jay-Z headlined the Global Citizen Festival: Mandela 100 which was held at FNB Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa.[203] Their 2-hour performance had concepts similar to the On the Run II Tour and Beyoncé was praised for her outfits, which paid tribute to Africa's diversity.[204]Beyoncé at The Lion King European premiere in 2019Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé, a documentary and concert film focusing on Beyoncé's historic 2018 Coachella performances, was released by Netflix on April 17, 2019.[205][206] The film was accompanied by the surprise live album Homecoming: The Live Album.[207] It was later reported that Beyoncé and Netflix had signed a $60 million deal to produce three different projects, one of which is Homecoming.[208] Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé received six nominations at the 71st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[209]Beyoncé starred as the voice of Nala in the remake The Lion King, which was released in July 2019.[210] Beyoncé is featured on the film's soundtrack, released on July 11, 2019, with a remake of the song \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" alongside Donald Glover, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen, which was originally composed by Elton John.[211] An original song from the film by Beyoncé, \"Spirit\", was released as the lead single from both the soundtrack and The Lion King: The Gift – a companion album released alongside the film, produced and curated by Beyoncé.[212][213]Beyoncé called The Lion King: The Gift a \"sonic cinema\". She stated that the album is influenced by everything from R&B, pop, hip hop and Afro Beat.[212] The songs were produced by African producers, which Beyoncé said was because \"authenticity and heart were important to [her]\", since the film is set in Africa.[212] In September of the same year, a documentary chronicling the development, production and early music video filming of The Lion King: The Gift entitled \"Beyoncé Presents: Making The Gift\" was aired on ABC.[214]In March 2020, a photograph Beyoncé captured of her swimming pool was used as the album cover for rapper Jay Electronica's highly anticipated debut album A Written Testimony.[215] In April of the same year, Beyoncé was featured on the remix of Megan Thee Stallion's song \"Savage\", marking her first music release for the year.[216] The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Beyoncé's eleventh song to do so across all acts.[217] On June 19, 2020, Beyoncé released the nonprofit charity single \"Black Parade\".[218] On June 23, she followed up the release of its studio version with an a cappella version exclusively on Tidal.[219] Black Is King, a visual album based on the music of The Lion King: The Gift, premiered globally on Disney+ on July 31, 2020. Produced by Disney and Parkwood Entertainment, the film was written, directed and executively produced by Beyoncé. The film was described by Disney as \"a celebratory memoir for the world on the Black experience\".[220] Beyoncé received the most nominations (9) at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards and the most awards (4), which made her the most-awarded singer, most-awarded female artist, and second-most-awarded artist in Grammy history.[221]In 2021, Beyoncé wrote and recorded a song titled \"Be Alive\" for the biographical drama film King Richard.[222] She received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 94th Academy Awards for the song, alongside co-writer Dixson.[223]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium_-_1st_June_2023_(47_of_118)_(52946286530)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Renaissance World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Fatima 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McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_July_5-10"},{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rol-231"},{"link_name":"acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_(drama)"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-238"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"spastic diplegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spastic_diplegia"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"performed in Dubai at a private show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_2023_Dubai_performance"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-243"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone.co.uk-244"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone.co.uk-244"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-243"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Renaissance World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing tour by a female artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Delresto (Echoes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delresto_(Echoes)"},{"link_name":"Travis 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Carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Carriages"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Tanner Adell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Adell"},{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Post Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Malone"},{"link_name":"Linda Martell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Martell"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Shaboozey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaboozey"},{"link_name":"Brittney Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittney_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"Reyna Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"}],"sub_title":"2022–present: Three-act project","text":"Beyoncé performing at the Renaissance World TourOn March 27, 2022, Beyoncé performed \"Be Alive\" at the 94th Academy Awards. Choreographed by friend and past collaborator Fatima Robinson, Beyoncé was applauded for choosing to perform on the Compton tennis courts Venus and Serena Williams practiced on in their childhood instead of at the venue.[224][225]On June 9, 2022, Beyoncé removed her profile pictures across various social media platforms, causing speculation that she would be releasing new music.[226] Days later, Beyoncé caused further speculation via her nonprofit BeyGood's Twitter account hinting at her upcoming seventh studio album.[227] On June 15, 2022, Beyoncé officially announced her seventh studio album would be titled Renaissance.[228] The lead single of Renaissance, \"Break My Soul\", was released on June 20, 2022.[229] The album was released on July 29, 2022.[230][231] \"Break My Soul\" became Beyoncé's 20th top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100, and in doing so, Beyoncé joined Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson as the only artists in Hot 100 history to achieve at least twenty top tens as a solo artist and ten as a member of a group.[8]As Renaissance was released, Beyoncé announced the album was the first installment of a trilogy she conceived and recorded over three years during the COVID-19 pandemic, a time she found to be her \"most creative [period].\"[232][228] The three recorded projects are designated into acts under Roman numerals.[233] Upon release, Renaissance received universal acclaim from critics.[234] Renaissance debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, and in doing so, Beyoncé became the first female artist to have her first seven studio albums debut at number one in the United States.[235] \"Break My Soul\" concurrently rose to number-one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the twelfth song to do so across her career discography.[236]The song \"Heated,\" which was co-written with Canadian rapper Drake, originally included the lyrics \"Spazzin' on that ass / spazz on that ass\". Critics, including a number of disability charities and activists, argued that the word \"spaz\" represented a derogatory term for spastic diplegia, a form of cerebral palsy. In response, in August 2022, a representative for Beyoncé issued a statement and explained that \"The word, not used intentionally in a harmful way, will be replaced\".[237][238]On January 21, 2023, Beyoncé performed in Dubai at a private show.[239] The performance, which was her first full concert in more than four years, was delivered to an audience of influencers and journalists.[240] Beyoncé was reportedly paid $24 million to perform.[241] Beyoncé faced criticism for her decision to perform in the United Arab Emirates where homosexuality is illegal.[241][240][242] On February 1, Beyoncé announced the Renaissance World Tour with dates in North America and Europe,[243] becoming for a short-span the highest-grossing tour by a female artist.[244] On July 28, Beyoncé appeared on \"Delresto (Echoes)\", the second single from rapper Travis Scott's album Utopia, eventually becoming her 100th career appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (encompassing Destiny's Child, her solo career, and musical duo The Carters).[245] On November 30, 2023, Beyoncé released documentary concert film Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé written, directed, and produced by her in collaboration with film distributor AMC Theatres. The film chronicles the development and execution of Beyoncé's Renaissance World Tour, and contained new song \"My House\" in the end credits.In February 2024, Beyoncé launched her hair care brand Cécred.[246] On February 11, 2024, immediately following a partner commercial with Verizon for the Super Bowl LVIII, she announced the second installment of her trilogy project and released its first two songs, \"Texas Hold 'Em\" and \"16 Carriages\".[247] \"Texas Hold 'Em\" became her highest chart debut in her career, her ninth solo number-one and her thirteenth across all credits on the Billboard Hot 100. On March 12, 2024, she announced the album's title, Cowboy Carter.[248][249] A country and gospel-tinged record, it was released on March 29 to universal acclaim from critics, and includes collaborations with artists including Tanner Adell and her daughter Rumi Carter, Miley Cyrus, Tiera Kennedy, Willie Jones, Post Malone, Linda Martell, Willie Nelson, Shaboozey, Brittney Spencer, Dolly Parton, and Reyna Roberts.[250]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"808 drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/808_drums"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_q&a-254"},{"link_name":"mezzo-soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Jody Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Rosen"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tone"},{"link_name":"timbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosen2014-257"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"belting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belting_(music)"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pareles-259"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosen2014-257"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_range"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic12-262"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic12-262"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JayZ&BeyonceTheKing&QueenofHipHop-265"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_q&a-254"},{"link_name":"Irreemplazable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreemplazable"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vineyard1-266"}],"sub_title":"Voice and musical style","text":"With \"Single Ladies\", clearly I'd just gotten married, and people want to get married every day – then there was the whole Justin Timberlake thing [recreating the video] on Saturday Night Live, and it was also the year YouTube blew up. With \"Irreplaceable\", the aggressive lyrics, the acoustic guitar, and the 808 drum machine – those things don't typically go together, and it sounded fresh. \"Crazy in Love\" was another one of those classic moments in pop culture that none of us expected. I asked Jay to get on the song the night before I had to turn my album in – thank God he did. It still never gets old, no matter how many times I sing it.\n\n\n—Beyoncé[251]Critics have described Beyoncé's voice as being mezzo-soprano.[252][253] Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\".[254] Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child.[255] Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\".[256] Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyoncé's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto.[254]Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\"[257] On the 2023 Rolling Stone's list of the 200 Greatest Singers of all time, Beyoncé ranked at number 8, with the publication noting that \"in [her] voice lies the entire history of Black music\".[258]Beyoncé's music is generally R&B,[259][260] pop[259][261] and hip hop[262] but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyoncé's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases.[251] While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. To record these, Beyoncé was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez.[263]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fallon-267"},{"link_name":"Amanda Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Ghost"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"Cater 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cater_2_U"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vineyard-269"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia"},{"link_name":"Pretty Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Hurts"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Diana Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Gordon_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Don't Hurt Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Hurt_Yourself_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"Caroline Polachek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Polachek"},{"link_name":"No Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Angel_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors,_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOX-19"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-273"},{"link_name":"Grillz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grillz"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"I Was Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Here_(song)"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fallon-267"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kritselis-277"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fallon-267"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kritselis-277"},{"link_name":"Barbara Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Walters"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"Rob Fusari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Fusari"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"}],"sub_title":"Songwriting","text":"Beyoncé has received co-writing credits for most of her songs.[264] In regards to the way she approaches collaborative songwriting, Beyoncé explained: \"I love being around great writers because I'm finding that a lot of the things I want to say, I don't articulate as good as maybe Amanda Ghost, so I want to keep collaborating with writers, and I love classics and I want to make sure years from now the song is still something that's relevant.\"[265] Her early songs with Destiny's Child were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\".[266]Beyoncé's songwriting process is also known for combining parts of different tracks, resulting in alteration of song structures. Sia, who co-wrote \"Pretty Hurts\", called Beyoncé \"very Frankenstein when she comes to songs\";[267] Diana Gordon, who co-wrote \"Don't Hurt Yourself\" called her a \"scientist of songs\";[268] Caroline Polachek who co-wrote \"No Angel\", called her a \"genius writer and producer for this reason. She's so good at seeing connections.\"[269]In 2001, she became the first Black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards.[17][270] Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number-one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles.[271] The latter wrote her song \"I Was Here\" for 4, which was motivated by the September 11 attacks.[272] In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift.[273]Beyoncé has received criticism, including from journalists and musicians, for the extensive writing credits on her songs.[264] The controversy surrounding her songwriting credits began with interviews in which she attributed herself as the songwriter for songs in which she was a co-writer[274] or for which her contributions were marginal.[264] In a cover story for Vanity Fair in 2005, she claimed to have \"written\" several number-one songs for Destiny's Child, contrary to the credits, which list her as a co-writer among others.[274] During a 2007 interview with Barbara Walters, she claimed to have conceived the musical idea for the Destiny's Child song \"Bootylicious\",[275] which provoked the song's producer Rob Fusari to call her father and then-manager Mathew Knowles in protest over the claim. In 2010, Fusari told Billboard: \"[Knowles] explained to me, in a nice way, he said, 'People don't want to hear about Rob Fusari, producer from Livingston, N.J. No offense, but that's not what sells records. What sells records is people believing that the artist is everything.'\"[276] However, in an interview for Entertainment Weekly in 2016, Fusari said Beyoncé \"had the 'Bootylicious' concept in her head. That was totally her. She knew what she wanted to say. It was very urban pop angle that they were taking on the record.\"[277]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"EQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equalization_(audio)"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(sound)"},{"link_name":"distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(music)"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"record production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_production"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(music)"},{"link_name":"plug‑ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"stereo imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_imaging"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"I am really passionate about all of the steps [during] the production [...] I love to stack vocals, and I love to create my own little Oreo with arrangements, sometimes it can be thousands of vocals [and then] I go back and then kind of piece things together, because usually the songs are way too long [...] I go back and edit the structure of the song. [I] make sure that [...] every section has an intention, so that takes months. [...] I hear certain elements of things that go with things that are opposites. I am rarely happy with one track, it's usually four or five things put together that again don't really go together. I am so excited when I'm able to adjust the tempo and key and mute certain elements that don't complement and put opposites together. Sometimes it's just like the EQ of a synth or the warmth of a bass or the distortion of a bass that's on a different song and I can hear like, 'Ah! That's exactly what is missing to make the track full and complete!'— Beyoncé in pre-recorded audio speech at 'Club Renaissance' 2022 party.[278]Beyoncé's collaborators frequently mention her talent and involvement in the record production of her songs,[279][280] sometimes describing her as a genius in the skill.[281] She is known to have favorite saturation and distortion plug‑ins, intentionality about stereo imaging and concentration on individual elements of her songs as a \"focal point\" in production.[282]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Dangerous_World_Tour_1993.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tina_turner_21021985_01_350.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"World Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyonce's_Inspirations-292"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Vision of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Love"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_yorker-298"},{"link_name":"Rachelle Ferrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachelle_Ferrell"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Aaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyonce's_Inspirations-292"},{"link_name":"Sade Adu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Fairuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairuz"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"Anita Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Baker"},{"link_name":"Toni Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyonce's_Inspirations-292"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"Josephine Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"1990s R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B#1990s"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Teena Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teena_Marie"},{"link_name":"The Jackson 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackson_5"},{"link_name":"New Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Edition"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"Florence and the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_q&a-254"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"44th First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyonce's_Inspirations-292"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Basquiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"}],"sub_title":"Influences","text":"Beyoncé's major influences include Michael Jackson (left) and Tina Turner (right).Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence.[283][284] Aged five, Beyoncé attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose.[285] When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyoncé said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\"[286] Beyoncé was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, and once said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\".[287][288]She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\",[289] and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\"[290][291] Beyoncé cited Madonna as an influence \"not only for her musical style, but also for her business sense\",[292] saying that she wanted to \"follow in the footsteps of Madonna and be a powerhouse and have my own empire.\"[293] She also credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child.[294][295] Her other musical influences include Rachelle Ferrell,[296] Aaliyah,[297][298] Janet Jackson,[299][300] Prince,[301] Lauryn Hill,[289] Sade Adu,[302] Donna Summer,[303] Fairuz,[304][305] Mary J. Blige,[306] Selena,[307] Anita Baker, and Toni Braxton.[289]The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls[308] and by singer Josephine Baker.[309] Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing \"Déjà Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas.[310] Beyoncé's third solo album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles.[311] Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince.[251]Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"she proves you can do it all\",[312] and has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman.\"[289] She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life.[313] Beyoncé has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\".[314][315] Beyoncé also cited Cher as a fashion inspiration.[316]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonce_MTV_EMA_2009.png"},{"link_name":"2009 MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Suga Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suga_Mama_(band)"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Montina Cooper-Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suga_Mama_(band)"},{"link_name":"Crystal Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suga_Mama_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Moniqué Riddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Monique"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vineyard1-266"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam"},{"link_name":"L.A. Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Reid"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"The StarPhoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_StarPhoenix"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Melina Matsoukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melina_Matsoukas"},{"link_name":"Jonas Åkerlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_%C3%85kerlund"},{"link_name":"Jake Nava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Nava"},{"link_name":"Bill Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Condon"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"}],"sub_title":"Music videos and stage","text":"Beyoncé performing during the 2009 MTV Europe Music AwardsIn 2006, Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song on B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists.[317] Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\".[263] The band have supported Beyoncé in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyoncé Experience, I Am... Tour (2009–2010), The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013–2014) and The Formation World Tour (2016).Beyoncé has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian, Beyoncé is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage.[318] Similarly, Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\"[319] The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive.[320] Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of The StarPhoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence.[321][322] Beyoncé's stage outfits have been met with criticism from many countries, such as Malaysia, where she has postponed or cancelled performances due to the country's strict laws banning revealing costumes.[323]Beyoncé has worked with numerous directors for her music videos throughout her career, including Melina Matsoukas, Jonas Åkerlund, and Jake Nava. Bill Condon, director of Beauty and the Beast, stated that the Lemonade visuals in particular served as inspiration for his film, commenting, \"You look at Beyoncé's brilliant movie Lemonade, this genre is taking on so many different forms ... I do think that this very old-school break-out-into-song traditional musical is something that people understand again and really want.\"[324]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Depression-328"},{"link_name":"Allure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allure_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"}],"sub_title":"Alter ego","text":"Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha Fierce as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\"[325] Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album, I Am... Sasha Fierce. In February 2010, she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce.[326] However, Beyoncé announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live shows later that month.[327]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canvas painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_painting"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"video editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"scriptwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptwriting"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"lighting design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_design"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pool-218"},{"link_name":"cultural historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"Beyoncé has been documented pursuing many other understated passions and talents. Some of these include canvas painting,[328] video editing,[329] poetry,[330] scriptwriting,[331] lighting design,[332] photography,[215] and cultural historiography.[333]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonce_Dreamgirls_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"sex appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_appeal"},{"link_name":"Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%C3%A9_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Dangerously in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love"},{"link_name":"sex symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_symbol"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"bootylicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bootylicious"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"booty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttocks"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"single of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootylicious"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"Tom Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ford"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"World's Most Beautiful Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Magazine%27s_100_Most_Beautiful_People"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQstory-345"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"wax figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_figure"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds Wax Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussaud%27s_Wax_Museum"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-364"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_New_York"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Hudson_Yards"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cavalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"B'Day Anthology Video Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27Day_Anthology_Video_Album"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue"},{"link_name":"Tyra Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyra_Banks"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People2-375"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"Queen Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"link_name":"queen bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Queen bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee"},{"link_name":"beehive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive"},{"link_name":"The BeyHive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fandom_names"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"House of Deréon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Der%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PETA-378"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-379"},{"link_name":"L'Oréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"whitening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_whitening"},{"link_name":"Feria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feria"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"H&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(song)"},{"link_name":"pro-black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism"},{"link_name":"2016 Super Bowl halftime show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show"},{"link_name":"Black Panther Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Formation World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Formation_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-383"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-384"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-385"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"anti-police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-police_sentiment"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"injustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_injustice_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-387"}],"text":"Beyoncé at the premiere of her 2006 film DreamgirlsBeyoncé has been described as having sex appeal, with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\".[334] When off stage, Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage\".[335] Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term \"bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words \"booty\" and \"delicious\") to describe Beyoncé,[336][337] the term popularized by the single of the same name by her group Destiny's Child. In 2006, it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary.[338]In September 2010, Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show.[339] She was named the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by People[340] and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by Complex in 2012.[341] In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list.[342][343] VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list.[344] Several wax figures of Beyoncé are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York City,[345] Berlin,[346] Singapore,[347] Tokyo,[348] London,[349] Washington, D.C.,[350] Amsterdam,[351][352] Bangkok,[353] Hollywood[354] Sydney,[355] Istanbul,[356] Blackpool,[357] Las Vegas,[358] Orlando,[359] San Francisco,[360] Nashville,[361] Budapest,[362] Vienna,[363] Shanghai[364] and Delhi.[365]The latest was unveiled by Madame Tussauds New York on July 27, 2023, showcasing Beyoncé's look from her historic 2018 Coachella performance. Debuted at Edge, New York City's highest outdoor sky deck, the figure features Beyoncé in a Balmain bodysuit and Nefertiti-inspired headpiece, commemorating her as the first Black woman to headline the festival. This addition involved extensive collaboration with the original designers, requiring six months to capture Beyoncé's iconic style precisely.[366][367]According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing.[368] Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style,[369] an account of how fashion affected the trio's success.[370] The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles.[371] In 2007, Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after model and television personality Tyra Banks,[372] and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity.[373]Beyoncé has been named \"Queen Bey\" from publications over the years. The term is a reference to the common phrase \"queen bee\", a term used for the leader of a group of females. The nickname also refers to the Queen bee of a beehive, with her fan base being named \"The BeyHive\". The BeyHive was previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage), but was changed after online petitions on Twitter and online news reports during competitions.[374]In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon.[375] Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007 that he thinks race plays a role in many criticisms of Beyoncé's image, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments.[376] In 2008, the French personal care company L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\",[377][378] and in 2013, Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only \"natural pictures be used\".[379]Beyoncé has been a vocal advocate for the Black Lives Matter movement. The release of \"Formation\" on February 6, 2016, saw her celebrate her Sub-Saharan Black African ancestry, with the song's music video featuring pro-black imagery and a shot of wall graffiti that says \"Stop shooting us\". The day after the song's release, she performed it at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show with back up dancers dressed to represent the Black Panther Party. This incited criticism from conservative politicians and police officers, with some police boycotting Beyoncé's then upcoming Formation World Tour.[380] Beyoncé responded to the backlash by releasing tour merchandise that said \"Boycott Beyoncé\",[381][382][383] and later clarified her sentiment, saying: \"Anyone who perceives my message as anti-police is completely mistaken. I have so much admiration and respect for officers and the families of officers who sacrifice themselves to keep us safe,\" Beyoncé said. \"But let's be clear: I am against police brutality and injustice. Those are two separate things.\"[384]","title":"Public image"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonc%C3%A9_e_Jay-Z.jpg"},{"link_name":"I Am... Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"'03 Bonnie & Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2703_Bonnie_%26_Clyde"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-388"},{"link_name":"The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blueprint_2:_The_Gift_%26_The_Curse"},{"link_name":"[386]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-389"},{"link_name":"[387]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-390"},{"link_name":"[388]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-391"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyonc%C3%A9&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joint_tour-165"},{"link_name":"[389]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-392"},{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-393"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-394"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-395"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-396"},{"link_name":"2011 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Love On Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_On_Top"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv2011-397"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell-398"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-399"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-400"},{"link_name":"Googled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_(verb)"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-401"},{"link_name":"Blue Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ivy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Lenox Hill Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Hill_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlueBirth-402"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"Jon Pareles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pareles"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pareles-403"},{"link_name":"Rob Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[401]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"most liked image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-liked_Instagram_posts"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-405"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-406"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-407"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hammerwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerwood_Park"},{"link_name":"Tyler Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Mitchell_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-408"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-409"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and children","text":"Beyoncé performing on the I Am... Tour with Jay-Z, whom she married in 2008In 2002, Beyoncé and Jay-Z collaborated on the song \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\",[385] which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002).[386] Beyoncé appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fueling speculation about their relationship.[387] On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé and Jay-Z married without publicity.[388] As of April 2014[update], the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together.[162] They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed since 2013.[389] Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their marriage after Jay-Z had an affair.[390][391]Beyoncé miscarried around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured.[392] She returned to the studio and wrote music to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyoncé and Jay-Z traveled to Paris to shoot the album cover for 4, and she unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris.[393] In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyoncé performed \"Love On Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant.[394] Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers;[395] the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter,[396] receiving 8,868 tweets per second[397] and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled phrase the week of August 29, 2011.[398] On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.[399]Following the release of Lemonade, which included the single \"Sorry\", in 2016, speculations arose about Jay-Z's alleged infidelity with a mistress referred to as \"Becky\". Jon Pareles in The New York Times pointed out that many of the accusations were \"aimed specifically and recognizably\" at him.[400] Similarly, Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone noted the lines \"Suck on my balls, I've had enough\" were an \"unmistakable hint\" that the lyrics revolve around Jay-Z.[401]On February 1, 2017, she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million likes within eight hours, breaking the world record for the most liked image on the website at the time.[402] On July 13, 2017, Beyoncé uploaded the first image of herself and the twins onto her Instagram account, confirming their birth date as a month prior, on June 13, 2017,[403] with the post becoming the second most liked on Instagram, behind her own pregnancy announcement.[404] The twins, a daughter named Rumi and a son named Sir, were born at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in California via caesarean section. She wrote of her pregnancy and its aftermath in the September 2018 issue of Vogue, in which she had full control of the cover, shot at Hammerwood Park by photographer Tyler Mitchell.[405][406]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2009 presidential inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"At Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Last"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-410"},{"link_name":"40/40 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40/40_Club"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"President Obama's 2012 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-411"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-412"},{"link_name":"2012 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-413"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"second inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondinauguration-144"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"fundraiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraising"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-414"},{"link_name":"pantsuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantsuit"},{"link_name":"\"I'm with her\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-415"},{"link_name":"Beto O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"2018 United States Senate election in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-416"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Beyoncé performed \"America the Beautiful\" at President Barack Obama's 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later.[407] The couple held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for President Obama's 2012 presidential campaign[408] which raised $4 million.[409] Beyoncé voted for Obama in the 2012 presidential election.[410] She performed the American national anthem \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at his second inauguration in January 2013.[141]The Washington Post reported in May 2015, that Beyoncé attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton.[411] She also headlined for Clinton in a concert held the weekend before Election Day the next year. In this performance, Beyoncé and her entourage of backup dancers wore pantsuits; a clear allusion to Clinton's frequent dress-of-choice. The backup dancers also wore \"I'm with her\" tee shirts, the campaign slogan for Clinton. In a brief speech at this performance Beyoncé said, \"I want my daughter to grow up seeing a woman lead our country and knowing that her possibilities are limitless.\"[412] She endorsed the bid of Beto O'Rourke during the 2018 United States Senate election in Texas.[413]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonce_in_Vancouver_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"modern-day feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-417"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie"},{"link_name":"TEDx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEDx"},{"link_name":"Flawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flawless_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-418"},{"link_name":"MTV Video 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Bossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Bossy"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-424"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-425"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-426"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-427"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_8"},{"link_name":"[425]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-428"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Facilities_Privacy_%26_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"LGBT community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[426]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-429"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"black Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"George Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin"},{"link_name":"Trayvon Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-430"},{"link_name":"Michael Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown"},{"link_name":"Eric Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-431"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(song)"},{"link_name":"Black History Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month"},{"link_name":"[429]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-432"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"presidential administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"transgender youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth"},{"link_name":"[430]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-433"}],"sub_title":"Activism","text":"Beyoncé has conducted several fundraising and donation campaigns during her toursIn 2013, Beyoncé stated in an interview in Vogue that she considered herself to be \"a modern-day feminist\".[414] She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year.[415] The next year she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"Feminist\".[416] Her self-identification incited a circulation of opinions and debate about whether her feminism is aligned with older, more established feminist ideals. Annie Lennox, celebrated artist and feminist advocate, referred to Beyoncé's use of her word feminist as 'feminist lite'.[417]Adichie responded with \"her type of feminism is not mine, as it is the kind that, at the same time, gives quite a lot of space to the necessity of men.\"[418] Adichie expands upon what \"feminist lite\" means to her, referring that \"more troubling is the idea, in Feminism Lite, that men are naturally superior but should be expected to 'treat women well'\" and \"we judge powerful women more harshly than we judge powerful men. And Feminism Lite enables this.\"[419]Beyoncé responded about her intent by utilizing the definition of feminist with her platform was to \"give clarity to the true meaning\" behind it. She says to understand what being a feminist is, \"it's very simple. It's someone who believes in equal rights for men and women.\" She advocated to provide equal opportunities for young boys and girls, men and women must begin to understand the double standards that remain persistent in our societies and the issue must be illuminated in effort to start making changes.[420]She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses TV and social media to encourage leadership in girls.[421] Following Beyoncé's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned.[422]In December 2012, Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 U.S. mayors and others[423] designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[424] Beyoncé publicly endorsed same-sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8.[425] She spoke against North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, a bill passed (and later repealed) that discriminated against the LGBT community in public places in a statement during her concert in Raleigh as part of the Formation World Tour in 2016.[426]She has condemned police brutality against black Americans. She and Jay-Z attended a rally in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the killing of Trayvon Martin.[427] The film for her sixth album Lemonade included the mothers of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown and Eric Garner, holding pictures of their sons in the video for \"Freedom\".[428] In a 2016 interview with Elle, Beyoncé responded to the controversy surrounding her song \"Formation\" which was perceived to be critical of the police. She clarified, \"I am against police brutality and injustice. Those are two separate things. If celebrating my roots and culture during Black History Month made anyone uncomfortable, those feelings were there long before a video and long before me\".[429]In February 2017, Beyoncé spoke out against the withdrawal of protections for transgender students in public schools by Donald Trump's presidential administration. Posting a link to the 100 Days of Kindness campaign on her Facebook page, Beyoncé voiced her support for transgender youth and joined a roster of celebrities who spoke out against Trump's decision.[430]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-434"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forb-435"},{"link_name":"Celebrity 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Celebrity_100"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-436"},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-437"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-438"},{"link_name":"[436]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-439"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-441"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442"},{"link_name":"Pepsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-443"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-444"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes14-445"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-446"},{"link_name":"wealthiest musical artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyonc%C3%A9&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForbesBey-447"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-448"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-449"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-450"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForbesBey2-451"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_and_Maria_Bell_Residence"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"Tadao Ando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"}],"sub_title":"Wealth","text":"Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion.[431][432] It placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009[433] and ninth on the \"Most Powerful Women in the World\" list in 2010.[434] The following year, the magazine placed her eighth on the \"Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30\" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyoncé at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals.[435][436]In 2012, Beyoncé and Jay-Z placed at number one on the \"World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples\", for collectively earning $78 million.[437] The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009.[438] For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyoncé earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012.[439] In 2013, Beyoncé's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion-dollar couple in the music industry.[440] That year, Beyoncé was published as the fourth-most-powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings.[441]In June 2014, Beyoncé ranked at number one on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 – June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date.[442] In 2016, Beyoncé ranked at number 34 on the Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $54 million. She and Jay-Z also topped the highest-paid celebrity couple list, with combined earnings of $107.5 million.[443]Beyoncé is one of the wealthiest musical artists. As of 2018[update], Forbes calculated her net worth to be $355 million, and in June of the same year, ranked her as the 35th-highest-earning celebrity, with annual earnings of $60 million. This tied Beyoncé with Madonna as the only two female artists to earn more than $100 million within a single year twice.[444][445] As a couple, Beyoncé and Jay-Z have a combined net worth of $1.16 billion.[446] In July 2017, Billboard announced that Beyoncé was the highest-paid musician of 2016, with an estimated total of $62.1 million.[447] By December 2023, Forbes estimated Beyoncé's net worth to be $800 million.[448]In 2023, the couple bought a house in Malibu, California, designed by the architect Tadao Ando, for $200 million. It established a record for the most expensive residence sold in California.[449]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Pavilh%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico.jpg"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-453"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Jody Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Rosen"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-455"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-456"},{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-457"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[455]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"[456]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-459"},{"link_name":"[457]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[458]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME2-461"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[459]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-462"},{"link_name":"staccato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staccato"},{"link_name":"The Fader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader"},{"link_name":"The Writing's on the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writing%27s_on_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"},{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[461]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"Michael Eric Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson"},{"link_name":"mumble rappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumble_rap"},{"link_name":"[462]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-465"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"[463]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-466"},{"link_name":"[464]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-467"},{"link_name":"The Verge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge"},{"link_name":"[465]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-468"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"},{"link_name":"Myf Warhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myf_Warhurst"},{"link_name":"Double J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_J_(radio_station)"},{"link_name":"[467]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-470"},{"link_name":"put a ring on it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)"},{"link_name":"marriage proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_proposal"},{"link_name":"I woke up like this","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flawless_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"selfies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfies"},{"link_name":"boy, bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"2020 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[468]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-471"},{"link_name":"[469]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-472"},{"link_name":"fifth studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Melanie Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Martinez"},{"link_name":"[470]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-473"},{"link_name":"surprise releases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_album"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-474"},{"link_name":"Scaptia beyonceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaptia_beyonceae"},{"link_name":"horse-fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"Northern Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-475"}],"text":"Beyoncé performing during her I Am... Tour in 2009Beyoncé's success has led to her becoming a cultural icon and earning her the nickname \"Queen Bey\".[450] Constance Grady wrote for Vox, \"The transformation of Beyoncé from well-liked pop star to cultural icon came in three phases, punctuated by the self-titled Beyoncé album of 2013, 2016's Lemonade, and 2018's Homecoming concert at Coachella.\"[451] In The New Yorker, music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century ... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\"[452] She topped NPR list of the \"21st Century's Most Influential Women Musicians\".[453] James Clear, in his book Atomic Habits (2018), draws a parallel between Beyoncé's success and the dramatic transformations in modern society: \"In the last one hundred years, we have seen the rise of the car, the airplane, the television, the personal computer, the internet, the smartphone, and Beyoncé.\"[454] The Observer named her Artist of the Decade (2000s) in 2009.[455]Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Alex Suskind opined that Beyoncé was the decade's (2010s) defining pop star, stating \"no one dominated music in the 2010s like Queen Bey\", explaining that her \"songs, album rollouts, stage presence, social justice initiatives, and disruptive public relations strategy have influenced the way we've viewed music since 2010.\"[456] Based on Billboard rankings of chart success and sales, Beyonce was ranked 9th on the Top R&B and Hip Hop artists of the 2010s decade chart, behind the likes of Drake, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Nicki Minaj, Post Malone, The Weeknd, Kendrick Lamar and Lil Wayne in ranks 1 through 8, respectively.[457] British publication NME also shared similar thoughts on her impact in the 2010s, including Beyoncé on their list of the \"10 Artists Who Defined The Decade\".[458] In 2018, Rolling Stone included her on its Millennial 100 list.[459]Music critics have often credited Beyoncé with the invention of the staccato rap-singing style that has since dominated pop, R&B, and rap music. Lakin Starling of The Fader wrote that Beyoncé's innovative implementation of the delivery style on Destiny's Child's 1999 album The Writing's on the Wall invented a new form of R&B.[460] The staccato rap-singing style continued to be used in the music industry in the late 2010s and early 2020s; Aaron Williams of Uproxx described Beyoncé as the \"primary pioneer\" of the rapping style that dominates the music industry today, with many rappers implementing Beyoncé's rap-singing.[461] Michael Eric Dyson agrees, saying in 2019 that Beyoncé \"changed the whole genre\" and has become the \"godmother\" of mumble rappers, who use the staccato rap-singing cadence. Dyson added: \"She doesn't get credit for the remarkable way in which she changed the musical vocabulary of contemporary art.\"[462]Beyoncé has been credited with reviving the album as an art form in an era dominated by singles and streaming. This started with her 2011 album 4; while mainstream R&B artists were forgoing albums-led R&B in favor of singles-led EDM, Beyoncé aimed to place the focus back on albums as an art form and re-establish R&B as a mainstream concern.[463] This remained a focus of Beyoncé's, and in 2013, she made her eponymous album only available to purchase as a full album on iTunes, rather than being able to purchase individual tracks or consume the album via streaming. Kaitlin Menza of Marie Claire wrote that this made listeners \"experience the album as one whole sonic experience, the way people used to, noting the musical and lyrical themes\".[464]Jamieson Cox for The Verge described how Beyoncé's 2013 album initiated a gradual trend of albums becoming more cohesive and self-referential, and this phenomenon reached its endpoint with Lemonade, which set \"a new standard for pop storytelling at the highest possible scale\".[465] Megan Carpentier of The Guardian wrote that with Lemonade, Beyoncé has \"almost revived the album format\" by releasing an album that can only be listened to in its entirety.[466] Myf Warhurst on Double J's \"Lunch With Myf\" explained that while most artists' albums consist of a few singles plus filler songs, Beyoncé \"brought the album back\", changing the art form of the album \"to a narrative with an arc and a story and you have to listen to the entire thing to get the concept\".[467]She is known for coining popular phrases such as \"put a ring on it\", a euphemism for marriage proposal, \"I woke up like this\", which started a trend of posting morning selfies with the hashtag #iwokeuplikethis, and \"boy, bye\", which was used as part of the Democratic National Committee's campaign for the 2020 election.[468][469] Similarly, she also came up with the phrase \"visual album\" following the release of her fifth studio album, which had a video for every song. This has been recreated by many other artists since, such as Frank Ocean and Melanie Martinez.[470] The album also popularized surprise releases, with many artists releasing songs, videos or albums with no prior announcement, such as Taylor Swift, Nicki Minaj, Eminem, Frank Ocean, Jay-Z and Drake.[471]In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae, a species of horse-fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyoncé due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen.[472]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"[473]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-476"},{"link_name":"Destiny's 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Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Songs_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadioSongsArtist-480"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChartBeat-481"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DecadeChart-482"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-483"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"[481]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1GreatestWomen-484"},{"link_name":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Entertainer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Award for Sammy Davis Jr. – Entertainer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_Sammy_Davis_Jr._%E2%80%93_Entertainer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Bravo Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_Otto"},{"link_name":"World Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-485"},{"link_name":"LOS40 Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOS40_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"NRJ Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRJ_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[483]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-486"},{"link_name":"2011 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[484]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-487"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson Video Vanguard 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Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VMAS_Record-185"},{"link_name":"[491]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-494"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"[492]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-495"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"[493]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-496"},{"link_name":"BET Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards"},{"link_name":"[494]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-497"},{"link_name":"Dreamgirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[495]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-498"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"[496]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-499"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Critics%27_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[497]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-500"},{"link_name":"Fuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-501"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuse-502"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(album)"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"[500]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment_Weekly-503"},{"link_name":"Be Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Alive"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"[501]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscar-504"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Song"},{"link_name":"[502]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-505"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"[503]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-506"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Woman's Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Hour"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Barbara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Castle"},{"link_name":"Helen Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Brook"},{"link_name":"Germaine Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Greer"},{"link_name":"Jayaben Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaben_Desai"},{"link_name":"Bridget Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Jones"},{"link_name":"[504]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-507"},{"link_name":"[505]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-508"},{"link_name":"[506]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbmva-509"},{"link_name":"[507]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-510"},{"link_name":"Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Music_%26_Entertainment_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[508]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-511"}],"text":"See also: List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé and Destiny's ChildBeyoncé has received numerous awards and is the most-awarded female artist of all time.[473] Having sold over 200 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), Beyoncé is one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[474] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s decade, with a total of 64 certifications.[475][476] In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade.[477][478][479]In 2010, Billboard named her in their Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years list at number 15.[480] In 2012, VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\", behind Mariah Carey and Madonna.[481] In 2002, she received Songwriter of the Year from American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers becoming the First African American woman to win the award. In 2004 and 2019, she received NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year and the Soul Train Music Award for Sammy Davis Jr. – Entertainer of the Year.In 2005, she also received APEX Award at the Trumpet Award honoring the achievements of Black African Americans. In 2007, Beyoncé received the International Artist of Excellence award by the American Music Awards. She also received Honorary Otto at the Bravo Otto. The following year, she received the Legend Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Arts at the World Music Awards[482] and Career Achievement Award at the LOS40 Music Awards. In 2010, she received the Award of Honor for Artist of the Decade at the NRJ Music Award.[483] At the 2011 Billboard Music Awards, Beyoncé received the inaugural Billboard Millennium Award.[484]Beyoncé received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards and was honored as Honorary Mother of the Year at the Australian Mother of the Year Award in Barnardo's Australia for her Humanitarian Effort in the region and the Council of Fashion Designers of America Fashion Icon Award in 2016. In 2019, alongside Jay-Z, she received GLAAD Vanguard Award which is presented to a member of the entertainment community who does not identify as LGBT but who has made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for LGBT people.[485] In 2020, she was awarded the BET Humanitarian Award. Consequence named her the 30th best singer of all time.[486]Beyoncé has won 32 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child and The Carters, making her the most honored individual by the Grammys.[487][488] She is also the most nominated artist in Grammy Award history with a total of 88 nominations.[489] \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\",[42] \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while Lemonade has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012.[490]Beyoncé has won 29 MTV Video Music Awards, making her the most-awarded artist in Video Music Award history. She won two awards each with The Carters and Destiny's Child making her lifetime total of 29 VMAs. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and \"Formation\" won Video of the Year in 2009 and 2016 respectively. Beyoncé tied the record set by Lady Gaga in 2010 for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist with eight in 2016.[182] She is also the most-awarded and nominated artist in BET Award history, winning 29 awards from a total of 60 nominations,[491] the most-awarded person at the Soul Train Music Awards with 17 awards as a solo artist, and the most-awarded person at the NAACP Image Awards with 24 awards as a solo artist.[492] Additionally, Beyoncé is the most-awarded artist at the NAACP Image Awards with 22 awards[493] and the BET Awards with 32 awards.[494]Following her role in Dreamgirls, Beyoncé was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards,[495] and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards.[496] Beyoncé won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture.[497] According to Fuse in 2014, Beyoncé is the second-most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson.[498][499] Lemonade won a Peabody Award in 2017.[500] In 2022, \"Be Alive\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song,[501] the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song,[502] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[503]She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones,[504] She was named the Most Powerful Woman in Music on the same list in 2020.[505] In the same year, Billboard named her with Destiny's Child the third Greatest Music Video artists of all time, behind Madonna and Michael Jackson.[506]On June 16, 2021, Beyoncé won the award of \"top touring artist\" of the decade (2010s) at the Pollstar Awards.[507] On June 17, 2021, Beyoncé was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame as a member of the inaugural class.[508]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkwood Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkwood_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[509]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Music_World_Ent-512"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Records"},{"link_name":"[510]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-513"},{"link_name":"Chloe x Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_x_Halle"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIII"},{"link_name":"[511]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-514"}],"text":"In 2010, Beyoncé founded her own entertainment company Parkwood Entertainment which formed as an imprint based from Columbia Records, the company began as a production unit for videos and films in 2008. Parkwood Entertainment is named after a street in Houston, Texas where Beyoncé once lived.[509] With headquarters in New York City, the company serves as an umbrella for the entertainer's various brands in music, movies, videos, and fashion. The staff of Parkwood Entertainment have experiences in arts and entertainment, from filmmaking and video production to web and fashion design. In addition to departments in marketing, digital, creative, publicity, fashion design and merchandising, the company houses a state-of-the-art editing suite, where Beyoncé works on content for her worldwide tours, music videos, and television specials. Parkwood Entertainment's first production was the musical biopic Cadillac Records (2008), in which Beyoncé starred and co-produced.[510] The company has distributed Beyoncé's albums such as her self-titled fifth studio album (2013), Lemonade (2016) and The Carters, Everything is Love (2018). Beyoncé has signed other artists to Parkwood such as Chloe x Halle, who performed at Super Bowl LIII in February 2019.[511]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[512]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-515"},{"link_name":"Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator"},{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Enrique Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"[513]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516"},{"link_name":"[514]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pepsi2013-517"},{"link_name":"Center for Science in the Public Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest"},{"link_name":"[515]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rumugam-518"},{"link_name":"[516]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-519"},{"link_name":"Tommy Hilfiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Wishing on a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishing_on_a_Star"},{"link_name":"[517]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-520"},{"link_name":"[518]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-521"},{"link_name":"Emporio Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporio_Armani"},{"link_name":"[519]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-522"},{"link_name":"Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_(fragrance)"},{"link_name":"[520]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-523"},{"link_name":"Heat Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_(fragrance)#Heat_Rush"},{"link_name":"[521]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-524"},{"link_name":"[522]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-525"},{"link_name":"[523]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heatsales-526"},{"link_name":"[523]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heatsales-526"},{"link_name":"[524]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-527"},{"link_name":"[525]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GateFive-528"},{"link_name":"[526]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-529"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forb-435"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"[527]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-530"},{"link_name":"[528]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-531"},{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"lossless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossless_compression"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Aspiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiro"},{"link_name":"[529]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-532"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"[530]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-533"},{"link_name":"[531]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-534"},{"link_name":"Peloton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloton_(exercise_equipment_company)"},{"link_name":"historically black colleges and universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities"},{"link_name":"Homecoming film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming_(2019_American_film)"},{"link_name":"live album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming:_The_Live_Album"},{"link_name":"[532]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-535"},{"link_name":"[533]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-536"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Tiffany Yellow Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Yellow_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[534]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-537"},{"link_name":"robin egg blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_egg_blue"},{"link_name":"Equals Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equals_Pi"},{"link_name":"[535]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-538"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Yellow Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Yellow_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[536]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-539"},{"link_name":"[537]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-540"},{"link_name":"[538]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-541"}],"sub_title":"Endorsements and partnerships","text":"Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002,[512] and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias.[513] In 2012, Beyoncé signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi.[514] The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation.[515] Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyoncé's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads.[516]Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\")[517] and True Star Gold;[518] she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007.[519] Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010.[520] In February 2011, Beyoncé launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush.[521] Beyoncé's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011.[522] In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released.[523] The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line,[523] with sales of over $400 million.[524]The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million deal with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.[525] It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers.[526] Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express,[432] Nintendo DS[527] and L'Oréal since the age of 18.[528]In March 2015, Beyoncé became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyoncé's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015.[529] Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake.[530] The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry.[531]In November 2020, Beyoncé formed a multi-year partnership with exercise equipment and media company Peloton. The partnership was formed to celebrate homecoming season in historically black colleges and universities, providing themed workout experiences inspired by Beyoncé's 2019 Homecoming film and live album after 2020's homecoming celebrations were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the partnership, Beyoncé and Peloton are donating free memberships to all students at 10 HBCUs, and Peloton are pursuing long-term recruiting partnerships at the HCBUs. Gwen Bethel Riley, head of music at Peloton, said: \"When we had conversations with Beyoncé around how critical a social impact component was to all of us, it crystallized how important it was to embrace Homecoming as an opportunity to celebrate and create dialogue around Black culture and music, in partnership with HBCUs.\"[532] Upon news of the partnership, a decline in Peloton's shares reversed, and its shares rose by 8.6%.[533]In 2021, Beyoncé and Jay-Z partnered with Tiffany & Co. for the company's \"About Love\" campaign. Beyoncé became the fourth woman, and first Black woman, to wear the 128.54-carat Tiffany Yellow Diamond.[534] The campaign featured a robin egg blue painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat titled Equals Pi (1982).[535] Both Beyonce and the brand faced significant backlash for the campaign, as the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which was discovered in the Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa in 1877, is classified as a blood diamond and viewed as a symbol of British colonialism over Africa.[536][537][538]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Deréon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Der%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusWire-542"},{"link_name":"[540]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-543"},{"link_name":"[541]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-544"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusWire-542"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Destiny Fulfilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Fulfilled"},{"link_name":"[542]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-545"},{"link_name":"[543]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-546"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusWire-542"},{"link_name":"[544]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-547"},{"link_name":"mobile game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusWire-542"},{"link_name":"[545]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sasha_Fierce_clothing_line-548"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"Dillard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillard%27s"},{"link_name":"[545]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sasha_Fierce_clothing_line-548"},{"link_name":"C&A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26A"},{"link_name":"[546]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fashion_looks-549"},{"link_name":"[546]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fashion_looks-549"},{"link_name":"Topshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topshop"},{"link_name":"[547]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_Alter-550"},{"link_name":"[548]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes_Adamczyk-551"},{"link_name":"Ivy Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Park"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"[549]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-552"},{"link_name":"Topshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topshop"},{"link_name":"Philip Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Green"},{"link_name":"[550]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-553"},{"link_name":"[551]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-554"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"[552]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-555"},{"link_name":"[553]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-556"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[554]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-557"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[555]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-558"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[556]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-559"},{"link_name":"[557]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-560"},{"link_name":"[558]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-561"},{"link_name":"Olivier Rousteing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Rousteing"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"[559]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-562"}],"sub_title":"Fashion lines","text":"Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon, a women's fashion line, in 2005.[539] The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyoncé's grandmother, Agnèz Deréon, a respected seamstress.[540][541] According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyoncé's taste and style. Beyoncé and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon.[539] House of Deréon pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their Destiny Fulfilled era.[542][543] The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the U.S. and Canada.[539]In 2005, Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon.[544] In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Deréon collection.[539] In July 2009, Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Deréon, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry.[545] It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds.[545] In May 2010, Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil.[546] The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses.[546]In October 2014, Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop.[547][548] The 50–50 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyoncé's daughter and her favorite number four (IV in Roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas.[549] She has since bought out Topshop owner Philip Green from his 50% share after he was alleged to have sexually harassed, bullied and racially abused employees.[550] She now owns the brand herself.[551]In April 2019, it was announced that Beyoncé would become a creative partner with Adidas and further develop her athletic brand Ivy Park with the company. Knowles will also develop new clothes and footwear for Adidas. Shares for the company rose 1.3% upon the news release.[552] In December 2019, they announced a launch date of January 18, 2020.[553] Beyoncé uploaded a teaser on her website and Instagram.[554] The collection was previewed on the upcoming Elle January 2020 issue, where Beyoncé is seen wearing several garments, accessories and footwear from the first collection.[555] In February 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that the line was struggling financially with revenue falling by more than 50% over the past fiscal year to $40 million; well short of the company's $250 million projected forecast.[556] In March 2023, it was announced that Beyoncé and Adidas reached a mutual decision to end their partnership.[557][558]Later in March 2023, Olivier Rousteing, the creative director of Balmain, announced that he and Beyoncé collaborated on a couture collection complete with sixteen looks corresponding to the sixteen tracks on her album Renaissance. This \"Renaissance Couture\" collection marked the first time that a Black woman oversaw the development of a collection from a Parisian couture house.[559]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BeyGood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeyGood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyonc%C3%A9_Cosmetology_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[560]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-563"},{"link_name":"[561]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-564"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike"},{"link_name":"[562]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-565"},{"link_name":"[563]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-566"},{"link_name":"[564]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-567"},{"link_name":"Phoenix House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_House"},{"link_name":"[565]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-568"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Wyclef Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"},{"link_name":"Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_for_Haiti_Now:_A_Global_Benefit_for_Earthquake_Relief"},{"link_name":"[566]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-569"},{"link_name":"[567]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-570"},{"link_name":"Council of Fashion Designers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[568]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-571"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"child obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_obesity"},{"link_name":"[569]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-572"},{"link_name":"[570]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-573"},{"link_name":"death of Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Lee Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"God Bless the USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_the_USA"},{"link_name":"New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_and_Fire_Widows%27_and_Children%27s_Benefit_Fund"},{"link_name":"[571]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-God_Bless_the_USA-574"},{"link_name":"World Humanitarian Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Day"},{"link_name":"[572]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHD2012-575"},{"link_name":"[573]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-576"},{"link_name":"Salma Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_Hayek"},{"link_name":"Frida Giannini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Giannini"},{"link_name":"Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci"},{"link_name":"[574]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-577"},{"link_name":"[575]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-578"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"[576]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-579"},{"link_name":"[577]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-580"},{"link_name":"[578]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-581"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Industries"},{"link_name":"Charitybuzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitybuzz"},{"link_name":"[579]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-582"},{"link_name":"[580]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-583"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[581]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-584"},{"link_name":"[582]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-585"},{"link_name":"United Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Way_of_America"},{"link_name":"Flint water crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis"},{"link_name":"[583]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-586"},{"link_name":"Hands Up United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_Up_United"},{"link_name":"Dream Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Defenders"},{"link_name":"[584]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-587"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew"},{"link_name":"[585]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-588"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey"},{"link_name":"BeyGOOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeyGOOD"},{"link_name":"[586]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-589"},{"link_name":"George R Brown Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Brown_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[587]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-590"},{"link_name":"[588]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-591"},{"link_name":"[589]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-592"},{"link_name":"Mi Gente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_Gente_(J_Balvin_and_Willy_William_song)"},{"link_name":"Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Chiapas_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Puebla earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Puebla_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[590]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-593"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[591]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-594"},{"link_name":"Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_(Megan_Thee_Stallion_song)"},{"link_name":"[592]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-595"},{"link_name":"[593]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-596"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"[594]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-597"},{"link_name":"Black Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Parade_(song)"},{"link_name":"[595]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-598"},{"link_name":"[596]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-599"},{"link_name":"[597]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-600"},{"link_name":"End SARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_SARS"},{"link_name":"Anglophone Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis"},{"link_name":"ShutItAllDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShutItAllDown"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[598]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-601"},{"link_name":"[599]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-602"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"See also: BeyGoodBeyoncé (center) and her mother, Tina, (left) at the opening of the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center on March 5, 2010In 2002, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Tina Knowles built the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing to displaced families and provide means for new building construction, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000.[560] The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city,[561] and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later.[562] Beyoncé also donated $100,000 to the Gulf Coast Ike Relief Fund.[563] In 2007, Beyoncé founded the Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments, a housing complex offering living space for 43 displaced individuals. As of 2016, Beyoncé had donated $7 million for the maintenance of the complex.[564]After starring in Cadillac Records in 2009 and learning about Phoenix House, a non-profit drug and alcohol rehabilitation organization, Beyoncé donated her full $4 million salary from the film to the organization. Beyoncé and her mother subsequently established the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center, which offers a seven-month cosmetology training course helping Phoenix House's clients gain career skills during their recovery.[565]In January 2010, Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon,[566] donated a large sum to the organization,[567] and was named the official face of the limited edition Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt.[568] In April 2011, Beyoncé joined forces with U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity[569] by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\".[570] Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund.[571]Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign.[572][573] In 2013, it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music.[574] A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013, in London.[575] With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls.[576][577] Beyoncé also took part in \"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign,[578] and supported Goodwill Industries through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.[579][580]Beyoncé and Jay-Z secretly donated tens of thousands of dollars to bail out Black Lives Matter protesters in Baltimore and Ferguson, as well as funded infrastructure for the establishment of Black Lives Matter chapters across the US.[581] Before Beyoncé's Formation World Tour show in Tampa, her team held a private luncheon for more than 20 community leaders to discuss how Beyoncé could support local charitable initiatives, including pledging on the spot to fund 10 scholarships to provide students with financial aid. Tampa Sports Authority board member Thomas Scott said: \"I don't know of a prior artist meeting with the community, seeing what their needs are, seeing how they can invest in the community. It says a lot to me about Beyoncé. She not only goes into a community and walks away with (money), but she also gives money back to that community.\"[582]In June 2016, Beyoncé donated over $82,000 to the United Way of Genesee County to support victims of the Flint water crisis. Beyoncé additionally donated money to support 14 students in Michigan with their college expenses.[583] In August 2016, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated $1.5 million to civil rights groups including Black Lives Matter, Hands Up United and Dream Defenders.[584] After Hurricane Matthew, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated $15 million to the Usain Bolt Foundation to support its efforts in rebuilding homes in Haiti.[585]During Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, Beyoncé launched BeyGOOD Houston to support those affected by the hurricane in Houston. The organization donated necessities such as cots, blankets, pillows, baby products, feminine products and wheelchairs, and funded long-term revitalization projects.[586] On September 8, Beyoncé visited Houston, where she sponsored a lunch for 400 survivors at her local church, visited the George R Brown Convention Center to discuss with people displaced by the flooding about their needs, served meals to those who lost their homes, and made a significant donation to local causes.[587][588] Beyoncé additionally donated $75,000 worth of new mattresses to survivors of the hurricane.[589] Later that month, Beyoncé released a remix of J Balvin and Willy William's \"Mi Gente\", with all of her proceeds being donated to disaster relief charities in Puerto Rico, Mexico, the U.S. and the Caribbean after hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, and the Chiapas and Puebla earthquakes.[590]In April 2020, Beyoncé donated $6 million to the National Alliance in Mental Health, UCLA and local community-based organizations in order to provide mental health and personal wellness services to essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BeyGOOD also teamed up with local organizations to help provide resources to communities of color, including food, water, cleaning supplies, medicines and face masks.[591] The same month Beyoncé released a remix of Megan Thee Stallion's \"Savage\", with all proceeds benefiting Bread of Life Houston's COVID-19 relief efforts, which includes providing over 14 tons of food and supplies to 500 families and 100 senior citizens in Houston weekly.[592]In May 2020, Beyoncé provided 1,000 free COVID-19 tests in Houston as part of her and her mother's #IDidMyPart initiative, which was established due to the disproportionate deaths in African-American communities. Additionally, 1,000 gloves, masks, hot meals, essential vitamins, grocery vouchers and household items were provided.[593] In July 2020, Beyoncé established the Black-Owned Small Business Impact Fund in partnership with the NAACP, which offers $10,000 grants to black-owned small businesses in need following the George Floyd protests.[594] All proceeds from Beyoncé's single \"Black Parade\" were donated to the fund.[595] In September 2020, Beyoncé announced that she had donated an additional $1 million to the fund.[596] As of December 31, 2020, the fund had given 715 grants to black-owned small businesses, amounting to $7.15 million donated.[597]In October 2020, Beyoncé released a statement that she has been working with the Feminist Coalition to assist supporters of the End SARS movement in Nigeria, including covering medical costs for injured protestors, covering legal fees for arrested protestors, and providing food, emergency shelter, transportation and telecommunication means to those in need. Beyoncé also showed support for those fighting against other issues in Africa, such as the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon, ShutItAllDown in Namibia, Zimbabwean Lives Matter in Zimbabwe and the Rape National Emergency in Liberia.[598] In December 2020, Beyoncé donated $500,000 to help alleviate the housing crisis in the U.S. caused by the cessation of the eviction moratorium, giving 100 $5,000 grants to individuals and families facing foreclosures and evictions.[599]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cécred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cred"},{"link_name":"grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"cosmetology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetology"},{"link_name":"hair stylists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_stylists"},{"link_name":"beauty industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_industry"},{"link_name":"[600]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-603"},{"link_name":"cosmetology school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetology_school"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Clementon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementon"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-604"},{"link_name":"[601]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-605"}],"sub_title":"Hair Care Brand","text":"In February 2024, on the launch day of Beyoncé's Cécred hair care brand, she established an annual grant in collaboration with BeyGood. This is an effort to provide financial support to cosmetology students and professional hair stylists within the beauty industry.[600] A yearly $500,000 is funding cosmetology school scholarships and salon business grants across five cities chosen for their large, diverse community of hair stylists: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and Clementon.[d][601]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmen: A Hip Hopera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen:_A_Hip_Hopera"},{"link_name":"Austin Powers in Goldmember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Powers_in_Goldmember"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Fade to Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_to_Black_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"The Pink Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Dreamgirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Records"},{"link_name":"Obsessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Black Is King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Is_King"},{"link_name":"Mufasa: The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufasa:_The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"Live at Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Wembley_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"The Beyoncé Experience Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience_Live"},{"link_name":"I Am... Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._Yours:_An_Intimate_Performance_at_Wynn_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"I Am... World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._World_Tour_(album)"},{"link_name":"Live at Roseland: Elements of 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Roseland:_Elements_of_4"},{"link_name":"Life Is But a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_But_a_Dream_(film)"},{"link_name":"Live in Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Atlantic_City_(Beyonc%C3%A9_video)"},{"link_name":"On the Run Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Run_Tour:_Beyonc%C3%A9_and_Jay-Z_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"}],"text":"This section lists select works only. Refer to the main article for further information.Films starred\nCarmen: A Hip Hopera (2001)\nAustin Powers in Goldmember (2002)\nThe Fighting Temptations (2003)\nFade to Black (2004)\nThe Pink Panther (2006)\nDreamgirls (2006)\nCadillac Records (2008)\nObsessed (2009)\nEpic (2013)\nLemonade (also director) (2016)\nThe Lion King (2019)\nBlack Is King (also director) (2020)\nMufasa: The Lion King (2024)\n\n\nDocumentary and concert films\nLive at Wembley (2004)\nThe Beyoncé Experience Live (2007)\nI Am... Yours (2009)\nI Am... World Tour (also director) (2010)\nLive at Roseland: Elements of 4 (also director) (2011)\nLife Is But a Dream (also director) (2013)\nLive in Atlantic City (also director) (2013)\nOn the Run Tour (2014)\nHomecoming: A Film by Beyoncé (also director) (2019)\nRenaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (also director) (2023)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dangerously in Love Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Beyoncé Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beyonc%C3%A9_Experience"},{"link_name":"I Am... Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)"},{"link_name":"The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mrs._Carter_Show_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Formation World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Formation_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Renaissance World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Verizon Ladies First Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Ladies_First_Tour"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"On the Run Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Run_Tour_(Beyonc%C3%A9_and_Jay-Z)"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"On the Run II Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Run_II_Tour"},{"link_name":"I Am... Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._Yours"},{"link_name":"4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Intimate_Nights_with_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revel_Presents:_Beyonc%C3%A9_Live"}],"text":"Headlining tours\nDangerously in Love Tour (2003)\nThe Beyoncé Experience (2007)\nI Am... Tour (2009–2010)\nThe Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013–2014)\nThe Formation World Tour (2016)\nRenaissance World Tour (2023)\nCo-headlining tours\nVerizon Ladies First Tour (with Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott) (2004)\nOn the Run Tour (with Jay-Z) (2014)\nOn the Run II Tour (with Jay-Z) (2018)\n\n\nResidencies\nI Am... Yours (2009)\n4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé (2011)\nRevel Presents: Beyoncé Live (2012)","title":"Tours and residencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Naminglaws_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Naminglaws_1-1"},{"link_name":"Naming laws in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"The Carters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carters"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child_discography"},{"link_name":"List of Destiny's Child songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Destiny%27s_Child_songs"},{"link_name":"The Carters discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carters#Discography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-total-102"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-604"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"}],"text":"^ a b Naming laws in Texas do not allow accented characters (é).\n\n^ For her works with Destiny's Child and The Carters, see Destiny's Child discography, List of Destiny's Child songs and The Carters discography\n\n^ The gross takings from the 29 shows which were reported to Billboard Boxscore totalled $24.9 million; the tour comprised 96 concerts.[100]\n\n^ Clementon is technically a borough but is listed as one of the \"cities\" chosen on the Cécred website.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Beyoncé (center) at the final line-up of Destiny's Child, performing during their 2005 Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It concert tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Destiny%27s_Child_Tour.jpg/220px-Destiny%27s_Child_Tour.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing \"Baby Boy\", which spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[61]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beyonce_Baby_Boy_Dancing.jpg/220px-Beyonce_Baby_Boy_Dancing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing during The Beyoncé Experience tour in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Beyonce.jpg/150px-Beyonce.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing during the I Am... Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beyonce_in_Vienna.jpg/220px-Beyonce_in_Vienna.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé's performing during her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concert residency in August 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Beyonce_%28New_York%29.jpg/170px-Beyonce_%28New_York%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show on February 3, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Beyonc%C3%A9_at_Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show_%284%29.jpg/170px-Beyonc%C3%A9_at_Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show_%284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing during The Formation World Tour in 2016. The tour grossed $256 million from 49 sold-out shows.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/FWT10.jpg/195px-FWT10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé at The Lion King European premiere in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png/220px-Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing at the Renaissance World Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium_-_1st_June_2023_%2847_of_118%29_%2852946286530%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium_-_1st_June_2023_%2847_of_118%29_%2852946286530%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing during the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Beyonce_MTV_EMA_2009.png/260px-Beyonce_MTV_EMA_2009.png"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé at the premiere of her 2006 film Dreamgirls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Beyonce_Dreamgirls_cropped.jpg/170px-Beyonce_Dreamgirls_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing on the I Am... Tour with Jay-Z, whom she married in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beyonc%C3%A9_e_Jay-Z.jpg/220px-Beyonc%C3%A9_e_Jay-Z.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé has conducted several fundraising and donation campaigns during her tours","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Beyonce_in_Vancouver_2.jpg/160px-Beyonce_in_Vancouver_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé performing during her I Am... Tour in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Pavilh%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico.jpg/170px-Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Pavilh%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beyoncé (center) and her mother, Tina, (left) at the opening of the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center on March 5, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Beyonc%C3%A9_Cosmetology_Center.jpg/220px-Beyonc%C3%A9_Cosmetology_Center.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Forbes list of highest-earning musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_highest-earning_musicians"},{"title":"Honorific nicknames in popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of artists with the most number-one European singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles#Most_number-one_singles"},{"title":"List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Social_50_number-one_artists"},{"title":"List of black Golden Globe Award winners and nominees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_black_Golden_Globe_Award_winners_and_nominees"},{"title":"List of highest-grossing live music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists"},{"title":"List of most-followed Instagram accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts"}]
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Beyoncé embodies a new political moment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/08/black-pride-beyonce-super-bowl-50","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Beyoncé sends political message with Super Bowl halftime performance of new single, \"Formation\"\". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_birdeater
Goliath birdeater
["1 Physical description","2 Life cycle","3 Behaviour","3.1 Defenses","3.2 Feeding","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Culinary use","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Species of tarantula from South America "Bird-eating spider" redirects here. The term may also refer to eastern tarantula, some other members of the genus Theraphosa, and several species within the genus Avicularia. Goliath birdeater Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Mygalomorphae Family: Theraphosidae Genus: Theraphosa Species: T. blondi Binomial name Theraphosa blondi(Latreille, 1804) Synonyms T. blondii T. leblondii The Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found in northern South America, it is the largest spider in the world by mass (175 g (6.2 oz)) and body length (up to 13 cm (5.1 in)), and second to the giant huntsman spider by leg span. It is also called the Goliath tarantula or Goliath bird-eating spider; the practice of calling theraphosids "bird-eating" derives from an early 18th-century copper engraving by Maria Sibylla Merian that shows one eating a hummingbird. Despite the spider's name, it rarely preys on birds. Physical description The Goliath birdeater found in South America These spiders can have a leg span of up to 30 cm (12 in), a body length of up to 13 cm (5.1 in), and can weigh up to 175 g (6.2 oz). Birdeaters are one of the few tarantula species that lack tibial spurs, located on the first pair of legs of most adult males. They are mostly tan to light brown and golden-hued. Life cycle Unlike other species of spider/tarantula, females rarely eat the males during mating. Females mature in 3–6 years and have an average lifespan of 15 to 25 years. Males die soon after maturity and have a lifespan of three to six years. Colors range from dark to light brown with faint markings on the legs. Bird-eaters have hair on their bodies, abdomens, and legs. The female lays 100 to 200 eggs, which hatch into spiderlings within 6–8 weeks. Behaviour Defenses In response to threats, Goliath birdeaters stridulate by rubbing setae on their pedipalps and legs. Also, when threatened they rub their abdomen with their hind legs and release hairs that are a severe irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. These urticating hairs can be harmful to humans. Like all tarantulas, T. blondi spiders have fangs large enough (2–4 cm or 0.79–1.57 in) to break the skin of a human. They carry venom in their fangs and have been known to bite when threatened, but the venom is relatively harmless and its effects are comparable to those of a wasp's sting. Tarantulas generally bite humans only in self-defense, and these bites do not always result in envenomation (known as a "dry bite”). A captive adult female Feeding Despite its name, the Goliath birdeater only rarely actually preys on birds; in the wild, its diet consists primarily of other large arthropods, worms, and amphibians. However, because of its size and opportunistic predatory behavior, this species commonly kills and consumes a variety of insects and small terrestrial vertebrates. They do not consume their prey in the open; rather, they drag it back to their burrow and begin the digesting process. They do this by liquefying the insides of their prey and proceed to suck it dry. In the wild, T. blondi has been observed feeding on rodents, frogs, toads, lizards, and even snakes. Distribution and habitat The Goliath birdeater is native to the upland rainforest regions of Northern South America: Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, northern Brazil, eastern Colombia, and southern Venezuela. Most noticeable in the Amazon rainforest, the spider is terrestrial, living in deep burrows, and is found commonly in marshy or swampy areas. It is a nocturnal species. Culinary use The Goliath birdeater is an edible spider. The spider is part of the local cuisine in northeastern South America, prepared by singeing off the urticating hairs and roasting it in banana leaves. The flavor has been described as "shrimp-like". See also TLTx, a toxin found in Goliath birdeater venom Giant huntsman spider, largest known spider in the world by leg span Mongolarachne jurassica, the largest known fossilised spider Cerbalus aravaensis, a huntsman spider found in Israel and Jordan References ^ World's biggest spider face-off - see which bug wins here Archived October 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Tarántula Goliat: La araña más grande del mundo". Infoterio Noticias | Ciencia y Tecnología (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ Herzig, Volker; King, Glenn F. (2013). "The Neurotoxic Mode of Action of Venoms from the Spider Family Theraphosidae". In Nentwig, Wolfgang (ed.). Spider Ecophysiology. Springer. p. 203. ISBN 978-3-642-33989-9. ^ "Goliath Birdeater". Animals. 2018-12-17. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-04. ^ Goliath Bird-Eating Spider Archived 2016-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Arkive ^ "Goliath Bird-Eater Spider". Spiders Worlds. Retrieved 11 November 2018. ^ "Goliath Bird Eating Spider". Blue Planet Biomes. 2003. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. ^ Perez-Miles, Fernando; Montes de Oca, Laura; Postiglioni, Rodrigo; Costa, Fernando G. (December 2005). "The stridulatory setae of Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) and their possible role in sexual communication: an experimental approach" (PDF). Iheringia, Série Zoologia. 95 (4): 365–371. doi:10.1590/S0073-47212005000400004. ^ a b Lewis, Tanya (18 October 2016). "Goliath Birdeater: Images of a Colossal Spider". Live Science. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ Lewis, Tanya (17 October 2014). "Goliath Encounter: Puppy-Sized Spider Surprises Scientist in Rainforest". Live Science. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. ^ National Geographic ^ Menin, Marcelo; Rodrigues, Domingos De Jesus; de Azevedo, Clarissa Salette (October 2005). "Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region" (PDF). Phyllomedusa. 4 (1): 39–47. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47. ISSN 1519-1397. ^ Striffler, Boris F. (November 2005). "Life history of Goliath Birdeaters – Theraphosa apophysis and Theraphosa blondi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)" (PDF). Journal of the British Tarantula Society. 21 (1): 26–33. ISSN 0962-449X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. ^ Dell'Amore, Christine (20 October 2014). "Puppy-Size Tarantula Found: Explaining World's Biggest Spider". National Geographic Blog. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theraphosa blondi. Wikispecies has information related to Theraphosa blondi. Caring for your Goliath Bird Eating Tarantula at the Wayback Machine (archived October 31, 2013) Video of the Goliath birdeater at National Geographic Video of the Goliath birdeater being hunted by children Taxon identifiersTheraphosa blondi Wikidata: Q617000 Wikispecies: Theraphosa blondi ADW: Theraphosa_blondi CoL: 56CM9 EoL: 1182372 GBIF: 5170451 iNaturalist: 205163 IRMNG: 10838494 ITIS: 868632 NCBI: 260533 NZOR: 1f61ebb7-7b60-4272-b3bd-24ec0d088e08 Open Tree of Life: 95320 uBio: 2103588 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:002488 Authority control databases: National Germany
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The term may also refer to eastern tarantula, some other members of the genus Theraphosa, and several species within the genus Avicularia.The Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) belongs to the tarantula family Theraphosidae. Found in northern South America, it is the largest spider in the world by mass (175 g (6.2 oz)) and body length (up to 13 cm (5.1 in)), and second to the giant huntsman spider by leg span.[1] It is also called the Goliath tarantula or Goliath bird-eating spider;[2] the practice of calling theraphosids \"bird-eating\" derives from an early 18th-century copper engraving by Maria Sibylla Merian that shows one eating a hummingbird. Despite the spider's name, it rarely preys on birds.[3][2]","title":"Goliath birdeater"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goliath_birdeater.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkive-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Goliath birdeater found in South AmericaThese spiders can have a leg span of up to 30 cm (12 in),[4] a body length of up to 13 cm (5.1 in), and can weigh up to 175 g (6.2 oz).[5] Birdeaters are one of the few tarantula species that lack tibial spurs, located on the first pair of legs of most adult males. They are mostly tan to light brown and golden-hued.[citation needed]","title":"Physical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eat the males during mating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Unlike other species of spider/tarantula, females rarely eat the males during mating. Females mature in 3–6 years and have an average lifespan of 15 to 25 years. Males die soon after maturity and have a lifespan of three to six years. Colors range from dark to light brown with faint markings on the legs. Bird-eaters have hair on their bodies, abdomens, and legs. The female lays 100 to 200 eggs, which hatch into spiderlings within 6–8 weeks.[6][7]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stridulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridulation"},{"link_name":"setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setae"},{"link_name":"pedipalps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedipalp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"mucous membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"urticating hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticating_hair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"fangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang"},{"link_name":"venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(poison)"},{"link_name":"wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp"},{"link_name":"envenomation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envenomation"},{"link_name":"dry bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_bite"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T._Blondi_molt_-_magnified_close_up.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Defenses","text":"In response to threats, Goliath birdeaters stridulate by rubbing setae on their pedipalps and legs.[8][9] Also, when threatened they rub their abdomen with their hind legs and release hairs that are a severe irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. These urticating hairs can be harmful to humans.[9]Like all tarantulas, T. blondi spiders have fangs large enough (2–4 cm or 0.79–1.57 in) to break the skin of a human. They carry venom in their fangs and have been known to bite when threatened, but the venom is relatively harmless and its effects are comparable to those of a wasp's sting. Tarantulas generally bite humans only in self-defense, and these bites do not always result in envenomation (known as a \"dry bite”).[citation needed]A captive adult female","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"toads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"Despite its name, the Goliath birdeater only rarely actually preys on birds; in the wild, its diet consists primarily of other large arthropods, worms, and amphibians.[10] However, because of its size and opportunistic predatory behavior, this species commonly kills and consumes a variety of insects and small terrestrial vertebrates. They do not consume their prey in the open; rather, they drag it back to their burrow and begin the digesting process. 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Retrieved 2020-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200511105403/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/g/goliath-birdeater/","url_text":"\"Goliath Birdeater\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/g/goliath-birdeater/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goliath Bird-Eater Spider\". Spiders Worlds. Retrieved 11 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spidersworlds.com/goliath-bird-eater-spider/","url_text":"\"Goliath Bird-Eater Spider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goliath Bird Eating Spider\". Blue Planet Biomes. 2003. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203448/http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/goliath_bird_eating_spider.htm","url_text":"\"Goliath Bird Eating Spider\""},{"url":"http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/goliath_bird_eating_spider.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perez-Miles, Fernando; Montes de Oca, Laura; Postiglioni, Rodrigo; Costa, Fernando G. (December 2005). \"The stridulatory setae of Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) and their possible role in sexual communication: an experimental approach\" (PDF). Iheringia, Série Zoologia. 95 (4): 365–371. doi:10.1590/S0073-47212005000400004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scielo.br/pdf/isz/v95n4/29092.pdf","url_text":"\"The stridulatory setae of Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) and their possible role in sexual communication: an experimental approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0073-47212005000400004","url_text":"10.1590/S0073-47212005000400004"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Tanya (18 October 2016). \"Goliath Birdeater: Images of a Colossal Spider\". Live Science. Retrieved 20 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/56525-goliath-birdeater-spider-photos.html","url_text":"\"Goliath Birdeater: Images of a Colossal Spider\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science","url_text":"Live Science"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Tanya (17 October 2014). \"Goliath Encounter: Puppy-Sized Spider Surprises Scientist in Rainforest\". Live Science. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/48340-goliath-birdeater-surprises-scientist.html","url_text":"\"Goliath Encounter: Puppy-Sized Spider Surprises Scientist in Rainforest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science","url_text":"Live Science"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171124005835/https://www.livescience.com/48340-goliath-birdeater-surprises-scientist.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Menin, Marcelo; Rodrigues, Domingos De Jesus; de Azevedo, Clarissa Salette (October 2005). \"Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region\" (PDF). Phyllomedusa. 4 (1): 39–47. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47. ISSN 1519-1397.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3438/0efb339905c15ee2e66984800b9c9d957d05.pdf","url_text":"\"Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fissn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47","url_text":"10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1519-1397","url_text":"1519-1397"}]},{"reference":"Striffler, Boris F. (November 2005). \"Life history of Goliath Birdeaters – Theraphosa apophysis and Theraphosa blondi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)\" (PDF). Journal of the British Tarantula Society. 21 (1): 26–33. ISSN 0962-449X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206024951/http://tarantulas.tropica.ru/Striffler(2005)Theraphosa_spp_BTS_%20J_21_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Life history of Goliath Birdeaters – Theraphosa apophysis and Theraphosa blondi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-449X","url_text":"0962-449X"},{"url":"http://tarantulas.tropica.ru/Striffler%282005%29Theraphosa_spp_BTS_%20J_21_1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dell'Amore, Christine (20 October 2014). \"Puppy-Size Tarantula Found: Explaining World's Biggest Spider\". National Geographic Blog. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215014240/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/10/20/puppy-size-tarantula-found-explaining-worlds-biggest-spider/","url_text":"\"Puppy-Size Tarantula Found: Explaining World's Biggest Spider\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic Blog"},{"url":"https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/10/20/puppy-size-tarantula-found-explaining-worlds-biggest-spider/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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approach\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0073-47212005000400004","external_links_name":"10.1590/S0073-47212005000400004"},{"Link":"https://www.livescience.com/56525-goliath-birdeater-spider-photos.html","external_links_name":"\"Goliath Birdeater: Images of a Colossal Spider\""},{"Link":"https://www.livescience.com/48340-goliath-birdeater-surprises-scientist.html","external_links_name":"\"Goliath Encounter: Puppy-Sized Spider Surprises Scientist in Rainforest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171124005835/https://www.livescience.com/48340-goliath-birdeater-surprises-scientist.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3438/0efb339905c15ee2e66984800b9c9d957d05.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fissn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47","external_links_name":"10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1519-1397","external_links_name":"1519-1397"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206024951/http://tarantulas.tropica.ru/Striffler(2005)Theraphosa_spp_BTS_%20J_21_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Life history of Goliath Birdeaters – Theraphosa apophysis and Theraphosa blondi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-449X","external_links_name":"0962-449X"},{"Link":"http://tarantulas.tropica.ru/Striffler%282005%29Theraphosa_spp_BTS_%20J_21_1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215014240/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/10/20/puppy-size-tarantula-found-explaining-worlds-biggest-spider/","external_links_name":"\"Puppy-Size Tarantula Found: Explaining World's Biggest Spider\""},{"Link":"https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/10/20/puppy-size-tarantula-found-explaining-worlds-biggest-spider/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031034832/http://www.care-sheet.com/index/Theraphosa_blondi","external_links_name":"Caring for your Goliath Bird Eating Tarantula"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307170709/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/tarantula_goliath","external_links_name":"Video of the Goliath birdeater at National Geographic"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5oM3NCf05M&t=225s","external_links_name":"Video of the Goliath birdeater being hunted by children"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Theraphosa_blondi/","external_links_name":"Theraphosa_blondi"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/56CM9","external_links_name":"56CM9"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1182372","external_links_name":"1182372"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5170451","external_links_name":"5170451"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/205163","external_links_name":"205163"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10838494","external_links_name":"10838494"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=868632","external_links_name":"868632"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=260533","external_links_name":"260533"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/1f61ebb7-7b60-4272-b3bd-24ec0d088e08","external_links_name":"1f61ebb7-7b60-4272-b3bd-24ec0d088e08"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=95320","external_links_name":"95320"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=2103588","external_links_name":"2103588"},{"Link":"https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/lsid/urn%3Alsid%3Anmbe.ch%3Aspidersp%3A002488","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:002488"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7528643-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Dauphine
Rue Dauphine
["1 Access","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°51′18″N 2°20′22″E / 48.85500°N 2.33944°E / 48.85500; 2.33944Rue DauphineShown within ParisNamesakeLouis, Dauphin of FranceLength268 m (879 ft)Width16 m (52 ft)Arrondissement6thQuarterMonnaieCoordinates48°51′18″N 2°20′22″E / 48.85500°N 2.33944°E / 48.85500; 2.33944From57 Quai des Grands Augustins and 1 Quai de ContiTo72 Rue Saint-André-des-Arts and 51 Rue MazarineConstructionCompletion1607Denomination1607 Rue Dauphine is a street in Saint-Germain-des-Prés in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France. It is one of the most fashionable and expensive districts of Paris. It was named after the Dauphin, son of Henry IV of France. The Pont Neuf crosses the river Seine in front of the Rue Dauphine. Nobel prize–winning physicist Pierre Curie, husband of Marie Skłodowska-Curie, was struck and killed by a horse-drawn carriage on this street in 1906. Access ___ Located near the Métro station: Odéon. External links Nomenclature (in French) This Parisian road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Kraus
Adolf Kraus
["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 Sources","4 External links"]
American lawyer Adolf KrausLawyer and President of the Chicago Board of EducationIn office1885 – 1886Preceded byJames Rood DoolittleSucceeded byAllan C. StoryIn office1883 – 1884Preceded byNorman BridgeSucceeded byJames Rood Doolittle Personal detailsBorn(1850-02-26)February 26, 1850Blovice, BohemiaDiedOctober 22, 1928(1928-10-22) (aged 78)Chicago, Illinois, United StatesNationalityAustria-Hungary (birth) American (naturalized citizen)OccupationLawyerKnown forco-founder of the law firm Mayer Brown Adolf Kraus (February 26, 1850 – October 22, 1928) was an American lawyer, political figure, and Jewish leader. Biography At the age of 15 he left the Bohemian town of Rokycany where he had grown up and emigrated to the United States. He worked on a farm and in a factory, later settling in Chicago where he completed his law studies before becoming a lawyer. He is one of the founding partner in the law firm of Kraus and Mayer which is one of the legacy firms that later formed Mayer Brown. In 1897 he was the second president of the civil service commission. He also became a grand officer of B'nai B'rith (president of Isaiah Temple in Chicago) and a prominent executive of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (nowadays the Union for Reform Judaism). In both the 1891 and 1893 Chicago mayoral elections, Kraus served as the campaign manager for Carter Harrison Sr. From 1883 to 1884 and, again, from 1885 to 1886, Kraus served as president of the Chicago Board of Education. Kraus had close contacts to American presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. In his position he also helped Czech and Jewish immigrants to the USA. In 1930 a commemorative plaque of Adolf Kraus was unveiled in the town of Rokycany, on the house where he spent his childhood. However, in the 1940s, during the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany, the plaque was pulled down. The house (No.147 in Havlíčkova ulice Street) was demolished in the 1980s. Notes ^ a b History of Chicago, Illinois. v.2. Chicago and New York City: Munsell & co. 1895. p. 89. ^ "Who Was Who In America: Adolf Kraus". www.brocku.ca. ^ Strom, Roy (July 1, 2014). "The Law Firm Name Game". Chicago Lawyer Magazine. ^ "KRAUS, ADOLF - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. ^ Morton, Richard Allen (June 29, 2016). Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908. McFarland. pp. 32 and 40. ISBN 9781476663777. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ "Památky". encyklopedierokycan.sweb.cz (in Czech). Sources Adolf Kraus Sends Good Wishes to President Harding, New York Times 1921 article External links Works by or about Adolf Kraus at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"}],"text":"Adolf Kraus (February 26, 1850 – October 22, 1928)[2] was an American lawyer, political figure, and Jewish leader.","title":"Adolf Kraus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rokycany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokycany"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mayer Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Brown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"B'nai B'rith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith"},{"link_name":"Union for Reform Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Chicago_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Chicago_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"campaign manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_manager"},{"link_name":"Carter Harrison Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Harrison_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"president of the Chicago Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Chicago_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munsell-1"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At the age of 15 he left the Bohemian town of Rokycany where he had grown up and emigrated to the United States. He worked on a farm and in a factory, later settling in Chicago where he completed his law studies before becoming a lawyer. He is one of the founding partner in the law firm of Kraus and Mayer which is one of the legacy firms that later formed Mayer Brown.[3]In 1897 he was the second president of the civil service commission. He also became a grand officer of B'nai B'rith (president of Isaiah Temple in Chicago) and a prominent executive of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (nowadays the Union for Reform Judaism).[4]In both the 1891 and 1893 Chicago mayoral elections, Kraus served as the campaign manager for Carter Harrison Sr.[5]From 1883 to 1884 and, again, from 1885 to 1886, Kraus served as president of the Chicago Board of Education.[1]Kraus had close contacts to American presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. In his position he also helped Czech and Jewish immigrants to the USA. In 1930 a commemorative plaque of Adolf Kraus was unveiled in the town of Rokycany, on the house where he spent his childhood. However, in the 1940s, during the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany, the plaque was pulled down.[citation needed]The house (No.147 in Havlíčkova ulice Street) was demolished in the 1980s.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Munsell_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Munsell_1-1"},{"link_name":"History of Chicago, Illinois. v.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t8tb10r42&view=1up&seq=117"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Who Was Who In America: Adolf Kraus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/WhoWasWho/WhoWasWho_Kraus.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Law Firm Name Game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagolawyermagazine.com/elements/pages/print.aspx?printpath=/Archives/2014/07/Law-Firm-Name-Game&classname=tera.gn3article"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"KRAUS, ADOLF - JewishEncyclopedia.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=396&letter=K"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xA7MDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781476663777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476663777"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Památky\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//encyklopedierokycan.sweb.cz/havlickovaulice.htm"}],"text":"^ a b History of Chicago, Illinois. v.2. Chicago and New York City: Munsell & co. 1895. p. 89.\n\n^ \"Who Was Who In America: Adolf Kraus\". www.brocku.ca.\n\n^ Strom, Roy (July 1, 2014). \"The Law Firm Name Game\". Chicago Lawyer Magazine.\n\n^ \"KRAUS, ADOLF - JewishEncyclopedia.com\". jewishencyclopedia.com.\n\n^ Morton, Richard Allen (June 29, 2016). Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908. McFarland. pp. 32 and 40. ISBN 9781476663777. Retrieved May 11, 2020.\n\n^ \"Památky\". encyklopedierokycan.sweb.cz (in Czech).","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf Kraus Sends Good Wishes to President Harding, New York Times 1921 article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/11/109825080.pdf"}],"text":"Adolf Kraus Sends Good Wishes to President Harding, New York Times 1921 article","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"History of Chicago, Illinois. v.2. Chicago and New York City: Munsell & co. 1895. p. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t8tb10r42&view=1up&seq=117","url_text":"History of Chicago, Illinois. v.2"}]},{"reference":"\"Who Was Who In America: Adolf Kraus\". www.brocku.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/WhoWasWho/WhoWasWho_Kraus.html","url_text":"\"Who Was Who In America: Adolf Kraus\""}]},{"reference":"Strom, Roy (July 1, 2014). \"The Law Firm Name Game\". Chicago Lawyer Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagolawyermagazine.com/elements/pages/print.aspx?printpath=/Archives/2014/07/Law-Firm-Name-Game&classname=tera.gn3article","url_text":"\"The Law Firm Name Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"KRAUS, ADOLF - JewishEncyclopedia.com\". jewishencyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=396&letter=K","url_text":"\"KRAUS, ADOLF - JewishEncyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"Morton, Richard Allen (June 29, 2016). Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908. McFarland. pp. 32 and 40. ISBN 9781476663777. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xA7MDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476663777","url_text":"9781476663777"}]},{"reference":"\"Památky\". encyklopedierokycan.sweb.cz (in Czech).","urls":[{"url":"http://encyklopedierokycan.sweb.cz/havlickovaulice.htm","url_text":"\"Památky\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrigo_Boldrini
Arrigo Boldrini
["1 Biography","1.1 During the Resistance","1.2 After the War","2 Electoral history","3 References","4 External links"]
Italian politician Arrigo BoldriniPresident of ANPIIn office9 December 1947 – 5 February 2006Preceded byOffice createdSucceeded byAgostino "Tino" CasaliMember of the SenateIn office5 July 1976 – 14 April 1994ConstituencyRavennaMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office8 May 1948 – 4 July 1976ConstituencyBolognaMember of the Constituent AssemblyIn office25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948ConstituencyBologna Personal detailsBorn(1915-09-06)6 September 1915Ravenna, ItalyDied22 January 2008(2008-01-22) (aged 92)Ravenna, ItalyPolitical partyPCI (1943-1991)PDS (1991-1998)DS (1998-2007)OccupationPolitician Arrigo Boldrini (6 September 1915 – 22 January 2008) was an Italian politician and partisan, one of the most prominent figures of the Italian resistance movement, president of National Association of Italian Partisans for almost 60 years. Biography During the Resistance Arrigo Boldrini in the Resistance. In 1943, Boldrini joined the then clandestine Italian Communist Party and has been one of the main promoters of the Resistance in Romagna. During the Resistance, Boldrini was the National Liberation Committee's reference man of Ravenna and leader of the 28th Garibaldi Brigade entitled to the partisan "Mario Gordini". During the Nazi-Fascist occupation, Boldrini was always at the forefront during the liberation missions in Romagna and was nicknamed Bulow, an homage to Prussian general Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow. In 1945, some days immediately after the end of the war, his Brigade was still active in an area where had place a massacre of over 130 surrendered RSI soldiers and some former fascist civilians in Codevigo: in the last years he was indicated by revisionist researchers as the principal instigator of the crime, but in early post-war investigations Boldrini had already been acquitted of the same charges before trial, as it was demonstrated that the massacre was carried "... outside and against his orders and without his knowledge ...", and it's testified that he was elsewhere in the days of the massacre. After the War Boldrini has embodied the ethical and political motives behind the struggle of the Italian Resistance, becoming one of the most authoritative and credible representatives at the institutional level: after being elected to the Constituent Assembly, Boldrini became the first President of the National Association of Italian Partisans, holding this office from 1947 to 2006. Boldrini has been later elected to the Chamber of Deputies from 1948 to 1972 and to the Senate from 1972 to 1992, being a member of the Parliament uninterruptedly from 1948 to 1994. In 1991, Boldrini joined the Democratic Party of the Left, and in 1998 he joined the Democrats of the Left until he decided to leave politics in 2005. He died in his hometown Ravenna on 22 January 2008, at the age of 92. Electoral history Election House Constituency Party Votes Result 1946 Constituent Assembly Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 18,213 Y Elected 1948 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 43,850 Y Elected 1953 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 35,849 Y Elected 1958 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 32,218 Y Elected 1963 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 31,431 Y Elected 1968 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 62,842 Y Elected 1972 Chamber of Deputies Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì PCI 61,765 Y Elected 1976 Senate of the Republic Emilia-Romagna–Ravenna PCI 93,762 Y Elected 1979 Senate of the Republic Emilia-Romagna–Ravenna PCI 94,668 Y Elected 1983 Senate of the Republic Emilia-Romagna–Ravenna PCI 94,618 Y Elected 1987 Senate of the Republic Emilia-Romagna–Ravenna PCI 93,137 Y Elected 1992 Senate of the Republic Emilia-Romagna–Ravenna PDS 71,855 Y Elected References ^ a b c "Arrigo Boldrini - La Storia siamo noi". LaStoriaSiamoNoi.Rai.it. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ "Donne e Uomini della Resistenza: Arrigo Boldrini "Bulow"". ANPI.it. 25 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ "Ravenna: attacco a Boldrini, "è il boia di Codevigo"". RomagnaOggi.it. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ Edmondo Montali. "Il Comandante Bulow" - notes 43 and 50" (PDF). RomagnaOggi.it. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021. ^ "E' morto a 92 anni Arrigo Boldrini, storico comandante partigiano". La Stampa. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ "Morto il partigiano Boldrini, lo storico "comandante Bulow"". La Repubblica. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2018. External links Files about his parliamentary activities (in Italian): I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI legislature. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Freiherr_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"RSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Codevigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codevigo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"During the Resistance","text":"Arrigo Boldrini in the Resistance.In 1943, Boldrini joined the then clandestine Italian Communist Party and has been one of the main promoters of the Resistance in Romagna.[1] During the Resistance, Boldrini was the National Liberation Committee's reference man of Ravenna and leader of the 28th Garibaldi Brigade entitled to the partisan \"Mario Gordini\".[1] During the Nazi-Fascist occupation, Boldrini was always at the forefront during the liberation missions in Romagna and was nicknamed Bulow, an homage to Prussian general Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow.[2]In 1945, some days immediately after the end of the war, his Brigade was still active in an area where had place a massacre of over 130 surrendered RSI soldiers and some former fascist civilians in Codevigo: in the last years he was indicated by revisionist researchers as the principal instigator of the crime,[3] but in early post-war investigations Boldrini had already been acquitted of the same charges before trial, as it was demonstrated that the massacre was carried \"... outside and against his orders and without his knowledge ...\", and it's testified that he was elsewhere in the days of the massacre.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"National Association of Italian Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANPI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rappr-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of the Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left"},{"link_name":"Democrats of the Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"After the War","text":"Boldrini has embodied the ethical and political motives behind the struggle of the Italian Resistance, becoming one of the most authoritative and credible representatives at the institutional level: after being elected to the Constituent Assembly, Boldrini became the first President of the National Association of Italian Partisans, holding this office from 1947 to 2006.[5]Boldrini has been later elected to the Chamber of Deputies from 1948 to 1972 and to the Senate from 1972 to 1992, being a member of the Parliament uninterruptedly from 1948 to 1994.[1]In 1991, Boldrini joined the Democratic Party of the Left, and in 1998 he joined the Democrats of the Left until he decided to leave politics in 2005.He died in his hometown Ravenna on 22 January 2008, at the age of 92.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Brouwer
Wouter Brouwer
["1 References","2 External links"]
Dutch fencer Wouter BrouwerPersonal informationBorn(1882-08-10)10 August 1882Amsterdam, NetherlandsDied4 May 1961(1961-05-04) (aged 78)Amsterdam, NetherlandsSportSportFencing Wouter Brouwer (10 August 1882 – 4 May 1961) was a Dutch fencer. He competed at three Olympic Games. References ^ "Wouter Brouwer". Olympedia. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "Wouter Brouwer Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2010. External links Wouter Brouwer at Olympedia This biographical article related to fencing in the Netherlands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament
Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
["1 Qualification","2 Schedule","3 Competition format","4 Draw","4.1 Seeding","4.2 Final draw","5 Referees","6 Group stage","6.1 Group A","6.2 Group B","7 Knockout stage","7.1 Bracket","7.2 Quarterfinals","7.3 5–8th place semifinals","7.4 Semifinals","7.5 Seventh place game","7.6 Fifth place game","7.7 Bronze medal game","7.8 Gold medal game","8 Final ranking","9 Medalists","10 Team statistics","10.1 Goals for","10.2 Goals against","10.3 Goal difference","10.4 Saves","10.5 Blocks","10.6 Rebounds","10.7 Steals","10.8 Sprints won","10.9 Turnovers","10.10 Exclusions with substitution","11 Player statistics","11.1 Multiple medalists","11.2 Leading goalscorers","11.3 Saves leaders","11.4 Leading blockers","11.5 Leading rebounders","11.6 Steals leaders","11.7 Leading sprinters","11.8 Turnovers leaders","11.9 Exclusions leaders","12 Awards","13 References","14 Sources","14.1 Overall","14.2 Tournament details","14.3 Statistics","14.4 Medallists and victory ceremony presenters","15 External links"]
Men's water poloat the Games of the XXXII OlympiadTournament detailsHost country JapanCityTokyoVenue(s)Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming CenterDates25 July – 8 August 2021Teams12 (from 5 confederations)Competitors156Final positionsChampions Serbia (2nd title)Runners-up GreeceThird place HungaryFourth place SpainTournament statisticsMatches42Goals scored902 (21.48 per match)Total attendance0 (0 per match)Multiplemedalists4-time medalist(s): 3 players3-time medalist(s): 4 playersTop scorer(s) Aleksandar Ivović(23 goals in 8 matches)Most saves Branislav Mitrović(70 saves in 6 matches) Emmanouil Zerdevas(70 saves in 7 matches)Top sprinter(s) Johnny Hooper(22 sprints won in 8 matches)MVP Filip Filipović← 2016 2024 → Water polo at the2020 Summer OlympicsQualificationmenwomenTournamentsmenwomenRostersmenwomenvte The men's tournament of water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics at Tokyo, Japan began on 25 July and ended on 8 August 2021. It was held at the Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center. It was the 27th official appearance of the tournament, which was not held in 1896 and was a demonstration sport in 1904 but otherwise had been held at every Olympics. On 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of this pandemic, the games are played behind closed doors. Serbia won their second consecutive gold medal after a finals win over Greece, while Hungary captured the bronze medal. The medals for the competition were presented by Nenad Lalović, IOC Executive Board Member; Serbia and the medalists' bouquets were presented by Andrey Kryukov, Kazakhstan; FINA Bureau Member. Qualification Main article: Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification Event Dates Hosts Quota Qualifier(s) Host nation — — 1  Japan 2019 FINA World League 18–23 June 2019 Belgrade 1  Serbia 2019 FINA World Championships 15–27 July 2019 Gwangju 2  Italy  Spain 2019 Pan American Games 4–10 August 2019 Lima 1  United States Oceanian Continental Selection — — 1  Australia African Continental Selection — — 1  South Africa 2020 European Championships 14–26 January 2020 Budapest 1  Hungary 2018 Asian Games 25 August – 1 September 2018 Jakarta 1  Kazakhstan World Qualification Tournament 14–21 February 2021 Rotterdam 3  Croatia  Greece  Montenegro Total 12 Schedule The competition began on 25 July, and matches were held every other day. At each match time, two matches were played simultaneously (one from each group during preliminary round, two quarterfinals during that round, one main semifinal and one classification 5 to 8 semifinal during the semifinal round, and the two classification games on the final day) except for the bronze and gold medal matches. Legend G Group stage ¼ Quarterfinals ½ Semifinals B Bronze medal match F Gold medal match Sun 25 Mon 26 Tue 27 Wed 28 Thu 29 Fri 30 Sat 31 Sun 1 Mon 2 Tue 3 Wed 4 Thu 5 Fri 6 Sat 7 Sun 8 G G G G G ¼ ½ B F Competition format The twelve teams were seeded into two groups for a preliminary round. The teams in each group played a round-robin. The top four teams in each group advanced to the knockout round while the fifth- and sixth- placed teams were eliminated. The fifth placed teams were ranked ninth and tenth based on win–loss record, then goal average; the sixth-placed teams were ranked eleventh and twelfth in the same way. The knockout round began with quarterfinals and the winners advanced to the semifinals, while the quarterfinal losers played in the fifth- to eighth- place classification. The two semifinal winners played in the gold medal match, while the two semifinal losers played in the bronze medal match. Draw The draw took place on 21 February 2021 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Seeding The twelve teams in the men's tournament were drawn into two groups of six teams. The teams were seeded into six pots.: 20:59  Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Pot 5 Pot 6  Italy Spain  Serbia Hungary  United States Australia  South Africa Kazakhstan  Montenegro Greece  Croatia Japan (hosts) Final draw The hosts Japan was drawn into Group A, while the reigning Olympic champion Serbia was drawn into Group B.: 30:33  Group A Group B 1  South Africa  Australia 2  United States  Croatia 3  Hungary  Serbia 4  Greece  Spain 5  Japan  Kazakhstan 6  Italy  Montenegro Referees The following 28 referees were selected for the tournament.: 275–276  24 referees: Germán Moller Nicola Johnson Marie-Claude Deslières Zhang Liang Nenad Periš Sébastien Dervieux Frank Ohme Georgios Stavridis György Kun Alessandro Severo Asumi Tsuzaki Viktor Salnichenko Stanko Ivanovski Michiel Zwart John Waldow Adrian Alexandrescu Arkadiy Voevodin Vojin Putniković Jeremy Cheng Dion Willis Xevi Buch Ursula Wengenroth Michael Goldenberg Daniel Daners 4 video assistant referees: Mladen Rak Alexandr Margolin Alexandr Shershnev Jaume Teixido Group stage The schedule was announced on 9 March 2021. All times are local (UTC+9). Group A Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1  Greece 5 4 1 0 68 34 +34 9 Quarterfinals 2  Italy 5 3 2 0 60 32 +28 8 3  Hungary 5 3 1 1 64 35 +29 7 4  United States 5 2 0 3 59 53 +6 4 5  Japan (H) 5 1 0 4 65 66 −1 2 6  South Africa 5 0 0 5 20 116 −96 0 Source: Tokyo 2020 and FINARules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference.(H) Hosts 25 July 2021 (2021-07-25) 10:00v Report South Africa  2–21  Italy Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Viktor Salnichenko (KAZ), Stanko Ivanovski (MNE) Score by quarters: 0–2, 2–8, 0–7, 0–4 Rezelman, Stone 1 Goals Di Fulvio 5 25 July 2021 (2021-07-25) 11:30v Report Hungary  9–10  Greece Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michiel Zwart (NED), Vojin Putniković (SRB) Score by quarters: 3–2, 3–4, 2–3, 1–1 Erdélyi, Varga 3 Goals Fountoulis 3 25 July 2021 (2021-07-25) 14:00v Report United States  15–13  Japan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Sébastien Dervieux (FRA), Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS) Score by quarters: 3–3, 4–5, 4–2, 4–3 Bowen 5 Goals three players 3 27 July 2021 (2021-07-27) 10:00v Report South Africa  3–20  United States Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Zhang Liang (CHN), Vojin Putniković (SRB) Score by quarters: 0–3, 1–9, 1–3, 1–5 three players 1 Goals Hallock 4 27 July 2021 (2021-07-27) 15:30v Report Italy  6–6  Greece Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Xevi Buch (ESP), Stanko Ivanovski (MNE) Score by quarters: 1–1, 1–1, 0–4, 4–0 Aicardi, Figlioli 2 Goals six players 1 27 July 2021 (2021-07-27) 18:20v Report Japan  11–16  Hungary Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michiel Zwart (NED), Nenad Periš (CRO) Score by quarters: 3–4, 5–4, 2–5, 1–3 Inaba, Okawa 3 Goals Zalánki 4 29 July 2021 (2021-07-29) 10:00v Report Hungary  23–1  South Africa Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Daniel Daners (URU), Germán Moller (ARG) Score by quarters: 4–0, 5–0, 8–0, 6–1 Manhercz 5 Goals Rodda 1 29 July 2021 (2021-07-29) 14:00v Report United States  11–12  Italy Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Sébastien Dervieux (FRA), Nenad Periš (CRO) Score by quarters: 4–2, 3–3, 2–3, 2–4 four players 2 Goals Di Fulvio 5 29 July 2021 (2021-07-29) 18:20v Report Greece  10–9  Japan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), Vojin Putniković (SRB) Score by quarters: 1–1, 4–4, 2–1, 3–3 Kapotsis, Genidounias 3 Goals Adachi 3 31 July 2021 (2021-07-31) 14:00v Report United States  8–11  Hungary Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Xevi Buch (ESP), Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS) Score by quarters: 1–2, 3–3, 0–3, 4–3 Bowen, Hallock 2 Goals Manhercz 3 31 July 2021 (2021-07-31) 18:20v Report Italy  16–8  Japan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Stanko Ivanovski (MNE), Nenad Periš (CRO) Score by quarters: 5–0, 3–3, 3–1, 5–4 Bodagas, Figlioli 3 Goals Inaba 3 31 July 2021 (2021-07-31) 19:50v Report South Africa  5–28  Greece Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:John Waldow (NZL), Zhang Liang (CHN) Score by quarters: 1–7, 2–5, 1–7, 1–9 Stone 2 Goals Fountoulis 5 2 August 2021 (2021-08-02) 10:00v Report Hungary  5–5  Italy Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Xevi Buch (ESP), Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS) Score by quarters: 2–1, 2–1, 1–1, 0–2 Varga 3 Goals Figlioli 2 2 August 2021 (2021-08-02) 11:30v Report Greece  14–5  United States Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), Michiel Zwart (NED) Score by quarters: 4–1, 2–2, 5–2, 3–0 Genidounias 5 Goals Obert 2 2 August 2021 (2021-08-02) 18:20v Report Japan  24–9  South Africa Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:John Waldow (NZL), Vojin Putniković (SRB) Score by quarters: 5–4, 7–4, 6–1, 6–0 Adachi, Arai 4 Goals Neill 4 Group B Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1  Spain 5 5 0 0 61 31 +30 10 Quarterfinals 2  Croatia 5 3 0 2 62 46 +16 6 3  Serbia 5 3 0 2 70 46 +24 6 4  Montenegro 5 2 0 3 54 56 −2 4 5  Australia 5 2 0 3 49 60 −11 4 6  Kazakhstan 5 0 0 5 35 92 −57 0 Source: Tokyo 2020 and FINARules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference.Notes: ^ a b Croatia 14–12 Serbia ^ a b Australia 10–15 Montenegro 25 July 2021 (2021-07-25) 15:30v Report Australia  10–15  Montenegro Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), Alessandro Severo (ITA) Score by quarters: 5–4, 2–2, 1–4, 2–5 Campbell 3 Goals Ukropina 4 25 July 2021 (2021-07-25) 18:20v Report Serbia  12–13  Spain Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michael Goldenberg (USA), Georgios Stavridis (GRE) Score by quarters: 3–3, 3–5, 3–2, 3–3 four players 2 Goals Munarriz 4 25 July 2021 (2021-07-25) 19:50v Report Croatia  23–7  Kazakhstan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Dion Willis (RSA), Frank Ohme (GER) Score by quarters: 4–1, 6–3, 8–1, 5–2 Joković 5 Goals Vuksanović 3 27 July 2021 (2021-07-27) 11:30v Report Montenegro  6–8  Spain Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Sébastien Dervieux (FRA), Georgios Stavridis (GRE) Score by quarters: 2–3, 1–2, 2–2, 1–1 Matković 3 Goals three players 2 27 July 2021 (2021-07-27) 14:00v Report Kazakhstan  5–19  Serbia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), György Kun (HUN) Score by quarters: 2–4, 1–3, 2–6, 0–6 Medvedev, Vuksanović 2 Goals Pijetlović 4 27 July 2021 (2021-07-27) 19:50v Report Australia  11–8  Croatia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Frank Ohme (GER), Michael Goldenberg (USA) Score by quarters: 3–3, 2–0, 2–3, 4–2 Campbell 3 Goals Joković 3 29 July 2021 (2021-07-29) 11:30v Report Spain  16–4  Kazakhstan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michael Goldenberg (USA), Dion Willis (RSA) Score by quarters: 3–0, 3–0, 5–2, 5–2 Granados 5 Goals Vuksanović 2 29 July 2021 (2021-07-29) 15:30v Report Croatia  13–8  Montenegro Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS), György Kun (HUN) Score by quarters: 1–1, 6–4, 4–3, 2–0 Fatović 3 Goals three players 2 29 July 2021 (2021-07-29) 19:50v Report Serbia  14–8  Australia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Frank Ohme (GER), Georgios Stavridis (GRE) Score by quarters: 6–0, 4–1, 1–2, 3–5 Mandić 4 Goals B. Edwards 2 31 July 2021 (2021-07-31) 10:00v Report Montenegro  19–12  Kazakhstan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Frank Ohme (GER), Georgios Stavridis (GRE) Score by quarters: 5–3, 6–3, 3–3, 5–3 three players 4 Goals Ruday 3 31 July 2021 (2021-07-31) 11:30v Report Australia  5–16  Spain Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), Sébastien Dervieux (FRA) Score by quarters: 2–4, 1–4, 2–5, 0–3 Edwards, Younger 2 Goals Granados 4 31 July 2021 (2021-07-31) 15:30v Report Croatia  14–12  Serbia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michael Goldenberg (USA), Michiel Zwart (NED) Score by quarters: 5–3, 1–1, 4–4, 4–4 Joković, Obradović 4 Goals Jakšić 3 2 August 2021 (2021-08-02) 14:00v Report Serbia  13–6  Montenegro Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Alessandro Severo (ITA), Frank Ohme (GER) Score by quarters: 6–1, 2–1, 3–2, 2–2 Filipović 3 Goals Ivović 3 2 August 2021 (2021-08-02) 15:30v Report Spain  8–4  Croatia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Georgios Stavridis (GRE), György Kun (HUN) Score by quarters: 2–1, 1–0, 4–2, 1–1 Granados 2 Goals Bukić 2 2 August 2021 (2021-08-02) 19:50v Report Australia  15–7  Kazakhstan Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Germán Moller (ARG), Michael Goldenberg (USA) Score by quarters: 4–1, 3–0, 5–2, 3–4 Howden 5 Goals Shakenov, Ukumanov 2 Knockout stage Bracket  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsGold medal            4 August   Greece10 6 August  Montenegro4   Greece9 4 August  Hungary6   Croatia11 8 August  Hungary15   Greece10 4 August  Serbia13   Italy6 6 August  Serbia10   Serbia10 4 August  Spain9 Bronze medal  Spain12 8 August  United States8   Hungary9   Spain5   Fifth place bracket  5–8th place semifinalsFifth place        6 August   Montenegro10 8 August  Croatia12   Croatia14 6 August  United States11   Italy6   United States7  Seventh place  8 August   Montenegro14 (3)   Italy (pen.)14 (4) Quarterfinals 4 August 2021 (2021-08-04) 14:00v Report United States  8–12  Spain Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michiel Zwart (NED), György Kun (HUN) Score by quarters: 3–3, 3–3, 0–1, 2–5 Daube 3 Goals four players 2 4 August 2021 (2021-08-04) 15:30v Report Greece  10–4  Montenegro Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), Alessandro Severo (ITA) Score by quarters: 1–0, 2–1, 3–1, 4–2 Genidounias 5 Goals Ivović 2 4 August 2021 (2021-08-04) 18:20v Report Italy  6–10  Serbia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS), Georgios Stavridis (GRE) Score by quarters: 2–5, 1–4, 1–0, 2–1 Presciutti 2 Goals Filipović 3 4 August 2021 (2021-08-04) 19:50v Report Hungary  15–11  Croatia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Sébastien Dervieux (FRA), Frank Ohme (GER) Score by quarters: 2–3, 5–2, 4–3, 4–3 Manhercz 7 Goals Bukić 4 5–8th place semifinals 6 August 2021 (2021-08-06) 14:00v Report Montenegro  10–12  Croatia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Viktor Salnichenko (KAZ), György Kun (HUN) Score by quarters: 0–1, 4–5, 3–3, 3–3 Ivović 3 Goals Vukičević 3 6 August 2021 (2021-08-06) 18:20v Report Italy  6–7  United States Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Sébastien Dervieux (FRA), Xevi Buch (ESP) Score by quarters: 2–2, 1–3, 2–0, 1–2 Figlioli, Renzuto 2 Goals Bowen 3 Semifinals 6 August 2021 (2021-08-06) 15:30v Report Greece  9–6  Hungary Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michael Goldenberg (USA), Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS) Score by quarters: 2–1, 1–1, 2–2, 4–2 Argyropoulos 4 Goals Manhercz 2 6 August 2021 (2021-08-06) 19:50v Report Serbia  10–9  Spain Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Adrian Alexandrescu (ROU), Michiel Zwart (NED) Score by quarters: 2–0, 2–5, 1–2, 5–2 Mandić 3 Goals three players 2 Seventh place game 8 August 2021 (2021-08-08) 09:30v Report Montenegro  14–14  Italy Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Viktor Salnichenko (KAZ), Sébastien Dervieux (FRA) Score by quarters: 2–3, 5–4, 4–5, 3–2  PSO: 3–4 Ivović 6 Goals Velotto 5 Fifth place game 8 August 2021 (2021-08-08) 11:00v Report Croatia  14–11  United States Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Alessandro Severo (ITA), György Kun (HUN) Score by quarters: 2–3, 4–2, 4–2, 4–4 Bukić 3 Goals five players 2 Bronze medal game 8 August 2021 (2021-08-08) 13:40v Report Hungary  9–5  Spain Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Arkadiy Voevodin (RUS), Georgios Stavridis (GRE) Score by quarters: 3–3, 2–2, 1–0, 3–0 Vámos 2 Goals Munárriz 2 Gold medal game 8 August 2021 (2021-08-08) 16:30v Report Greece  10–13  Serbia Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Referees:Michael Goldenberg (USA), Xevi Buch (ESP) Score by quarters: 3–6, 4–2, 2–2, 1–3 three players 2 Goals three players 3 Final ranking See also: National team appearances in the men's Olympic water polo tournament Rank Team  Serbia  Greece  Hungary 4  Spain 5  Croatia 6  United States 7  Italy 8  Montenegro 9  Australia 10  Japan 11  Kazakhstan 12  South Africa  2020 Men's Olympic champions  SerbiaSecond title Medalists Gold Silver Bronze  Serbia (SRB) Gojko Pijetlović (GK)Dušan Mandić (LH)Nikola DedovićSava RanđelovićStrahinja RašovićDuško PijetlovićĐorđe LazićMilan AleksićNikola JakšićFilip Filipović (C, LH)Andrija PrlainovićStefan MitrovićBranislav Mitrović (GK)Head coach: Dejan Savić  Greece (GRE) Emmanouil Zerdevas (GK)Konstantinos GenidouniasDimitrios SkoumpakisMarios KapotsisIoannis Fountoulis (C)Alexandros PapanastasiouGeorgios DervisisStylianos ArgyropoulosKonstantinos MourikisChristodoulos KolomvosKonstantinos GkiouvetsisAngelos VlachopoulosKonstantinos Galanidis (GK)Head coach: Thodoris Vlachos  Hungary (HUN) Viktor Nagy (GK)Dániel AngyalKrisztián ManherczGergő Zalánki (LH)Márton Vámos (LH)Norbert HosnyánszkyMátyás PásztorSzilárd JansikBalázs ErdélyiDénes Varga (C)Tamás Mezei (LH)Balázs HáraiSoma Vogel (GK)Head coach: Tamás Märcz Team statistics Goals for Rank Team Goalsfor Matchesplayed Goals forper match Shots % Finish 1  Japan 65 5 13.000 170 38.2% 10th 2  Serbia 103 8 12.875 237 43.5% 1st 3  Croatia 99 8 12.375 245 40.4% 5th 4  Greece 97 8 12.125 247 39.3% 2nd 5  Hungary 94 8 11.750 247 38.1% 3rd 6  Spain 87 8 10.875 238 36.6% 4th 7  Italy 86 8 10.750 242 35.5% 7th 8  United States 85 8 10.625 244 34.8% 6th 9  Montenegro 82 8 10.250 247 33.2% 8th 10  Australia 49 5 9.800 149 32.9% 9th 11  Kazakhstan 35 5 7.000 133 26.3% 11th 12  South Africa 20 5 4.000 111 18.0% 12th Total 902 42 10.738 2510 35.9% Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Goals against Rank Team Goalsagainst Matchesplayed Goals againstper match Shots % Finish 1  Greece 57 8 7.125 230 24.8% 2nd 2  Spain 58 8 7.250 223 26.0% 4th 3  Hungary 60 8 7.500 237 25.3% 3rd 4  Italy 63 8 7.875 226 27.9% 7th 5  Serbia 71 8 8.875 243 29.2% 1st 6  Croatia 82 8 10.250 245 33.5% 5th 7  United States 85 8 10.625 240 35.4% 6th 8  Montenegro 92 8 11.500 227 40.5% 8th 9  Australia 60 5 12.000 136 44.1% 9th 10  Japan 66 5 13.200 147 44.9% 10th 11  Kazakhstan 92 5 18.400 161 57.1% 11th 12  South Africa 116 5 23.200 195 59.5% 12th Total 902 42 10.738 2510 35.9% Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Goal difference Rank Team Goalsfor Goalsagainst Goaldiff. Matchesplayed Goals diff.per match Finish 1  Greece 97 57 40 8 5.000 2nd 2  Hungary 94 60 34 8 4.250 3rd 3  Serbia 103 71 32 8 4.000 1st 4  Spain 87 58 29 8 3.625 4th 5  Italy 86 63 23 8 2.875 7th 6  Croatia 99 82 17 8 2.125 5th 7  United States 85 85 0 8 0.000 6th 8  Japan 65 66 −1 5 −0.200 10th 9  Montenegro 82 92 −10 8 −1.250 8th 10  Australia 49 60 −11 5 −2.200 9th 11  Kazakhstan 35 92 −57 5 −11.400 11th 12  South Africa 20 116 −96 5 −19.200 12th Total 902 902 0 42 0.000 Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Saves Rank Team Saves Matchesplayed Savesper match Shots % Finish 1  Serbia 89 8 11.125 160 55.6% 1st 2  Croatia 88 8 11.000 170 51.8% 5th 3  Spain 87 8 10.875 145 60.0% 4th 4  United States 83 8 10.375 168 49.4% 6th 5  Greece 79 8 9.875 136 58.1% 2nd 5  Italy 79 8 9.875 142 55.6% 7th 7  Hungary 72 8 9.000 132 54.5% 3rd 8  Montenegro 70 8 8.750 162 43.2% 8th 9  Japan 43 5 8.600 109 39.4% 10th 10  Australia 41 5 8.200 101 40.6% 9th 11  South Africa 30 5 6.000 146 20.5% 12th 12  Kazakhstan 28 5 5.600 120 23.3% 11th Total 789 42 9.393 1691 46.7% Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Blocks Rank Team Blocks Matchesplayed Blocksper match Finish 1  Greece 46 8 5.750 2nd 1  Hungary 46 8 5.750 3rd 3  Serbia 45 8 5.625 1st 4  United States 36 8 4.500 6th 5  Italy 31 8 3.875 7th 6  Croatia 28 8 3.500 5th 7  Spain 26 8 3.250 4th 8  South Africa 16 5 3.200 12th 9  Montenegro 25 8 3.125 8th 10  Kazakhstan 12 5 2.400 11th 11  Japan 10 5 2.000 10th 12  Australia 7 5 1.400 9th Total 328 42 3.905 Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Rebounds Rank Team Rebounds Matchesplayed Reboundsper match Finish 1  Hungary 59 8 7.375 3rd 1  Spain 59 8 7.375 4th 3  Greece 53 8 6.625 2nd 4  Australia 31 5 6.200 9th 5  Serbia 48 8 6.000 1st 5  United States 48 8 6.000 6th 7  Croatia 44 8 5.500 5th 7  Italy 44 8 5.500 7th 9  Montenegro 40 8 5.000 8th 10  Japan 24 5 4.800 10th 11  Kazakhstan 22 5 4.400 11th 12  South Africa 19 5 3.800 12th Total 491 42 5.845 Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Steals Rank Team Steals Matchesplayed Stealsper match Finish 1  Japan 44 5 8.800 10th 2  Italy 65 8 8.125 7th 3  Montenegro 64 8 8.000 8th 4  Spain 49 8 6.125 4th 5  Hungary 48 8 6.000 3rd 6  Serbia 47 8 5.875 1st 7  Croatia 46 8 5.750 5th 8  Greece 45 8 5.625 2nd 9  Australia 28 5 5.600 9th 9  Kazakhstan 28 5 5.600 11th 11  United States 44 8 5.500 6th 12  South Africa 15 5 3.000 12th Total 523 42 6.226 Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Sprints won Rank Team Sprints won Matchesplayed Sprints wonper match Sprintscontested % Finish 1  Italy 25 8 3.125 32 78.1% 7th 2  Spain 24 8 3.000 32 75.0% 4th 3  Australia 14 5 2.800 20 70.0% 9th 4  United States 22 8 2.750 32 68.8% 6th 5  Croatia 19 8 2.375 32 59.4% 5th 6  Hungary 17 8 2.125 32 53.1% 3rd 7  Greece 13 8 1.625 32 40.6% 2nd 8  Serbia 11 8 1.375 32 34.4% 1st 9  Montenegro 10 8 1.250 32 31.3% 8th 10  Japan 5 5 1.000 20 25.0% 10th 11  Kazakhstan 4 5 0.800 20 20.0% 11th 11  South Africa 4 5 0.800 20 20.0% 12th Total 168 42 2.000 336 50.0% Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Turnovers Rank Team Turnovers Matchesplayed Turnoversper match Finish 1  Japan 14 5 2.800 10th 2  Spain 30 8 3.750 4th 3  Croatia 31 8 3.875 5th 4  Australia 21 5 4.200 9th 5  Greece 37 8 4.625 2nd 6  Montenegro 38 8 4.750 8th 7  Kazakhstan 24 5 4.800 11th 8  Serbia 40 8 5.000 1st 9  Hungary 41 8 5.125 3rd 10  Italy 46 8 5.750 7th 11  United States 48 8 6.000 6th 12  South Africa 44 5 8.800 12th Total 414 42 4.929 Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Exclusions with substitution Rank Team Exclusionswithsubstitution Matchesplayed Exclusionsw/substper match Finish 1  Italy 4 8 0.500 7th 1  Montenegro 4 8 0.500 8th 3  Japan 3 5 0.600 10th 4  Kazakhstan 5 5 1.000 11th 4  Spain 8 8 1.000 4th 6  Australia 6 5 1.200 9th 7  United States 10 8 1.250 6th 8  Serbia 11 8 1.375 1st 9  Croatia 12 8 1.500 5th 10  Hungary 13 8 1.625 3rd 11  South Africa 9 5 1.800 12th 12  Greece 16 8 2.000 2nd Total 101 42 1.202 Source: Official Results Book (page 99) Player statistics Main article: List of men's Olympic water polo tournament records and statistics Multiple medalists Main article: List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men) Four-time Olympic medalist(s): 3 players  Serbia: Filip Filipović, Duško Pijetlović, Andrija Prlainović Three-time Olympic medalist(s): 4 players  Serbia: Milan Aleksić, Dušan Mandić, Stefan Mitrović, Gojko Pijetlović (GK) Leading goalscorers Rank Player Team Goals Matchesplayed Goalsper match Shots % 1 Aleksandar Ivović  Montenegro 23 8 2.875 43 53.5% 2 Luka Bukić  Croatia 20 8 2.500 41 48.8% Krisztián Manhercz  Hungary 8 2.500 44 45.5% 4 Alex Bowen  United States 18 8 2.250 44 40.9% Álvaro Granados  Spain 8 2.250 52 34.6% 6 Francesco Di Fulvio  Italy 17 8 2.125 55 30.9% Konstantinos Genidounias  Greece 8 2.125 54 31.5% Dušan Mandić  Serbia 8 2.125 36 47.2% 9 Filip Filipović  Serbia 16 8 2.000 27 59.3% Ioannis Fountoulis  Greece 8 2.000 42 38.1% Maro Joković  Croatia 8 2.000 37 43.2% Source: Official Results Book (page 109) Saves leaders Rank Goalkeeper Team Saves Matchesplayed Savesper match Shots % 1 Branislav Mitrović  Serbia 70 6 11.667 122 57.4% Emmanouil Zerdevas  Greece 7 10.000 122 57.4% 3 Marco Del Lungo  Italy 61 7 8.714 110 55.5% 4 Daniel López  Spain 60 6 10.000 109 55.0% 5 Marko Bijač  Croatia 56 6 9.333 116 48.3% Viktor Nagy  Hungary 7 8.000 103 54.4% 7 Drew Holland  United States 52 5 10.400 111 46.8% 8 Slaven Kandić  Montenegro 41 5 8.200 92 44.6% 9 Katsuyuki Tanamura  Japan 36 4 9.000 93 38.7% 10 Ivan Marcelić  Croatia 32 3 10.667 54 59.3% Source: Official Results Book (page 111) Leading blockers Rank Player Team Blocks Matchesplayed Blocksper match 1 Filip Filipović  Serbia 10 8 1.250 Krisztián Manhercz  Hungary 8 1.250 3 Draško Brguljan  Montenegro 7 8 0.875 Francesco Di Fulvio  Italy 8 0.875 Gergő Zalánki  Hungary 8 0.875 6 Luca Cupido  United States 6 8 0.750 Georgios Dervisis  Greece 8 0.750 Gonzalo Echenique  Italy 8 0.750 Ioannis Fountoulis  Greece 8 0.750 Konstantinos Genidounias  Greece 8 0.750 Balázs Hárai  Hungary 8 0.750 Maro Joković  Croatia 8 0.750 Marios Kapotsis  Greece 8 0.750 Đorđe Lazić  Serbia 8 0.750 Ross Stone  South Africa 5 1.200 Marko Vavic  United States 8 0.750 Angelos Vlachopoulos  Greece 8 0.750 Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Leading rebounders Rank Player Team Rebounds Matchesplayed Reboundsper match 1 Álvaro Granados  Spain 12 8 1.500 Angelos Vlachopoulos  Greece 8 1.500 3 Alberto Munárriz  Spain 11 8 1.375 4 Filip Filipović  Serbia 10 8 1.250 5 Draško Brguljan  Montenegro 9 8 1.125 Ioannis Fountoulis  Greece 8 1.125 7 Gonzalo Echenique  Italy 8 8 1.000 Loren Fatović  Croatia 8 1.000 Konstantinos Genidounias  Greece 8 1.000 Aleksandar Ivović  Montenegro 8 1.000 Krisztián Manhercz  Hungary 8 1.000 Nicholas Presciutti  Italy 8 1.000 Aleksa Ukropina  Montenegro 8 1.000 Dénes Varga  Hungary 7 1.143 Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Steals leaders Rank Player Team Steals Matchesplayed Stealsper match 1 Alessandro Velotto  Italy 13 8 1.625 2 Álvaro Granados  Spain 11 8 1.375 3 Draško Brguljan  Montenegro 10 8 1.250 Drew Holland (GK)  United States 5 2.000 Aleksandar Ivović  Montenegro 8 1.250 Katsuyuki Tanamura (GK)  Japan 5 2.000 7 Vlado Popadić  Montenegro 9 8 1.125 Nicholas Presciutti  Italy 8 1.125 9 Balázs Erdélyi  Hungary 8 8 1.000 Anthony Hrysanthos (GK)  Australia 3 2.667 Dušan Marković  Kazakhstan 5 1.600 Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Leading sprinters Rank Sprinter Team Sprintswon Matchesplayed Sprints wonper match Sprintscontested % 1 Johnny Hooper  United States 22 8 2.750 29 75.9% 2 Martin Famera  Spain 17 8 2.125 19 89.5% 3 Rhys Howden  Australia 14 5 2.800 19 73.7% 4 Luka Bukić  Croatia 13 8 1.625 18 72.2% Francesco Di Fulvio  Italy 8 1.625 18 72.2% 6 Alexandros Papanastasiou  Greece 11 8 1.375 17 64.7% 7 Strahinja Rašović  Serbia 8 8 1.000 19 42.1% 8 Draško Brguljan  Montenegro 7 8 0.875 20 35.0% Pietro Figlioli  Italy 7 1.000 8 87.5% 10 Krisztián Manhercz  Hungary 6 8 0.750 11 54.5% Lovre Miloš  Croatia 8 0.750 14 42.9% Source: Official Results Book (page 108) Turnovers leaders Rank Player Team Turnovers Matchesplayed Turnoversper match 1 Michaël Bodegas  Italy 15 8 1.875 2 Ben Hallock  United States 14 8 1.750 3 Balázs Hárai  Hungary 11 8 1.375 4 Luka Lončar  Croatia 10 8 1.250 Duško Pijetlović  Serbia 8 1.250 6 Tamás Mezei  Hungary 9 7 1.286 7 Francesco Di Fulvio  Italy 8 8 1.000 Konstantinos Mourikis  Greece 8 1.000 9 Devon Card  South Africa 7 5 1.400 Miguel de Toro  Spain 8 0.875 Đorđe Lazić  Serbia 8 0.875 Miroslav Perković  Montenegro 8 0.875 Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Exclusions leaders Rank Player Team Exclusionswithsubstitution Matchesplayed Exclusionsw/substper match 1 Marko Macan  Croatia 6 8 0.750 2 Dimitrios Skoumpakis  Greece 4 8 0.500 3 Georgios Dervisis  Greece 3 8 0.375 Norbert Hosnyánszky  Hungary 8 0.375 Cameron Laurenson  South Africa 5 0.600 Sava Ranđelović  Serbia 8 0.375 Dylan Woodhead  United States 8 0.375 8 Milan Aleksić  Serbia 2 8 0.250 Stylianos Argyropoulos  Greece 8 0.250 Andro Bušlje  Croatia 8 0.250 Alejandro Bustos  Spain 8 0.250 Lachlan Edwards  Australia 5 0.400 Balázs Erdélyi  Hungary 8 0.250 Martin Famera  Spain 8 0.250 George Ford  Australia 5 0.400 Ioannis Fountoulis  Greece 8 0.250 Balázs Hárai  Hungary 8 0.250 Szilárd Jansik  Hungary 8 0.250 Stefan Mitrović  Serbia 8 0.250 Alexandros Papanastasiou  Greece 8 0.250 Jesse Smith  United States 7 0.286 Angelos Vlachopoulos  Greece 8 0.250 Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154) Awards The all-star team was announced on 8 August 2021. Position Player Goalkeeper Branislav Mitrović Field players Roger Tahull (Centre forward) Stylianos Argyropoulos Filip Filipović Yusuke Inaba Aleksandar Ivović Krisztián Manhercz MVP Filip Filipović References ^ "Water Polo Competition Schedule". tokyo2020.org. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Tokyo Olympics to be held without fans after new COVID-19 state of emergency declared". usatoday.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "Serbia defend their men's water polo Olympic title". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Ivan Curcic (30 January 2020). "Problems on road to Tokyo: Kazakhstan refuses to host Asian Championships". total-waterpolo.com. Retrieved 12 February 2020. ^ Ivan Curcic (14 February 2020). "Asian Federation decides: Kazakhstan and China go to Tokyo". total-waterpolo.com. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ "Water Polo Competition Schedule". tokyo2020.org. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "Competition Schedule – FINA Official". fina.org. FINA. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ Curcic, Ivan (9 March 2021). "Schedule of Olympic water polo tournaments". total-waterpolo.com. Total Waterpolo. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "FINA By-Laws, 2017–21" (PDF). FINA. Retrieved 31 January 2020. ^ "Draws for the water polo Olympic tournaments". fina.org. FINA. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ a b c Tokyo2020 – Women and Men Water Polo tournament Draw. FINA. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ Curcic, Ivan (10 February 2021). "Draw for Olympic Games on February 21". total-waterpolo.com. Total Waterpolo. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Official Results Book – 2020 Olympic Games – Water Polo" (PDF). Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 8 August 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021. ^ "Officials – Water Polo". fina.org. FINA. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "MOLLER German". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "JOHNSON Nicola". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "DESLIERES Marie-Claude". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "ZHANG Liang". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. 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Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "SEVERO Alessandro". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "TSUZAKI Asumi". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "SALNICHENKO Viktor". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "IVANOVSKI Stanko". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "ZWART Michiel". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "WALDOW John". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "ALEXANDRESCU Adrian". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "VOEVODIN Arkadiy". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "PUTNIKOVIC Vojin". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "CHENG Jeremy". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "WILLIS Dion". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "BUCH Xevi". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "WENGENROTH MARTINELLI Ursula". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "GOLDENBERG Michael". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "DANERS CHAO Daniel Federico". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "RAK Mladen". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "MARGOLIN Alexandr". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "SHERSHNEV Alexandr". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "TEIXIDO BERMUDEZ Jaume". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ Curcic, Ivan (9 March 2021). "Schedule of Olympic water polo tournaments". total-waterpolo.com. Total Waterpolo. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "Tournament Summary" (PDF). olympics.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Filip Filipović". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Duško Pijetlović". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Andrija Prlainović". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Milan Aleksić". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Dušan Mandić". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Stefan Mitrović". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Gojko Pijetlović". olympedia.org. Olympedia. Retrieved 11 August 2021. ^ "Serbia retains title by denying plucky Greece". FINA Official website. 8 August 2021. Sources Overall Water Polo – Olympic Schedule & Results | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Water Polo – Olympic Reports | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Water Polo – Official Results Book | Tokyo 2020 Olympics (archive) Water Polo – Tournament Summary | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 3 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Water Polo – Competition Officials | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Tournament details Water Polo – Competition Schedule | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Group A 25 July 2021 27 July 2021 Match 01:  RSA v  ITA Start List Play by Play Results Match 10:  ITA v  GRE Start List Play by Play Results Match 02:  HUN v  GRE Start List Play by Play Results Match 11:  JPN v  HUN Start List Play by Play Results Match 03:  USA v  JPN Start List Play by Play Results Match 12:  RSA v  USA Start List Play by Play Results 29 July 2021 31 July 2021 Match 13:  GRE v  JPN Start List Play by Play Results Match 22:  ITA v  JPN Start List Play by Play Results Match 14:  USA v  ITA Start List Play by Play Results Match 23:  RSA v  GRE Start List Play by Play Results Match 15:  HUN v  RSA Start List Play by Play Results Match 24:  USA v  HUN Start List Play by Play Results 2 August 2021 Match 25:  JPN v  RSA Start List Play by Play Results Match 26:  HUN v  ITA Start List Play by Play Results Match 27:  GRE v  USA Start List Play by Play Results Group B 25 July 2021 27 July 2021 Match 04:  AUS v  MNE Start List Play by Play Results Match 07:  MNE v  ESP Start List Play by Play Results Match 05:  SRB v  ESP Start List Play by Play Results Match 08:  KAZ v  SRB Start List Play by Play Results Match 06:  CRO v  KAZ Start List Play by Play Results Archived 26 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Match 09:  AUS v  CRO Start List Play by Play Results 29 July 2021 31 July 2021 Match 16:  ESP v  KAZ Start List Play by Play Results Match 19:  MNE v  KAZ Start List Play by Play Results Match 17:  CRO v  MNE Start List Play by Play Results Match 20:  AUS v  ESP Start List Play by Play Results Match 18:  SRB v  AUS Start List Play by Play Results Match 21:  CRO v  SRB Start List Play by Play Results 2 August 2021 Match 28:  SRB v  MNE Start List Play by Play Results Match 29:  ESP v  CRO Start List Play by Play Results Match 30:  AUS v  KAZ Start List Play by Play Results Knockout stage 4 August 2021 6 August 2021 Match 31:  GRE v  MNE Start List Play by Play Results Match 35:  MNE v  CRO Start List Play by Play Results Match 32:  ITA v  SRB Start List Play by Play Results Match 36:  ITA v  USA Start List Play by Play Results Match 33:  HUN v  CRO Start List Play by Play Results Match 37:  GRE v  HUN Start List Play by Play Results Match 34:  USA v  ESP Start List Play by Play Results Match 38:  SRB v  ESP Start List Play by Play Results 8 August 2021 Match 39:  MNE v  ITA Start List Play by Play Results Match 40:  CRO v  USA Start List Play by Play Results Match 41:  HUN v  ESP Start List Play by Play Results Match 42:  GRE v  SRB Start List Play by Play Results Statistics Water Polo – Overall Team Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Water Polo – Team Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Water Polo – Individual Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Water Polo – Individual Statistics - Leading Scorers | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Water Polo – Goalkeeper Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Water Polo – Cumulative Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Australia, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Montenegro, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, United States Medallists and victory ceremony presenters Water Polo – Medallists | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 8 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Water Polo – Victory Ceremony Presenters | Tokyo 2020 Olympics External links Water Polo | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Tokyo 2020 | FINA vteSummer Olympics men's water polo tournament winners 1900:  Great Britain (GBR) 1904:  United States (USA) 1908:  Great Britain (GBR) 1912:  Great Britain (GBR) 1920:  Great Britain (GBR) 1924:  France (FRA) 1928:  Germany (GER) 1932:  Hungary (HUN) 1936:  Hungary (HUN) 1948:  Italy (ITA) 1952:  Hungary (HUN) 1956:  Hungary (HUN) 1960:  Italy (ITA) 1964:  Hungary (HUN) 1968:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1972:  Soviet Union (URS) 1976:  Hungary (HUN) 1980:  Soviet Union (URS) 1984:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1988:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1992:  Italy (ITA) 1996:  Spain (ESP) 2000:  Hungary (HUN) 2004:  Hungary (HUN) 2008:  Hungary (HUN) 2012:  Croatia (CRO) 2016:  Serbia (SRB) 2020:  Serbia (SRB) Note: demonstration sport years indicated in italics vte Events at the 2020 Summer Olympics (Tokyo, Japan) Archery Artistic swimming Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Softball Sport climbing Surfing Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists vteWater polo at the Summer OlympicsGeneral 1896–1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 TournamentsMen 1896 1900 1904 (demonstration) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 QualificationsMen 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 SquadsMen 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 StatisticsMen Overall statistics Champions Team appearances Player appearances Medalists Top goalscorers Goalkeepers Women Overall statistics Champions Team appearances Player appearances Medalists Top goalscorers Goalkeepers Miscellaneous Blood in the Water match Venues Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Tatsumi_International_Swimming_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schedule_Tokyo2020-1"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nenad Lalović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Lalovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"IOC Executive Board Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Andrey Kryukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Kryukov"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"FINA Bureau Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"}],"text":"The men's tournament of water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics at Tokyo, Japan began on 25 July and ended on 8 August 2021. It was held at the Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center.[1] It was the 27th official appearance of the tournament, which was not held in 1896 and was a demonstration sport in 1904 but otherwise had been held at every Olympics.On 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[2] Because of this pandemic, the games are played behind closed doors.[3]Serbia won their second consecutive gold medal after a finals win over Greece, while Hungary captured the bronze medal.[4]The medals for the competition were presented by Nenad Lalović, IOC Executive Board Member; Serbia and the medalists' bouquets were presented by Andrey Kryukov, Kazakhstan; FINA Bureau Member.","title":"Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The competition began on 25 July, and matches were held every other day. At each match time, two matches were played simultaneously (one from each group during preliminary round, two quarterfinals during that round, one main semifinal and one classification 5 to 8 semifinal during the semifinal round, and the two classification games on the final day) except for the bronze and gold medal matches.[7][8][9]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The twelve teams were seeded into two groups for a preliminary round. The teams in each group played a round-robin. The top four teams in each group advanced to the knockout round while the fifth- and sixth- placed teams were eliminated. The fifth placed teams were ranked ninth and tenth based on win–loss record, then goal average; the sixth-placed teams were ranked eleventh and twelfth in the same way. The knockout round began with quarterfinals and the winners advanced to the semifinals, while the quarterfinal losers played in the fifth- to eighth- place classification. The two semifinal winners played in the gold medal match, while the two semifinal losers played in the bronze medal match.[10]","title":"Competition format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draw_FINA_Video-12"}],"text":"The draw took place on 21 February 2021 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.[11][12]","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draw_FINA_Video-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Seeding","text":"The twelve teams in the men's tournament were drawn into two groups of six teams. The teams were seeded into six pots.[12]: 20:59 [13]","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draw_FINA_Video-12"}],"sub_title":"Final draw","text":"The hosts Japan was drawn into Group A, while the reigning Olympic champion Serbia was drawn into Group B.[12]: 30:33","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Marie-Claude Deslières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Claude_Desli%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Asumi Tsuzaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asumi_Tsuzaki"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"video assistant referees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_assistant_referee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The following 28 referees were selected for the tournament.[14]: 275–276 [15]24 referees:Germán Moller[16]\n Nicola Johnson[17]\n Marie-Claude Deslières[18]\n Zhang Liang[19]\n Nenad Periš[20]\n Sébastien Dervieux[21]\n Frank Ohme[22]\n Georgios Stavridis[23]\n György Kun[24]\n Alessandro Severo[25]\n Asumi Tsuzaki[26]\n Viktor Salnichenko[27]\n Stanko Ivanovski[28]\n Michiel Zwart[29]\n John Waldow[30]\n Adrian Alexandrescu[31]\n Arkadiy Voevodin[32]\n Vojin Putniković[33]\n Jeremy Cheng[34]\n Dion Willis[35]\n Xevi Buch[36]\n Ursula Wengenroth[37]\n Michael Goldenberg[38]\n Daniel Daners[39]4 video assistant referees:Mladen Rak[40]\n Alexandr Margolin[41]\n Alexandr Shershnev[42]\n Jaume Teixido[43]","title":"Referees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"UTC+9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time"}],"text":"The schedule was announced on 9 March 2021.[44]All times are local (UTC+9).","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/groups-men.htm"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fina.org/competitions/5/olympic-games-tokyo-2020/schedule"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: Tokyo 2020 and FINARules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference.(H) Hosts","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/groups-men.htm"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fina.org/competitions/5/olympic-games-tokyo-2020/schedule"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_CRO0.84108544692448_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_CRO0.84108544692448_45-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_MNE0.84108544692448_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_MNE0.84108544692448_46-1"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: Tokyo 2020 and FINARules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Goal difference.Notes:^ a b Croatia 14–12 Serbia\n\n^ a b Australia 10–15 Montenegro","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","text":"Fifth place bracket","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quarterfinals","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"5–8th place semifinals","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semifinals","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seventh place game","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fifth place game","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bronze medal game","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold medal game","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National team appearances in the men's Olympic water polo tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_team_appearances_in_the_men%27s_Olympic_water_polo_tournament"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"}],"text":"See also: National team appearances in the men's Olympic water polo tournamentRank\nTeam[45]\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\n\n\n Greece\n\n\n\n Hungary\n\n\n4\n Spain\n\n\n5\n Croatia\n\n\n6\n United States\n\n\n7\n Italy\n\n\n8\n Montenegro\n\n\n9\n Australia\n\n\n10\n Japan\n\n\n11\n Kazakhstan\n\n\n12\n South Africa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 2020 Men's Olympic champions \n\n\nSerbiaSecond title","title":"Final ranking"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Goals for","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Goals against","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Goal difference","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Saves","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Blocks","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Rebounds","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Steals","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Sprints won","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Turnovers","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions with substitution","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 99)[14]","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Filip Filipović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Filipovi%C4%87_(water_polo)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filip_Filipovi%C4%87_OP-48"},{"link_name":"Duško Pijetlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Pijetlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Du%C5%A1ko_Pijetlovi%C4%87_OP-49"},{"link_name":"Andrija Prlainović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_Prlainovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrija_Prlainovi%C4%87_OP-50"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Milan Aleksić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Aleksi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milan_Aleksi%C4%87_OP-51"},{"link_name":"Dušan Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Du%C5%A1an_Mandi%C4%87_OP-52"},{"link_name":"Stefan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Mitrovi%C4%87_(water_polo)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stefan_Mitrovi%C4%87_OP-53"},{"link_name":"Gojko Pijetlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojko_Pijetlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gojko_Pijetlovi%C4%87_OP-54"}],"sub_title":"Multiple medalists","text":"Four-time Olympic medalist(s): 3 playersSerbia: Filip Filipović,[46] Duško Pijetlović,[47] Andrija Prlainović[48]Three-time Olympic medalist(s): 4 playersSerbia: Milan Aleksić,[49] Dušan Mandić,[50] Stefan Mitrović,[51] Gojko Pijetlović (GK)[52]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Leading goalscorers","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 109)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Saves leaders","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 111)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Leading blockers","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Leading rebounders","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Steals leaders","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Leading sprinters","text":"Source: Official Results Book (page 108)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Turnovers leaders","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020OG_ORBook_PDF-14"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions leaders","text":"Source: Official Results Book (pages 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 139, 143, 146, 150, 154)[14]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"The all-star team was announced on 8 August 2021.[53]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water Polo – Olympic Schedule & Results | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/olympic-schedule-and-results.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210812115025/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/olympic-schedule-and-results.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Olympic Reports | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/reports.htm"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Official Results Book | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_B99_WPO-------------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210810131802/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_B99_WPO-------------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Tournament Summary | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C76_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210803202041/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C76_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Competition Officials | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C35_WPO-------------------------------.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Overall","text":"Water Polo – Olympic Schedule & Results | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine\nWater Polo – Olympic Reports | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nWater Polo – Official Results Book | Tokyo 2020 Olympics (archive)\nWater Polo – Tournament Summary | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 3 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine\nWater Polo – Competition Officials | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water Polo – Competition Schedule | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C08_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Tournament details","text":"Water Polo – Competition Schedule | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water Polo – Overall Team Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C84B_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Team Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C84C_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Individual Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C85A_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Individual Statistics - Leading Scorers | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C85B_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Goalkeeper Statistics | Tokyo 2020 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Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C84A_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------WPOMTEAM7---RSA01.pdf"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C84A_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------WPOMTEAM7---ESP01.pdf"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C84A_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------WPOMTEAM7---USA01.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"Water Polo – Overall Team Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nWater Polo – Team Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nWater Polo – Individual Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nWater Polo – Individual Statistics - Leading Scorers | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nWater Polo – Goalkeeper Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nWater Polo – Cumulative Statistics | Tokyo 2020 Olympics\nAustralia, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Montenegro, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, United States","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water Polo – Medallists | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C92C_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210808083718/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_C92C_WPOMTEAM7-------------------------.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Water Polo – Victory Ceremony Presenters | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_P91A_WPOMTEAM7-------------VICTMEDAL---.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Medallists and victory ceremony presenters","text":"Water Polo – Medallists | Tokyo 2020 Olympics Archived 8 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine\nWater Polo – Victory Ceremony Presenters | Tokyo 2020 Olympics","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Water Polo Competition Schedule\". tokyo2020.org. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tokyo2020.org/en/schedule/water-polo-schedule","url_text":"\"Water Polo Competition Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee\". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/news/joint-statement-from-the-international-olympic-committee-and-the-tokyo-2020-organising-committee","url_text":"\"Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Olympics to be held without fans after new COVID-19 state of emergency declared\". usatoday.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2021/07/08/2021-olympics-fan-not-allowed-attend-tokyo-games-due-covid-19/7899959002/","url_text":"\"Tokyo Olympics to be held without fans after new COVID-19 state of emergency declared\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbia defend their men's water polo Olympic title\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_B99_WPO-------------------------------.pdf","url_text":"\"Official Results Book – 2020 Olympic Games – Water Polo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210810131802/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WPO/OG2020-_WPO_B99_WPO-------------------------------.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Officials – Water Polo\". fina.org. FINA. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fina.org/competitions/5/olympic-games-tokyo-2020/info","url_text":"\"Officials – Water Polo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183419/https://www.fina.org/competitions/5/olympic-games-tokyo-2020/info","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MOLLER German\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823163403/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1698678-moller-german.htm","url_text":"\"MOLLER German\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1698678-moller-german.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JOHNSON Nicola\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823163450/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571967-johnson-nicola.htm","url_text":"\"JOHNSON Nicola\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571967-johnson-nicola.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DESLIERES Marie-Claude\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823153641/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571968-deslieres-marie-claude.htm","url_text":"\"DESLIERES Marie-Claude\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571968-deslieres-marie-claude.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ZHANG Liang\". 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Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823153636/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571976-stavridis-georgios.htm","url_text":"\"STAVRIDIS Georgios\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571976-stavridis-georgios.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KUN Gyorgy\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823163349/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571977-kun-gyorgy.htm","url_text":"\"KUN Gyorgy\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571977-kun-gyorgy.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SEVERO Alessandro\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. 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Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823151636/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1572082-tsuzaki-asumi.htm","url_text":"\"TSUZAKI Asumi\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1572082-tsuzaki-asumi.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SALNICHENKO Viktor\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823163703/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1573155-salnichenko-viktor.htm","url_text":"\"SALNICHENKO Viktor\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1573155-salnichenko-viktor.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IVANOVSKI Stanko\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823163118/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571980-ivanovski-stanko.htm","url_text":"\"IVANOVSKI Stanko\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571980-ivanovski-stanko.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ZWART Michiel\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823153718/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1572083-zwart-michiel.htm","url_text":"\"ZWART Michiel\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1572083-zwart-michiel.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WALDOW John\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823163723/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571981-waldow-john.htm","url_text":"\"WALDOW John\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571981-waldow-john.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ALEXANDRESCU Adrian\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823153638/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571982-alexandrescu-adrian.htm","url_text":"\"ALEXANDRESCU Adrian\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/water-polo/athlete-profile-n1571982-alexandrescu-adrian.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VOEVODIN Arkadiy\". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Kalibata
Agnes Kalibata
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Political positions","4 Honors and awards","5 References"]
Rwandan agricultural scientist Agnes Matilda KalibataAgnes Kalibata in 2019BornRwandaAlma materUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstMakerere UniversityKnown foragricultural scientist and policymakerScientific careerInstitutionsRwanda's minister of agriculture and animal resources (2008 to 2014)president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)(since 2014) Agnes Matilda Kalibata is a Rwandan agricultural scientist and policymaker, visionary leader and president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). She served as Rwanda's minister of agriculture and animal resources from 2008 to 2014 and began her tenure as president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in 2014. Dr. Kalibata served as the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General. Early life and education Kalibata was born in Rwanda and raised as a refugee in Uganda to parents who were smallholders. She earned a bachelor's degree in entomology and biochemistry, followed by a master's degree in agriculture, both from Makerere University in Uganda. She then earned a Ph.D. in entomology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. After graduating in 2005, she carried out research at the Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, in collaboration with Uganda's Makerere University and the University of Massachusetts. Career Kalibata served as Rwanda's minister of agriculture and animal resources from 2008 to 2014. Throughout her tenure, she promoted the use of science-based approaches to agriculture to increase food production and improve food security, with a focus on family farmers. She implemented policies, designed to connect farmers with neighbors and customers, as well as cooperative farming programs, and cow-sharing programs that made it easier for families to own cows. In the six years she was minister, Rwanda's poverty level dropped more than 50 percent; its agricultural sector's annual budget grew from under US$10 million to over US$150 million; and Rwanda became the first country to sign a compact under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (an initiative of the African Union Commission). She has been praised by many for these accomplishments, but some human rights groups have criticized the policies because financial support was only given to farmers who followed the government's land consolidation policies. In 2014, she served briefly as the University of Rwanda's deputy vice chancellor for institutional advancement. Since September 2014, she has served as president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), an African-led organization whose mission is to improve the food security and incomes of 30 million faming households in 11 African countries by 2021 by, among other things, providing access to better seeds and credit. She is also on the board of the International Fertilizer Development Center and the administrative center of Anand, Gujarat. Kalibata has held multiple roles in MINAGRI, Rwanda's Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources; she was appointed permanent secretary of the ministry in 2006, Minister of State in Charge of Agriculture in 2008, and full Minister of Agriculture and Animal Resources in 2009. She has also held numerous other positions including chair of the board of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and chair of the Rwanda's National Clinical Research Center. She served on the International Food Policy Research Institute's Advisory Council and managed a World Bank project in Rwanda. Kalibata has been a member of the International Fertilizer Development Center (IDFC)'s board of directors since 2008, where she chairs the board's Africa Committee and is a member of their executive and audit committees. She is also a member of many national and international boards including for the University of Rwanda, Africa Risk Capacity, the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council, the Global Commission on Adaptation and the Malabo Montpellier Panel of Agriculture and Food Security Experts. In 2019, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed Kalibata as his special envoy for the 2021 Food Systems Summit. Political positions Kalibata has been instrumental in advocating for gender equality in Rwanda, emphasizing the economic benefits of encouraging women to play a more public role in society as Rwanda recovered from the 1994 Rwandan genocide that killed 800,000 people in three months and left Rwanda's population 60% female. Honors and awards In 2012, Kalibata was awarded the Yara Prize (now called the Africa Food Prize), which recognizes an outstanding individual or institution leading the effort to change the reality of farming in Africa. In 2018, the University of Liege, Belgium awarded her an honorary doctorate for distinguished leadership (2018). She was the recipient of the 2019 NAS Public Welfare Medal: described by the National Academies of Sciences as its most prestigious award, this medal is awarded annually to a scientist using science for the public good. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Agnes Kalibata". nasonline.org. Retrieved 2019-02-02. ^ "Dr. Agnes Kalibata - AGRA". 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-03-08. ^ Agnes Kalibata (Feb 15, 2016). "Small holders Front and Center". medium.com. ^ a b "Dr. Agnes M. Kalibata". IFDC. 2015-02-13. Archived from the original on 2015-07-19. Retrieved 2019-02-10. ^ a b says, Edward Kelley (2013-10-11). "Rwanda's Ag Minister: Agnes Matilda Kalibata". Modern Farmer. Retrieved 2019-02-02. ^ "Dr. Agnes Kalibata". AGRA. Retrieved 2019-02-10. ^ "Our Story". AGRA. Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2019-02-10. ^ "Agnes Kalibata". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-12-16. ^ Alexandre, Kayitare. "DR AGNES KALIBATA IS AWARDED YARA PRIZE FOR HAVING PROMOTED FOOD SECURITY IN RWANDA" (PDF). MINAGRI Weekly Flash News. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-28. Retrieved 2019-02-13. ^ "Prize Laureates". 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2020-04-02. ^ a b "Agnes M. Kalibata". African Development Bank. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2019-02-10. ^ "Ms. Agnes Kalibata of Rwanda - Special Envoy for 2021 Food Systems Summit | United Nations Secretary-General". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-03-13. ^ Taylor, Katy (2008-05-21). "Africa news round-up – 21.5.08". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-02-02. ^ Anthony Faiola (19 May 2008). "Women pave way for Rwanda's revival". thestar.com. Retrieved 2019-02-02. Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rwandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_a_Green_Revolution_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Agnes Matilda Kalibata is a Rwandan agricultural scientist and policymaker, visionary leader and president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).[1] She served as Rwanda's minister of agriculture and animal resources from 2008 to 2014 and began her tenure as president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in 2014.[1] Dr. Kalibata served as the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General.[2]","title":"Agnes Kalibata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Makerere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Kalibata was born in Rwanda and raised as a refugee in Uganda to parents who were smallholders.[3] She earned a bachelor's degree in entomology and biochemistry, followed by a master's degree in agriculture, both from Makerere University in Uganda.[4] She then earned a Ph.D. in entomology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[1] After graduating in 2005, she carried out research at the Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, in collaboration with Uganda's Makerere University and the University of Massachusetts.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"African Union 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Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fertilizer_Development_Center"},{"link_name":"Anand, Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"University of Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"World Economic 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sector's annual budget grew from under US$10 million to over US$150 million; and Rwanda became the first country to sign a compact under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (an initiative of the African Union Commission).[1] She has been praised by many for these accomplishments,[1] but some human rights groups have criticized the policies because financial support was only given to farmers who followed the government's land consolidation policies.[5]In 2014, she served briefly as the University of Rwanda's deputy vice chancellor for institutional advancement.[1]Since September 2014, she has served as president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA),[6] an African-led organization whose mission is to improve the food security and incomes of 30 million faming households in 11 African countries by 2021[7] by, among other things, providing access to better seeds and credit.[1] She is also on the board of the International Fertilizer Development Center and the administrative center of Anand, Gujarat.[8]Kalibata has held multiple roles in MINAGRI, Rwanda's Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources; she was appointed permanent secretary of the ministry in 2006, Minister of State in Charge of Agriculture in 2008, and full Minister of Agriculture and Animal Resources in 2009.[9][10] She has also held numerous other positions including chair of the board of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and chair of the Rwanda's National Clinical Research Center.[11] She served on the International Food Policy Research Institute's Advisory Council and managed a World Bank project in Rwanda.[11]Kalibata has been a member of the International Fertilizer Development Center (IDFC)'s board of directors since 2008, where she chairs the board's Africa Committee and is a member of their executive and audit committees.[4] She is also a member of many national and international boards including for the University of Rwanda, Africa Risk Capacity, the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council, the Global Commission on Adaptation and the Malabo Montpellier Panel of Agriculture and Food Security Experts.[1]In 2019, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed Kalibata as his special envoy for the 2021 Food Systems Summit.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rwandan genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kalibata has been instrumental in advocating for gender equality in Rwanda, emphasizing the economic benefits of encouraging women to play a more public role in society as Rwanda recovered from the 1994 Rwandan genocide that killed 800,000 people in three months and left Rwanda's population 60% female.[13][14]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africa Food Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Food_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"University of Liege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"In 2012, Kalibata was awarded the Yara Prize (now called the Africa Food Prize), which recognizes an outstanding individual or institution leading the effort to change the reality of farming in Africa.[1]In 2018, the University of Liege, Belgium awarded her an honorary doctorate for distinguished leadership (2018).[1]She was the recipient of the 2019 NAS Public Welfare Medal: described by the National Academies of Sciences as its most prestigious award, this medal is awarded annually to a scientist using science for the public good.[1]","title":"Honors and awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Agnes Kalibata\". nasonline.org. Retrieved 2019-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2019-nas-awards/Kalibata.html","url_text":"\"Agnes Kalibata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Agnes Kalibata - AGRA\". 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://agra.org/people/dr-agnes-kalibata/","url_text":"\"Dr. Agnes Kalibata - AGRA\""}]},{"reference":"Agnes Kalibata (Feb 15, 2016). \"Small holders Front and Center\". medium.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@AGRAAlliance/by-agnes-kalibata-1bfa6118ecad","url_text":"\"Small holders Front and Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Agnes M. Kalibata\". IFDC. 2015-02-13. Archived from the original on 2015-07-19. Retrieved 2019-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150719004926/https://ifdc.org/board-of-directors/agnes-kalibata/","url_text":"\"Dr. Agnes M. Kalibata\""},{"url":"https://ifdc.org/board-of-directors/agnes-kalibata/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"says, Edward Kelley (2013-10-11). \"Rwanda's Ag Minister: Agnes Matilda Kalibata\". Modern Farmer. Retrieved 2019-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://modernfarmer.com/2013/10/rwandas-ag-minister-agnes-matilda-kalibata/","url_text":"\"Rwanda's Ag Minister: Agnes Matilda Kalibata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Agnes Kalibata\". AGRA. Retrieved 2019-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://agra.org/who-we-are-our-leadership/agnes-kalibata-3/","url_text":"\"Dr. Agnes Kalibata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Story\". AGRA. Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2019-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190717024845/https://agra.org/who-we-are/","url_text":"\"Our Story\""},{"url":"https://agra.org/who-we-are/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Agnes Kalibata\". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18942831","url_text":"\"Agnes Kalibata\""}]},{"reference":"Alexandre, Kayitare. \"DR AGNES KALIBATA IS AWARDED YARA PRIZE FOR HAVING PROMOTED FOOD SECURITY IN RWANDA\" (PDF). MINAGRI Weekly Flash News. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-28. Retrieved 2019-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528062950/http://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/FlashNews/Fn%2007%20September%202012.pdf","url_text":"\"DR AGNES KALIBATA IS AWARDED YARA PRIZE FOR HAVING PROMOTED FOOD SECURITY IN RWANDA\""},{"url":"http://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/FlashNews/Fn%2007%20September%202012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prize Laureates\". 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2020-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://africafoodprize.org/laureates/","url_text":"\"Prize Laureates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agnes M. Kalibata\". African Development Bank. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2019-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161121005607/https://www.afdb.org/en/annual-meetings-2016/speakers/agnes-m-kalibata/","url_text":"\"Agnes M. Kalibata\""},{"url":"https://www.afdb.org/en/annual-meetings-2016/speakers/agnes-m-kalibata/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ms. Agnes Kalibata of Rwanda - Special Envoy for 2021 Food Systems Summit | United Nations Secretary-General\". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2019-12-16/ms-agnes-kalibata-of-rwanda-special-envoy-for-2021-food-systems-summit","url_text":"\"Ms. Agnes Kalibata of Rwanda - Special Envoy for 2021 Food Systems Summit | United Nations Secretary-General\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Katy (2008-05-21). \"Africa news round-up – 21.5.08\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/katine/2008/may/21/background.uganda","url_text":"\"Africa news round-up – 21.5.08\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Faiola (19 May 2008). \"Women pave way for Rwanda's revival\". thestar.com. Retrieved 2019-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2008/05/19/women_pave_way_for_rwandas_revival.html","url_text":"\"Women pave way for Rwanda's revival\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1913_film)
Antony and Cleopatra (1913 film)
["1 Cast","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"]
1913 film by Enrico Guazzoni Antony and CleopatraAdvertisement in the Popular Electricity magazineDirected byEnrico GuazzoniWritten byWilliam Shakespeare (play) Pietro Cossa (poem)StarringGianna Terribili-Gonzales Amleto Novelli Ignazio LupiCinematographyAlessandro BonaProductioncompanySocietà Italiana CinesDistributed bySocietà Italiana CinesRelease date 26 September 1913 (1913-09-26) Running time11 reels (edited to 8 reels in U.S.)CountryItalyLanguagesSilent Italian intertitles Antony and Cleopatra (Italian: Marcantonio e Cleopatra) is a 1913 Italian silent historical film directed by Enrico Guazzoni, starring Gianna Terribili-Gonzales, Amleto Novelli and Ignazio Lupi. The film is an adaptation of William Shakespeare's play of the same title, with inspiration also drawn from a poem by Pietro Cossa. The film was released in the U.S. as Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and in Germany as Die Herrin des Nils. The film still exists today. Cast Gianna Terribili-Gonzales as Cleopatra Amleto Novelli as Marcantonio Ignazio Lupi as Augustus Caesar Ottaviano Elsa Lenard as Ottavia Matilde Di Marzio as La schiava Agar aka Charmian Ruffo Geri as Il capo dei congiurati Ida Carloni Talli as La strega Bruto Castellani Giuseppe Piemontesi References ^ "Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List". ^ "Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List". Sources Hatchuel, Sarah & Vienne-Guerrin, Nathalie. Shakespeare on Screen: The Roman Plays. Publication Univ Rouen Havre, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marcantonio e Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra at IMDb vteThe films of Enrico Guazzoni Agrippina (1911) Brutus (1911) Quo Vadis (1913) Antony and Cleopatra (1913) Julius Caesar (1914) Fabiola (1918) The Crusaders (1918) The Sack of Rome (1920) Messalina (1924) The Gift of the Morning (1932) Lady of Paradise (1934) The Joker King (1935) The Two Sergeants (1936) I've Lost My Husband! (1937) Doctor Antonio (1937) The Daughter of the Green Pirate (1940) Pirates of Malaya (1941) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Antony and CleopatraStage adaptations The False One (c.1620) All for Love (1677) Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966) Antony and Cleopatra (2022) On screen 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film) Related List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) Category This article related to an Italian silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"historical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_film"},{"link_name":"Enrico Guazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Guazzoni"},{"link_name":"Gianna Terribili-Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianna_Terribili-Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Amleto Novelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amleto_Novelli"},{"link_name":"Ignazio Lupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Lupi"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"play of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Pietro Cossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Cossa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Antony and Cleopatra (Italian: Marcantonio e Cleopatra) is a 1913 Italian silent historical film directed by Enrico Guazzoni, starring Gianna Terribili-Gonzales, Amleto Novelli and Ignazio Lupi. The film is an adaptation of William Shakespeare's play of the same title, with inspiration also drawn from a poem by Pietro Cossa.The film was released in the U.S. as Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and in Germany as Die Herrin des Nils. The film still exists today.[2]","title":"Antony and Cleopatra (1913 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gianna Terribili-Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianna_Terribili-Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Amleto Novelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amleto_Novelli"},{"link_name":"Ignazio Lupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Lupi"},{"link_name":"Elsa Lenard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_Lenard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matilde Di Marzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Di_Marzio"},{"link_name":"Ruffo Geri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruffo_Geri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ida Carloni Talli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Carloni_Talli"},{"link_name":"Bruto Castellani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_Castellani"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Piemontesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Piemontesi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Gianna Terribili-Gonzales as Cleopatra\nAmleto Novelli as Marcantonio\nIgnazio Lupi as Augustus Caesar Ottaviano\nElsa Lenard as Ottavia\nMatilde Di Marzio as La schiava Agar aka Charmian\nRuffo Geri as Il capo dei congiurati\nIda Carloni Talli as La strega\nBruto Castellani\nGiuseppe Piemontesi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hatchuel, Sarah & Vienne-Guerrin, Nathalie. Shakespeare on Screen: The Roman Plays. Publication Univ Rouen Havre, 2009.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonmaria_Sauli
Antonmaria Sauli
["1 Episcopal succession","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"]
Roman Catholic cardinal This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Antonmaria Sauli" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) Antonio Maria Sauli Antonio Maria Sauli (sometimes Antonio Sauli) (1541–1623) was the Archbishop of Genoa and later a Roman Catholic Cardinal, serving as the dean of the College of Cardinals for the last three years of his life. Sauli was born in Genoa. He was a member of the Sauli Family which among other things provided three Doges of Genoa. His father was Ottaviano Sauli and his mother Giustiniana. Sauli was educated at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua. Early in his life Sauli worked for the Republic of Genoa but later went to work for the Papal States. He was Papal Nuncio to Portugal from 1579 to 1580. Sauli was made Coadjutor Bishop of Genoa in 1585. On the death of Bishop Cipriano Pallavicino the following year, Sauli became the Metropolitan Archbishop of Genoa. He served in this position until 1591, although he was made a Cardinal in 1587. Episcopal succession Episcopal succession of Antonmaria Sauli While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of: Alessandro Centurione, Archbishop of Genoa (1591); Antonio Maria Graziani, Bishop of Amelia (1592); Matteo Rivarola, Archbishop of Genoa (1596); Marcello Lorenzi, Bishop of Strongoli (1600); Jerónimo Bernardo de Quirós, Bishop of Castellammare di Stabia (1601); Berlinghiero Gessi, Bishop of Rimini (1606); Giovanni Sauli (Scali, Sacchi), Bishop of Aleria (1609); and Bernardo Giustiniano, Bishop of Anglona-Tursi (1609). References ^ Miranda, Salvador. "SAULI, Antonmaria (1541-1623)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621. ^ Cheney, David M. "Antonmaria Cardinal Sauli". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved May 20, 2018. External links and additional sources Cheney, David M. "Nunciature to Naples". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 15, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Genova {Genoa}". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Genova (Italy)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Records Preceded byLadislao d'Aquino Oldest living Member of the Sacred College 26 March 1620 - 12 February 1621 Succeeded byDomenico Ginnasi Portals: Biography Catholicism Italy Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Vatican
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[{"image_text":"Antonio Maria Sauli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Antonmaria_Sauli.JPG/220px-Antonmaria_Sauli.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"SAULI, Antonmaria (1541-1623)\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Miranda_(historian)","url_text":"Miranda, Salvador"},{"url":"https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1587-ii.htm#Sauli","url_text":"\"SAULI, Antonmaria (1541-1623)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University","url_text":"Florida International University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53276621","url_text":"53276621"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Antonmaria Cardinal Sauli\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved May 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsauli.html","url_text":"\"Antonmaria Cardinal Sauli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Nunciature to Naples\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dx964.html","url_text":"\"Nunciature to Naples\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Genova {Genoa}\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgeno.html","url_text":"\"Archdiocese of Genova {Genoa}\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Genova (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/geno0.htm","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Genova (Italy)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbprint_(disambiguation)
Thumbprint (disambiguation)
[]
A thumbprint is a form of fingerprint. Thumbprint may also refer to: Carbon thumbprint, the carbon dioxide equivalent impact of an individual product or service Thumbprint sign, a term in radiology Thumbprint, a term for public key fingerprint used in Microsoft software Thumbprint, a novel by Friedrich Glauser turned into a film in 1939, and introducing Glauser's most famous character, Sergeant Studer. "Thumbprint", a 2007 short story and 2013 comic by Joe Hill Thumbprint cookie, in which a well is made with the thumb and filled with jam or filling Regmaglypt, the characteristic thumbprint-shaped depressions on a meteorite caused by ablation Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Thumbprint.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carbon thumbprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_thumbprint"},{"link_name":"Thumbprint sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbprint_sign"},{"link_name":"public key fingerprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Glauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Glauser"},{"link_name":"Joe Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hill_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Thumbprint cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbprint_cookie"},{"link_name":"Regmaglypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regmaglypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Thumbprint_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Thumbprint may also refer to:Carbon thumbprint, the carbon dioxide equivalent impact of an individual product or service\nThumbprint sign, a term in radiology\nThumbprint, a term for public key fingerprint used in Microsoft software\nThumbprint, a novel by Friedrich Glauser turned into a film in 1939, and introducing Glauser's most famous character, Sergeant Studer.\n\"Thumbprint\", a 2007 short story and 2013 comic by Joe Hill\nThumbprint cookie, in which a well is made with the thumb and filled with jam or filling\nRegmaglypt, the characteristic thumbprint-shaped depressions on a meteorite caused by ablationTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Thumbprint.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Thumbprint (disambiguation)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Thumbprint_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Pacific_Economic_Zone_and_Freeport
Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport
["1 Location","2 Land area and infrastructure development","3 Dumagat opposition","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 16°11′53″N 122°03′58″E / 16.1981°N 122.0661°E / 16.1981; 122.0661 A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport, also known as APECO, was established by virtue of Republic Act No. 9490, otherwise known as the Aurora Special Economic Zone Act of 2007. It is being supervised and managed by the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority into a self-sustaining industrial, commercial, financial, and recreational center, with a suitable residential area, in order to create employment opportunities around Casiguran, Aurora, and to effectively encourage and attract legitimate and productive local and foreign investments. Anti-APECO advocates, which include farmers, fishers, and indigenous peoples, have cited issues of land grabbing as well as misspending and poor financial management. Location APECO is located in the municipality of Casiguran in the province of Aurora, a coastal town in the eastern seaboard of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Aurora is enveloped within the provinces of Isabela, Quirino, and Nueva Ecija. It is esteemed as the only economic zone facing the Pacific Ocean, an ideal starting point for the inflow of commerce in the northeastern quadrangle of Luzon. Aurora Province is a 328-kilometer land area facing the Pacific Ocean ornamented with natural wonders. The ecozone was purposely situated in the bay area of Casiguran, a naturally protected enclave cradled by the Sierra Madre mountain range and the 12,000-hectare San Ildefonso Peninsula. Casiguran and Baler, the latter being the capital of Aurora, are among the oldest municipalities of Aurora with a combined population of about 53,000. Fishing and farming are considered the major industries of the province. Indigenous peoples from Casiguran are claiming around 11,500 hectares of APECO land as part of their ancestral domain. Land area and infrastructure development APECO has a total of 496 hectares in the mainland of Casiguran and an additional 12,000 hectares in the San Ildefonso Peninsula. Because of its pristine location and natural beauty, this special ecozone is being promoted as an eco-friendly and tourism ecozone. At present, APECO is undertaking Phase One development consisting of 25 hectares that includes the construction of a 3-star hotel and the administration building. The second phase will involve the construction of an infirmary building and other infrastructure facilities like telecommunications and BPO facilities. Dumagat opposition APECO was allegedly approved without consulting local tribal groups, particularly the Dumagat indigenous group, who have been in the area since the 1900s, subsisting on hunting, gathering and fishing. They are opposed to the development of APECO, and are asking the Supreme Court to cancel the project. Their protests and concerns are the subject of the 2014 documentary "The March to Progress in the Philippines" by Ditsi Carolino. The non-governmental organization Task Force Anti-APECO (TFAA) has alleged that APECO has been converting agricultural lands without the required approval from the Department of Agrarian Reform and that no consultations were held with local government units and indigenous peoples in violation of the Indigenous People's Rights Act. See also Subic Bay Freeport Zone (formerly U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay) Cagayan Special Economic Zone References ^ "Republic Acts - Senate of the Philippines". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ "EdAngara.com - APECO, the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freport Authority". Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2011. ^ Paris, Janelle (January 9, 2017). "How songs of protest give hope to the people of Casiguran". CNN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ a b Lorena, Nicole A.; Morales, Ina M. (December 27, 2016). "New developments buoy fight vs controversial APECO project". The Guidon. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ Rappler.com (October 21, 2014). "P251-M budget for APECO? 'Waste of money' – Osmeña". Rappler. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ Alvaran, Xavier; La Viña, Rico (July 3, 2014). "Bringing inclusive dev't to the Casiguran Agta". Rappler. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ "Location". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ a b Lim, Gerard (September 29, 2015). "Aurora group demands audit, zero budget for APECO". Rappler. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ "APECO attracts 10 locators but worries over power supply | the Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011. ^ Carolino, Ditsi. "The March to Progress in the Philippines". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 19, 2015. ^ "P251-M budget for APECO? 'Waste of money' – Osmeña". Rappler. October 21, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2019. External links 'The March to Progress in the Philippines' documentary Archive Website of the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority Aurora Pacific Ecozone (APECO) Investor Video The Official Website of Philippine Senator Edgardo J. Angara The Official Website of the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority 16°11′53″N 122°03′58″E / 16.1981°N 122.0661°E / 16.1981; 122.0661
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic Act No. 9490","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121112135140/http://senate.gov.ph/republic_acts/ra%209490.pdf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Casiguran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiguran,_Aurora"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"land grabbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grabbing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport, also known as APECO, was established by virtue of Republic Act No. 9490,[1] otherwise known as the Aurora Special Economic Zone Act of 2007. It is being supervised and managed by the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority into a self-sustaining industrial, commercial, financial, and recreational center, with a suitable residential area, in order to create employment opportunities around Casiguran, Aurora, and to effectively encourage and attract legitimate and productive local and foreign investments.[2] Anti-APECO advocates, which include farmers, fishers, and indigenous peoples, have cited issues of land grabbing as well as misspending and poor financial management.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casiguran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiguran,_Aurora"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(province)"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_(province)"},{"link_name":"Quirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirino"},{"link_name":"Nueva Ecija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Ecija"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"San Ildefonso Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ildefonso_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Baler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baler,_Aurora"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"APECO is located in the municipality of Casiguran in the province of Aurora, a coastal town in the eastern seaboard of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Aurora is enveloped within the provinces of Isabela, Quirino, and Nueva Ecija. It is esteemed as the only economic zone facing the Pacific Ocean, an ideal starting point for the inflow of commerce in the northeastern quadrangle of Luzon. Aurora Province is a 328-kilometer land area facing the Pacific Ocean ornamented with natural wonders. The ecozone was purposely situated in the bay area of Casiguran, a naturally protected enclave cradled by the Sierra Madre mountain range and the 12,000-hectare San Ildefonso Peninsula. Casiguran and Baler, the latter being the capital of Aurora, are among the oldest municipalities of Aurora with a combined population of about 53,000. Fishing and farming are considered the major industries of the province.[7]Indigenous peoples from Casiguran are claiming around 11,500 hectares of APECO land as part of their ancestral domain.[8]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"APECO has a total of 496 hectares in the mainland of Casiguran and an additional 12,000 hectares in the San Ildefonso Peninsula. Because of its pristine location and natural beauty, this special ecozone is being promoted as an eco-friendly and tourism ecozone.[citation needed]At present, APECO is undertaking Phase One development consisting of 25 hectares that includes the construction of a 3-star hotel and the administration building. The second phase will involve the construction of an infirmary building and other infrastructure facilities like telecommunications and BPO facilities.[9]","title":"Land area and infrastructure development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Department of Agrarian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform"},{"link_name":"Indigenous People's Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Rights_Act_of_1997"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"APECO was allegedly approved without consulting local tribal groups, particularly the Dumagat indigenous group, who have been in the area since the 1900s, subsisting on hunting, gathering and fishing. They are opposed to the development of APECO, and are asking the Supreme Court to cancel the project. Their protests and concerns are the subject of the 2014 documentary \"The March to Progress in the Philippines\" by Ditsi Carolino.[10]The non-governmental organization Task Force Anti-APECO (TFAA) has alleged that APECO has been converting agricultural lands without the required approval from the Department of Agrarian Reform and that no consultations were held with local government units and indigenous peoples in violation of the Indigenous People's Rights Act.[4][8][11]","title":"Dumagat opposition"}]
[]
[{"title":"Subic Bay Freeport Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay_Freeport_Zone"},{"title":"U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay"},{"title":"Cagayan Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan_Special_Economic_Zone"}]
[{"reference":"\"Republic Acts - Senate of the Philippines\". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807183517/http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/pdf_sys.aspx?congress=13&type=republic_act","url_text":"\"Republic Acts - Senate of the Philippines\""},{"url":"http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/pdf_sys.aspx?congress%3D13%26type%3Drepublic_act","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EdAngara.com - APECO, the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freport Authority\". Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130122063923/http://www.edangara.com/apeco/","url_text":"\"EdAngara.com - APECO, the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freport Authority\""},{"url":"http://www.edangara.com/apeco/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paris, Janelle (January 9, 2017). \"How songs of protest give hope to the people of Casiguran\". CNN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064156/http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/politics/2017/01/09/casiguran-apeco.html","url_text":"\"How songs of protest give hope to the people of Casiguran\""},{"url":"http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/politics/2017/01/09/casiguran-apeco.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lorena, Nicole A.; Morales, Ina M. (December 27, 2016). \"New developments buoy fight vs controversial APECO project\". The Guidon. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2016/12/new-developments-buoy-fight-vs-controversial-apeco-project/","url_text":"\"New developments buoy fight vs controversial APECO project\""}]},{"reference":"Rappler.com (October 21, 2014). \"P251-M budget for APECO? 'Waste of money' – Osmeña\". Rappler. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rappler.com//nation/72668-sergio-osmena-apeco-caretaker-budget-2015","url_text":"\"P251-M budget for APECO? 'Waste of money' – Osmeña\""}]},{"reference":"Alvaran, Xavier; La Viña, Rico (July 3, 2014). \"Bringing inclusive dev't to the Casiguran Agta\". Rappler. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rappler.com//move-ph/62311-bringing-inclusive-development-casiguran-agta","url_text":"\"Bringing inclusive dev't to the Casiguran Agta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Location\". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110925152247/http://www.aurorapacific.com.ph/sub_page.php?s_page=Location","url_text":"\"Location\""},{"url":"http://www.aurorapacific.com.ph/sub_page.php?s_page%3DLocation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lim, Gerard (September 29, 2015). \"Aurora group demands audit, zero budget for APECO\". Rappler. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rappler.com//nation/107468-tfaa-aurora-apeco-zero-budget-audit","url_text":"\"Aurora group demands audit, zero budget for APECO\""}]},{"reference":"\"APECO attracts 10 locators but worries over power supply | the Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online\". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111210012643/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/301102/apeco-attract","url_text":"\"APECO attracts 10 locators but worries over power supply | the Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"},{"url":"http://www.mb.com.ph/node/301102/apeco-attract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carolino, Ditsi. \"The March to Progress in the Philippines\". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/viewfinder/2014/11/march-progress-philippines-2014112122317640995.html","url_text":"\"The March to Progress in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"P251-M budget for APECO? 'Waste of money' – Osmeña\". Rappler. October 21, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rappler.com//nation/72668-sergio-osmena-apeco-caretaker-budget-2015","url_text":"\"P251-M budget for APECO? 'Waste of money' – Osmeña\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Brazil)
Ministry of Health (Brazil)
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Brazilian federal ministry This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023) Ministry of HealthPortuguese: Ministério da SaúdeAgency overviewFormed6 August 1953; 70 years ago (1953-08-06)TypeMinistryJurisdictionFederal government of BrazilHeadquartersEsplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco GBrasília, Federal DistrictAnnual budget$160.9 b BRL (2022)Agency executivesNísia Trindade, MinisterSwedenberger Barbosa, Executive-SecretaryNésio de Medeiros Junior, Secretary of Primary Health CareHelvecio Magalhães Junior, Secretary of Specialized Health CareEthel Maciel, Secretary of Health and Environmental SurveillanceRicardo Weibe Tapeba, Secretary of Indigenous HealthWebsitewww.gov.br/saude/ The Ministry of Health (Portuguese: Ministério da Saúde) is a cabinet-level federal ministry in Brazil. Since January 2023, the Health Minister is Nísia Trindade, a researcher and former chairwoman of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. History The first public health guidelines in the country were created by the monarchy in 1808. Despite this, the first Ministry with actions in the health area was created in 1930, during the government of Getúlio Vargas, under the name of Ministry of Business of the Education and Public Health. In 1937 it was renamed Ministry of Education and Health. On 25 July 1953 it was defined as Ministry of Health. In 1956, linked to this ministry, the National Department of Rural Endemics emerged, with the purpose of carrying out the services to combat endemic diseases in the country, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, chagas disease, plague, brucellosis, yellow fever, among others. In the early 1960s, social inequality, marked by low income per capita and a high concentration of wealth, gained dimension in the discourse of health workers around the relationship between health and development. The planning of growth and improvement goals led to what some researchers called the great panacea of the 1960s (global planning and health planning). The proposals to adapt public health services to the reality diagnosed by developmental health workers had important milestones, such as the formulation of the National Health Policy in the management of the then minister, Estácio Souto-Maior, in 1961, with the objective of redefining the identity of the Ministry Health and bring it in line with the progress made in the economic-social sphere. Another milestone in the history of health at the ministerial level occurred in 1963, with the holding of the III National Health Conference (CNS), convened by Minister Wilson Fadul, an ardent defender of the municipalization thesis. The Conference proposed the reorganization of medical and health care services and general alignments to determine a new division of attributions and responsibilities between the Federation's political and administrative levels, aiming, above all, at municipalization. In 1964, the military took over the government and Raymundo de Brito established himself as minister of health and reiterated the purpose of incorporating the Social Security medical assistance to the Ministry of Health, within the proposal to establish a National Health Plan according to the guidelines of the Third National Health Conference. On 25 February 1967, with the implementation of the Federal Administrative Reform, it was established that the Ministry of Health would be responsible for the National Health Policy. In 1974, there was an internal reform in which the Health and Medical Assistance Secretariats were included, becoming the National Health Secretariat, to reinforce the concept that there was no dichotomy between Public Health and Medical Assistance. In the same year, the Superintendency of Public Health Campaigns (SUCAM) came under the direct subordination of the Minister of State, in order to allow him greater technical and administrative flexibility, elevating himself to a first-rate body. The Health Coordinators were created, comprising five regions: the Amazon, Northeast, Southeast, South and Midwest, with the Federal Health Stations included in these subordinate areas. Thus, the Federal Health Departments ceased to integrate top-level bodies. The Social Communication Coordination is also created as an organ of direct and immediate assistance to the Minister of State and the Anti-Toxic Prevention Council is established, as a collegiate body, directly subordinate to the Minister of State. In the 1980s, the 1988 Federal Constitution stands out, which determined that it was the duty of the State to guarantee health to the entire population, creating the Unified Health System (SUS). In 1990, the National Health Law was approved by the National Congress, which then detailed the functioning of the System. See also List of ministers of health of Brazil References ^ "Lei n° 14.303, de 21 de janeiro de 2022". Imprensa Oficial (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023. ^ Souto, Lígia (22 December 2016). "Fiocruz começa a produzir teste para doenças transmitidas pelo Aedes aegypti". Empresa Brasil de Comunicação. ^ a b c d "História do Ministério: Saúde no Brasil - do Sanitarismo à Municipalização". Ministério da Saúde. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ministry of Health of Brazil. 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Despite this, the first Ministry with actions in the health area was created in 1930, during the government of Getúlio Vargas, under the name of Ministry of Business of the Education and Public Health. In 1937 it was renamed Ministry of Education and Health.[citation needed]On 25 July 1953 it was defined as Ministry of Health. In 1956, linked to this ministry, the National Department of Rural Endemics emerged, with the purpose of carrying out the services to combat endemic diseases in the country, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, chagas disease, plague, brucellosis, yellow fever, among others.[3]In the early 1960s, social inequality, marked by low income per capita and a high concentration of wealth, gained dimension in the discourse of health workers around the relationship between health and development. The planning of growth and improvement goals led to what some researchers called the great panacea of the 1960s (global planning and health planning). The proposals to adapt public health services to the reality diagnosed by developmental health workers had important milestones, such as the formulation of the National Health Policy in the management of the then minister, Estácio Souto-Maior, in 1961, with the objective of redefining the identity of the Ministry Health and bring it in line with the progress made in the economic-social sphere. Another milestone in the history of health at the ministerial level occurred in 1963, with the holding of the III National Health Conference (CNS), convened by Minister Wilson Fadul, an ardent defender of the municipalization thesis. The Conference proposed the reorganization of medical and health care services and general alignments to determine a new division of attributions and responsibilities between the Federation's political and administrative levels, aiming, above all, at municipalization.[3]In 1964, the military took over the government and Raymundo de Brito established himself as minister of health and reiterated the purpose of incorporating the Social Security medical assistance to the Ministry of Health, within the proposal to establish a National Health Plan according to the guidelines of the Third National Health Conference. On 25 February 1967, with the implementation of the Federal Administrative Reform, it was established that the Ministry of Health would be responsible for the National Health Policy.In 1974, there was an internal reform in which the Health and Medical Assistance Secretariats were included, becoming the National Health Secretariat, to reinforce the concept that there was no dichotomy between Public Health and Medical Assistance. In the same year, the Superintendency of Public Health Campaigns (SUCAM) came under the direct subordination of the Minister of State, in order to allow him greater technical and administrative flexibility, elevating himself to a first-rate body. The Health Coordinators were created, comprising five regions: the Amazon, Northeast, Southeast, South and Midwest, with the Federal Health Stations included in these subordinate areas. Thus, the Federal Health Departments ceased to integrate top-level bodies. The Social Communication Coordination is also created as an organ of direct and immediate assistance to the Minister of State and the Anti-Toxic Prevention Council is established, as a collegiate body, directly subordinate to the Minister of State.[3]In the 1980s, the 1988 Federal Constitution stands out, which determined that it was the duty of the State to guarantee health to the entire population, creating the Unified Health System (SUS). In 1990, the National Health Law was approved by the National Congress, which then detailed the functioning of the System.[3]","title":"History"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger_Treaty_Council_of_1868
Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868
["1 July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty","1.1 Article I.","1.2 Article II.","1.3 Article iii.","1.4 Article IV.","1.5 Article V.","1.6 Article VI.","1.7 Article vii.","1.8 Article viii.","1.9 Article IX.","1.10 Article X.","1.11 Article XI.","1.12 Article xii.","1.13 Article xiii.","1.14 Signatories","2 See also","3 References"]
1868 treaty between the United States and Shoshone This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wikisource has original text related to this article: Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 This Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868, was also known as the Great Treaty Council, was a council that developed the Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 (also Shoshone Bannock Treaty). The Shoshone, also referred to as the Shoshoni or Snake, were the main American Indian group affected by this treaty. The event itself is significant because it was the last treaty council which dealt with establishing a reservation. After that council, executive Orders were used to establish reservations. Members of the tribe on the Fort Hall Reservation, established by the treaty, became involved in the Bannock Wars in 1878 and 1895. July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty Source: ANDREW JOHNSON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TO ALL AND SINGULAR TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, GREETING: Whereas a treaty was made and concluded at Fort Bridger, in the Territory of Utah, on the third day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight, by and between Nathaniel G. Taylor, William T. Sherman, William S. Harney, John B. Sanborn, S. F. Tappan, C. C. Augur, and Alfred H. Terry, commissioners, on the part of the United States, and Wash-a-kie, Wau-ni-pitz, and other chiefs and headmen of the Eastern Band of Shoshonee Indians, and Tag-gee, Tay-to-ba, and other chiefs and headmen of the Bannack tribe of Indians, on the part of said band and tribe of Indians respectively, and duly authorized thereto by them, which treaty is in the words and figures following, to wit: Articles of a Treaty with the Shoshonee (Eastern Band) and Bannack Tribes of Indians, made the third Day of July, 1868, at Fort Bridger, Utah Territory. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Fort Bridger, Utah Territory, on the third day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight, by and between the undersigned commissioners on the part of the United States, and the chiefs and headmen of and representing the Shoshonee (eastern band) and Bannack Tribes of Indians, they being duly authorized to act in the premises: Article I. From this day forward, peace between the parties to this treaty shall forever continue. The government of the United States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and they hereby pledge their honor to maintain it. If bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to the agent and forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washington City, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained. If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person or property of any one, white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians herein named solemnly agree that they will, on proof made to their agent and notice by him, deliver up the wrong-doer to the United States, to be tried and punished according to its laws; and in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be reimbursed for his loss from the annuities or moneys due or to become due to them under this or other treaties made with the United States. And the President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall prescribe such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper. But no such damages shall be adjusted and paid until thoroughly examined and passed upon by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and no one sustaining loss while violating or because of his violating the provisions of this treaty or the laws of the United States shall be reimbursed therefor. Article II. It is agreed that whenever the Bannacks desire a reservation to be set apart for their use, or whenever the President of the United States shall deem it advisable for them to be put upon a reservation, he shall cause a suitable one to be selected for them in their present country, which shall embrace reasonable portions of the “Port neuf” and “Kansas (sic. Camas) Prairie” countries, and that, when this reservation is declared, the United States will secure to the Bannacks the same rights and privileges therein, and make the same and like expenditures therein for their benefit, except the agency house and residence of the agent, in proportion to their numbers, as herein provided for the Shoshonee reservation. The United States further agrees that following district of country, to wit: commencing at the mouth of Owl creek and running due south to the crest of the divide between the Sweetwater and Papo Agie rivers; thence along the crest of said divide and summit of Wind River mountains to the longitude of North Fork of Wind river; thence due north to mouth of said North Fork and up its channel to a point twenty miles above its mouth; thence in a straight line to head-waters of Owl creek and along the middle channel of Owl creek to a place of beginning, shall be and the same is set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Shoshonee Indians herein named, and for such other friendly tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing, with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the United States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein designated and authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employees of the government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they will and do hereby relinquish all title, claims, or rights in and to any portion of the territory of the United States, except such as embraced within the limits aforesaid. Article iii. The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct at a suitable point on the Shoshonee reservation a warehouse or storeroom for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the Indians, to cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; and agency building for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding three thousand; a residence for the physician, to cost not more than two thousand dollars; and five other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer, each to cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; also a school house or mission building so soon as a sufficient number of children can be induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding twenty-five hundred dollars. The United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said Shoshonee reservation, near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam circular saw-mill, with a grist- mill and shingle machine attached, the same to cost not more than eight thousand dollars. Article IV. The Indians herein named agree, when the agency house and other building shall be constructed on their reservations named, they will make said reservations their permanent home, and they will make no permanent settlement elsewhere; but they shall have the right to hunt on the unoccupied lands of the United States so long as game may be found thereon, and so long as peace subsists among the whites and Indians on the borders of the hunting districts. Article V. The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in the future make his home at the agency building on the Shoshonee reservation, but shall direct and supervise affairs on the Bannack reservation; and shall keep an office open at all times for the purpose of prompt and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and against the Indians as may be presented for investigation under the provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for the faithful discharge of other duties enjoined by law. In all case of depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be taken in writing and forwarded, together with his finding, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose decision shall be binding on the parties of this treaty. Article VI. If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select, in the presence and with the assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land within the reservation of his tribe, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, which tract so selected, certified, and recorded in the “land book,” as herein directed, shall cease to be held in common, but the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may continue to cultivate it. Any person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of land not exceeding eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled to the exclusive possession of the same as above described. For each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a description thereof, and the name of the person selecting it, with a certificate endorsed thereon that the same has been recorded shall be delivered to the party entitled to it by the agent, after the same shall have been recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office subject to inspection, which said book shall be known as the “Shoshonee (eastern band) and Bannack Land Book.” The President may at any time order a survey of these reservations, and when so surveyed Congress shall provide for protecting the rights of the Indian settlers in these improvements, and may fix the character of the title held by each. The United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent of property as between Indians, and on all subjects connected with the government of the Indians on said reservations, and the internal police thereof, as may be thought proper. Article vii. In order to insure the civilization of the tribes entering into this treaty, the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school; and it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly complied with; and the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said ages who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall be furnished, who will reside among said Indians and faithfully discharge his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for twenty years. Article viii. When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and received his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year, in value of one hundred dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm, for a period of three years more, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and implements as aforesaid in value twenty-five dollars per annum. And it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall receive instructions from the farmers herein provided for, and whenever more than one hundred persons on either reservation shall enter upon the cultivation of the soil, a second blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and other material as may be required. Article IX. In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid to the Indians herein named, under any and all treaties heretofore made with them, the United States agrees to deliver at the agency house on the reservation herein provided for, on the first day of September of each year, for thirty years, the following articles, to wit: For each male person over fourteen years of age, a suit of good substantial woollen clothing, consisting of coat, hat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, and a pair of woollen socks; for each female over twelve years of age, a flannel skirt, or the goods necessary to make it, a pair of woollen hose, twelve yards of calico, and twelve yards of cotton domestics. For the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton goods as may be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a pair of woollen hose for each. And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to estimate properly for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of the agent each year to forward to him a full and exact census of the Indians, on which the estimate from year to year can be based; and in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of ten dollars shall be annually appropriated for each Indian roaming and twenty dollars for each Indian engaged in agriculture, for a period of ten years, to be used by the Secretary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as from time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate to be proper. And if at any time within the ten years it shall appear that the amount of money needed for clothing under this article can be appropriated to better uses for the tribes herein named, Congress my by law change the appropriation for other purposes; but in no event shall the amount of the appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued for the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of the army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein named to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity and quality of the goods and the manner of their delivery. Article X. The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians the physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, an blacksmith, as herein contemplated, and that such appropriations shall be made from time to time, on the estimates of the Secretary of the Interior, as will be sufficient o employ such persons. Article XI. No treaty for the cession of any portion of the reservations herein described which may be held in common shall be of any force or validity as against the said Indians, unless executed and signed by at least a majority of all the adult male Indians occupying or interested in the same; and no cession by the tribe shall be understood or construed in such manner as to deprive without his consent any individual member of his right to any tract of land selected by him, as provided in Article VI. of this treaty. Article xii. It is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually, for three years from the date when they commence to cultivate a farm, shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe, who, in the judgment of the agent, may grow the most valuable crops for the respective year. Article xiii. It is further agreed that until such time as the agency buildings are established on the Shoshonee reservation, their agent shall reside at Fort Bridger, U. T., and their annuities shall be delivered to them at the same place in June of each year. Signatories Attest: A. S. H. WHITE, Secretary. N. G. TAYLOR, W. T. SHERMAN, Lt. Genl. WM. S. HARNEY, JOHN B. SANBORN, S. F. TAPPAN, C. C. AUGUR, Bvt. Major Genl. U. S. A., Commissioners. ALFRED H. TERRY, Brig. Gen. and Bvt. M. Gen. U. S. A. Shoshones: WASH-A-KIE. WAU-NY-PITZ. TOOP-SE-PO-WOT. NAR-KOK. TABOONSHE-YA. BAZEEL. PAN-TO-SHE-GA. NINNY-BITSE. Bannacks: TAGGEE. TAY-TO-BA. his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark Witnesses: HENRY A. MORROW, WE-RAT-ZE-WON-A-GEN. COO-SHA-GAN. PAN-SOOK-A-MOTSE. A-WITE-ETSE. his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark Lt. Col. 36th Infantry and Bvt. Col. U. S. A., Comdg. Ft. Bridger. LUTHER MANPA, U. S. Indian Agent. W. A. CARTER. J. VAN ALLEN CARTER, Interpreter. And whereas, the said treaty having been submitted to the Senate of the United States for its constitutional action thereon, the Senate did, on the sixteenth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, advise and consent to the ratification of the same, by a resolution in the words and figures following, to wit: IN EXECUTIVE SESSION, SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, February 16, 1869. Resolved, (two thirds of the senators present concurring,) That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the treaty between the United States and the Shoshonee (eastern band) and Bannack tribes of Indians, made and concluded at Fort Bridger, Utah Territory, on the third day of July, 1868. Attest: GEO. C. GORHAM, Secretary. Now, therefore, be it known that I, ANDREW JOHNSON, President of the United States of America, do, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate, as expressed in its resolution on the sixteenth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- nine, accept, ratify, and confirm the said treaty. In testimony whereof I have hereto signed my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the ninety-third. By the President: WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State. ANDREW JOHNSON. See also Wind River Indian Reservation Chief Washakie References ^ https://jacksonholehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/1868-treaty.pdf
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fort_Bridger_Treaty_of_1868"},{"link_name":"Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone"},{"link_name":"Shoshoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshoni"},{"link_name":"American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation"},{"link_name":"executive Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Hall Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hall_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Bannock Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_War"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nFort Bridger Treaty of 1868This Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868, was also known as the Great Treaty Council, was a council that developed the Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 (also Shoshone Bannock Treaty). The Shoshone, also referred to as the Shoshoni or Snake, were the main American Indian group affected by this treaty. The event itself is significant because it was the last treaty council which dealt with establishing a reservation. After that council, executive Orders were used to establish reservations.Members of the tribe on the Fort Hall Reservation, established by the treaty, became involved in the Bannock Wars in 1878 and 1895.","title":"Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Source:[1]ANDREW JOHNSON,\nPRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\nTO ALL AND SINGULAR TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, GREETING:\nWhereas a treaty was made and concluded at Fort Bridger, in the Territory of Utah, on the third day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight, by and between Nathaniel G. Taylor, William T. Sherman, William S. Harney, John B. Sanborn, S. F. Tappan, C. C. Augur, and Alfred H. Terry, commissioners, on the part of the United States, and Wash-a-kie, Wau-ni-pitz, and other chiefs and headmen of the Eastern Band of Shoshonee Indians, and Tag-gee, Tay-to-ba, and other chiefs and headmen of the Bannack tribe of Indians, on the part of said band and tribe of Indians respectively, and duly authorized thereto by them, which treaty is in the words and figures following, to wit:Articles of a Treaty with the Shoshonee (Eastern Band) and Bannack Tribes of Indians, made the third Day of July, 1868, at Fort Bridger, Utah Territory.Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Fort Bridger, Utah Territory, on the third day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight, by and between the undersigned commissioners on the part of the United States, and the chiefs and headmen of and representing the Shoshonee (eastern band) and Bannack Tribes of Indians, they being duly authorized to act in the premises:","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article I.","text":"From this day forward, peace between the parties to this treaty shall forever continue. The government of the United States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and they hereby pledge their honor to maintain it.\nIf bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to the agent and forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washington City, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person or property of any one, white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians herein named solemnly agree that they will, on proof made to their agent and notice by him, deliver up the wrong-doer to the United States, to be tried and punished according to its laws; and in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be reimbursed for his loss from the annuities or moneys due or to become due to them under this or other treaties made with the United States. And the President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall prescribe such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper. But no such damages shall be adjusted and paid until thoroughly examined and passed upon by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and no one sustaining loss while violating or because of his violating the provisions of this treaty or the laws of the United States shall be reimbursed therefor.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article II.","text":"It is agreed that whenever the Bannacks desire a reservation to be set apart for their use, or whenever the President of the United States shall deem it advisable for them to be put upon a reservation, he shall cause a suitable one to be selected for them in their present country, which shall embrace reasonable portions of the “Port neuf” and “Kansas (sic. Camas) Prairie” countries, and that, when this reservation is declared, the United States will secure to the Bannacks the same rights and privileges therein, and make the same and like expenditures therein for their benefit, except the agency house and residence of the agent, in proportion to their numbers, as herein provided for the Shoshonee reservation.The United States further agrees that following district of country, to wit: commencing at the mouth of Owl creek and running due south to the crest of the divide between the Sweetwater and Papo Agie rivers; thence along the crest of said divide and summit of Wind River mountains to the longitude of North Fork of Wind river; thence due north to mouth of said North Fork and up its channel to a point twenty miles above its mouth; thence in a straight line to head-waters of Owl creek and along the middle channel of Owl creek to a place of beginning, shall be and the same is set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Shoshonee Indians herein named, and for such other friendly tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing, with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the United States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein designated and authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employees of the government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they will and do hereby relinquish all title, claims, or rights in and to any portion of the territory of the United States, except such as embraced within the limits aforesaid.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article iii.","text":"The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct at a suitable point on the Shoshonee reservation a warehouse or storeroom for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the Indians, to cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; and agency building for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding three thousand; a residence for the physician, to cost not more than two thousand dollars; and five other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer, each to cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; also a school house or mission building so soon as a sufficient number of children can be induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding twenty-five hundred dollars.The United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said Shoshonee reservation, near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam circular saw-mill, with a grist- mill and shingle machine attached, the same to cost not more than eight thousand dollars.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article IV.","text":"The Indians herein named agree, when the agency house and other building shall be constructed on their reservations named, they will make said reservations their permanent home, and they will make no permanent settlement elsewhere; but they shall have the right to hunt on the unoccupied lands of the United States so long as game may be found thereon, and so long as peace subsists among the whites and Indians on the borders of the hunting districts.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article V.","text":"The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in the future make his home at the agency building on the Shoshonee reservation, but shall direct and supervise affairs on the Bannack reservation; and shall keep an office open at all times for the purpose of prompt and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and against the Indians as may be presented for investigation under the provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for the faithful discharge of other duties enjoined by law. In all case of depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be taken in writing and forwarded, together with his finding, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose decision shall be binding on the parties of this treaty.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article VI.","text":"If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select, in the presence and with the assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land within the reservation of his tribe, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, which tract so selected, certified, and recorded in the “land book,” as herein directed, shall cease to be held in common, but the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may continue to cultivate it.\nAny person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of land not exceeding eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled to the exclusive possession of the same as above described. For each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a description thereof, and the name of the person selecting it, with a certificate endorsed thereon that the same has been recorded shall be delivered to the party entitled to it by the agent, after the same shall have been recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office subject to inspection, which said book shall be known as the “Shoshonee (eastern band) and Bannack Land Book.”The President may at any time order a survey of these reservations, and when so surveyed Congress shall provide for protecting the rights of the Indian settlers in these improvements, and may fix the character of the title held by each. The United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent of property as between Indians, and on all subjects connected with the government of the Indians on said reservations, and the internal police thereof, as may be thought proper.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article vii.","text":"In order to insure the civilization of the tribes entering into this treaty, the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school; and it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly complied with; and the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said ages who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall be furnished, who will reside among said Indians and faithfully discharge his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for twenty years.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article viii.","text":"When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and received his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year, in value of one hundred dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm, for a period of three years more, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and implements as aforesaid in value twenty-five dollars per annum.And it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall receive instructions from the farmers herein provided for, and whenever more than one hundred persons on either reservation shall enter upon the cultivation of the soil, a second blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and other material as may be required.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article IX.","text":"In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid to the Indians herein named, under any and all treaties heretofore made with them, the United States agrees to deliver at the agency house on the reservation herein provided for, on the first day of September of each year, for thirty years, the following articles, to wit:\nFor each male person over fourteen years of age, a suit of good substantial woollen clothing, consisting of coat, hat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, and a pair of woollen socks; for each female over twelve years of age, a flannel skirt, or the goods necessary to make it, a pair of woollen hose, twelve yards of calico, and twelve yards of cotton domestics.\nFor the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton goods as may be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a pair of woollen hose for each.And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to estimate properly for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of the agent each year to forward to him a full and exact census of the Indians, on which the estimate from year to year can be based; and in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of ten dollars shall be annually appropriated for each Indian roaming and twenty dollars for each Indian engaged in agriculture, for a period of ten years, to be used by the Secretary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as from time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate to be proper. And if at any time within the ten years it shall appear that the amount of money needed for clothing under this article can be appropriated to better uses for the tribes herein named, Congress my by law change the appropriation for other purposes; but in no event shall the amount of the appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued for the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of the army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein named to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity and quality of the goods and the manner of their delivery.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article X.","text":"The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians the physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, an blacksmith, as herein contemplated, and that such appropriations shall be made from time to time, on the estimates of the Secretary of the Interior, as will be sufficient o employ such persons.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article XI.","text":"No treaty for the cession of any portion of the reservations herein described which may be held in common shall be of any force or validity as against the said Indians, unless executed and signed by at least a majority of all the adult male Indians occupying or interested in the same; and no cession by the tribe shall be understood or construed in such manner as to deprive without his consent any individual member of his right to any tract of land selected by him, as provided in Article VI. of this treaty.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article xii.","text":"It is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually, for three years from the date when they commence to cultivate a farm, shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe, who, in the judgment of the agent, may grow the most valuable crops for the respective year.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Article xiii.","text":"It is further agreed that until such time as the agency buildings are established on the Shoshonee reservation, their agent shall reside at Fort Bridger, U. T., and their annuities shall be delivered to them at the same place in June of each year.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Signatories","text":"Attest:\nA. S. H. WHITE, Secretary.\nN. G. TAYLOR, W. T. SHERMAN, Lt. Genl. WM. S. HARNEY, JOHN B. SANBORN, S. F. TAPPAN, C. C. AUGUR, Bvt. Major Genl. U. S. A., Commissioners. ALFRED H. TERRY, Brig. Gen. and Bvt. M. Gen. U. S. A.Shoshones:\nWASH-A-KIE. WAU-NY-PITZ. TOOP-SE-PO-WOT. NAR-KOK. TABOONSHE-YA. BAZEEL. PAN-TO-SHE-GA. NINNY-BITSE.Bannacks:\nTAGGEE. TAY-TO-BA.\nhis + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark\nhis + mark his + markWitnesses:\nHENRY A. MORROW,\nWE-RAT-ZE-WON-A-GEN. COO-SHA-GAN. PAN-SOOK-A-MOTSE. A-WITE-ETSE.\nhis + mark his + mark his + mark his + mark\nLt. Col. 36th Infantry and Bvt. Col. U. S. A., Comdg. Ft. Bridger. LUTHER MANPA, U. S. Indian Agent.\nW. A. CARTER.J. VAN ALLEN CARTER, Interpreter.And whereas, the said treaty having been submitted to the Senate of the United States for its constitutional action thereon, the Senate did, on the sixteenth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, advise and consent to the ratification of the same, by a resolution in the words and figures following, to wit:IN EXECUTIVE SESSION, SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, February 16, 1869.\nResolved, (two thirds of the senators present concurring,) That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the treaty between the United States and the Shoshonee (eastern band) and Bannack tribes of Indians, made and concluded at Fort Bridger, Utah Territory, on the third day of July, 1868.Attest: GEO. C. GORHAM,\nSecretary.Now, therefore, be it known that I, ANDREW JOHNSON, President of the United States of America, do, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate, as expressed in its resolution on the sixteenth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- nine, accept, ratify, and confirm the said treaty.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereto signed my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.\nDone at the city of Washington, this twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the ninety-third.By the President:\nWILLIAM H. SEWARD,\nSecretary of State.\nANDREW JOHNSON.","title":"July 3, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty"}]
[]
[{"title":"Wind River Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Indian_Reservation"},{"title":"Chief Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Washakie"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Batters
Denise Batters
["1 Early life and education","2 Legal career","3 Mental health advocate","4 Senate career","4.1 Leadership review","4.2 Freedom convoy","5 Personal life","6 References"]
Canadian politician (born 1970) The HonourableDenise BattersKCCanadian Senatorfrom SaskatchewanIncumbentAssumed office January 25, 2013Nominated byStephen HarperAppointed byDavid Johnston Personal detailsBorn (1970-06-18) June 18, 1970 (age 53)Regina, Saskatchewan, CanadaPolitical partyConservative Party of CanadaSpouse Dave Batters ​ ​(m. 1997; died 2009)​Alma materUniversity of Regina (BA)University of Saskatchewan (LLB)ProfessionLawyerpolitician Denise Leanne Batters KC (born June 18, 1970) is a Canadian politician who has served as a senator from Saskatchewan since January 25, 2013. She was briefly ousted from the national Conservative Party of Canada caucus from November 2021 to February 2022, after criticizing then-leader Erin O'Toole, but remained a member of the Senate Conservative Caucus. Early life and education Born in Regina, Batters received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Regina in 1991. In 1994, she obtained her Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Saskatchewan and was admitted to the bar in 1995. Legal career Batters was in private practice until 2007 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 2008. From 2007 to 2012, she served as the Chief of Staff to Saskatchewan Minister of Justice Don Morgan. From 2012 to 2013, Batters worked for Saskatchewan's Crown Investments Corporation as executive director of regulatory affairs. Mental health advocate On June 29, 2009, Batters' husband, former Palliser Conservative Member of Parliament Dave Batters, died by suicide at the age of 39. In the wake of his death, Denise Batters became a mental health advocate. She organized a number of Dave Batters Memorial Golf Tournaments, which raised more than $215,000 for mental illness awareness and suicide prevention. Denise directed the proceeds of these fundraisers towards the production of a television commercial aimed at men aged 30–50 struggling with anxiety and depression. In 2012, she testified before the House of Commons Health Committee in support of a national suicide prevention framework. Denise Batters was awarded the Canadian Association on Mental Illness and Mental Health (CAMIMH) Champion of Mental Health Award (Parliamentarian) in 2015. In October 2017, she received a "Difference Maker" award from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) for her work in the area of mental health. Senate career In January 2013, she was appointed to the Senate of Canada on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Senator Batters served as Deputy Chair of the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs until 2021. She served as Deputy Chair of the Senate Standing Committee of Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration from November 2017 to April 2020. She has also been a member of the Senate Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament, and the Subcommittee on Senate Communications. Leadership review In November 2021, about two months after the 2021 Canadian federal election, Senator Batters launched a petition for a review of Erin O'Toole as Conservative Party leader stating that, "Mr. O'Toole flip-flopped on policies core to our party within the same week, the same day, and even within the same sentence." On November 16, O'Toole ejected Batters from the national Conservative caucus (in which Conservative MPs and Senators both sit) for "discrediting" the work of the caucus and the leader. Batters released a statement on the expulsion saying that "Mr. O'Toole cannot 'tolerate' criticism." Though expelled from the national Conservative caucus, which is made up of both MPs and Senators, she remains a member of the Senate Conservative Caucus. However, the Senate Conservatives have excluded her from appointment to Senate committees. In January 2022, the Saskatchewan Conservative Caucus confirmed Batters as a member of their regional caucus. In February 2022, after O'Toole's ouster as Conservative leader, Batters returned to the national caucus. Freedom convoy In Senate, she offered effusive praise for the "Freedom Convoy" protesters who demonstrated in downtown Ottawa from January 29 to February 20. Batters said that the "chattering classes" had unfairly portrayed the protesters, classifying it as a "dance party." "I can say that in the last two years, I never felt safer walking home from my office at night." Personal life Denise Batters met her future husband, Dave Batters, in 1989, while they were crossing the street at a political convention. They married in 1997. Dave Batters served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for the federal Saskatchewan riding of Palliser from 2004 to 2008. After a battle with depression and anxiety, Dave died by suicide in 2009. References ^ Maragos, Costa (2017-10-31). "Professor named one of 150 leading Canadians for mental health" (Press release). University of Regina. hdl:10294/8229. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ a b c "Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters". Senate of Canada. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ "Stephen Harper appoints five new senators". Toronto Star, January 25, 2012. ^ "Former MP Dave Batters takes own life | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ a b Canada, Senate of (14 June 2016). "Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters". Senate of Canada. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2021-12-02. ^ "A Soul Mate Remembers and Fuels the Suicide Prevention Movement in Canada | (collateral damage)". leftbehindbysuicide.org. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ "Evidence - HESA (41-1) - No. 33 - House of Commons of Canada". Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ "Canadian Alliance on Mental Illness and Mental Health | Champions of Mental Health". www.camimh.ca. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ "Announcing Mental Health Difference Makers from Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan". Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ "PM Harper appoints 5 new senators | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ Canada, Senate of (14 June 2016). "Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters". Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. ^ a b "Senator who challenged O'Toole's leadership excluded from Senate committees". 3 December 2021. ^ Canada, Senate of (14 June 2016). "Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters". Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. ^ Tasker, John Paul; Thibedeau, Hannah (November 15, 2021). "Conservative senator launches petition to oust Erin O'Toole as leader". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. ^ Dickson, Janice; Curry, Bill; Bailey, Ian (November 15, 2021). "Conservative divisions break into the open as senator calls for party review of O'Toole's leadership within six months". theglobeandmail.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. ^ "O'Toole kicks senator who questioned his leadership out of the Conservative caucus". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. ^ Aiello, Rachel (November 17, 2021). "O'Toole defends removing senator calling for leadership vote as 'necessary' for Conservative unity". ctvnews.ca. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. ^ @denisebatters (November 17, 2021). "My statement on Erin O'Toole expelling me from National Conservative Caucus: #LetCPCMembersSpeak #MembersVote" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 18, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ Bailey, Ian (November 18, 2021). "Not entirely ousted: Senator critical of O'Toole remains member of Tory Senate caucus". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 18, 2021. ^ Curry, Bill (January 21, 2022). ""Conservative Saskatchewan Senator Denise Batters confirmed in regional party caucus despite removal from national caucus"". The Globe and Mail. ^ Connolly, Amanda (February 9, 2022). "Sen. Denise Batters back in Conservative caucus after O'Toole ouster". Global News. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ Tasker, John Paul (23 February 2022). "Conservative senator says 'friendly ... patriotic' Ottawa protesters have been demonized". CBC News. Toronto ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 February 2022. ^ "MP's widow pleads for suicide prevention plan | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ Kozlowski, Joanne (Spring 2013). ""Denise Batters: An Appointment to the Senate"" (PDF). Campion College at University of Regina. Retrieved October 14, 2018. vteCurrent members of the Senate of CanadaPresiding officers: Speaker: Raymonde Gagné Speaker pro tempore: Pierrette RinguetteAB ■ LaBoucane-Benson ■ Simons ■ Sorensen ■ Tannas 2 vacancies BC ■ Busson ■ Greenwood ■ Jaffer ■ Martin ■ Woo 1 vacancy MB ■ Gagné ■ McCallum ■ McPhedran ■ Osler ■ Plett 1 vacancy NB ■ Cormier ■ Hartling ■ Kingston ■ McNair ■ Poirier ■ Quinn ■ Richards ■ Ringuette ■ Ross 1 vacancy NL ■ Manning ■ Marshall ■ Petten ■ Ravalia ■ Wells ■ White NS ■ Aucoin ■ Bernard ■ Cordy ■ Coyle ■ Cuzner ■ C. Deacon ■ Greene ■ Kutcher ■ MacDonald ■ Prosper ON ■ Al Zaibak ■ Ataullahjan ■ Black ■ Boehm ■ Boniface ■ Boyer ■ Burey ■ Cardozo ■ Clement ■ Dasko ■ M. Deacon ■ Dean ■ Harder ■ Lankin ■ McBean ■ Moncion ■ Moodie ■ Omidvar ■ Pate ■ R. Patterson ■ Senior ■ Varone ■ Yussuff 1 vacancy PE ■ Downe ■ Francis ■ MacAdam ■ Robinson QC ■ Audette ■ Bellemare ■ Brazeau ■ Carignan ■ Dagenais ■ Dalphond ■ Forest ■ Galvez ■ Gerba ■ Gignac ■ Gold ■ Housakos ■ Loffreda ■ Massicotte ■ Mégie ■ Miville-Dechêne ■ Oudar ■ Petitclerc ■ Saint-Germain ■Seidman ■ Smith ■ Verner 2 vacancies SK ■ Arnot ■ Batters ■ Cotter ■ Klyne ■ Wallin 1 vacancy Territories NT ■ Anderson NU 1 vacancy YT ■ Duncan ■ Independent Senators Group (40) ■ Canadian Senators Group (17) ■ Progressive Senate Group (14) ■ Conservative (13) ■ Non-affiliated (12) vacant (9)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus"},{"link_name":"Erin O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Senate Conservative Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Conservative_Caucus"}],"text":"Denise Leanne Batters KC (born June 18, 1970) is a Canadian politician who has served as a senator from Saskatchewan since January 25, 2013. She was briefly ousted from the national Conservative Party of Canada caucus from November 2021 to February 2022, after criticizing then-leader Erin O'Toole, but remained a member of the Senate Conservative Caucus.","title":"Denise Batters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-2"}],"text":"Born in Regina, Batters received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Regina in 1991.[1] In 1994, she obtained her Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Saskatchewan and was admitted to the bar in 1995.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-2"},{"link_name":"Don Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senate-2"},{"link_name":"Crown Investments Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Investments_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torstar-3"}],"text":"Batters was in private practice until 2007 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 2008.[2] From 2007 to 2012, she served as the Chief of Staff to Saskatchewan Minister of Justice Don Morgan.[2] From 2012 to 2013, Batters worked for Saskatchewan's Crown Investments Corporation as executive director of regulatory affairs.[3]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliser_(Saskatchewan_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Dave Batters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Batters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On June 29, 2009, Batters' husband, former Palliser Conservative Member of Parliament Dave Batters, died by suicide at the age of 39.[4] In the wake of his death, Denise Batters became a mental health advocate. She organized a number of Dave Batters Memorial Golf Tournaments, which raised more than $215,000 for mental illness awareness and suicide prevention.[5] Denise directed the proceeds of these fundraisers towards the production of a television commercial aimed at men aged 30–50 struggling with anxiety and depression.[6] In 2012, she testified before the House of Commons Health Committee in support of a national suicide prevention framework.[7] Denise Batters was awarded the Canadian Association on Mental Illness and Mental Health (CAMIMH) Champion of Mental Health Award (Parliamentarian) in 2015.[8] In October 2017, she received a \"Difference Maker\" award from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) for her work in the area of mental health.[9]","title":"Mental health advocate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caucus-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-5"}],"text":"In January 2013, she was appointed to the Senate of Canada on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper.[10] Senator Batters served as Deputy Chair of the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs until 2021.[11][12] She served as Deputy Chair of the Senate Standing Committee of Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration from November 2017 to April 2020.[13] She has also been a member of the Senate Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament, and the Subcommittee on Senate Communications.[5]","title":"Senate career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Erin O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caucus-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Leadership review","text":"In November 2021, about two months after the 2021 Canadian federal election, Senator Batters launched a petition for a review of Erin O'Toole as Conservative Party leader stating that, \"Mr. O'Toole flip-flopped on policies core to our party within the same week, the same day, and even within the same sentence.\"[14][15] On November 16, O'Toole ejected Batters from the national Conservative caucus (in which Conservative MPs and Senators both sit) for \"discrediting\" the work of the caucus and the leader.[16][17] Batters released a statement on the expulsion saying that \"Mr. O'Toole cannot 'tolerate' criticism.\"[18]Though expelled from the national Conservative caucus, which is made up of both MPs and Senators, she remains a member of the Senate Conservative Caucus. However, the Senate Conservatives have excluded her from appointment to Senate committees.[19][12] In January 2022, the Saskatchewan Conservative Caucus confirmed Batters as a member of their regional caucus.[20] In February 2022, after O'Toole's ouster as Conservative leader, Batters returned to the national caucus.[21]","title":"Senate career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom Convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protests"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Freedom convoy","text":"In Senate, she offered effusive praise for the \"Freedom Convoy\" protesters who demonstrated in downtown Ottawa from January 29 to February 20. Batters said that the \"chattering classes\" had unfairly portrayed the protesters, classifying it as a \"dance party.\" \"I can say that in the last two years, I never felt safer walking home from my office at night.\"[22]","title":"Senate career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Denise Batters met her future husband, Dave Batters, in 1989, while they were crossing the street at a political convention.[23] They married in 1997. Dave Batters served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for the federal Saskatchewan riding of Palliser from 2004 to 2008. After a battle with depression and anxiety, Dave died by suicide in 2009.[24]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Maragos, Costa (2017-10-31). \"Professor named one of 150 leading Canadians for mental health\" (Press release). University of Regina. hdl:10294/8229. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourspace.uregina.ca/bitstream/handle/10294/8229/Feature_2017-10-31b.html?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Professor named one of 150 leading Canadians for mental health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10294%2F8229","url_text":"10294/8229"}]},{"reference":"\"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\". Senate of Canada. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"\"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former MP Dave Batters takes own life | CBC News\". CBC. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/former-mp-dave-batters-takes-own-life-1.796515","url_text":"\"Former MP Dave Batters takes own life | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Canada, Senate of (14 June 2016). \"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\". Senate of Canada. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2021-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"\"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217194542/https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Soul Mate Remembers and Fuels the Suicide Prevention Movement in Canada | (collateral damage)\". leftbehindbysuicide.org. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://leftbehindbysuicide.org/uncategorized/a-soul-mate-remembers-and-fuels-the-suicide-prevention-movement-in-canada/","url_text":"\"A Soul Mate Remembers and Fuels the Suicide Prevention Movement in Canada | (collateral damage)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evidence - HESA (41-1) - No. 33 - House of Commons of Canada\". Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/41-1/HESA/meeting-33/evidence","url_text":"\"Evidence - HESA (41-1) - No. 33 - House of Commons of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Alliance on Mental Illness and Mental Health | Champions of Mental Health\". www.camimh.ca. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.camimh.ca/champions-of-mental-health/#tab-1-4","url_text":"\"Canadian Alliance on Mental Illness and Mental Health | Champions of Mental Health\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing Mental Health Difference Makers from Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan\". Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://morneaushepell.mediaroom.com/2017-10-23-Announcing-Mental-Health-Difference-Makers-from-Alberta-Manitoba-and-Saskatchewan","url_text":"\"Announcing Mental Health Difference Makers from Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan\""}]},{"reference":"\"PM Harper appoints 5 new senators | CBC News\". CBC. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pm-harper-appoints-5-new-senators-1.1337254","url_text":"\"PM Harper appoints 5 new senators | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Canada, Senate of (14 June 2016). \"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"\"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217194542/https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Senator who challenged O'Toole's leadership excluded from Senate committees\". 3 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/senator-who-challenged-o-toole-s-leadership-excluded-from-senate-committees-1.5692978","url_text":"\"Senator who challenged O'Toole's leadership excluded from Senate committees\""}]},{"reference":"Canada, Senate of (14 June 2016). \"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"\"Senate of Canada - Senator Denise Batters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217194542/https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/batters-denise/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tasker, John Paul; Thibedeau, Hannah (November 15, 2021). \"Conservative senator launches petition to oust Erin O'Toole as leader\". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/conservative-senator-oust-erin-otoole-1.6249440","url_text":"\"Conservative senator launches petition to oust Erin O'Toole as leader\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116072420/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/conservative-senator-oust-erin-otoole-1.6249440","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dickson, Janice; Curry, Bill; Bailey, Ian (November 15, 2021). \"Conservative divisions break into the open as senator calls for party review of O'Toole's leadership within six months\". theglobeandmail.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-conservative-senator-denise-batters-calls-for-party-review-of-otooles/","url_text":"\"Conservative divisions break into the open as senator calls for party review of O'Toole's leadership within six months\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116072432/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-conservative-senator-denise-batters-calls-for-party-review-of-otooles/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"O'Toole kicks senator who questioned his leadership out of the Conservative caucus\". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/conservatives-mps-anti-otoole-petition-1.6251532","url_text":"\"O'Toole kicks senator who questioned his leadership out of the Conservative caucus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118011653/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/conservatives-mps-anti-otoole-petition-1.6251532","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aiello, Rachel (November 17, 2021). \"O'Toole defends removing senator calling for leadership vote as 'necessary' for Conservative unity\". ctvnews.ca. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/o-toole-defends-removing-senator-calling-for-leadership-vote-as-necessary-for-conservative-unity-1.5669825","url_text":"\"O'Toole defends removing senator calling for leadership vote as 'necessary' for Conservative unity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118011825/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/o-toole-defends-removing-senator-calling-for-leadership-vote-as-necessary-for-conservative-unity-1.5669825","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@denisebatters (November 17, 2021). \"My statement on Erin O'Toole expelling me from National Conservative Caucus: #LetCPCMembersSpeak #MembersVote\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 18, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/denisebatters/status/1461039169329848330","url_text":"\"My statement on Erin O'Toole expelling me from National Conservative Caucus: #LetCPCMembersSpeak #MembersVote\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118012457/https://twitter.com/denisebatters/status/1461039169329848330","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Ian (November 18, 2021). \"Not entirely ousted: Senator critical of O'Toole remains member of Tory Senate caucus\". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-not-entirely-ousted-senator-critical-of-otoole-remains-member-of-tory/","url_text":"\"Not entirely ousted: Senator critical of O'Toole remains member of Tory Senate caucus\""}]},{"reference":"Curry, Bill (January 21, 2022). \"\"Conservative Saskatchewan Senator Denise Batters confirmed in regional party caucus despite removal from national caucus\"\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-conservative-saskatchewan-senator-denise-batters-confirmed-in-regional/","url_text":"\"\"Conservative Saskatchewan Senator Denise Batters confirmed in regional party caucus despite removal from national caucus\"\""}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Amanda (February 9, 2022). \"Sen. Denise Batters back in Conservative caucus after O'Toole ouster\". Global News. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/8606707/sen-denise-batters-conservative-caucus/","url_text":"\"Sen. Denise Batters back in Conservative caucus after O'Toole ouster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News","url_text":"Global News"}]},{"reference":"Tasker, John Paul (23 February 2022). \"Conservative senator says 'friendly ... patriotic' Ottawa protesters have been demonized\". CBC News. Toronto ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/conservative-senator-friendly-patriotic-ottawa-convoy-1.6361392","url_text":"\"Conservative senator says 'friendly ... patriotic' Ottawa protesters have been demonized\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP's widow pleads for suicide prevention plan | CBC News\". CBC. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mp-s-widow-pleads-for-suicide-prevention-plan-1.1284375","url_text":"\"MP's widow pleads for suicide prevention plan | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Kozlowski, Joanne (Spring 2013). \"\"Denise Batters: An Appointment to the Senate\"\" (PDF). Campion College at University of Regina. Retrieved October 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://campioncollege.ca/pub/documents/alumni%20online%20magazine/Campions-Brag-2013-Spring.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Denise Batters: An Appointment to the Senate\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_World_View
Static World View
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Static World View" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1996 studio album by Spring Heeled JackStatic World ViewStudio album by Spring Heeled JackReleasedMarch 26, 1996Recorded1995GenreThird-wave of skaLength55:39LabelMoon Ska RecordsProducerCarl Osgood Spring Heeled JackSpring Heeled Jack chronology Connecticut Ska(1993) Static World View(1996) Songs from Suburbia(1998) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Static World View is the first album by Spring Heeled Jack, released by Moon Ska Records on March 26, 1996. By the time the band began recording the album, original trumpet player, Pat Gingras, had left and was replaced by Tyler Jones. Saxophone player, James Riley, also decided to leave the band and, as a result, half of the album features Riley playing saxophone, while the other half was recorded with new member, Pete Wasilewski, who had previously played alongside trombone player, Chris Rhodes, in the Connecticut band, JC Superska. To support the release of the album, the band filmed their first music video for the song, "Pay Some Dues." The band also started touring outside of their usual local territory. The album begins and ends with quotes from the movie Tapeheads. Track listing "One Way" (Karcich) – 2:42 "Electric" – 3:29 "Pay Some Dues" (Ragona) – 2:54 "Running Man (Lookin' Thru the Mirror)" (Ragona) – 3:36 "Rufus Shakeedoo" (Rhodes) – 3:32 "All My Own" (Ragona, Pellegrino, Rhodes) – 2:56 "Pigeon-Holed" (Ragona, Karcich, Pellegrino) – 2:47 "Freedom" (Karcich, Spring Heeled Jack) – 3:54 "Addicted" (Ragona, Pellegrino,) – 3:35 "Peg Leg Bates" (Rhodes) – 3:25 "Nervous" (Ragona, Karcich) – 3:23 "Alicia Silverstone" (Aerosmith) – 0:35 "Big Stone Cowboy" (Jones, Pellegrino, Rhodes) – 2:16 "This Song (Has Probably Been Played Before)" (Ragona, Pellegrino, Omonte) – 19:55 * The final track ends at minute 4:18. After fifteen minutes and thirty seconds of silence, drummer Dave Karcich states "You fast forwarded a half an hour for nothing. How do you feel?". Personnel Tyler Jones - trumpet Dave Karcich - drums, backing vocals Rick Omonte - bass Mike Pellegrino - guitar, vocals Ron Ragona - guitar, vocals Chris Rhodes - trombone, arranger, vocals James Riley - sax (alto & tenor) Pete Wasilewski - sax (tenor) Ed Goldberg - engineer Basil Grabovsky - engineer, mastering, mixing Carl Osgood - producer, engineer, mastering, mixing Jeremy Brazeal - artwork References ^ "Static World View - Spring Heeled Jack U.S.A. | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_W._Keeble
Woodrow W. Keeble
["1 Early life","2 World War II","3 Woodrow Keeble on combat","4 Korean War","5 Later life","6 Medal of Honor campaign","7 Awards and decorations","7.1 Medal of Honor citation","8 Additional honors","9 References"]
Korean War Medal of Honor recipient (1917–1982) Woodrow W. KeebleMSG Woodrow W. Keeble, Medal of Honor recipientBorn(1917-05-16)May 16, 1917Waubay, South DakotaDiedJanuary 28, 1982(1982-01-28) (aged 64)Sisseton, South DakotaPlace of burialSisseton Cemetery, Sisseton, South DakotaAllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1941–1946, 1951–1952RankMaster SergeantUnitCompany I, 164th Infantry Regiment1st Platoon, George Company, 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry RegimentBattles/warsWorld War II Guadalcanal Korean WarAwards Medal of Honor Silver Star (2) Bronze Star with "V" Device (2) Purple Heart (4) Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. In 2008, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroic actions during the Korean War. He was a member of the people of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people. On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for these actions in 1952. He was wounded at least twice in World War II and three times in Korea, but he had received only two Purple Hearts for these injuries; later he was credited with four Purple Hearts. Early life Keeble was born on May 16, 1917, in Waubay, South Dakota, to Isaac and Nancy (née Shaker) Keeble, members of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate. While still very young, he moved with them to Wahpeton, North Dakota, where his mother worked at the Wahpeton Indian School. (Since being transferred to the tribe in the 1970s, it is now called Circle of Nations School). She died when Keeble was still a child. Keeble's father, who was too impoverished to feed his family, permanently enrolled Woodrow and his siblings in the school. Keeble excelled in sports, especially baseball. He pitched the Wahpeton amateur team to 10 straight victories. He was being recruited by the Chicago White Sox when his Army National Guard unit was called up to serve in World War II. Keeble was called to active duty with his National Guard unit on February 10, 1941. World War II In World War II, Keeble served with I Company of the famed North Dakota 164th Infantry Regiment. After initial training in Louisiana, the regiment carried out various orders in several West Coast locations before being deployed to Australia in preparation for operations in the Pacific Theater. Keeble's unit was assigned to the United States Army's Americal Division (23rd Infantry Division). The 164th Infantry landed on Guadalcanal on October 13, 1942, to help the battered First Marine Division, which had suffered heavy losses while clearing the South Pacific island of Japanese. The 164th regiment provided the first replacements for the 1st Marines, and although the new boys were green, the exhausted men heartily welcomed the North Dakotans—and their supplies. Keeble's regiment of Dakotans was the first United States Army unit to conduct an offensive operation against the enemy in any theater. Largely because of transport constraints, the Americal Division arrived on Guadalcanal piecemeal, and was fed into combat alongside the battle-hardened Marines. In contrast to the way several U.S. Army divisions were deployed in the Pacific War, the soldiers of the 164th Infantry were able to learn the practical art of jungle warfare against the Japanese without suffering as many casualties as might otherwise have occurred. Dead soldiers from the Japanese 2nd Division litter the Guadalcanal battlefield after the failed assaults on October 25, 1942, against positions held by the 7th Marine Regiment and the 164th Infantry Regiment of the North Dakota National Guard. The battles on Guadalcanal were some of the most brutal of the war. Japanese troops adopted the Banzai charge, wildly attacking in human waves. Sometimes the hand-to-hand battles would last all through the night. During these battles, Keeble's reputation for bravery and skill grew. Nearly a head taller than most of his fellow soldiers, he was an expert with the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR). His other great weapon was his pitching arm, which he used to hurl hand grenades with deadly accuracy. James Fenelon (Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota), who fought with Keeble on Guadalcanal, once remarked, "The safest place to be was right next to Woody." Despite its ad hoc formation, the Americal Division fought well at Guadalcanal, the 164th Infantry taking on a key role in the defeat of a major Japanese offensive in October 1942. The Dakotans performed so heroically on Guadalcanal in support of the Marines that they received a Navy Presidential Unit Citation. After the battles on Guadalcanal, Keeble and the rest of the regiment participated in combat campaigns on the islands of Bougainville, Leyte, Cebu, and Mindanao. Following the Japanese surrender, the entire Americal Division landed in Japan and took part in the occupation of the Yokohama region. Keeble was discharged from the Army on April 11, 1946, after more than five years of active duty. He had spent most of that period overseas. After the war, Keeble returned to Wahpeton and worked at the Wahpeton Indian School. On November 14, 1947, he married Nettie Abigail Owen-Robertson (born March 30, 1917). Woodrow Keeble on combat Discussing the experience of being in combat for the first time, Keeble said, Before I experienced the horror of that attack, I was quick to call coward or yellow anyone who showed fear under any circumstances. Nevermore. I don't know these things, but they speak truth to one. I am not a psychologist, nor a statistician, and less of a philosopher; but the depth of emotion, the dreads of fear, the referees of horrors, and the concentration of self that led me to make this observation, the fear impulse, or perhaps, better said, the (impulses caused) by fear, are stronger, more demanding than either that of love or hunger... He also wrote: Fear in my opinion is a state of drunkenness. And when men are in that state when the fear impulse takes a hold... he loses all reason, sense of values, and is not liable, or at least should not be held accountable for acts perpetrated when thus possessed. Keeble continued: During the 13 months almost continual and sustained combat in which I have ever participated, there were moments, and rare ones, I am sure; but they lose none of their terror or horror for which fear laid a relentless and a powerful hold on me, that the pull of cowardice was almost more than I could ward off. There were terrible moments that encompassed a lifetime, an endlessness, when terror was so strong in me, that I could feel idiocy replace reason. I have never left my position, nor have I shirked hazardous duty. Fear did not make a coward out of me. Korean War The 164th Infantry Regiment was reactivated on January 16, 1951, during the Korean War; they trained at Camp Rucker, Alabama. When Keeble's commanding officer, Lieutenant E. Duane Holly, had to select several sergeants for deployment to the front lines, he decided to have his men draw straws. Keeble volunteered instead. Asked why, Keeble said, "Somebody has to teach these kids how to fight." Woodrow Keeble during the Korean War Keeble was assigned to George Company, 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division. His combat experience and a genuine gift of leadership brought him a quick series of promotions to the level of master sergeant, leading the 1st Platoon. The summer and fall of 1951 were particularly deadly for both sides as the war moved into its second year. The 24th Division was in the central area of the Korean peninsula when, on October 13, 1951, the Division was called upon to take a series of steep mountains protecting a major Chinese supply depot in the town of Kumsong. This push, called Operation Nomad-Polar, was to be the last major United Nations offensive of the war. Keeble, described as a gentle giant by his friends, was a ferocious warrior in battle, as evidenced by his heroic actions over the next six days. Official records confirm Keeble was initially wounded on October 15—and then again on October 17, 18 and 20—for which he received only one Purple Heart. For his bravery on October 18, he was awarded a Silver Star. His heroism on October 20 made Keeble a legend, and 57 years later resulted in his posthumous Medal of Honor. George Company was in its sixth day of round-the-clock fighting. They were facing deeply entrenched Chinese soldiers on Hill 675–770, the last major Chinese stronghold between the UN forces and Kumsong. Keeble had thus far suffered two rifle gunshot wounds to his left arm, grenade shrapnel to his face that almost removed his nose, and a badly twisted knee; on the 19th, doctors reportedly removed 83 pieces of festering shrapnel Keeble had sustained from a concussion grenade the previous day. On the 20th, Medic Dale Selby told Keeble he should stay back because of his wounds, but Keeble refused to let his men go up the mountain without him. Keeble led all three platoons in successive assaults upon the Chinese who held the hill throughout the day. All three charges were repulsed, and the company suffered heavy casualties. Trenches were filled with enemy soldiers, and fortified by three pillboxes containing machine guns; additional Chinese surrounded the hill. Following the third assault and subsequent mortar and artillery support, the enemy sustained casualties among its ranks in the open trenches. The machine gunners in the pillboxes, however, continued to direct fire on George Company. After Keeble withdrew the 3rd platoon, he decided to attempt a solo assault. "He once told a relative that the fourth attempt he was either going to take them out or die trying," Hawkins said. Armed with grenades and his Browning Automatic Rifle, Keeble crawled to an area 50 yards from the ridgeline, flanked the left pillbox, and used grenades and rifle fire to eliminate it. After returning to the point where 1st Platoon held the company's first line of defense, Keeble worked his way to the opposite side of the ridgeline, where he took out the right pillbox with grenades. "Then without hesitation, he lobbed a grenade into the back entrance of the middle pillbox and with additional rifle fire eliminated it." Hawkins, Keeble's stepson, said one eyewitness told him the enemy directed its entire arsenal at Keeble during his assault. "He said there were so many grenades coming down on Woody, that it looked like a flock of blackbirds." Even under heavy enemy fire, Keeble was able to complete his objective. Only after he killed the machine gunners did Keeble order his men to advance and secure the hill. That day, Master Sergeant Keeble single-handedly destroyed three enemy machine-gun bunkers and killed an additional seven enemy soldiers in nearby trenches. His bravery in the face of enemy fire was so remarkable that a recommendation that he receive the Medal of Honor was twice submitted. In both cases, the recommendation was lost. When Keeble's men endeavored to submit the recommendation a third time, officials informed them they were too late; they were told regulations prevented them from submitting another recommendation. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross on December 20, 1952. The DSC was upgraded posthumously in 2008 to the Medal of Honor. Keeble was removed from front line duty to recover from his wounds and was discharged on August 26, 1952. Later life Keeble returned to North Dakota after the Korean War. He resumed working at the Wahpeton Indian School. Soon after, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which required that he undergo long-term treatment in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Surgeons ultimately removed one of his lungs. He suffered a series of strokes that rendered him speechless, partially paralyzed, and unable to work for the remainder of his life. Nettie, his wife of 14 years, died the following year, leaving Keeble to raise their young son, Earl, alone. Keeble fell on hard times and is said to have pawned his service medals. But despite his disabilities, Keeble persevered. In 1967, he married Blossom Iris Crawford-Hawkins (born July 18, 1926), the first Sioux woman to complete a Doctorate of Education. Keeble was a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 4324 - Wahpeton, North Dakota. Keeble died January 28, 1982, and is buried in Sisseton, South Dakota. On May 17, 2008, his tombstone was replaced with a Medal of Honor headstone. Medal of Honor campaign Keeble's family and friends remained dedicated to efforts to get him the Medal of Honor for which he was twice recommended. United States Senators Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Kent Conrad (D-ND) John Thune (R-SD) and Tim Johnson (D-SD) long urged that Keeble be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Family members of U.S. Army Master Sgt. Woodrow Wilson Keeble attending his Medal of Honor ceremony Keeble's stepson Russell Hawkins (center) accepts the Medal of Honor from President Bush on March 3, 2008 Senator Conrad and North Dakota Adjutant General Michael Haugen presented Keeble's family with a duplicate set of his military medals on May 30, 2006, at the Wahpeton Armory. Moments before the event was to begin, word came that Secretary of the Army Francis Harvey was recommending that Keeble's Distinguished Service Cross be upgraded to the Medal of Honor. From there, Keeble's case moved up to the level of Secretary of Defense. In 2007, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld notified the four Dakota senators that a statute of limitations would prevent the Medal of Honor from being granted. The four Dakota senators immediately drafted legislation to remove the last barrier to the posthumous awarding of the medal. In May 2007, the congressional funding bill for Iraq included language to grant a waiver of the statute of limitations to award a Medal of Honor to Woodrow W. Keeble. The President could sign off on the recommendation, conditioned on the Secretary of Defense's recommendation for the upgrade of Keeble's DSC. President Bush signed the legislation on May 24, 2007. Senator Thune issued a statement on June 2, 2007, that read, in part, Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble served with bravery and dignity, going beyond the call of duty not for notoriety or recognition-but for the mission he believed in and the country he loved. Keeble's legacy is a great source of pride for his family, his fellow Dakota Sioux, and all Americans. The Secretary of the Army's recommendation is wonderful and long-awaited news. I began working with Master Sergeant Keeble's family and tribal officials on resolving this long overdue issue in the spring of 2002, and I will continue to work with Defense officials to ensure that this legendary soldier receives the final and most distinguished honor he deserves. Senator Johnson urged Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates to act quickly on the recommendation. " ... it is my hope that both you and the President can move forward on Master Sergeant Keeble's case as expeditiously as possible," Johnson said in a letter to Gates quoted in the Argus Leader of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. It would be another year before the President would finally award the Medal of Honor to Keeble. Despite failing health, Blossom Keeble was determined to live long enough to accept the Medal of Honor on her husband's behalf, but she died quite suddenly on June 3, 2007. In February 2008, the White House announced that Keeble would be awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously in a ceremony scheduled for March 3, with his family to receive it. "We are just proud to be a part of this for Woody," Keeble's stepson Russell Hawkins said in a U.S. Army announcement. "He is deserving of this, for what he did in the Armed Services in defense of this country." Hawkins added that this victory is as important for the Sisseton-Wahpeton tribe and North and South Dakota as it is for Keeble and his family. "We are all extremely proud that Woody is finally receiving this honor. He epitomized our cultural values of humility, compassion, bravery, strength and honor." Hawkins added that Keeble was the embodiment of woyuonihan ("honor"), always carrying himself in a way so that those who knew him would be proud of him. "He lived a life full of honor and respect." Hawkins said his feelings about Keeble echo those of all who knew him. "If he was alive today, I would tell him there's no one I respect more, and how he is everything a man should be: brave, kind and generous. I would tell him how proud I am of him, and how I never realized that all this time, I was living with such greatness." Awards and decorations Combat Infantryman Badge with Star (denoting 2nd award) Army Sharpshooter Badge with one weapon bar 24th Infantry Division Combat Service Identification Badge 164th Infantry Regiment Distinctive Unit Insignia 2 Service stripes 9 Overseas Service Bars Medal of Honor Silver Star with one bronze oak leaf cluster Bronze Star Medal with Valor device and oak leaf cluster Purple Heart with three oak leaf clusters Army Commendation Medal Navy Commendation Medal with Valor device Army Presidential Unit Citation with three oak leaf clusters Navy Presidential Unit Citation Army Meritorious Unit Commendation Army Good Conduct Medal, second award American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four bronze service stars World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal with two service stars Armed Forces Reserve Medal Philippine Liberation Medal with two service stars Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation United Nations Korea Medal Korean War Service Medal Medal of Honor citation Keeble's Medal of Honor The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 2008, has awarded in the name of Congress the Medal of Honor to: Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble United States Army Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty: Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Sangsan-ni, Korea, on October 20, 1951. On that day, Master Sergeant Keeble was an acting platoon leader for the support platoon in Company G, 19th Infantry, in the attack on Hill 765, a steep and rugged position that was well defended by the enemy. Leading the support platoon, Master Sergeant Keeble saw that the attacking elements had become pinned down on the slope by heavy enemy fire from three well-fortified and strategically placed enemy positions. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Master Sergeant Keeble dashed forward and joined the pinned-down platoon. Then, hugging the ground, Master Sergeant Keeble crawled forward alone until he was in close proximity to one of the hostile machine-gun emplacements. Ignoring the heavy fire that the crew trained on him, Master Sergeant Keeble activated a grenade and threw it with great accuracy, successfully destroying the position. Continuing his one-man assault, he moved to the second enemy position and destroyed it with another grenade. Despite the fact that the enemy troops were now directing their firepower against him and unleashing a shower of grenades in a frantic attempt to stop his advance, he moved forward against the third hostile emplacement, and skillfully neutralized the remaining enemy position. As his comrades moved forward to join him, Master Sergeant Keeble continued to direct accurate fire against nearby trenches, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. Inspired by his courage, Company G successfully moved forward and seized its important objective. The extraordinary courage, selfless service, and devotion to duty displayed that day by Master Sergeant Keeble was an inspiration to all around him and reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army. Additional honors On March 17, 2008, the South Dakota Governor Mike Rounds, before a joint session of the State Congress, officially proclaimed the date to be forever commemorated as Woodrow Wilson Keeble Day in the state of South Dakota. On July 23, 2008, North Dakota Governor John Hoeven posthumously presented Keeble with the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award. The award recognizes present or former North Dakotans who achieve national recognition in their fields of endeavor. In addition to these awards, numerous regional sites also pay homage to the memory of Woodrow Keeble. A section of U.S. Highway 12 near Keeble's birthplace in Waubay, South Dakota, is named in his honor. A special shelter in Chahinkapa Park in Wahpeton was built in his honor. Previous to the Medal of Honor ceremony, the gymnasium at the Wahpeton Indian School, now called the Circle of Nations School, was named for him. In May 2008, the school celebrated its 100th anniversary and named a new dormitory for Keeble. The State of North Dakota erected a Medal of Honor Memorial in Roosevelt Park in Minot. North Dakota has more Medal of Honor recipients, per capita, than any other state. A separate pillar was built for Woodrow Keeble. It was dedicated during a special celebration on July 4, 2008. A new Armed Forces Reserve Center in Sioux Falls has also been named for Keeble. References ^ "Woodrow W. Keeble - Native Americans in the United States Army". www.army.mil. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ VFW magazine, June/July 2010, "Korean War", Courage Beyond Belief", p. 30 ^ "Join Ancestry®". search.ancestry.com. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ a b "Prairie Public Broadcasting » Dakota Datebook". www.prairiepublic.org. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ a b c d e f g "First Sioux to Receive Medal of Honor". Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ "Join Ancestry®". search.ancestry.com. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ "Citation for Master Sergeant Woodrow Keeble Winner of Medal of Honor for the United States Army". www.army.mil. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ "Master Sergeant Woodrow Wilson Keeble - North Dakota Office of the Governor". governor.nd.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
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Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Purple Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Woodrow Wilson Keeble (May 16, 1917 – January 28, 1982) (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) was a U.S. Army National Guard combat veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. In 2008, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroic actions during the Korean War. He was a member of the people of the Lake Traverse Reservation, a federally recognized tribe of Dakota people.On March 3, 2008, following a long campaign by his family and the congressional delegations of both North and South Dakota, President George W. Bush posthumously awarded Keeble the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on October 20, 1951, in the Korean War. Keeble had previously been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for these actions in 1952. He was wounded at least twice in World War II and three times in Korea, but he had received only two Purple Hearts for these injuries;[1] later he was credited with four Purple Hearts.[2]","title":"Woodrow W. Keeble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waubay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waubay"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisseton_Wahpeton_Oyate"},{"link_name":"Wahpeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahpeton,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Keeble was born on May 16, 1917, in Waubay, South Dakota, to Isaac and Nancy (née Shaker) Keeble, members of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate. While still very young, he moved with them to Wahpeton, North Dakota, where his mother worked at the Wahpeton Indian School. (Since being transferred to the tribe in the 1970s, it is now called Circle of Nations School). She died when Keeble was still a child. Keeble's father, who was too impoverished to feed his family, permanently enrolled Woodrow and his siblings in the school.Keeble excelled in sports, especially baseball. He pitched the Wahpeton amateur team to 10 straight victories. He was being recruited by the Chicago White Sox when his Army National Guard unit was called up to serve in World War II. Keeble was called to active duty with his National Guard unit on February 10, 1941.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"164th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Americal Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americal_Division"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"First Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Americal Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americal_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuadMatanikauDeadJapanese.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banzai charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai_charge"},{"link_name":"Browning Automatic Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_Automatic_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prairiepublic.org-4"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Island"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"}],"text":"In World War II, Keeble served with I Company of the famed North Dakota 164th Infantry Regiment. After initial training in Louisiana, the regiment carried out various orders in several West Coast locations before being deployed to Australia in preparation for operations in the Pacific Theater. Keeble's unit was assigned to the United States Army's Americal Division (23rd Infantry Division).The 164th Infantry landed on Guadalcanal on October 13, 1942, to help the battered First Marine Division, which had suffered heavy losses while clearing the South Pacific island of Japanese. The 164th regiment provided the first replacements for the 1st Marines, and although the new boys were green, the exhausted men heartily welcomed the North Dakotans—and their supplies.Keeble's regiment of Dakotans was the first United States Army unit to conduct an offensive operation against the enemy in any theater.Largely because of transport constraints, the Americal Division arrived on Guadalcanal piecemeal, and was fed into combat alongside the battle-hardened Marines. In contrast to the way several U.S. Army divisions were deployed in the Pacific War, the soldiers of the 164th Infantry were able to learn the practical art of jungle warfare against the Japanese without suffering as many casualties as might otherwise have occurred.Dead soldiers from the Japanese 2nd Division litter the Guadalcanal battlefield after the failed assaults on October 25, 1942, against positions held by the 7th Marine Regiment and the 164th Infantry Regiment of the North Dakota National Guard.The battles on Guadalcanal were some of the most brutal of the war. Japanese troops adopted the Banzai charge, wildly attacking in human waves. Sometimes the hand-to-hand battles would last all through the night.During these battles, Keeble's reputation for bravery and skill grew. Nearly a head taller than most of his fellow soldiers, he was an expert with the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR). His other great weapon was his pitching arm, which he used to hurl hand grenades with deadly accuracy. James Fenelon (Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota), who fought with Keeble on Guadalcanal, once remarked, \"The safest place to be was right next to Woody.\"[4]Despite its ad hoc formation, the Americal Division fought well at Guadalcanal, the 164th Infantry taking on a key role in the defeat of a major Japanese offensive in October 1942. The Dakotans performed so heroically on Guadalcanal in support of the Marines that they received a Navy Presidential Unit Citation.After the battles on Guadalcanal, Keeble and the rest of the regiment participated in combat campaigns on the islands of Bougainville, Leyte, Cebu, and Mindanao. Following the Japanese surrender, the entire Americal Division landed in Japan and took part in the occupation of the Yokohama region.Keeble was discharged from the Army on April 11, 1946, after more than five years of active duty. He had spent most of that period overseas.After the war, Keeble returned to Wahpeton and worked at the Wahpeton Indian School. On November 14, 1947, he married Nettie Abigail Owen-Robertson (born March 30, 1917).","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prairiepublic.org-4"}],"text":"Discussing the experience of being in combat for the first time, Keeble said,Before I experienced the horror of that attack, I was quick to call coward or yellow anyone who showed fear under any circumstances. Nevermore. I don't know these things, but they speak truth to one. I am not a psychologist, nor a statistician, and less of a philosopher; but the depth of emotion, the dreads of fear, the referees of horrors, and the concentration of self that led me to make this observation, the fear impulse, or perhaps, better said, the (impulses caused) by fear, are stronger, more demanding than either that of love or hunger...He also wrote:Fear in my opinion is a state of drunkenness. And when men are in that state when the fear impulse takes a hold... he loses all reason, sense of values, and is not liable, or at least should not be held accountable for acts perpetrated when thus possessed.Keeble continued:During the 13 months [in the] almost continual and sustained combat in which I have ever participated, there were moments, and rare ones, I am sure; but they lose none of their terror or horror for which fear laid a relentless and a powerful hold on me, that the pull of cowardice was almost more than I could ward off. There were terrible moments that encompassed a lifetime, an endlessness, when terror was so strong in me, that I could feel idiocy replace reason. [Yet,] I have never left my position, nor have I shirked hazardous duty. Fear did not make a coward out of me.[4]","title":"Woodrow Keeble on combat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Rucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rucker"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"draw straws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_straws"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wkeeble.jpg"},{"link_name":"19th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"24th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kumsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumsong_County"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Kumsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumsong_County"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"},{"link_name":"bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 164th Infantry Regiment was reactivated on January 16, 1951, during the Korean War; they trained at Camp Rucker, Alabama. When Keeble's commanding officer, Lieutenant E. Duane Holly, had to select several sergeants for deployment to the front lines, he decided to have his men draw straws. Keeble volunteered instead. Asked why, Keeble said, \"Somebody has to teach these kids how to fight.\"[citation needed]Woodrow Keeble during the Korean WarKeeble was assigned to George Company, 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division. His combat experience and a genuine gift of leadership brought him a quick series of promotions to the level of master sergeant, leading the 1st Platoon.The summer and fall of 1951 were particularly deadly for both sides as the war moved into its second year. The 24th Division was in the central area of the Korean peninsula when, on October 13, 1951, the Division was called upon to take a series of steep mountains protecting a major Chinese supply depot in the town of Kumsong. This push, called Operation Nomad-Polar, was to be the last major United Nations offensive of the war.Keeble, described as a gentle giant by his friends, was a ferocious warrior in battle, as evidenced by his heroic actions over the next six days. Official records confirm Keeble was initially wounded on October 15—and then again on October 17, 18 and 20—for which he received only one Purple Heart. For his bravery on October 18, he was awarded a Silver Star. His heroism on October 20 made Keeble a legend, and 57 years later resulted in his posthumous Medal of Honor.George Company was in its sixth day of round-the-clock fighting. They were facing deeply entrenched Chinese soldiers on Hill 675–770, the last major Chinese stronghold between the UN forces and Kumsong. Keeble had thus far suffered two rifle gunshot wounds to his left arm, grenade shrapnel to his face that almost removed his nose, and a badly twisted knee; on the 19th, doctors reportedly removed 83 pieces of festering shrapnel Keeble had sustained from a concussion grenade the previous day. On the 20th, Medic Dale Selby told Keeble he should stay back because of his wounds, but Keeble refused to let his men go up the mountain without him.Keeble led all three platoons in successive assaults upon the Chinese who held the hill throughout the day. All three charges were repulsed, and the company suffered heavy casualties. Trenches were filled with enemy soldiers, and fortified by three pillboxes containing machine guns; additional Chinese surrounded the hill.Following the third assault and subsequent mortar and artillery support, the enemy sustained casualties among its ranks in the open trenches. The machine gunners in the pillboxes, however, continued to direct fire on George Company. After Keeble withdrew the 3rd platoon, he decided to attempt a solo assault.\"He once told a relative that the fourth attempt he was either going to take them out or die trying,\" Hawkins said.Armed with grenades and his Browning Automatic Rifle, Keeble crawled to an area 50 yards from the ridgeline, flanked the left pillbox, and used grenades and rifle fire to eliminate it. After returning to the point where 1st Platoon held the company's first line of defense, Keeble worked his way to the opposite side of the ridgeline, where he took out the right pillbox with grenades. \"Then without hesitation, he lobbed a grenade into the back entrance of the middle pillbox and with additional rifle fire eliminated it.\"[5]Hawkins, Keeble's stepson, said one eyewitness told him the enemy directed its entire arsenal at Keeble during his assault. \"He said there were so many grenades coming down on Woody, that it looked like a flock of blackbirds.\" Even under heavy enemy fire, Keeble was able to complete his objective. Only after he killed the machine gunners did Keeble order his men to advance and secure the hill.[5]That day, Master Sergeant Keeble single-handedly destroyed three enemy machine-gun bunkers and killed an additional seven enemy soldiers in nearby trenches. His bravery in the face of enemy fire was so remarkable that a recommendation that he receive the Medal of Honor was twice submitted. In both cases, the recommendation was lost. When Keeble's men endeavored to submit the recommendation a third time, officials informed them they were too late; they were told regulations prevented them from submitting another recommendation.He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross on December 20, 1952. The DSC was upgraded posthumously in 2008 to the Medal of Honor.[5]Keeble was removed from front line duty to recover from his wounds and was discharged on August 26, 1952.[6]","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Veterans of Foreign Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"Wahpeton, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahpeton,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Sisseton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisseton"}],"text":"Keeble returned to North Dakota after the Korean War. He resumed working at the Wahpeton Indian School. Soon after, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which required that he undergo long-term treatment in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Surgeons ultimately removed one of his lungs. He suffered a series of strokes that rendered him speechless, partially paralyzed, and unable to work for the remainder of his life. Nettie, his wife of 14 years, died the following year, leaving Keeble to raise their young son, Earl, alone.Keeble fell on hard times and is said to have pawned his service medals. But despite his disabilities, Keeble persevered. In 1967, he married Blossom Iris Crawford-Hawkins (born July 18, 1926), the first Sioux woman to complete a Doctorate of Education.Keeble was a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 4324 - Wahpeton, North Dakota.Keeble died January 28, 1982, and is buried in Sisseton, South Dakota. On May 17, 2008, his tombstone was replaced with a Medal of Honor headstone.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byron Dorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Dorgan"},{"link_name":"Kent Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Conrad"},{"link_name":"John Thune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thune"},{"link_name":"Tim Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(South_Dakota_politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson Keeble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Keeble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keeble_MOH_presentation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Gates"},{"link_name":"Argus Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Leader"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.mil-5"}],"text":"Keeble's family and friends remained dedicated to efforts to get him the Medal of Honor for which he was twice recommended. United States Senators Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Kent Conrad (D-ND) John Thune (R-SD) and Tim Johnson (D-SD) long urged that Keeble be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.Family members of U.S. Army Master Sgt. Woodrow Wilson Keeble attending his Medal of Honor ceremonyKeeble's stepson Russell Hawkins (center) accepts the Medal of Honor from President Bush on March 3, 2008Senator Conrad and North Dakota Adjutant General Michael Haugen presented Keeble's family with a duplicate set of his military medals on May 30, 2006, at the Wahpeton Armory. Moments before the event was to begin, word came that Secretary of the Army Francis Harvey was recommending that Keeble's Distinguished Service Cross be upgraded to the Medal of Honor. From there, Keeble's case moved up to the level of Secretary of Defense.In 2007, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld notified the four Dakota senators that a statute of limitations would prevent the Medal of Honor from being granted. The four Dakota senators immediately drafted legislation to remove the last barrier to the posthumous awarding of the medal.In May 2007, the congressional funding bill for Iraq included language to grant a waiver of the statute of limitations to award a Medal of Honor to Woodrow W. Keeble. The President could sign off on the recommendation, conditioned on the Secretary of Defense's recommendation for the upgrade of Keeble's DSC. President Bush signed the legislation on May 24, 2007.Senator Thune issued a statement on June 2, 2007, that read, in part,Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble served with bravery and dignity, going beyond the call of duty not for notoriety or recognition-but for the mission he believed in and the country he loved. Keeble's legacy is a great source of pride for his family, his fellow Dakota Sioux, and all Americans. The Secretary of the Army's recommendation is wonderful and long-awaited news. I began working with Master Sergeant Keeble's family and tribal officials on resolving this long overdue issue in the spring of 2002, and I will continue to work with Defense officials to ensure that this legendary soldier receives the final and most distinguished honor he deserves.Senator Johnson urged Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates to act quickly on the recommendation. \" ... it is my hope that both you and the President can move forward on Master Sergeant Keeble's case as expeditiously as possible,\" Johnson said in a letter to Gates quoted in the Argus Leader of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.It would be another year before the President would finally award the Medal of Honor to Keeble. Despite failing health, Blossom Keeble was determined to live long enough to accept the Medal of Honor on her husband's behalf, but she died quite suddenly on June 3, 2007.In February 2008, the White House announced that Keeble would be awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously in a ceremony scheduled for March 3, with his family to receive it. \"We are just proud to be a part of this for Woody,\" Keeble's stepson Russell Hawkins said in a U.S. Army announcement. \"He is deserving of this, for what he did in the Armed Services in defense of this country.\"[5]Hawkins added that this victory is as important for the Sisseton-Wahpeton tribe and North and South Dakota as it is for Keeble and his family. \"We are all extremely proud that Woody is finally receiving this honor. He epitomized our cultural values of humility, compassion, bravery, strength and honor.\"[5]Hawkins added that Keeble was the embodiment of woyuonihan (\"honor\"), always carrying himself in a way so that those who knew him would be proud of him. \"He lived a life full of honor and respect.\"[5]Hawkins said his feelings about Keeble echo those of all who knew him. \"If he was alive today, I would tell him there's no one I respect more, and how he is everything a man should be: brave, kind and generous. I would tell him how proud I am of him, and how I never realized that all this time, I was living with such greatness.\"[5]","title":"Medal of Honor campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keeble%27s_MOH.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor citation","text":"Keeble's Medal of HonorThe President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 2008, has awarded in the name of Congress the Medal of Honor to:Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble \nUnited States ArmyCitation:For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:\nMaster Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Sangsan-ni, Korea, on October 20, 1951. On that day, Master Sergeant Keeble was an acting platoon leader for the support platoon in Company G, 19th Infantry, in the attack on Hill 765, a steep and rugged position that was well defended by the enemy. Leading the support platoon, Master Sergeant Keeble saw that the attacking elements had become pinned down on the slope by heavy enemy fire from three well-fortified and strategically placed enemy positions. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Master Sergeant Keeble dashed forward and joined the pinned-down platoon. Then, hugging the ground, Master Sergeant Keeble crawled forward alone until he was in close proximity to one of the hostile machine-gun emplacements. Ignoring the heavy fire that the crew trained on him, Master Sergeant Keeble activated a grenade and threw it with great accuracy, successfully destroying the position. Continuing his one-man assault, he moved to the second enemy position and destroyed it with another grenade. Despite the fact that the enemy troops were now directing their firepower against him and unleashing a shower of grenades in a frantic attempt to stop his advance, he moved forward against the third hostile emplacement, and skillfully neutralized the remaining enemy position. As his comrades moved forward to join him, Master Sergeant Keeble continued to direct accurate fire against nearby trenches, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. Inspired by his courage, Company G successfully moved forward and seized its important objective. The extraordinary courage, selfless service, and devotion to duty displayed that day by Master Sergeant Keeble was an inspiration to all around him and reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.[7]","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rounds"},{"link_name":"John Hoeven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hoeven"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Rough_Rider_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On March 17, 2008, the South Dakota Governor Mike Rounds, before a joint session of the State Congress, officially proclaimed the date to be forever commemorated as Woodrow Wilson Keeble Day in the state of South Dakota.On July 23, 2008, North Dakota Governor John Hoeven posthumously presented Keeble with the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award. The award recognizes present or former North Dakotans who achieve national recognition in their fields of endeavor.[8]In addition to these awards, numerous regional sites also pay homage to the memory of Woodrow Keeble. A section of U.S. Highway 12 near Keeble's birthplace in Waubay, South Dakota, is named in his honor. A special shelter in Chahinkapa Park in Wahpeton was built in his honor. Previous to the Medal of Honor ceremony, the gymnasium at the Wahpeton Indian School, now called the Circle of Nations School, was named for him. In May 2008, the school celebrated its 100th anniversary and named a new dormitory for Keeble. The State of North Dakota erected a Medal of Honor Memorial in Roosevelt Park in Minot. North Dakota has more Medal of Honor recipients, per capita, than any other state. A separate pillar was built for Woodrow Keeble. It was dedicated during a special celebration on July 4, 2008. A new Armed Forces Reserve Center in Sioux Falls has also been named for Keeble.","title":"Additional honors"}]
[{"image_text":"Dead soldiers from the Japanese 2nd Division litter the Guadalcanal battlefield after the failed assaults on October 25, 1942, against positions held by the 7th Marine Regiment and the 164th Infantry Regiment of the North Dakota National Guard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GuadMatanikauDeadJapanese.jpg/250px-GuadMatanikauDeadJapanese.jpg"},{"image_text":"Woodrow Keeble during the Korean War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wkeeble.jpg/220px-Wkeeble.jpg"},{"image_text":"Family members of U.S. Army Master Sgt. Woodrow Wilson Keeble attending his Medal of Honor ceremony","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg/220px-Keeble%27s_family_at_MOH_ceremony.jpg"},{"image_text":"Keeble's stepson Russell Hawkins (center) accepts the Medal of Honor from President Bush on March 3, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keeble_MOH_presentation.jpg/220px-Keeble_MOH_presentation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Keeble's Medal of Honor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Keeble%27s_MOH.jpg/220px-Keeble%27s_MOH.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashmatullah_Barakzai
Hashmatullah Barakzai
["1 International goals","2 Achievements","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
Afghan footballer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Hashmatullah Barakzai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hashmatullah BarakzaiPersonal informationFull name Hashmatullah BarakzaiDate of birth (1987-08-26) 26 August 1987 (age 36)Place of birth Kabul, AfghanistanPosition(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team Shaheen Asmayee F.C.Number 10Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2004–2012 Kabul Bank FC 156 (178)2013–2014 →Mumbai F.C. (loan) 1 (1)2013– Shaheen Asmayee F.C. 24 (18)International career‡2007–present Afghanistan 30 (5) Medal record Men's football Representing  Afghanistan SAFF Championship Winner 2013 Nepal *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of October 03, 2016‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of June 07, 2014 Hashmatullah Barakzai (Pashto: حشمت الله بارکزی, born 26 August 1987) is an Afghan footballer who plays as a forward for Shaheen Asmayee F.C. in the Afghan Premier League. He has also played for the Afghanistan national team, scoring five goals. International goals Date Venue Opponent Result Competition Goals 2008-10-17 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nepal 2–2 2008 Merdeka Tournament 1 2009-12-07 Halchowk Stadium, Kathmandu, Nepal Maldives 3–1 2009 South Asian Football Federation Cup 1 Achievements Top Scorer of Kabul Premier League: 2007, 2008. Top scorer of Afghan Premier League with 7 Goals in 6 caps for Shaheen Asmayee F.C. and best player of the tournament in 2013/14 season. Honours Afghanistan SAFF Championship: 2013 References ^ Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. "NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Barakzai, Hashmatullah". national-football-teams.com. National Football Teams. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2018. External links This biographical article relating to Afghan association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_mourners
Professional mourning
["1 History","1.1 Egypt","1.2 China","1.3 India","1.4 Europe","1.5 In the Bible","2 Modern practice","2.1 China","2.2 United Kingdom","2.3 Egypt","3 In popular culture","3.1 Films","3.2 Literature","3.3 Television","3.4 Music","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Mourning in exchange for money You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Norwegian. (August 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Norwegian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Norwegian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|no|Gråtekone}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Mourner, suspected to represent Isis mourning Osiris. 18th dynasty, 1550–1295 BC. Terra cotta Professional mourning or paid mourning is an occupation that originates from Egyptian, Chinese, Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures. Professional mourners, also called moirologists and mutes, are compensated to lament or deliver a eulogy and help comfort and entertain the grieving family. Mentioned in the Bible and other religious texts, the occupation is widely invoked and explored in literature, from the Ugaritic epics of early centuries BC to modern poetry. History Most of the people hired to perform the act of professional mourning were women. Men were deemed unfit for this because they were supposed to be strong and leaders of the family, unwilling to show any sort of raw emotion like grief, which is why women were professional mourners. It was socially acceptable for women to express grief, and expressing grief is important when it comes to mourning a body in terms of religion. Also, in a world full of jobs solely made for men, it gave women a sense of pride that they were actually able to earn money in some way. Mourners were also seen as a sign of wealth. The more wailers or mourners that followed a casket around, the more respected the deceased was in society. Egypt Egyptian mourners inscribed on a tomb In ancient Egypt, the mourners would be making an ostentatious display of grief which included tearing at dishevelled hair, loud wailing, beating of exposed breasts, and smearing the body with dirt. There are many inscriptions on tombs and pyramids of crowds of people following a body throughout the funerary procession. However, the most important of these women were the two impersonating the two godddesses Isis and Nephthys. Isis and Nephthys were both Egyptian goddesses who were believed to play a special role when someone died. They were to be impersonated as a mourning ritual by professional mourners. In most inscriptions seen, one of them is at either end of the corpse. There are also rules for impersonation of these two goddesses, for example the portrayer's body had to be shaved completely, they had to be childless, and they had to have the names of Isis or Nephthys tattooed on their shoulders for identification. Evidence of professional mourning is seen in Ancient Egypt through different pyramid and tomb inscriptions. Different inscriptions show women next to tombs holding their bodies in ways that show sorrow, such as "hands holding the backs of their necks, crossing their arms on their chests, kneeling and/or bending their bodies forwards". China Professional mourners have been regular attendees of Chinese funerals since 756. The tradition of professional mourning stemmed from theatrical performances that would occur during funerary processions. There were musical performances at funerals as early as the third century. Scholar Jeehee Hong describes one such scene: "they...set up wooden figures of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang participating in the banquet at Goose Gate. The show lasted quite some time." This performance was part of a funeral procession during the Dali reign (766–779) as the coffin of the deceased was being carried on the streets to his tomb site. The main funerary ritual had taken place at the house of the deceased, and now the mourners were walking in the funeral procession, along with a troupe of performers. The latter performance of this celebrated episode of the feast at the Goose Gate (Hongmen) from the Three Kingdoms saga was preceded by the enactment of a combat scene between two celebrated soldiers in history that was performed alongside the procession. Most of the historical evidence of mourning exists in the form of inscriptions on the different panels of tombs. Each slab contains a different story, and by the analysis of these inscriptions we are able to tell that these were played out during the funeral. For example: Each scene—the preparation of food, the groom with a horse, and the entertainment – is unfailingly reminiscent of classical representations that adorn many tomb walls or coffin surfaces created since the Han period...these motifs are generally understood by students of Chinese funerary art as a banquet for the deceased...it is clear they represent the deceased couple because of the motif's strong connection to traditional representations of performances prepared for tomb occupants India Female professional mourners, called Rudaali, were common in many parts of India, especially in the Western Indian state of Rajasthan. Europe Death Crier or Death Watch In Roman history, mourners were hired to accompany funerary rituals and were often thought to be theatrical. In early history the public mourners, called praeficiae, would follow musicians in a funeral procession to sing for the dead. This tradition evolved from singing to wailing and became more a spectacle because it was seen as a sign of wealth if a funeral had wailers, the more money you had the more wailers you could afford. Funerals began posting decrees to exclude paid mourners as they would often scratch at their faces to injure themselves or making over-dismal wails that were often offensive to genuine mourners. For public mournings that travelled through the streets of a city, hired mourners would often trail behind wailing to alert the town of a death. By the 16th-17th century, in areas throughout France and Britain, this evolved into what became a man's profession, and had more intention of alerting of a death so others could mourn rather than mourning for the public. When a person of distinction passed, a "Death Crier" or "Death Watch" would walk through a town shouting of the loss and quoting scripture. They wore long black cloaks with skull and cross-bone patterns and carried a bell. In the Bible Professional mourning is brought up many times throughout the Bible. For example in Amos, "Therefore thus says the LORD God of hosts, the Lord, "There is wailing in all the plazas, And in all the streets they say, 'Alas! Alas!' They also call the farmer to mourning And professional mourners to lamentation" (Amos 5:16). According to Biblical analysts, this verse is implying that lamentation is like an art. People who were deemed "good" at wailing and moaning were then able to take part in more and more funerals, and were expected to make these moaning sounds. The people who fulfilled the roles of these professional mourners were farmers who were done cropping for their season, and didn't have much else to do, so they took on this role for the extra money it would get them. Another instance of professional mourning worth noting is in Chronicles, the Bible says "Then Jeremiah chanted a lament for Josiah. And all the male and female singers speak about Josiah in their lamentations to this day. And they made them an ordinance in Israel; behold, they are also written in the Lamentations." (2 Chronicles 35:25). When someone of power dies, in this case Josiah, everyone can fill the role of mourner, professionals aren't needed because everyone feels the weight of the loss. Everyone becomes the professional mourner. In the book of Jeremiah, "Thus says the Lord of hosts, “Consider and call for the mourning women, that they may come; And send for the wailing women, that they may come! “Let them make haste and take up a wailing for us, That our eyes may shed tears and our eyelids flow with water" (Jeremiah 9: 17–18 ). These three quotes from the Bible are just three of many that pertain to professional mourning. Modern practice China Professional mourning is still practiced in China and other Asian countries. Chinese professional mourners in particular have survived dramatic cultural shifts such as the Cultural Revolution, though not without having to adjust to the times. For example, in an interview published in 2009, one professional mourner, who wailed and played the suona, recounted how, after the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, he and his troupe began playing revolutionary songs like "The Sky in the Communist Regions Is Brighter" during funerals. In fact, some cultures even think that the use of professional mourners brings a certain religious and historical application to funeral processions. A common ritual in China involves the family paying the mourners in advance and bringing them in lavish style to the location where the funeral will take place. The mourners are trained in the art of singing and bring a band with them. The first step is for the mourners to line up outside and crawl. While crawling, the mourner says with anguish the name of the person. This is symbolic of daughters running home from their families in an effort to see the body. Next, a eulogy is performed in loud, sobbing fashion and backed up by dramatic instrumental tunes, driving the attendees to tears. One of the common lines used during these eulogies are "Why did you leave us so soon? The earth is covered in a black veil for you. The rivers and streams are crying to tell your story – that of an honest man...I shed tears for your children and grandchildren. We’re so sorry we could not keep you here" Then the family is told to bow in front of the casket three times, and suddenly a belly dancer takes the so called "stage" and the song picks up, lights start flashing, and everyone is upbeat again. Since the funeral is usually a couple of days after the actual death, the goal of the professional mourner is to remind everyone attending the funeral about the sadness and pain that is associated with when someone passes away. They also have the job of bringing the mood right back up with lighting and fun songs after the wailing and mourning is done. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, a company called "Rent A Mourner" (now defunct) enabled families to increase the number of guests at a funeral by hiring actors to play a role, for example, a distant cousin or uncle. Mourners were expected to be able to interact with guests without giving away that they had been hired by the family. This practice spans across religions; mourners have been hired at Jewish and Christian events. These mourners were paid somewhere between $30 - $120 per event, not including potential tips. Egypt In Egypt, when someone in the family dies the women in the family would start the lamenting process, and the neighbors and the community would join throughout the day. Professional mourners would also come up and help lead the family in mourning by making grief-stricken shrieks, cherishing and reminiscing about the deceased. A funeral dirge is also performed by the mourners in which prayers are offered in the form of song or poetry. One of the teachings of Muhammad was that the sound of wailing woman was forbidden, but modern Egyptian culture does not heed to this part of the Quran as the wailing and mourners follow the body to the graveyard. All of this occurs within the same day, or if the deceased were to pass away in the night, the following day. In popular culture Films The Italian mondo film Women of the World (1963) features a segment about professional mourning The British spy movie Funeral In Berlin (1966), directed by Guy Hamilton and starring Michael Caine, has a "mourner for hire" as part of the plot to exfiltrate a defector from East Berlin. The Indian film Rudaali (1993), directed by Kalpana Lajmi and set in Rajasthan, is about the life of a professional mourner, or Rudaali. The short documentary Tabaki (2001), directed by Bahman Kiarostami, follows the lives of "mourners for hire". The Philippine film Crying Ladies (2003), directed by Mark Meily, follows the lives of three women who work as professional mourners, set in the Philippines. The Japanese film Miewoharu (2016), directed by Akiyo Fujumura. It is centered around Eriko, a woman that comes back to her home town to mourn her sister. After spending 10 years in Tokyo pursuing an acting career she then discovers her vocation as professional mourner. Literature In Honoré de Balzac's landmark novel Le Père Goriot (1835), the title character's funeral is attended by two professional mourners rather than his daughters. In E. M. Forster's novel Howards End (1910), for his wife's funeral, Charles Wilcox retains women to serve as mourners "from the dead woman's district, to whom black garments had been served out." In Zakes Mda's novel Ways of Dying (1995), Toloki is a self-employed professional mourner. In his 2014 novel Ghost Month, author Ed Lin states that professional mourners are available for hire in contemporary Taiwan. Television In the episode "Grave Danger" of The Cleveland Show, the title character Cleveland Brown, along with his friends Lester, Holt, Tim the Bear, and Dr. Fist, temporarily become professional mourners and sit in on several funerals while spending time at Stoolbend Cemetery. In the episode "Death" in the travel documentary The Moaning of Life, host Karl Pilkington travels to Taiwan to train with a professional mourner and attends a memorial service. In the episode "The Princess" of Rita, Uffe suggest that Rita may need a professional mourner to help her grieve after the death of her mother. In the episode "Insufficient Praise" of Curb Your Enthusiasm, Richard's new girlfriend is a professional crier who places Larry in a number of predicaments. In an episode of Nathan For You, Nathan Fielder convinces a funeral home to hire professional mourners. Unbeknownst to them he hired random actors off the street. And a test run of it ended in disaster. Music Hank Williams' song "Nobody's Lonesome for Me" contains the lyric, "When the time comes around for me to lay down and die, I bet I'll have to go and hire me someone to cry". See also Claque, an organized body of professional applauders in France Grief Keening, a form of vocal lament associated with mourning that is traditional in Ireland, Scotland, and other cultures. Placebo (at funeral), someone who came to a funeral, claiming (often falsely) a connection with the deceased to try to get a share of any food and/or drink being handed out Funeral#Mutes and professional mourners References ^ Orbey, Eren (January 20, 2021). "A Greek Photographer's Ode to the Dying Art of Mourning". New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ "Mourning: Hired Mourners". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-23. ^ Angi, Betty Jean (October 1971). "THE UGARITIC CULT OF THE DEAD A STUDY OF SOME BELIEFS AND PRACTICES THAT PERTAIN TO THE UGARITIANS' TREATMENT OF THE DEAD" (PDF): 30/37. Retrieved 16 May 2024. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b Arbel, Vita (2012). Forming Femininity in Antiquity. ISBN 978-0-19-983777-9. ^ a b c d "Requirements of Professional Mourners in Ancient Egypt. - María Rosa Valdesogo". María Rosa Valdesogo (in European Spanish). 2014-10-15. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-04-28. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (March 30, 1995). Daughters of Isis:Women of Ancient Egypt. Penguin Books. p. 132. ISBN 9780141949819. ^ "Controlled Attitude of Professional Mourners in Ancient Egypt". María Rosa Valdesogo. April 25, 2016. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. ^ a b Hong, Jeehee (2016). Theater Of The Dead. University of Hawaii Press. ^ Hong, Jeehee (2016). Theater Of The Dead. University of Hawaii Press. p. 17. ^ Hong, Jeehee (2016). Theater Of The Dead. University of Hawaii Press. p. 19. ^ Douglas, Lawrence (2017). Law and Mourning. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 59–93. ISBN 978-1-61376-530-2. ^ Davey, Richard (1889). A History of Mourning. pp. 26–51. ISBN 9333101268. ^ a b "Amos 5 Commentary - John Gill's Exposition on the Whole Bible". StudyLight.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2018-04-29. ^ Yiwu, Liao Yiwu (2009). The Corpse Walker. Anchor. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-307-38837-7. ^ a b Lim, Louisa Lim (2013-06-23). "Belly Dancing For The Dead: A Day With China's Top Mourner". WNYC. ^ a b c "Performing at funerals: professional mourners in Chongqing and Chengdu". Danwei.org. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. ^ "Rent A Mourner". www.rentamourner.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-03-28. Retrieved 2020-12-14. ^ a b c "I'm Paid To Mourn At Funerals (And It's A Growing Industry)". Cracked.com. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-04-27. Retrieved 2018-04-27. ^ a b c Abbott, Lyman; Conant, Thomas Jefferson (1885). A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge, for Popular and Professional Use: Comprising Full Information on Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Subjects. With Several Hundred Maps and Illustrations. Harper & brothers. ^ "Funeral In Berlin". IMDB. Archived from the original on 2020-09-05. Retrieved 2020-07-16. ^ "Rudaali". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-09-01. ^ "Tabaki". IMDB. Archived from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2015-05-29. ^ "Crying Ladies". IMDB. Archived from the original on 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2017-09-16. ^ "Miewoharu". IMDB. Archived from the original on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ Balzac, Honoré de. Father Goriot. (The Works of Honoré de Balzac. Vol. XIII.) Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, 1901. ^ Forster, E. M. Howards End. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1910. ^ Zakes., Mda (2002). Ways of dying : a novel (1st Picador USA ed.). New York: Picador USA. ISBN 978-0-312-42091-8. OCLC 49550849. Footnote 1 in Sabar, Y. (1976). "Lel-Huza: Story and History in a Cycle of Lamentations for the Ninth of Ab in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan." Journal of Semitic Studies (21) 138–162. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mourner. Professional mourners—everything2.com “Rudaali” Culture of Moirologists in Rajasthan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mourner_E27247_mp3h9194.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Near Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"mourners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orbey-1"},{"link_name":"eulogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"modern poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy"}],"text":"Mourner, suspected to represent Isis mourning Osiris. 18th dynasty, 1550–1295 BC. Terra cottaProfessional mourning or paid mourning is an occupation that originates from Egyptian, Chinese, Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures. Professional mourners, also called moirologists[1] and mutes, are compensated to lament or deliver a eulogy and help comfort and entertain the grieving family. Mentioned in the Bible[2] and other religious texts, the occupation is widely invoked and explored in literature, from the Ugaritic epics of early centuries BC[3] to modern poetry.","title":"Professional mourning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"Most of the people hired to perform the act of professional mourning were women. Men were deemed unfit for this because they were supposed to be strong and leaders of the family, unwilling to show any sort of raw emotion like grief, which is why women were professional mourners. It was socially acceptable for women to express grief, and expressing grief is important when it comes to mourning a body in terms of religion.[4] Also, in a world full of jobs solely made for men, it gave women a sense of pride that they were actually able to earn money in some way.[4] Mourners were also seen as a sign of wealth. The more wailers or mourners that followed a casket around, the more respected the deceased was in society.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_mourners001.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Nephthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephthys"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Egypt","text":"Egyptian mourners inscribed on a tombIn ancient Egypt, the mourners would be making an ostentatious display of grief which included tearing at dishevelled hair, loud wailing, beating of exposed breasts, and smearing the body with dirt.[6] There are many inscriptions on tombs and pyramids of crowds of people following a body throughout the funerary procession.[5] However, the most important of these women were the two impersonating the two godddesses Isis and Nephthys.Isis and Nephthys were both Egyptian goddesses who were believed to play a special role when someone died. They were to be impersonated as a mourning ritual by professional mourners. In most inscriptions seen, one of them is at either end of the corpse.[5] There are also rules for impersonation of these two goddesses, for example the portrayer's body had to be shaved completely, they had to be childless, and they had to have the names of Isis or Nephthys tattooed on their shoulders for identification.[5] Evidence of professional mourning is seen in Ancient Egypt through different pyramid and tomb inscriptions. Different inscriptions show women next to tombs holding their bodies in ways that show sorrow, such as \"hands holding the backs of their necks, crossing their arms on their chests, kneeling and/or bending their bodies forwards\".[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Professional mourners have been regular attendees of Chinese funerals since 756.[8] The tradition of professional mourning stemmed from theatrical performances that would occur during funerary processions.[8] There were musical performances at funerals as early as the third century. Scholar Jeehee Hong describes one such scene:\"they...set up wooden figures of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang participating in the banquet at Goose Gate. The show lasted quite some time.\" This performance was part of a funeral procession during the Dali reign (766–779) as the coffin of the deceased was being carried on the streets to his tomb site. The main funerary ritual had taken place at the house of the deceased, and now the mourners were walking in the funeral procession, along with a troupe of performers. The latter performance of this celebrated episode of the feast at the Goose Gate (Hongmen) from the Three Kingdoms saga was preceded by the enactment of a combat scene between two celebrated soldiers in history that was performed alongside the procession.[9]Most of the historical evidence of mourning exists in the form of inscriptions on the different panels of tombs. Each slab contains a different story, and by the analysis of these inscriptions we are able to tell that these were played out during the funeral. For example:Each scene—the preparation of food, the groom with a horse, and the entertainment – is unfailingly reminiscent of classical representations that adorn many tomb walls or coffin surfaces created since the Han period...these motifs are generally understood by students of Chinese funerary art as a banquet for the deceased...it is clear they represent the deceased couple because of the motif's strong connection to traditional representations of performances prepared for tomb occupants[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"Female professional mourners, called Rudaali, were common in many parts of India, especially in the Western Indian state of Rajasthan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crieur.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Death Crier or Death WatchIn Roman history, mourners were hired to accompany funerary rituals and were often thought to be theatrical. In early history the public mourners, called praeficiae, would follow musicians in a funeral procession to sing for the dead.[11]This tradition evolved from singing to wailing and became more a spectacle because it was seen as a sign of wealth if a funeral had wailers, the more money you had the more wailers you could afford. Funerals began posting decrees to exclude paid mourners as they would often scratch at their faces to injure themselves or making over-dismal wails that were often offensive to genuine mourners. For public mournings that travelled through the streets of a city, hired mourners would often trail behind wailing to alert the town of a death.By the 16th-17th century, in areas throughout France and Britain, this evolved into what became a man's profession, and had more intention of alerting of a death so others could mourn rather than mourning for the public. When a person of distinction passed, a \"Death Crier\" or \"Death Watch\" would walk through a town shouting of the loss and quoting scripture. They wore long black cloaks with skull and cross-bone patterns and carried a bell.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"}],"sub_title":"In the Bible","text":"Professional mourning is brought up many times throughout the Bible. For example in Amos,\"Therefore thus says the LORD God of hosts, the Lord, \"There is wailing in all the plazas, And in all the streets they say, 'Alas! Alas!' They also call the farmer to mourning And professional mourners to lamentation\" (Amos 5:16).According to Biblical analysts, this verse is implying that lamentation is like an art. People who were deemed \"good\" at wailing and moaning were then able to take part in more and more funerals, and were expected to make these moaning sounds.[13] The people who fulfilled the roles of these professional mourners were farmers who were done cropping for their season, and didn't have much else to do, so they took on this role for the extra money it would get them.[13]Another instance of professional mourning worth noting is in Chronicles, the Bible says\"Then Jeremiah chanted a lament for Josiah. And all the male and female singers speak about Josiah in their lamentations to this day. And they made them an ordinance in Israel; behold, they are also written in the Lamentations.\" (2 Chronicles 35:25).When someone of power dies, in this case Josiah, everyone can fill the role of mourner, professionals aren't needed because everyone feels the weight of the loss. Everyone becomes the professional mourner.In the book of Jeremiah,\"Thus says the Lord of hosts, “Consider and call for the mourning women, that they may come; And send for the wailing women, that they may come! “Let them make haste and take up a wailing for us, That our eyes may shed tears and our eyelids flow with water\" (Jeremiah 9: 17–18 ).These three quotes from the Bible are just three of many that pertain to professional mourning.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"wailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_wail"},{"link_name":"suona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suona"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Professional mourning is still practiced in China and other Asian countries. Chinese professional mourners in particular have survived dramatic cultural shifts such as the Cultural Revolution, though not without having to adjust to the times. For example, in an interview published in 2009, one professional mourner, who wailed and played the suona, recounted how, after the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, he and his troupe began playing revolutionary songs like \"The Sky in the Communist Regions Is Brighter\" during funerals.[14] In fact, some cultures even think that the use of professional mourners brings a certain religious and historical application to funeral processions.[15]A common ritual in China involves the family paying the mourners in advance and bringing them in lavish style to the location where the funeral will take place. The mourners are trained in the art of singing and bring a band with them.[16]\nThe first step is for the mourners to line up outside and crawl.[15] While crawling, the mourner says with anguish the name of the person.[16] This is symbolic of daughters running home from their families in an effort to see the body. Next, a eulogy is performed in loud, sobbing fashion and backed up by dramatic instrumental tunes, driving the attendees to tears. One of the common lines used during these eulogies are \"Why did you leave us so soon? The earth is covered in a black veil for you. The rivers and streams are crying to tell your story – that of an honest man...I shed tears for your children and grandchildren. We’re so sorry we could not keep you here\"[citation needed]Then the family is told to bow in front of the casket three times, and suddenly a belly dancer takes the so called \"stage\" and the song picks up, lights start flashing, and everyone is upbeat again. Since the funeral is usually a couple of days after the actual death, the goal of the professional mourner is to remind everyone attending the funeral about the sadness and pain that is associated with when someone passes away. They also have the job of bringing the mood right back up with lighting and fun songs after the wailing and mourning is done.[16]","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the United Kingdom, a company called \"Rent A Mourner\" (now defunct[17]) enabled families to increase the number of guests at a funeral by hiring actors to play a role, for example, a distant cousin or uncle.[18] Mourners were expected to be able to interact with guests without giving away that they had been hired by the family. This practice spans across religions; mourners have been hired at Jewish and Christian events.[18] These mourners were paid somewhere between $30 - $120 per event, not including potential tips.[18]","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"}],"sub_title":"Egypt","text":"In Egypt, when someone in the family dies the women in the family would start the lamenting process, and the neighbors and the community would join throughout the day. Professional mourners would also come up and help lead the family in mourning by making grief-stricken shrieks, cherishing and reminiscing about the deceased. A funeral dirge is also performed by the mourners in which prayers are offered in the form of song or poetry.[19] One of the teachings of Muhammad was that the sound of wailing woman was forbidden, but modern Egyptian culture does not heed to this part of the Quran as the wailing and mourners follow the body to the graveyard.[19] All of this occurs within the same day, or if the deceased were to pass away in the night, the following day.[19]","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mondo film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_film"},{"link_name":"Women of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"spy movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"Funeral In Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin_(film)"},{"link_name":"Guy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rudaali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudaali"},{"link_name":"Kalpana Lajmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana_Lajmi"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bahman Kiarostami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahman_Kiarostami"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Crying Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crying_Ladies"},{"link_name":"Mark Meily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meily"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"The Italian mondo film Women of the World (1963) features a segment about professional mourning\nThe British spy movie Funeral In Berlin (1966), directed by Guy Hamilton and starring Michael Caine, has a \"mourner for hire\" as part of the plot to exfiltrate a defector from East Berlin.[20]\nThe Indian film Rudaali (1993), directed by Kalpana Lajmi and set in Rajasthan, is about the life of a professional mourner, or Rudaali.[21]\nThe short documentary Tabaki (2001), directed by Bahman Kiarostami, follows the lives of \"mourners for hire\".[22]\nThe Philippine film Crying Ladies (2003), directed by Mark Meily, follows the lives of three women who work as professional mourners, set in the Philippines.[23]\nThe Japanese film Miewoharu (2016), directed by Akiyo Fujumura. It is centered around Eriko, a woman that comes back to her home town to mourn her sister. After spending 10 years in Tokyo pursuing an acting career she then discovers her vocation as professional mourner.[24]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honoré de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"Le Père Goriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"E. M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"Howards End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howards_End"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Zakes Mda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakes_Mda"},{"link_name":"Ways of Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ways_of_Dying"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"In Honoré de Balzac's landmark novel Le Père Goriot (1835), the title character's funeral is attended by two professional mourners rather than his daughters.[25]\nIn E. M. Forster's novel Howards End (1910), for his wife's funeral, Charles Wilcox retains women to serve as mourners \"from the dead woman's district, to whom black garments had been served out.\"[26]\nIn Zakes Mda's novel Ways of Dying (1995), Toloki is a self-employed professional mourner.[27]\nIn his 2014 novel Ghost Month, author Ed Lin states that professional mourners are available for hire in contemporary Taiwan.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Grave Danger\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleveland_Show_season_4"},{"link_name":"The Cleveland Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleveland_Show"},{"link_name":"The Moaning of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moaning_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Karl Pilkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pilkington"},{"link_name":"Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Curb Your Enthusiasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm"},{"link_name":"Nathan For You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_For_You"},{"link_name":"Nathan Fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Fielder"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"In the episode \"Grave Danger\" of The Cleveland Show, the title character Cleveland Brown, along with his friends Lester, Holt, Tim the Bear, and Dr. Fist, temporarily become professional mourners and sit in on several funerals while spending time at Stoolbend Cemetery.\nIn the episode \"Death\" in the travel documentary The Moaning of Life, host Karl Pilkington travels to Taiwan to train with a professional mourner and attends a memorial service.\nIn the episode \"The Princess\" of Rita, Uffe suggest that Rita may need a professional mourner to help her grieve after the death of her mother.\nIn the episode \"Insufficient Praise\" of Curb Your Enthusiasm, Richard's new girlfriend is a professional crier who places Larry in a number of predicaments.\nIn an episode of Nathan For You, Nathan Fielder convinces a funeral home to hire professional mourners. Unbeknownst to them he hired random actors off the street. And a test run of it ended in disaster.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hank Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Hank Williams' song \"Nobody's Lonesome for Me\" contains the lyric, \"When the time comes around for me to lay down and die, I bet I'll have to go and hire me someone to cry\".","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Mourner, suspected to represent Isis mourning Osiris. 18th dynasty, 1550–1295 BC. Terra cotta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mourner_E27247_mp3h9194.jpg/220px-Mourner_E27247_mp3h9194.jpg"},{"image_text":"Egyptian mourners inscribed on a tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Egyptian_mourners001.jpg/220px-Egyptian_mourners001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Death Crier or Death Watch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crieur.jpg/220px-Crieur.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Claque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claque"},{"title":"Grief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief"},{"title":"Keening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keening"},{"title":"Placebo (at funeral)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_(at_funeral)"},{"title":"Funeral#Mutes and professional mourners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral#Mutes_and_professional_mourners"}]
[{"reference":"Orbey, Eren (January 20, 2021). \"A Greek Photographer's Ode to the Dying Art of Mourning\". New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/a-greek-photographers-ode-to-the-dying-art-of-mourning","url_text":"\"A Greek Photographer's Ode to the Dying Art of Mourning\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231110025747/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/a-greek-photographers-ode-to-the-dying-art-of-mourning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mourning: Hired Mourners\". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/topical/naves/m/mourning--hired_mourners.htm","url_text":"\"Mourning: Hired Mourners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025064800/http://biblehub.com/topical/naves/m/mourning--hired_mourners.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Angi, Betty Jean (October 1971). \"THE UGARITIC CULT OF THE DEAD A STUDY OF SOME BELIEFS AND PRACTICES THAT PERTAIN TO THE UGARITIANS' TREATMENT OF THE DEAD\" (PDF): 30/37. Retrieved 16 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/10709/1/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"\"THE UGARITIC CULT OF THE DEAD A STUDY OF SOME BELIEFS AND PRACTICES THAT PERTAIN TO THE UGARITIANS' TREATMENT OF THE DEAD\""}]},{"reference":"Arbel, Vita (2012). Forming Femininity in Antiquity. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Anderson_(outfielder)
Drew Anderson (outfielder)
["1 Amateur career","1.1 High school","1.2 Nebraska","2 Professional career","2.1 2003–2005","2.2 2006","2.3 2007–2010","3 Scouting career","4 References","5 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1981) Baseball player Drew AndersonAnderson playing for the Nashville Sounds in 2010.OutfielderBorn: (1981-06-09) June 9, 1981 (age 43)Kearney, NebraskaBatted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 11, 2006, for the Milwaukee BrewersLast MLB appearanceOctober 1, 2006, for the Milwaukee BrewersMLB statisticsBatting average.111Home runs0Runs batted in0 Teams Milwaukee Brewers (2006) Drew Thomas Anderson (born June 9, 1981) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played with the Milwaukee Brewers in 2006, and in the minor leagues from 2003 to 2010. In late 2010, he was hired by the Brewers as a scout in the Midwestern United States. Amateur career High school Drew attended Kearney High School. He was one of the state's top multi-sport performers at Kearney High School earning first-team All-Nebraska honors for football, track, and baseball. He played American Legion ball, batting .443 as a junior with 41 extra-base hits and 75 RBIs en route to earning all-state tournament honors. In football, he was one of the state's top receivers, earning first-team All-Nebraska honors from the Omaha World-Herald and Lincoln Journal Star in 1999 after hauling in 38 passes for 818 yards and nine touchdowns. On the track, he won the all-class gold medal in both the 110- and 330-meter hurdles, helping the Bearcats win four consecutive state titles. Nebraska Year G AVG AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI 2001 27 .293 41 13 12 0 0 1 10 2002 63 .266 188 36 50 5 1 1 32 2003 57 .238 126 17 30 4 0 3 19 Total 147 .259 355 68 92 9 1 5 61 He went the University of Nebraska to play baseball, appearing in 27 games his freshman year. He batted .293 with nine stolen bases in a minor role for the College World Series bound Huskers. As a sophomore, Drew went .266 with a homer and 32 RBIs in 63 games including nine multi-hit games. He batted just .077 in 13 postseason at bats, but against Clemson in the 2002 College World Series, he drew a pair of walks and scored a run in Nebraska's near upset of the Tigers. In his junior year, he batted .238 with 19 RBIs in 57 games. In the 2003 Major League Baseball draft, he was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 24th round (699th overall). He decided to forgo his senior year to play professionally. Professional career 2003–2005 Anderson started his professional career in 2003 with the Helena Brewers, batting .318 with two homers, 38 RBIs and nine stolen bases. He was fifth in the rookie Pioneer League in OBP (.420). He was promoted to the A-ball Beloit Snappers for 2004. He finished eighth in the Midwest League with a .307 batting average. He also had 22 doubles, 59 RBIs and 64 runs in 123 games. In 2005, Anderson was promoted again playing for the Brevard County Manatees. He played in 129 games with 6 home runs. He led the Florida State League in hits (158), second in at-bats (508), third in batting avg. (.311) and fifth in triples (7). He was promoted for the third consecutive year to AA for the 2006 season. 2006 Anderson played for the Double-A Huntsville Stars for most of the year and the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in 2006, combining to hit .297 with seven homers, 52 RBIs and 20 steals in 124 games. He was brought up to the Brewers as a September call-up and made his Major League debut on September 11, 2006, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. He appeared as a pinch hitter and struck out against Salomón Torres to end the game. On September 21, 2006, in his first start against the San Francisco Giants, he recorded his first Major League hit, a single off Matt Morris. He appeared in 9 games for the Brewers to end the season, batting .111 (1-for-9) with 3 runs scored. 2007–2010 In 2007, he played 108 games for the Nashville Sounds with a .273 average and led the team with 28 doubles and 16 stolen bases. From May 21 to June 2, he also made 12 appearances at Double-A Huntsville. While there, he produced a pair of four-hit games on May 26 and May 30. In 120 games at the two stops, he hit .291 with five homers, 47 RBIs and 17 steals. On January 15, 2008, Anderson was designated for assignment by the Brewers. He was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds on January 18. Anderson spent the entire season with their Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Bats. He went .290 and was second on the team with 404 at bats and 117 hits. From June 4 through June 30, he reached base safely in 30 consecutive games, including a season high 14-game hitting streak in that span. Drew was released prior to the 2009 season, but was re-signed by the Milwaukee Brewers to a minor league contract and assigned to Double-A Huntsville. Splitting the season between AA Huntsville and AAA Nashville, Anderson batted .294 with a .370 OBP and a career-high in home runs with 10. He filed for free agency following the 2009 season. On May 3, 2010, he signed with the Milwaukee Brewers and was assigned to Triple-A Nashville. Once again splitting time between Huntsville and Nashville, Drew batted .281 with a .375 OBP and 35 extra base hits in 339 plate appearances. He became a free agent after the season, and has not played professionally since. Scouting career After the season, Anderson was hired by the Brewers as a scout in the Midwestern United States. His territory includes Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. References ^ a b c McCalvy, Adam. "Ferrone joins scouting department." Archived 2010-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Major League Baseball. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010. ^ Huskers.com Bio ^ "Anderson Returns to Huntsville." Our Sports Central. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Huskers.com Bio
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He was promoted for the third consecutive year to AA for the 2006 season.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntsville Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_Stars"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"pinch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitter"},{"link_name":"Salomón Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Torres"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Matt Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Morris_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"Anderson played for the Double-A Huntsville Stars for most of the year and the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in 2006, combining to hit .297 with seven homers, 52 RBIs and 20 steals in 124 games. He was brought up to the Brewers as a September call-up and made his Major League debut on September 11, 2006, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. He appeared as a pinch hitter and struck out against Salomón Torres to end the game. On September 21, 2006, in his first start against the San Francisco Giants, he recorded his first Major League hit, a single off Matt Morris. He appeared in 9 games for the Brewers to end the season, batting .111 (1-for-9) with 3 runs scored.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Louisville Bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Bats"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"}],"sub_title":"2007–2010","text":"In 2007, he played 108 games for the Nashville Sounds with a .273 average and led the team with 28 doubles and 16 stolen bases. From May 21 to June 2, he also made 12 appearances at Double-A Huntsville. While there, he produced a pair of four-hit games on May 26 and May 30. In 120 games at the two stops, he hit .291 with five homers, 47 RBIs and 17 steals.On January 15, 2008, Anderson was designated for assignment by the Brewers. He was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds on January 18. Anderson spent the entire season with their Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Bats. He went .290 and was second on the team with 404 at bats and 117 hits. From June 4 through June 30, he reached base safely in 30 consecutive games, including a season high 14-game hitting streak in that span.Drew was released prior to the 2009 season, but was re-signed by the Milwaukee Brewers to a minor league contract and assigned to Double-A Huntsville.[3] Splitting the season between AA Huntsville and AAA Nashville, Anderson batted .294 with a .370 OBP and a career-high in home runs with 10. He filed for free agency following the 2009 season.On May 3, 2010, he signed with the Milwaukee Brewers and was assigned to Triple-A Nashville. Once again splitting time between Huntsville and Nashville, Drew batted .281 with a .375 OBP and 35 extra base hits in 339 plate appearances. He became a free agent after the season, and has not played professionally since.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCalvyScout-1"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCalvyScout-1"}],"text":"After the season, Anderson was hired by the Brewers as a scout in the Midwestern United States.[1] His territory includes Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota.[1]","title":"Scouting career"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_(unit)
Joule
["1 Definition","2 History","3 Practical examples","4 Multiples","5 Conversions","6 Newton-metre and torque","7 Watt-second","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Joule" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Unit of energy in the SI system This article is about the unit of energy or work. For other uses, see Joule (disambiguation). JouleIntuitive representation of the joule as the work of a motive forceGeneral informationUnit systemSIUnit ofenergySymbolJNamed afterJames Prescott JouleConversions 1 J in ...... is equal to ...    SI base units   kg⋅m2⋅s−2   CGS units   1×107 erg   watt-seconds   1 W⋅s   kilowatt-hours   ≈2.78×10−7 kW⋅h   kilocalories (thermochemical)   2.390×10−4 kcalth   BTUs   9.48×10−4 BTU   electronvolts   ≈6.24×1018 eV The joule (pronounced /ˈdʒuːl/, JOOL or /ˈdʒaʊl/ JOWL; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a mass through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). Definition In terms of SI base units and in terms of SI derived units with special names, the joule is defined as J =   k g ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s − 2 =   N ⋅ m =   P a ⋅ m 3 =   W ⋅ s =   C ⋅ V {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}\mathrm {J} \;&=~\mathrm {kg{\cdot }m^{2}{\cdot }s^{-2}} \\&=~\mathrm {N{\cdot }m} \\&=~\mathrm {Pa{\cdot }m^{3}} \\&=~\mathrm {W{\cdot }s} \\&=~\mathrm {C{\cdot }V} \\\end{alignedat}}} Symbol Meaning J joule kg kilogram m metre s second N newton Pa pascal W watt C coulomb V volt One joule is also equivalent to any of the following: The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt, or one coulomb-volt (C⋅V). This relationship can be used to define the volt. The work required to produce one watt of power for one second, or one watt-second (W⋅s) (compare kilowatt-hour, which is 3.6 megajoules). This relationship can be used to define the watt. The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case. History The cgs system had been declared official in 1881, at the first International Electrical Congress. The erg was adopted as its unit of energy in 1882. Wilhelm Siemens, in his inauguration speech as chairman of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (23 August 1882) first proposed the Joule as unit of heat, to be derived from the electromagnetic units Ampere and Ohm, in cgs units equivalent to 107 erg. The naming of the unit in honour of James Prescott Joule (1818–1889), at the time retired but still living (aged 63), is due to Siemens: "Such a heat unit, if found acceptable, might with great propriety, I think, be called the Joule, after the man who has done so much to develop the dynamical theory of heat." At the second International Electrical Congress, on 31 August 1889, the joule was officially adopted alongside the watt and the quadrant (later renamed to henry). Joule died in the same year, on 11 October 1889. At the fourth congress (1893), the "international ampere" and "international ohm" were defined, with slight changes in the specifications for their measurement, with the "international joule" being the unit derived from them. In 1935, the International Electrotechnical Commission (as the successor organisation of the International Electrical Congress) adopted the "Giorgi system", which by virtue of assuming a defined value for the magnetic constant also implied a redefinition of the Joule. The Giorgi system was approved by the International Committee for Weights and Measures in 1946. The joule was now no longer defined based on electromagnetic unit, but instead as the unit of work performed by one unit of force (at the time not yet named newton) over the distance of 1 metre. The joule was explicitly intended as the unit of energy to be used in both electromagnetic and mechanical contexts. The ratification of the definition at the ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, in 1948, added the specification that the joule was also to be preferred as the unit of heat in the context of calorimetry, thereby officially deprecating the use of the calorie. This definition was the direct precursor of the joule as adopted in the modern International System of Units in 1960. The definition of the joule as J = kg⋅m2⋅s−2 has remained unchanged since 1946, but the joule as a derived unit has inherited changes in the definitions of the second (in 1960 and 1967), the metre (in 1983) and the kilogram (in 2019). Practical examples One joule represents (approximately): The amount of electricity required to run a 1 W device for 1 s. The energy required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s2 through a distance of 1 m. The kinetic energy of a 2 kg mass travelling at 1 m/s, or a 1 kg mass travelling at 1.41 m/s. The energy required to lift an apple up 1 m, assuming the apple has a mass of 101.97 g. The heat required to raise the temperature of 0.239 g of water from 0 °C to 1 °C. The typical energy released as heat by a person at rest every 1/60 s (17 ms). The kinetic energy of a 50 kg human moving very slowly (0.2 m/s or 0.72 km/h). The kinetic energy of a 56 g tennis ball moving at 6 m/s (22 km/h). The food energy (kcal) in slightly more than half of an ordinary-sized sugar crystal (0.102 mg/crystal). Multiples For additional examples, see Orders of magnitude (energy). SI multiples of joule (J) Submultiples Multiples Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name 10−1 J dJ decijoule 101 J daJ decajoule 10−2 J cJ centijoule 102 J hJ hectojoule 10−3 J mJ millijoule 103 J kJ kilojoule 10−6 J μJ microjoule 106 J MJ megajoule 10−9 J nJ nanojoule 109 J GJ gigajoule 10−12 J pJ picojoule 1012 J TJ terajoule 10−15 J fJ femtojoule 1015 J PJ petajoule 10−18 J aJ attojoule 1018 J EJ exajoule 10−21 J zJ zeptojoule 1021 J ZJ zettajoule 10−24 J yJ yoctojoule 1024 J YJ yottajoule 10−27 J rJ rontojoule 1027 J RJ ronnajoule 10−30 J qJ quectojoule 1030 J QJ quettajoule Common multiples are in bold face Zeptojoule 160 zeptojoule is about one electronvolt. The minimal energy needed to change a bit of data in computation at around room temperature – approximately 2.75 zJ – is given by the Landauer limit. Nanojoule 160 nanojoule is about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito. Microjoule The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produces collisions of the microjoule order (7 TeV) per particle. Kilojoule Nutritional food labels in most countries express energy in kilojoules (kJ). One square metre of the Earth receives about 1.4 kilojoules of solar radiation every second in full daylight. A human in a sprint has approximately 3 kJ of kinetic energy, while a cheetah in a 122 km/h (76 mph) sprint has approximately 20 kJ. One watt-hour of electricity is 3.6 kilojoules. Megajoule The megajoule is approximately the kinetic energy of a one megagram (tonne) vehicle moving at 161 km/h (100 mph). The energy required to heat 10 L of liquid water at constant pressure from 0 °C (32 °F) to 100 °C (212 °F) is approximately 4.2 MJ. One kilowatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 megajoules. Gigajoule 6 gigajoule is about the chemical energy of combusting 1 barrel (159 L) of petroleum. 2 GJ is about the Planck energy unit. One megawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 gigajoules. Terajoule The terajoule is about 0.278 GWh (which is often used in energy tables). About 63 TJ of energy was released by Little Boy. The International Space Station, with a mass of approximately 450 megagrams and orbital velocity of 7700 m/s, has a kinetic energy of roughly 13 TJ. In 2017, Hurricane Irma was estimated to have a peak wind energy of 112 TJ. One gigawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 terajoules. Petajoule 210 petajoule is about 50 megatons of TNT, which is the amount of energy released by the Tsar Bomba, the largest man-made explosion ever. One terawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 petajoules. Exajoule The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan had 1.41 EJ of energy according to its rating of 9.0 on the moment magnitude scale. Yearly U.S. energy consumption amounts to roughly 94 EJ, and the world final energy consumption was 439 EJ in 2021. One petawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 exajoules. Zettajoule The zettajoule is somewhat more than the amount of energy required to heat the Baltic sea by 1 °C, assuming properties similar to those of pure water. Human annual world energy consumption is approximately 0.5 ZJ. The energy to raise the temperature of Earth's atmosphere 1 °C is approximately 2.2 ZJ. Yottajoule The yottajoule is a little less than the amount of energy required to heat the Indian Ocean by 1 °C, assuming properties similar to those of pure water. The thermal output of the Sun is approximately 400 YJ per second. Conversions Main article: Conversion of units of energy 1 joule is equal to (approximately unless otherwise stated): 107 erg (exactly) 6.24150974×1018 eV 0.2390 cal (gram calories) 2.390×10−4 kcal (food calories) 9.4782×10−4 BTU 0.7376 ft⋅lb (foot-pound) 23.7 ft⋅pdl (foot-poundal) 2.7778×10−7 kW⋅h (kilowatt-hour) 2.7778×10−4 W⋅h (watt-hour) 9.8692×10−3 latm (litre-atmosphere) 11.1265×10−15 g⋅c2 (by way of mass–energy equivalence) Units defined exactly in terms of the joule include: 1 thermochemical calorie = 4.184 J 1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J 1 W⋅h = 3600 J (or 3.6 kJ) 1 kW⋅h = 3.6×106 J (or 3.6 MJ) 1 W⋅s = 1 J 1 ton TNT = 4.184 GJ 1 foe = 1044 J Newton-metre and torque Main article: Newton-metre In mechanics, the concept of force (in some direction) has a close analogue in the concept of torque (about some angle): Linear Angular Force Torque Mass Moment of inertia Displacement Angle A result of this similarity is that the SI unit for torque is the newton-metre, which works out algebraically to have the same dimensions as the joule, but they are not interchangeable. The General Conference on Weights and Measures has given the unit of energy the name joule, but has not given the unit of torque any special name, hence it is simply the newton-metre (N⋅m) – a compound name derived from its constituent parts. The use of newton-metres for torque but joules for energy is helpful to avoid misunderstandings and miscommunication. The distinction may be seen also in the fact that energy is a scalar quantity – the dot product of a force vector and a displacement vector. By contrast, torque is a vector – the cross product of a force vector and a distance vector. Torque and energy are related to one another by the equation E = τ θ , {\displaystyle E=\tau \theta \,,} where E is energy, τ is (the vector magnitude of) torque, and θ is the angle swept (in radians). Since plane angles are dimensionless, it follows that torque and energy have the same dimensions. Watt-second A watt-second (symbol W s or W⋅s) is a derived unit of energy equivalent to the joule. The watt-second is the energy equivalent to the power of one watt sustained for one second. While the watt-second is equivalent to the joule in both units and meaning, there are some contexts in which the term "watt-second" is used instead of "joule", such as in the rating of photographic electronic flash units. Notes ^ This is called the basal metabolic rate. It corresponds to about 5,000 kJ (1,200 kcal) per day. The kilocalorie (symbol kcal) is also known as the dietary calorie. References ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), p. 120, ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16 ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Online Edition (2009). Houghton Mifflin Co., hosted by Yahoo! Education. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition (1985). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 691. ^ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Physics, Fifth Edition (1997). McGraw-Hill, Inc., p. 224. ^ "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: The Two Classes of SI Units and the SI Prefixes". NIST. 2016-01-28. ^ Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (1974), Fundamentals of Physics (revised ed.), New York: Wiley, pp. 516–517, ISBN 0471344311 ^ "What Is a Joule? - Chemistry Definition". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2024-04-07. ^ Siemens, Cal Wilhelm (August 1882). Report of the Fifty-Second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Southhampton. pp. 1–33. pp. 6–7: The unit of heat has hitherto been taken variously as the heat required to raise a pound of water at the freezing-point through 1° Fahrenheit or Centigrade, or, again, the heat necessary to raise a kilogramme of water 1° Centigrade. The inconvenience of a unit so entirely arbitrary is sufficiently apparent to justify the introduction of one based on the electro-magnetic system, viz. the heat generated in one second by the current of an Ampère flowing through the resistance of an Ohm. In absolute measure its value is 107 C.G.S. units, and, assuming Joule's equivalent as 42,000,000, it is the heat necessary to raise 0.238 grammes of water 1° Centigrade, or, approximately, the 1⁄1000th part of the arbitrary unit of a pound of water raised 1° Fahrenheit and the 1⁄4000th of the kilogramme of water raised 1° Centigrade. Such a heat unit, if found acceptable, might with great propriety, I think, be called the Joule, after the man who has done so much to develop the dynamical theory of heat. ^ Pat Naughtin: A chronological history of the modern metric system, metricationmatters.com, 2009. ^ Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress. New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 1894. ^ CIPM, 1946, Resolution 2, Definitions of electric units. bipm.org. ^ 9th CGPM, Resolution 3: Triple point of water; thermodynamic scale with a single fixed point; unit of quantity of heat (joule)., bipm.org. ^ "SI Redefinition". NIST. 2018-05-11. ^ "Units of Heat – BTU, Calorie and Joule". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2021-06-14. ^ Ristinen, Robert A.; Kraushaar, Jack J. (2006). Energy and the Environment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-73989-8. ^ "Physics – CERN". public.web.cern.ch. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. ^ "You Say Calorie, We Say Kilojoule: Who's Right?". Archived from the original on 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present". Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2005-10-05. ^ 1 2 ⋅ 70   kg ⋅ ( 10   m/s ) 2 = 3500   J {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot 70~{\text{kg}}\cdot \left(10~{\text{m/s}}\right)^{2}=3500~{\text{J}}} ^ 1 2 ⋅ 35   kg ⋅ ( 35   m/s ) 2 = 21 , 400   J {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot 35~{\text{kg}}\cdot \left(35~{\text{m/s}}\right)^{2}=21,400~{\text{J}}} ^ "Energy Units – Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy – Energy Information Administration". www.eia.gov. ^ Malik, John (September 1985). "Report LA-8819: The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015. ^ "International Space Station Final Configuration" (PDF). European Space Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2015. ^ Bonnie Berkowitz; Laris Karklis; Reuben Fischer-Baum; Chiqui Esteban (11 September 2017). "Analysis – How Big Is Hurricane Irma?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "Irma unleashes its fury on south Florida", Financial Times, accessed 10-Sept-2017 (subscription required) ^ World Energy Outlook 2022 (Report). International Energy Agency. 2022. p. 239. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ a b "Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1". noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2022. ^ The adoption of joules as units of energy, FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971. A report on the changeover from calories to joules in nutrition. ^ Feynman, Richard (1963). "Physical Units". Feynman's Lectures on Physics. Retrieved 2014-03-07. ^ a b "Units with special names and symbols; units that incorporate special names and symbols". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015. A derived unit can often be expressed in different ways by combining base units with derived units having special names. Joule, for example, may formally be written newton metre, or kilogram metre squared per second squared. This, however, is an algebraic freedom to be governed by common sense physical considerations; in a given situation some forms may be more helpful than others. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit names, to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), pp. 39–40, 53, ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16 ^ "What Is A Watt Second?". External links Listen to this article (13 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 6 March 2024 (2024-03-06), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) The dictionary definition of joule at Wiktionary vteSI unitsBase units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute and second of arc neper tonne See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Historical definitions of the SI base units 2019 redefinition System of units of measurement Category vteEnergy History Index Outline Fundamental concepts Conservation of energy Energetics Energy Units Energy condition Energy level Energy system Energy transformation Energy transition Mass Negative mass Mass–energy equivalence Power Thermodynamics Enthalpy Entropic force Entropy Exergy Free entropy Heat capacity Heat transfer Irreversible process Isolated system Laws of thermodynamics Negentropy Quantum thermodynamics Thermal equilibrium Thermal reservoir Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic free energy Thermodynamic potential Thermodynamic state Thermodynamic system Thermodynamic temperature Volume (thermodynamics) Work Types Binding Nuclear Chemical Dark Elastic Electric potential energy Electrical Gravitational Binding Interatomic potential Internal Ionization Kinetic Magnetic Mechanical Negative Phantom Potential Quantum chromodynamics binding energy Quantum fluctuation Quantum potential Quintessence Radiant Rest Sound Surface Thermal Vacuum Zero-point Energy carriers Battery Capacitor Electricity Enthalpy Fuel Fossil Oil Heat Latent heat Hydrogen Hydrogen fuel Mechanical wave Radiation Sound wave Work Primary energy Bioenergy Fossil fuel Coal Natural gas Petroleum Geothermal Gravitational Hydropower Marine Nuclear fuel Natural uranium Radiant Solar Wind Energy systemcomponents Biomass Electric power Electricity delivery Energy engineering Fossil fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Geothermal power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Tidal power Wave farm Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Oil refinery Solar power Concentrated solar power Photovoltaic system Solar thermal energy Solar furnace Solar power tower Wind power Airborne wind energy Wind farm Use andsupply Efficient energy use Agriculture Computing Transport Energy conservation Energy consumption Energy policy Energy development Energy security Energy storage Renewable energy Sustainable energy World energy supply and consumption Africa Asia Australia Canada Europe Mexico South America United States Misc. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joule (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈdʒuːl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"JOOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˈdʒaʊl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"JOWL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"International System of Units (SI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)"},{"link_name":"newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance"},{"link_name":"ohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm"},{"link_name":"James Prescott Joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Unit of energy in the SI systemThis article is about the unit of energy or work. For other uses, see Joule (disambiguation).The joule (pronounced /ˈdʒuːl/, JOOL or /ˈdʒaʊl/ JOWL; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI).[1] It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a mass through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).[2][3][4]","title":"Joule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SI base units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_units"},{"link_name":"SI derived units with special names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_units_with_special_names"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"electric charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge"},{"link_name":"coulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb"},{"link_name":"electrical potential difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)"},{"link_name":"kilowatt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour"},{"link_name":"James Prescott Joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"upper case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_case"},{"link_name":"common noun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_noun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In terms of SI base units and in terms of SI derived units with special names, the joule is defined as[5]One joule is also equivalent to any of the following:[6]The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt, or one coulomb-volt (C⋅V). This relationship can be used to define the volt.\nThe work required to produce one watt of power for one second, or one watt-second (W⋅s) (compare kilowatt-hour, which is 3.6 megajoules). This relationship can be used to define the watt.The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.[7]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cgs system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgs_system"},{"link_name":"International Electrical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress"},{"link_name":"erg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"Ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"Ohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm"},{"link_name":"James Prescott Joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"International Electrotechnical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"Giorgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giorgi"},{"link_name":"magnetic constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_constant"},{"link_name":"International Committee for Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)"},{"link_name":"newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"General Conference on Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"calorimetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry"},{"link_name":"calorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"kilogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"in 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The cgs system had been declared official in 1881, at the first International Electrical Congress.\nThe erg was adopted as its unit of energy in 1882. Wilhelm Siemens, in his inauguration speech as chairman of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (23 August 1882) first proposed the Joule as unit of heat, to be derived from the electromagnetic units Ampere and Ohm, in cgs units equivalent to 107 erg.\nThe naming of the unit in honour of James Prescott Joule (1818–1889), at the time retired but still living (aged 63), is due to Siemens:[citation needed]\"Such a heat unit, if found acceptable, might with great propriety, I think, be called the Joule, after the man who has done so much to develop the dynamical theory of heat.\"[8]At the second International Electrical Congress, on 31 August 1889, the joule was officially adopted alongside the watt and the quadrant (later renamed to henry).[9]\nJoule died in the same year, on 11 October 1889.\nAt the fourth congress (1893), the \"international ampere\" and \"international ohm\" were defined, with slight changes in the specifications for their measurement, with the \"international joule\" being the unit derived from them.[10]In 1935, the International Electrotechnical Commission (as the successor organisation of the International Electrical Congress) adopted the \"Giorgi system\", which by virtue of assuming a defined value for the magnetic constant also implied a redefinition of the Joule. The Giorgi system was approved by the International Committee for Weights and Measures in 1946. The joule was now no longer defined based on electromagnetic unit, but instead as the unit of work performed by one unit of force (at the time not yet named newton)\nover the distance of 1 metre. The joule was explicitly intended as the unit of energy to be used in both electromagnetic and mechanical contexts.[11] The ratification of the definition at the ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, in 1948,\nadded the specification that the joule was also to be preferred as the unit of heat in the context of calorimetry, thereby officially deprecating the use of the calorie.[12] \nThis definition was the direct precursor of the joule as adopted in the modern International System of Units in 1960.[citation needed]The definition of the joule as J = kg⋅m2⋅s−2 has remained unchanged since 1946, but the joule as a derived unit has inherited changes in the definitions of the second (in 1960 and 1967), the metre (in 1983) and the kilogram (in 2019).[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"m/s2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"m/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"m/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"mg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milligram"}],"text":"One joule represents (approximately):The amount of electricity required to run a 1 W device for 1 s.\nThe energy required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s2 through a distance of 1 m.\nThe kinetic energy of a 2 kg mass travelling at 1 m/s, or a 1 kg mass travelling at 1.41 m/s.\nThe energy required to lift an apple up 1 m, assuming the apple has a mass of 101.97 g.\nThe heat required to raise the temperature of 0.239 g of water from 0 °C to 1 °C.[14]\nThe typical energy released as heat by a person at rest every 1/60 s (17 ms).[note 1]\nThe kinetic energy of a 50 kg human moving very slowly (0.2 m/s or 0.72 km/h).\nThe kinetic energy of a 56 g tennis ball moving at 6 m/s (22 km/h).[15]\nThe food energy (kcal) in slightly more than half of an ordinary-sized sugar crystal (0.102 mg/crystal).","title":"Practical examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orders of magnitude (energy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)"},{"link_name":"electronvolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Landauer limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer_limit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Large Hadron Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cal_vs_kJ-18"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"solar radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight#Solar_constant"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSI-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"km/h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"watt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"km/h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoule"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"kilowatt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gigajoule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigajoule"},{"link_name":"chemical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Planck energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units"},{"link_name":"megawatt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt-hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GWh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour"},{"link_name":"TJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terajoule"},{"link_name":"Little Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hironaga-23"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"megagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megagrams"},{"link_name":"m/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iss-24"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"gigawatt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt-hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"megatons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons"},{"link_name":"Tsar Bomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba"},{"link_name":"terawatt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatt-hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"moment magnitude scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"U.S. energy consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"petawatt-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petawatt-hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Baltic sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_sea"},{"link_name":"those of pure water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volumes_of_the_World's_Oceans-28"},{"link_name":"world energy consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volumes_of_the_World's_Oceans-28"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For additional examples, see Orders of magnitude (energy).Zeptojoule\n160 zeptojoule is about one electronvolt.[citation needed] The minimal energy needed to change a bit of data in computation at around room temperature – approximately 2.75 zJ – is given by the Landauer limit.[citation needed]\nNanojoule\n160 nanojoule is about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito.[16]\nMicrojoule\nThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produces collisions of the microjoule order (7 TeV) per particle.[citation needed]\nKilojoule\nNutritional food labels in most countries express energy in kilojoules (kJ).[17] One square metre of the Earth receives about 1.4 kilojoules of solar radiation every second in full daylight.[18] A human in a sprint has approximately 3 kJ of kinetic energy,[19] while a cheetah in a 122 km/h (76 mph) sprint has approximately 20 kJ.[20] One watt-hour of electricity is 3.6 kilojoules.[citation needed]\nMegajoule\nThe megajoule is approximately the kinetic energy of a one megagram (tonne) vehicle moving at 161 km/h (100 mph).[citation needed] The energy required to heat 10 L of liquid water at constant pressure from 0 °C (32 °F) to 100 °C (212 °F) is approximately 4.2 MJ.[citation needed] One kilowatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 megajoules.[citation needed]\nGigajoule\n6 gigajoule is about the chemical energy of combusting 1 barrel (159 L) of petroleum.[21] 2 GJ is about the Planck energy unit. One megawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 gigajoules.[citation needed]\nTerajoule\nThe terajoule is about 0.278 GWh (which is often used in energy tables). About 63 TJ of energy was released by Little Boy.[22] The International Space Station, with a mass of approximately 450 megagrams and orbital velocity of 7700 m/s,[23] has a kinetic energy of roughly 13 TJ. In 2017, Hurricane Irma was estimated to have a peak wind energy of 112 TJ.[24][25] One gigawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 terajoules.[citation needed]\nPetajoule\n210 petajoule is about 50 megatons of TNT, which is the amount of energy released by the Tsar Bomba, the largest man-made explosion ever. One terawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 petajoules.[citation needed]\nExajoule\nThe 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan had 1.41 EJ of energy according to its rating of 9.0 on the moment magnitude scale. Yearly U.S. energy consumption amounts to roughly 94 EJ, and the world final energy consumption was 439 EJ in 2021.[26] One petawatt-hour of electricity is 3.6 exajoules.[citation needed]\nZettajoule\nThe zettajoule is somewhat more than the amount of energy required to heat the Baltic sea by 1 °C, assuming properties similar to those of pure water.[27] Human annual world energy consumption is approximately 0.5 ZJ. The energy to raise the temperature of Earth's atmosphere 1 °C is approximately 2.2 ZJ.[citation needed]\nYottajoule\nThe yottajoule is a little less than the amount of energy required to heat the Indian Ocean by 1 °C, assuming properties similar to those of pure water.[27] The thermal output of the Sun is approximately 400 YJ per second.[citation needed]","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"erg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erg"},{"link_name":"eV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"cal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie"},{"link_name":"kcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie"},{"link_name":"BTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_thermal_unit"},{"link_name":"ft⋅lb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft%E2%8B%85lb"},{"link_name":"ft⋅pdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-poundal"},{"link_name":"kW⋅h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KW%E2%8B%85h"},{"link_name":"mass–energy equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"calorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAO-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"ton TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_TNT"},{"link_name":"foe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foe_(unit)"}],"text":"1 joule is equal to (approximately unless otherwise stated):[citation needed]107 erg (exactly)\n6.24150974×1018 eV\n0.2390 cal (gram calories)\n2.390×10−4 kcal (food calories)\n9.4782×10−4 BTU\n0.7376 ft⋅lb (foot-pound)\n23.7 ft⋅pdl (foot-poundal)\n2.7778×10−7 kW⋅h (kilowatt-hour)\n2.7778×10−4 W⋅h (watt-hour)\n9.8692×10−3 latm (litre-atmosphere)\n11.1265×10−15 g⋅c2 (by way of mass–energy equivalence)Units defined exactly in terms of the joule include:[citation needed]1 thermochemical calorie = 4.184 J[28]\n1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J[29]\n1 W⋅h = 3600 J (or 3.6 kJ)\n1 kW⋅h = 3.6×106 J (or 3.6 MJ)\n1 W⋅s = 1 J\n1 ton TNT = 4.184 GJ\n1 foe = 1044 J","title":"Conversions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"newton-metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-metre"},{"link_name":"algebraically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis"},{"link_name":"General Conference on Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIPM2-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIPM2-31"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(physics)"},{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vector"},{"link_name":"cross product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vector magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)#Euclidean_vector_space"},{"link_name":"radians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In mechanics, the concept of force (in some direction) has a close analogue in the concept of torque (about some angle):[citation needed]A result of this similarity is that the SI unit for torque is the newton-metre, which works out algebraically to have the same dimensions as the joule, but they are not interchangeable. The General Conference on Weights and Measures has given the unit of energy the name joule, but has not given the unit of torque any special name, hence it is simply the newton-metre (N⋅m) – a compound name derived from its constituent parts.[30] The use of newton-metres for torque but joules for energy is helpful to avoid misunderstandings and miscommunication.[30]The distinction may be seen also in the fact that energy is a scalar quantity – the dot product of a force vector and a displacement vector. By contrast, torque is a vector – the cross product of a force vector and a distance vector. Torque and energy are related to one another by the equation[citation needed]E\n =\n τ\n θ\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=\\tau \\theta \\,,}where E is energy, τ is (the vector magnitude of) torque, and θ is the angle swept (in radians). Since plane angles are dimensionless, it follows that torque and energy have the same dimensions.[citation needed]","title":"Newton-metre and torque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"derived unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_unit"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"electronic flash units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"A watt-second (symbol W s or W⋅s) is a derived unit of energy equivalent to the joule.[31] The watt-second is the energy equivalent to the power of one watt sustained for one second. While the watt-second is equivalent to the joule in both units and meaning, there are some contexts in which the term \"watt-second\" is used instead of \"joule\", such as in the rating of photographic electronic flash units. [32]","title":"Watt-second"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"basal metabolic rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate"},{"link_name":"dietary calorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie"}],"text":"^ This is called the basal metabolic rate. It corresponds to about 5,000 kJ (1,200 kcal) per day. The kilocalorie (symbol kcal) is also known as the dietary calorie.","title":"Notes"}]
[{}]
null
[{"reference":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), p. 120, ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures","url_text":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures"},{"url":"https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf","url_text":"The International System of Units (SI)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6","url_text":"92-822-2213-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: The Two Classes of SI Units and the SI Prefixes\". NIST. 2016-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-4-two-classes-si-units-and-si-prefixes","url_text":"\"NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: The Two Classes of SI Units and the SI Prefixes\""}]},{"reference":"Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (1974), Fundamentals of Physics (revised ed.), New York: Wiley, pp. 516–517, ISBN 0471344311","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Halliday_(physicist)","url_text":"Halliday, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Resnick","url_text":"Resnick, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Physics","url_text":"Fundamentals of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471344311","url_text":"0471344311"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is a Joule? - Chemistry Definition\". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2024-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-joule-604543","url_text":"\"What Is a Joule? - Chemistry Definition\""}]},{"reference":"Siemens, Cal Wilhelm (August 1882). Report of the Fifty-Second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Southhampton. pp. 1–33. pp. 6–7: The unit of heat has hitherto been taken variously as the heat required to raise a pound of water at the freezing-point through 1° Fahrenheit or Centigrade, or, again, the heat necessary to raise a kilogramme of water 1° Centigrade. The inconvenience of a unit so entirely arbitrary is sufficiently apparent to justify the introduction of one based on the electro-magnetic system, viz. the heat generated in one second by the current of an Ampère flowing through the resistance of an Ohm. In absolute measure its value is 107 C.G.S. units, and, assuming Joule's equivalent as 42,000,000, it is the heat necessary to raise 0.238 grammes of water 1° Centigrade, or, approximately, the 1⁄1000th part of the arbitrary unit of a pound of water raised 1° Fahrenheit and the 1⁄4000th of the kilogramme of water raised 1° Centigrade. Such a heat unit, if found acceptable, might with great propriety, I think, be called the Joule, after the man who has done so much to develop the dynamical theory of heat.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens","url_text":"Siemens, Cal Wilhelm"},{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k781656","url_text":"Report of the Fifty-Second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress. New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 1894.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsinte01chicgoog","url_text":"Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"SI Redefinition\". NIST. 2018-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition","url_text":"\"SI Redefinition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Units of Heat – BTU, Calorie and Joule\". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2021-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-units-d_664.html","url_text":"\"Units of Heat – BTU, Calorie and Joule\""}]},{"reference":"Ristinen, Robert A.; Kraushaar, Jack J. (2006). Energy and the Environment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-73989-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/energyenvironmen00rist","url_text":"Energy and the Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-73989-8","url_text":"0-471-73989-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Physics – CERN\". public.web.cern.ch. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121213173112/https://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Glossary-en.php","url_text":"\"Physics – CERN\""},{"url":"http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/Science/Glossary-en.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"You Say Calorie, We Say Kilojoule: Who's Right?\". Archived from the original on 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230515172626/https://www.coca-colacompany.com/au/news/you-say-calorie--we-say-kilojoule-who-s-right-","url_text":"\"You Say Calorie, We Say Kilojoule: Who's Right?\""},{"url":"https://www.coca-colacompany.com/au/news/you-say-calorie--we-say-kilojoule-who-s-right-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2005-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110830221302/http://www.pmodwrc.ch/pmod.php?topic=tsi%2Fcomposite%2FSolarConstant","url_text":"\"Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present\""},{"url":"http://www.pmodwrc.ch/pmod.php?topic=tsi/composite/SolarConstant","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Energy Units – Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy – Energy Information Administration\". www.eia.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_energy_units","url_text":"\"Energy Units – Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy – Energy Information Administration\""}]},{"reference":"Malik, John (September 1985). \"Report LA-8819: The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions\" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091011030043/http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf","url_text":"\"Report LA-8819: The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory","url_text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory"},{"url":"http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Space Station Final Configuration\" (PDF). European Space Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721012349/http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/users/downloads/factsheets/fs001_12_iss.pdf","url_text":"\"International Space Station Final Configuration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency","url_text":"European Space Agency"},{"url":"http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/users/downloads/factsheets/fs001_12_iss.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bonnie Berkowitz; Laris Karklis; Reuben Fischer-Baum; Chiqui Esteban (11 September 2017). \"Analysis – How Big Is Hurricane Irma?\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/national/how-big-is-hurricane-irma/","url_text":"\"Analysis – How Big Is Hurricane Irma?\""}]},{"reference":"World Energy Outlook 2022 (Report). International Energy Agency. 2022. p. 239. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022","url_text":"World Energy Outlook 2022"}]},{"reference":"\"Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1\". noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_ocean_volumes.html","url_text":"\"Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1\""}]},{"reference":"Feynman, Richard (1963). \"Physical Units\". Feynman's Lectures on Physics. Retrieved 2014-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman","url_text":"Feynman, Richard"},{"url":"http://www.numericana.com/answer/feynman.htm","url_text":"\"Physical Units\""}]},{"reference":"\"Units with special names and symbols; units that incorporate special names and symbols\". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015. A derived unit can often be expressed in different ways by combining base units with derived units having special names. Joule, for example, may formally be written newton metre, or kilogram metre squared per second squared. This, however, is an algebraic freedom to be governed by common sense physical considerations; in a given situation some forms may be more helpful than others. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit names, to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628084157/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/2-2-2.html","url_text":"\"Units with special names and symbols; units that incorporate special names and symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures","url_text":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures"},{"url":"http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/2-2-2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), pp. 39–40, 53, ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures","url_text":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures"},{"url":"https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf","url_text":"The International System of Units (SI)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6","url_text":"92-822-2213-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is A Watt Second?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imaginginfo.com/print/Studio-Photography/What-Is-A-Watt-Second/3$1043","url_text":"\"What Is A Watt Second?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._B._Goodwin
H. B. Goodwin
[]
American novelist Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury Goodwin Talcott"A Woman of the Century"BornHannah Elizabeth Bradbury(1827-03-16)March 16, 1827Chesterville, Maine, U.S.DiedJune 1, 1893(1893-06-01) (aged 66)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Pen name"H. B.""H. E. B""H. B. G.""Mrs. H. B. Goodwin""Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott"OccupationeducatorwriterEducationFarmington AcademyGenrenovelsshort storiessketchespoetryNotable worksDorothy GraySpouse George Clinton Goodwin ​ ​(m. 1857; died 1869)​ Daniel Smith Talcott ​ ​(m. 1874)​ Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury Goodwin Talcott (née, Bradbury; after first marriage, Goodwin; after second marriage, Talcott; March 3, 1827 – June 1, 1893) was an American novelist, poet and educator from Maine who resided in Boston for many years. She wrote under various pen names, including H. B., H. E. B., H. B. G., Mrs. H. B. Goodwin, and Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott. Early life and education Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury was born March 3, 1827, in Chesterville, Maine. Her parents were Benjamin and Elizabeth (Davolle) Bradbury. Her school life was spent mainly in Farmington Academy. Career Before her marriage, she wrote many short stories and sketches, which were published in magazines and papers under her initials, "H. B." or "H. E. B". She worked as a teacher of girls in Bangor, Maine, and afterward served as principal of the Charlestown Female Seminary in Boston. On July 15, 1857, she married George Clinton Goodwin, a Boston drug manufacturer. After this marriage, she wrote three novels under the pen name, "H. B. G." Her first novel, Madge (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1863), was favorably received. Goodwin regarded it as the least worthy of her books. Her second was, Roger Deane's work (Boston, Graves and Young, 1863). The third, Sherbrooke (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1866), was a story of New England life. The success of that story was instantaneous. Widowed in 1869, her next two novels appeared under the name, "Mrs. H. B. Goodwin". Dr. Howell's Family (Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1869), was written during months of great physical pain. Many readers regarded it as the author's strongest work. After its publication, Goodwin was for several years an invalid and only wrote short stories, sketches, and letters from Europe to religious newspapers. A spray from Lucerne appeared in 1873. In Boston, on July 9, 1874, she married Professor Daniel Smith Talcott, D.D., of Bangor, Maine. Using the name, "Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott", her next work was The Fortunes of Miss Follen (New York, D. Appleton & Company, 1876). The book received a damning review, but she republished the book five years later as Christine's fortune (A. Williams, 1881), a picture of German life, returning to the pen name, "Mrs. H. B. Goodwin". One Among Many (Boston, Cupples, Upham and Company, 1884) gave new evidence of her ability to represent real life. Elizabeth and the roses : a legend of Hungary (Boston, Cupples, Upham and Company, 1886) was in the poetic genre. Our Party of Four (Boston, Cupples and Hurd, 1887), describes a tour in Spain. Perhaps to Dorothy Gray (Boston; Damrell & Upsham, 1891) the highest praise came from critics and literary friends. She also compiled a volume of essays on art and history. Later life For the last 16 years of her life, she was strongly associated with the educational work of Wellesley College. She was an active member of its board of trustees and of its executive committee. She also wrote and read to the students of Wellesley many essays on art, the studies for which were made in the great art centers of Europe, where she traveled in England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. She died in Boston on June 1, 1893. Works As H. B. G. 1863, Madge; or, Night and morning (text) 1863, Roger Deane's work (text) 1866, Sherbrooke (text) As Mrs. H. B. Goodwin 1869, Dr. Howell's family (text) 1873, A spray from Lucerne 1881, Christine's fortune 1884, One Among Many (text) 1886, Elizabeth and the roses : a legend of Hungary (poetry) 1887, Our party of four : a story of travel 1891, Dorothy Gray : an Indian Summer idyl (text) As Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott 1876, The Fortunes of Miss Follen (text) Gallery Dr. Howell's family Madge; or, Night and morning Sherbrooke The Fortunes of Miss Follen References ^ Cutter, William Richard, ed. (1917). Memorial Encyclopedia of the State of Massachusetts. Boston: American Historical Society. p. 10. ^ a b c d e Willard 1893, p. 325. ^ a b Finley, E. C. (1927). "Goodwin and Allied Families". Americana. 21 (1). American Historical Society: 55–68. ^ Griffith, George Bancroft, ed. (1888). "HANNAH ELIZABETH BRADBURY GOODWIN.". The Poets of Maine: A Collection of Specimen Poems from Over Four Hundred Verse-Makers of the Pine-Tree State. Portland: Elwell, Pickard & Company. pp. 523–526. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1863). Madge; Or, Night and Morning. D. Appleton. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1863). Roger Deane's Work. Graves and Young. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1866). Sherbrooke. D. Appleton. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1869). Dr. Howell's Family. Lee & Shepard. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1873). A Spray from Lucerne. Printed at the Riverside Press. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "MARRIAGES. TALCOTT-GOODWIN". The Boston Globe. 14 July 1874. p. 7. Retrieved 23 January 2022 – via Newspapers.com. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Daniel S. Talcott. Marriage • Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910, 1921-1924". familysearch.org. 9 July 1874. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1876). The Fortunes of Miss Follen. D. Appleton and Company. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "NEW PUBLICATIONS". The New York Times. 19 June 1876. Retrieved 21 October 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Mrs H. B. (1881). Christine's fortune. A. Williams. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Detroit Public Library (1905). "ALCOTT, MRS. HERSEY BRADFORD GOODWIN. T143f5". Finding List of English and French Prose Fiction. Cadillac printing Company. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1884). One Among Many. Cupples, Upham. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Boston Public Library, ed. (1898). "Goodwin, Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury. 4399a. 182". Monthly Bulletin of Books Added to the Public Library of the City of Boston. The Trustees. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1887). Our Party of Four: A Story of Travel. Cupples and Hurd. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1891). Dorothy Gray: An Indian Summer Idyl. Damrell & Upham. Retrieved 23 January 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1893. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1894. p. 554. Bibliography Wellesley College (1893). The Wellesley College Magazine (Public domain ed.). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Willard, Frances Elizabeth (1893). A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life (Public domain ed.). Moulton. p. 325. External links Works related to Woman of the Century/Mrs. H. B. Goodwin at Wikisource Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"pen names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"}],"text":"Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury Goodwin Talcott (née, Bradbury; after first marriage, Goodwin; after second marriage, Talcott; March 3, 1827 – June 1, 1893) was an American novelist, poet and educator from Maine who resided in Boston for many years. She wrote under various pen names, including H. B., H. E. B., H. B. G., Mrs. H. B. Goodwin, and Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott.","title":"H. B. Goodwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesterville, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterville,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Farmington Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Academy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard1893325-2"}],"text":"Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury was born March 3, 1827, in Chesterville, Maine. Her parents were Benjamin and Elizabeth (Davolle) Bradbury.[1] Her school life was spent mainly in Farmington Academy.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangor, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Charlestown Female Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown_Female_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Americana-1927-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poets_of_Maine-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madge-1863-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roger-1863-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sherbrooke-1866-7"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard1893325-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Americana-1927-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drhowell-1869-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard1893325-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spray-1873-9"},{"link_name":"Bangor, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebostonglobe-1874-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familysearch-1874-11"},{"link_name":"The Fortunes of Miss Follen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Miss_Follen"},{"link_name":"D. Appleton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-follen-1876-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1876-13"},{"link_name":"Christine's fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%27s_fortune"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christines-1881-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finding-1905-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1884-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monthly-1898-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ourparty-1887-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorothy-1891-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard1893325-2"}],"text":"Before her marriage, she wrote many short stories and sketches, which were published in magazines and papers under her initials, \"H. B.\" or \"H. E. B\". She worked as a teacher of girls in Bangor, Maine, and afterward served as principal of the Charlestown Female Seminary in Boston.On July 15, 1857, she married George Clinton Goodwin, a Boston drug manufacturer.[3][4] After this marriage, she wrote three novels under the pen name, \"H. B. G.\" Her first novel, Madge (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1863),[5] was favorably received. Goodwin regarded it as the least worthy of her books. Her second was, Roger Deane's work (Boston, Graves and Young, 1863).[6] The third, Sherbrooke (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1866),[7] was a story of New England life. The success of that story was instantaneous.[2]Widowed in 1869,[3] her next two novels appeared under the name, \"Mrs. H. B. Goodwin\". Dr. Howell's Family (Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1869),[8] was written during months of great physical pain. Many readers regarded it as the author's strongest work. After its publication, Goodwin was for several years an invalid and only wrote short stories, sketches, and letters from Europe to religious newspapers.[2] A spray from Lucerne appeared in 1873.[9]In Boston, on July 9, 1874, she married Professor Daniel Smith Talcott, D.D., of Bangor, Maine.[10][11] Using the name, \"Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott\", her next work was The Fortunes of Miss Follen (New York, D. Appleton & Company, 1876).[12] The book received a damning review,[13] but she republished the book five years later as Christine's fortune (A. Williams, 1881),[14][15] a picture of German life, returning to the pen name, \"Mrs. H. B. Goodwin\". One Among Many (Boston, Cupples, Upham and Company, 1884)[16] gave new evidence of her ability to represent real life. Elizabeth and the roses : a legend of Hungary (Boston, Cupples, Upham and Company, 1886) was in the poetic genre.[17] Our Party of Four (Boston, Cupples and Hurd, 1887),[18] describes a tour in Spain. Perhaps to Dorothy Gray (Boston; Damrell & Upsham, 1891)[19] the highest praise came from critics and literary friends. She also compiled a volume of essays on art and history.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillard1893325-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appletons-20"}],"text":"For the last 16 years of her life, she was strongly associated with the educational work of Wellesley College. She was an active member of its board of trustees and of its executive committee. She also wrote and read to the students of Wellesley many essays on art, the studies for which were made in the great art centers of Europe, where she traveled in England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain.[2]She died in Boston on June 1, 1893.[20]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/madgeornightandm00goodiala"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hJknAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sherbrooke00goodiala"}],"sub_title":"As H. B. G.","text":"1863, Madge; or, Night and morning (text)\n1863, Roger Deane's work (text)\n1866, Sherbrooke (text)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/drhowellsfamily00goodiala"},{"link_name":"Christine's fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%27s_fortune"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5uAaAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VANFAQAAMAAJ"}],"sub_title":"As Mrs. H. B. Goodwin","text":"1869, Dr. Howell's family (text)\n1873, A spray from Lucerne\n1881, Christine's fortune\n1884, One Among Many (text)\n1886, Elizabeth and the roses : a legend of Hungary (poetry)\n1887, Our party of four : a story of travel\n1891, Dorothy Gray : an Indian Summer idyl (text)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fortunes of Miss Follen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Miss_Follen"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-y0BAAAAYAAJ"}],"sub_title":"As Mrs. Goodwin-Talcott","text":"1876, The Fortunes of Miss Follen (text)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Howell%27s_family_(IA_drhowellsfamily00goodiala).pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madge;_or,_Night_and_morning_(IA_cu31924022184075).pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherbrooke_(IA_sherbrookex00good).pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Fortunes_of_Miss_Follen_(1876).png"},{"link_name":"The Fortunes of Miss Follen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Miss_Follen"}],"text":"Dr. Howell's family\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadge; or, Night and morning\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSherbrooke\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Fortunes of Miss Follen","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Cutter, William Richard, ed. (1917). Memorial Encyclopedia of the State of Massachusetts. Boston: American Historical Society. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memorialencyclop00cutt/page/10/mode/2up","url_text":"Memorial Encyclopedia of the State of Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"Finley, E. C. (1927). \"Goodwin and Allied Families\". Americana. 21 (1). American Historical Society: 55–68.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americana21amer/page/398/mode/2up?q=%22George+Clinton+Goodwin%22","url_text":"\"Goodwin and Allied Families\""}]},{"reference":"Griffith, George Bancroft, ed. (1888). \"HANNAH ELIZABETH BRADBURY GOODWIN.\". The Poets of Maine: A Collection of Specimen Poems from Over Four Hundred Verse-Makers of the Pine-Tree State. Portland: Elwell, Pickard & Company. pp. 523–526.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/poetsofmaingeorg00grifrich/page/522/mode/2up","url_text":"\"HANNAH ELIZABETH BRADBURY GOODWIN.\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1863). Madge; Or, Night and Morning. D. Appleton. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/madgeornightandm00goodiala","url_text":"Madge; Or, Night and Morning"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1863). Roger Deane's Work. Graves and Young. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hJknAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Roger Deane's Work"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1866). Sherbrooke. D. Appleton. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sherbrooke00goodiala","url_text":"Sherbrooke"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1869). Dr. Howell's Family. Lee & Shepard. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/drhowellsfamily00goodiala","url_text":"Dr. Howell's Family"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1873). A Spray from Lucerne. Printed at the Riverside Press. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCOMHAAACAAJ&q=%22A+spray+from+Lucerne%22+goodwin","url_text":"A Spray from Lucerne"}]},{"reference":"\"MARRIAGES. TALCOTT-GOODWIN\". The Boston Globe. 14 July 1874. p. 7. Retrieved 23 January 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/428216477/?terms=Hannah%20Elizabeth%20Bradbury%20goodwin%20talcott&match=1","url_text":"\"MARRIAGES. TALCOTT-GOODWIN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel S. Talcott. Marriage • Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910, 1921-1924\". familysearch.org. 9 July 1874. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FHQM-FMQ","url_text":"\"Daniel S. Talcott. Marriage • Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910, 1921-1924\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1876). The Fortunes of Miss Follen. D. Appleton and Company. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-y0BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"The Fortunes of Miss Follen"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW PUBLICATIONS\". The New York Times. 19 June 1876. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1876/06/19/80629566.html?pageNumber=3","url_text":"\"NEW PUBLICATIONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Mrs H. B. (1881). Christine's fortune. A. Williams. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4scSnQEACAAJ","url_text":"Christine's fortune"}]},{"reference":"Detroit Public Library (1905). \"ALCOTT, MRS. HERSEY BRADFORD GOODWIN. T143f5\". Finding List of English and French Prose Fiction. Cadillac printing Company. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s7IZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA149","url_text":"\"ALCOTT, MRS. HERSEY BRADFORD GOODWIN. T143f5\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1884). One Among Many. Cupples, Upham. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5uAaAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"One Among Many"}]},{"reference":"Boston Public Library, ed. (1898). \"Goodwin, Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury. 4399a. 182\". Monthly Bulletin of Books Added to the Public Library of the City of Boston. The Trustees. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7zw-AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA161","url_text":"\"Goodwin, Hannah Elizabeth Bradbury. 4399a. 182\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1887). Our Party of Four: A Story of Travel. Cupples and Hurd. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=euAaAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Our Party of Four: A Story of Travel"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Hannah Bradbury (1891). Dorothy Gray: An Indian Summer Idyl. Damrell & Upham. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VANFAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Dorothy Gray: An Indian Summer Idyl"}]},{"reference":"Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1893. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1894. p. 554.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trent_0116401936053_18/page/554/mode/2up","url_text":"Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1893"}]},{"reference":"Wellesley College (1893). The Wellesley College Magazine (Public domain ed.).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QrMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA468","url_text":"The Wellesley College Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Willard, Frances Elizabeth (1893). A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life (Public domain ed.). Moulton. p. 325.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXEEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXEEAAAAYAAJ/page/n329","url_text":"325"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Oran
Bülent Oran
["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Turkish screenwriter and actor Bülent OranBorn(1924-03-27)27 March 1924Istanbul, TurkeyDied23 September 2004(2004-09-23) (aged 80)Istanbul, TurkeyOccupation(s)Screenwriter, actorYears active1952–1988 Bülent Oran (27 March 1924 – 23 September 2004) was a Turkish screenwriter and actor. He wrote for nearly 250 films between 1952 and 1988. He wrote for the film The Broken Pots, which was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival. Selected filmography The Broken Pots (1960) Ankara Ekspresi (1970) References ^ "Broken Pots". Film Affinity. Retrieved 21 February 2021. External links Bülent Oran at IMDb vteGolden Orange Award for Best Screenplay Vedat Türkali (1965) Erol Keskin-Haldun Dormen (1966) Erol Günaydın-Erol Keskin (1967) Türkan Duru (1968) Türkan Duru (1969) Sadık Şendil (1970) Bülent Oran (1971) Sadık Şendil (1972) Hamdi Değirmencioğlu (1973) Sadık Şendil (1974) Yılmaz Güney (1975) Umur Bugay (1976) Vedat Türkali (1977) Umur Bugay (1978) Onat Kutlar-Ömer Kavur (1979) Başar Sabuncu (1980) Tuncel Kurtiz-Nurettin Sezer (1981) Yavuz Turgul (1982) Fehmi Yaşar (1983) Bilge Olgaç (1984) Muammer Özer (1985) Yavuz Turgul (1986) Yavuz Turgul (1987) Feride Çiçekoğlu (1989) Süheyla Acar Kalyoncu (1990) Orhan Pamuk (1991) Macit Koper (1992) Yavuz Turgul (1993) Nuray Oğuz (1994) Aykut Tankuter-Artun Yeres (1995) Derviş Zaim (1996) Barış Pirhasan (1997) Turgut Yasalar (1998) Zeki Demirkubuz (1999) Fatih Altınöz (2000) Handan İpekçi (2001) Nuri Bilge Ceylan (2002) Ömer Kavur-Macit Koper (2003) Uğur Yücel (2004) Nilüfer Güngörmüş-Reha Erdem (2005) Önder Çakar (2006) Semih Kaplanoğlu-Orçun Köksal (2007) Ben Hopkins (2008) Onur Ünlü (2009) İlksen Başarır-Mert Fırat (2010) Emre Kavuk (2011) Hüseyin Tabak (2012) Zeynep Dadak & Merve Kayan (2013) Onur Ünlü (2014) Tolga Karaçelik (2015) Ümit Köreken (2016) Ali Özel (2019) Tunç Şahin (2020) Ferit Karahan-Gülistan Acet (2021) vteGolden Orange Life Achievement Award Atıf Yılmaz, Hülya Koçyiğit, Tarık Akan, Türkan Şoray (1996) Fikret Hakan, Müjde Ar, Nejat Saydam, Yılmaz Duru (1997) Fatma Girik, Memduh Ün, Kemal Sunal (1998) Şerif Gören, Nedim Otyam, Cahit Berkay, Göksel Arsoy, Cüneyt Arkın, Türker İnanoğlu, Osman Şahin, Hayati Hamzaoğlu (1999) Kadir İnanır, Ekrem Bora, Orhan Günşıray, Sümer Tilmaç, Filiz Akın, Zülfü Livaneli, Orhan Aksoy (2000) Ediz Hun, Suna Pekuysal, Bülent Oran, Sırrı Gültekin (2001) Hulki Saner, İzzet Günay, Kartal Tibet, Kenan Kurt, Selda Alkor (2002) Kadri Yurdatap, Tunç Başaran, Çolpan İlhan, Muhterem Nur, Tanju Gürsu, Süleyman Turan, Rafet Şiriner (2003) Şener Şen, Hale Soygazi (2004) Seyfi Havaeri, Efgan Efekan, Nebahat Çehre (2005) Aytaç Arman, Yusuf Sezgin (2006) Yavuz Turgul, Halil Ergün (2007) Yılmaz Atadeniz (2008) Vedat Türkali, Ülkü Erakalın, Yalçın Tura, Sevda Ferdağ (2009) Ertem Göreç, Safa Önal, Gülşen Bubikoğlu, Nur Sürer, Metin Akpınar, Zeki Alasya (2010) Mehmet Dinler, Tuncel Kurtiz, Perran Kutman, Halit Akçatepe, Engin Çağlar, Rustam Ibragimbekov (2011) Salih Güney, Meral Zeren, Güler Ökten, Necip Sarıcı, Duygu Sağıroğlu (2012) - (2013) Haldun Dormen, Tarık Dursun K., Nilüfer Aydan (2014) Erdem Kıral, Ayşen Gruda, Kayhan Yıldızoğlu (2015) Yılmaz Gruda, Feyzi Tuna, Audrey Tautou (2016) Christopher Walken, Osman Sınav, Suzan Avcı, Erkan Aktaş, Necla Nazır, Matt Dillon Ömer Vargı, İbrahim Tatlıses, Vincent Cassel, Béla Tarr, Eric Roberts (2018) Selma Güneri, Ahmet Mekin (2019) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States This article about a screenwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraliberal
Market fundamentalism
["1 Origins and use","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography and further reading","5 External links"]
Belief in the ability of an unregulated free market to solve most economic and social problems This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Market fundamentalism, also known as free-market fundamentalism, is a term applied to a strong belief in the ability of unregulated laissez-faire or free-market capitalist policies to solve most economic and social problems. It is often used as pejorative by critics of said beliefs. Part of the Politics series onNeoliberalism Ideas Austerity Balanced budget Denationalization Deregulation Economic freedom Economic integration Economic interdependence Economic liberalization Foreign direct investment Free markets Free trade (area) Globalization Intellectual property Laffer curve Marketization Market economy Mundell–Fleming model Privatization Public–private partnership School vouchers Shock therapy Single market Structural Adjustment Programme Supranationalism Tax cuts Economics Austrian School Chicago School Monetarism Neoclassical Supply-side Trickle-down Movements Fiscal conservatism Fujimorism Thatcherism Third Way New Democrats Positive non-interventionism Reaganomics Rogernomics Economic liberalization in India Governance Association of Southeast Asian Nations Bank for International Settlements European Central Bank European Union Federal Reserve Greater Arab Free Trade Area International Monetary Fund MERCOSUR North American Free Trade Agreement Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership World Bank World Trade Organization Organizations Mont Pelerin Society Chicago boys World Economic Forum Adam Smith Institute Third Way People Friedrich Hayek Ludwig von Mises Walter Lippmann Louis Rougier Milton Friedman James M. 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Benson Walter Block Bryan Caplan Gerard Casey Anthony de Jasay David D. Friedman Hans-Hermann Hoppe Michael Huemer Stephan Kinsella Michael Malice Javier Milei Robert P. Murphy Wendy McElroy Lew Rockwell Murray Rothbard Joseph Salerno Jeffrey Tucker Tom Woods Works Defending the Undefendable Democracy: The God That Failed The Ethics of Liberty For a New Liberty The Machinery of Freedom The Market for Liberty The Problem of Political Authority To Serve and Protect The Voluntary City Issues Abortion Anarchism Capital punishment Criticism Foreign affairs Immigration Inheritance Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Minarchism Objectivism Political parties Politics Theories of law Related topics Agorism Right-libertarianism Libertarianism in the United States Left-libertarianism Capitalism portal Politics portalvte Part of a series onCapitalism (For and against) Concepts Austerity Business Business cycle Businessperson Capital Capital accumulation Capital markets Company Corporation Competitive markets Economic interventionism Economic liberalism Economic surplus Entrepreneurship Fictitious capital Financial market Free price system Free market Goods and services Investor Invisible hand Visible hand Liberalization Marginalism Money Private property Privatization Profit Rent seeking Supply and demand Surplus value Value Wage labour Economic systems Anglo-Saxon Authoritarian Corporate Dirigist Free-market Humanistic Laissez-faire Liberal Libertarian Market Mercantilist Mixed Monopoly National Neoliberal Nordic Private Raw Regulated market Regulatory Rhine Social State State-sponsored Welfare Economic theories American Austrian Chartalism MMT Chicago Classical Institutional Keynesian Neo- New Post- Market monetarism Critique of political economy Critique of work Marxist Monetarist Neoclassical New institutional Supply-side Origins Age of Enlightenment Capitalism and Islam Commercial Revolution Feudalism Industrial Revolution Mercantilism Primitive accumulation Physiocracy Simple commodity production Development Advanced Consumer Community Corporate Crony Finance Global Illiberal Late Marxist Merchant Progressive Rentier State monopoly Technological Intellectuals Smith Mill (James) Mill (John Stuart) Ricardo Malthus Say Marx Friedman Hayek Keynes Marshall Pareto Walras von Mises Rand Rothbard Schumpeter Veblen Weaver Weber Coase Related topics Anti-capitalism Capitalist propaganda Capitalist realism Capitalist state Consumerism Crisis theory Criticism of capitalism Critique of political economy Critique of work Cronyism Culture of capitalism Evergreening Exploitation of labour Globalization History History of theory Market economy Periodizations of capitalism Perspectives on capitalism Post-capitalism Speculation Spontaneous order Venture philanthropy Wage slavery Ideologies Anarcho Authoritarian Classical liberalism Democratic Dirigisme Eco Humanistic Inclusive Liberal Liberalism Libertarian Neo Neoliberalism Objectivism Ordoliberalism Privatism Right-libertarianism Third Way Capitalism portal Business portalvte Origins and use Palagummi Sainath believes Jeremy Seabrook, a journalist and campaigner, first used the term. The term was used by Jonathan Benthall in an Anthropology Today editorial in 1991 and by John Langmore and John Quiggin in their 1994 book Work for All. According to economist John Quiggin, the standard features of economic fundamentalist rhetoric are dogmatic assertions combined with the claim that anyone who holds contrary views is not a real economist. However, Kozul-Wright states in his book The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism that the "ineluctability of market forces" neoliberals and conservative politicians tend to stress and their confidence on a chosen policy rest on a "mixture of implicit and hidden assumptions, myths about the history of their own countries' economic development, and special interests camouflaged in their rhetoric of general good". The sociologists Fred L. Block and Margaret Somers use the label "because the term conveys the quasi-religious certainty expressed by contemporary advocates of market self-regulation". Joseph Stiglitz used the term in his autobiographical essay in acceptance of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to criticize some International Monetary Fund policies, arguing: "More broadly, the IMF was advocating a set of policies which is generally referred to alternatively as the Washington consensus, the neo-liberal doctrines, or market fundamentalism, based on an incorrect understanding of economic theory and (what I viewed) as an inadequate interpretation of the historical data". The theories that I (and others) helped develop explained why unfettered markets often not only do not lead to social justice, but do not even produce efficient outcomes. Interestingly, there has been no intellectual challenge to the refutation of Adam Smith's invisible hand: individuals and firms, in the pursuit of their self-interest, are not necessarily, or in general, led as if by an invisible hand, to economic efficiency.— Joseph Stiglitz Critics of laissez-faire policies have used the term to denote what they perceive as a misguided belief or deliberate deception that capitalist free markets provide the greatest possible equity and prosperity, or the view that any interference with the market process decreases social well-being. Users of the term include adherents of interventionist, mixed economy and protectionist positions as well as billionaires such as George Soros; economists such as Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman; and Cornell University historian Edward E. Baptist. Soros suggests that market fundamentalism includes the belief that the best interests in a given society are achieved by allowing its participants to pursue their own financial self-interest with no restraint or regulatory oversight. Critics claim that in modern society with worldwide conglomerates, or even merely large companies, the individual has no protection against fraud nor harm caused by products that maximize income by imposing externalities on the individual consumer as well as society. Historian Edward E. Baptist contends that "unrestrained domination of market forces can sometimes amplify existing forms of oppression into something more horrific" such as slavery and that "market fundamentalism doesn't always provide the best solution for every economic or social problem". See also Anarcho-capitalism "Authoritarian liberalism", a concept by Hermann Heller Casino capitalism Criticism of anarcho-capitalism Criticism of libertarianism Economic liberalism Late capitalism Neoliberalism Objectivism Profit motive Right-libertarianism Social Darwinism References ^ a b "Block, Fred. Market Fundamentalism, Longview Institute". Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2008-04-23. ^ market fundemmentalism, UNESCWA ^ "Sainath, P. And then there was the market". Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2008-01-23. ^ Benthall, Jonathan, "Inside information on 'the market'", Anthropology Today, 7.4, August 1991, pp.1–2. ^ Quiggin, John (March 1995). "Work For All". Journal of Industrial Relations. 37 (1): 186–187. doi:10.1177/002218569503700119. S2CID 153866541. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2012. ^ Quiggin, John. Rationalism and Rationality in Economics, 1999, On Line Opinion, www.onlineopinion.com.au ^ Kozul-Wright, Richard and Rayment, Paul. The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism: Rethinking Development Policy in an Unbalanced World. London: Zed Books Ltd., 2007 p. 14 and Chapter 6 ^ Fred Block and Margaret R. Somers. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique Archived 2021-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. Harvard University Press, 2014. ISBN 0674050711. p. 3. Archived 2023-04-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ Autobiographical essay in acceptance of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ^ "Stiglitz, Joseph E. The pact with the devil. Beppe Grillo's Friends interview". Archived from the original on 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2013-10-29. ^ "Block, Fred. Reframing the Political Battle: Market Fundamentalism vs. Moral Economy, Longview Institute". Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2007-05-08. ^ "Bidstrup, Scott. Free Market Fundamentalism: Friedman, Pinochet and the "Chilean Miracle", Revised 10/15/02". Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2007-06-10. ^ "Beams, Nick. Soros warns of "market fundamentalism". WSWS : News & Analysis : World Economy 22 December 1998". 22 December 1998. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ Stiglitz, Joseph. Redefining the Role of the State - What should it do ? How should it do it ? And how should these decisions be made? Paper presented at the Tenth Anniversary of MITI Research Institute, Tokyo, March 1998. Archived 2008-05-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Soros, George, "The worst market crisis in 60 years. Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine" Financial Times, January 22, 2008 19:57 ^ Edward Baptist (September 7, 2014). What the Economist Doesn't Get About Slavery—And My Book Archived 2023-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Politico. Retrieved May 23, 2015. Bibliography and further reading Albers, Detlev; Haeler, Stephen; Meyer, Henning, eds. (23 June 2006). Social Europe: A Continent's Answer to Market Fundamentalism. London: European Research Forum at London Metropolitan University. ISBN 978-0-9547448-3-0. Camerer, C. (1995): Individual Decision Making, in: Kagel, J.H. & Roth, A.E. (Eds.): Handbook of Experimental Economics, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 587–703. ISBN 978-0-691-05897-9 Cox, Harvey (2016). The Market as God. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674659681 French-Davis, Ricardo. Reforming Latin America's Economies: After Market Fundamentalism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 1-4039-4945-X ISBN 978-1403949455 Kelsey, Jane (1995). A Review of Economic Fundamentalism: The New Zealand Experiment - A World Model for Structural Adjustment?. Pluto Press. ISBN 1-86940-130-1 Kozul-Wright, Richard. The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism: The Struggle for Economic Development in a Global Economy. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), London: ZedBooks Ltd., 2007. ISBN 978-1-84277-636-0 ISBN 9781842776377 Ritzer, George, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists. Blackwell Companions to Sociology. Blackwell publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-20710-8. Soros, George (1998). The Crisis of Global Capitalism: The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781891620270. ISBN 978-1-891620-27-0 Soros, George (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-683-9. Sunder, S (1995). "Experimental Asset Markets: A Survey". In Kagel, J.H.; Roth, A.E. (eds.). Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 445–500. ISBN 978-0-691-05897-9 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Market fundamentalism. Longview Institute page on Market Fundamentalism The free market is an impossible utopia. The Washington Post, July 18, 2014.
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Block and Margaret Somers use the label \"because the term conveys the quasi-religious certainty expressed by contemporary advocates of market self-regulation\".[8]Joseph Stiglitz used the term in his autobiographical essay in acceptance of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to criticize some International Monetary Fund policies, arguing: \"More broadly, the IMF was advocating a set of policies which is generally referred to alternatively as the Washington consensus, the neo-liberal doctrines, or market fundamentalism, based on an incorrect understanding of economic theory and (what I viewed) as an inadequate interpretation of the historical data\".[9]The theories that I (and others) helped develop explained why unfettered markets often not only do not lead to social justice, but do not even produce efficient outcomes. Interestingly, there has been no intellectual challenge to the refutation of Adam Smith's invisible hand: individuals and firms, in the pursuit of their self-interest, are not necessarily, or in general, led as if by an invisible hand, to economic efficiency.[10]— Joseph StiglitzCritics of laissez-faire policies have used the term to denote what they perceive as a misguided belief or deliberate deception that capitalist free markets provide the greatest possible equity and prosperity,[11] or the view that any interference with the market process decreases social well-being. Users of the term include adherents of interventionist, mixed economy and protectionist positions[12] as well as billionaires such as George Soros;[13] economists such as Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz[14] and Paul Krugman; and Cornell University historian Edward E. Baptist. Soros suggests that market fundamentalism includes the belief that the best interests in a given society are achieved by allowing its participants to pursue their own financial self-interest with no restraint or regulatory oversight.[1][15]Critics claim that in modern society with worldwide conglomerates, or even merely large companies, the individual has no protection against fraud nor harm caused by products that maximize income by imposing externalities on the individual consumer as well as society. Historian Edward E. Baptist contends that \"unrestrained domination of market forces can sometimes amplify existing forms of oppression into something more horrific\" such as slavery and that \"market fundamentalism doesn't always provide the best solution for every economic or social problem\".[16]","title":"Origins and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9547448-3-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9547448-3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-05897-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05897-9"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674659681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674659681"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4039-4945-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4945-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1403949455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403949455"},{"link_name":"Pluto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86940-130-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-130-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84277-636-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-636-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781842776377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842776377"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-631-20710-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20710-8"},{"link_name":"The Crisis of Global Capitalism: The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/crisisofglobalca00soro"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781891620270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891620270"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-891620-27-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-27-0"},{"link_name":"The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newparadigmforfi00soro_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58648-683-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-05897-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05897-9"}],"text":"Albers, Detlev; Haeler, Stephen; Meyer, Henning, eds. (23 June 2006). Social Europe: A Continent's Answer to Market Fundamentalism. London: European Research Forum at London Metropolitan University. ISBN 978-0-9547448-3-0.\nCamerer, C. (1995): Individual Decision Making, in: Kagel, J.H. & Roth, A.E. (Eds.): Handbook of Experimental Economics, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 587–703. ISBN 978-0-691-05897-9\nCox, Harvey (2016). The Market as God. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674659681\nFrench-Davis, Ricardo. Reforming Latin America's Economies: After Market Fundamentalism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 1-4039-4945-X ISBN 978-1403949455\nKelsey, Jane (1995). A Review of Economic Fundamentalism: The New Zealand Experiment - A World Model for Structural Adjustment?. Pluto Press. ISBN 1-86940-130-1\nKozul-Wright, Richard. The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism: The Struggle for Economic Development in a Global Economy. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), London: ZedBooks Ltd., 2007. ISBN 978-1-84277-636-0 ISBN 9781842776377\nRitzer, George, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists. Blackwell Companions to Sociology. Blackwell publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-20710-8.\nSoros, George (1998). The Crisis of Global Capitalism: The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781891620270. ISBN 978-1-891620-27-0\nSoros, George (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-683-9.\nSunder, S (1995). \"Experimental Asset Markets: A Survey\". In Kagel, J.H.; Roth, A.E. (eds.). Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 445–500. ISBN 978-0-691-05897-9","title":"Bibliography and further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Anarcho-capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism"},{"title":"Hermann Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Heller_(legal_scholar)"},{"title":"Casino capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_ideology#Casino_capitalism"},{"title":"Criticism of anarcho-capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_anarcho-capitalism"},{"title":"Criticism of libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism"},{"title":"Economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"title":"Late capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_capitalism"},{"title":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"title":"Objectivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism"},{"title":"Profit motive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_motive"},{"title":"Right-libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism"},{"title":"Social Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"}]
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Journal of Industrial Relations. 37 (1): 186–187. doi:10.1177/002218569503700119. S2CID 153866541. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/002218569503700119","url_text":"\"Work For All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002218569503700119","url_text":"10.1177/002218569503700119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153866541","url_text":"153866541"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090013/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/002218569503700119","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stiglitz, Joseph E. The pact with the devil. Beppe Grillo's Friends interview\". Archived from the original on 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2013-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150124040716/http://www.beppegrillo.it/eng/2007/01/stiglitz.html","url_text":"\"Stiglitz, Joseph E. The pact with the devil. Beppe Grillo's Friends interview\""},{"url":"http://www.beppegrillo.it/eng/2007/01/stiglitz.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Block, Fred. Reframing the Political Battle: Market Fundamentalism vs. Moral Economy, Longview Institute\". Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2007-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longviewinstitute.org/projects/moral/sorcerersapprentice","url_text":"\"Block, Fred. Reframing the Political Battle: Market Fundamentalism vs. Moral Economy, Longview Institute\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171124153534/http://www.longviewinstitute.org/projects/moral/sorcerersapprentice/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bidstrup, Scott. Free Market Fundamentalism: Friedman, Pinochet and the \"Chilean Miracle\", Revised 10/15/02\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2007-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090130145245/http://www.bidstrup.com/economics.htm","url_text":"\"Bidstrup, Scott. Free Market Fundamentalism: Friedman, Pinochet and the \"Chilean Miracle\", Revised 10/15/02\""},{"url":"http://www.bidstrup.com/economics.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beams, Nick. Soros warns of \"market fundamentalism\". WSWS : News & Analysis : World Economy 22 December 1998\". 22 December 1998. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsws.org/articles/1998/dec1998/soro-d22.shtml","url_text":"\"Beams, Nick. Soros warns of \"market fundamentalism\". WSWS : News & Analysis : World Economy 22 December 1998\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121027182047/https://www.wsws.org/articles/1998/dec1998/soro-d22.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Albers, Detlev; Haeler, Stephen; Meyer, Henning, eds. (23 June 2006). Social Europe: A Continent's Answer to Market Fundamentalism. London: European Research Forum at London Metropolitan University. ISBN 978-0-9547448-3-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9547448-3-0","url_text":"978-0-9547448-3-0"}]},{"reference":"Kelsey, Jane (1995). A Review of Economic Fundamentalism: The New Zealand Experiment - A World Model for Structural Adjustment?. Pluto Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_Press","url_text":"Pluto Press"}]},{"reference":"Ritzer, George, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists. Blackwell Companions to Sociology. Blackwell publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-20710-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20710-8","url_text":"978-0-631-20710-8"}]},{"reference":"Soros, George (1998). The Crisis of Global Capitalism: The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781891620270.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crisisofglobalca00soro","url_text":"The Crisis of Global Capitalism: The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891620270","url_text":"9781891620270"}]},{"reference":"Soros, George (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means. New York: PublicAffairs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahrabad-e_Soleyman
Qahrabad-e Soleyman
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°01′21″N 46°34′20″E / 36.02250°N 46.57222°E / 36.02250; 46.57222Village in Kurdistan, IranQahrabad-e Soleyman قهر آباد سليمانvillageQahrabad-e SoleymanCoordinates: 36°01′21″N 46°34′20″E / 36.02250°N 46.57222°E / 36.02250; 46.57222Country IranProvinceKurdistanCountySaqqezBakhshZiviyehRural DistrictKhvor KhvorehPopulation (2006) • Total425Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Qahrabad-e Soleyman (Persian: قهر آباد سليمان, also Romanized as Qahrābād-e Soleymān; also known as Qahrābād) is a village in Khvor Khvoreh Rural District, Ziviyeh District, Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. According to the census in 2006, its population was 425, in 81 families. The village is populated by Kurds. References ^ Qahrabad-e Soleyman can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3795812" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. ^ Mohammadirad, Masoud; Anonby, Erik; et al. "Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran". Atlas of the languages of Iran (ALI). Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. vte Saqqez CountyCapital Saqqez DistrictsCentralCities Saqqez Rural Districts and villagesMir Deh Belehjar Cheragh Veys Darabi Gavizeh Hamzah Qarnian Kandeh Sureh Kani Band Karvian Khapureh Deh Kileh Shin Mazujdar Mir Deh Mirgah Naqshineh Pir Amran Qabgholucheh Qarah Char Qureh Darreh Shivah Tu Siah Dar-e Kohneh Siah Dar-e Olya Tamuteh Vezmeleh Sara Ahmadabad Sara Ahmadabad Sunaj Akh Kand Alkalu Altun-e Olya Altun-e Sofla Aq Tappeh Arab Ughluy-e Olya Arab Ughluy-e Sofla Asrabad Badrabad Chakasheh Darreh Panbeh Dan Duzakh Darreh Gavshaleh Habaki Harmileh Kahrizeh Kani Jeshni Kani Niaz Kuchek-e Olya Kuchek-e Sofla Mandil Besar Markhoz Mukeh Nowbahar Pir Yunes Qahrabad Qalandar Qalehgah-e Gudarz Qebleh Bolaghi Qilsun Quchaq Saqqez Industrial Estate Sar Cheshmeh Sar Kal Sara Soleyman Kandi Sunaj Yazi Bolaghi Zolfileh Tamugheh Aychi Bubaktan Eslamabad Hijanan Kandalan Kavireh Guyez Kheydar Malqarani Mitu Qabaghlu Qahreman Qeshlaq-e Afghanan Qeshlaq-e Saleh Beyg Qukh Sheykh Chupan Taher Baghdeh Tamugheh Torjan Baghdeh Kandi Baghlujeh Beyg Oveysi Gardiglan Gholamali Inchekeh Jamian Kahrizeh-ye Ayyubi Qahrabad-e Olya Qahrabad-e Sofla Qaqolabad Qarah Guyoz Qazanta Qolqoleh Seyyedabad-e Jamian Shaquyaf Shilanabad Torjan SarshivCities none Rural Districts and villagesChehel Cheshmeh-ye Gharbi(West Chehel Cheshmeh) Bastam Bukhlu Degagah Eshaqabad Hajji Mamdan Kanemat Kavmeleh Khusheh Darreh Suteh Zu ol Faqr Arab Lang Baghcheleh Bahram Darreh Abi Darreh Ziarat-e Olya Darreh Ziarat-e Sofla Gureh Qaleh Hajji Abdol Hang Chineh Harmidul Hasan Salaran Jushan Kachal Mangan Kas Nazan Khoramta Khvordeh Luki Mam Seyf ol Din Mazrah Mazujedar Mik Qamishleh Qeshlaq Pol Qeshlaq-e Molla Qeshlaq-e Qazi Rangeh Rizhan Sar Darreh Sar Seyf Sar Takaltu Seyf Taleh Shipanju Sianezar Somaqlu Tabisheh Taleh Jar ZiviyehCities Saheb Rural Districts and villagesGol Tappeh Abu ol Mowmen Akhzarabad Aleyar Ayaghchi Balaqolu Barcham Bashbolagh Chumolu Dalu Darreh Panbeh Dan Feyzabad Gol Tappeh Hajji Hasan Hasanabad-e Qashoq Kani Sefid Karimabad-e Ayaghchi Karuz Khvosh Qeshlaq Kord Kand Kucheh Tala Kupeh Qaran Mir Said Pacheh Sur Qaplan Tu Qarah Nav Qashoq Rahimabad Sulakan Tumar Qamish Yurqol Ziviyeh Saheb Adinan Aliabad Chagharlu Chi Chi Khvar Dargah-e Soleyman Darreh Esmailiyeh Darreh Vazan-e Olya Darreh Vazan-e Sofla Eslamabad Kakehsiab Kamantu Karimabad Khaneqah-e Sheykh Khusheh Darreh Kislan Legzi Mahmudabad Qaleh Jeqqeh Qaleh Kohneh Qeshlaq Reza Tizabad Yazi Bolaghi EmamCities Santeh Rural Districts and villagesEmam Chapan-e Olya Chapan-e Sofla Chenareh Golzar-e Olya Inchekeh Irab Joniyan Kandulan Khaneh Miran Nurabad Parsanian Qaleh Gah-e Kurkur Qarah Gol Qazi Khan Rostaman Santeh Seyfabad Sheykhaleh Siah Darreh Tamber Beyg Tikanlu Zamenabad Khvor Khvoreh Chenartu Darreh Hovan Darreh Qebleh Darreh Sheykhan Darreh-ye Tafi Darvian-e Olya Darvian-e Sofla Dowlat Qaleh Gavkach-e Olya Gavkach-e Sofla Jafarkhan Kani Seyyed Khushinan Khvor Khvoreh Mahidar-e Olya Mahidar-e Sofla Meleh Mulanabad Qahrabad-e Soleyman Qamishleh Qareh Baghreh Qatlu Qeshlaq-e Aqa Gureh Qeshlaq-e Meleh Serenj Dakh Sorkh Musa Suleh Tilakuh Ahmad Mardeh Ali Mardeh Ayyub Bardeh Rasheh Bashmaq Chalgah Dowleh Sir Ilu Kani Seyyed Shokereh Kani Sorkh Mirabad Mollasalar Qaderabad Qaleh Gah-e Sharif Qaleh Joqeh Salehabad Shamseh Sharifabad Takht Tazehabad Tilku Timan Qaleh Iran portal This Saqqez County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/12.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mohammadirad, Masoud; Anonby, Erik; et al. \"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\". Atlas of the languages of Iran (ALI). Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","url_text":"\"Language distribution in Kordestan Province, Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University","url_text":"Carleton University"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230528185020/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Tr%C3%A9panier
Pascal Trépanier
["1 Playing career","2 Personal life","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","4 References","5 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Pascal Trépanier Born (1973-09-04) September 4, 1973 (age 50)Gaspé, Quebec, CanadaHeight 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight 205 lb (93 kg; 14 st 9 lb)Position DefenceShot RightPlayed for Colorado AvalancheMighty Ducks of AnaheimNashville PredatorsNürnberg Ice TigersSC BernAdler MannheimKrefeld PinguineNHL draft UndraftedPlaying career 1994–2012 Pascal Trépanier (born September 4, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League with the Colorado Avalanche, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and the Nashville Predators. He finished his 18-year career with Krefeld Pinguine of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga in Germany. Playing career Undrafted, Trepanier played in the National Hockey League for the Colorado Avalanche, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, and the Nashville Predators, appearing in 229 regular season games, scoring 12 goals and 22 assists for 34 points, picking up 252 total penalty minutes between 1998 and 2002. After spending the entire 2003–04 season in the AHL with the Hershey Bears, Trepanier left North America to sign in Germany with Nürnberg Ice Tigers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga during the 2004 NHL Lockout. Pascal remained in Europe and played in the Swiss NLA with SC Bern the following season before returning to the DEL with Adler Mannheim. Trepanier established himself within the German league as one of the premier offensive defenseman, topscoring for the Eagles defense in three consecutive seasons. After the 2009–10 campaign, his fourth with Adler Mannheim, Pascal left as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with fellow DEL club, Krefeld Pinguine, on July 27, 2010. On March 20, 2012, Trepanier announced his retirement after 18 professional seasons. Personal life He is married to Playboy Playmate Miss August 1997 Kalin Olson. Trépanier is the nephew of former Montreal Canadiens forward and head coach Mario Tremblay. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1990–91 Hull Olympiques QMJHL 46 3 3 6 56 4 0 2 2 7 1991–92 Trois-Rivières Draveurs QMJHL 53 4 18 22 125 15 3 5 8 21 1992–93 Sherbrooke Faucons QMJHL 59 15 33 48 130 15 5 7 12 36 1993–94 Sherbrooke Faucons QMJHL 48 16 41 57 67 12 1 8 9 14 1994–95 Dayton Bombers ECHL 36 16 28 44 133 9 2 4 6 20 1994–95 Kalamazoo Wings IHL 14 1 2 3 47 — — — — — 1994–95 Cornwall Aces AHL 4 0 0 0 9 14 2 7 9 32 1995–96 Cornwall Aces AHL 70 13 20 33 142 8 1 2 3 24 1996–97 Hershey Bears AHL 73 14 39 53 151 23 6 13 19 59 1997–98 Hershey Bears AHL 43 13 18 31 105 7 4 2 6 8 1997–98 Colorado Avalanche NHL 15 0 1 1 18 — — — — — 1998–99 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim NHL 45 2 4 6 48 — — — — — 1999–00 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim NHL 37 0 4 4 54 — — — — — 2000–01 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim NHL 57 6 4 10 73 — — — — — 2001–02 Colorado Avalanche NHL 74 4 9 13 59 2 0 0 0 0 2002–03 Nashville Predators NHL 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2002–03 Milwaukee Admirals AHL 52 9 15 24 33 — — — — — 2002–03 San Antonio Rampage AHL 12 4 6 10 10 2 0 0 0 2 2003–04 Hershey Bears AHL 75 11 33 44 53 — — — — — 2004–05 Nürnberg Ice Tigers DEL 52 15 39 54 66 6 3 1 4 6 2005–06 SC Bern NLA 41 4 15 19 66 5 1 1 2 8 2005–06 EHC Biel NLB — — — — — 8 1 7 8 8 2006–07 Adler Mannheim DEL 51 15 21 36 87 11 4 2 6 20 2007–08 Adler Mannheim DEL 55 15 25 40 30 5 3 3 6 2 2008–09 Adler Mannheim DEL 49 7 19 26 69 9 1 4 5 6 2009–10 Adler Mannheim DEL 51 10 13 23 55 2 0 0 0 2 2010–11 Krefeld Pinguine DEL 49 5 14 19 59 8 1 3 4 10 2011–12 Krefeld Pinguine DEL 52 4 13 17 85 — — — — — NHL totals 229 12 22 34 252 2 0 0 0 0 References ^ Hockeyarchives "Pascal Trépanier a égalisé à la dernière seconde" ^ "Pascal Trepanier signs contract with Krefeld Penguins". Krefeld Pinguine. 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ "It's time to move on". Twitter. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "Uncle once trashed Roy". The Denver Post. October 8, 2001. Retrieved June 15, 2024. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partners_for_Democratic_Change_International
Partners for Democratic Change International
["1 Organization","1.1 PDCI's history","1.2 The network secretariat in Brussels","2 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Partners for Democratic Change International" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Partners for Democratic Change International" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Partners for Democratic Change InternationalFoundedAugust 2006TypeNGO networkLocationAlbania, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Georgia, Hungary, Jordan, Kosovo, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Romania, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Yemen, USAArea served WorldwideMethodCivic education, mediation, publicationWebsitePDCI network Partners for Democratic Change International (PDCI) is a network of partner non-governmental organizations (NGOs) focused on civil and societal reform in their respective countries. Founded under the Partners for Democratic Change (Partners) program, the PDCI has local centers in Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa. They assist in areas like civil society, good governance, and a culture of change and conflict management worldwide. Organization PDCI's history Established in 1989, Partners for Democratic Change emerged in response to the seismic shifts occurring in Central and Eastern Europe during that time. In an initial response to these transformative developments, Partners swiftly established centers across diverse regions, spanning Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa. This strategic approach facilitated the cultivation and reinforcement of sustainable capabilities and local expertise, uniquely positioned to address an array of challenges encompassing governmental, business, and civil society conflicts, disputes, and transformative processes. The organization's primary method of intervention was rooted in mediating processes and meticulously crafted programs. At present, Partners for Democratic Change functions as an autonomous non-governmental entity. Distinguished by its distinctive areas of expertise, these affiliated organizations share a fundamental set of core competencies. This common foundation empowers them to train a diverse spectrum of individuals, from citizens and government officials to non-governmental activists and corporate leaders. These training initiatives are conducted on national and regional scales, facilitating the dissemination of invaluable knowledge and skills. Moreover, the organizations adeptly employ their wealth of mediating and collaborative proficiency, employing these methodologies to address public disputes and complex societal challenges. A significant milestone in the evolution of the Partners network occurred as early as 1998 when a subsequent generation of organizations associated with Partners for Democratic Change began to take shape. This evolutionary phase witnessed the establishment of coordination mechanisms and exchanges within the network. Building on this foundation, in 2001, the network members collectively ratified the PDCI Charter. This pivotal moment marked the commencement of a tradition wherein members convened three times annually, concurrently contributing to a designated "PDCI Fund." The network secretariat in Brussels In the year 2006, the members collectively established PDCI, a non-profit association operating under the auspices of Belgian law. This momentous endeavor was underpinned by a resolute commitment to mutual knowledge sharing, expertise dissemination, and skill enhancement. The overarching objective was to fortify each member organization, bolster their endeavors at national, regional, and global levels, and forge a collective front that would facilitate the enrichment of other entities through the propagation of their invaluable work centered around peace, justice, and civil society enhancement on a local scale. During the mid-2007 timeframe, a central secretariat was inaugurated in Brussels, serving as the administrative hub of the organization. In the same year, 2007, Partners for Democratic Change received distinguished accolades for their exceptional contributions. The Association for Conflict Resolution's International Section (ACRIS) bestowed upon them the prestigious Outstanding Leadership Award, acknowledging their substantial efforts in cultivating sustainable local capacity to propel civil society progress and foster a culture of transformative change and conflict management on a global scale. Furthermore, the JAMS Foundation honored Partners for Democratic Change with the Fourth Annual Warren Knight Award in recognition of their adept management and resolution of conflicts and their pivotal role in assisting emerging democracies worldwide in advancing the cause of civil society. References Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Partners for Democratic Change (Partners)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partners_for_Democratic_Change"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"civil society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society"},{"link_name":"good governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_governance"},{"link_name":"conflict management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_management"}],"text":"Partners for Democratic Change International (PDCI) is a network of partner non-governmental organizations (NGOs) focused on civil and societal reform in their respective countries. Founded under the Partners for Democratic Change (Partners) program, the PDCI has local centers in Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa. They assist in areas like civil society, good governance, and a culture of change and conflict management worldwide.","title":"Partners for Democratic Change International"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PDCI's history","text":"Established in 1989, Partners for Democratic Change emerged in response to the seismic shifts occurring in Central and Eastern Europe during that time. In an initial response to these transformative developments, Partners swiftly established centers across diverse regions, spanning Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa. This strategic approach facilitated the cultivation and reinforcement of sustainable capabilities and local expertise, uniquely positioned to address an array of challenges encompassing governmental, business, and civil society conflicts, disputes, and transformative processes. The organization's primary method of intervention was rooted in mediating processes and meticulously crafted programs.At present, Partners for Democratic Change functions as an autonomous non-governmental entity. Distinguished by its distinctive areas of expertise, these affiliated organizations share a fundamental set of core competencies. This common foundation empowers them to train a diverse spectrum of individuals, from citizens and government officials to non-governmental activists and corporate leaders. These training initiatives are conducted on national and regional scales, facilitating the dissemination of invaluable knowledge and skills. Moreover, the organizations adeptly employ their wealth of mediating and collaborative proficiency, employing these methodologies to address public disputes and complex societal challenges.A significant milestone in the evolution of the Partners network occurred as early as 1998 when a subsequent generation of organizations associated with Partners for Democratic Change began to take shape. This evolutionary phase witnessed the establishment of coordination mechanisms and exchanges within the network. Building on this foundation, in 2001, the network members collectively ratified the PDCI Charter. This pivotal moment marked the commencement of a tradition wherein members convened three times annually, concurrently contributing to a designated \"PDCI Fund.\"","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The network secretariat in Brussels","text":"In the year 2006, the members collectively established PDCI, a non-profit association operating under the auspices of Belgian law. This momentous endeavor was underpinned by a resolute commitment to mutual knowledge sharing, expertise dissemination, and skill enhancement. The overarching objective was to fortify each member organization, bolster their endeavors at national, regional, and global levels, and forge a collective front that would facilitate the enrichment of other entities through the propagation of their invaluable work centered around peace, justice, and civil society enhancement on a local scale.During the mid-2007 timeframe, a central secretariat was inaugurated in Brussels, serving as the administrative hub of the organization.In the same year, 2007, Partners for Democratic Change received distinguished accolades for their exceptional contributions. The Association for Conflict Resolution's International Section (ACRIS) bestowed upon them the prestigious Outstanding Leadership Award, acknowledging their substantial efforts in cultivating sustainable local capacity to propel civil society progress and foster a culture of transformative change and conflict management on a global scale.Furthermore, the JAMS Foundation honored Partners for Democratic Change with the Fourth Annual Warren Knight Award in recognition of their adept management and resolution of conflicts and their pivotal role in assisting emerging democracies worldwide in advancing the cause of civil society.","title":"Organization"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Figueroa
Catalina Figueroa
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"]
Chilean footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Figueroa and the second or maternal family name is Fernández. Catalina FigueroaPersonal informationFull name Catalina Figueroa FernándezDate of birth (2005-01-28) 28 January 2005 (age 19)Place of birth Santiago, ChileHeight 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Universidad Católica Number 5Youth career Universidad Católica Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2020– Universidad Católica  International career‡2022 Chile U17 10 (1)2022 Chile U20 3 (0)2022– Chile 2 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 24 January 2024 Catalina Figueroa Fernández (born 28 January 2005) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a defender for Universidad Católica  and the Chile women's national team. Club career A product of the women's team of Universidad Católica, Figueroa officially joined the first team in the 2021 season. She and her teammate Millaray Cortés were the first players to sign a professional contract with the club on 1 February 2022. She became the team captain. International career In 2022, Figueroa represented Chile U17 in both the South American Championship and the FIFA World Cup, becoming the team captain. She also represented the under-20's in the South American Championship and friendlies against Costa Rica. At senior level, she received her first call-up in February 2022 for the friendly against Ecuador. The next year, she made her debut in a 0–4 loss against Argentina on 17 February 2023. She made a second appearance in a 0–4 loss against Brazil on 2 July of the same year. References ^ "Catalina Figueroa :: Univ. Católica :: Player Profile :: playmakerstats.com". www.playmakerstats.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Palominos, Mario (24 April 2021). "Las cruzadas y el Torneo Nacional 2021: ¿En que está el comienzo del campeonato y como se preparan las jugadoras?". Frecuencia Cruzada (in Spanish). ^ "Catalina Figueroa y Millaray Cortés: la UC anunció los dos primeros contratos en la historia de su fútbol femenino". ADN Radio (in Spanish). 1 February 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ "Catalina Figueroa y Primera Piedra: "Esto es parte de la historia de Universidad Católica"". Cruzados (in Spanish). 28 March 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ "Nóminas de Chile para Campeonatos Sudamericanos Femeninos Sub-17". Partidos de La Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "Nóminas de Chile para Copas del Mundo Femeninas Sub-17". Partidos de La Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "Catalina Figueroa llevará la jineta de la Roja Femenina Sub 17". Cruzados (in Spanish). 1 March 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Ogrodnik, Felipe. "Catalina Figueroa: "Estoy muy orgullosa del equipo"". laroja.cl (in Spanish). FFCh. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ "Nóminas de Chile para Campeonatos Sudamericanos Femeninos Sub-20". Partidos de La Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ a b Gálvez, Daniella (22 February 2022). "La Roja: Catalina Figueroa es convocada de urgencia". Contragolpe (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Molina, Geraldine (18 February 2023). "Catalina Figueroa agradece su debut por La Roja adulta ante Argentina". Contragolpe (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ Molina, Geraldine (2 July 2023). "La Roja Femenina cae goleada por Brasil en el debut de Luis Mena". RedGol (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2024. External links Catalina Figueroa at Soccerway Catalina Figueroa at PartidosdeLaRoja.com (in Spanish)
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes
Troyes
["1 History","2 Main sights","2.1 Museums","2.2 Churches and synagogues","3 Climate","4 Population","5 Economy","6 Education","7 Transport","8 Sport","9 In popular culture","10 Notable people","11 Twin towns","12 See also","13 References","14 Bibliography","15 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Troyes}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, FranceTroyesPrefecture and communeBuildings in the historic quarter of Troyes FlagCoat of armsLocation of Troyes TroyesShow map of FranceTroyesShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentAubeArrondissementTroyesCantonTroyes-1 Troyes-2 Troyes-3 Troyes-4 Troyes-5IntercommunalityCA Troyes Champagne MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) François Baroin (LR)Area113.2 km2 (5.1 sq mi)Population (2021)62,782 • Density4,800/km2 (12,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code10387 /10000Elevation100–126 m (328–413 ft) (avg. 118 m or 387 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Troyes altarpiece (detail) Victoria and Albert Museum, London Troyes (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 140 km (87 mi) south-east of Paris. Troyes is situated within the Champagne wine region and is near to the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park. Troyes had a population of 61,996 inhabitants in 2018. It is the center of the Communauté d'agglomération Troyes Champagne Métropole, which was home to 170,145 inhabitants. Troyes developed as early as the Roman era, when it was known as Augustobona Tricassium. It stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa. The city has a rich historical past, from the Tricasses tribe to the liberation of the city on 25 August 1944 during the Second World War, including the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, the Council of Troyes, the marriage of Henry V and Catherine of France, and the Champagne fairs to which merchants came from all over Christendom. The city has a rich architectural and urban heritage: many buildings are protected as historical monuments, including the half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) that survived in the old town. They have contributed to Troyes being designated as a City of Art and History. Manufacturing of textiles, developed from the 18th century onwards, was a chief part of Troyes' economy until the 1960s. Today, Troyes is the European capital of factory outlets and trading, and has three brand centers. History See also: Timeline of Troyes For the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes. Prehistoric evidence found in the Troyes area suggests that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the city grounds. In the Roman era, Troyes was known as Augustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa, which led north to Reims and south to Langres, and eventually to Milan. Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses people, whom Augustus separated from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Roman Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the late Empire the settlement had reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes. From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the Church made the city the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup), who allegedly saved the city from Attila in 451 by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical. A disciple of Saint Lupus, Aventinus (Saint Aventin of Troyes, died 537) founded a monastery at Troyes. It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce. The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also called the Battle of Troyes, took place nearby in 451 AD: the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I fought against Attila. The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the crown of West Francia from Pope John VIII. At the end of the ninth century, following depredations of the city by Normans, the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium. During the Middle Ages, Troyes functioned as an important international trading town. It was the namesake of troy weight for gold - a standard of measurement developed here. The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes. In 1285, when King Philip the Fair united Champagne to the French royal domain, the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English during the Hundred Years War, in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of King Charles VI of France, for the establishment at Troyes of a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices. On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which King Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V, rather than the Dauphin, was to succeed Charles as King of France. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed in 1429 when the Dauphin (afterwards King Charles VII) and Joan of Arc re-established French control of the town of Troyes by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes). Town Hall of Troyes The great fire of 1524 destroyed much of the medieval city, although the city had numerous canals separating sections. Main sights Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes (1549) Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Hôtels Particuliers (palaces) of the old town The Hôtel de Ville, Place Alexandre Israël, is an urbane example of the style Louis XIII. On the central corps de logis, which contains the main reception rooms, its cornice is rhythmically broken forward over paired Corinthian columns; these are supported below by strong clustered pilasters. Above the entrance door the statue of Louis XIV was pulled out of its niche and smashed in 1793, during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution; it was replaced in the nineteenth century with the present Helmeted Minerva and the device in its original form. It is now rare to see "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort". In the Salle du Conseil (Council Chamber) a marble medallion of Louis XIV (1690) by François Girardon, born at Troyes, survived the destruction unscathed. Museums Museum of Modern Art (Musée d'Art Moderne) Maison de l'outil et de la pensée ouvrière Vauluisant Museum : Historical museum of Troyes and Champagne-Ardenne Museum of hosiery Hôtel-Dieu-Lecomte apothecary Saint-Loup Museum (museum of fine arts) Di Marco Museum (Open from 1 April to 1 October, each year) Churches and synagogues Cathedral western front Not having suffered from the last wars, Troyes has a high density of old religious buildings grouped close to the city centre. They include: Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Cathedral Saint-Nizier Church, in Gothic and Renaissance style, with remarkable sculptures. Classified as a Monument Historique (French equivalence) in 1840. The Gothic Saint-Urbain Basilica (thirteenth century), with a roofing covered by polished tiles. It was built by Jacques Pantaléon, who was elected pope in 1261, under the name of Urbain IV, on grounds where his father had a workshop. Classified Monument Historique in 1840. It was proclaimed a basilica in 1964. Sainte-Madeleine Church. Very early Gothic, with east end rebuilt around 1500. Remarkably elaborate stone rood screen of 1508–17 in Flamboyant Gothic style, sculpted by Jean Gailde, with a statue of Saint Martha. Fine Renaissance stained glass. Saint Jean district. Classified Monument historique in 1840. Saint-Jean Church, with a Renaissance chancel, tabernacle of the high altar by Giraudon. On the portal, coat of arms of Charles IX. Classified Monument Historique in 1840. Gothic Saint-Nicolas Church, dating to the beginning of the sixteenth century, with a calvary chapel -shaped rostrum reached by a monumental staircase. On the south portal, two sculptures by François Gentil of David and Isaiah. Saint-Pantaléon Church, with extensive statuary from the sixteenth century. Saint Remy Church, with a 14th-century spire rising to a height of 60 m (196.85 ft). A 17th-century sundial on its south side bears the Latin inscription sicut umbra dies nostri super terram ("our days on earth pass like a shadow"). Church of Saint-Martin-ès-Vignes. It has stained glass windows of the seventeenth century by the local master verrier Linard Gonthier. Several Troyes churches have sculpture by The Maître de Chaource. The Rashi Synagogue is a Jewish Synagogue on 5 rue Brunneval. Climate Climate data for Troyes (1981–2010 averages) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.2(61.2) 22.1(71.8) 26.1(79.0) 29.2(84.6) 33.3(91.9) 38.4(101.1) 41.8(107.2) 40.6(105.1) 35.0(95.0) 30.3(86.5) 23.0(73.4) 19.0(66.2) 41.8(107.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.2(43.2) 7.7(45.9) 11.9(53.4) 15.2(59.4) 19.5(67.1) 22.7(72.9) 25.7(78.3) 25.4(77.7) 21.2(70.2) 16.3(61.3) 10.1(50.2) 6.7(44.1) 15.8(60.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.1(31.8) −0.3(31.5) 2.0(35.6) 3.7(38.7) 7.8(46.0) 10.7(51.3) 12.8(55.0) 12.6(54.7) 9.6(49.3) 9.8(49.6) 3.0(37.4) 0.8(33.4) 5.8(42.4) Record low °C (°F) −23.0(−9.4) −17.6(0.3) −15.4(4.3) −6.2(20.8) −2.0(28.4) 0.4(32.7) 3.1(37.6) 3.0(37.4) −0.4(31.3) −7.0(19.4) −11.1(12.0) −18.0(−0.4) −23.0(−9.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 50.5(1.99) 42.1(1.66) 47.7(1.88) 50.9(2.00) 61.7(2.43) 56.6(2.23) 54.4(2.14) 52.2(2.06) 53.3(2.10) 63.6(2.50) 51.2(2.02) 60.6(2.39) 644.8(25.39) Average precipitation days 10.6 9.2 10.5 9.5 10.5 9.3 7.6 7.7 8.2 9.7 10.3 11.3 114.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.6 88.3 143.8 184.8 215.0 229.4 235.5 228.2 179.2 123.6 66.6 53.6 1,816.4 Source: Météo France Population The inhabitants of the commune are called Troyens. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 26,751—    1800 24,061−1.50%1806 27,196+2.06%1821 25,078−0.54%1831 23,740−0.55%1836 25,563+1.49%1841 25,469−0.07%1846 25,702+0.18%1851 27,376+1.27%1856 33,071+3.85%1861 34,613+0.92%1866 35,678+0.61%1872 38,113+1.11%1876 41,275+2.01%1881 46,067+2.22%1886 46,972+0.39%1891 50,330+1.39%1896 52,998+1.04%1901 53,146+0.06%YearPop.±% p.a.1906 53,447+0.11%1911 55,486+0.75%1921 55,215−0.05%1926 58,321+1.10%1931 58,804+0.17%1936 57,961−0.29%1946 58,805+0.14%1954 58,819+0.00%1962 67,406+1.72%1968 74,898+1.77%1975 72,165−0.53%1982 63,579−1.79%1990 59,255−0.88%1999 60,958+0.32%2007 61,823+0.18%2012 60,009−0.59%2017 61,652+0.54%2021 62,782+0.46%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2021) Economy Houses in the old town Troyes is home to the production headquarters of Lacoste company, a popular clothing brand. It is also home of chocolatier Pascal Caffet. Education The University of Technology of Troyes and the business school Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes are located in Troyes. Transport The train station Gare de Troyes offers connections to Paris, Dijon, Mulhouse and several regional destinations. Troyes is at the junction of motorways A5 (Paris – Troyes – Langres) and A26 (Calais – Reims – Troyes). Troyes – Barberey Airport is a small regional airport. Sport Troyes is the home of association football club Troyes AC, or ESTAC. In the 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, Troyes were promoted back to Ligue 1 as champions of the division. In popular culture Troyes (2010) is a board game named after the city, published by Pearl Games, UPlay.it edizioni, and Z-Man Games. Chapter 28 of James Rollins' sixth Sigma Force novel, The Doomsday Key (2009), is named "Troyes, France," as the city plays an important role in the plot. Notable people Jean-Marie Bigard, (born 1954) French stand-up comedian, writer and director Saint Marguerite Bourgeoys, (1620–1700), a founder of Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal and the city of Montreal Gilles Buck (1935–2010), French sailor who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics Émile Coué (1857–1926), pharmacist, hypnotist and creator of La méthode Coué ("Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better") Hughes de Payens (1070–1136), Knight of the First Crusade and founder of the Knights Templar Chrétien de Troyes, 12th-century trouvère François Girardon (1628–1715), sculptor Linard Gonthier (1565 – after 1642), stained-glass artisan (verrier) François-Pierre Goy (born 1960), musicologist Édouard Herriot (1872–1957), Radical politician of the Third Republic, three-time Prime Minister of France André Lefèvre (1717–1768), contributor to the Encyclopédie Maurice Marinot (1882–1960), glass artist and painter Pierre Mignard (1610–1695), painter Jacques Pantaléon, (c. 1195–1264), Pope Urban IV Patroclus of Troyes (3rd century), martyr Pierre Pithou (1539–1596), Calvinist jurisconsult and scholar, co-editor of the Satire Ménippée Rashi (1040–1105), biblical and Talmudic commentator Rabbeinu Tam (1100–1171), rabbi and Rashi's grandson Maxime Rouyer, (born 1994), CFL linebacker for the Edmonton Eskimos Béatrice Saubin (1959–2007), first foreign national to be sentenced to death in Malaysia for drug smuggling Hervé Schreiner (born 1974), former professional footballer Djibril Sidibé, (born 1992), footballer Nicolas Siret (1663–1754), composer Abdoul Sissoko, (born 1990), footballer Gaëtane Thiney (1985), footballer and team captain of Paris FC (women), current member of France women's national football team, Cyprus Cup winner: 2012, 2014, 2017 SheBelieves Cup champion, UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2003, an all-star team member of the UEFA Women's Championship All-Star Team: 2013, two-time winner player of the year Jean Tirole, (born 1953), Nobel Award in Economics Aldebrandin of Siena, (died 1296/1299?), physician Madame Vaudé-Green (1822-1902), nineteenth century French photographer Twin towns See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France Troyes is twinned with: Alkmaar, Netherlands Chesterfield, England Tournai, Belgium Darmstadt, Germany, since 1958 Zielona Góra, Poland, since 1970 Brescia, Italy, since 2016 See also Communes of the Aube department Count of Troyes Order of the Knights Templar Troy weight#Etymology Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ "L'énigme de la Tombe Celte" (arte, French): 1 h 13 min 02 sec and following. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2a0w6dQAn0 ^ Traces of the Roman paving have been found 3 m (9.84 ft) below the rue de la Ciré.("Balades dans l'histoire du vieux Troyes") ^ Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ^ Ptolemy, Geography 8.13, mentions the Tricasses and their city Augustobona. ^ Attwater, Donald. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, (1945) Reprint: 1981, p. 223. ^ Baudoin, Jacques (2006). Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident (in French). Nonette: EDITIONS CREER. p. 112. ISBN 9782848190419. Retrieved 12 November 2023. Saint Aventin de Troyes (Aventinus, 4 février) Ermite natif de Bourges, attiré en Champagne par la réputation de saint Loup de Troyes († 479). Il avait installé à Troyes une communauté monastique. En 525, il racheta de l'esclavage Fidole (saint Phal), à qui il confia son monastère, et il se retira en ermite a l'Isle-au-Mont, ou il mourut en 537. ^ Lloyd, John; Mitchison, John (2010). The Second Book of General Ignorance (First ed.). London: Faber and Faber Ltd. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-571-26965-5. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Troyes" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ "Climat Champagne-Ardenne" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Troyes, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ chocolatier. "Pascal Caffet, Meilleur Ouvrier de France pâtissier, Champion du monde des métiers du dessert". Pascal-caffet.com. Retrieved 16 September 2011. ^ "Troyes (2010)". Board Game Geek. ^ "Troyes (2010)". Z-Man Games. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014. ^ "Nos villes jumelles". ville-troyes.fr (in French). Troyes. Retrieved 16 November 2019. Bibliography See also: Bibliography of the history of Troyes External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troyes.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Troyes". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (in French)Troyes city council website vte Prefectures of the departments of France Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) Laon (Aisne) Moulins (Allier) Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Gap (Hautes-Alpes) Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Privas (Ardèche) Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) Foix (Ariège) Troyes (Aube) Carcassonne (Aude) Rodez (Aveyron) Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) Caen (Calvados) Aurillac (Cantal) Angoulême (Charente) La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime) Bourges (Cher) Tulle (Corrèze) Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud) Bastia (Haute-Corse) Dijon (Côte-d'Or) Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor) Guéret (Creuse) Périgueux (Dordogne) Besançon (Doubs) Valence (Drôme) Évreux (Eure) Chartres (Eure-et-Loir) Quimper (Finistère) Nîmes (Gard) Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) Auch (Gers) Bordeaux (Gironde) Montpellier (Hérault) Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) Châteauroux (Indre) Tours (Indre-et-Loire) Grenoble (Isère) Lons-le-Saunier (Jura) Mont-de-Marsan (Landes) Blois (Loir-et-Cher) Saint-Étienne (Loire) Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) Orléans (Loiret) Cahors (Lot) Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) Mende (Lozère) Angers (Maine-et-Loire) Saint-Lô (Manche) Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne) Chaumont (Haute-Marne) Laval (Mayenne) Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Bar-le-Duc (Meuse) Vannes (Morbihan) Metz (Moselle) Nevers (Nièvre) Lille (Nord) Beauvais (Oise) Alençon (Orne) Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Colmar (Haut-Rhin) Lyon (Rhône) Vesoul (Haute-Saône) Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) Le Mans (Sarthe) Chambéry (Savoie) Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Paris (Paris) Rouen (Seine-Maritime) Melun (Seine-et-Marne) Versailles (Yvelines) Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Amiens (Somme) Albi (Tarn) Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Toulon (Var) Avignon (Vaucluse) La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) Poitiers (Vienne) Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Épinal (Vosges) Auxerre (Yonne) Belfort (Territoire de Belfort) Évry-Courcouronnes (Essonne) Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis) Créteil (Val-de-Marne) Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Overseas departments Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Cayenne (French Guiana) Saint-Denis (Réunion) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) vte Communes of the Aube department Ailleville Aix-Villemaur-Pâlis Allibaudières Amance Arcis-sur-Aube Arconville Argançon Arrelles Arrembécourt Arrentières Arsonval Assenay Assencières Aubeterre Aulnay Auxon Avant-lès-Marcilly Avant-lès-Ramerupt Avirey-Lingey Avon-la-Pèze Avreuil Bagneux-la-Fosse Bailly-le-Franc Balignicourt Balnot-la-Grange Balnot-sur-Laignes Barberey-Saint-Sulpice Barbuise Baroville Bar-sur-Aubesubpr Bar-sur-Seine Bayel Bercenay-en-Othe Bercenay-le-Hayer Bergères Bernon Bertignolles Bérulle Bessy Bétignicourt Beurey Blaincourt-sur-Aube Blignicourt Bligny Les Bordes-Aumont Bossancourt Bouilly Boulages Bouranton Bourdenay Bourguignons Bouy-Luxembourg Bouy-sur-Orvin Bragelogne-Beauvoir Braux Bréviandes Brévonnes Briel-sur-Barse Brienne-la-Vieille Brienne-le-Château Brillecourt Bucey-en-Othe Buchères Buxeuil Buxières-sur-Arce Celles-sur-Ource Chacenay La Chaise Chalette-sur-Voire Chamoy Champfleury Champignol-lez-Mondeville Champigny-sur-Aube Champ-sur-Barse Channes Chaource La Chapelle-Saint-Luc Chapelle-Vallon Chappes Charmont-sous-Barbuise Charmoy Charny-le-Bachot Chaserey Châtres Chauchigny Chaudrey Chauffour-lès-Bailly Chaumesnil Chavanges Le Chêne Chennegy Chervey Chesley Chessy-les-Prés Clérey Coclois Colombé-la-Fosse Colombé-le-Sec Cormost Courcelles-sur-Voire Courceroy Coursan-en-Othe Courtaoult Courtenot Courteranges Courteron Coussegrey Couvignon Crancey Creney-près-Troyes Crésantignes Crespy-le-Neuf Les Croûtes Cunfin Cussangy Dampierre Davrey Dienville Dierrey-Saint-Julien Dierrey-Saint-Pierre Dolancourt Dommartin-le-Coq Donnement Dosches Dosnon Droupt-Saint-Basle Droupt-Sainte-Marie Eaux-Puiseaux Échemines Éclance Éguilly-sous-Bois Engente Épagne Épothémont Ervy-le-Châtel Essoyes Estissac Étourvy Étrelles-sur-Aube Faux-Villecerf Fay-lès-Marcilly Fays-la-Chapelle Ferreux-Quincey Feuges Fontaine Fontaine-les-Grès Fontaine-Mâcon Fontenay-de-Bossery Fontette Fontvannes La Fosse-Corduan Fouchères Fralignes Fravaux Fresnay Fresnoy-le-Château Fuligny Gélannes Géraudot Les Grandes-Chapelles Grandville Les Granges Gumery Gyé-sur-Seine Hampigny Herbisse Isle-Aubigny Isle-Aumont Jasseines Jaucourt Javernant Jessains Jeugny Joncreuil Jully-sur-Sarce Juvancourt Juvanzé Juzanvigny Lagesse Laines-aux-Bois Landreville Lantages Lassicourt Laubressel Lavau Lentilles Lesmont Lévigny Lhuître Lignières Lignol-le-Château Lirey Loches-sur-Ource La Loge-aux-Chèvres La Loge-Pomblin Les Loges-Margueron Longchamp-sur-Aujon Longeville-sur-Mogne Longpré-le-Sec Longsols Longueville-sur-Aube La Louptière-Thénard Lusigny-sur-Barse Luyères Macey Machy Magnant Magnicourt Magny-Fouchard Mailly-le-Camp Maison-des-Champs Maisons-lès-Chaource Maisons-lès-Soulaines Maizières-la-Grande-Paroisse Maizières-lès-Brienne Maraye-en-Othe Marcilly-le-Hayer Marigny-le-Châtel Marnay-sur-Seine Marolles-lès-Bailly Marolles-sous-Lignières Mathaux Maupas Mergey Le Mériot Merrey-sur-Arce Méry-sur-Seine Mesgrigny Mesnil-la-Comtesse Mesnil-Lettre Mesnil-Saint-Loup Mesnil-Saint-Père Mesnil-Sellières Messon Metz-Robert Meurville Molins-sur-Aube Montaulin Montceaux-lès-Vaudes Montfey Montgueux Montiéramey Montier-en-l'Isle Montigny-les-Monts Montmartin-le-Haut Montmorency-Beaufort Montpothier Montreuil-sur-Barse Montsuzain Morembert Morvilliers La Motte-Tilly Moussey Mussy-sur-Seine Neuville-sur-Seine Neuville-sur-Vanne Noé-les-Mallets Les Noës-près-Troyes Nogent-en-Othe Nogent-sur-Aube Nogent-sur-Seinesubpr Nozay Onjon Origny-le-Sec Ormes Ortillon Orvilliers-Saint-Julien Ossey-les-Trois-Maisons Paisy-Cosdon Pargues Pars-lès-Chavanges Pars-lès-Romilly Le Pavillon-Sainte-Julie Payns Pel-et-Der Périgny-la-Rose Perthes-lès-Brienne Petit-Mesnil Piney Plaines-Saint-Lange Plancy-l'Abbaye Planty Plessis-Barbuise Poivres Poligny Polisot Polisy Pont-Sainte-Marie Pont-sur-Seine Pouan-les-Vallées Pougy Pouy-sur-Vannes Praslin Précy-Notre-Dame Précy-Saint-Martin Prémierfait Proverville Prugny Prunay-Belleville Prusy Puits-et-Nuisement Racines Radonvilliers Ramerupt Rances Rhèges Les Riceys Rigny-la-Nonneuse Rigny-le-Ferron Rilly-Sainte-Syre La Rivière-de-Corps Romilly-sur-Seine Roncenay Rosières-près-Troyes Rosnay-l'Hôpital La Rothière Rouilly-Sacey Rouilly-Saint-Loup Rouvres-les-Vignes Rumilly-lès-Vaudes Ruvigny Saint-André-les-Vergers Saint-Aubin Saint-Benoist-sur-Vanne Saint-Benoît-sur-Seine Saint-Christophe-Dodinicourt Sainte-Maure Sainte-Savine Saint-Étienne-sous-Barbuise Saint-Flavy Saint-Germain Saint-Hilaire-sous-Romilly Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval Saint-Julien-les-Villas Saint-Léger-près-Troyes Saint-Léger-sous-Brienne Saint-Léger-sous-Margerie Saint-Loup-de-Buffigny Saint-Lupien Saint-Lyé Saint-Mards-en-Othe Saint-Martin-de-Bossenay Saint-Mesmin Saint-Nabord-sur-Aube Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle Saint-Oulph Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres Saint-Parres-lès-Vaudes Saint-Phal Saint-Pouange Saint-Remy-sous-Barbuise Saint-Thibault Saint-Usage Salon Saulcy La Saulsotte Savières Semoine Soligny-les-Étangs Sommeval Soulaines-Dhuys Souligny Spoy Thennelières Thieffrain Thil Thors Torcy-le-Grand Torcy-le-Petit Torvilliers Traînel Trancault Trannes Trouans Troyespref Turgy Unienville Urville Vailly Val-d'Auzon Vallant-Saint-Georges Vallentigny Vallières Vanlay Vauchassis Vauchonvilliers Vaucogne Vaudes Vaupoisson Vendeuvre-sur-Barse La Vendue-Mignot Vernonvilliers Verpillières-sur-Ource Verricourt Verrières Viâpres-le-Petit Villacerf Villadin La Ville-aux-Bois Villechétif Villeloup Villemereuil Villemoiron-en-Othe Villemorien Villemoyenne Villenauxe-la-Grande La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot Villeneuve-au-Chemin La Villeneuve-au-Chêne Villeret Villery Ville-sous-la-Ferté Ville-sur-Arce Ville-sur-Terre Villette-sur-Aube Villiers-Herbisse Villiers-le-Bois Villiers-sous-Praslin Villy-en-Trodes Villy-le-Bois Villy-le-Maréchal Vinets Virey-sous-Bar Vitry-le-Croisé Viviers-sur-Artaut Voigny Vosnon Voué Vougrey Vulaines Yèvres-le-Petit pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troyes_altarpiece_(detail)_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[tʁwa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Fr-Troyes.ogg/Fr-Troyes.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Troyes.ogg"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aube"},{"link_name":"Grand Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Champagne wine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_wine_region"},{"link_name":"Orient Forest Regional Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Forest_Regional_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Communauté d'agglomération Troyes Champagne Métropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_Troyes_Champagne_M%C3%A9tropole"},{"link_name":"Roman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Via Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Agrippa"},{"link_name":"Tricasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricasses"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Catherine of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Champagne fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_fairs"},{"link_name":"half-timbered houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-timbered_houses"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry"},{"link_name":"factory outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_outlets"}],"text":"Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, FrancePrefecture and commune in Grand Est, FranceTroyes altarpiece (detail) Victoria and Albert Museum, LondonTroyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa] ⓘ) is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 140 km (87 mi) south-east of Paris. Troyes is situated within the Champagne wine region and is near to the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park.Troyes had a population of 61,996 inhabitants in 2018. It is the center of the Communauté d'agglomération Troyes Champagne Métropole, which was home to 170,145 inhabitants.Troyes developed as early as the Roman era, when it was known as Augustobona Tricassium. It stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa. The city has a rich historical past, from the Tricasses tribe to the liberation of the city on 25 August 1944 during the Second World War, including the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, the Council of Troyes, the marriage of Henry V and Catherine of France, and the Champagne fairs to which merchants came from all over Christendom. The city has a rich architectural and urban heritage: many buildings are protected as historical monuments, including the half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) that survived in the old town. They have contributed to Troyes being designated as a City of Art and History.Manufacturing of textiles, developed from the 18th century onwards, was a chief part of Troyes' economy until the 1960s. Today, Troyes is the European capital of factory outlets and trading, and has three brand centers.","title":"Troyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Via Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Agrippa"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Langres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langres"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Autun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autun"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"civitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"Tricasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricasses"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Senones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senones"},{"link_name":"Gallo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Lupus (Loup)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_of_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila"},{"link_name":"hagiographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiographic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Flavius Aetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius"},{"link_name":"Visigothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Theodoric I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_I"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila"},{"link_name":"Louis the Stammerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer"},{"link_name":"West Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"Pope John VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VIII"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"counts of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Province of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne,_France"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Saint-Loup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Loup"},{"link_name":"scriptorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"troy weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_weight"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Champagne cloth fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_fairs"},{"link_name":"King Philip the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"French royal domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France"},{"link_name":"John the Fearless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Isabeau of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"parlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Henry V of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"},{"link_name":"Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet"},{"link_name":"King Charles VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"armed conflict (Siege of Troyes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Reims"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Commune_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Troyes_20140509_1.jpg"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of TroyesFor the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes.Prehistoric evidence found in the Troyes area suggests that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the city grounds.[3]In the Roman era, Troyes was known as Augustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa, which led north to Reims and south to Langres, and eventually to Milan.[4] Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans.[5]It was the civitas of the Tricasses people,[6] whom Augustus separated from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Roman Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the late Empire the settlement had reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes.From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the Church made the city the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup), who allegedly saved the city from Attila in 451 by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical.[7] A disciple of Saint Lupus, Aventinus (Saint Aventin of Troyes, died 537) founded a monastery at Troyes.[8]\nIt was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce.The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also called the Battle of Troyes, took place nearby in 451 AD: the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I fought against Attila.The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the crown of West Francia from Pope John VIII. At the end of the ninth century, following depredations of the city by Normans, the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium.During the Middle Ages, Troyes functioned as an important international trading town. It was the namesake of troy weight for gold - a standard of measurement developed here.[9] The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes.In 1285, when King Philip the Fair united Champagne to the French royal domain, the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English during the Hundred Years War, in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of King Charles VI of France, for the establishment at Troyes of a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices.On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which King Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V, rather than the Dauphin, was to succeed Charles as King of France. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed in 1429 when the Dauphin (afterwards King Charles VII) and Joan of Arc re-established French control of the town of Troyes by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes).Town Hall of TroyesThe great fire of 1524 destroyed much of the medieval city, although the city had numerous canals separating sections.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg"},{"link_name":"half-timbered houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-timbered_houses"},{"link_name":"Hôtels Particuliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier"},{"link_name":"corps de logis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_logis"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"\"Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_Egalit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"François Girardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Girardon"}],"text":"Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes (1549)Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town.\nHôtels Particuliers (palaces) of the old town\nThe Hôtel de Ville, Place Alexandre Israël, is an urbane example of the style Louis XIII. On the central corps de logis, which contains the main reception rooms, its cornice is rhythmically broken forward over paired Corinthian columns; these are supported below by strong clustered pilasters. Above the entrance door the statue of Louis XIV was pulled out of its niche and smashed in 1793, during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution; it was replaced in the nineteenth century with the present Helmeted Minerva and the device in its original form. It is now rare to see \"Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort\". In the Salle du Conseil (Council Chamber) a marble medallion of Louis XIV (1690) by François Girardon, born at Troyes, survived the destruction unscathed.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Museum of Modern Art (Musée d'Art Moderne)\nMaison de l'outil et de la pensée ouvrière\nVauluisant Museum :\nHistorical museum of Troyes and Champagne-Ardenne\nMuseum of hosiery\nHôtel-Dieu-Lecomte apothecary\nSaint-Loup Museum (museum of fine arts)\nDi Marco Museum (Open from 1 April to 1 October, each year)","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troyes_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._Pierre_et_Paul_Fassade_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Monument Historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Historique"},{"link_name":"Saint-Urbain Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Urbain,_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Urbain IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_IV"},{"link_name":"Monument Historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Historique"},{"link_name":"Saint Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha"},{"link_name":"Monument historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique"},{"link_name":"tabernacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_tabernacle"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"Giraudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraudon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Monument Historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Historique"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"sundial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"Linard Gonthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linard_Gonthier"},{"link_name":"The Maître de Chaource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ma%C3%AEtre_de_Chaource&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rashi Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"}],"sub_title":"Churches and synagogues","text":"Cathedral western frontNot having suffered from the last wars, Troyes has a high density of old religious buildings grouped close to the city centre. They include:Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Cathedral\nSaint-Nizier Church, in Gothic and Renaissance style, with remarkable sculptures. Classified as a Monument Historique (French equivalence) in 1840.\nThe Gothic Saint-Urbain Basilica (thirteenth century), with a roofing covered by polished tiles. It was built by Jacques Pantaléon, who was elected pope in 1261, under the name of Urbain IV, on grounds where his father had a workshop. Classified Monument Historique in 1840. It was proclaimed a basilica in 1964.\nSainte-Madeleine Church. Very early Gothic, with east end rebuilt around 1500. Remarkably elaborate stone rood screen of 1508–17 in Flamboyant Gothic style, sculpted by Jean Gailde, with a statue of Saint Martha. Fine Renaissance stained glass. Saint Jean district. Classified Monument historique in 1840.\nSaint-Jean Church, with a Renaissance chancel, tabernacle of the high altar by Giraudon. On the portal, coat of arms of Charles IX. Classified Monument Historique in 1840.\nGothic Saint-Nicolas Church, dating to the beginning of the sixteenth century, with a calvary chapel -shaped rostrum reached by a monumental staircase. On the south portal, two sculptures by François Gentil of David and Isaiah.\nSaint-Pantaléon Church, with extensive statuary from the sixteenth century.\nSaint Remy Church, with a 14th-century spire rising to a height of 60 m (196.85 ft). A 17th-century sundial on its south side bears the Latin inscription sicut umbra dies nostri super terram (\"our days on earth pass like a shadow\").\nChurch of Saint-Martin-ès-Vignes. It has stained glass windows of the seventeenth century by the local master verrier Linard Gonthier.Several Troyes churches have sculpture by The Maître de Chaource.The Rashi Synagogue is a Jewish Synagogue on 5 rue Brunneval.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFclimat2-11"}],"text":"Climate data for Troyes (1981–2010 averages)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n38.4(101.1)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−23.0(−9.4)\n\n−17.6(0.3)\n\n−15.4(4.3)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−11.1(12.0)\n\n−18.0(−0.4)\n\n−23.0(−9.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n50.5(1.99)\n\n42.1(1.66)\n\n47.7(1.88)\n\n50.9(2.00)\n\n61.7(2.43)\n\n56.6(2.23)\n\n54.4(2.14)\n\n52.2(2.06)\n\n53.3(2.10)\n\n63.6(2.50)\n\n51.2(2.02)\n\n60.6(2.39)\n\n644.8(25.39)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n10.6\n\n9.2\n\n10.5\n\n9.5\n\n10.5\n\n9.3\n\n7.6\n\n7.7\n\n8.2\n\n9.7\n\n10.3\n\n11.3\n\n114.5\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n68.6\n\n88.3\n\n143.8\n\n184.8\n\n215.0\n\n229.4\n\n235.5\n\n228.2\n\n179.2\n\n123.6\n\n66.6\n\n53.6\n\n1,816.4\n\n\nSource: Météo France[10][11]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The inhabitants of the commune are called Troyens.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troyes_rue_Emile_Zola_maisons_pans_de_bois.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lacoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacoste_(company)"},{"link_name":"chocolatier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolatier"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Houses in the old townTroyes is home to the production headquarters of Lacoste company, a popular clothing brand. It is also home of chocolatier Pascal Caffet.[14]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Technology of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Troyes"}],"text":"The University of Technology of Troyes and the business school Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes are located in Troyes.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gare de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5_autoroute"},{"link_name":"A26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A26_autoroute"},{"link_name":"Troyes – Barberey Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes_%E2%80%93_Barberey_Airport"}],"text":"The train station Gare de Troyes offers connections to Paris, Dijon, Mulhouse and several regional destinations. Troyes is at the junction of motorways A5 (Paris – Troyes – Langres) and A26 (Calais – Reims – Troyes). Troyes – Barberey Airport is a small regional airport.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Troyes AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes_AC"}],"text":"Troyes is the home of association football club Troyes AC, or ESTAC. In the 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, Troyes were promoted back to Ligue 1 as champions of the division.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"UPlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPlay"},{"link_name":"Z-Man Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Man_Games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Sigma Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Troyes (2010) is a board game named after the city, published by Pearl Games, UPlay.it edizioni, and Z-Man Games.[15][16]\nChapter 28 of James Rollins' sixth Sigma Force novel, The Doomsday Key (2009), is named \"Troyes, France,\" as the city plays an important role in the plot.[citation needed]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Bigard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Bigard"},{"link_name":"stand-up comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"Saint Marguerite Bourgeoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Marguerite_Bourgeoys"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Notre_Dame_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Gilles Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Buck"},{"link_name":"Émile Coué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hughes de Payens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_de_Payens"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Chrétien de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"trouvère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"François Girardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Girardon"},{"link_name":"Linard Gonthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linard_Gonthier"},{"link_name":"François-Pierre Goy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Pierre_Goy"},{"link_name":"Édouard Herriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot"},{"link_name":"Radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"André Lefèvre (1717–1768)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8vre_(1717%E2%80%931768)"},{"link_name":"Encyclopédie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die"},{"link_name":"Maurice Marinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Marinot"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mignard"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV"},{"link_name":"Patroclus of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus_of_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Pierre Pithou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pithou"},{"link_name":"Satire Ménippée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire_M%C3%A9nipp%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Rabbeinu Tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam"},{"link_name":"Maxime Rouyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Rouyer"},{"link_name":"CFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos"},{"link_name":"Béatrice Saubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Saubin"},{"link_name":"Hervé Schreiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Schreiner"},{"link_name":"Djibril Sidibé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Sidib%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Siret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Siret"},{"link_name":"Abdoul Sissoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoul_Sissoko"},{"link_name":"Gaëtane Thiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtane_Thiney"},{"link_name":"Paris FC (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"France women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Cyprus_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cyprus_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017 SheBelieves Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_SheBelieves_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Championship All-Star Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2013"},{"link_name":"player of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9es_UNFP_du_football#Women_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Jean Tirole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tirole"},{"link_name":"Aldebrandin of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebrandin_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Madame Vaudé-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Vaud%C3%A9-Green"}],"text":"Jean-Marie Bigard, (born 1954) French stand-up comedian, writer and director\nSaint Marguerite Bourgeoys, (1620–1700), a founder of Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal and the city of Montreal\nGilles Buck (1935–2010), French sailor who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics\nÉmile Coué (1857–1926), pharmacist, hypnotist and creator of La méthode Coué (\"Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better\")\nHughes de Payens (1070–1136), Knight of the First Crusade and founder of the Knights Templar\nChrétien de Troyes, 12th-century trouvère\nFrançois Girardon (1628–1715), sculptor\nLinard Gonthier (1565 – after 1642), stained-glass artisan (verrier)\nFrançois-Pierre Goy (born 1960), musicologist\nÉdouard Herriot (1872–1957), Radical politician of the Third Republic, three-time Prime Minister of France\nAndré Lefèvre (1717–1768), contributor to the Encyclopédie\nMaurice Marinot (1882–1960), glass artist and painter\nPierre Mignard (1610–1695), painter\nJacques Pantaléon, (c. 1195–1264), Pope Urban IV\nPatroclus of Troyes (3rd century), martyr\nPierre Pithou (1539–1596), Calvinist jurisconsult and scholar, co-editor of the Satire Ménippée\nRashi (1040–1105), biblical and Talmudic commentator\nRabbeinu Tam (1100–1171), rabbi and Rashi's grandson\nMaxime Rouyer, (born 1994), CFL linebacker for the Edmonton Eskimos\nBéatrice Saubin (1959–2007), first foreign national to be sentenced to death in Malaysia for drug smuggling\nHervé Schreiner (born 1974), former professional footballer\nDjibril Sidibé, (born 1992), footballer\nNicolas Siret (1663–1754), composer\nAbdoul Sissoko, (born 1990), footballer\nGaëtane Thiney (1985), footballer and team captain of Paris FC (women), current member of France women's national football team, Cyprus Cup winner: 2012, 2014, 2017 SheBelieves Cup champion, UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2003, an all-star team member of the UEFA Women's Championship All-Star Team: 2013, two-time winner player of the year\nJean Tirole, (born 1953), Nobel Award in Economics\nAldebrandin of Siena, (died 1296/1299?), physician\nMadame Vaudé-Green (1822-1902), nineteenth century French photographer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmaar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Zielona Góra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in FranceTroyes is twinned with:[17]Alkmaar, Netherlands\n Chesterfield, England\n Tournai, Belgium\n Darmstadt, Germany, since 1958\n Zielona Góra, Poland, since 1970\n Brescia, Italy, since 2016","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the history of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Troyes#Bibliography"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of the history of Troyes","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Troyes altarpiece (detail) Victoria and Albert Museum, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Troyes_altarpiece_%28detail%29_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.JPG/290px-Troyes_altarpiece_%28detail%29_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.JPG"},{"image_text":"Town Hall of Troyes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maison_Commune_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_Troyes_20140509_1.jpg/220px-Maison_Commune_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_Troyes_20140509_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes (1549)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/220px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathedral western front","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Troyes_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._Pierre_et_Paul_Fassade_1.jpg/200px-Troyes_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._Pierre_et_Paul_Fassade_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Houses in the old town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Troyes_rue_Emile_Zola_maisons_pans_de_bois.jpg/220px-Troyes_rue_Emile_Zola_maisons_pans_de_bois.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Communes of the Aube department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Aube_department"},{"title":"Count of Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Troyes"},{"title":"Order of the Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"title":"Troy weight#Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_weight#Etymology"},{"title":"Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_for_Foreign_Service"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-10387","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Baudoin, Jacques (2006). Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident (in French). Nonette: EDITIONS CREER. p. 112. ISBN 9782848190419. Retrieved 12 November 2023. Saint Aventin de Troyes (Aventinus, 4 février) Ermite natif de Bourges, attiré en Champagne par la réputation de saint Loup de Troyes († 479). Il avait installé à Troyes une communauté monastique. En 525, il racheta de l'esclavage Fidole (saint Phal), à qui il confia son monastère, et il se retira en ermite a l'Isle-au-Mont, ou il mourut en 537.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hwa38EjyoAC","url_text":"Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782848190419","url_text":"9782848190419"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, John; Mitchison, John (2010). The Second Book of General Ignorance (First ed.). London: Faber and Faber Ltd. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-571-26965-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26965-5","url_text":"978-0-571-26965-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Données climatiques de la station de Troyes\" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063020/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/troyes/10030001/normales","url_text":"\"Données climatiques de la station de Troyes\""},{"url":"http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/troyes/10030001/normales","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climat Champagne-Ardenne\" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180225073421/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/champagne-ardenne/regi21/normales","url_text":"\"Climat Champagne-Ardenne\""},{"url":"http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/champagne-ardenne/regi21/normales","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"chocolatier. \"Pascal Caffet, Meilleur Ouvrier de France pâtissier, Champion du monde des métiers du dessert\". Pascal-caffet.com. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pascal-caffet.com/","url_text":"\"Pascal Caffet, Meilleur Ouvrier de France pâtissier, Champion du monde des métiers du dessert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troyes (2010)\". Board Game Geek.","urls":[{"url":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/73439/troyes","url_text":"\"Troyes (2010)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troyes (2010)\". Z-Man Games. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140709072027/http://zmangames.com/product-details.php?id=1206","url_text":"\"Troyes (2010)\""},{"url":"http://zmangames.com/product-details.php?id=1206","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nos villes jumelles\". ville-troyes.fr (in French). Troyes. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ville-troyes.fr/decouvrir-troyes/relations-internationales/nos-villes-jumelles/","url_text":"\"Nos villes jumelles\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Troyes\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Troyes","url_text":"Troyes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan_Triumphant
Satan Triumphant
["1 Plot","2 Cast (in credits order)","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
1917 filmSatan TriumphantDirected byYakov ProtazanovWritten byOlga BlazhevichProduced byJoseph N. Ermolieff(as Iosif Yermolyev)StarringPavel PavlovIvan MozzhukhinCinematographyFédote Bourgasoff (as Fyodor Burgasov)ProductioncompanyYermolievRelease date 21 October 1917 (1917-10-21) CountryRussian EmpireLanguagesSilent filmRussian intertitles Part 1 Part 2 Satan Triumphant (Russian: Сатана ликующий, translit. Satana likuyushchiy) is a 1917 silent film in Russian directed by Yakov Protazanov. The film has not survived in its entirety; the endings of both episodes are missing. Some of the film's inscriptions were lost. They were restored thanks to the help of Rolf Lindfors, the Curator of the Swedish Film Archives, who found the film's inscriptions in the Swedish Film Censorship Archive. It also became known that in 1919 the film was forbidden by the Swedish censorship to be shown in the country. Plot Pastor Talnoх furiously urges the flock to fight temptations, but he himself becomes a victim of temptation. In his house appears Satan, pushing the hero to theft and spiritual fall. Cast (in credits order) Pavel Pavlov as Pavel, painter, hunchback Aleksandr Chabrov as Satan Natalya Lisenko as Esther, Sandro's mother Ivan Mozzhukhin as Pastor Talnoх and his son Sandro van Gauguin Vera Orlova as Inga See also Deals with the Devil in popular culture References ^ Velikiĭ kinemo : katalog sokhranivshikhsi︠a︡ igrovykh filʹmov Rossii, 1908-1919. V. Ivanova, В. Иванова. Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. 2002. ISBN 5-86793-155-2. OCLC 49633949.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) External links Satan Triumphant at IMDb vteYakov Protazanov filmography Departure of a Grand Old Man (1912) The Queen of Spades (1916) Satan Triumphant (1917) Father Sergius (1917) Aelita (1924) His Call (1925) The Tailor from Torzhok (1925) The Three Million Trial (1926) Man from the Restaurant (1927) The Forty-First (1927) The White Eagle (1928) St. Jorgen's Day (1930) Tommy (1931) Marionettes (1934) Without Dowry (1937) Salavat Yulayev (1941) Nasreddin in Bukhara (1943) This article related to a Russian film of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Part 1"},{"image_text":"Part 2"}]
[{"title":"Deals with the Devil in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deals_with_the_Devil_in_popular_culture"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Super_Universal
Fokker Super Universal
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Surviving aircraft","4 Variants","5 Operators","5.1 Civil","5.2 Military","6 Specifications","7 References","8 External links"]
Super Universal Restored Fokker Super Universal at the Western Canada Aviation Museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Role AirlinerType of aircraft Manufacturer Fokker-America Canadian Vickers First flight March 1928 Number built ca. 200 Developed from Fokker Universal Variants Nakajima Ki-6 Fokker Super Universal airplane docked in a nose hangar, Ontario, Fokker Super Universal of the Bryd Antarctic expedition of 1929 Fokker Super Universal in Alberta, Canada 1935. The person is famous Canadian aviator Leigh Brintnell The Fokker Super Universal was an airliner produced in the United States in the late 1920s by Fokker America, an enlarged and improved version of the Fokker Universal, fitted with cantilever wings and an enclosed cockpit. It was also called the Model 8. It was subsequently also manufactured under license in Canada, and in Japan as the Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal and for the IJAAF as the Nakajima Ki-6 and later in the puppet state of Manchukuo as the Manshū Super Universal. It was used on the Byrd Antarctic expedition and was one of the most produced of the Fokker America models. Design and development The Super Universal was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fully enclosed flight deck and cabin and a fixed undercarriage. Improvements over its forerunner included an enclosed cockpit and a new wing that eliminated the requirement for struts, bringing it in line with the rest of Fokker's designs. The preceding Fokker Universal was built with an open cockpit but many were converted. Construction was as per standard Fokker practice, with the wing being made almost entirely of wood with two main spars and light ribs covered in thin sheets of plywood. The fuselage was built up from welded steel tubes, largely cross-braced with wires. Fairings, the floor and an internal bulkhead separating the pilot from the cabin were wood. A triangular-shaped door gave the pilot access to the cabin. The tail was also built up from steel tubing but used no internal bracing. The main structural members were larger diameter tubes, while smaller tubes gave the structure a small degree of camber. The standard undercarriage consisted of a tailskid with divided main gear legs sprung with bungee cords and attached to the wings and the fuselage, but floats or skis could also be fitted. (see also floatplane) It was also called the Fokker Model 8. Operational history The first Fokker Model 8 Super Universal, was used on the Byrd expedition to the Antarctic, and called the Virginia. It arrived was but was destroyed by a freak wind gust that blew it over a mile/kilometer. The wreck was found frozen in the ice in 1988. The Super Universal was received enthusiastically in the marketplace, selling better than any other of Fokker-America's designs (some 80 aircraft), and required the company to expand its factory space to meet demand. A further 15 aircraft were built by Canadian Vickers, and around 100 were built by Nakajima with some of these Japanese aircraft seeing military service as the Ki-6. The United States Navy also evaluated the Super Universal for military service, under the designation XJA-1, but decided not to purchase the type (the JA designation was later reused for the Noorduyn Norseman). The Fokker Universal was popular as a bush plane and many found their way into the Canadian north. The first production Super Universal was named the Virginia by Richard E. Byrd and taken to the Antarctic in 1928. This aircraft was damaged after being ripped from its tiedowns and thrown backwards over one kilometre in winds estimated to have been at least 150 mph, and was abandoned, although Byrd subsequently revisited it to salvage useful parts. For the operational history of the versions used by Japan and Manchukuo, see the Nakajima Ki-6 article. The Fokker Super Universal which made up TWA fleet of airplanes were dealt a big blow, when one another Fokker design, the Fokker F-10, crashed near Bazaar, Kansas on March 31, 1931, with Knute Rockne, famous Notre Dame Football coach while en route to participate in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame. Both pilots and all six passengers were killed. A long, thorough and well-publicized investigation concluded that the Fokker, operated by a company of the newly-formed TWA, broke up due to fatigue cracks in its famous cantilever stressed plywood wing, around where one of the engine mounting struts joined. However, questions about the crash due the exact weather conditions (it had actually turned back to due to conditions) and other aspects have lead to discussions about what happened. (see also 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash) The Fokker Super Universal fleet was inspected and grounded after similar cracks were found in many examples, ruining the manufacturer's American reputation (the Dutch designer Anthony Fokker was then in business in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey). This resulted in a complete overhaul of standards for new transport aircraft and led to the use of all-metal construction in commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2 Surviving aircraft The last Fokker Super Universal, at a museum In 1998, a Super Universal originally used for mineral exploration in Canada's north was restored to airworthy condition in Alberta and after being flown for a few years was placed on display at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in 2005. Byrd's Fokker Universal was rediscovered by a New Zealand expedition in 1987 and the Antarctic Aviation Preservation Society intends to salvage and restore it. Variants The first Fokker Super Universal, the Virginia that was sent and lost in Antarctica in 1929 Western Canada Airways Fokker Super Universal, floatplane version Postcard featuring the Nakajima Ki-6 XJA-1 A Super Universal evaluated by the United States Navy Nakajima Super Universal Civilian transport Ki-6 (Army Type 95 Training Aircraft) Military transport for the IJAAF Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal Nakajima-Fokker Ambulance Aircraft Nakajima Navy Fokker Reconnaissance Aircraft Short designation C2N1 and C2N2 C2N1 (Navy land-based reconnaissance aircraft) Land-based recon and military transport for the IJN C2N2 (Navy reconnaissance seaplane) Land-based recon and military transport for the IJN Manshū Super Universal Civil and military transport built in Manchukuo (Manchuria) Operators Civil  Canada Canadian Airways Canadian Vickers Northern Transportation Company Starratt Airways Western Canada Airways  Colombia SCADTA  Japan Japan Air Transport  Manchukuo Manchukuo National Airways  United States Coastal Air Freight Fokker Super Universal Coastal Air Freight Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Byrd Antarctic Expedition Mid-Continent Air Express Standard Air Lines National Parks Airways Universal Air Lines  South Africa Union Airways Military  Argentina Armada Argentina  Canada Royal Canadian Air Force China-Nanjing The Reorganized Republic of China Air Force operated one example.  Japan Imperial Japanese Army Air Service Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service  United States United States Navy Specifications Fokker Super Universal 3-view drawing from L'Aérophile August,1928 Data from Pioneering in Canadian Air TransportGeneral characteristics Crew: two Capacity: six passengers or 1,323 lb/600 kg cargo Length: 36 ft 11 in (11.25 m) Wingspan: 50 ft 8 in (15.44 m) Height: 9 ft 1 in (2.77 m) Wing area: 370 sq ft (34.3 m2) Empty weight: 3,250 lb (1,474 kg) Gross weight: 5,550 lb (2,517 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney Wasp B air-cooled radial piston engine , 450 hp (336 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 138 mph (222 km/h, 120 kn) Range: 680 mi (1,090 km, 590 nmi) Service ceiling: 19,340 ft (5,900 m) Rate of climb: 950 ft/min (4.8 m/s) References Notes ^ a b c Molson 1974, p. 271. ^ a b "Fokker Super Universal (U.S.)". www.dutch-aviation.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Fokker Super Universal, CF-AAM". Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2021. Bibliography Dierikx, Marc. Fokker: A Transatlantic Biography. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. ISBN 1-56098-735-9. Molson, K.M. Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: James Richardson & Sons, Ltd., 1974. ISBN 0-919212-39-5. Nevin, David. The Pathfinders (The Epic of Flight Series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1980. ISBN 0-8094-3256-0. Postma, Thijs. Fokker: Aircraft Builders to the World. London: Jane's, 1979. ISBN 978-0-531-03708-9. Seagrave, Sterling. The Bush Pilots (The Epic of Flight Series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1983. ISBN 0-8094-3312-5. Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. p. 410. World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing, File 894, Sheet 44. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fokker Super Universal. Antarctic Aviation Preservation Society Fokker Super Universal CF-AAM Returns to Yukon Territory Western Canada Aviation Museum vteFokker aircraftCompany designations pre-1918 M.1 M.2 M.3 M.4 M.5 M.6 M.7 M.8 M.9 M.10 M.14 M.15 M.16 M.17 M.18 M.19 M.21 M.22 V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 V.7 V.8 V.9 V.10 V.11 V.12 V.13 V.14 V.16 V.17 V.18 V.20 V.21 V.22 V.23 V.24 V.25 V.26 V.27 V.28 V.29 V.30 V.31 V.33 V.34 V.35 V.36 V.37 V.38 V.39 V.40 V.41 V.42 V.43 V.44 V.45 W.1 W.2 W.3 W.4 Austro-Hungarian military designations B.I B.II B.III German military designations A.I A.II A.III C.I D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII Dr.I E.I E.II E.III E.IV E.V F.I K.I Company designations post-1918continuingGerman militarystyle designations: B.I B.II B.III B.IV B.V B.VI C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX C.X C.XI C.XIV C.XV D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV D.XVI D.XVII D.XVIII D.XIX D.XX D.XXI D.22 D.23 D.24 DC.I DC.II F.I F.II F.III F.IV F.V F.VI F.VII F.VIII F.IX F.X F.XI F.XII F.XIII F.XIV F.XV F.XVI F.XVII F.XVIII F.XIX F.XX F.XXI F.XXIII F.25 F26 F27 F28 F.29 F.37 FG.I FG.II FG.III FG.IV G.I G.II G.III S.I S.II S.III S.IV S.V S.VI S.VII S.VIII S.IX S.X S.11 S.12 S.13 S.14 S.15 S.16 T.II T.III T.IV T.V T.VI T.VII T.VIII T.IX T.10 based onseating: F.XXII F.XXIV F.XXXVI F.40 50 F.56 60 70 100 130 Atlantic Aircraft (Fokker America/Atlantic-Fokker) F-9 F-10 F-11 F-14 AF-15 F-18 F-32 Universal Super Universal United States military designationsObservation: AO-1 CO-4 XO-27 Transports: T-2 C-2 C-5 C-7 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-20 C-31 RA Bombers: XHB-2 XLB-2 XB-8 FT-1 FT-2 Attack: XA-7 Fighters: PW-5 PW-6 PW-7 Ambulance: A-2 Trainer: TW-4 vteUSN/USMC utility aircraft designations 1935–1962Utility (J) (1935–1955)Fokker JA Noorduyn JA Beechcraft JB Curtiss-Wright JC Douglas JD Bellanca JE Grumman JF J2F J3F J4F Stearman-Hammond JH Fairchild JK J2K Columbia JL Martin JM Lockheed JO Fairchild JQ J2Q Ford JR Waco JW J2W Utility transport (JR)Beechcraft JRB Cessna JRC Grumman JRF JR2F Nash-Kelvinator JRK Martin JRM JR2M Sikorsky JRS JR2S Utility (U) (1955–1962)de Havilland Canada UC Grumman UF Piper UO Lockheed UV UV-1L vteCanadian Vickers aircraftCanadian Vickers Vancouver Vanessa Varuna Vedette Vista Vigil Velos Produced under license Vickers Viking IV Supermarine Stranraer Avro 504N Avro 552 Bellanca Pacemaker Curtiss HS-3L Fairchild FC-2 Fokker Super Universal Northrop Delta Canadian Vickers PBV-1 Canso See also: Canadair Vickers vteCertified/factory-built aircraft manufactured in CanadaAirbus Canada A220 Avian Industries 2/180 Gyroplane Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck C-102 Jetliner CF-105 Arrow VZ-9 Avrocar Bell Textron 212 214ST 230 407 412 427 429 GlobalRanger 505 Jet Ranger X 525 Relentless Boeing Aircraft of Canada C-204 Thunderbird A-213 Totem 40H-4 Shark PB2B Catalina Bombardier CRJ100/200/440/700/900/1000 Global Express/Global Q400 CS100/300 Challenger 300/600/850 Dash 8 Bristol/McDonald Brothers Anson Mk.V Canadair CL-4 North Star CL-28 Argus CL-41 Tutor CL-44 Yukon CL-84 Dynavert CL-215 Waterbomber CL-415 Super Scooper CL-600 Challenger Cosmopolitan Canso Freedom Fighter Sabre Silver Star Starfighter Canadian Aerodrome Company Baddeck No. 1 Baddeck No. 2 Hubbard Monoplane Canadian Aeroplanes/Toronto Curtiss Aeroplanes JN-4C Canuck C-1 Canada Avro 504 F5L Canadian Associated Aircraft Hampden Canadian Car and Foundry Maple Leaf Trainer II Anson Mk.II & Mk.V T-34A Mentor CBY-3 Loadmaster SBW Helldiver FDB-1 Goblin/Delfín Hurricane Mk.X, XI & XII Norseman Mk.V & VII Harvard Mk.IIB and Mk.4 Canadian Vickers Vancouver Vanessa Varuna Vedette Velos Vigil Vista Avro 504N Avro 552 CH-300 Pacemaker PBV-1 Canso HS-3L FC-2 Super Universal Delta Stranraer Viking IV Cub Aircraft J-2 Cub J-3 Cub J-4 Cub Coupe J-5 Cub Cruiser de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk DHC-2 Beaver DHC-3 Otter DHC-4 Caribou DHC-5 Buffalo DHC-6 Twin Otter Dash 7 Dash 8 DH.60 Gipsy Moth DH.82C Tiger Moth & Menasco Moth DH.83C Fox Moth DH.98 Mosquito CS2F Tracker Diamond Aircraft DA20 DA40-180 Star Fairchild 34-42 45-80 Sekani F-11 Husky Super 71 51 71 Cornell FC-2 Bolingbroke HS-2L SBF Helldiver Federal Aircraft Anson Mk.II Fleet 1,2,5 & 21 7 Fawn 16 Finch 50 Freighter 60 Fort 80 Canuck Cornell Found FBA-1 FBA-2 Centennial 100 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 National Research Council tailless glider National Steel Car Lysander Noorduyn Norseman Harvard Mk.II Ontario Provincial Air Service CA-6M Airsedan Ottawa Car and Aircraft Atlas Siskin Tutor Prefect Reid/Curtiss-Reid Courier Rambler Saunders ST-27 ST-28 Victory Aircraft Lancaster Mk.X Lancastrian Lincoln Mk.XV York C.1 Special Viking Air DHC-6 Twin Otter CL-515 First Responder
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_Universal_Byrd_Expedition_Antarctica_1929.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leigh_Brintnell_outside_his_Fokker_Super-Universal_airplane_(27017701320).jpg"},{"link_name":"Leigh Brintnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Leigh_Brintnell"},{"link_name":"Fokker Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Universal"},{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"Nakajima Ki-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-6"},{"link_name":"Byrd Antarctic expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd#First_Antarctic_expedition_(1928%E2%80%931930)"}],"text":"Fokker Super Universal of the Bryd Antarctic expedition of 1929Fokker Super Universal in Alberta, Canada 1935. The person is famous Canadian aviator Leigh BrintnellThe Fokker Super Universal was an airliner produced in the United States in the late 1920s by Fokker America, an enlarged and improved version of the Fokker Universal, fitted with cantilever wings and an enclosed cockpit. It was also called the Model 8. It was subsequently also manufactured under license in Canada, and in Japan as the Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal and for the IJAAF as the Nakajima Ki-6 and later in the puppet state of Manchukuo as the Manshū Super Universal. It was used on the Byrd Antarctic expedition and was one of the most produced of the Fokker America models.","title":"Fokker Super Universal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molson_p._271-1"},{"link_name":"bungee cords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungee_cord"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Super Universal was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fully enclosed flight deck and cabin and a fixed undercarriage. Improvements over its forerunner included an enclosed cockpit and a new wing that eliminated the requirement for struts, bringing it in line with the rest of Fokker's designs. The preceding Fokker Universal was built with an open cockpit but many were converted.[1]Construction was as per standard Fokker practice, with the wing being made almost entirely of wood with two main spars and light ribs covered in thin sheets of plywood. The fuselage was built up from welded steel tubes, largely cross-braced with wires. Fairings, the floor and an internal bulkhead separating the pilot from the cabin were wood. A triangular-shaped door gave the pilot access to the cabin. The tail was also built up from steel tubing but used no internal bracing. The main structural members were larger diameter tubes, while smaller tubes gave the structure a small degree of camber. The standard undercarriage consisted of a tailskid with divided main gear legs sprung with bungee cords and attached to the wings and the fuselage, but floats or skis could also be fitted. (see also floatplane)It was also called the Fokker Model 8.[2]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molson_p._271-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Ki-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-6"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Noorduyn Norseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman"},{"link_name":"bush plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_plane"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"Nakajima Ki-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-6"},{"link_name":"TWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA"},{"link_name":"Fokker F-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F-10"},{"link_name":"Knute Rockne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Rockne"},{"link_name":"1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Transcontinental_%26_Western_Air_Fokker_F-10_crash"}],"text":"The first Fokker Model 8 Super Universal, was used on the Byrd expedition to the Antarctic, and called the Virginia. It arrived was but was destroyed by a freak wind gust that blew it over a mile/kilometer. The wreck was found frozen in the ice in 1988.[2]The Super Universal was received enthusiastically in the marketplace, selling better than any other of Fokker-America's designs (some 80 aircraft), and required the company to expand its factory space to meet demand.[1]A further 15 aircraft were built by Canadian Vickers, and around 100 were built by Nakajima with some of these Japanese aircraft seeing military service as the Ki-6. The United States Navy also evaluated the Super Universal for military service, under the designation XJA-1, but decided not to purchase the type (the JA designation was later reused for the Noorduyn Norseman). The Fokker Universal was popular as a bush plane and many found their way into the Canadian north.The first production Super Universal was named the Virginia by Richard E. Byrd and taken to the Antarctic in 1928. This aircraft was damaged after being ripped from its tiedowns and thrown backwards over one kilometre in winds estimated to have been at least 150 mph, and was abandoned, although Byrd subsequently revisited it to salvage useful parts.For the operational history of the versions used by Japan and Manchukuo, see the Nakajima Ki-6 article.The Fokker Super Universal which made up TWA fleet of airplanes were dealt a big blow, when one another Fokker design, the Fokker F-10, crashed near Bazaar, Kansas on March 31, 1931, with Knute Rockne, famous Notre Dame Football coach while en route to participate in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame. Both pilots and all six passengers were killed. A long, thorough and well-publicized investigation concluded that the Fokker, operated by a company of the newly-formed TWA, broke up due to fatigue cracks in its famous cantilever stressed plywood wing, around where one of the engine mounting struts joined. However, questions about the crash due the exact weather conditions (it had actually turned back to due to conditions) and other aspects have lead to discussions about what happened. (see also 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash)The Fokker Super Universal fleet was inspected and grounded after similar cracks were found in many examples, ruining the manufacturer's American reputation (the Dutch designer Anthony Fokker was then in business in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey). This resulted in a complete overhaul of standards for new transport aircraft and led to the use of all-metal construction in commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_Super_Universal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aviation_Museum_of_Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"text":"The last Fokker Super Universal, at a museumIn 1998, a Super Universal originally used for mineral exploration in Canada's north was restored to airworthy condition in Alberta and after being flown for a few years was placed on display at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in 2005.[3] Byrd's Fokker Universal was rediscovered by a New Zealand expedition in 1987 and the Antarctic Aviation Preservation Society intends to salvage and restore it.","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_Schell_Album_Image_(34195457871).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Canada_Airways_Fokker_Super_Universal_G-CASQ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakajima_Ki-6.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"}],"text":"The first Fokker Super Universal, the Virginia that was sent and lost in Antarctica in 1929Western Canada Airways Fokker Super Universal, floatplane versionPostcard featuring the Nakajima Ki-6XJA-1\nA Super Universal evaluated by the United States Navy\nNakajima Super Universal\nCivilian transport\nKi-6 (Army Type 95 Training Aircraft)\nMilitary transport for the IJAAF\nNakajima-Fokker Super Universal\n\nNakajima-Fokker Ambulance Aircraft\n\nNakajima Navy Fokker Reconnaissance Aircraft\nShort designation C2N1 and C2N2\nC2N1 (Navy land-based reconnaissance aircraft)\nLand-based recon and military transport for the IJN\nC2N2 (Navy reconnaissance seaplane)\nLand-based recon and military transport for the IJN\nManshū Super Universal\nCivil and military transport built in Manchukuo (Manchuria)","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Airways"},{"link_name":"Canadian Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Northern Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Starratt Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starratt_Airways"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Airways"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"SCADTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADTA"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo National Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo_National_Airways"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FokkerSupUnivCAF_(4533345043).jpg"},{"link_name":"Coastal Air Freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Air_Freight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Byrd Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Mid-Continent Air Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-Continent_Air_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Standard Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"National Parks Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_Airways"},{"link_name":"Universal Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Air_Lines_Corporation"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Union Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Airways"}],"sub_title":"Civil","text":"CanadaCanadian Airways\nCanadian Vickers\nNorthern Transportation Company\nStarratt Airways\nWestern Canada AirwaysColombiaSCADTAJapanJapan Air TransportManchukuoManchukuo National AirwaysUnited StatesCoastal Air Freight Fokker Super UniversalCoastal Air Freight\nGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company\nByrd Antarctic Expedition\nMid-Continent Air Express\nStandard Air Lines\nNational Parks Airways\nUniversal Air LinesSouth AfricaUnion Airways","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Armada Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Navy"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China"},{"link_name":"China-Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Reorganized Republic of China Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army#Air_force"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Military","text":"ArgentinaArmada ArgentinaCanadaRoyal Canadian Air ForceChina-NanjingThe Reorganized Republic of China Air Force operated one example.JapanImperial Japanese Army Air Service\nImperial Japanese Navy Air ServiceUnited StatesUnited States Navy","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_Super_Universal_3-view_L%27A%C3%A9rophile_August,1928.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molson_p._271-1"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Wasp"}],"text":"Fokker Super Universal 3-view drawing from L'Aérophile August,1928Data from Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport[1]General characteristicsCrew: two\nCapacity: six passengers or 1,323 lb/600 kg cargo\nLength: 36 ft 11 in (11.25 m)\nWingspan: 50 ft 8 in (15.44 m)\nHeight: 9 ft 1 in (2.77 m)\nWing area: 370 sq ft (34.3 m2)\nEmpty weight: 3,250 lb (1,474 kg)\nGross weight: 5,550 lb (2,517 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney Wasp B air-cooled radial piston engine , 450 hp (336 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 138 mph (222 km/h, 120 kn)\nRange: 680 mi (1,090 km, 590 nmi)\nService ceiling: 19,340 ft (5,900 m)\nRate of climb: 950 ft/min (4.8 m/s)","title":"Specifications"}]
[{"image_text":"Fokker Super Universal airplane docked in a nose hangar, Ontario, [ca. 1925]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fokker_Super_Universal_airplane_docked_in_a_nose_hangar_%28I0004307%29.jpg/220px-Fokker_Super_Universal_airplane_docked_in_a_nose_hangar_%28I0004307%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fokker Super Universal of the Bryd Antarctic expedition of 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fokker_Universal_Byrd_Expedition_Antarctica_1929.jpg/220px-Fokker_Universal_Byrd_Expedition_Antarctica_1929.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fokker Super Universal in Alberta, Canada 1935. The person is famous Canadian aviator Leigh Brintnell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leigh_Brintnell_outside_his_Fokker_Super-Universal_airplane_%2827017701320%29.jpg/220px-Leigh_Brintnell_outside_his_Fokker_Super-Universal_airplane_%2827017701320%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The last Fokker Super Universal, at a museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fokker_Super_Universal.jpg/220px-Fokker_Super_Universal.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first Fokker Super Universal, the Virginia that was sent and lost in Antarctica in 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Franz_Schell_Album_Image_%2834195457871%29.jpg/220px-Franz_Schell_Album_Image_%2834195457871%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Western Canada Airways Fokker Super Universal, floatplane version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Western_Canada_Airways_Fokker_Super_Universal_G-CASQ.jpg/220px-Western_Canada_Airways_Fokker_Super_Universal_G-CASQ.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard featuring the Nakajima Ki-6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nakajima_Ki-6.jpg/220px-Nakajima_Ki-6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coastal Air Freight Fokker Super Universal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FokkerSupUnivCAF_%284533345043%29.jpg/220px-FokkerSupUnivCAF_%284533345043%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fokker Super Universal 3-view drawing from L'Aérophile August,1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fokker_Super_Universal_3-view_L%27A%C3%A9rophile_August%2C1928.png/220px-Fokker_Super_Universal_3-view_L%27A%C3%A9rophile_August%2C1928.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fokker Super Universal (U.S.)\". www.dutch-aviation.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dutch-aviation.nl/index5/Civil/index5-2%20Fokker%20Super%20Universal.html","url_text":"\"Fokker Super Universal (U.S.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fokker Super Universal, CF-AAM\". Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190203091514/http://royalaviationmuseum.com/featured-slide-1","url_text":"\"Fokker Super Universal, CF-AAM\""},{"url":"http://royalaviationmuseum.com/featured-slide-1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._county_name_etymologies_(J%E2%80%93M)
List of U.S. county name etymologies (J–M)
["1 J","2 K","3 L","4 M","5 See also","6 References"]
This is a list of U.S. county name etymologies, covering the letters J to M. J County name State Name origin Jack County Texas Patrick Churchill Jack and his brother William Houston Jack, both soldiers of the Texas Revolution Jackson County Alabama Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States Jackson County Arkansas Jackson County Colorado Jackson County Florida Jackson County Illinois Jackson County Indiana Jackson County Iowa Jackson County Kansas Jackson County Kentucky Jackson County Michigan Jackson County Minnesota Jackson County Mississippi Jackson County Missouri Jackson County North Carolina Jackson County Ohio Jackson County Oklahoma Jackson County Oregon Jackson County Tennessee Jackson County Texas Jackson County West Virginia Jackson County Wisconsin Jackson Parish Louisiana Jackson County Georgia James Jackson, a U.S. Congressman and the 23rd Governor of Georgia Jackson County South Dakota J.R. Jackson, a legislator of the Dakota Territory James City County Virginia Named for James City (Virginia Company) (one of four incorporations of the Virginia Colony), itself named for James I of England by his son, King Charles I Jasper County Georgia William Jasper, a hero of the Battle of Sullivan's Island during the American Revolutionary War Jasper County Illinois Jasper County Indiana Jasper County Iowa Jasper County Mississippi Jasper County Missouri Jasper County South Carolina Jasper County Texas Jay County Indiana John Jay, the first U.S. Secretary of State and first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Jeff Davis County Georgia Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States Jeff Davis County Texas Jefferson County Alabama Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States Jefferson County Arkansas Jefferson County Florida Jefferson County Georgia Jefferson County Idaho Jefferson County Illinois Jefferson County Indiana Jefferson County Iowa Jefferson County Kansas Jefferson County Kentucky Jefferson County Mississippi Jefferson County Missouri Jefferson County Montana Jefferson County Nebraska Jefferson County New York Jefferson County Ohio Jefferson County Oklahoma Jefferson County Oregon Jefferson County Pennsylvania Jefferson County Tennessee Jefferson County Texas Jefferson County Washington Jefferson County West Virginia Jefferson County Wisconsin Jefferson Parish Louisiana Jefferson County Colorado Named for the extralegal Jefferson Territory (itself named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson), of which the county was a part from 1859 to 1861 Jefferson Davis County Mississippi Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States Jefferson Davis Parish Louisiana Jenkins County Georgia Charles Jones Jenkins, the 44th Governor of Georgia Jennings County Indiana Jonathan Jennings, the first Governor of Indiana Jerauld County South Dakota H.A. Jerauld, a legislator of the Dakota Territory Jerome County Idaho Named for the town of Jerome, Idaho, named in turn for Jerome Hill, an investor in the North Side Twin Falls Canal Company. Jersey County Illinois The U.S. state of New Jersey Jessamine County Kentucky Named for Jessamine Creek, so called because of the jasmine plants that grow next to it. Jewell County Kansas Colonel Lewis R. Jewell of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry Regiment Jim Hogg County Texas James Hogg, the 20th Governor of Texas Jim Wells County Texas James B. Wells Jr., a judge and Democratic boss in South Texas Jo Daviess County Illinois Joseph Hamilton Daveiss, a soldier killed at the Battle of Tippecanoe Johnson County Arkansas Ben Johnson, a judge in the Arkansas Territory Johnson County Georgia Herschel Vespasian Johnson, a U.S. Senator and the 41st Governor of Georgia Johnson County Illinois Richard Mentor Johnson, a U.S. Congressman and the 9th Vice President of the United States Johnson County Iowa Johnson County Kentucky Johnson County Missouri Johnson County Nebraska Johnson County Indiana John Johnson, a judge of the Indiana Supreme Court Johnson County Kansas Thomas Johnson, an early Methodist missionary to the Shawnee tribe in Kansas Johnson County Tennessee Thomas Johnson, an early settler of the area Johnson County Texas Middleton Johnson, a Texas Ranger, soldier, and politician Johnson County Wyoming E. P. Johnson, a Cheyenne attorney Johnston County North Carolina Gabriel Johnston, the 6th Colonial Governor of North Carolina Johnston County Oklahoma Douglas H. Johnston, the last governor of the Chickasaw Nation Jones County Georgia James Jones, a U.S. Representative from Georgia Jones County Iowa George Wallace Jones, one of the first two U.S. senators to represent Iowa Jones County South Dakota Jones County Mississippi John Paul Jones, commander of the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War Jones County North Carolina Willie Jones, a Revolutionary leader and president of the North Carolina Council of Safety Jones County Texas Anson Jones, the last President of the Republic of Texas Josephine County Oregon Named for a creek, itself probably named after Virginia Josephine Rollins Ort Juab County Utah A Ute word meaning "valley" or "plain" Judith Basin County Montana Named by explorer William Clark for his future wife, Julia "Judith" Hancock Juneau County Wisconsin Solomon Juneau, a French-Canadian trader who helped found and was the first mayor of Milwaukee Juneau City and Borough Alaska Joseph Juneau, a Canadian gold prospector who co-founded the city of Juneau Juniata County Pennsylvania An Iroquoian word, onayutta, meaning "standing stone" K County name State Name origin Kalamazoo County Michigan The Kalamazoo River which runs through it, itself of uncertain origin: see Etymology of Kalamazoo Kalawao County Hawaii Hawaiian kalawao, "mountain-side wild woods." Kalkaska County Michigan A word invented by Henry Schoolcraft, whose family name was Calcraft; the "K"s may have been added to make the name appear more like a Native American word Kanabec County Minnesota The Snake River which runs through it, itself named for an Ojibwe word, Ginebig, meaning "snake" Kanawha County West Virginia The Kanawha River which runs through it, itself named for an Iroquoian word, ka(ih)nawha, meaning "waterway" or "canoe way" Kandiyohi County Minnesota Dakota name for several lakes, meaning "where the buffalo fish come" Kane County Illinois Elias Kane, a U.S. Senator and the first Illinois Secretary of State Kane County Utah Thomas L. Kane, a Union general during the American Civil War and an influential supporter of the Latter-day Saint movement Kankakee County Illinois A Miami Indian word, teeyaahkiki, meaning "open country" Karnes County Texas Henry Karnes, a soldier of the Texas Revolution Kauaʻi County Hawaii Its largest island, Kauaʻi, itself named for a son of the legendary discoverer of the Hawaiʻian Islands and possibly meaning "place around the neck" or "food season" Kaufman County Texas David Spangler Kaufman, a legislator and diplomat of the Republic of Texas and later a U.S. Congressman Kay County Oklahoma The letter "K", from its designation as "County K" before names were assigned Kearney County Nebraska Fort Kearny, itself named for General Stephen Watts Kearny Kearny County Kansas Stephen Watts Kearny, a general of the U.S. Army active on the American frontier during the Mexican–American War Keith County Nebraska M. C. Keith, a local rancher Kemper County Mississippi Reuben Kemper, an early settler of the area who rebelled against Spanish rule in Spanish West Florida Kenai Peninsula Borough Alaska Kenai Peninsula, a headland named for the Athabascan people, Kahtnuht’ana Dena’ina ("People along the Kahtnu (Kenai River)"). Kendall County Illinois Amos Kendall, the editor of an influential Frankfort, Kentucky newspaper who served as the 8th U.S. Postmaster General and an important adviser to President Andrew Jackson Kendall County Texas George Wilkins Kendall, a journalist and Mexican–American War correspondent Kenedy County Texas Mifflin Kenedy, an early rancher and businessman in South Texas Kennebec County Maine An Eastern Abenaki word, /kínipekʷ/, meaning "large body of still water" Kenosha County Wisconsin A Chippewa word meaning "pickerel", a type of fish Kent County Delaware Kent, a county in England Kent County Maryland Kent County Rhode Island Kent County Michigan James Kent, a jurist who represented Michigan Territory in its dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip Kent County Texas Andrew Kent, who died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution Kenton County Kentucky Simon Kenton, a frontiersman and soldier in the Ohio River region Keokuk County Iowa Keokuk, chief of the Sauk tribe Kern County California Edward Kern, an artist and cartographer who accompanied General John C. Frémont's third and fourth expeditions to the Western United States Kerr County Texas James Kerr, an early settler and legislator of the Republic of Texas Kershaw County South Carolina Joseph B. Kershaw, a lawyer, South Carolina legislator, and Confederate general during the American Civil War Ketchikan Gateway Borough Alaska Tlingit Kichx̱áan (Kitschk-hin), meaning "the river belonging to Kitschk" or "Thundering Wings of an Eagle." Kewaunee County Wisconsin Disputed; probably a Chippewa term meaning either "prairie hen" or "I cross a point of land by boat" Keweenaw County Michigan An Ojibwe word, kee-wi-wai-non-ing, which means "portage" or "place where portage is made" Keya Paha County Nebraska Dakota language words Ké-ya Pa-há Wa-kpá, meaning "turtle hill river" Kidder County North Dakota Jefferson Parish Kidder, a U.S. Congressman who represented the Dakota Territory Kimball County Nebraska Thomas L. Kimball, an official of the Union Pacific Railroad Kimble County Texas George C. Kimble, who died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution King County Texas William Philip King, who died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution King County Washington William Rufus King, a U.S. Congressman and the 13th Vice President of the United States; "renamed" in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. (no relation) in 2005 King George County Virginia George I of Great Britain King William Virginia William III of England King and Queen County Virginia King William III of England and Queen Mary II of England Kingfisher County Oklahoma Unknown; possibly for a local rancher named David King Fisher, a rancher named John Fisher, or two different settlers named King and Fisher; later given additional currency in association with the belted kingfisher bird Kingman County Kansas Samuel A. Kingman, who was Chief Justice of Kansas at the time of its creation Kings County California The Kings River, itself originally named Río de los Santos Reyes ("River of the Holy Kings") Kings County New York King Charles II of England Kingsbury County South Dakota George W. Kingsbury and T.A. Kingsbury, two brothers who were members of several territorial legislatures Kinney County Texas Henry Lawrence Kinney, an early settler of Texas Kiowa County Colorado The Kiowa people, a Native American tribe Kiowa County Kansas Kiowa County Oklahoma Kit Carson County Colorado Kit Carson, a frontiersman, explorer, and U.S. Army officer active across much of the American frontier Kitsap County Washington Chief Kitsap of the Suquamish tribe Kittitas County Washington Unknown; probably a Yakama word with any of numerous different meanings Kittson County Minnesota Norman Kittson, a Canadian fur trader, railroad entrepreneur, and mayor of St. Paul Klamath County Oregon The Klamath people, a Native American tribe Kleberg County Texas Robert J. Kleberg, an early settler and veteran of the Texas Revolution Klickitat County Washington The Klickitat people, a Native American tribe Knott County Kentucky James Proctor Knott, the 29th Governor of Kentucky Knox County Illinois Henry Knox, a general during the American Revolutionary War and the first U.S. Secretary of War Knox County Indiana Knox County Kentucky Knox County Maine Knox County Missouri Knox County Nebraska Knox County Ohio Knox County Tennessee Knox County Texas Kodiak Island Borough Alaska Kodiak Island, from Alutiiq qikertaq, "island." Koochiching County Minnesota An Ojibwe or Cree word meaning "at the place of inlets", referring to the nearby Rainy Lake and Rainy River Kootenai County Idaho The Kootenay people, a Native American tribe Kosciusko County Indiana Tadeusz Kościuszko, a Polish ally of the Americans during the Revolutionary War Kossuth County Iowa Lajos Kossuth, the Governor-President of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Revolution of 1848 who went into exile in the United States Kusilvak Census Area Alaska The Kusilvak Mountains L County name State Name origin La Crosse County Wisconsin Early explorer Zebulon Pike saw the Indians playing a game similar to Lacrosse, a French game called such because the rackets resembled a bishop's crozier. LaMoure County North Dakota Named for Judson LaMoure of who served many terms in the Dakota and North Dakota legislatures La Paz County Arizona Named for a ghost town within the county, itself named for the Spanish word meaning "peace" La Plata County Colorado The La Plata Mountains, which were named by Spanish explorers of the Domínguez–Escalante expedition for their reputed silver ore; la plata is Spanish for "silver" La Porte County Indiana French for "the door" or "the port" LaSalle County Illinois René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, an early French explorer of the Mississippi River La Salle County Texas La Salle Parish Louisiana Labette County Kansas LaBette Creek which runs through it, itself named for French-Canadian fur trapper Pierre LaBette, who settled near the creek's mouth Lac qui Parle County Minnesota French for "lake that speaks" Lackawanna County Pennsylvania Lenape word for "stream that forks" Laclede County Missouri Pierre Laclède, a French fur trader who co-founded the city of St. Louis Lafayette County Arkansas Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who played a major role in the American Revolutionary War Lafayette County Florida Lafayette County Mississippi Lafayette County Missouri Lafayette County Wisconsin Lafayette Parish Louisiana Lafourche Parish Louisiana Bayou Lafourche (French: "the fork") Lagrange County Indiana Named for the home of the Marquis de Lafayette outside of Paris, France Lake County California Clear Lake, which dominates the county Lake County Colorado Twin Lakes, two mountain lakes (now a reservoir) located just south of Leadville Lake County Florida Named for the large number of lakes within the county Lake County Oregon Named for the large number of lakes within the county, including Lake Abert, Summer Lake, Hart Lake, and Goose Lake Lake County South Dakota Named for the large number of lakes within the county Lake County Illinois Named for its location on Lake Michigan Lake County Indiana Lake County Michigan Named for the several small lakes within the county Lake County Minnesota Named for its location on Lake Superior Lake County Montana Flathead Lake, which dominates the county Lake County Ohio Named for its location on Lake Erie Lake County Tennessee Reelfoot Lake, the county's most significant geographic feature along with the Mississippi River Lake and Peninsula Borough Alaska Iliamna Lake and the Alaska Peninsula Lake of the Woods County Minnesota Lake of the Woods, which dominates the county Lamar County Alabama Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, a U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Interior, and Supreme Court justice Lamar County Georgia Lamar County Mississippi Lamar County Texas Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second President of the Republic of Texas Lamb County Texas George A. Lamb, who died in the Battle of San Jacinto during the Texas Revolution Lamoille County Vermont Undocumented; possibly a misspelling of the intended name of Lake Champlain, or the French la moelle, meaning "the marrow" Lampasas County Texas Undocumented; possibly for the Lampasas River, the old Lampazos mission in Mexico, or the Spanish name for any of several plants in the vicinity Lancaster County Nebraska Named after the cities of Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Lancaster, England Lancaster County Pennsylvania Lancashire, a county in England Lancaster County South Carolina Lancaster, Pennsylvania Lancaster County Virginia Lander County Nevada Frederick W. Lander, the chief engineer of a federal wagon route through the area Lane County Kansas James H. Lane, a leader of the Jayhawker abolitionist movement who served as one of the first U.S. senators from Kansas Lane County Oregon Joseph Lane, the first Governor of the Oregon Territory Langlade County Wisconsin Charles Langlade, a fur merchant and one of the first settlers of Wisconsin Lanier County Georgia Sidney Lanier, a Georgia poet Lapeer County Michigan From the French "la pierre", meaning "flint" or "flint stone" Laramie County Wyoming Jacques La Ramee, a French-Canadian fur trader Larimer County Colorado William Larimer Jr., the founder of Denver LaRue County Kentucky John LaRue, an early settler of the area Las Animas County Colorado The Purgatoire River, which was once known as the Río de las Animas Perdidas en Purgatorio, Spanish for "River of Souls Lost in Purgatory" Lassen County California Peter Lassen, one of General John C. Frémont's guides Latah County Idaho Nez Perce for "the place of pine trees and pestle" Latimer County Oklahoma J.S. Latimer, a member of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention Lauderdale County Alabama Colonel James Lauderdale, who died during the first Battle of New Orleans Lauderdale County Mississippi Lauderdale County Tennessee Laurel County Kentucky Named for the mountain laurel trees common in the area Laurens County Georgia Colonel John Laurens, a soldier and statesman during the American Revolutionary War Laurens County South Carolina Henry Laurens, president of the Continental Congress Lavaca County Texas The Lavaca River, itself originally called Les Veches by early French explorers for the wild buffalo that grazed its banks, which was later translated to the Spanish La Vaca, meaning "the cattle" Lawrence County Alabama James Lawrence, a captain in the United States Navy and hero of the War of 1812 Lawrence County Arkansas Lawrence County Illinois Lawrence County Indiana Lawrence County Kentucky Lawrence County Mississippi Lawrence County Missouri Lawrence County Ohio Lawrence County Tennessee Lawrence County Pennsylvania USS Lawrence, Oliver Hazard Perry's original flagship at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812 Lawrence County South Dakota "Colonel" John Lawrence, who came to the county as first treasurer after serving in the Dakota Territorial Legislature Le Flore County Oklahoma A prominent local family of Choctaw/French descent Le Sueur County Minnesota Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, a French explorer Lea County New Mexico Joseph Calloway Lea, a captain in the U.S. Army and founder of the New Mexico Military Academy Leake County Mississippi Walter Leake, the Governor of Mississippi Leavenworth County Kansas Colonel Henry Leavenworth, who established the original Fort Leavenworth Lebanon County Pennsylvania A Biblical name meaning "white mountain" Lee County Alabama Robert E. Lee, the highest-ranking general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War Lee County Arkansas Lee County Florida Lee County Mississippi Lee County North Carolina Lee County South Carolina Lee County Texas Lee County Georgia Richard Henry Lee, a Virginia statesman who proposed in the Continental Congress that the colonies declare themselves free and independent, leading to the Declaration of Independence Lee County Illinois Lee County Iowa Uncertain; possibly Robert E. Lee, who surveyed the Des Moines Rapids; William Elliot Lee, a land dealer who owned an area of Iowa that included the future county; Marsh, Delevan & Lee of New York, who owned interests in the Half-Breed Tract; or Albert Miller Lea, who surveyed the interior of Iowa Lee County Kentucky Uncertain; either Robert E. Lee or his father, General Light-Horse Harry Lee, the 9th Governor of Virginia Lee County Virginia General Light-Horse Harry Lee, the 9th Governor of Virginia and father of Robert E. Lee Leelanau County Michigan Invented by Henry Schoolcraft, who gave the name "Leelinau" to some Native American women in his stories Leflore County Mississippi Greenwood LeFlore, a Choctaw leader Lehigh County Pennsylvania Derived from the Delaware Indian term Lechauweki or Lechauwekink, meaning "where there are forks" Lemhi County Idaho King Limhi, a figure in the Book of Mormon Lenawee County Michigan Derived from either the Delaware leno or lenno or the Shawnee lenawai, meaning "man" Lenoir County North Carolina William Lenoir, an officer in the American Revolutionary War Leon County Florida Juan Ponce de León, a Spanish explorer Leon County Texas Martín De León, the founder of Victoria, Texas Leslie County Kentucky Preston H. Leslie, the 26th Governor of Kentucky Letcher County Kentucky Robert P. Letcher, the 15th Governor of Kentucky Levy County Florida David Levy Yulee, an industrialist and U.S. Senator Lewis County Idaho Meriwether Lewis, a co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis County Kentucky Lewis County Missouri Lewis County Tennessee Lewis County Washington Lewis County New York Morgan Lewis, the third Governor of New York Lewis County West Virginia Colonel Charles Lewis, a soldier and pioneer leader Lewis and Clark County Montana Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, who undertook the first expedition across the interior of the United States to the Pacific coast City of Lexington Virginia The Battle of Lexington, fought in Lexington, Massachusetts during the American Revolutionary War Lexington County South Carolina Liberty County Florida Named for the philosophical ideal Liberty County Georgia Liberty County Montana Liberty County Texas Licking County Ohio The Licking River, the etymology of which is highly conjectural Limestone County Alabama Limestone Creek, itself named for the fact that it flows over limestone bedrock Limestone County Texas From the numerous limestone deposits in the area Lincoln County Arkansas Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States Lincoln County Colorado Lincoln County Idaho Lincoln County Kansas Lincoln County Minnesota Lincoln County Mississippi Lincoln County Montana Lincoln County Nebraska Lincoln County Nevada Lincoln County New Mexico Lincoln County Oklahoma Lincoln County Oregon Lincoln County Washington Lincoln County West Virginia Lincoln County Wisconsin Lincoln County Wyoming Lincoln Parish Louisiana Lincoln County Georgia Benjamin Lincoln, a leading general in the American Revolutionary War and the first U.S. Secretary of War Lincoln County Kentucky Lincoln County Missouri Lincoln County North Carolina Lincoln County Tennessee Lincoln County Maine The city of Lincoln, England Lincoln County South Dakota Named after Lincoln County, Maine Linn County Iowa Lewis F. Linn, a U.S. Senator who represented Missouri Linn County Kansas Linn County Missouri Linn County Oregon Lipscomb County Texas Abner Smith Lipscomb, a judge and Secretary of State of the Republic of Texas Litchfield County Connecticut The city of Litchfield, England Little River County Arkansas The Little River, which forms part of the county boundary Live Oak County Texas The Texas live oak tree under which the petition for a new county was signed Livingston County Illinois Edward Livingston, the 46th mayor of New York City, a U.S. Congressman and the 11th U.S. Secretary of State Livingston County Kentucky Livingston County Michigan Livingston County Missouri Livingston Parish Louisiana Livingston County New York Robert R. Livingston, one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence and the first Chancellor of New York Llano County Texas The Llano River, itself named for the Spanish llano, meaning "plains" Logan County Arkansas Logan County Colorado John A. Logan, a U.S. Congressman and Union general during the American Civil War Logan County Kansas Logan County Nebraska Logan County North Dakota Logan County Oklahoma Logan County Illinois Dr. John Logan, a pioneer physician and father of General John A. Logan Logan County Kentucky Benjamin Logan, a general and advocate for Kentucky's statehood in the Virginia legislature Logan County Ohio Logan County West Virginia Logan, a famous chief of the Mingo tribe Long County Georgia Dr. Crawford W. Long, a pioneer anesthesiologist Lonoke County Arkansas For a "lone oak" tree landmark Lorain County Ohio The province of Lorraine, France Los Alamos County New Mexico Los Alamos Ranch School, via Los Alamos National Laboratory, itself named for the Spanish los alamos, meaning "the cottonwoods" Los Angeles County California Spanish for "the angels", originally Pueblo del Río de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula ("Town of the River of Our Lady, Queen of the Angels") Loudon County Tennessee Fort Loudoun, itself named for John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun Loudoun County Virginia John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun, a commander of British forces during the French and Indian Wars Louisa County Iowa Louisa Massey, an Iowa townswoman who avenged the murder of her brother Louisa County Virginia Princess Louise of Great Britain, the youngest surviving daughter of George II of Great Britain Loup County Nebraska The Loup River, from the French word for "wolf" Love County Oklahoma Overton Love, a member of a Chickasaw family Loving County Texas Oliver Loving, a cattle rancher and pioneer of the cattle drive Lowndes County Alabama William Jones Lowndes, a lawyer and U.S. Congressman from South Carolina Lowndes County Georgia Lowndes County Mississippi Lubbock County Texas Thomas Saltus Lubbock, a Texas Ranger and Confederate soldier during the American Civil War Lucas County Iowa Robert Lucas, the first Governor of the Iowa Territory and the 12th Governor of Ohio Lucas County Ohio Luce County Michigan Cyrus G. Luce, the 21st Governor of Michigan Lumpkin County Georgia Wilson Lumpkin, a U.S. Congressman and the 35th Governor of Georgia Luna County New Mexico Solomon Luna, a rancher and political figure Lunenburg County Virginia The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, an historical polity in northwestern Germany Luzerne County Pennsylvania Anne-César, Chevalier de la Luzerne, French minister to the United States during the American Revolutionary War Lycoming County Pennsylvania Delaware Indian word meaning "sandy creek" or "gravelly creek" Lyman County South Dakota W.P. Lyman, a legislator of the Dakota Territory City of Lynchburg Virginia John Lynch, who founded the first European settlement at the site Lynn County Texas William Lynn, a soldier believed to have died defending the Alamo Lyon County Iowa Nathaniel Lyon, the first Union general killed in the American Civil War Lyon County Kansas Lyon County Kentucky Lyon County Minnesota Lyon County Nevada M County name State Name origin Mackinac County Michigan Named for the French interpretation of a Native American word meaning "great turtle", referring to the shape of nearby Mackinac Island as seen from a distance Macomb County Michigan Alexander Macomb, a hero of the War of 1812 and later the Commanding General of the United States Army Macon County Alabama Nathaniel Macon, a U.S. Congressman and President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate Macon County Georgia Macon County Illinois Macon County Missouri Macon County North Carolina Macon County Tennessee Macoupin County Illinois Miami-Illinois term for the American lotus Madera County California Spanish word for "wood", as lumbering was a major industry in the county at the time Madison County Alabama James Madison, the 4th President of the United States Madison County Arkansas Madison County Florida Madison County Georgia Madison County Idaho Madison County Illinois Madison County Indiana Madison County Iowa Madison County Kentucky Madison County Mississippi Madison County Missouri Madison County New York Madison County North Carolina Madison County Ohio Madison County Tennessee Madison County Texas Madison County Virginia Madison Parish Louisiana Madison County Montana The Madison River, itself named for James Madison Madison County Nebraska Madison, the capital of Wisconsin and the origin of most early settlers in the county, which was itself named for James Madison Magoffin County Kentucky Beriah Magoffin, the 21st Governor of Kentucky Mahaska County Iowa Chief Mahaska of the Iowa tribe Mahnomen County Minnesota Ojibwe word for wild rice Mahoning County Ohio Lenape word meaning "salt licks" Major County Oklahoma John C. Major, a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention Malheur County Oregon The Malheur River which runs through it, itself named after the French word for "misfortune", referring to the unfortunate circumstance that some beaver furs cached near the river by early French Canadian voyageurs were stolen by local Indians City of Manassas Virginia Manassas Junction, of uncertain origin; perhaps after a Jewish pedlar named Manasseh City of Manassas Park Virginia Manatee County Florida The West Indian manatee, an aquatic mammal native to the Florida coast Manistee County Michigan The Manistee River, itself derived from a Native American word which means "river at whose mouth there are islands" Manitowoc County Wisconsin Ojibwe manidoowaak, "spirit place" Maʻopūtasi County American Samoa Samoan for "the only house of chiefs" Marathon County Wisconsin Named for the Battle of Marathon, a famous battle of the Greco-Persian Wars in ancient Greece Marengo County Alabama Named for the Battle of Marengo, fought in Italy during the Napoleonic-era War of the Second Coalition Maricopa County Arizona The Maricopa people, a Native American tribe Maries County Missouri Probably a corruption of the French word marais, meaning "marsh" Marin County California Disputed; possibly named for Chief Marin of the Licatiut tribe or for the bay called Bahia de Nuestra Senora del Rosario la Marinera Marinette County Wisconsin A corrupted form of Marie Antoinette, whose nickname "Marinette" was applied to Marguerite Chevalier, after whom the original town was actually named Marion County Alabama Francis Marion, a Continental Army officer nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his activity in the Southern Theater of the American Revolutionary War Marion County Arkansas Marion County Florida Marion County Georgia Marion County Illinois Marion County Indiana Marion County Iowa Marion County Kentucky Marion County Mississippi Marion County Missouri Marion County Ohio Marion County Oregon Marion County South Carolina Marion County Tennessee Marion County Texas Marion County West Virginia Marion County Kansas Named after Marion County, Ohio Mariposa County California Spanish for "butterfly", as Spanish explorers encountered large clusters of butterflies where they named Mariposa Creek Marlboro County South Carolina John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, an English soldier and statesman Marquette County Michigan Père Jacques Marquette, a French Jesuit missionary and one of the first Europeans to explore and map the upper Mississippi River Marquette County Wisconsin Marshall County Alabama John Marshall, the 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the 4th U.S. Secretary of State Marshall County Illinois Marshall County Indiana Marshall County Iowa Marshall County Kentucky Marshall County Mississippi Marshall County Tennessee Marshall County West Virginia Marshall County Kansas Francis J. Marshall, a military officer who established a ferry there and a member of the first state legislature Marshall County Minnesota William Rainey Marshall, the 5th Governor of Minnesota Marshall County Oklahoma The maiden name of the mother of George A. Henshaw, a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention Marshall County South Dakota Marshall Vincent, a county resident Martin County Florida John W. Martin, the 24th Governor of Florida Martin County Indiana John T. Martin of Kentucky Martin County Kentucky John Preston Martin, a U.S. Congressman and state legislator Martin County Minnesota Uncertain; either Henry Martin, a prominent landowner, or Morgan Lewis Martin, a U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin who introduced a bill for the organization of the Minnesota Territory Martin County North Carolina Josiah Martin, the last colonial governor of North Carolina Martin County Texas Wylie Martin, an early settler of the region City of Martinsville Virginia Joseph Martin, a general in the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War and the city's founder Mason County Illinois Named for Mason County, Kentucky Mason County Kentucky George Mason, a Founding Father largely responsible for the Bill of Rights Mason County West Virginia Mason County Michigan Stevens T. Mason, the first Governor of Michigan Mason County Texas Fort Mason, itself named for George Thomson Mason, a U.S. Army lieutenant killed during the Mexican–American War Mason County Washington C.H. Mason, the first secretary of the Washington Territory Massac County Illinois Claude Louis d'Espinchal, marquis de Massiac, a French Naval Minister Matagorda County Texas Spanish for "thick bush", after the canebrakes that once lined the Gulf of Mexico coastline Matanuska-Susitna Borough Alaska Matanuska River and Susitna River Mathews County Virginia Thomas Mathews, a state legislator Maui County Hawaii Named after Maui, the largest and most populous of the five islands that make up the county Maury County Tennessee Abram Poindexter Maury, Sr., a pioneer, farmer, and state senator Maverick County Texas Samuel Augustus Maverick, a lawyer and rancher whose stubborn independence, allegedly for refusing to brand his cattle, is the origin of the word "maverick" Mayes County Oklahoma Named for a prominent family and two chiefs of the Cherokee Nation McClain County Oklahoma Charles M. McClain, a member of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention McCone County Montana George McCone, a state senator McCook County South Dakota Edwin McCook, a Union Army officer during the American Civil War and Secretary of the Dakota Territory McCormick County South Carolina Cyrus McCormick, a businessman often credited as the inventor of the mechanical reaper McCracken County Kentucky Virgil McCracken, a hero of the War of 1812 McCreary County Kentucky James B. McCreary, the 27th and 37th Governor of Kentucky McCulloch County Texas Benjamin McCulloch, a Texas Ranger and Confederate general during the American Civil War McCurtain County Oklahoma Named for three brothers who were each principal chiefs of the Choctaw Nation McDonald County Missouri Alexander McDonald, a soldier during the American Revolutionary War McDonough County Illinois Thomas Macdonough, a naval officer and hero of the War of 1812 who defeated the British on Lake Champlain during the Battle of Plattsburgh McDowell County North Carolina Joseph McDowell Jr., an officer during the American Revolutionary War and later a U.S. Congressman McDowell County West Virginia James McDowell, the 29th Governor of Virginia McDuffie County Georgia George McDuffie, the 55th Governor of South Carolina McHenry County Illinois William McHenry, a military officer in the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War and a state legislator McHenry County North Dakota James McHenry, an early settler McIntosh County Georgia The McIntosh clan, which pioneered the area McIntosh County North Dakota Edward H. McIntosh, a member of the state legislature McIntosh County Oklahoma A prominent family of the Creek Nation McKean County Pennsylvania Thomas McKean, the 2nd President of Delaware and the 2nd Governor of Pennsylvania McKenzie County North Dakota Alexander McKenzie, a powerful political leader McKinley County New Mexico President William McKinley McLean County Illinois John McLean, first representative in Congress from Illinois and U.S. Senator McLean County Kentucky Judge Alney McLean, an officer in the War of 1812 McLean County North Dakota John A. McLean, a prominent citizen and the first mayor of Bismarck McLennan County Texas Neil McLennan, an early settler McLeod County Minnesota Martin McLeod, a pioneer fur trader and member of the council in the territorial legislature McMinn County Tennessee Joseph McMinn, speaker of the state senate and governor of Tennessee McMullen County Texas John McMullen, an Irish founder of a colony in Texas McNairy County Tennessee John McNairy, a Constitutional Convention delegate and U.S. district judge for Tennessee McPherson County Kansas Major-General James Birdseye McPherson, who was killed in the Civil War McPherson County Nebraska McPherson County South Dakota Meade County Kansas Major-General George C. Meade Meade County South Dakota Meade County Kentucky Capt. James Meade, a hero of the War of 1812 Meagher County Montana Thomas Francis Meagher, acting Governor of the Montana Territory Mecklenburg County North Carolina The German state of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Could also be named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg, queen consort of George III of Great Britain. Mecklenburg County Virginia Charlotte of Mecklenburg Mecosta County Michigan Potawatomi chief Mecosta Medina County Ohio The county was named for the Arabian city of Medina, the former home of the Islamic faith's prophet Mohammed Medina County Texas The Medina River, itself named after Pedro Medina, a Spanish engineer Meeker County Minnesota Bradley B. Meeker, jurist and member of the territorial legislature Meigs County Ohio Return J. Meigs Jr., the 4th Governor of Ohio and 8th Postmaster General Meigs County Tennessee Return J. Meigs Sr., an officer in the Continental Army Mellette County South Dakota Arthur C. Mellette, the first governor of South Dakota and the last governor of Dakota Territory. Menard County Illinois Pierre Menard, the first Lieutenant Governor of Illinois Menard County Texas Michel Branamour Menard, the founder of Galveston, Texas Mendocino County California Attributive form of the Spanish surname Mendoza, for either Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, or Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, another Viceroy, after Cape Mendocino Menifee County Kentucky Richard Hickman Menefee, a U.S. Congressman Menominee County Michigan The Menominee, who lived in the vicinity, "Menominee" means "rice men" or "rice gatherers" Menominee County Wisconsin For the coterminous Menominee Indian Reservation Merced County California Spanish for "mercy", from the Merced River, named by a traveler after a long dusty journey Mercer County Illinois Hugh Mercer, an officer in the Continental Army killed in the Battle of Princeton Mercer County Kentucky Mercer County New Jersey Mercer County Ohio Mercer County Pennsylvania Mercer County West Virginia Mercer County Missouri John F. Mercer, a Revolutionary War general Mercer County North Dakota William Henry Harrison Mercer, an early rancher Meriwether County Georgia General David Meriwether, who served in the Revolutionary War and was a state legislator and a member of congress Merrick County Nebraska Elvira Merrick, wife of Henry W. DePuy, a territorial legislator Merrimack County New Hampshire The Merrimack River, probably of Native American origin, but conjectural Mesa County Colorado Named for Grand Mesa, a large flat-topped geologic formation near Grand Junction Metcalfe County Kentucky Thomas Metcalfe, officer in the War of 1812, and Kentucky governor Miami County Indiana The Miami people, a Native American tribe Miami County Kansas Miami County Ohio Miami-Dade County Florida An amalgamation of: Miami, named after the Miami River, which in turn is believed to be derived from the Mayaimi, a Native American tribe that lived in South Florida until the 18th century Dade County, Florida, named after Major Francis L. Dade, a soldier killed in 1835 in the Second Seminole War Middlesex County Connecticut Middlesex, one of the historic counties of England Middlesex County Massachusetts Middlesex County New Jersey Middlesex County Virginia Midland County Michigan For its location near the geographical center of the Lower Peninsula Midland County Texas For its location midway between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railroad Mifflin County Pennsylvania The first governor of Pennsylvania, Thomas Mifflin Milam County Texas Benjamin Rush Milam, an early Texas colonizer and soldier killed in the Texas Revolution Millard County Utah President Millard Fillmore Mille Lacs County Minnesota French for "thousand lakes" Miller County Arkansas James Miller, the first governor of the Arkansas Territory and a Brigadier General during the War of 1812. Miller County Georgia Judge Andrew J. Miller, who served as a commander of the Oglethorpe Infantry Miller County Missouri John Miller, governor of Missouri Mills County Iowa named for Major Frederick Mills, killed in the Mexican–American War. Mills County Texas John T. Mills, an early judge in Texas Milwaukee County Wisconsin uncertain, but believed to be from a Potawatomi word "Mahnawaukee-Seepe" meaning "gathering place by the river." Miner County South Dakota named for territorial legislators Nelson Miner and Ephriam Miner. Mineral County Colorado Named for the economically valuable mineral resources found in the county Mineral County Montana Mineral County Nevada Mineral County West Virginia Mingo County West Virginia Named for the Mingo Indian tribe Minidoka County Idaho Derived from a Dakota Sioux word meaning "a fountain or spring of water" Minnehaha County South Dakota Derived from a Native American word meaning "river waterfall" Missaukee County Michigan Named for Ottawa chief Missaukee Mississippi County Arkansas The Mississippi River, itself named after the Ojibwe term for "great river" Mississippi County Missouri Missoula County Montana A contraction of the Flathead word im-i-sul-e-etiku, meaning "near the place of fear" Mitchell County Georgia Uncertain; either Henry Mitchell, a hero of the American Revolutionary War and president of the state senate, or David Brydie Mitchell, governor Mitchell County Iowa Named by Irish settlers for John Mitchel (sic), an Irish nationalist who escaped to the U.S. Mitchell County Kansas William D. Mitchell, a Union Army officer killed during the American Civil War Mitchell County North Carolina Elisha Mitchell, an explorer of Mount Mitchell Mitchell County Texas Asa and Eli Mitchell, early settlers of Stephen F. Austin's colony Mobile County Alabama From the Muskhogean name for the town of Mauvila, found by the first explorers Modoc County California The Modoc people, a Native American tribe Moffat County Colorado David Moffat, a railroad tycoon and banker Mohave County Arizona The Mohave people, a Native American tribe Moniteau County Missouri French spelling of an Indian word meaning "spirit of God" Monmouth County New Jersey Monmouthshire, a county in southeast Wales Mono County California Mono Lake, itself named for an Indian tribe, possibly from monachie, meaning "fly people", referring to an insect that formed part of their diet Monona County Iowa Disputed; possibly the name of a legendary bereaved Indian girl who leaped into the Mississippi River, or the name of an Indian divinity, or an Ottawa word meaning "beautiful land" Monongalia County West Virginia Variant spelling of the Monongahela River, which means "unstable river banks" Monroe County Alabama James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States Monroe County Arkansas Monroe County Florida Monroe County Georgia Monroe County Illinois Monroe County Indiana Monroe County Iowa Monroe County Kentucky Monroe County Michigan Monroe County Mississippi Monroe County Missouri Monroe County New York Monroe County Ohio Monroe County Pennsylvania Monroe County Tennessee Monroe County West Virginia Monroe County Wisconsin Montague County Texas Daniel Montague, a state senator and early surveyor of the county Montcalm County Michigan Louis-Joseph de Montcalm Monterey County California The Spanish words monte and rey, together meaning "king of the forest"; Monterey Bay was named in honor of the Conde de Monterey, the Viceroy of New Spain Montezuma County Colorado Moctezuma II, the last ruler of the Aztecs in central Mexico; the county's world-famous Mesa Verde ruins were once thought to have been built by the Aztecs Montgomery County Alabama Richard Montgomery, an officer during the American Revolutionary War Montgomery County Arkansas Montgomery County Georgia Montgomery County Illinois Montgomery County Indiana Montgomery County Iowa Montgomery County Kentucky Montgomery County Maryland Montgomery County Mississippi Montgomery County Missouri Montgomery County New York Montgomery County North Carolina Montgomery County Ohio Montgomery County Texas Montgomery County Virginia Montgomery County Kansas Uncertain; either James M. Montgomery, an abolitionist and preacher, or Richard Montgomery Montgomery County Pennsylvania Uncertain; either Richard Montgomery or Montgomeryshire, a county in Wales, as that part of Pennsylvania was settled by Welsh Quakers Montgomery County Tennessee John Montgomery, an explorer and Indian fighter Montmorency County Michigan Raymond de Montmorency, a French officer who helped the colonies against England during the American Revolutionary War Montour County Pennsylvania Madame Montour, a woman of Indian and French descent who was prominent in the Indian affairs Montrose County Colorado The town of Montrose, which itself is named after the novel A Legend of Montrose by Sir Walter Scott Moody County South Dakota Gideon C. Moody, a territorial legislator and later U.S. Senator Moore County North Carolina Alfred Moore, an officer during the American Revolutionary War and a U.S. Supreme Court justice Moore County Tennessee William Moore, an officer during the War of 1812 and later a state legislator Moore County Texas Edwin Ward Moore, a Republic of Texas naval officer Mora County New Mexico Uncertain; either from names of early settlers, such as Mora Pineda and Garcia de la Mora, or from the Spanish word meaning "blackberry" or "mulberry" Morehouse Parish Louisiana Abraham Morehouse, an early settler Morgan County Alabama Daniel Morgan, an officer during the American Revolutionary War and a U.S. representative Morgan County Georgia Morgan County Illinois Morgan County Indiana Morgan County Kentucky Morgan County Missouri Morgan County Ohio Morgan County Tennessee Morgan County West Virginia Morgan County Colorado The town of Fort Morgan (the county seat), itself named for U.S. Army Colonel Christopher A. Morgan, an aide to Civil War general John Pope Morgan County Utah Jedediah Morgan Grant, a prominent Mormon churchman Morrill County Nebraska Charles Henry Morrill, a regent of the University of Nebraska Morris County Kansas Thomas Morris, a U.S. Senator Morris County New Jersey Lewis Morris, a colonial governor of the Province of New Jersey Morris County Texas W.W. Morris, a prominent attorney in east Texas Morrison County Minnesota William and Allan Morrison, fur traders Morrow County Ohio Jeremiah Morrow, the 9th Governor of Ohio Morrow County Oregon Jackson L. Morrow, a member of the first state legislature Morton County Kansas Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton, a jurist and U.S. Senator Morton County North Dakota Motley County Texas Junius William Mottley, a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence Moultrie County Illinois William Moultrie, an officer during the American Revolutionary War and the 35th Governor of South Carolina Mountrail County North Dakota "Savage" Joseph Mountraille, a prominent voyageur who carried the mail Mower County Minnesota John Mower, a territorial and state legislator Muhlenberg County Kentucky Peter Muhlenberg, a clergyman and soldier during the American Revolutionary War Multnomah County Oregon From the Multnomah village on Sauvie Island, itself named after nemathlonamaq, probably meaning "downriver" Murray County Georgia Thomas W. Murray, a state legislator Murray County Minnesota William Pitt Murray, a state legislator Murray County Oklahoma William H. Murray, the 9th Governor of Oklahoma Muscatine County Iowa The Mascouten tribe of the Potawatomi, a name possibly meaning "burning island" Muscogee County Georgia Muscogee people Muskegon County Michigan The Muskegon River, itself named for the Ojibwa/Chippewa word mashkig, meaning "swamp" or "marsh" Muskingum County Ohio Derived from the Shawnee mshkikwam, "swampy ground"; the Muskingum River flows through the county Muskogee County Oklahoma Muscogee (Creek) Nation Musselshell County Montana Named for mussels found on the banks of the Musselshell River See also Lists of U.S. county name etymologies for links to the remainder of the list List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette References ^ "Maricopa County Board of Supervisors". Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2008-12-25. vteUnited States county-related listsGeneral Index By state or territory FIPS codes Former counties Secession proposals Demographics Population African-American majority Hispanic/Latino majority Native American majority Non-English speaking counties Most populous counties by state or territory Most densely populated county least Life expectancy shortest longest Economy Highest-income Lowest-income Per capita income Geography Largest area Smallest area Highest mean elevation Name origins Etymologies A–D E–I J–M N–R S–Z Former Most common names Named after Confederate historical figures Named after rivers Named after U.S. Presidents Named after women See also County statistics of the United States Smithsonian trinomial
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of U.S. county name etymologies (J–M)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"M"}]
[]
[{"title":"Lists of U.S. county name etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_U.S._county_name_etymologies"},{"title":"List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Lasky
Betty Lasky
["1 Life","2 Awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"]
American film historian and author (1922–2017) Betty LaskyBorn(1922-10-11)October 11, 1922Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedJanuary 7, 2017(2017-01-07) (aged 94)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Author, film historianParentJesse L. Lasky (father)FamilyJesse L. Lasky Jr. (brother) Betty LaskyGenreMovie industry, movie editor, film history, Hollywood historyNotable worksRKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All Betty Lasky (October 11, 1922 – January 7, 2017) was an American film historian and author. Life She was the daughter of pioneering producer Jesse L. Lasky, a key founder of Paramount Pictures and Bessie Mona Ginsberg Lasky, a painter known for her depictions of the California missions. Her late brother, Jesse L. Lasky, Jr., was the screenwriter of over 50 films, including a long partnership with the DeMilles. She grew up in and around Hollywood, piquing her interest in film history. Her writing career began as a screen story analyst for RKO Pictures, the Selznick Company and the Hamilburg Agency, as well as a position editing and writing for The Players Showcase Magazine. In the 1970s, she worked with attorney Terrys T. Olender to preserve film artifacts saved by the City of Los Angeles in the Lincoln Heights Jail. As a result, she was asked by her former employer, RKO, to compile and publish a history of the film company (producer of Citizen Kane and King Kong). RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All was released in 1984 by Prentice-Hall. She also contributed the "Roots of Hollywood" chapter in Hollywood Archive: The Hidden History of Hollywood in the Golden Age (New York: Angel City Press and Universal Publishing, a division of Rizzoli) in 2000. Miss Lasky died of pneumonia on the afternoon of January 7, 2017, at her home in Los Angeles, aged 94. Awards and honors 1984: Award of Excellence from Film Advisory Board for RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All. 1985-86: Honorary trustee of Hollywood Studio Museum and member of honorary committee for De Mille Dynasty Exhibition in Century City, CA. 1998-01: Historical Advisor "The Hollywood History Museum" Exhibits, Website, Newsletter and Advisor in Hollywood, CA. 2001-16: Member of the Board "George Westmore Research Library & Museum" Exhibits and Advisor in Burbank, CA. References ^ a b c d "Contemporary Authors Online". Biography in Context. Gale. 2001. Retrieved February 10, 2016. ^ "Jesse-L-Lasky.com -- Betty Lasky, daughter". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-08. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Film historian and author Betty Lasky dies at 94". Daily Journal. January 13, 2017. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017. External links Betty Lasky at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Spain
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Betty Lasky (October 11, 1922 – January 7, 2017)[1] was an American film historian and author.","title":"Betty Lasky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse L. Lasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_L._Lasky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Jesse L. Lasky, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_L._Lasky,_Jr."},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"She was the daughter of pioneering producer Jesse L. Lasky, a key founder of Paramount Pictures and Bessie Mona Ginsberg Lasky, a painter known for her depictions of the California missions.[1] Her late brother, Jesse L. Lasky, Jr., was the screenwriter of over 50 films, including a long partnership with the DeMilles. She grew up in and around Hollywood, piquing her interest in film history. Her writing career began as a screen story analyst for RKO Pictures, the Selznick Company and the Hamilburg Agency, as well as a position editing and writing for The Players Showcase Magazine.[2]In the 1970s, she worked with attorney Terrys T. Olender to preserve film artifacts saved by the City of Los Angeles in the Lincoln Heights Jail. As a result, she was asked by her former employer, RKO, to compile and publish a history of the film company (producer of Citizen Kane and King Kong). RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All was released in 1984 by Prentice-Hall. She also contributed the \"Roots of Hollywood\" chapter in Hollywood Archive: The Hidden History of Hollywood in the Golden Age (New York: Angel City Press and Universal Publishing, a division of Rizzoli) in 2000.[3]Miss Lasky died of pneumonia on the afternoon of January 7, 2017, at her home in Los Angeles, aged 94.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Film Advisory Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Advisory_Board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"1984: Award of Excellence from Film Advisory Board for RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All.[1]\n1985-86: Honorary trustee of Hollywood Studio Museum and member of honorary committee for De Mille Dynasty Exhibition in Century City, CA.[1]\n1998-01: Historical Advisor \"The Hollywood History Museum\" Exhibits, Website, Newsletter and Advisor in Hollywood, CA.\n2001-16: Member of the Board \"George Westmore Research Library & Museum\" Exhibits and Advisor in Burbank, CA.","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-water_ripple_(n_hieroglyph)
List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
["1 Subsets","2 Letter classification by Gardiner","3 List of hieroglyphs","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
This article contains Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Egyptian hieroglyphs. The total number of distinct Egyptian hieroglyphs increased over time from several hundred in the Middle Kingdom to several thousand during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. In 1928/1929 Alan Gardiner published an overview of hieroglyphs, Gardiner's sign list, the basic modern standard. It describes 763 signs in 26 categories (A–Z, roughly). Georg Möller compiled more extensive lists, organized by historical epoch (published posthumously in 1927 and 1936). In Unicode, the block Egyptian Hieroglyphs (2009) includes 1071 signs, organization based on Gardiner's list. As of 2016, there is a proposal by Michael Everson to extend the Unicode standard to comprise Möller's list. Subsets Notable subsets of hieroglyphs: Determinatives Uniliteral signs Biliteral signs Triliteral signs Egyptian numerals Letter classification by Gardiner Each entry links to the list below. vteGardiner's sign list letter classification Letter Description Category (individual hieroglyph articles) A § Man and his occupations Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: man and his occupations (4) B § Woman and her occupations Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: woman and her occupations (0) C § Anthropomorphic deities Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: anthropomorphic deities (0) D § Parts of the human body Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: parts of the human body (13) E § Mammals Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: mammals (9) F § Parts of mammals Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: parts of mammals (7) G § Birds Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: birds (8) H § Parts of birds Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: parts of birds (1) I § Amphibious animals, reptiles, etc. Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: amphibious-animals-reptiles-etc (4) K § Fishes and parts of fishes Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: fishes and parts of fishes (0) L § Invertebrata and lesser animals Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: invertebrates and lesser animals (3) M § Trees and plants Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: trees and plants (6) N § Sky, earth, water Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: sky-earth-water (16) NU § Upper nile Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs by category (27) NL § Lower nile Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs by category (27) O § Buildings, parts of buildings, etc. Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: buildings and parts-of-buildings-etc (12) P § Ships and parts of ships Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: ships and parts of ships (2) Q § Domestic and funerary furniture Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: domestic and funerary furniture (2) R § Temple furniture and sacred emblems Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: temple furniture and emblems (7) S § Crowns, dress, staves, etc. Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: crowns-dress-staves (14) T § Warfare, hunting, butchery Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: warfare-hunting-butchery (4) U § Agriculture, crafts, and professions Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: agriculture-crafts-and-professions (5) V § Rope, fibre, baskets, bags, etc. Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: rope-fiber-baskets-bags (11) W § Vessels of stone and earthenware Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: vessels of stone and earthenware (4) X § Loaves and cakes Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: loaves and cakes (3) Y § Writings, games, music Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: writings-games-music (4) Z § Strokes, signs derived from Hieratic, geometrical features Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: strokes, signs derived from Hieratic, geometrical features (0) Aa § Unclassified signs Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs: unclassified (6) List of hieroglyphs vteList of Egyptian hieroglyphs Hieroglyph GardinerUnicode Description Ideogram Phonogram Notes ​ A Man and his occupations 𓀀 A1U+13000 seated man I, me, my (masculine) (.j), man (z) Determinative for masculine names 𓀁 A2U+13001 man with hand to mouth eat (wnm)drink (zwr)speak, think, recount (sḏd)refrain from speech, be(come) silent (gr)love (mrj) Determinative for activities involving the mouth, head, or ideas 𓀂 A3U+13002 man sitting on heel sit, besiege, dwell (ḥmsj) 𓀃 A4U+13003 seated man with hands raised offer, beseech (dwꜣ)hide, conceal (jmn) 𓀄 A5U+13004 crouching man hiding behind wall hide (jmn) Determinative for words relating to concealing, secret, mysterious 𓀅 A5AU+13005 seated man hiding behind wall hide (jmn) 𓀆 A6U+13006 seated man under vase from which water flows to be clean (wꜤb) Possibly refers to all aspects of 'clean' dependent on context, i.e. 'cleanliness', 'to cleanse', 'purify', etc. 𓀇 A6AU+13007 seated man reaching for libation stone, under vase from which water flows 𓀈 A6BU+13008 seated man reaching down, under vase from which water flows 𓀉 A7U+13009 fatigued man to be tired or weak (wrḏ) 𓀊 A8U+1300A man performing hnw-rite rejoice, celebrate, to be jubilant (hnw) Possibly also 'joyful', 'celebratory', etc. 𓀋 A9U+1300B man steadying basket on head work, toil (kꜣt)load (verb or noun), burden (ꜣdp)carry, haul (fꜣj) f, .f (Ptolemaic, from fꜣj) 1a. to load, to be laden, master of the load; equals Coptic language, ⲱⲧⲡ; (minor use for ꜣtp, ꜣṯp);1b. to carry, to bear; additional constructs for carrier, bearer, supporter, (and types thereof); for fꜣ dnj, the "bearer-of-the-basket", see: Greek Kanephoros;2. for kꜣt, kꜣwtj 𓀌 A10U+1300C seated man holding oar to saw (sqdw)rower, oarsman (ẖn) 𓀍 A11U+1300D seated man holding scepter of authority and shepherd's crook friend (ḫnms) 𓀎 A12U+1300E soldier with bow and quiver soldier, company/unit of soldiers (mnfyt), army/expedition (mšꜥ) 𓀏 A13U+1300F man with arms tied behind his back enemy (ḫfty)rebel (sbj) Possibly also 'criminal', 'traitor', 'prisoner' 𓀐 A14U+13010 falling man with blood streaming from his head die (mwt)enemy (ḫfty) The wound is either self-inflicted or from a weapon strike. The A14 figure could be a youth or child, being depicted without clothing, while A14A would be an adult. 𓀑 A14AU+13011 man whose head is hit with an axe 𓀒 A15U+13012 man falling trap (ḫr) 𓀓 A16U+13013 man bowing down to bend or bow oneself (ksj) A. Determinative for ks, ksj, & ks, to bow, to do homage, to submit;B. same for ḫꜣb, (and thematic words of ḫꜣ-ꜣ-b, star & luminary, hippopotamus, lamp & light, etc.) 𓀔 A17U+13014 child sitting with hand to mouth young, child (šrj)orphan (nmḥ)child (ẖrd, ḫy)infant (nnj) ms, nn A17, depicted with bare head, indicates the figure as a 'lower' class than A17A 𓀕 A17AU+13015 child sitting with arms hanging down Noble/Aristocratic Supplement for A3 and A17 sitting, sitting youth The head of A17A indicates the class of the figure to be of a 'higher' class than A17 𓀖 A18U+13016 child wearing red crown foster child (jmty) 𓀗 A19U+13017 bent man leaning on staff old, to be fragile (jꜥw)elder (smsw)great (wr)to lean (rhn)to hit (ḥwj) jk Perhaps also wise and sage 𓀘 A20U+13018 man leaning on forked staff elder (smsw) 𓀙 A21U+13019 man holding staff with handkerchief Civil Servant (sr)Courtier (smr)great (wr)strike (ḥwj) 𓀚 A22U+1301A statue of man with staff and scepter of authority statue (ḥnṯ), (twt) 𓀛 A23U+1301B king with staff and mace with round head monarch, lord, ruler(jty) 𓀜 A24U+1301C man striking with both hands to hit or strike (ḥwj)power, strength (nḫt)teach lesson or instruct (sbꜣ)call (njs)be happy (ḥꜥj) 𓀝 A25U+1301D man striking, with left arm hanging behind back to hit or strike (ḥwj) Most likely synonymous with A24 𓀞 A26U+1301E man with one arm pointing forward call (njs, Ꜥš) 𓀟 A27U+1301F hastening man bring (jnj) jn 𓀠 A28U+13020 man with hands raised on either side to be high or in high spirits (qꜣj)mourn (ḥꜣj) 𓀡 A29U+13021 man upside down headlong or head over heels (sḫd) 𓀢 A30U+13022 man with hands raised in front praise, adore, laud, thank (dwꜣ) 𓀣 A31U+13023 man with hands raised behind him to turn away (Ꜥn) 𓀤 A32U+13024 man dancing with arms to the back dance (ḫbj)cheer, rejoice (hy-hnw) Ideogram or det. for ḫbj, to dance; also det. for jb, jbw; jbꜣw, jbꜣ, dance, dancer, etc. 𓀥 A32AU+13025 man dancing with arms to the front (see above) 𓀦 A33U+13026 man with stick and bundle on shoulder to herd, shepherd (mnjw)journey, tramp (ḫwsj)construction, (qd)foreign, strange(šmꜣw) 𓀧 A34U+13027 man pounding in a mortar to stomp (ḫwsj) Man grinding (etc.); to grind in a mortar, to build, to construct, etc. 𓀨 A35U+13028 man building wall to build (qd) Man constructing: a "Mason"; Ideogram or det. for qd, Coptic “ⲔⲰⲦ“ "to construct"; (see Wall, (Collapsing)-Wall) 𓀩 A36U+13029 man kneading into vessel brewer (ꜥftj)grind (nḏ) 𓀪 A37U+1302A man in vessel brewer (ꜥftj) 𓀫 A38U+1302B man holding necks of two emblematic animals with panther heads Cusae (qjs) 𓀬 A39U+1302C man on two giraffes Cusae (qjs) 𓀭 A40U+1302D seated god I, me, my (when the speaker is a god) (.j)God(nṯr) Determinative for God’s names 𓀮 A40AU+1302E seated god with Was-sceptre I, me, my (when the speaker is a god) (.j)God(nṯr) 𓀯 A41U+1302F king with uraeus king (nsw)majesty (ḥm)I, me, my (when speaker is a king) (.j) 𓀰 A42U+13030 king with uraeus and flagellum king (nsw)majesty (ḥm)I, me, my (when speaker is a king) (.j) 𓀱 A42AU+13031 king with uraeus and flagellum king (nsw)majesty (ḥm)I, me, my (when speaker is a king) (.j) 𓀲 A43U+13032 king wearing white crown King of Upper Egypt (nsw)Osiris (wsjr) 𓀳 A43AU+13033 king wearing white crown with sceptre King of Upper Egypt (nsw)Osiris (wsjr) 𓀴 A44U+13034 king wearing white crown with flagellum King of Upper Egypt (nsw)Atum (jtmw) 𓀵 A45U+13035 king wearing red crown King of Lower Egypt (bjtj)King (nsw) n 𓀶 A45AU+13036 king wearing red crown with sceptre Atum (jtmw) n 𓀷 A46U+13037 king wearing red crown with flagellum King of Lower Egypt (bjtj) 𓀸 A47U+13038 shepherd seated and wrapped in mantle, holding stick shepherd (mnjw)guard (sꜣw) 𓀹 A48U+13039 beardless man seated and holding knife belonging to, keeper (jrj)Guardian, keeper (jrj) 𓀺 A49U+1303A seated Syrian holding stick foreigner, Asian (ꜥꜣmw) 𓀻 A50U+1303B noble on chair courtier (smr)I, me, my (when speaker is a nobleman) (.j)noble (šps) 𓀼 A51U+1303C noble on chair with flagellum to be of noble blood (špsj)undertake a task (špsj) 𓀽 A52U+1303D noble squatting with flagellum to be of noble blood (špsj) 𓀾 A53U+1303E standing mummy Image (twt) Form, likeness, image, (double)Tutankhamun: Form-Living-(of)-Amun 𓀿 A54U+1303F lying mummy death (mnj) 𓁀 A55U+13040 mummy on bed lie down, spend the night(sḏr)corpse (ẖꜣt) Overnight meaning an overnight stay in any location, i.e. 'spend the night at home', 'spent the night in a hotel', 'slept over at (random person's name)'s house', etc. 𓁁 A56U+13041 seated man holding stick 𓁂 A57U+13042 man holding loaf on mat An offering which the King gives (ḥtp-dj-nsw) Abbreviation for the beginning of the Offering Formula. 𓁃 A58U+13043 man applying hoe to ground 𓁄 A59U+13044 man threatening with stick 𓁅 A60U+13045 man sowing seeds Spill, pour (stj) 𓁆 A61U+13046 man looking over his shoulder 𓁇 A62U+13047 Asiatic 𓁈 A63U+13048 king on throne holding staff 𓁉 A64U+13049 man sitting on heels holding forward cup 𓁊 A65U+1304A man wearing tunic with fringes and holding mace 𓁋 A66U+1304B man holding sistrum Ihy (jḥy)Great God (Ptolemaic) (nṯr-Ꜥꜣ) 𓁌 A67U+1304C dwarf 𓁍 A68U+1304D man holding up knife Black eye paint (msdmt) 𓁎 A69U+1304E seated man with raised right arm and left arm hanging down 𓁏 A70U+1304F seated man with raised arms Heh (ḥḥ) ​ B Woman and her occupations 𓁐 B1U+13050 seated woman woman (zt)I, me, my (when speaker is feminine) (.j) Determinative for feminine names 𓁑 B2U+13051 pregnant woman to be pregnant (bkꜣ)conceive (jwr) 𓁒 B3U+13052 woman giving birth to give birth (msj)conceive (jwr) 𓁓 B4U+13053 combination of woman giving birth and three skins tied together to give birth (msj) 𓁔 B5U+13054 woman suckling child to nurse, to nurture, to care for (rnn)wet nurse (noun def. 1) (mnꜥt) 𓁕 B5AU+13055 woman suckling child (simplified) 𓁖 B6U+13056 woman on chair with child on lap to nurse, to nurture, to care for (rnn) 𓁗 B7U+13057 queen wearing diadem and holding flower 𓁘 B8U+13058 woman holding lotus flower 𓁙 B9U+13059 woman holding sistrum ​ C Anthropomorphic deities 𓁚 C1U+1305A god with sun-disk and uraeus Ra (rꜤ) 𓁛 C2U+1305B god with falcon head and sun-disk holding ankh Ideogram and Determinative for Ra (rꜤ) Variant of C1 god with sun-disk and uraeus 𓁜 C2AU+1305C god with falcon head and sun-disk Id. & Det. for Ra (rꜤ) 𓁝 C2BU+1305D C2A reversed Ra (rꜤ) 𓁞 C2CU+1305E C2 reversed Ra (rꜤ) 𓁟 C3U+1305F god with ibis head Id. & Det. for Thoth (ḏḥwty) 𓁠 C4U+13060 god with ram head Id. & Det. for Khnum (ẖnmw) 𓁡 C5U+13061 god with ram head holding ankh Id. & Det. for Khnum (ẖnmw) Variant of C4 god with ram head 𓁢 C6U+13062 god with jackal head Id. & Det. for Anubis (jnpw)Id. & Det. for Wepwawet (wp-wꜣwt) 𓁣 C7U+13063 god with Seth-animal head Id. & Det. for Seth (stḫ, stẖ, stš) 𓁤 C8U+13064 ithyphallic god with two plumes, uplifted arm and flagellum Id. & Det. for Min (mnw) 𓁥 C9U+13065 goddess with horned sun-disk Id. & Det. for Hathor (ḥwt-ḥr) 𓁦 C10U+13066 goddess with feather Id. & Det. for Maat (mꜣꜥt) 𓁧 C10AU+13067 goddess with feather holding ankh Id. & Det. for Maat (mꜣꜥt) 𓁨 C11U+13068 god with arms supporting the sky and palm branch on head Id. & Det. for Heh (ḥḥ)Million (ḥḥ) Million, manyHeh (god) 𓁩 C12U+13069 god with two plumes and scepter Id. & Det. for Amun (jmn) 𓁪 C13U+1306A C12 reversed Amun (jmn) 𓁫 C14U+1306B god with two plumes and scimitar Amun is with his Strong Arm (Amunherkhepeshef) (jmn-ḥr-ḫpš.f) Abbreviated form found In royal cartouches. 𓁬 C15U+1306C C14 reversed Amun is with his Strong Arm (Amunherkhepeshef) (jmn-ḥr-ḫpš.f) Abbreviated form found In royal cartouches. 𓁭 C16U+1306D god wearing red crown with ankh Id. & Det. for Atum (jtmw) 𓁮 C17U+1306E god with falcon head and two plumes Id. & Det. for Montu (mnṯw) 𓁯 C18U+1306F squatting god Id. & Det. for Tatenen (tꜣ-ṯnn) 𓁰 C19U+13070 mummy-shaped god Id. & Det. for Ptah (ptḥ)Divine (nṯry) 𓁱 C20U+13071 mummy-shaped god in shrine Id. & Det. for Ptah (ptḥ)Divine (nṯry) Variant of C19 mummy-shaped god 𓁲 C21U+13072 Bes Bes (bs) 𓁳 C22U+13073 god with falcon head and moon Id. & Det. for Khonsu (ḫnsw) 𓁴 C23U+13074 goddess with feline head and sun with uraeus Id. & Det. for Sekhmet (sḫmt), Menhit (mnḥyt), Mehit (mḥyt), Bastet (bꜣstt) 𓁵 C24U+13075 god wearing red crown with scepter Id. & Det. for Atum (jtmw) ​ D Parts of the human body 𓁶 D1U+13076 head head (tp) (ḏꜣḏꜣ)back of head (hꜣ)behind (hꜣ)neglect, to leave behind (mkḥꜣ)forehead (dhnt)appoint (dhn) 1. Ideogram for tp, "head"; other uses related to actions of the head; (example "the tp of the rebels", 'the "chief" of the rebels')2. also for tp, see archaic dagger3. (Narmer Palette shows 10 enemy heads-(decapitated)) Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Resh and its descendants 𓁷 D2U+13077 face faceon, around, over, for ḥr 1. Bil. hr-(ḥr)2. Ideogram for 'face'3. A major preposition for "on, upon", etc.; additional preposition constructs; 4. (see also: Nose, sometimes used for the face) 𓁸 D3U+13078 hair hair (šnj)skin (jnm)color (jwn)nature, mourn (jꜣkb)empty, barely, loss of hair (wš) 𓁹 D4U+13079 eye eye (jrt)make (mꜣ)see (mꜣꜣ)watch, to be watchful, to be awake (rs)to be blind (šp) jr, ḏr (ḏ+r) biliteral (mꜣ) (m + ꜣ) the biliteral in "lion" (mꜣj) Osiris Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Ayin and its descendants 𓁺 D5U+1307A eye touched up with paint eye (jrt)view (dgi)to be blind (šp) 𓁻 D6U+1307B eye with painted upper lid eye (jrt)view (dgi)to be blind (šp) 𓁼 D7U+1307C eye with painted lower lid eye make-up / eye paint (msdmt)decorate, adorn, to be beautiful (ꜥn)view (prt)see (mꜣꜣ) (seldom, rarely used) 𓁽 D8U+1307D eye enclosed in sandy tract in 𓁾 D8AU+1307E eye with painted lower lid enclosed in sandy tract 𓁿 D9U+1307F eye with flowing tears 𓂀 D10U+13080 Eye of Horus udjat-eye (wḏꜣt) Eye of Horus 𓂁 D11U+13081 left part of the eye of Horus abbreviation for Heqat-measure grain 𓂂 D12U+13082 pupil Determinative for pupil (ḏfḏ) abbreviation for Heqat-measure grain 𓂃 D13U+13083 eyebrow abbreviation for 1/8 Heqat-measure grain smd Abbreviation for 1/8 Heqat-measure grain; in 2-fold execution (Determinative):, eyebrow (jnḥ) (two brows above one another) 𓂄 D14U+13084 right part of eye of Horus abbreviation for 1/16 Heqat-measure grain 𓂅 D15U+13085 diagonal marking of eye of Horus abbreviation for 1/32 Heqat-measure grain 𓂆 D16U+13086 vertical marking of eye of Horus abbreviation for 1/64 Heqat-measure grain 𓂇 D17U+13087 diagonal and vertical markings of eye of Horus determinative Smell (sn)Ideogram for ear (msḏr) 𓂈 D18U+13088 ear to listen (sḏm) Sound sign for ḫnt Determinative and Ideogram for nose (fnḏ), be happy (ršw), be (sfn) face, front (ḫnt), mild, itself wiedersetzten (btjn), disobediently 𓂉 D19U+13089 nose, eye and cheek fnḏ/fndšrtẖnt Ideogram or det. for the "nose", fnḏ/fnd, šrt; det. for words relating to smell, joy, and the nose; det. for "face", (ẖnt), (and the phoneme for face) 𓂊 D20U+1308A nose, eye and cheek (cursive) nose (fnḏ),smell (sn),be happy (ršw),be (sfn)face, front (ḫnt),mild, itself wiedersetzten (btjn),disobediently ḫnt Determinative and Ideogram for nose (fnḏ), smell (sn), be happy (ršw), be (sfn) face, front (ḫnt), mild, itself wiedersetzten (bṯn), disobediently 𓂋 D21U+1308B mouth rrpẖr r To turn in the other direction. Sound sign for r Ideogram for mouth. This on consonant sign is used in the so named Hieroglyphen-ABC to the reproduction of the consonant "r" Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Pe and its descendants 𓂌 D22U+1308C mouth with two strokes ideogram for 2/3 (rꜣwj) 𓂍 D23U+1308D mouth with three strokes ideogram for 3/4 (*ḫmt-rꜥw) 𓂎 D24U+1308E upper lip with teeth ideogram for lip (spt), edge 𓂏 D25U+1308F lips (both) lips (sptj) The two lips 𓂐 D26U+13090 liquid issuing from lips spit (psg), to spit, to vomit (bšj), blood (snf) 𓂑 D27U+13091 small breast to suckle (snq)breast (mnḏ)wet nurse (mnꜥt) 𓂒 D27AU+13092 large breast to suckle (snq)breast (mnḏ)wet nurse (mnꜥt) 𓂓 D28U+13093 two arms upraised closethe Ka (life spirit) (kꜣ) kꜣ(bil.) 𓂔 D29U+13094 combination of hieroglyphs D28 and R12 the (divine) Ka (life spirit) (kꜣ) 𓂕 D30U+13095 two arms upraised with tail The god Nehebkau (nḥb-kꜣw) 𓂖 D31U+13096 arms embracing club mortuary priest (ḥm-kꜣ) 𓂗 D31AU+13097 two arms uppraised and club 𓂘 D32U+13098 arms embracing into the arms, comprise (jnq)embrace (ḥpt)open arms (pgꜣ) 𓂙 D33U+13099 arms rowing to row (ẖnj)to fight (ꜥḥꜣ) ẖn biliteral 𓂚 D34U+1309A armswith shieldand battle axe ꜥḥꜣ Ideogram for ꜥḥꜣ, "combat"; (fight, contest, struggle)-(noun or verb) 𓂛 D34AU+1309B arms with shield and mace 𓂜 D35U+1309C arms in gesture of negation not (n, nn)that which is not (jwtj)do not know (ḫm)shrine (ḫm)forget (smḫ) n 𓂝 D36U+1309D forearm (palm upwards) ꜥ Uniliteral sign representing Egyptian ayin Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Yodh and its descendants 𓂞 D37U+1309E forearm with bread cone give (jmj)give (rḏj, ḏj) sound sign for ḏ (only in ḏdw busiris), mj (rarely), m (especially in: see (mk)) to give, or given 𓂟 D38U+1309F forearm with rounded loaf to give (jmj)to present (ḥnk) mj, m 𓂠 D39U+130A0 forearm with bowl ḥnk Determinative in ḥnk, "to make an offering", also: gift, offering, etc. (see also: List of portraiture offerings with Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs) 𓂡 D40U+130A1 forearm with stick strongly (nḫt)to strike (ḥwj)to examine (ḫꜣj)abbreviation for power 𓂢 D41U+130A2 forearm with palm down and bent upper arm arm (gbꜣ), shoulder (rmn), to the left (jꜣbj), sing (ḥsj), actions with arm: bend (ḥms), movement: stop (grḥ), deny (nj) protect (ḫwj) lead (ḫrp) nj (rarely) 𓂣 D42U+130A3 forearm with palm down and straight upper arm yard (make) mḥ 𓂤 D43U+130A4 forearm with flail ḫwj 1. Ideogram for ḫwj, "to protect" 𓂥 D44U+130A5 arm with sekhem scepter 𓂦 D45U+130A6 arm with wand ḏsr (tril.) to be holy, to segregateSee ḏsr 𓂧 D46U+130A7 hand hand (ḏrt) 'red', in Egyptian hieroglyphs for word constructsPossibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Kaph and its descendants 𓂨 D46AU+130A8 liquid falling from hand "to cense", "to pour out a libation"; as the noun, "incense", "incense offering", "dew" notes= For the noun, Coptic language ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ-, (Egyptian jd, jdj, jdt), for dew, mist, vapour, rain-storm, moisture, exudation (under spelling of Egyp. lang. iad. 𓂩 D47U+130A9 hand with palm up hand (ḏrt) 𓂪 D48U+130AA hand without thumb hand width (šsp) 𓂫 D48AU+130AB hand holding egg 𓂬 D49U+130AC fist grasp (ꜣmm) 𓂭 D50U+130AD one finger finger (ḏbꜥ)abbreviation for 10,000 (ḏbꜥ) 𓂮 D50AU+130AE two fingers 𓂯 D50BU+130AF three fingers 𓂰 D50CU+130B0 four fingers 𓂱 D50DU+130B1 five fingers 𓂲 D50EU+130B2 six fingers 𓂳 D50FU+130B3 seven fingers 𓂴 D50GU+130B4 eight fingers 𓂵 D50HU+130B5 nine fingers 𓂶 D50IU+130B6 five fingers (row) 𓂷 D51U+130B7 one finger (horizontal) finger nail (ꜥnt)Activities with finger: measure (ḫꜣj), take (ṯꜣj), go (jw, šm) dqr 𓂸 D52U+130B8 phallus phallus (ḥnn) mt Excluded from default fonts by some OS vendors. 𓂹 D52AU+130B9 phallus with folded cloth Excluded from default fonts by some OS vendors. 𓂺 D53U+130BA phallus with emission in before (m bꜣḥ), phallus (ḥnn), urinate (wsš), seed (mtwt), man (ṯꜣy), husband (hj) Excluded from default fonts by some OS vendors. 𓂻 D54U+130BB legs walking approach (tkn) enterprise (nmtt), do not move, stop Injure leg (rd), thigh (mnt) 𓂼 D54AU+130BC hieratic legs walking 𓂽 D55U+130BD legs walking backwards 𓂾 D56U+130BE leg rd Ideo., det. for rd, "leg"; Det. "to tread"Also: for pds, wꜥrt, sbq 𓂿 D57U+130BF leg with knife mutilates become (jꜣtj) 𓃀 D58U+130C0 foot place (bw) b 𓃁 D59U+130C1 foot and forearm 𓃂 D60U+130C2 foot under vase from which water flows be pure, clean (wꜥb) wꜥb 𓃃 D61U+130C3 three toes oriented leftward toe (sꜣḥ) 𓃄 D62U+130C4 three toes oriented rightward toe (sꜣḥ) 𓃅 D63U+130C5 two toes oriented leftward toe (sꜣḥ) 𓃆 D64U+130C6 hand with palm down 𓃇 D65U+130C7 lock of hair 𓃈 D66U+130C8 arm with reed pen 𓃉 D67U+130C9 one dot 𓃊 D67AU+130CA two dots 𓃋 D67BU+130CB three dots 𓃌 D67CU+130CC four dots 𓃍 D67DU+130CD five dots 𓃎 D67EU+130CE six dots 𓃏 D67FU+130CF seven dots 𓃐 D67GU+130D0 eight dots 𓃑 D67HU+130D1 nine dots ​ E Mammals 𓃒 E1U+130D2 bull kꜣ 𓃓 E2U+130D3 bull charging kꜣ-kḫt 𓃔 E3U+130D4 calf bḥs 𓃕 E4U+130D5 sacred cow ḥsꜣt 𓃖 E5U+130D6 cow suckling calf ꜣms 𓃗 E6U+130D7 horse ssmt jbr 𓃘 E7U+130D8 donkey 𓃙 E8U+130D9 kid ib jb 1. Phoneme ib for 'young goat'2. Determinative for words of 'young farm animals'3. (See also F34 for ib) 𓃚 E8AU+130DA kid jumping 𓃛 E9U+130DB newborn hartebeest "iu" jw Determinative, for newborn animals, etc. 𓃜 E9AU+130DC mature bovine lying down 𓃝 E10U+130DD ram bꜣ ẖnmw 𓃞 E11U+130DE ram bꜣ ẖnmw 𓃟 E12U+130DF pig rrj 𓃠 E13U+130E0 cat miu mjw Determinative for cat, as well as for the onomatopoeic Egyptian miu (meow) 𓃡 E14U+130E1 dog jw ṯsm 𓃢 E15U+130E2 lying canine jnpw ḥrj-sštꜣ 𓃣 E16U+130E3 lying canine on shrine jnpw ḥrj-sštꜣ 𓃤 E16AU+130E4 lying canine on shrine with flagellum 𓃥 E17U+130E5 jackal sꜣb 𓃦 E17AU+130E6 jackal looking back 𓃧 E18U+130E7 wolf on standard wpj-wꜣwt 𓃨 E19U+130E8 wolf on standard with mace wpj-wꜣwt 𓃩 E20U+130E9 Set-animal stẖ, stš, swti ẖnnw Set (mythology) 𓃪 E20AU+130EA Set-animal on basket 𓃫 E21U+130EB lying Set-animal nšnj 𓃬 E22U+130EC lion mꜣi mꜣj Ideogram for standing lion, mꜣi 𓃭 E23U+130ED lying lion rw, later r, l 𓃮 E24U+130EE panther ꜣby 𓃯 E25U+130EF hippopotamus db 𓃰 E26U+130F0 elephant ꜣbwꜣbdnhr-(Ptolemaic) ꜣbw 1. Determinative in ꜣbw, elephant (ultimate source of English word ivory); phonetic ꜣb2. Ptolemaic Kingdom, new use of dnhr 𓃱 E27U+130F1 giraffe mmj sr 𓃲 E28U+130F2 oryx gḥs mꜣ-ḥḏ Gazelle (Gḥs-t, a Gazelle-Goddess) 𓃳 E28AU+130F3 oryx with irrigation system 𓃴 E29U+130F4 gazelle gḥs 𓃵 E30U+130F5 ibex njꜣw 𓃶 E31U+130F6 goat with collar sꜥḥ 𓃷 E32U+130F7 baboon jꜥn, ky, qnd 𓃸 E33U+130F8 monkey gjf 𓃹 E34U+130F9 hare wn(bil.) wn 𓃺 E34AU+130FA hare (low) 𓃻 E36U+130FB baboon hamadryas baboon 𓃼 E37U+130FC baboon with receptacle and basket 𓃽 E38U+130FD long-horned bull ​ F Parts of mammals 𓃾 F1U+130FE ox head kꜣ Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Aleph and its descendants 𓃿 F1AU+130FF bovine head fnḏ alone is fnḏ (nose) but is also determinative for sn (kiss, smell). Interchangeable with D19 𓄀 F2U+13100 charging ox head ḏnd 𓄁 F3U+13101 hippopotamus head ꜣt 𓄂 F4U+13102 forepart of lion ḥꜣt 𓄃 F5U+13103 hartebeest head šsꜣ 𓄄 F6U+13104 forepart of hartebeest šsꜣ 𓄅 F7U+13105 ram head šfyt 𓄆 F8U+13106 forepart of ram šfyt 𓄇 F9U+13107 leopardhead pḥty Determinative or abbreviation for pḥty, "strength" 𓄈 F10U+13108 head and neck of animal ḫḫ 𓄉 F11U+13109 head and neck of animal ḫḫ 𓄊 F12U+1310A head and neck of animal wsr 𓄋 F13U+1310B horns wp, jp "Open", the New Year festival, opening the year 𓄌 F13AU+1310C horns 𓄍 F14U+1310D horns with palm branch wpt-rnpt (see: Renpet) 𓄎 F15U+1310E horns with palm branch and sun wpt-rnpt 𓄏 F16U+1310F horn ꜥb 𓄐 F17U+13110 horn and vase from which water flows ꜥbw 𓄑 F18U+13111 tusk bḥ, ḥw 𓄒 F19U+13112 lower jaw-bone of ox ꜥrt 𓄓 F20U+13113 tongue ns 1. Egyp. bil. ns. 2. A-tongue, and related words for speech; B-30th-(the 'Last Day of the Month'), and therefore, (next)-last 𓄔 F21U+13114 ear of bovine msḏr, ḏrḏ, sḏm 𓄕 F21AU+13115 hieratic ear of bovine 𓄖 F22U+13116 hind-quarters of lion pḥ 1. Ideas of 'physical force', and 'strength, (from the legs of the hindparts);2. Biliteral pḥ;3. see also: "forepart of lion", what is 'foremost', what 'excels', etc., 𓄗 F23U+13117 forelegof ox ḫpš 1. ḫpš, khepesh2. the reversed hieroglyph means, "strength", "power" 𓄘 F24U+13118 F23 reversed ḫpš 𓄙 F25U+13119 leg ofox wḥm 1. Meanings of: "repeat, repetition"2. Tril. for wḥm3. Ideogram for "bovine leg"4. (to repeat, narrate, recount, tell a story, tell a dream) 𓄚 F26U+1311A skin of goat ẖn 𓄛 F27U+1311B skin of cow with bent tail dḥr, pnw 𓄜 F28U+1311C skin of cow with straight tail ꜣb 𓄝 F29U+1311D cow's skin pierced by arrow sṯ Piercing rayssee ubn, (sun-with-rays) 𓄞 F30U+1311E water-skin šd 1. Determinative for šdw, "belly"; phon. for šd2. (See: similar shaped hieroglyph: V22 whip) 𓄟 F31U+1311F three skins tied together ms Bil. ms, "born", "born-of"; example, Pharaoh Ahmose, "Moon-Born"; Kamose, "Spirit-Born" 𓄠 F31AU+13120 three skins tied together 𓄡 F32U+13121 animal's belly ẖ 𓄢 F33U+13122 tail sd sd 1. Determinative for sd, "tail"; then phon., sd2. (See: the Sed festival, 'Festival of the Tail') 𓄣 F34U+13123 heart ib jb Ideogram or det. for ib, "heart" or also ḥ3ty that also means "heart";(See also E8 young goat, for ib) 𓄤 F35U+13124 heart andwindpipe nfr nfr Egyptian triliteral sign for nfr, (beauty), or "perfect"Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Teth and its descendants 𓄥 F36U+13125 lung and windpipe smꜣ(tril.) smꜣ Egyptian "lung", sma-(smꜣ); used for union, (as in the "Two Lands", "Upper and Lower Egypt)-(Lower Egypt=the Nile Delta); Ideogram or det. for "unite", "join" 𓄦 F37U+13126 backbone and ribs and spinal cord šꜥt jꜣt Wounds, slaughter, carnage 𓄧 F37AU+13127 backbone and ribs 𓄨 F38U+13128 backbone and ribs jꜣt 𓄩 F38AU+13129 backbone and ribs and spinal cord 𓄪 F39U+1312A backbone and spinal cord jmꜣḫ 𓄫 F40U+1312B backbone and spinal cords ꜣw(bil.) ꜣw To be long, length, to extendPharaoh: Extent of Happiness-(for Egypt-Land), , (on reliefs)(i.e. the Welfare of the Nation) 𓄬 F41U+1312C vertebrae psḏ 𓄭 F42U+1312D rib spr 𓄮 F43U+1312E ribs spḥt 𓄯 F44U+1312F bone with meat jswjwꜥ, jwswt jsw 1. Phoneme, jsw-"Reward".2. Determinative for thigh bone, jwꜥ-"Heir", Inheritance, Ancestry, (phonetic jw. Also, tibia, swt 𓄰 F45U+13130 uterus vulva, womb, cow jdt 𓄱 F45AU+13131 uterus 𓄲 F46U+13132 intestine pẖr, rrwḏb pẖr, dbn Egyptian language, wḏb; from dikeworks, to turn round, to change the direction, (crop rows) 𓄳 F46AU+13133 intestine pẖr, dbn 𓄴 F47U+13134 intestine pẖr, dbn 𓄵 F47AU+13135 intestine pẖr, dbn 𓄶 F48U+13136 intestine pẖr, dbn 𓄷 F49U+13137 intestine pẖr, dbn 𓄸 F50U+13138 combination of F46 and S29 spẖr spẖr to write, to engrave 𓄹 F51U+13139 piece of flesh ꜣs, ws 𓄺 F51AU+1313A three pieces of flesh horizontally 𓄻 F51BU+1313B three pieces of flesh vertically 𓄼 F51CU+1313C F51 reversed 𓄽 F52U+1313D excrement ḥs ḥs Determinative in hs-(ḥs), "excrement" 𓄾 F53U+1313E divine rod with ram head ​ G Birds 𓄿 G1U+1313F Egyptian vulture ꜣ Uniliteral sign representing Egyptian alef 𓅀 G2U+13140 two Egyptian vultures ꜣꜣ 𓅁 G3U+13141 combination of Egyptian vulture and sickle mꜣ 𓅂 G4U+13142 buzzard tjw tjw Tril. tjw 𓅃 G5U+13143 falcon ḥrw Horus; about 200 Horus-god names; an example: Horus-the-Child, Greek language-equivalent, Harpokrates; Egyptian, ḥrw-pꜣ-ẖrd, 𓅄 G6U+13144 combination of falcon and flaggellum falcon (bjk) Id. ḥrw 𓅅 G6AU+13145 falcon on basket 𓅆 G7U+13146 falcon on standard Various words related to the divine nswt or ny-sw.t 𓅇 G7AU+13147 falcon in boat 𓅈 G7BU+13148 falcon in boat 𓅉 G8U+13149 falcon on collar of beads Id. ḥr-nbw/bjk-nbw 𓅊 G9U+1314A falcon with sun on head skr 𓅋 G10U+1314B falcon in Sokar barque Sokar, ḥnw-bark 𓅌 G11U+1314C image of falcon 𓅍 G11AU+1314D image of falcon on standard 𓅎 G12U+1314E combination of image of falcon and flagellum 𓅏 G13U+1314F image of falcon with two plumes Sopdu Id. ḥrw nḫnj 𓅐 G14U+13150 vulture vulture (nrt) mwt det. for mwt "mother" 𓅑 G15U+13151 combination of vulture and flagellum Mut Id. mwt 𓅒 G16U+13152 vulture and cobra each on a basket Id. nbtj See Two Ladies 𓅓 G17U+13153 owl m(vertical) m 𓅔 G18U+13154 two owls mm 𓅕 G19U+13155 combination of owl and forearm with conical loaf m, mj 𓅖 G20U+13156 combination of owl and forearm m, mj 𓅗 G20AU+13157 combination of owl and mouth 𓅘 G21U+13158 guineafowl nḥ(bil.) nḥ, Id. nḥ 1. Egyp. bil. nḥ, for the bird; phon. for nḥ;2. Ideas of petition, supplicate, beseech; for Egyptian language nḥ-t, nḥḥ-t, oil, unguent, equivalent of Coptic language, "ⲛⲉϩ";3. for nḥḥ, eternity, or ever and ever, (see ḥḥ), Coptic "ⲉⲛⲉϩ" 𓅙 G22U+13159 hoopoe ḏb 𓅚 G23U+1315A lapwing rḫyt-people Id. rḫyt 𓅛 G24U+1315B lapwing with twisted wings rḫyt-people Id. rḫyt 𓅜 G25U+1315C northern bald ibis (ꜣḫ)(bil.) ꜣḫ Bil. ꜣḫ, for the 'divine'; also the ideogram 𓅝 G26U+1315D sacred Ibis on standard Ibis (hb) Id. ḏḥwtj God Thoth, the god of scribes 𓅞 G26AU+1315E sacred Ibis 𓅟 G27U+1315F flamingo flamingo (dšr) dšr 𓅠 G28U+13160 glossy ibis gm(bil.) gm to find, or to discover 𓅡 G29U+13161 saddle-billed stork bꜣ(bil.) bꜣ 𓅢 G30U+13162 three saddle-billed storks bꜣu Id. bꜣw Divine souls, souls of gods 𓅣 G31U+13163 heron Heron/Bennu-bird (bnw) 1. the heron-like Bennu2. Determinative for bnw, the "Phoenix-bird"3. For 'Phoenix' & Harp, in both cultures-(Egypt & Mesopotamia), one of few Akkadian, Semitic word similarities: Akkadian: banuA, to create, build, generate; and banuB, to be good, beautiful. 𓅤 G32U+13164 heron on perch to inundate (bꜥḥj) Id. bꜥḥj 𓅥 G33U+13165 cattle egret to tremble (sdꜣ/sdꜣdꜣ) 𓅦 G34U+13166 ostrich ostrich (njw) 𓅧 G35U+13167 cormorant ꜥq 𓅨 G36U+13168 swallow swallow (mnt) wr bil. wr 𓅩 G36AU+13169 swallow (low) 𓅪 G37U+1316A sparrow Various words related to the idea of small or bad 𓅫 G37AU+1316B sparrow (low) 𓅬 G38U+1316C white-fronted goose bird zꜣ, sꜣ, sꜣ-t(bil.) 1. "son of", "daughter of", sa, sa-t2. goose 𓅭 G39U+1316D pintail Pintail duck (zt) zt 𓅮 G40U+1316E pintail flying pꜣ(bil.) pꜣ Ideogram and bil. for pꜣ, to fly; phoneme for pꜣ 𓅯 G41U+1316F pintail alighting pꜣ 𓅰 G42U+13170 widgeon to fatten (wšꜣ), Food (ḏfꜣw) Id. wšꜣ 𓅱 G43U+13171 quail chick wu w, Id. w 1. Unil. w, or u2. Either "quail chick" or equivalent coil (hieroglyph), Gardiner Z7, , used also for the plural at word endings 𓅲 G43AU+13172 combination of quail chick and flat loaf 𓅳 G44U+13173 two quail chicks ww 𓅴 G45U+13174 combination of quail chick and forearm wꜥ 𓅵 G45AU+13175 combination of quail chick and forearm with conical loaf 𓅶 G46U+13176 combination of quail chick and sickle mꜣw 𓅷 G47U+13177 duckling ṯꜣ(bil.) ṯꜣ Bil. ṯꜣ, for 'baby bird', duckling; Ideogram for 'young bird'(The Egyptian vizier is the "ṯꜣty") 𓅸 G48U+13178 three ducklings in nest nest, pond, marsh (sš) Id. sš 𓅹 G49U+13179 three ducklings in pool nest, pond, marsh (sš) Id. sš 𓅺 G50U+1317A two plovers Id. rḫtj 𓅻 G51U+1317B bird pecking at fish to catch fish (ḥꜣm/ḥjm) 𓅼 G52U+1317C goose picking up grain to feed (snm) 𓅽 G53U+1317D human-headed bird with bowl with smoke Ba (bꜣ), personality Id. bꜣ Ba 𓅾 G54U+1317E plucked bird to wring (birds' necks) (wšn) snḏ 1. Determinative for wšn, Egyptian: "twist the neck (of a bird)"2. Phonetically sn(tj), (snṯ)3. (see Trussed-goose Palette) ​ H Parts of birds 𓅿 H1U+1317F head of pintail bird (in ringing of bird's neck wšn) mꜣꜥ, wšm, pq (pꜣq) 1. an abbreviation for ꜣpd, "bird" 𓆀 H2U+13180 head of crested bird mꜣꜥ, wšm, pq (pꜣq) 1. Phoneme for pq2. Also as: H2a(head ofduck(one type)) or (cloth apparelcoveringetc ) 𓆁 H3U+13181 head of spoonbill pꜣq 𓆂 H4U+13182 head of vulture nr, rmṯ in "people" 𓆃 H5U+13183 wing wing (ḏnḥ), fly (pꜣ) Wing 𓆄 H6U+13184 feather feather (šwt), Maat (mꜣꜥt), šw God Shu, goddess Maat; Maat's Shu feather 𓆅 H6AU+13185 hieratic feather 𓆆 H7U+13186 claw šꜣ (only in country šꜣt) 𓆇 H8U+13187 egg son, egg (swḥt) det. for feminine in goddess names, wives, etc.; det. in swḥt, 'egg' ​ I Amphibious animals, reptiles, etc. 𓆈 I1U+13188 gecko ꜥšꜣ(tril.) 1. "multitudes", (=the populace, etc.)2. Det. or ideo. in ꜥšꜣ "lizard"; also the tril. 𓆉 I2U+13189 turtle št Turtle 𓆊 I3U+1318A crocodile 𓆋 I4U+1318B crocodileon shrine sbk Ideogram of det. for sbk, (Sobek); (see also Crocodile) 𓆌 I5U+1318C crocodile with curved tail 𓆍 I5AU+1318D image of crocodile 𓆎 I6U+1318E crocodile scales 𓆏 I7U+1318F frog ḥqt(ꜥbḫn and qrr) Determinative, frog; (See also (frog)-Goddess Heket, her 'emblem'); noun words for 'frog': ꜥbḫn, qrr 𓆐 I8U+13190 tadpole ḥfn100,000 100,000 𓆑 I9U+13191 horned viper f 1. Uniliteral f2. 3rd person singular masculine suffix pronoun 𓆒 I9AU+13192 horned viper crawling out of enclosure 𓆓 I10U+13193 cobra in repose ḏ 𓆔 I10AU+13194 cobra with feather 𓆕 I11U+13195 two cobras ḏḏ what has been commanded 𓆖 I11AU+13196 combination of cobra, flat loaf and sandy tract 𓆗 I12U+13197 cobra erect as on the forehead of the Pharaoh jꜥrt Uraeus; Determinative for jꜥrt "uraeus", determinative for goddesses, especially those to whom the appearance of a snake was attributed 𓆘 I13U+13198 erect cobra on basket Uraeus; Determinative for goddesses 𓆙 I14U+13199 snake 𓆚 I15U+1319A snake ​ K Fishes and parts of fishes 𓆛 K1U+1319B tilapia Nile tilapia jnt or flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus) jnt, jn(bil.)-jn Egyptian biliteral sign jn; det. for "Tilapia", jnt; phoneme for jn; the common fish shape for reliefs & art; also for the fish cosmetic palettes 𓆜 K2U+1319C barbel bw 𓆝 K3U+1319D mullet flathead mullet (ꜥḏw) or ꜥḏ only in "country commissioner (ꜥḏ-mr)" 𓆞 K4U+1319E elephant-snout fish Mormyrus (ẖꜣt) ẖꜣ 1. Phonetic value ẖꜣ, from name, ideogram ẖjt2. Bil. for ẖꜣ 𓆟 K5U+1319F Petrocephalus bane petrocephalus bane (rm) bs 𓆠 K6U+131A0 fish scale fish scale (nšmt) 𓆡 K7U+131A1 puffer Nile pufferfish, annoying (špt) 𓆢 K8U+131A2 catfish ​ L Invertebrata and lesser animals 𓆣 L1U+131A3 dung beetle dung beetle, become, emerge ḫpr See: Scarab (artifact)See: God Khepri 𓆤 L2U+131A4 bee bee (bjt) for bjt (only in "king of lower Egypt" (bjt)) This hieroglyphic shows the very important hieroglyphic for bee, that stands also for honey. It is found very often on pharaonic naming-inscriptions-(as the combined term: Nesu-bity), because this hieroglyphic is a symbol for Lower Egypt together with the sedge, the symbol that stands for Upper Egypt, showing the domination of the Pharaohs over Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. See also nswt-bjt 𓆥 L2AU+131A5 combination of bee, sedge and two flat loafs 𓆦 L3U+131A6 fly fly (ꜥff) 𓆧 L4U+131A7 locust Grasshopper (snḥmn), locust 𓆨 L5U+131A8 centipede centipede (spꜣ) 𓆩 L6U+131A9 shell ḫꜣ (rarely) 𓆪 L6AU+131AA L6 reversed 𓆫 L7U+131AB scorpion Serket, scorpion goddess (srqt) Modified for superstitious reasons 𓆬 L8U+131AC ​ M Trees and plants 𓆭 M1U+131AD tree 𓆮 M1AU+131AE combination of tree and branch 𓆯 M1BU+131AF combination of tree and horned viper 𓆰 M2U+131B0 plant ḥn-(from ḥnj)js-(from jsw) 1. Determinative for various plants or flowers2. Two phonemes for "cane", and "canes", ḥn-(from ḥnj), js-(from jsw). 3. flower (garland), plant, branch, seed 4. Rosetta Stone, line R12, The people shall wear garlands on their heads, shall be made festal... 𓆱 M3U+131B1 branch ḫt 1. Bil. ḫt2. Ideo. or det. for wood, tree; 3. linear measure, (=100 cubits) 𓆲 M3AU+131B2 combination of owl and branch 𓆳 M4U+131B3 palm branch 𓆴 M5U+131B4 combination of palm branch and flat loaf 𓆵 M6U+131B5 combination of palm branch and mouth 𓆶 M7U+131B6 combination of palm branch and stool 𓆷 M8U+131B7 pool with lotus flowers šꜣ 1. Ideogram & Phoneme for šꜣ, "flooded country"2. Ideogram for aḫt, Season of the Inundation 𓆸 M9U+131B8 lotus flower sšn(also snšn) A. Ideogram or det. in sšn, lotus flower;B. Greek language 'souson';C. also det. for snšn, for lily, lotus 𓆹 M10U+131B9 lotus bud with straight stem 𓆺 M10AU+131BA lotus bud with winding stem 𓆻 M11U+131BB flower on long twisted stalk wtn An offering, gift; make a gift; see wḏb 𓆼 M12U+131BC one lotus plant 1000ḫꜣ Ideogram for ḫꜣ, a part of the lotus; phonetically used for ḫꜣ; in Egyptian mathematics, 1000: (see also ksj, bow, bend, do homage, etc., for ḫꜣ-ꜣ-b) 𓆽 M12AU+131BD two lotus plants 2000 𓆾 M12BU+131BE three lotus plants 3000 𓆿 M12CU+131BF four lotus plants 4000 𓇀 M12DU+131C0 five lotus plants 5000 𓇁 M12EU+131C1 six lotus plants 6000 𓇂 M12FU+131C2 seven lotus plants 7000 𓇃 M12GU+131C3 eight lotus plants 8000 𓇄 M12HU+131C4 nine lotus plants 9000 𓇅 M13U+131C5 papyrusstem wꜣḏ(tril.) Tril. wꜣḏ 𓇆 M14U+131C6 combination of papyrus and cobra 𓇇 M15U+131C7 clump of papyrus with buds 𓇈 M15AU+131C8 combination of clump of papyrus with buds and village 𓇉 M16U+131C9 clump of papyrus mḥw Symbol of Lower Egypt 𓇊 M16AU+131CA combination of clump of papyrus and village 𓇋 M17U+131CB reed j Alphabetic uniliteral vowel j 𓇌 M17AU+131CC two reeds 𓇍 M18U+131CD combination of reed and legs walking jjjt Combined sound-sign, determinative for j(+j); come, to come, coming, etc. 𓇎 M19U+131CE heaped conical cakes between reed and club 𓇏 M20U+131CF field of reeds 𓇐 M21U+131D0 reeds with root 𓇑 M22U+131D1 rush Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Tsade and its descendants 𓇒 M22AU+131D2 two rushes nn proximal demonstrative "this, that" 𓇓 M23U+131D3 sedge sw See nswt-bjt 𓇔 M24U+131D4 combination of sedge and mouth rs Alternate version of M25 𓇖. South 𓇕 M24AU+131D5 lily 𓇖 M25U+131D6 combination of flowering sedge and mouth rs Upper Egypt; also, the South 𓇗 M26U+131D7 floweringsedge šmꜥ Flowering rush; also Gardiner nos. M25, M27, M28,    𓇘 M27U+131D8 combination of flowering sedge and forearm 𓇙 M28U+131D9 combination of flowering sedge and hobble 𓇚 M28AU+131DA three lilies on village 𓇛 M29U+131DB seed-pod nḏm(tril.) 1. Ideogram for types of tree nḏm, and "sweet", nḏm;2. Egyptian triliteral sign for nḏm "date" 𓇜 M30U+131DC root bnr Ideogram or det. for bnr, sweet, date; for Egyptian language bnrjt, sweetness, a favor, anything sweet, pleasant or nice; for bnryty, the 'confectioner' 𓇝 M31U+131DD rhizome 𓇞 M31AU+131DE tree in vase 𓇟 M32U+131DF rhizome 𓇠 M33U+131E0 3 grains horizontally 𓇡 M33AU+131E1 3 grains vertically 𓇢 M33BU+131E2 3 grains in triangular arrangement 𓇣 M34U+131E3 ear of emmer 𓇤 M35U+131E4 stack(of grain) (kh)tyꜥḥꜥ-ꜥḥꜥw Determinative in 1. ꜥḥꜥ-ꜥḥꜥw, for "stack-(of grain)"; (or other determiners for: food, provisions, stores, heaps of grain, wealth, riches, abundance);2. and (kh)ty, 'heap of grain', where (kh)tyt, is "barn floor", or "place where grain is stored for sale" 𓇥 M36U+131E5 bundle of flax 1-ḏrmany wordconstructs2-dma(bil.)-ḏr 1. Bil. & phoneme for ḏr;2. Determinative for dmꜣ, to tie together, to bind, to gather together, to collect 𓇦 M37U+131E6 bundle of flax 𓇧 M38U+131E7 wide bundle of flax 𓇨 M39U+131E8 basket of fruit or grain 1. ḏr2. dmꜥ (to-gather)(bil.)ḏr-(equivalent) 1. see "Bundle of Flax";2. interchangeable with 'Bundle of Flax', bil. ḏr;3A. Determinative; 3B. for the Decree of Canopus, used once, line 18, for Egyptian language rd, (to grow, to flourish, to spring up, to spread out) as a replacement for the "Garland"-(3-Plants-Bundle), "...., and the great processional festival of the Goddess Bast, because the time for the in-gathering of all the crops, and the inundation of the Nile (River) taketh place therein. ...." 𓇩 M40U+131E9 bundle of reeds 𓇪 M40AU+131EA bundle of reeds 𓇫 M41U+131EB piece of wood 𓇬 M42U+131EC flower 𓇭 M43U+131ED vine on trellis 𓇮 M44U+131EE thorn spdsrt Determinative for spd, "readiness", sharp, pointed, etc.; det. for srt, "thorn" Also means "giving" ​ N Sky, earth, water 𓇯 N1U+131EF sky pt Sky, (or heaven), and often used as God/Pharaoh XXXX, Lord of Sky/Heaven, hieroglyph block: 𓇰 N2U+131F0 sky with sceptre grḥ Night, darkness 𓇱 N3U+131F1 sky with sceptre grḥ Night, darkness 𓇲 N4U+131F2 sky with rain 𓇳 N5U+131F3 sun Ra/Re (Every pharaoh's prenomen has 'Re' in it, the name of the sun god, sometimes written 'Ra') 𓇴 N6U+131F4 sun with uraeus Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Shin (letter) and its descendants 𓇵 N7U+131F5 combination of sun and butcher's block 𓇶 N8U+131F6 sunshine 𓇷 N9U+131F7 moon with lower half obscured psḏ used for the Ennead (nine gods) and New moon festival 𓇸 N10U+131F8 moon with lower section obscured 𓇹 N11U+131F9 crescent moon jꜥḥ 1. Det. "moon"; 2. Ideogram, jꜥḥ, 'moon'; 3. items of the 'month', (time period); see ploughing, laborer ("planting"), Gardiner T24, (also jꜥḥ) 𓇺 N12U+131FA crescent moon 𓇻 N13U+131FB combination of crescent moon and star 𓇼 N14U+131FC star sbꜣdwꜣ(tril.)-dwꜣ(tril.)-sbꜣ Ideogram or det. for sba-(sbꜣ), "star"; phonetic for dua-(dwꜣ)(dua); (see Duat) 𓇽 N15U+131FD star in circle dwꜣt Otherworld, the Duat 𓇾 N16U+131FE land with grains tꜣ Biliteral tꜣ "land", "country", etc. 𓇿 N17U+131FF land Variant of N16 𓈀 N18U+13200 sandy tract 𓈁 N18AU+13201 combination of sandy tract and ripple of water 𓈂 N18BU+13202 combination of roll of bread and bolt 𓈃 N19U+13203 two sandy tracts tꜣwj In ḥrw tꜣš(w) tꜣwj "Horus who joins the two lands" 𓈄 N20U+13204 tongue of land 𓈅 N21U+13205 short tongue of land 𓈆 N22U+13206 broad tongue of land 𓈇 N23U+13207 irrigation canal 𓈈 N24U+13208 irrigation canal system spꜣt 𓈉 N25U+13209 three hills ḫꜣs(t) part of ḫꜣst, for "hill country" or "foreign land". Det. for a place. 𓈊 N25AU+1320A three hills (low) 𓈋 N26U+1320B two hills ḏw(bil.) Bil. ḏw, for "mountain"; ideogram and phoneme for "mountain" 𓈌 N27U+1320C sun over mountain ꜣḫt Ideogram for ꜣḫt, "horizon"; (see Akhenaten's townsite, Akhetaten) 𓈍 N28U+1320D rays of sun over hill ḫꜥ Bil. ḫꜥ; sun-rising (hieroglyph) 𓈎 N29U+1320E slope of hill q 𓈏 N30U+1320F mound of earth 𓈐 N31U+13210 road with shrubs 𓈑 N32U+13211 lump of clay 𓈒 N33U+13212 grain 𓈓 N33AU+13213 three grains 𓈔 N34U+13214 ingot of metal 𓈕 N34AU+13215 ingot of metal 𓈖 N35U+13216 ripple of water n (including as a preposition to, for, towards; of) Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Mem and its descendants 𓈗 N35AU+13217 three ripples of water mw determinative for water and liquid 𓈘 N36U+13218 canal mr mr-(Beloved of XX); det. water; (see also for mr, Chisel) 𓈙 N37U+13219 pool š Uniliteral š, a pool 𓈚 N37AU+1321A pool 𓈛 N38U+1321B deep pool 𓈜 N39U+1321C pool with water 1. jnr2. ḏbtdby-t-plinth 1. block of stone, (or brick, etc.)2. Ideogram or det. in inr for "stone", "block", etc.3. Det. in types of building stones or types of minerals4A. Det. for dbt-(ḏbt), "brick"; 4B. dby-t-plinth, pedestal 𓈝 N40U+1321D poolwith legs Pool with walking legs 𓈞 N41U+1321E well with ripple of water ḥmtbjꜣ Phonemes for ḥmt, biꜣ; A "basin", but commonly used for 'wife', or 'woman' 𓈟 N42U+1321F well with line of water ​ NL Lower nile Lower Nile 𓈠 NL1U+13220 1st Nome of Lower Egypt (NL001), Inebu-Hedj 𓈡 NL2U+13221 2nd Nome of Lower Egypt (NL002) 𓈢 NL3U+13222 3rd Nome of Lower Egypt (NL003) 𓈣 NL4U+13223 4th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL004) 𓈤 NL5U+13224 5th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL005) 𓈥 NL5aU+13225 5th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL005A) 𓈦 NL6U+13226 6th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL006), Khaset 𓈧 NL7U+13227 7th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL007) 𓈨 NL8U+13228 8th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL008) 𓈩 NL9U+13229 9th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL009) 𓈪 NL10U+1322A 10th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL010) 𓈫 NL11U+1322B 11th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL011) 𓈬 NL12U+1322C 12th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL012) 𓈭 NL13U+1322D 13th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL013), Heq-At 𓈮 NL14U+1322E 14th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL014) 𓈯 NL15U+1322F 15th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL015) 𓈰 NL16U+13230 16th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL016) 𓈱 NL17U+13231 17th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL017) 𓈲 NL17aU+13232 17th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL017A) 𓈳 NL18U+13233 18th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL018) 𓈴 NL19U+13234 19th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL019) 𓈵 NL20U+13235 20th Nome of Lower Egypt (NL020) ​ NU Upper nile Upper Nile 𓈶 NU1U+13236 1st Nome of Upper Egypt (NU001), Ta-Seti 𓈷 NU2U+13237 2nd Nome of Upper Egypt (NU002), Wetjes-Hor 𓈸 NU3U+13238 3rd Nome of Upper Egypt (NU003), Nekhen (nome) 𓈹 NU4U+13239 4th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU004) 𓈺 NU5U+1323A 5th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU005), Herui 𓈻 NU6U+1323B 6th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU006), Iqer 𓈼 NU7U+1323C 7th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU007) 𓈽 NU8U+1323D 8th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU008), Ta-wer 𓈾 NU9U+1323E 9th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU009) 𓈿 NU10U+1323F 10th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU010), Wadjet 𓉀 NU10aU+13240 10th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU010A), Wadjet 𓉁 NU11U+13241 11th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU011) 𓉂 NU11aU+13242 11th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU011A) 𓉃 NU12U+13243 12th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU012) 𓉄 NU13U+13244 13th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU013) 𓉅 NU14U+13245 14th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU014) 𓉆 NU15U+13246 15th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU015), Wenet 𓉇 NU16U+13247 16th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU016), Ma-hedj 𓉈 NU17U+13248 17th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU017) 𓉉 NU18U+13249 18th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU018) 𓉊 NU18aU+1324A 18th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU018A) 𓉋 NU19U+1324B 19th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU019) 𓉌 NU20U+1324C 20th Nome of Upper Egypt (NU020) 𓉍 NU21U+1324D 21st Nome of Upper Egypt (NU021) 𓉎 NU22U+1324E 22nd Nome of Upper Egypt (NU022) 𓉏 NU22aU+1324F 22nd Nome of Upper Egypt (NU022A) ​ O Buildings, parts of buildings, etc. 𓉐 O1U+13250 house pr(bil.) bil. pr; used extensively in "placenames"-(home of God XXX); placenames for a Pharaoh, etc.1. Ideogram, house, estate; 2. bil. pr; 3. Determinative for 'building', 'location'. Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Bet and its descendants. 𓉑 O1A U+13251 combination of house and ankh 𓉒 O2U+13252 combination of house and mace with round head 𓉓 O3U+13253 combination of house, oar, tall loaf and beer jug 𓉔 O4U+13254 shelter h 1. first alphabetic h; 2. Egyptian uniliteral sign h; 3. see second uniliteral h, the wick (hieroglyph), Gardiner V28, 𓉕 O5U+13255 winding wall from upper-left corner 𓉖 O5AU+13256 winding wall from lower-left corner 𓉗 O6U+13257 enclosure ḥwt 1. Ideogram for hwt-(ḥut), palace, temple, tomb; see also: palace, ꜥḥPossibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Heth and its descendants 𓉘 O6AU+13258 opening of ḥwt-enclosure 𓉙 O6BU+13259 opening of ḥwt-enclosure 𓉚 O6CU+1325A opening of ḥwt-enclosure 𓉛 O6DU+1325B closing of ḥwt-enclosure 𓉜 O6EU+1325C closing of ḥwt-enclosure 𓉝 O6FU+1325D closing of ḥwt-enclosure 𓉞 O7U+1325E combination of enclosure and flat loaf 𓉟 O8U+1325F combination of enclosure, flat loaf and wooden column 𓉠 O9U+13260 combination of enclosure, flat loaf and basket 𓉡 O10U+13261 combination of enclosure and falcon 𓉢 O10AU+13262 combination of enclosure and ankh 𓉣 O10BU+13263 combination of enclosure and bee 𓉤 O10CU+13264 combination of shrine in profile and face 𓉥 O11U+13265 palace ꜥḥ 1. Ideogram, ꜥḥ "palace"; see also: palace, temple, tomb, ḥwt 𓉦 O12U+13266 combination of palace and forearm 𓉧 O13U+13267 battlemented enclosure 𓉨 O14U+13268 part of battlemented enclosure 𓉩 O15U+13269 enclosure with cup and flat loaf 𓉪 O16U+1326A gateway with serpents 𓉫 O17U+1326B open gateway with serpents 𓉬 O18U+1326C shrine in profile 𓉭 O19U+1326D shrine with fence 𓉮 O19AU+1326E shrine 𓉯 O20U+1326F shrine 𓉰 O20AU+13270 shrine 𓉱 O21U+13271 façade of shrine 𓉲 O22U+13272 booth with pole 𓉳 O23U+13273 double platform 𓉴 O24U+13274 pyramid 𓉵 O24AU+13275 pedestal of sun temple 𓉶 O25U+13276 obelisk tḫn Ideogram or det. for tḫn, obelisk 𓉷 O25AU+13277 obelisk and pedestal of sun temple 𓉸 O26U+13278 stela wḏꜥḥꜥw 1. Ideogram or det. for wḏ, a stele; det. for ꜥḥꜥw, station (of a procession), "stele"; used also for 'memorial slab', boundary stone, landmark. 2. NOTE: there are other listed, (or Non-listed) hieroglyphs for boundary steles: (similar) (variants) 3. Similar spelling for wḏ: uses a stone block as det. and hand: ud 𓉹 O27U+13279 hall of columns 𓉺 O28U+1327A column 𓉻 O29U+1327B horizontal wooden column ꜥꜣ 'Great'(wooden)-column 𓉼 O29AU+1327C vertical wooden column 𓉽 O30U+1327D support 𓉾 O30AU+1327E four supports 𓉿 O31U+1327F door ꜥꜣ 1. Egyptian language, ꜥꜣ, equivalent to   .2. Determinative, 'open' Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Dalet and its descendants. 𓊀 O32U+13280 gateway 𓊁 O33U+13281 façade of palace 𓊂 O33AU+13282 closing of srḫ-enclosure 𓊃 O34U+13283 door bolt s(horizontal) Unil. s, (the horizontal s); the vertical s is Gardiner S29, a folded cloth, Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Qoph and its descendants 𓊄 O35U+13284 combination of bolt and legs zj alone translates to "go!", can also be used in zbj, "perish". 𓊅 O36U+13285 wall jnb 1. Ideogram or det. for jnb, "wall";2. (a det. for related words) 𓊆 O36AU+13286 opening of oval fortified wall enclosure 𓊇 O36BU+13287 closing of oval fortified wall enclosure 𓊈 O36CU+13288 opening of square fortified wall enclosure 𓊉 O36DU+13289 closure of square fortified wall enclosure 𓊊 O37U+1328A falling wall 𓊋 O38U+1328B corner of wall 𓊌 O39U+1328C stone 𓊍 O40U+1328D stair single A determinative 𓊎 O41U+1328E double stairway qꜣ, qꜣꜣ, qꜣj 1. Determinative for qꜣ-(constructs): high ground, hill, high place;2. same for jꜣr, to climb 𓊏 O42U+1328F fence šsp tril. šsp 𓊐 O43U+13290 low fence 𓊑 O44U+13291 emblem of Min jꜣt 1. Ideogram or det. for jꜣt, for "post", "office", "position", etc.2. the fetish of the "Temple of Min" 𓊒 O45U+13292 domed building 𓊓 O46U+13293 domed building 𓊔 O47U+13294 enclosed mound 𓊕 O48U+13295 enclosed mound sp Time; see also "threshing floor", Gardiner O50 𓊖 O49U+13296 village 𓊗 O50U+13297 threshing floor sp(from spt) Biliteral sp; (equal to Egyptian: "time"); see also "time", Gardiner O48 𓊘 O50AU+13298 hieratic threshing floor 𓊙 O50BU+13299 O50A reversed 𓊚 O51U+1329A pile of grain šnwt Ideo. or det., šnwt, "granary" ​ P Ships and parts of ships 𓊛 P1U+1329B boat ship, boat (dpt), sail, go downstream 𓊜 P1AU+1329C boat upside down 𓊝 P2U+1329D ship under sail sail (go upstream) 𓊞 P3U+1329E sacred barque sacred barque (wiꜣ or wrtA) 𓊟 P3AU+1329F sacred barque without steering oar 𓊠 P4U+132A0 boat with net Abbreviation for fisherman (wḥꜥ) 𓊡 P5U+132A1 sail sail (ṯꜣwt) (ḥtꜣw), sailor (nfw), wind (ṯꜣw), north wind (mḥyt) 𓊢 P6U+132A2 mast stand (ꜥḥꜥ) ꜥḥꜥ Triliteral ꜥḥꜥ, "to erect" 𓊣 P7U+132A3 combination of mast and forearm ꜥḥꜥw Combination of P6 and D36 𓊤 P8U+132A4 oar oar (wsrw) 1. Determinative for wsr, "oar";2. Tril. phonogram, ḫrw 𓊥 P9U+132A5 combination of oar and horned viper says (ḫrwfj) Combination of P8 and I9 𓊦 P10U+132A6 rudder steering oar (ḥmw) Determinative, ḥmw, for "rudder" and related words 𓊧 P11U+132A7 mooringpost mooring post (mjnj) 1. Determinative in mnit, the "mooring post", or related words ​ Q Domestic and funerary furniture 𓊨 Q1U+132A8 seatthrone seat (st), place st, js, ḥtm Ideogram for st, seat, throne, place; and phonogram st; see is-t, for major use of Place of XXXX, etc. 𓊩 Q2U+132A9 carryingchair seat (st) *ws in Osiris (wsjr) Ideogram for ꜣsir, the God Osiris 𓊪 Q3U+132AA stool support (p), stool, stool made out of reed (originally the stool's Mat) A common usage is for the name of god Ptah-(p,t,h) 𓊫 Q4U+132AB headrest wrs A. Determinative for wrs', the "headrest";B. headrest is also Egyptian language, wꜣrst, (one spelling) (equals Coptic language, "ⲟⲩⲣⲁⲥ"). C. See also: WikiCommons: Egyptian headrests 𓊬 Q5U+132AC chest box (hn) 𓊭 Q6U+132AD sarcophagus coffin (qrsw), bury (qrs) Ideogram or det. for qrsw, sarcophagus 𓊮 Q7U+132AE brazier fire, flamelampbrazier 1. lamp 2. (see Fire-Flame)-(in progress) 3. "Brazier" 4. Egyptian language, ḫꜣbs, (for lamp, etc.-tied to ḫꜣbs, for "star", "luminary"; for Flame: ḫt, sḏt, & nsr; for Heat: rkḥ & tꜣ ​ R Temple furniture and sacred emblems 𓊯 R1U+132AF high table with offerings offering table (ḫꜣwt) ḫꜣwt 𓊰 R2U+132B0 table with slices of bread offering table (ḫꜣwt) ḫꜣwt 𓊱 R2AU+132B1 high table with offerings 𓊲 R3U+132B2 low table with offerings offering table (ḫꜣwt) ḫꜣwt 𓊳 R3AU+132B3 low table altar; contentment ḥtp 𓊴 R3BU+132B4 low table with offerings (simplified) 𓊵 R4U+132B5 loaf on mat ḥtp "altar, offering, boon which the king grants, be pleased, be happy, be gracious, pardon, be at peace, be peaceful, become calm" (Faulkner 1991:179) 𓊶 R5U+132B6 narrow censer 𓊷 R6U+132B7 broad censer 𓊸 R7U+132B8 bowl with smoke 𓊹 R8U+132B9 Cloth on pole nṯr logogram of god; Phonogram nṯr 𓊺 R9U+132BA combination of cloth on pole and bag 𓊻 R10U+132BB combination of cloth on pole, butcher's block and slope of hill 𓊼 R10AU+132BC combination of cloth on pole and butcher's block 𓊽 R11U+132BD reed column ḏd(bil.) Djed Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Samekh and its descendants 𓊾 R12U+132BE standard 𓊿 R13U+132BF falcon and feather on standard 𓋀 R14U+132C0 Emblemof the West jmnj ("West")wnmj ("right") Emblem of the WestIdeogram for jmnt, west, (and similar); also for wnmj, "right" 𓋁 R15U+132C1 spear, Emblem of the East jꜣbt ("East")jꜣbj ("left") Emblem of the EastIdeogram for jꜣbt, east, (and similar); also for jꜣbj, "left" 𓋂 R16U+132C2 sceptre with feathers and string 𓋃 R16AU+132C3 sceptre with feathers 𓋄 R17U+132C4 wig on pole 𓋅 R18U+132C5 combination of wig on pole and irrigation canal system 𓋆 R19U+132C6 scepter with feather 𓋇 R20U+132C7 flower with horns Symbol representing the goddess Seshat 𓋈 R21U+132C8 flower with horns 𓋉 R22U+132C9 two narrow belemnites 𓋊 R23U+132CA two broad belemnites 𓋋 R24U+132CB two bows tied horizontally nt 1. Ideogram or det. for name of Goddess Neith;2. Egyp. bil. nt 𓋌 R25U+132CC two bows tied vertically 𓋍 R26U+132CD combination of land, lung and windpipe, lily, and papyrus 𓋎 R27U+132CE two arrows crossed over a shield 𓋏 R28U+132CF Bat 𓋐 R29U+132D0 niche with serpent ​ S Crowns, dress, staves, etc. 𓋑 S1U+132D1 white crown ḥḏ See Hedjet; (see also Red crown & Pschent) 𓋒 S2U+132D2 combination of white crown and basket wrt 𓋓 S2AU+132D3 combination of white crown and village 𓋔 S3U+132D4 red crown n(vertical) See Deshret; Red crown (hieroglyph)-(uniliteral n-(vertical)); (see also White crown) 𓋕 S4U+132D5 combination of red crown and basket wrt 𓋖 S5U+132D6 Pschent Crown For the Pharaoh, King of the Two Lands, (i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt) 𓋗 S6U+132D7 combination of Pschent Crown and basket 𓋘 S6AU+132D8 combination of red crown and village 𓋙 S7U+132D9 blue crown ḫprš khepresh-helmet 𓋚 S8U+132DA Atefcrown ꜣtf Ideo. or det. for the crown ꜣtf-(atef) 𓋛 S9U+132DB shutitwo-featheradornment šwtj two feathers, shuti two-feather adornment 𓋜 S10U+132DC headband 𓋝 S11U+132DD broad collar 𓋞 S12U+132DE collar of beads nbw(bil.) bil. nbw; Horus of Gold name in Pharaonic titulary 𓋟 S13U+132DF combination of collar of beads and foot 𓋠 S14U+132E0 combination of collar of beads and mace with round head 𓋡 S14AU+132E1 combination of collar of beads and sceptre ḏꜥm White-goldsee gold (hieroglyph) 𓋢 S14BU+132E2 combination of collar of beads and sceptre 𓋣 S15U+132E3 pectoral Four props, the Four Pillars of Heaven; also as, sḫnt, four pillars of the sky; (sa)(kh)niu, additionally, 4 legs of a chair; sḫnt, 4 legs of a vessel & sḫnt IV, the 4 Pillars that Support the Sky 𓋤 S16U+132E4 pectoral 𓋥 S17U+132E5 pectoral 𓋦 S17AU+132E6 girdle 𓋧 S18U+132E7 "menatnecklaceandcounterpoise" (mnjt) 1. "Menat and counterpoise"; 2. Ideogram or det. in mnjt, the necklace of Menat pearls 𓋨 S19U+132E8 sealwith necklace Sealwith necklace 𓋩 S20U+132E9 necklace with seal manysee under:ḏb-to sealḏbꜥj-t 1. (confer cylinder seal); 2. Ideogram or det. in ẖtm, sḏꜣt, ḏbꜥt, all words for "seal", or equivalent wordsSeal-rings, (Impression seals, or Seals of Office) 𓋪 S21U+132EA ring 𓋫 S22U+132EB shoulder-knot 𓋬 S23U+132EC two whipswith shen ring dmḏordnḏ Ideogram and det. in dmḏ, for "to unite" 𓋭 S24U+132ED girdle knot ṯs(bil.) 1. knot; to tie in a knot, fetter;2. Bil. ṯs 𓋮 S25U+132EE garment with ties 𓋯 S26U+132EF apron 𓋰 S26AU+132F0 apron 𓋱 S26BU+132F1 apron 𓋲 S27U+132F2 cloth with two strands 𓋳 S28U+132F3 cloth with fringe on top and folded cloth 𓋴 S29U+132F4 folded cloth s Uniliteral for s; also used in spdt, triangle, Sirius, Sothis, Sothic cycle 𓋵 S30U+132F5 combination of folded cloth and horned viper 𓋶 S31U+132F6 combination of folded cloth and sickle 𓋷 S32U+132F7 cloth with fringe on the side 𓋸 S33U+132F8 sandal 𓋹 S34U+132F9 lifeankh, possibly representing a sandal-strap ꜥnḫ(tril.) Tril. ꜥnḫIdeogram for "life", "live" 𓋺 S35U+132FA sunshade 𓋻 S35AU+132FB sunshade 𓋼 S36U+132FC sunshade 𓋽 S37U+132FD fan 𓋾 S38U+132FE crook ḥq 1. 'to rule', 'chief', 'ruler', ḥq;2. ḥq-scepter;3. the pharaoh was called the Ruler of On, (Ruler of Heliopolis) 𓋿 S39U+132FF shepherd's crook Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Lamedh and its descendants 𓌀 S40U+13300 wꜣssceptre(uꜣs) wꜣs(uas) tril., See Was scepter 𓌁 S41U+13301 sceptre 𓌂 S42U+13302 Sekhemscepter sḫm Sekhem scepter; "power" is sḫm, (sḫm) 𓌃 S43U+13303 walking stick md alone is mdw: speak, talk, word, speech, etc. 𓌄 S44U+13304 walking stick with flagellum 𓌅 S45U+13305 flagellum 𓌆 S46U+13306 covering for head and neck ​ T Warfare, hunting, butchery 𓌇 T1U+13307 mace with flat head 𓌈 T2U+13308 mace with round head 𓌉 T3U+13309 mace with round head ḥḏ Ideogram, and phonogram for mace, ḥḏ Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Waw and its descendants 𓌊 T3AU+1330A combination of mace with round head and two hills 𓌋 T4U+1330B mace with strap 𓌌 T5U+1330C combination of mace with round head and cobra 𓌍 T6U+1330D combination of mace with round head and two cobras 𓌎 T7U+1330E axe 𓌏 T7AU+1330F axe 𓌐 T8U+13310 dagger tp "top", or "first""first", "foremost"Ideogram in tp, tpy; det. in mtpnt 𓌑 T8AU+13311 dagger 𓌒 T9U+13312 bow pḏ To stretch, to extend, to be wide 𓌓 T9AU+13313 bow pḏ To stretch, to extend, to be wide 𓌔 T10U+13314 composite bow 𓌕 T11U+13315 arrow 𓌖 T11AU+13316 two crossed arrows 𓌗 T12U+13317 bowstring rwḏ 1. Tril. rwḏ; Ideo. for "bowstring"2. items that are "hard, durable, strong, rooted," thus "growth, growing"3. (see Pharaoh Rudamun) 𓌘 T13U+13318 joined pieces of wood rs phonogram, rs 𓌙 T14U+13319 throw stick vertically Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Gimel and its descendants. 𓌚 T15U+1331A throw stick slanted 𓌛 T16U+1331B scimitar 𓌜 T16AU+1331C scimitar 𓌝 T17U+1331D chariot wrrt Ideogram or det. for chariot 𓌞 T18U+1331E crook with package attached šms Follower sign 𓌟 T19U+1331F harpoon head gn "memorial, record, archive, memorandum"; in plural: "annals" 𓌠 T20U+13320 harpoon head 𓌡 T21U+13321 harpoon wꜥ(bil.) 1. "single" items; "1", 'each', etc.; 2. Bil. wꜥ 𓌢 T22U+13322 arrowhead sn Bil. sn; Ideo. for "arrow"used for:brother, husbandsister, wife"smell"touch, grasp2, "second", 'the same'-(twin), two, both, etc. 𓌣 T23U+13323 arrowhead 𓌤 T24U+13324 fishingnet iꜥḥ See moon, (also iꜥh);A. plough, break ground;B. field laborer, peasant;C. field;D. det. in name of a god "I'h-ur"-(I'h-Great) 𓌥 T25U+13325 float ḏbḏbꜣ to supply, furnish with, equip, provide, & to decorate...(thus the "life preserver")see also: seal, (to seal, ḏbꜥj-t) 𓌦 T26U+13326 birdtrap 𓌧 T27U+13327 trap sḫt 1. trap, bird-trap, (the device); 2. Ideogram or det. in sḫt, Egyptian "trap" and related words 𓌨 T28U+13328 butcher's block ẖr 1. Bil. ẖr;2. Ideas of items below, (butchered, segmented, then 'owned'); and major use of 'below', or 'under', as a prepositional use 𓌩 T29U+13329 butcher's block with knife 𓌪 T30U+1332A knife šꜥ 𓌫 T31U+1332B knife-sharpener phonogram for sšm 𓌬 T32U+1332C combination of knife-sharpener and legs 𓌭 T32AU+1332D combination of knife and folded cloth 𓌮 T33U+1332E knife-sharpener of butcher 𓌯 T33AU+1332F combination of knife-sharpener and folded cloth 𓌰 T34U+13330 butcher's knife nm bil. nm 𓌱 T35U+13331 butcher's knife 𓌲 T36U+13332 shield ​ U Agriculture, crafts, and professions 𓌳 U1U+13333 sickle 𓌴 U2U+13334 sickle 𓌵 U3U+13335 𓌶 U4U+13336 𓌷 U5U+13337 𓌸 U6U+13338 phonogram for "mr" 𓌹 U6AU+13339 𓌺 U6BU+1333A 𓌻 U7U+1333B hoe mr 1. bil. mr, for "beloved"2. used in Pharaoh, individuals, other names, etc.: (Pharaoh XX, Beloved of God/Goddess YY) 𓌼 U8U+1333C 𓌽 U9U+1333D 𓌾 U10U+1333E grain measure (with plural, for grain particles) dbḥ 𓌿 U11U+1333F 𓍀 U12U+13340 𓍁 U13U+13341 𓍂 U14U+13342 𓍃 U15U+13343 sled(sledge) tm Bil. tm 𓍄 U16U+13344 sled with jackal head bjꜣ bjꜣ as in wonder or marvel, or Determinative for wnš, sledge. 𓍅 U17U+13345 Pick, opening earth grggr To have, hold, possess; (used in building new town-locations) 𓍆 U18U+13346 𓍇 U19U+13347 nw 𓍈 U20U+13348 𓍉 U21U+13349 adze-on-block stp triliteral, stp, for "chosen"often used in Pharaonic cartouche names as: "Chosen of God XXXX", (example: Beloved of Maat, Chosen of Maat) 𓍊 U22U+1334A clapper-(of-bell)tool/instrumentforked-staff, etc. mnḫ 1. Determinative for mnḫ, for "cut", "give shape to"2. Ideogram in mnḫ, for "to be excellent"3. The grandfather of Ptolemy V of the Rosetta Stone is Ptolemy III Euergetes-(the Canopus Stone), the "Well-doer Gods"-(pharaohs). Their name is a composition block of two 'God' hieroglyphs-(husband & wife), (R8), , with a chisel at the base of each,    𓍋 U23U+1334B chisel ꜣbmr See: Narmer Palettebil., ꜣb, mr; (see also for mr, Canal) 𓍌 U23AU+1334C 𓍍 U24U+1334D handdrill(hieroglyph) ḥmt 1. Ideogram in ḥmt, the name for the 'hand drill tool'; also hmt for words of "art", "artisan", etc. 2. Ideo. or det. for wbꜣ, to 'rise', to 'open'; see: Rise of a Star: wbn: 𓍎 U25U+1334E 𓍏 U26U+1334F 𓍐 U27U+13350 𓍑 U28U+13351 fire-drill ḏꜣ(bil.) 1. bil. ḏꜣ; Ideogram for "forest"Emphatically used with words as ḏꜥḏꜥ constructs2. (see AUS-(article), and "Scale-2"-(on list)-wḏꜣ) 𓍒 U29U+13352 𓍓 U29AU+13353 𓍔 U30U+13354 kiln tꜣ Bil. tꜣ; Ideogram for "potter's kiln"(for tꜣ, see also Land, tꜣ) 𓍕 U31U+13355 𓍖 U32U+13356 Determinative for smn, establish, press down, support 𓍗 U32AU+13357 𓍘 U33U+13358 'pestle'-(curved top) tj Bil. tj 𓍙 U34U+13359 𓍚 U35U+1335A ḫsf 𓍛 U36U+1335B fuller's-club ḥm(bil.) 1. Egyptian biliteral sign ḥm, for a fuller's club;2. Ideogram for ḥmw, 'washer', and ḥm, slave, servant; phonogram ḥm 𓍜 U37U+1335C 𓍝 U38U+1335D scale mḫꜣt Ideogram and det. for mḫꜣt, "scale": see Stand (for Scales) 𓍞 U39U+1335E 𓍟 U40U+1335F a support-(to lift) wṯswṯs 1. to lift up, support, etc. 2. see also: wṯs 𓍠 U41U+13360 plummet 𓍡 U42U+13361 pitchfork ​ V Rope, fibre, baskets, bags, etc. 𓍢 V1U+13362 "string, rope", Egyptian numeral 100 𓍣 V1AU+13363 Egyptian numeral 200 𓍤 V1BU+13364 Egyptian numeral 300 𓍥 V1CU+13365 Egyptian numeral 400 𓍦 V1DU+13366 Egyptian numeral 500 𓍧 V1EU+13367 Egyptian numeral 600 𓍨 V1FU+13368 Egyptian numeral 700 𓍩 V1GU+13369 Egyptian numeral 800 𓍪 V1HU+1336A Egyptian numeral 900 𓍫 V1IU+1336B Egyptian numeral 500 𓍬 V2U+1336C 𓍭 V2AU+1336D 𓍮 V3U+1336E 𓍯 V4U+1336F lasso wꜣ(bil.) Lasso, for "cord", (possibly earlier, a word related to "lasso") 𓍰 V5U+13370 𓍱 V6U+13371 rope-(shape) šs(bil.) Egyptian biliteral sign šs 𓍲 V7U+13372 rope-(shape) šn(bil.) Egyptian biliteral sign šn 𓍳 V7AU+13373 𓍴 V7BU+13374 𓍵 V8U+13375 𓍶 V9U+13376 shenring šn Determinative in šnw, the cartouche 𓍷 V10U+13377 cartouche šnrn Special uses, (often with inserted name)šn-(shen), "circle", "encircle", or a 'ring'; later time period usage for "name", rn 𓍸 V11U+13378 cartouche-(divided) dn Ideas of to divide, to exclude, words related to Egyptian language tn, etc. 𓍹 V11AU+13379 𓍺 V11BU+1337A 𓍻 V11CU+1337B 𓍼 V12U+1337C 𓍽 V12AU+1337D 𓍾 V12BU+1337E 𓍿 V13U+1337F tethering rope Uniliteral ṯ (also written č) 𓎀 V14U+13380 𓎁 V15U+13381 tethering rope w/ walking legs jṯj to take possession of, seize, carry off, conquer, acquire 𓎂 V16U+13382 cattlehobble(bil.) sꜣ bil. sꜣ; equivalent of Gardiner V17, also sꜣ, (see also: tethering rope) 𓎃 V17U+13383 lifesaver sꜣ(bil.) bil. sꜣ; equivalent of Gardiner V16, also sꜣ, (see also: tethering rope) 𓎄 V18U+13384 𓎅 V19U+13385 𓎆 V20U+13386 "cattle hobble" mḏw(also mḏ) Egyptian numeral 10 𓎇 V20AU+13387 Egyptian numeral 20 𓎈 V20BU+13388 Egyptian numeral 30 𓎉 V20CU+13389 Egyptian numeral 40 𓎊 V20DU+1338A Egyptian numeral 50 𓎋 V20EU+1338B Egyptian numeral 60 𓎌 V20FU+1338C Egyptian numeral 70 𓎍 V20GU+1338D Egyptian numeral 80 𓎎 V20HU+1338E Egyptian numeral 90 𓎏 V20IU+1338F Egyptian numeral 20 𓎐 V20JU+13390 Egyptian numeral 30 𓎑 V20KU+13391 Egyptian numeral 40 𓎒 V20LU+13392 Egyptian numeral 50 𓎓 V21U+13393 Fetter + Cobra mḏ, mḏwt Deep place, deep, pit, cavern-extending, subterranean shrine, etc. 𓎔 V22U+13394 whip mḥ Bil. mh, (mḥ); (See: similar shaped hieroglyph F30, water-skin) 𓎕 V23U+13395 𓎖 V23AU+13396 𓎗 V24U+13397 𓎘 V25U+13398 "command staff" wḏ(bil.) to give an order, to command, to decree; (bil. 𓎙 V26U+13399 𓎚 V27U+1339A 𓎛 V28U+1339B a twisted wick ḥ Uniliteral ḥ; eternity, or a long time period, (also variations of time periods, with tweaks of the seated man holding renpet-constructs)God Huh?Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Heth and its descendants 𓎜 V28AU+1339C 𓎝 V29U+1339D (fiber)swab(straw broom) sq, ḫsrwꜣḥbil.-tril.bil. sq(tril. wꜣḥ 1. Biliteral sq; "to clean", "dust";2. Triliteral wꜣḥ 𓎞 V29AU+1339E 𓎟 V30U+1339F basket(hieroglyph) nb(bil.) Egyptian for "everything", every; major use: "Lord", (or feminine, Lady)Bil. nbIdeogram for basket: master, lord 𓎠 V30AU+133A0 𓎡 V31U+133A1 basket-with-handle(hieroglyph) k(unil.) Unil. k 𓎢 V31AU+133A2 𓎣 V32U+133A3 𓎤 V33U+133A4 𓎥 V33AU+133A5 𓎦 V34U+133A6 𓎧 V35U+133A7 𓎨 V36U+133A8 doubled container(or-added-glyphs)many spellings ḥnty Period of 120 years; in translation: "for..'henti years'"; from, ḥn-t, border, boundary, end, limit, frontier, etc. 𓎩 V37U+133A9 𓎪 V37AU+133AA 𓎫 V38U+133AB 𓎬 V39U+133AC ?stylized ankh(for Isis)(?) ṯttyet Tyet, Knot of Isis, Girdle of Isis 𓎭 V40U+133AD 𓎮 V40AU+133AE ​ W Vessels of stone and earthenware 𓎯 W1U+133AF Oil jar Ointment (mrḥt), oil 𓎰 W2U+133B0 Oil-jar without ties Bas-container (bꜣs) bꜣs 𓎱 W3U+133B1 alabasterbasin alabaster (šs), festival (ḥꜣb) sš festival(Equivalent to Gardiner W4, Jubilee Pavilion (hieroglyph))det. in sš, 'alabaster', or "precious stone"; det. in hb abbreviation for ḥbt in "ritual book" ḥrj-ḥbt 𓎲 W3AU+133B2 alabasterbasin 𓎳 W4U+133B3 festival chamber, (the tail is also vertical 'Great': ꜥꜣ) festival (ḥb) Sṯ Sed festival 𓎴 W5U+133B4 Abbreviation for Lector Priest 𓎵 W6U+133B5 Metal vessel boiler (wḥꜣt) 𓎶 W7U+133B6 Granite Bowl red granite (mꜣṯ) mꜣṯ 𓎷 W8U+133B7 Granite Bowl red granite (mꜣṯ) 𓎸 W9U+133B8 stone jug Nechnem-oil (nḥnm) ḥnm 𓎹 W9AU+133B9 𓎺 W10U+133BA cup determinative for goblet (jꜥb) wsḫ, sẖw A. Determinative for the "vessel", Egyptian language, jꜥb-(no. 5 of 6); det. for jꜥb (1 & 2), 1: to approach, to come towards, to meet; 2: "to present a gift", to make an offering, 'an offering';B. jꜥ, jꜥj, bathing; jꜥw, food, morning meal; jꜥb-(no. 3 of 6), uses Gardiner F16, as det. for "to comb"; the other use of 'to comb', is for 'to card wool' and also uses the Horn hieroglyph, but is the equivalent word: b'-(no. 2, of 3); (no. 1 is a vessel, bowl, but made of "copper", etc.) 𓎻 W10AU+133BB Pot bꜣ (rarely) 𓎼 W11U+133BC Jar stand seat (nst) g 𓎽 W12U+133BD Jar stand seat (nst) g 𓎾 W13U+133BE pot Heset-pitcher, Senbet-pitcher (snbt) or similar containers 𓎿 W14U+133BF water jar side area (jmw), side (gs) m, m, gs Bil. ḥs 𓏀 W14AU+133C0 water jar with water 𓏁 W15U+133C1 water jar with rack clean (qbḥ) (only Ideogram) 𓏂 W16U+133C2 water jar with rack Libation (qbḥ), (qbb) 𓏃 W17U+133C3 water jar with rack water pitchers in the stand (ḫntw), first ḫnt (j) ḫnt 𓏄 W17AU+133C4 𓏅 W18U+133C5 water jar with rack water pitchers in the stand (ḫntw), first ḫnt (j) ḫnt 𓏆 W18AU+133C6 𓏇 W19U+133C7 Milk jug with handle mj 1. like, as, according to, inasmuch as, since, as well as, together with; all adverbial forms, some as a segue;2. early forms use other hieroglyphs;3. Egyptian: mjtj and mjtt relate to "image" or "likeness": likeness, copy, resemblance, statue, image, similitude, the like etc. 𓏈 W20U+133C8 Milk jug with cover milk (jrṯt), milk container and contents 𓏉 W21U+133C9 Wine jars wine (jrp) Determinative in jrp, "wine" 𓏊 W22U+133CA Beer jug beer (ḥnqt), containers and its contents, tribute (jnw), victim, attendant (wdpw) 𓏋 W23U+133CB Beer jug ontainer (qrḥt), containers and their contents 𓏌 W24U+133CC Pot nw, jn * (accompanies the signs Aa-27 and Aa-28) get (jnj) nwqd(bil.)-nw Phoneme for nw; det. for qd, construct, mold; (see: ḥnk, Arm-with-nu-pot) 𓏍 W24AU+133CD three pots 𓏎 W25U+133CE Pot with legs jnj fetch (jnj) ​ X Loaves and cakes 𓏏 X1U+133CF loaf of bread t Uniliteral for "t" 𓏐 X2U+133D0 𓏑 X3U+133D1 𓏒 X4U+133D2 1. Determinative for 'cake' or 'reward', fḳꜣ 𓏓 X4AU+133D3 𓏔 X4BU+133D4 𓏕 X5U+133D5 𓏖 X6U+133D6 loaf-with-decoration pꜣt(phoneme pꜣ) 1. Determinative for the 'decorated bread loaf', pꜣt; phoneme for pꜣ; meanings of: stuff, matter, substance; for 'bread': dough, cake, bread, offering, food, product;2. for the "primordial god(s)": "Pauti", (or) (many spelling versions) 𓏗 X6AU+133D7 𓏘 X7U+133D8 𓏙 X8U+133D9 cone-shapedbread ḏj Ideogram for ḏi, rḏj, give, given, to give; (an equivalent to arm offering conical "loaf"), Gardiner D37, In iconography and reliefs, used for pharaonic statements: "Given, Life, Power...Forever"-(the vertical form of 'to give') 𓏚 X8AU+133DA ​ Y Writings, games, music 𓏛 Y1U+133DB papyrusroll papyrus scroll, book (mḏꜣt) mḏꜣ-tmḏꜣt Determinative for terms connected with writing, or 'abstract' concepts 𓏜 Y1AU+133DC (as above, but vertical) 𓏝 Y2U+133DD papyrus scroll, book (mḏꜣt) Old Kingdom variation of Y1 𓏞 Y3U+133DE Scribe's equipment to write; writing; to become finely ground zẖꜣ; nꜥꜥ 𓏟 Y4U+133DF Scribe's equipment (as above) Rarer alternative of Y3 𓏠 Y5U+133E0 Senet board mn Extensive dictionary entries beginning at "Mn"-(or men), since the definitions center around permanence, enduring, etc. A common Pharaonic epithet was: Mn-Kheper-Ra, but many names using "mn" as a name component 𓏡 Y6U+133E1 game piece game figure (jbꜣ) abbreviation for dancer (jbꜣ) jbꜣ 1. Ideogram or det. in ibꜣ, "pawn", draughtsman; phoneme for ibꜣ; 2. Det. for ibꜣu, ibꜣ, dance ; also dancer, dancing man, etc. 𓏢 Y7U+133E2 harp harp bjnt Determinative in bjnt, "arched harp"; (see article Medamud for relief usage) 𓏣 Y8U+133E3 Sistrum Sistrum (sššt) sš, sššt(also sḫm) A. Ideo. for "sistrum", sššt, (or sḫm(=sistrum)); det. in sššt;B. sḫm is Egyptian for 'power', (confer with Sekhem scepter-(list sḫm) and Medamud-(article)) ​ Z Strokes, signs derived from Hieratic, geometrical features 𓏤 Z1U+133E4 Single stroke singularity, Egyptian numeral 1 Indicates that the prior sign is an Ideogram as if it had no feminine ending; can stand as an abundance stroke at empty places 𓏥 Z2U+133E5 Plural stroke (horizontal) Plural, majority, collective concept (e.g. meat, jwf) 𓏦 Z2AU+133E6 Can be used as a replacement for signs perceived to be dangerous to actually write 𓏧 Z2BU+133E7 𓏨 Z2CU+133E8 𓏩 Z2DU+133E9 𓏪 Z3U+133EA plural strokes (vertical) Can be used as a replacement for signs perceived to be dangerous to actually write 𓏫 Z3AU+133EB 𓏬 Z3BU+133EC 𓏭 Z4U+133ED Dual stroke Egyptian numeral 2, plural, majority, collective concept (e.g. meat, jwf), duality for j (y) (only if ending sounds like a dual ending) Can be used as a replacement for signs perceived to be dangerous to actually write 𓏮 Z4AU+133EE Egyptian numeral 2 𓏯 Z5U+133EF Diagonal stroke (from hieratic) Can be used as a replacement for signs perceived to be dangerous to actually write 𓏰 Z5AU+133F0 𓏱 Z6U+133F1 Substitute for various human figures for death, die (mwt) 𓏲 Z7U+133F2 coil(hieratic equivalent) w (or u) unil., equivalent of unil. w, the quail chick, ; Both chick and coil are used for plural, the w, (or u)(see also: Plural) 𓏳 Z8U+133F3 Oval round (šnw) 𓏴 Z9U+133F4 Crossed diagonal sticks destroy (ḥḏj), break, divide (wpj), over load (ḏꜣj), cross, meet swꜣ, sḏ, ḫbs, šbn, wp, wr Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Taw and its descendants 𓏵 Z10U+133F5 Crossed diagonal sticks destroy (ḥḏj), break, divide (wpj), over load (ḏꜣj), cross, meet swꜣ, sḏ, ḫbs, šbn, wp, wr Determinative for "break, divide" (wpj), "over load" (ḏꜣj), "cross, meet" 𓏶 Z11U+133F6 two planks crossed and joined imi 𓏷 Z12U+133F7 𓏸 Z13U+133F8 𓏹 Z14U+133F9 𓏺 Z15U+133FA Egyptian numeral 1 𓏻 Z15AU+133FB Egyptian numeral 2 𓏼 Z15BU+133FC Egyptian numeral 3 𓏽 Z15CU+133FD Egyptian numeral 4 𓏾 Z15DU+133FE Egyptian numeral 5 𓏿 Z15EU+133FF Egyptian numeral 6 𓐀 Z15FU+13400 Egyptian numeral 7 𓐁 Z15GU+13401 Egyptian numeral 8 𓐂 Z15HU+13402 Egyptian numeral 9 𓐃 Z15IU+13403 Egyptian numeral 5 𓐄 Z16U+13404 Numeral 1 in dates 𓐅 Z16AU+13405 Numeral 2 in dates 𓐆 Z16BU+13406 Numeral 3 in dates 𓐇 Z16CU+13407 Numeral 4 in dates 𓐈 Z16DU+13408 Numeral 5 in dates 𓐉 Z16EU+13409 Numeral 6 in dates 𓐊 Z16FU+1340A Numeral 7 in dates 𓐋 Z16GU+1340B Numeral 8 in dates 𓐌 Z16HU+1340C Numeral 9 in dates ​ Aa Unclassified signs 𓐍 Aa1U+1340D Placenta or sieve ḫ 𓐎 Aa2U+1340E Pustule bodily growths or conditions, disease 𓐏 Aa3U+1340F Pustule with liquid issuing from it medical or anatomical condition, specifically soft matter or liquid Rare alternative for AA2 𓐐 Aa4U+13410 bꜣ (rarely) See § W10 𓐑 Aa5U+13411 Part of steering gear of a ship hasten (ḥjp), hepet-device (ḥpt) ḥp (rarely) 𓐒 Aa6U+13412 mat (ṯmꜣ) tmꜣ, ṯmꜣ 𓐓 Aa7U+13413 A Smiting-Blade spr Abbreviation for "smite" (spr) 𓐔 Aa7AU+13414 𓐕 Aa7BU+13415 𓐖 Aa8U+13416 Irrigation tunnels estate (ḏꜣtt) qn, ḏꜣt, ḏꜣḏꜣt 𓐗 Aa9U+13417 rich (ḫwd) 𓐘 Aa10U+13418 drf 𓐙 Aa11U+13419 Raised platform (ṯntt), platform abbreviation for mꜣꜥ in (mꜣꜥ-ḫrw) mꜣꜥ and mꜣꜥ in mꜣꜥ-ḫrw 𓐚 Aa12U+1341A Raised platform (ṯntt), platform abbreviation for mꜣꜥ in (mꜣꜥ-ḫrw) mꜣꜥ 𓐛 Aa13U+1341B side area (jmw), side (gs) m, m, gs 𓐜 Aa14U+1341C side area (jmw), side (gs) m, m, gs 𓐝 Aa15U+1341D jm, m, gs 𓐞 Aa16U+1341E side (gs) gs 𓐟 Aa17U+1341F back (sꜣ) sꜣ 𓐠 Aa18U+13420 back (sꜣ) sꜣ 𓐡 Aa19U+13421 ḥr 𓐢 Aa20U+13422 ꜥpr 𓐣 Aa21U+13423 divide (wḏꜥ) Abbreviation for Seth 𓐤 Aa22U+13424 divide (wḏꜥ) Abbreviation for Seth 𓐥 Aa23U+13425 Often instead of U35 𓐦 Aa24U+13426 Often instead of U35 𓐧 Aa25U+13427 garment priest (smꜣ) 𓐨 Aa26U+13428 sbj 𓐩 Aa27U+13429 nḏ 𓐪 Aa28U+1342A qd 𓐫 Aa29U+1342B 𓐬 Aa30U+1342C Kheker-frieze 𓐭 Aa31U+1342D 𓐮 Aa32U+1342E See also Egyptian hieroglyphs Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian Gardiner's sign list List of cuneiform signs References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hieroglyphs of Egypt. ^ Michael Everson, Preliminary proposal to encode Möller's Egyptian Hieroglyphs in the SMP of the UCS, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4741 L2/16-250 (2016). ^ "Time Trips". ^ a b c "12 Egyptian Hieroglyphs of People and Their Body Parts". TheCollector. 14 January 2020. ^ Parpola, 1997l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), pp. 165. ^ Budge, 1989, (1929), The Rosetta Stone, p. 288-289. ^ Budge, 1989, (1929). The Rosetta Stone, p. 126. Budge, Sir E.A.Wallis, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, in Two Volumes, Sir E.A.Wallis Budge, (Dover Publications, Inc. New York), c 1920, Dover Edition, c 1978. (Large categorized listings of Hieroglyphs, Vol 1, pp. xcvii–cxlvii (97–147) (25 categories, 1000+ hieroglyphs), 50 pgs.) Faulkner, William (1991). Middle Egyptian. Griffith. ISBN 0-900416-32-7.: A.H. Gardiner, Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan (1928). A.H. Gardiner, "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1928)", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15 (1929), p. 95. A.H. Gardiner, "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1931)", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 (1931), pp. 245–247. A.H. Gardiner, Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, showing acquisitions to December 1953 (1953). A.H. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3rd Ed., pub. Griffith Institute, Oxford, 1957 (1st edition 1927), pp. 438–548 (pdf). Möller, Georg. 1909. Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Erster Band: Bis zum Beginn der achtzehnten Dynastie Möller, Georg. 1927. Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Zweiter Band: Von der Zeit Thutmosis' III bis zum Ende der einundzwanzigsten Dynastie, Möller, Georg. 1936. Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Dritter Band: Von der zweiundzwanzigsten Dynastie bis zum dritten Jahrhundert nach Chr. Möller, Georg. 1936. Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Vierter *Band: Ergänzungsheft zu Band I und II Wilkinson, Richard, Reading Egyptian Art, A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture, Richard H. Wilkinson, with 450 Illustrations, (Thames & Hudson Ltd, London), c 1992. Rainer Hannig: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch. (2800 – 950 v. Chr.) Marburger Edition. 4th rev. ed. von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-1771-9, (= Hannig-Lexica. vol. 1); (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. vol. 64, ISSN 0937-9746),contains the Gardiner list plus an extended sign list. Rainer Hannig, Petra Vomberg: Wortschatz der Pharaonen in Sachgruppen. Hannig Lexica vol. 2, 2nd ed, von Zabern, Mainz 2012, ISBN 978-3-8053-4473-9. Friedrich Junge: Einführung in die Grammatik des Neuägyptischen 3rd rev. ed. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05718-9, information on transcription and transliteration and peculiarities of New Kingdom orthographies. Christian Leitz: Die Tempelinschriften der griechisch-römischen Zeit. 3rd rev ed. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-8258-7340-0, (= Quellentexte zur ägyptischen Religion 1), (= Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie 2), references older inventories of Ptolemaic era hieroglyphics. Michael Everson and Bob Richmond, Towards a Proposal to encode Egyptian Hieroglyphs in Unicode (2006) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian hieroglyphs. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gardiner's list. WikiHiero syntax (MediaWiki) wiktionary:Appendix:Unicode/Egyptian Hieroglyphs Egyptian transliteration schemes wiktionary:Category:Egyptian hieroglyphic script characters Gardiner Sign List Alphabet at ancient-egypt.co.uk Pharaoh's names finding hieroglyphs vteEgyptian hieroglyphsCharacteristics Determinative Uniliteral Biliteral Triliteral Numerals Topics Decipherment Rosetta Stone Transliteration Research Gardiner's sign list (1927) Manuel de Codage (1988) People List of Egyptologists Category:Egyptologists Lists List of Egyptian hieroglyphs Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block) Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs (38)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Egyptian hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs"},{"link_name":"Egyptian hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Alan Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Gardiner's sign list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner%27s_sign_list"},{"link_name":"Georg Möller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_M%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs_(Unicode_block)"},{"link_name":"Michael Everson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Everson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article contains Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Egyptian hieroglyphs.The total number of distinct Egyptian hieroglyphs increased over time from several hundred in the Middle Kingdom to several thousand during the Ptolemaic Kingdom.In 1928/1929 Alan Gardiner published an overview of hieroglyphs, Gardiner's sign list, the basic modern standard. It describes 763 signs in 26 categories (A–Z, roughly). Georg Möller compiled more extensive lists, organized by historical epoch (published posthumously in 1927 and 1936).In Unicode, the block Egyptian Hieroglyphs (2009) includes 1071 signs, organization based on Gardiner's list. As of 2016, there is a proposal by Michael Everson to extend the Unicode standard to comprise Möller's list.[1]","title":"List of Egyptian hieroglyphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Determinatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs#Determinatives"},{"link_name":"Uniliteral signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs"},{"link_name":"Biliteral signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_biliteral_signs"},{"link_name":"Triliteral signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_triliteral_signs"},{"link_name":"Egyptian numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_numerals"}],"text":"Notable subsets of hieroglyphs:[2]Determinatives\nUniliteral signs\nBiliteral signs\nTriliteral signs\nEgyptian numerals","title":"Subsets"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each entry links to the list below.","title":"Letter classification by Gardiner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of hieroglyphs"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Berry
Sharon Berry
["1 References"]
British charity founder This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sharon Berry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sharon Berry OBE is the founder and CEO of Storybook Dads, a nonprofit charity based in the UK. References ^ "Cornwall's finest honoured in Queen's birthday list". BBC News. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2017. This United Kingdom business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Courthouse_Building_and_Downtown_Postal_Station_(Tampa,_Florida)
United States Courthouse Building and Downtown Postal Station (Tampa, Florida)
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 27°56′59″N 82°27′27″W / 27.94972°N 82.45750°W / 27.94972; -82.45750United States historic placeFederal Building, U.S. Courthouse, Downtown Postal StationU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of FloridaShow map of the United StatesLocation601 N. Florida Ave., Tampa, FloridaCoordinates27°56′59″N 82°27′27″W / 27.94972°N 82.45750°W / 27.94972; -82.45750Built1902-1905ArchitectJames Knox TaylorArchitectural styleGreek Revival, RenaissanceNRHP reference No.74000633Added to NRHPJune 7, 1974 Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Courthouse Building and Downtown Postal Station (Tampa, Florida). The U.S. Courthouse Building and Downtown Postal Station, also known as U.S. Post Office, Courthouse and Custom House or the U.S. Post Office, Courthouse and Custom House, is a historic courthouse of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida and later for the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida in Tampa, Florida, United States. It is located at 601 Florida Avenue. On June 7, 1974, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as Federal Building, U.S. Courthouse, Downtown Postal Station. Construction on the building was completed in 1905, under the supervision of James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect `of the United States Department of the Treasury. It served as a courthouse of the Southern District of Florida from then until the creation of the Middle District in 1962, and then served as a courthouse for the Middle District of Florida until 2001. The building is now owned by the city of Tampa. The building is now used as a Le Méridien hotel. See also List of United States post offices References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008. ^ "Le Meridien". Retrieved February 28, 2016. External links Hillsborough County listings at National Register of Historic Places Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs Hillsborough County listings Federal Building US Courthouse Hillsborough County Courthouse at Florida's Historic Courthouses Florida's Historic Courthouses by Hampton Dunn (ISBN 0-9653759-5-1) This article about a property in Hillsborough County, Florida on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of United States post offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_post_offices"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown%27s,_Limehouse
Charlie Brown's, Limehouse
["1 Source of the name","2 Second Charlie Brown's","3 References"]
Coordinates: 51°30′32″N 0°01′29″W / 51.5088°N 0.0247°W / 51.5088; -0.0247Pub in London, England (1840–1989) Charlie Brown's was the common name for the Railway Tavern pub in Limehouse, London. The pub was built c. 1840 on the corner of Garford Street and the West India Dock Road and greatly extended in 1919. The pub was demolished in November 1989 during construction of the Limehouse Link tunnel. Source of the name Charlie Brown was the landlord of the pub from 1893 until his death in June 1932. The exotic location in Chinatown, the character of the landlord and his ever growing collection of curiosities from around the world made Charlie Brown's a tourist attraction. "Following his death, the 'uncrowned king of Limehouse' lay in state in his pub and his funeral procession was one of the biggest the East End had ever seen with 16,000 people gathered at Bow Cemetery." While the pub was rarely referred to as the Railway Tavern once Charlie Brown became the landlord, it was not formally renamed as Charlie Brown's until 1972. Second Charlie Brown's On his death, Charlie Brown's daughter Ethel took over the pub. His son (also Charlie Brown) took over the Blue Posts, directly opposite, but in 1938 moved to South Woodford to the Roundabout pub, which he renamed Charlie Brown's Roundabout. Located adjacent to a ground level roundabout for local arterial roads, the pub was demolished in 1972 when the roundabout was enlarged to allow aspects of the North Circular to have flyovers onto the newly built M11 motorway. However, the name Charlie Brown's Roundabout was applied by London as the official name of the expanded roundabout, and has also been adopted as an unofficial local landmark name for the Woodford Roundabout Viaduct – the flyover above the roundabout giving access to the M11 motorway. References ^ a b c Lavender, Bill (16 November 1999). "Mystery of the Charlie Brown Roundabout". britannia.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 1999. Retrieved 15 February 2024. ^ Hobhouse, Hermione, ed. (1994). "West India Dock Road". Survey of London. Vol. 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs. London: London County Council. pp. 117–119. ISBN 0-485-48244-4. Retrieved 15 February 2024 – via British History Online. ^ "Charlie Brown's Pub". eastlondonhistory.com. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ "Charlie Brown's Roundabout, South Woodford". London Assembly. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024. 51°30′32″N 0°01′29″W / 51.5088°N 0.0247°W / 51.5088; -0.0247 vtePubs in LondonBarking and Dagenham Admiral Vernon Cross Keys Eastbrook Barnet Mitre Inn The Red Lion Rising Sun Spaniards Inn The Tally Ho former The Alexandra The Green Man Railway Hotel Bexley King's Head One Bell Royal Oak Brent Windermere former Cock Tavern Theatre Bromley The Bull, St Paul's Cray The Daylight Inn Kings Arms Old Jail, Biggin Hill Camden Assembly House Black Lion Bull & Gate The Camden Head Cittie of Yorke The Crown Devonshire Arms Dublin Castle Fitzroy Tavern The Flask, Hampstead The Flask, Highgate George and Dragon Greene Man The Holly Bush Museum Tavern The Old Bull and Bush Old Red Lion Old White Bear Ye Olde Mitre The Perseverance The Pineapple Princess Louise The Queen's Rising Sun, Fitzrovia The Rocket Ship Tavern Sir Richard Steele Spread Eagle The Washington Wells Tavern The Wheatsheaf The Winchester The World's End The Yorkshire Grey former The Black Cap Chalk Farm Tavern The Duke of Hamilton Jack Straw's Castle The Magdala Prince of Wales Upper Flask Croydon The Dog & Bull Ealing The Drayton Court Duke of Kent Duke of Sussex The Forester The Fox Inn Kings Arms former Half-Way House Three Horseshoes Enfield Bell Inn The Crown and Horseshoes Fallow Buck Inn The Fox Ye Olde Cherry Tree The Rose and Crown The White Horse The Wonder Greenwich Cutty Sark Greenwich Tavern The Mitre Spanish Galleon Sun in the Sands Trafalgar Tavern former Kings Arms Hackney Army and Navy Chesham Arms The Dolphin Rose and Crown Stag's Head The Wenlock Arms former George and Dragon Hammersmith and Fulham Aragon House Black Lion Blue Anchor The Cock The Cross Keys The Dove Duke of Cumberland Eight Bells The George Golden Lion Hampshire Hog The Hop Poles Hope and Anchor The King's Head Laurie Arms Princess Victoria The Queen Adelaide Queen's Head Rutland Arms Salutation The Swan Temperance Billiard Hall The White Horse former Coachmakers Arms The Favourite The Old Fire Station Seven Stars Haringey Great Northern Railway Tavern The Queens The Salisbury former Fishmongers Arms O'Neill's The Sir George Robey Harrow The Castle Queen's Head Seven Balls former Rayners Hillingdon The Angel Black Horse Case is Altered Crown and Treaty The Crown Queen's Head Red Lion The Shovel Three Tuns former The Swan Inn Hounslow Bull's Head Coach and Horses George and Devonshire London Apprentice Mawson Arms Old Pack Horse Rose and Crown The Tabard Islington The Angel The Castle The Crown Flying Scotsman Fox and Anchor Hope and Anchor The Hope The Island Queen The Lexington The Old Queens Head The Old Red Lion Slug and Lettuce former Archway Tavern Peacock Inn Kensington and Chelsea Anglesea Arms Bunch of Grapes Chelsea Potter The Churchill Arms Coleherne The Cross Keys Drayton Arms Elgin Fox and Pheasant Gloucester Arms The Goat The Greyhound The Hansom Cab The Hollywood Arms The King's Head and Eight Bells The Phene Prince of Teck Scarsdale Tavern The Shuckburgh Arms Windsor Castle The World's End Zetland Arms former Goat in Boots Markham Arms Kingston upon Thames Druid's Head Lambeth The Bobbin The Commercial The Duke of Edinburgh King's Arms Old Red Lion Queen's Head former George IV Lewisham Blythe Hill Tavern The Fellowship and Star Hare and Billet former Green Man The Montague Arms Merton Crooked Billet former King's Head Newham Boleyn Tavern Denmark Arms Earl of Essex King Edward VII Spotted Dog Richmond upon Thames Britannia Bull's Head The Crown The Fox The George Hare and Hounds Jolly Coopers New Inn Old Ship Park Hotel Sun Inn The Victoria White Cross White Swan former Dysart Arms Southwark The Anchor The Crown and Greyhound The George Inn The Gladstone Arms Half Moon Herne Tavern Lord Nelson The Roebuck The Shipwrights Arms The Wheatsheaf former Boar's Head Inn Dog and Duck The Tabard White Hart Tower Hamlets The Blind Beggar Brown Bear Captain Kidd Commercial Tavern George Tavern Golden Heart The Grapes Lord Tredegar Owl and Pussycat The Palm Tree The Pride of Spitalfields Prospect of Whitby Queen's Head The Royal Oak Salmon and Ball Ten Bells Town of Ramsgate The Widow's Son former Black Horse Boar's Head Inn Charlie Brown's Duke of Wellington The Joiners Arms Knave of Clubs Rose and Crown Waltham Forest Green Man former Bull and Crown Wandsworth The Bedford Bricklayer's Arms The Duke's Head The Falcon The Grapes Green Man The Half Moon King's Head, Roehampton King's Head, Tooting Leather Bottle Mason's Arms Montague Arms Ram Inn (Brewery Tap) Spread Eagle The White Lion former The Alchemist Raven Inn City of Westminster Admiral Duncan Admiralty The Albert Angel and Crown Argyll Arms The Barley Mow The Beehive Carlton Tavern, Kilburn The Champion The Cheshire Cheese The Clachan Coach and Horses, Hill Street Coach and Horses, Soho Coal Hole Comptons of Soho Crocker's Folly De Hems The Devereux Dog and Duck Duke of Wellington, Belgravia The Duke of Wellington, Marylebone The Duke of York, Fitzrovia The Edgar Wallace The Flying Horse The French House The George The Green Man The Grenadier The Harp John Snow Lamb and Flag The Marquis of Clanricarde The Marquis of Granby The Mitre Morpeth Arms Nag's Head Nell Gwynne Tavern Newman Arms The Old Bank of England The Old Bell The Old Shades The Only Running Footman Paxtons Head Pillars of Hercules Plumbers Arms Prince Alfred The Punch Bowl Red Lion, Duke of York Street Red Lion, Westminster St Stephen's Tavern The Salisbury The Sherlock Holmes The Ship The Ship and Shovell Silver Cross Tavern The Spice of Life Star Tavern Sun and 13 Cantons Swan Inn PS Tattershall Castle Two Brewers Two Chairmen The Victoria The Warrington Warwick Castle Westminster Arms White Lion The White Swan The Wilton Arms The Yorkshire Grey former Candy Bar The Colony Room Club Denbigh Arms The Flora Lord High Admiral Mercers Arms Old White Horse Cellar The Paviours Arms Queen's Head Tavern The Star Swan & Edgar The Tea Clipper Windsor Castle, Maida Vale Yorkshire Stingo City of London The Bell The Black Friar The Centre Page The Cockpit Dirty Dicks East India Arms George and Vulture The Globe Hand and Shears The Harrow Hoop and Grapes, Aldgate High Street Hoop and Grapes, Farringdon Street Jamaica Wine House The Jugged Hare Old Bell Old Doctor Butler's Head Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde Cock Tavern The Olde Wine Shades The Punch Tavern Rising Sun, Carter Lane Rising Sun, Cloth Fair The Ship, Hart Street The Ship, Lime Street Simpson's Tavern Staple Inn The Tipperary Viaduct Tavern former Bell Savage Inn Blossom's Inn Boar's Head Inn Bull and Mouth Inn The Fortune of War Public House The Intrepid Fox London Tavern St Paul's Tavern Swan with Two Necks The Devil Tavern White Hart See also List of award-winning pubs in London  Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse"},{"link_name":"West India Dock Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Dock_Road"},{"link_name":"Limehouse Link tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_Link_tunnel"}],"text":"Pub in London, England (1840–1989)Charlie Brown's was the common name for the Railway Tavern pub in Limehouse, London.The pub was built c. 1840 on the corner of Garford Street and the West India Dock Road and greatly extended in 1919.\nThe pub was demolished in November 1989 during construction of the Limehouse Link tunnel.","title":"Charlie Brown's, Limehouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery-1"},{"link_name":"Bow Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_Cemetery_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mystery-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Charlie Brown was the landlord of the pub from 1893 until his death in June 1932.The exotic location in Chinatown, the character of the landlord and his ever growing collection of curiosities from around the world made Charlie Brown's a tourist attraction.[1]\"Following his death, the 'uncrowned king of Limehouse' lay in state in his pub and his funeral procession was one of the biggest the East End had ever seen with 16,000 people gathered at Bow Cemetery.\"[1]While the pub was rarely referred to as the Railway Tavern once Charlie Brown became the landlord,[1] it was not formally renamed as Charlie Brown's until 1972.[2]","title":"Source of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Woodford"},{"link_name":"Charlie Brown's Roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown%27s_Roundabout"},{"link_name":"roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout"},{"link_name":"arterial roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"M11 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M11_motorway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On his death, Charlie Brown's daughter Ethel took over the pub.His son (also Charlie Brown) took over the Blue Posts, directly opposite, but in 1938 moved to South Woodford to the Roundabout pub, which he renamed Charlie Brown's Roundabout. Located adjacent to a ground level roundabout for local arterial roads, the pub was demolished in 1972 when the roundabout was enlarged to allow aspects of the North Circular to have flyovers onto the newly built M11 motorway.[3] However, the name Charlie Brown's Roundabout was applied by London as the official name of the expanded roundabout, and has also been adopted as an unofficial local landmark name for the Woodford Roundabout Viaduct – the flyover above the roundabout giving access to the M11 motorway.[4]","title":"Second Charlie Brown's"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_British,_World_War_II
List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II
["1 Fighters and fighter-bombers","2 Torpedo bombers, dive bombers and army cooperation","3 Level bombers","4 Maritime patrol and coastal reconnaissance","5 Photo reconnaissance","6 Trainers and target tugs","7 Transport and communications","8 Experimental and other","9 Prototypes & trials","10 Gliders","11 See also","12 References","12.1 Notes","12.2 Citations","12.3 Bibliography"]
Here is a list of aircraft used by the British Royal Air Force (RAF), Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA), Army Air Corps (AAC) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) during the Second World War. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2013) Fighters and fighter-bombers Supermarine Spitfire Mk.II de Havilland Mosquito NF.II night fighter Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIc night fighter Bell Airacobra (RAF), one example for carrier landing by RN. Blackburn Roc (FAA) naval turret fighter retired from combat by 1941 Blackburn Skua (FAA) naval fighter/dive bomber retired from combat 1941 Boulton Paul Defiant (RAF) turret fighter/night fighter until withdrawn in 1942-1943 from operational roles Brewster Buffalo (RAF) Bristol Beaufighter (RAF) strike fighter Bristol Blenheim (RAF) long range fighter and night fighter Curtiss Mohawk (RAF) Curtiss Kittyhawk and Tomahawk (RAF) de Havilland Mosquito (RAF) night fighter & fighter-bomber de Havilland Vampire (RAF) prototype jet fighter Douglas Havoc (RAF) night fighter Fairey Fulmar (FAA) fleet fighter Fairey Firefly (FAA) fleet fighter Gloster Gladiator (RAF, FAA) Gloster Sea Gladiator (FAA) Gloster Meteor (RAF) jet fighter Grumman Martlet/Wildcat (FAA) Grumman Hellcat (FAA) Hawker Hurricane (RAF, FAA) Hawker Sea Hurricane (FAA) Hawker Tempest (RAF) Hawker Typhoon (RAF) North American Mustang (RAF) Republic Thunderbolt (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire (RAF & FAA) Supermarine Seafire (FAA) Vought Corsair (FAA) Westland Whirlwind (RAF) twin engine fighter Westland Welkin (RAF) high altitude fighter Torpedo bombers, dive bombers and army cooperation Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber Avro Rota (RAF) Army cooperation autogyro Blackburn Skua (FAA) naval fighter/dive bomber Fairey Albacore (RAF, FAA) torpedo/dive bomber Fairey Barracuda (FAA) torpedo/dive bomber Fairey Swordfish (FAA) torpedo bomber Grumman Tarpon/Avenger (FAA) torpedo bomber Hawker Audax (RAF) Army cooperation biplane Hawker Hardy (RAF) General purpose biplane Hawker Hector (RAF) Army cooperation biplane Hawker Hind (RAF) light bomber North American Mustang (RAF) tactical reconnaissance and ground-attack under RAF Army Cooperation Command Vickers Vildebeest (RAF) torpedo bomber, retired 1942 Westland Lysander (RAF) Army cooperation Westland Wapiti (RAF) general purpose biplane used in India until 1940 Level bombers Handley Page Hampden Formation of Avro Lancaster Mk.Is Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle (RAF) Armstrong Whitworth Whitley (RAF) Avro Manchester (RAF) Avro Lancaster (RAF) Avro Lincoln (RAF) Boeing Fortress (RAF) Boulton Paul Overstrand (RAF) withdrawn from operational service in late 1939 Bristol Beaufort (RAF, FAA) Bristol Blenheim/Bisley (RAF) Bristol Bombay (RAF) bomber-transport Douglas Boston (RAF) Fairey Battle (RAF) Fairey Gordon (RAF) Handley Page Halifax (RAF) Handley Page Hampden/Hereford (RAF) Lockheed Hudson (RAF) Lockheed Ventura (RAF) Martin Maryland (RAF, FAA) Martin Marauder (RAF) Martin Baltimore (RAF, FAA) North American Mitchell (RAF, FAA) Short Stirling (RAF) Vickers Valentia (RAF) bomber-transport Vickers Vincent (RAF) general purpose Vickers Warwick (RAF) prototypes only, most used for maritime reconnaissance and air-sea rescue Vickers Wellesley (RAF) Vickers Wellington (RAF) Maritime patrol and coastal reconnaissance Coastal Command Short Sunderland Coastal Command Consolidated Liberator, the type that closed the Mid-Atlantic gap Armstrong Whitworth Whitley (RAF) Avro Anson (RAF, FAA) Boeing Fortress (RAF) Blackburn Botha (RAF) Bristol Beaufort (RAF, FAA) Consolidated Catalina (RAF) Consolidated Liberator (RAF) Fairey Seal (RAF, FAA) obsolete by 1943 Fairey Seafox (FAA) floatplane Fokker T.VIII (RAF) 1940, ex-Dutch floatplane Handley Page Hampden (RAF) Lockheed Hudson (RAF) Lockheed Ventura (RAF) Martin Maryland (RAF) Saro London (RAF) retired 1941 Saro Lerwick (RAF) retired 1942 Short Empire (RAF) two aircraft Short Seaford (RAF) 1945, after VE Day Short Singapore (RAF) retired 1941 Short Sunderland (RAF) Supermarine Walrus (FAA, RAF) for air-sea rescue Supermarine Sea Otter (RAF and FAA) air-sea rescue Supermarine Stranraer (RAF) retired 1942 Vickers Warwick (RAF) Vickers Wellington (RAF) Vought Kingfisher (FAA) Westland Lysander (RAF) Photo reconnaissance RAF 544 Squadron de Havilland Mosquito PR.XVI Bristol Blenheim (RAF) de Havilland Mosquito (RAF) Lockheed Hudson (RAF) North American Mustang (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire (RAF) Trainers and target tugs Avro Anson trainer North American Harvard Mk.I Miles Master trainer Airspeed Oxford (RAF) bomber trainer Avro 626 (RAF) Avro Anson (RAF, FAA) multi-engine navigation and bomber crew trainer Avro Tutor (RAF, FAA) Blackburn B-2 (RAF) to 1942, most used by civilian training schools Blackburn Botha (RAF) RAF target tug, retired 1944 Blackburn Shark (FAA) after withdrawn from use as torpedo bomber Boulton Paul Defiant (RAF) gunnery trainer from 1942 to 1945 Boulton Paul Overstrand (RAF) obsolete bomber used as gunnery trainer to 1941 Cierva C.30 (RAF) Army cooperation training Curtiss Cleveland (RAF) ground instructional training de Havilland Tiger Moth (RAF, FAA) primary trainer de Havilland Dominie (RAF) radio trainer de Havilland Don (RAF) ground instructional training Fairey III.F (FAA) obsolete bomber used as target tug until 1941 Fairey Gordon (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer and target tug Fairey Seal (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer and target tug until 1942 General Aircraft Cygnet (RAF) tricycle undercarriage trainer General Aircraft Owlet (RAF) tricycle undercarriage trainer Handley Page Heyford (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer to 1941 Hawker Demon (RAF) obsolete fighter used as trainer Hawker Hart (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer and target tug Hawker Henley (RAF) target tug Hawker Osprey (FAA) obsolete fighter used as trainer Miles Magister (RAF) primary trainer Miles Martinet (RAF) Miles Master (RAF) target tug North American Harvard (RAF, FAA) advanced pilot trainer Percival Proctor (RAF, FAA) radio trainer Sikorsky Hoverfly (RAF) helicopter Vickers Wellington (RAF) bomber trainer Westland Lysander (RAF) target tug Westland Wallace (RAF) obsolete bomber used as target tug after withdrawn from general use, to 1943 Transport and communications Avro York - LV633 Ascalon, Churchill's personal aircraft. No. 115 Squadron RAF Handley Page Harrow transport Model name Introduction Retired Built Operator Airspeed Envoy 1934 1952 52 RAF Airspeed Courier 1933 1947 16 RAF Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle 1940 1945 602 RAF Armstrong Whitworth Ensign 1938 1946 14 BOAC Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 1937 1945 1814 RAF Avro Lancastrian 1945 1960 91 RAF, BOAC Avro York 1944 1964 259 RAF Beechcraft Expeditor 1937 unk. 9000 RAF, FAA Boeing Clipper 1939 1946 3 BOAC Bristol Bombay 1939 1944 51 RAF Bristol Buckingham 1943 1945 119 RAF Consolidated PB2Y Coronado 1937 1946 10 RAF Consolidated Liberator 1943 1945 200 RAF de Havilland Albatross 1938 1943 7 Imperial Airways, BOAC, RAF de Havilland Express 1934 1941 62 RAF, FAA de Havilland Dragon Rapide 1934 1958 731 RAF, FAA de Havilland Dragonfly 1936 1945 67 RAF de Havilland Flamingo 1939 1950 14 RAF, FAA, BOAC de Havilland Hornet Moth 1934 unk. 164 RAF de Havilland Leopard Moth 1933 unk. 133 RAF de Havilland Mosquito 1941 1963 7781 BOAC de Havilland Moth Minor 1937 unk. 140 RAF, FAA de Havilland Puss Moth 1930 unk. 140 RAF Douglas Dakota 1942 unk. 1900+ RAF, BOAC Douglas Skymaster 1942 1975 22 RAF Fairchild Argus 1932 1948 831 RAF Foster Wikner Warferry 1936 unk. 10 RAF Grumman G-21 Goose 1935 unk. 49 RAF, FAA Grumman Gosling 1940 unk. 15 RAF, FAA Handley Page Halifax 1940 1961 6176 RAF Handley Page H.P.42 1931 1940 4 RAF Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow 1937 1945 100 RAF Hawker Hardy 1934 1941 8 RAF Heston Phoenix 1936 1952 6 RAF Percival Petrel 1938 1947 27 RAF Percival Proctor 1939 1955 1147 RAF Percival Vega Gull 1935 1945 90 RAF Lockheed Lodestar 1940 unk. 625 RAF, BOAC Miles Mentor 1938 1950 45 RAF Miles Mercury 1941 1946 6 RAF Miles Messenger 1942 unk. 21 RAF Short C-Class Empire 1939 RAF, BOAC Short Hythe 1942 1946 29 BOAC Short S.26 G-Class Empire 1939 1947 3 RAF, BOAC Short Stirling 1941 1946 2,371 RAF Short Scylla 1934 1940 2 BOAC Sikorsky Hoverfly 1945 1946 52 RAF Stinson Reliant 1937 1943 500 RAF, FAA Stinson L-5 Sentinel 1942 1945 100 RAF Stinson L-1 Vigilant 1941 unk. 30-71 RAF, FAA Taylorcraft Auster 1942 1965 1630 RAF Vickers Type 264 Valentia 1934 1944 82 RAF Vickers Warwick 1939 1945 842 RAF Westland Lysander 1938 1946 1,786 RAF Experimental and other Gloster E.28/39 jet engine testbed Baynes Bat (RAF) tailless tank carrying glider Boulton Paul P.92 (RAF) turret fighter half scale prototype Bristol Type 138 (RAF) high-altitude research Folland Fo.108 engine testbed (operated by engine manufacturers) General Aircraft GAL.56 (RAF) tailless swept wing glider Gloster E.28/39 (RAF) jet propelled aircraft Gloster Gauntlet (RAF) obsolete fighter used for meteorological flights Handley Page Manx (RAF) flying wing Hillson Bi-mono (RAF) slip wing testbed Miles M.3E Gillette Falcon (RAF) high speed airfoil testing Miles M.30 (RAF) blended-wing testbed Miles M.35 Libellula (RAF) canard testbed Miles M.39B Libellula (RAF) canard testbed Saro Shrimp half scale development testbed for R.5/39 Sunderland replacement Vickers Type 470 and Type 486 Wellington (RAF) flying test beds for Whittle turbojet Prototypes & trials Airspeed Cambridge (RAF) trainer Airspeed Fleet Shadower (RAF) maritime patrol Blackburn B-20 (RAF) maritime patrol seaplane Blackburn Firebrand (FAA) torpedo fighter Brewster Bermuda I Brewster Buccaneer (FAA) dive bomber rejected for service after trials Bristol Brigand (RAF) bomber Bristol Buckingham (RAF) bomber Curtiss Cleveland (RAF) dive-bomber diverted from French but not used Curtiss Helldiver (FAA) dive bomber rejected for service after trials de Havilland Hornet (RAF) twin engine fighter de Havilland Sea Hornet (FAA) twin engine fighter de Havilland Vampire (RAF) jet fighter prototype Fairey Spearfish (FAA) torpedo/dive bomber General Aircraft Fleet Shadower (RAF) maritime patrol Martin-Baker M.B.5 General Aircraft GAL.47 (RAF) Army cooperation General Aircraft GAL.55 (RAF) training glider Gloster F.9/37 (RAF) heavy fighter Hafner Rotabuggy (RAF) developed as a way of air-dropping vehicles Hawker Hotspur (RAF) turret fighter Hawker Fury (monoplane) (RAF) fighter Hawker Tornado (RAF) fighter Lockheed Lightning (RAF) evaluation only before order cancelled Martin-Baker MB 2 (RAF) fighter Martin-Baker MB 3 (RAF) fighter Martin-Baker MB 5 (RAF) fighter Martin Mariner (RAF) tested October–December 1943, then rejected Miles M.18 (RAF) trainer Miles M.20 (RAF) fighter Reid and Sigrist R.S.3 Desford (RAF) rejected trainer Supermarine B.12/36 (Type 317) Supermarine Type 322 (FAA) torpedo/dive bomber Supermarine Spiteful (RAF) fighter Vickers Type 432 (RAF) high-altitude fighter Vickers Windsor (RAF) bomber Vought Chesapeake (FAA) dive bomber diverted from French but not used Vultee Vengeance (RAF) dive bomber rejected for service after trials Gliders Airspeed Horsa troop glider Airspeed Horsa (RAF, Army Air Corps) General Aircraft Hamilcar (RAF, Army Air Corps) General Aircraft Hotspur (RAF, Army Air Corps) training glider Slingsby Hengist (RAF) Waco Hadrian (RAF, Army Air Corps) See also List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm List of Fleet Air Arm aircraft in World War II List of aircraft of World War II References Notes ^ used by No. 601 Squadron RAF ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o impressed ^ a b c d e all types produced Citations ^ Used for logistics support with RAF crews. ^ "No. 5 Squadron (RAF): Second World War". History of War. Retrieved 23 April 2020. Bibliography O. Thetford: Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918 6th edition. Putnam & Co., London,UK, 1976, ISBN 0-370-10056-5.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain,_April_1941_TR139.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Malta,_June_1943_TR1075_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_IIC_87_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bell Airacobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Roc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Roc"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Skua"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant"},{"link_name":"Brewster Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-36_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Kittyhawk and Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Douglas Havoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"Fairey Fulmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Fulmar"},{"link_name":"Fairey Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Firefly"},{"link_name":"Gloster Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator"},{"link_name":"Gloster Sea Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Sea_Gladiator"},{"link_name":"Gloster Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Grumman Martlet/Wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat"},{"link_name":"Grumman Hellcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Hawker Sea Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Hawker Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Tempest"},{"link_name":"Hawker Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"North American Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Republic Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Seafire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire"},{"link_name":"Vought Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Westland Whirlwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Westland Welkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Welkin"}],"text":"Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIde Havilland Mosquito NF.II night fighterHawker Hurricane Mk.IIc night fighterBell Airacobra (RAF),[note 1] one example for carrier landing by RN.\nBlackburn Roc (FAA) naval turret fighter retired from combat by 1941\nBlackburn Skua (FAA) naval fighter/dive bomber retired from combat 1941\nBoulton Paul Defiant (RAF) turret fighter/night fighter until withdrawn in 1942-1943 from operational roles\nBrewster Buffalo (RAF)\nBristol Beaufighter (RAF) strike fighter\nBristol Blenheim (RAF) long range fighter and night fighter\nCurtiss Mohawk (RAF)\nCurtiss Kittyhawk and Tomahawk (RAF)\nde Havilland Mosquito (RAF) night fighter & fighter-bomber\nde Havilland Vampire (RAF) prototype jet fighter\nDouglas Havoc (RAF) night fighter\nFairey Fulmar (FAA) fleet fighter\nFairey Firefly (FAA) fleet fighter\nGloster Gladiator (RAF, FAA)\nGloster Sea Gladiator (FAA)\nGloster Meteor (RAF) jet fighter\nGrumman Martlet/Wildcat (FAA)\nGrumman Hellcat (FAA)\nHawker Hurricane (RAF, FAA)\nHawker Sea Hurricane (FAA)\nHawker Tempest (RAF)\nHawker Typhoon (RAF)\nNorth American Mustang (RAF)\nRepublic Thunderbolt (RAF)\nSupermarine Spitfire (RAF & FAA)\nSupermarine Seafire (FAA)\nVought Corsair (FAA)\nWestland Whirlwind (RAF) twin engine fighter\nWestland Welkin (RAF) high altitude fighter","title":"Fighters and fighter-bombers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Fairey_Swordfish_in_Flight_TR1138.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avro Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva_C.30"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Skua"},{"link_name":"Fairey Albacore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Albacore"},{"link_name":"Fairey Barracuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Barracuda"},{"link_name":"Fairey Swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish"},{"link_name":"Grumman Tarpon/Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger"},{"link_name":"Hawker Audax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Audax"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hart#Hardy"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hector"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hind"},{"link_name":"North American Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"RAF Army Cooperation Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Army_Cooperation_Command"},{"link_name":"Vickers Vildebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest"},{"link_name":"Westland Lysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lysander"},{"link_name":"Westland Wapiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Wapiti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoW-3"}],"text":"Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomberAvro Rota (RAF) Army cooperation autogyro\nBlackburn Skua (FAA) naval fighter/dive bomber\nFairey Albacore (RAF, FAA) torpedo/dive bomber\nFairey Barracuda (FAA) torpedo/dive bomber\nFairey Swordfish (FAA) torpedo bomber\nGrumman Tarpon/Avenger (FAA) torpedo bomber\nHawker Audax (RAF) Army cooperation biplane\nHawker Hardy (RAF) General purpose biplane\nHawker Hector (RAF) Army cooperation biplane\nHawker Hind (RAF) light bomber\nNorth American Mustang (RAF) tactical reconnaissance and ground-attack under RAF Army Cooperation Command\nVickers Vildebeest (RAF) torpedo bomber, retired 1942\nWestland Lysander (RAF) Army cooperation\nWestland Wapiti (RAF) general purpose biplane used in India until 1940[2]","title":"Torpedo bombers, dive bombers and army cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handley_Page_Hampden_in_the_air.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain,_29_September_1942_TR197_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Avro Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Avro Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Avro Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Boeing Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Overstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Overstrand"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim/Bisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Bristol Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Bombay"},{"link_name":"Douglas Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"Fairey Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Battle"},{"link_name":"Fairey Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Hampden/Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Martin Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Martin Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder"},{"link_name":"Martin Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"North American Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Short Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Vickers Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia"},{"link_name":"Vickers Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest"},{"link_name":"Vickers Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"}],"text":"Handley Page HampdenFormation of Avro Lancaster Mk.IsArmstrong Whitworth Albemarle (RAF)\nArmstrong Whitworth Whitley (RAF)\nAvro Manchester (RAF)\nAvro Lancaster (RAF)\nAvro Lincoln (RAF)\nBoeing Fortress (RAF)\nBoulton Paul Overstrand (RAF) withdrawn from operational service in late 1939\nBristol Beaufort (RAF, FAA)\nBristol Blenheim/Bisley (RAF)\nBristol Bombay (RAF) bomber-transport\nDouglas Boston (RAF)\nFairey Battle (RAF)\nFairey Gordon (RAF)\nHandley Page Halifax (RAF)\nHandley Page Hampden/Hereford (RAF)\nLockheed Hudson (RAF)\nLockheed Ventura (RAF)\nMartin Maryland (RAF, FAA)\nMartin Marauder (RAF)\nMartin Baltimore (RAF, FAA)\nNorth American Mitchell (RAF, FAA)\nShort Stirling (RAF)\nVickers Valentia (RAF) bomber-transport\nVickers Vincent (RAF) general purpose\nVickers Warwick (RAF) prototypes only, most used for maritime reconnaissance and air-sea rescue\nVickers Wellesley (RAF)\nVickers Wellington (RAF)","title":"Level bombers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_1939-1945-_Short_S.25_Sunderland_CH21574_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consolidated_Liberator_GR_Mk.VI_-_The_Battle_of_the_Atlantic_1939-1945_CA122_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_gap"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Avro Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Anson"},{"link_name":"Boeing Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Botha"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Catalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"Fairey Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Seal"},{"link_name":"Fairey Seafox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Seafox"},{"link_name":"Fokker T.VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_T.VIII"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Martin Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Saro London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_London"},{"link_name":"Saro Lerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders-Roe_A.36_Lerwick"},{"link_name":"Short Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Empire"},{"link_name":"Short Seaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Seaford"},{"link_name":"VE Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day"},{"link_name":"Short Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Short Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Sea Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Otter"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Stranraer"},{"link_name":"Vickers Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Vought Kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Westland Lysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lysander"}],"text":"Coastal Command Short SunderlandCoastal Command Consolidated Liberator, the type that closed the Mid-Atlantic gapArmstrong Whitworth Whitley (RAF)\nAvro Anson (RAF, FAA)\nBoeing Fortress (RAF)\nBlackburn Botha (RAF)\nBristol Beaufort (RAF, FAA)\nConsolidated Catalina (RAF)\nConsolidated Liberator (RAF)\nFairey Seal (RAF, FAA) obsolete by 1943\nFairey Seafox (FAA) floatplane\nFokker T.VIII (RAF) 1940, ex-Dutch floatplane\nHandley Page Hampden (RAF)\nLockheed Hudson (RAF)\nLockheed Ventura (RAF)\nMartin Maryland (RAF)\nSaro London (RAF) retired 1941\nSaro Lerwick (RAF) retired 1942\nShort Empire (RAF) two aircraft\nShort Seaford (RAF) 1945, after VE Day\nShort Singapore (RAF) retired 1941\nShort Sunderland (RAF)\nSupermarine Walrus (FAA, RAF) for air-sea rescue\nSupermarine Sea Otter (RAF and FAA) air-sea rescue\nSupermarine Stranraer (RAF) retired 1942\nVickers Warwick (RAF)\nVickers Wellington (RAF)\nVought Kingfisher (FAA)\nWestland Lysander (RAF)","title":"Maritime patrol and coastal reconnaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Havilland_Mosquito_PR_Mk_XVI_of_No._544_Squadron_RAF_based_at_Benson,_Oxfordshire,_December_1944._CH14259_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson"},{"link_name":"North American Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"}],"text":"RAF 544 Squadron de Havilland Mosquito PR.XVIBristol Blenheim (RAF)\nde Havilland Mosquito (RAF)\nLockheed Hudson (RAF)\nNorth American Mustang (RAF)\nSupermarine Spitfire (RAF)","title":"Photo reconnaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avro_Anson_c._1940_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Aircraft_in_RAF_Service_1939-1945-_North_American_Na-16_and_Na-66_Harvard._CH606_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miles_M.27_Master_MkIII_W8667,_No.5_SFTS._IWM-COL198.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Avro 626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_626"},{"link_name":"Avro Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Anson"},{"link_name":"Avro Tutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Tutor"},{"link_name":"Blackburn B-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_B-2"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Botha"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Shark"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul Overstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Overstrand"},{"link_name":"Cierva C.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva_C.30"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SBC_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Tiger Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Dominie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Dominie"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Don"},{"link_name":"Fairey III.F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_III"},{"link_name":"Fairey Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Fairey Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Seal"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft Cygnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Cygnet"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft Owlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Owlet"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Heyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Heyford"},{"link_name":"Hawker Demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Demon"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hart"},{"link_name":"Hawker Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Henley"},{"link_name":"Hawker Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Osprey"},{"link_name":"Miles Magister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Magister"},{"link_name":"Miles Martinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Martinet"},{"link_name":"Miles Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Master"},{"link_name":"North American Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Percival Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Proctor"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky Hoverfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_R-4"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Westland Lysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lysander"},{"link_name":"Westland Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Wallace"}],"text":"Avro Anson trainer\nNorth American Harvard Mk.I\nMiles Master trainer\nAirspeed Oxford (RAF) bomber trainer\nAvro 626 (RAF)\nAvro Anson (RAF, FAA) multi-engine navigation and bomber crew trainer\nAvro Tutor (RAF, FAA)\nBlackburn B-2 (RAF) to 1942, most used by civilian training schools\nBlackburn Botha (RAF) RAF target tug, retired 1944\nBlackburn Shark (FAA) after withdrawn from use as torpedo bomber\nBoulton Paul Defiant (RAF) gunnery trainer from 1942 to 1945\nBoulton Paul Overstrand (RAF) obsolete bomber used as gunnery trainer to 1941\nCierva C.30 (RAF) Army cooperation training\nCurtiss Cleveland (RAF) ground instructional training\nde Havilland Tiger Moth (RAF, FAA) primary trainer\nde Havilland Dominie (RAF) radio trainer\nde Havilland Don (RAF) ground instructional training\nFairey III.F (FAA) obsolete bomber used as target tug until 1941\nFairey Gordon (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer and target tug\nFairey Seal (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer and target tug until 1942\nGeneral Aircraft Cygnet (RAF) tricycle undercarriage trainer\nGeneral Aircraft Owlet (RAF) tricycle undercarriage trainer\nHandley Page Heyford (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer to 1941\nHawker Demon (RAF) obsolete fighter used as trainer\nHawker Hart (RAF) obsolete bomber used as trainer and target tug\nHawker Henley (RAF) target tug\nHawker Osprey (FAA) obsolete fighter used as trainer\nMiles Magister (RAF) primary trainer\nMiles Martinet (RAF)\nMiles Master (RAF) target tug\nNorth American Harvard (RAF, FAA) advanced pilot trainer\nPercival Proctor (RAF, FAA) radio trainer\nSikorsky Hoverfly (RAF) helicopter\nVickers Wellington (RAF) bomber trainer\nWestland Lysander (RAF) target tug\nWestland Wallace (RAF) obsolete bomber used as target tug after withdrawn from general use, to 1943","title":"Trainers and target tugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avro_York.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HP_Harrow_ExCC.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 115 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._115_Squadron_RAF"}],"text":"Avro York - LV633 Ascalon, Churchill's personal aircraft.No. 115 Squadron RAF Handley Page Harrow transport","title":"Transport and communications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-CH14832A_Gloster_E28-39_205210674.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baynes Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baynes_Bat"},{"link_name":"Boulton Paul P.92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_Paul_P.92"},{"link_name":"Bristol Type 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Type_138"},{"link_name":"Folland Fo.108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folland_Fo.108"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft GAL.56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_GAL.56"},{"link_name":"Gloster E.28/39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39"},{"link_name":"Gloster Gauntlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Gauntlet"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Manx"},{"link_name":"Hillson Bi-mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillson_Bi-mono"},{"link_name":"Miles M.3E Gillette Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Miles M.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_M.30"},{"link_name":"Miles M.35 Libellula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_M.35_Libellula"},{"link_name":"Miles M.39B Libellula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_M.39B_Libellula"},{"link_name":"Saro Shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Shrimp"},{"link_name":"R.5/39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications"},{"link_name":"Vickers Type 470 and Type 486 Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington#Experimental_and_conversion_variants"},{"link_name":"Whittle turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Jets"}],"text":"Gloster E.28/39 jet engine testbedBaynes Bat (RAF) tailless tank carrying glider\nBoulton Paul P.92 (RAF) turret fighter half scale prototype\nBristol Type 138 (RAF) high-altitude research\nFolland Fo.108 engine testbed (operated by engine manufacturers)\nGeneral Aircraft GAL.56 (RAF) tailless swept wing glider\nGloster E.28/39 (RAF) jet propelled aircraft\nGloster Gauntlet (RAF) obsolete fighter used for meteorological flights\nHandley Page Manx (RAF) flying wing\nHillson Bi-mono (RAF) slip wing testbed\nMiles M.3E Gillette Falcon (RAF) high speed airfoil testing\nMiles M.30 (RAF) blended-wing testbed\nMiles M.35 Libellula (RAF) canard testbed\nMiles M.39B Libellula (RAF) canard testbed\nSaro Shrimp half scale development testbed for R.5/39 Sunderland replacement\nVickers Type 470 and Type 486 Wellington (RAF) flying test beds for Whittle turbojet","title":"Experimental and other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airspeed Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Fleet Shadower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Fleet_Shadower"},{"link_name":"Blackburn B-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_B-20"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Firebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Firebrand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Brewster_Bermuda_I_(sn_FF741).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brewster Buccaneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_SB2A_Buccaneer"},{"link_name":"Bristol Brigand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Brigand"},{"link_name":"Bristol Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SBC_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Helldiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Sea Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Fairey Spearfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Spearfish"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft Fleet Shadower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Fleet_Shadower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin-Baker_M.B.5_prototype.jpg"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft GAL.47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_GAL.47"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft GAL.55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_GAL.55"},{"link_name":"Gloster F.9/37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_F.9/37"},{"link_name":"Hafner Rotabuggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafner_Rotabuggy"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Hawker Fury (monoplane)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury"},{"link_name":"Hawker Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Tornado"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Martin-Baker MB 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Baker_MB_2"},{"link_name":"Martin-Baker MB 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Baker_MB_3"},{"link_name":"Martin-Baker MB 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Baker_MB_5"},{"link_name":"Martin Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Miles M.18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_M.18"},{"link_name":"Miles M.20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_M.20"},{"link_name":"Reid and Sigrist R.S.3 Desford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_and_Sigrist_R.S.3_Desford"},{"link_name":"Supermarine B.12/36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_B.12/36"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Type 322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Type_322"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spiteful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spiteful"},{"link_name":"Vickers Type 432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Type_432"},{"link_name":"Vickers Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Vought Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator"},{"link_name":"Vultee Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance"}],"text":"Airspeed Cambridge (RAF) trainer\nAirspeed Fleet Shadower (RAF) maritime patrol\nBlackburn B-20 (RAF) maritime patrol seaplane\nBlackburn Firebrand (FAA) torpedo fighter\nBrewster Bermuda I\nBrewster Buccaneer (FAA) dive bomber rejected for service after trials\nBristol Brigand (RAF) bomber\nBristol Buckingham (RAF) bomber\nCurtiss Cleveland (RAF) dive-bomber diverted from French but not used\nCurtiss Helldiver (FAA) dive bomber rejected for service after trials\nde Havilland Hornet (RAF) twin engine fighter\nde Havilland Sea Hornet (FAA) twin engine fighter\nde Havilland Vampire (RAF) jet fighter prototype\nFairey Spearfish (FAA) torpedo/dive bomber\nGeneral Aircraft Fleet Shadower (RAF) maritime patrol\nMartin-Baker M.B.5\nGeneral Aircraft GAL.47 (RAF) Army cooperation\nGeneral Aircraft GAL.55 (RAF) training glider\nGloster F.9/37 (RAF) heavy fighter\nHafner Rotabuggy (RAF) developed as a way of air-dropping vehicles\nHawker Hotspur (RAF) turret fighter\nHawker Fury (monoplane) (RAF) fighter\nHawker Tornado (RAF) fighter\nLockheed Lightning (RAF) evaluation only before order cancelled\nMartin-Baker MB 2 (RAF) fighter\nMartin-Baker MB 3 (RAF) fighter\nMartin-Baker MB 5 (RAF) fighter\nMartin Mariner (RAF) tested October–December 1943, then rejected\nMiles M.18 (RAF) trainer\nMiles M.20 (RAF) fighter\nReid and Sigrist R.S.3 Desford (RAF) rejected trainer\nSupermarine B.12/36 (Type 317)\nSupermarine Type 322 (FAA) torpedo/dive bomber\nSupermarine Spiteful (RAF) fighter\nVickers Type 432 (RAF) high-altitude fighter\nVickers Windsor (RAF) bomber\nVought Chesapeake (FAA) dive bomber diverted from French but not used\nVultee Vengeance (RAF) dive bomber rejected for service after trials","title":"Prototypes & trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horsa_glider_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Horsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft Hamilcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Hamilcar"},{"link_name":"General Aircraft Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Slingsby Hengist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingsby_Hengist"},{"link_name":"Waco Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_CG-4"}],"text":"Airspeed Horsa troop gliderAirspeed Horsa (RAF, Army Air Corps)\nGeneral Aircraft Hamilcar (RAF, Army Air Corps)\nGeneral Aircraft Hotspur (RAF, Army Air Corps) training glider\nSlingsby Hengist (RAF)\nWaco Hadrian (RAF, Army Air Corps)","title":"Gliders"}]
[{"image_text":"Supermarine Spitfire Mk.II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_April_1941_TR139.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_April_1941_TR139.jpg"},{"image_text":"de Havilland Mosquito NF.II night fighter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Malta%2C_June_1943_TR1075_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Malta%2C_June_1943_TR1075_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIc night fighter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hurricane_IIC_87_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg/220px-Hurricane_IIC_87_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/A_Fairey_Swordfish_in_Flight_TR1138.jpg/220px-A_Fairey_Swordfish_in_Flight_TR1138.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handley Page Hampden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Handley_Page_Hampden_in_the_air.jpg/220px-Handley_Page_Hampden_in_the_air.jpg"},{"image_text":"Formation of Avro Lancaster Mk.Is","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coastal Command Short Sunderland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_1939-1945-_Short_S.25_Sunderland_CH21574_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_1939-1945-_Short_S.25_Sunderland_CH21574_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coastal Command Consolidated Liberator, the type that closed the Mid-Atlantic gap","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Consolidated_Liberator_GR_Mk.VI_-_The_Battle_of_the_Atlantic_1939-1945_CA122_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Consolidated_Liberator_GR_Mk.VI_-_The_Battle_of_the_Atlantic_1939-1945_CA122_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"RAF 544 Squadron de Havilland Mosquito PR.XVI","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/De_Havilland_Mosquito_PR_Mk_XVI_of_No._544_Squadron_RAF_based_at_Benson%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_December_1944._CH14259_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-De_Havilland_Mosquito_PR_Mk_XVI_of_No._544_Squadron_RAF_based_at_Benson%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_December_1944._CH14259_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Avro Anson trainer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Avro_Anson_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Avro_Anson_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"North American Harvard Mk.I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/American_Aircraft_in_RAF_Service_1939-1945-_North_American_Na-16_and_Na-66_Harvard._CH606_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-American_Aircraft_in_RAF_Service_1939-1945-_North_American_Na-16_and_Na-66_Harvard._CH606_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miles Master trainer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Miles_M.27_Master_MkIII_W8667%2C_No.5_SFTS._IWM-COL198.jpg/220px-Miles_M.27_Master_MkIII_W8667%2C_No.5_SFTS._IWM-COL198.jpg"},{"image_text":"Avro York - LV633 Ascalon, Churchill's personal aircraft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Avro_York.jpg/220px-Avro_York.jpg"},{"image_text":"No. 115 Squadron RAF Handley Page Harrow transport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HP_Harrow_ExCC.jpg/220px-HP_Harrow_ExCC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gloster E.28/39 jet engine testbed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/IWM-CH14832A_Gloster_E28-39_205210674.jpg/220px-IWM-CH14832A_Gloster_E28-39_205210674.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brewster Bermuda I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Royal_Air_Force_Brewster_Bermuda_I_%28sn_FF741%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force_Brewster_Bermuda_I_%28sn_FF741%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin-Baker M.B.5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Martin-Baker_M.B.5_prototype.jpg/220px-Martin-Baker_M.B.5_prototype.jpg"},{"image_text":"Airspeed Horsa troop glider","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Horsa_glider_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Horsa_glider_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"title":"List of Fleet Air Arm aircraft in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fleet_Air_Arm_aircraft_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"}]
[{"reference":"\"No. 5 Squadron (RAF): Second World War\". History of War. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/5_wwII.html","url_text":"\"No. 5 Squadron (RAF): Second World War\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aircraft_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_World_War_II&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/5_wwII.html","external_links_name":"\"No. 5 Squadron (RAF): Second World War\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe,_West_Virginia
Snowshoe, West Virginia
["1 History","2 Climate","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°24′35″N 80°0′51″W / 38.40972°N 80.01417°W / 38.40972; -80.01417 Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesSnowshoe, West VirginiaUnincorporated communityThe Village at Snowshoe Mountain FlagMotto: Forever WildSnowshoe, West VirginiaLocation of Snowshoe, West VirginiaCoordinates: 38°24′35″N 80°0′51″W / 38.40972°N 80.01417°W / 38.40972; -80.01417CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyPocahontasFounded1974Elevation4,848 ft (1,478 m)Population (2000) • Total163 Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code26209Area code304Exchange572Websitesnowshoemtn.com Snowshoe is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States, centering on the Snowshoe Mountain ski resort. It is situated in the Allegheny Mountains at a bowl shaped convergence of two high mountain ridges — Cheat and Back Allegheny Mountains — at the head of the Shavers Fork of the Cheat River. Snowshoe is site of the second highest point in the state and the peak elevation for Cheat Mountain, at Thorny Flat, which reaches 4,848 feet (1,478 m) above sea level. Snowshoe has several commercial areas, with the most prominent being The Village at Snowshoe, located at the summit of the mountain (rather than at its base). While the area is still best known for winter activities, today the resort has extensive mountain biking trails, a popular golf course, wedding and convention areas, a number of summer outdoor activities, and also hosts a Grand National Cross Country racing event. About 480,000 skiers visit the area each year, primarily from West Virginia and the larger cities of the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast. Snowshoe Mountain's large property includes several developed resort areas, a conservation area, and expansive backcountry that covers 10,950 acres (44.31 km2) in total. Ski slopes make up 244 acres (0.99 km2) of the resort, which include the Snowshoe Basin, Western Territory, and Silver Creek areas. History The area, then indistinct from Slatyfork, had been logged from about 1905 to 1960, after which it was abandoned. Thomas "Doc" Brigham discovered the mountain and believed it would be a good location to build a new ski resort. Brigham, a dentist from North Carolina, had previously opened the Sugar Mountain and Beech Mountain ski areas. Snowshoe Mountain opened to skiing on December 13, 1974. Climate With a mean temperature of 22.1 °F (−5.5 °C) (as seen in the climate box below) in January and 62.6 °F (17.0 °C) in July, Snowshoe can be considerably cooler than nearby areas at lower elevations. The average winter season is just slightly more than 130 days each year, while the spring, summer, and fall seasons typically include a series of sports, recreation, and cultural events. Snowshoe has a humid continental climate (Dfb). The resort's altitude at almost a mile high provides for weather conditions that more closely resemble the rigorous winters of Northern New England than the milder climate of the Upland South. The massive horseshoe formed by the Cheat Mountain Range creates its own micro-climate, frequently affected by orographic lift of mid-level Great Lake moisture-laden fronts, resulting in massive snowfalls. Snowshoe averages over 13 feet of natural snow per year. Climate data for Snowshoe, West Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1975–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 57(14) 63(17) 76(24) 79(26) 82(28) 82(28) 87(31) 85(29) 79(26) 77(25) 70(21) 64(18) 87(31) Mean maximum °F (°C) 50.8(10.4) 51.8(11.0) 60.2(15.7) 70.3(21.3) 74.1(23.4) 76.9(24.9) 77.8(25.4) 76.8(24.9) 74.8(23.8) 68.5(20.3) 60.1(15.6) 52.2(11.2) 79.1(26.2) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 29.8(−1.2) 31.8(−0.1) 38.9(3.8) 51.0(10.6) 59.7(15.4) 66.6(19.2) 69.8(21.0) 68.8(20.4) 63.5(17.5) 53.3(11.8) 42.0(5.6) 34.1(1.2) 50.8(10.4) Daily mean °F (°C) 22.1(−5.5) 23.9(−4.5) 30.8(−0.7) 42.0(5.6) 51.4(10.8) 59.0(15.0) 62.6(17.0) 61.7(16.5) 56.3(13.5) 45.7(7.6) 34.6(1.4) 27.0(−2.8) 43.1(6.2) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 14.3(−9.8) 15.9(−8.9) 22.8(−5.1) 33.0(0.6) 43.2(6.2) 51.3(10.7) 55.4(13.0) 54.6(12.6) 49.1(9.5) 38.1(3.4) 27.2(−2.7) 19.8(−6.8) 35.4(1.9) Mean minimum °F (°C) −7.6(−22.0) −4.0(−20.0) 3.3(−15.9) 15.0(−9.4) 28.5(−1.9) 40.4(4.7) 47.8(8.8) 46.9(8.3) 35.8(2.1) 22.1(−5.5) 9.6(−12.4) 0.8(−17.3) −10.3(−23.5) Record low °F (°C) −36(−38) −20(−29) −8(−22) 1(−17) 16(−9) 29(−2) 36(2) 33(1) 25(−4) 11(−12) −4(−20) −26(−32) −36(−38) Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.06(154) 4.95(126) 5.97(152) 5.17(131) 5.84(148) 5.71(145) 4.87(124) 4.76(121) 4.42(112) 4.10(104) 4.47(114) 6.22(158) 62.54(1,589) Average snowfall inches (cm) 35.5(90) 31.4(80) 27.2(69) 8.5(22) 0.8(2.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 2.8(7.1) 9.7(25) 28.8(73) 144.7(368) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 23.6 19.4 19.8 17.2 18.4 17.7 17.6 17.3 14.8 15.1 16.4 21.0 218.3 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 12.3 10.7 8.4 3.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 4.7 9.3 50.8 Source: NOAA References ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2021. ^ "Station: Snowshoe, WV". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2021. External links Official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: MarlintonTowns Durbin Hillsboro Marlinton Map of West Virginia highlighting Pocahontas CountyCDPs Arbovale Bartow Cass Frank Green Bank Huntersville Unincorporatedcommunities Beard Beard Heights Boyer Braucher Brownsburg Buckeye Burner Burnsides Burr Campbelltown Clawson Clover Lick Deer Creek Denmar Dilleys Mill Droop Dunmore Edray Frost Harter Hosterman Jacox Kennison Knapp Linwood Lobelia Locust Mace May Mill Point Minnehaha Springs Nida Nottingham Olive Onoto Raintown Raywood Rimel Seebert Sitlington Slaty Fork Snowshoe Spice Stillwell Stony Bottom Thornwood Thorny Creek Violet Walnut Wanless Warwick Watoga West Union Wildell Woodrow Ghost towns Gertrude Mill Run Spruce Sunset West Virginia portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Snowshoe Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Cheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Back Allegheny Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Allegheny_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Shavers Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavers_Fork"},{"link_name":"Cheat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_River"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"Thorny Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorny_Flat"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSL"},{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking"},{"link_name":"trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"outdoor activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_activities"},{"link_name":"Grand National Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Cross_Country"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_States"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesSnowshoe is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States, centering on the Snowshoe Mountain ski resort. It is situated in the Allegheny Mountains at a bowl shaped convergence of two high mountain ridges — Cheat and Back Allegheny Mountains — at the head of the Shavers Fork of the Cheat River. Snowshoe is site of the second highest point in the state and the peak elevation for Cheat Mountain, at Thorny Flat, which reaches 4,848 feet (1,478 m) above sea level.Snowshoe has several commercial areas, with the most prominent being The Village at Snowshoe, located at the summit of the mountain (rather than at its base). While the area is still best known for winter activities, today the resort has extensive mountain biking trails, a popular golf course, wedding and convention areas, a number of summer outdoor activities, and also hosts a Grand National Cross Country racing event. About 480,000 skiers visit the area each year, primarily from West Virginia and the larger cities of the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast.Snowshoe Mountain's large property includes several developed resort areas, a conservation area, and expansive backcountry that covers 10,950 acres (44.31 km2) in total. Ski slopes make up 244 acres (0.99 km2) of the resort, which include the Snowshoe Basin, Western Territory, and Silver Creek areas.","title":"Snowshoe, West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slatyfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatyfork,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sugar Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Mountain_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Beech Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Mountain"}],"text":"The area, then indistinct from Slatyfork, had been logged from about 1905 to 1960, after which it was abandoned. Thomas \"Doc\" Brigham discovered the mountain and believed it would be a good location to build a new ski resort. Brigham, a dentist from North Carolina, had previously opened the Sugar Mountain and Beech Mountain ski areas. Snowshoe Mountain opened to skiing on December 13, 1974.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Dfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Upland South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_South"},{"link_name":"Cheat Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_Mountain"},{"link_name":"micro-climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-3"}],"text":"With a mean temperature of 22.1 °F (−5.5 °C) (as seen in the climate box below) in January and 62.6 °F (17.0 °C) in July, Snowshoe can be considerably cooler than nearby areas at lower elevations. The average winter season is just slightly more than 130 days each year, while the spring, summer, and fall seasons typically include a series of sports, recreation, and cultural events.Snowshoe has a humid continental climate (Dfb).The resort's altitude at almost a mile high provides for weather conditions that more closely resemble the rigorous winters of Northern New England than the milder climate of the Upland South. The massive horseshoe formed by the Cheat Mountain Range creates its own micro-climate, frequently affected by orographic lift of mid-level Great Lake moisture-laden fronts, resulting in massive snowfalls. Snowshoe averages over 13 feet of natural snow per year.Climate data for Snowshoe, West Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1975–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n57(14)\n\n63(17)\n\n76(24)\n\n79(26)\n\n82(28)\n\n82(28)\n\n87(31)\n\n85(29)\n\n79(26)\n\n77(25)\n\n70(21)\n\n64(18)\n\n87(31)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n50.8(10.4)\n\n51.8(11.0)\n\n60.2(15.7)\n\n70.3(21.3)\n\n74.1(23.4)\n\n76.9(24.9)\n\n77.8(25.4)\n\n76.8(24.9)\n\n74.8(23.8)\n\n68.5(20.3)\n\n60.1(15.6)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n79.1(26.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n29.8(−1.2)\n\n31.8(−0.1)\n\n38.9(3.8)\n\n51.0(10.6)\n\n59.7(15.4)\n\n66.6(19.2)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n68.8(20.4)\n\n63.5(17.5)\n\n53.3(11.8)\n\n42.0(5.6)\n\n34.1(1.2)\n\n50.8(10.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n23.9(−4.5)\n\n30.8(−0.7)\n\n42.0(5.6)\n\n51.4(10.8)\n\n59.0(15.0)\n\n62.6(17.0)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n56.3(13.5)\n\n45.7(7.6)\n\n34.6(1.4)\n\n27.0(−2.8)\n\n43.1(6.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n14.3(−9.8)\n\n15.9(−8.9)\n\n22.8(−5.1)\n\n33.0(0.6)\n\n43.2(6.2)\n\n51.3(10.7)\n\n55.4(13.0)\n\n54.6(12.6)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n38.1(3.4)\n\n27.2(−2.7)\n\n19.8(−6.8)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−7.6(−22.0)\n\n−4.0(−20.0)\n\n3.3(−15.9)\n\n15.0(−9.4)\n\n28.5(−1.9)\n\n40.4(4.7)\n\n47.8(8.8)\n\n46.9(8.3)\n\n35.8(2.1)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n9.6(−12.4)\n\n0.8(−17.3)\n\n−10.3(−23.5)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n−8(−22)\n\n1(−17)\n\n16(−9)\n\n29(−2)\n\n36(2)\n\n33(1)\n\n25(−4)\n\n11(−12)\n\n−4(−20)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n6.06(154)\n\n4.95(126)\n\n5.97(152)\n\n5.17(131)\n\n5.84(148)\n\n5.71(145)\n\n4.87(124)\n\n4.76(121)\n\n4.42(112)\n\n4.10(104)\n\n4.47(114)\n\n6.22(158)\n\n62.54(1,589)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n35.5(90)\n\n31.4(80)\n\n27.2(69)\n\n8.5(22)\n\n0.8(2.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n2.8(7.1)\n\n9.7(25)\n\n28.8(73)\n\n144.7(368)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n23.6\n\n19.4\n\n19.8\n\n17.2\n\n18.4\n\n17.7\n\n17.6\n\n17.3\n\n14.8\n\n15.1\n\n16.4\n\n21.0\n\n218.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n12.3\n\n10.7\n\n8.4\n\n3.3\n\n0.7\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n1.4\n\n4.7\n\n9.3\n\n50.8\n\n\nSource: NOAA[2][3]","title":"Climate"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of West Virginia highlighting Pocahontas County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Pocahontas_County.svg/180px-Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Pocahontas_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rlx","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Snowshoe, WV\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00468308&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Snowshoe, WV\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snowshoe,_West_Virginia&params=38_24_35_N_80_0_51_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°24′35″N 80°0′51″W / 38.40972°N 80.01417°W / 38.40972; -80.01417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snowshoe,_West_Virginia&params=38_24_35_N_80_0_51_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°24′35″N 80°0′51″W / 38.40972°N 80.01417°W / 38.40972; -80.01417"},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=86,000US26,209&_geoContext=01,000US%7C86,000US26,209&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=&_zip=26,209","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://snowshoemtn.com/","external_links_name":"snowshoemtn.com"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rlx","external_links_name":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00468308&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Snowshoe, WV\""},{"Link":"http://snowshoemtn.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders,_New_Jersey
Flanders, New Jersey
["1 Demographics","2 Notable people","3 References"]
Coordinates: 40°50′44″N 74°41′42″W / 40.84556°N 74.69500°W / 40.84556; -74.69500Populated place in Morris County, New Jersey, US Census-designated place in New Jersey, United StatesFlanders, New JerseyCensus-designated placeMount Olive Academy, built in 1837FlandersLocation in Morris CountyShow map of Morris County, New JerseyFlandersLocation in New JerseyShow map of New JerseyFlandersLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°50′44″N 74°41′42″W / 40.84556°N 74.69500°W / 40.84556; -74.69500Country United StatesState New JerseyCountyMorrisTownshipMount OliveArea • Total7.45 sq mi (19.30 km2) • Land7.42 sq mi (19.23 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2)Elevation679 ft (207 m)Population (2020) • Total9,832 • Density1,324.5/sq mi (511.4/km2)ZIP Code07836FIPS code34-23640GNIS feature ID0876369 Flanders is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Mount Olive Township, in southwestern Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Flanders is served by the United States Postal Service as ZIP Code 07836. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 199010,528—200012,21716.0%201012,5682.9%20209,832−21.8%Population sources:19902000 2010 2020 As of the 2020 United States census, the Flanders CDP's population was 9,832, a decrease of 2,736 (−21.8%) from the 12,568 enumerated at the 2010 census in the Flanders ZIP Code Tabulation Area, which in turn reflected an increase of 351 (+2.9%) from the 12,217 counted in the 2000 census. Notable people See also: Category:People from Mount Olive Township, New Jersey People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Flanders include: Kenny Agostino (born 1992), professional hockey player who played for the Montreal Canadiens. Liam Anderson (American football)|]] (born 2000), American football linebacker for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League Noah Brown (born 1996), wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys. David W. K. Peacock Jr. (1924–2005), government official and businessman who served as a Deputy Undersecretary at the Department of Commerce during the Nixon Administration. John R. Neill (1877-1943), magazine and children's book illustrator primarily known for illustrating more than forty stories set in the Land of Oz. Jonathan Nicholas (1757/59–1839), early settler of Flanders who served as a sergeant in the American Revolutionary War. Lee Rouson (born 1962), former NFL running back for the New York Giants. Steve Slattery (born 1980), Olympic track and field athlete. Charles Stewart Wurts (1790-1859), founder of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. John Wurts (1792-1861), member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022. ^ a b c QuickFacts Flanders CDP, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 20, 2023. ^ Geographic Codes Lookup for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed June 9, 2023. ^ "Flanders". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 24, 2012. ^ State of New Jersey Census Designated Places - BVP20 - Data as of January 1, 2020, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 1, 2022. ^ Locality Search, State of New Jersey. Accessed May 19, 2015. ^ Zip Codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed May 19, 2015. ^ DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990 from the Census 1990 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for ZCTA5 07836, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 19, 2015. ^ a b DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for ZCTA5 07836 Archived 2020-02-13 at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 19, 2015. ^ a b DP-1: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 from the 2010 Demographic Profile Data for ZCTA 07836 Archived 2020-02-13 at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 19, 2015. ^ Shore, Phil (November 28, 2014). "Hangin' Out With Kenny Agostino (Flanders, N.J.)". New York Hockey Journal. ^ Thompson, Rich. "Holy Cross LB’s Dobbs, Anderson committed to fourth straight PL title", Boston Herald, August 8, 2022. Accessed January 2, 2024. "On most FCS defenses, Anderson would anchor the front seven for his abilities as a tackler and a turnover machine. The 6-3, 225-pounder from Flanders, N.J., finished with 81 tackles, 15 tackles for a loss, 7.5 sacks with three interceptions and a forced fumble." ^ Spaulding, Anthony. "After breaking leg in 2015, former PJ star Noah Brown to start for Ohio State on Saturday", New Jersey Herald, September 2, 2016. Accessed January 12, 2017. "Noah Brown has every reason to be pumped up for Saturday.That day at noon, the Flanders native and 2014 Pope John High School graduate is expected to start in the first NCAA Division I college football game of his career at wide receiver in the Ohio State Buckeyes' season opener against Bowling Green." ^ "Flanders Man Gets Commerce Position". The Hackesttown Gazette. November 19, 1959. ^ Mason, Jory Neill. "Biography - John R. Neill". Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Hilbert, Rita. Mount Olive, p. 29. Arcadia Publishing, 2001, via Google Books. ISBN 0-7385-0513-7. Accessed December 27, 2020. "Jonathan Nicholas, a barrel maker, built his home in Flanders after the Revolutionary War." ^ Hoffman, Joe. "Mt. Olive's Rouson headed to Colorado", Daily Record, February 2, 2006. Accessed March 26, 2011. ^ "Steve Slattery". USA Track & Field. June 6, 2008. ^ "Wurts Family Papers". Hagley Museum and Library. August 21, 2013. ^ John Wurts, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed February 23, 2011. vteMunicipalities and communities of Morris County, New Jersey, United StatesCounty seat: MorristownBoroughs Butler Chatham Chester Florham Park Kinnelon Lincoln Park Madison Mendham Morris Plains Mount Arlington Mountain Lakes Netcong Riverdale Rockaway Victory Gardens Wharton Map of New Jersey highlighting Morris CountyTowns Boonton Dover Morristown Townships Boonton Chatham Chester Denville East Hanover Hanover Harding Jefferson Long Hill Mendham Mine Hill Montville Morris Mount Olive Parsippany-Troy Hills Pequannock Randolph Rockaway Roxbury Washington CDPs Brookside Budd Lake Cedar Knolls Flanders Gillette Green Village Hibernia Kenvil Lake Hiawatha Lake Hopatcong Lake Telemark Landing Ledgewood Long Valley Lower Berkshire Valley Millington Mount Hope Mount Tabor New Vernon Oak Ridge Parsippany Pine Brook Pompton Plains Port Morris Rainbow Lakes Stirling Succasunna Towaco Troy Hills Whippany White Meadow Lake Othercommunities Afton Cedar Lake Convent Station Green Pond Ironia Lake Swannanoa Middle Valley Mount Freedom Pottersville Russia Schooley's Mountain Scrappy Corner Shongum Smoke Rise Union Hill Vasa Park Washington Valley New Jersey portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Jersey#Unincorporated_communities"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mount Olive Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olive_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Morris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Populated place in Morris County, New Jersey, USCensus-designated place in New Jersey, United StatesFlanders is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP)[5] located within Mount Olive Township, in southwestern Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.[6] Flanders is served by the United States Postal Service as ZIP Code 07836.[7]","title":"Flanders, New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1990-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2020-2"},{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2020-2"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code Tabulation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code_Tabulation_Area"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2010-10"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2000-9"}],"text":"Historical population\nCensusPop.Note%±\n199010,528—200012,21716.0%201012,5682.9%20209,832−21.8%Population sources:1990[8]2000[9] 2010[10] 2020[2]As of the 2020 United States census, the Flanders CDP's population was 9,832,[2] a decrease of 2,736 (−21.8%) from the 12,568 enumerated at the 2010 census in the Flanders ZIP Code Tabulation Area,[10] which in turn reflected an increase of 351 (+2.9%) from the 12,217 counted in the 2000 census.[9]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Mount Olive Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Mount_Olive_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Kenny Agostino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Agostino"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Liam Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Anderson"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Noah Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Brown_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"David W. K. Peacock Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._K._Peacock_Jr."},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Nixon Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Administration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John R. Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Neill"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"children's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_book"},{"link_name":"illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"link_name":"Land of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lee Rouson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Rouson"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Steve Slattery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Slattery"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Wurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Wurts"},{"link_name":"Delaware and Hudson Canal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Canal_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"John Wurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wurts"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Mount Olive Township, New JerseyPeople who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Flanders include:Kenny Agostino (born 1992), professional hockey player who played for the Montreal Canadiens.[11]\nLiam Anderson (American football)|]] (born 2000), American football linebacker for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League[12]\nNoah Brown (born 1996), wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys.[13]\nDavid W. K. Peacock Jr. (1924–2005), government official and businessman who served as a Deputy Undersecretary at the Department of Commerce during the Nixon Administration.[14]\nJohn R. Neill (1877-1943), magazine and children's book illustrator primarily known for illustrating more than forty stories set in the Land of Oz.[15]\nJonathan Nicholas (1757/59–1839), early settler of Flanders who served as a sergeant in the American Revolutionary War.[16]\nLee Rouson (born 1962), former NFL running back for the New York Giants.[17]\nSteve Slattery (born 1980), Olympic track and field athlete.[18]\nCharles Stewart Wurts (1790-1859), founder of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.[19]\nJohn Wurts (1792-1861), member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.[20]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of New Jersey highlighting Morris County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Morris_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Morris_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2734%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flanders\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/0876369","url_text":"\"Flanders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Shore, Phil (November 28, 2014). \"Hangin' Out With Kenny Agostino (Flanders, N.J.)\". New York Hockey Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyhockeyjournal.com/news/pros/Hangin_out_with_Kenny_Agostino_Flanders_NJ","url_text":"\"Hangin' Out With Kenny Agostino (Flanders, N.J.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flanders Man Gets Commerce Position\". The Hackesttown Gazette. November 19, 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mason, Jory Neill. \"Biography - John R. Neill\". Retrieved December 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnrneill.net/Biography.html","url_text":"\"Biography - John R. Neill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Slattery\". USA Track & Field. June 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usatf.org/athletes/bios/TrackAndFieldArchive/2008/Slattery_Steve.asp","url_text":"\"Steve Slattery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wurts Family Papers\". Hagley Museum and Library. August 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1982.xml","url_text":"\"Wurts Family Papers\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_O._Hooper,_Jr.
Perry Hooper Jr.
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
American politician Perry HooperMember of the Alabama House of Representativesfrom the 73rd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1984 – January 3, 2003Preceded byHam WilsonSucceeded byDavid Grimes Personal detailsBornPerry Oliver Hooper Jr. (1954-10-05) October 5, 1954 (age 69)Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseJudy McKissickChildren3RelativesPerry Hooper Sr. (father)EducationAuburn University, Montgomery (BA)Faulkner University (JD) Perry Oliver Hooper Jr. (born October 5, 1954), is an American politician. A Republican, Hooper served in the Alabama House of Representatives for District 73 from 1984 until 2003. Early life Hooper is the son of Perry Hooper Sr. He graduated from Auburn University. Career In 1982, Hooper ran for the Alabama House of Representatives for the 81st district. He lost in the general election to the Democratic Party nominee, Ham Wilson Jr. Running for the 73rd district in a special election in 1983, Hooper defeated Wilson. Hooper served until 2003, after he lost renomination in 2002 to David Grimes. Hooper was the co-chair of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign in Alabama. After Jeff Sessions resigned from the United States Senate to become attorney general of the United States, Hooper sought the appointment to succeed Sessions in the Senate. Hooper was one of six finalists considered by Governor Robert Bentley. When Luther Strange was appointed to the Senate, Hooper endorsed him and declined to run against him in the 2017 special election to fill the remainder of the term. Personal life Hooper and his wife, Judy, have three children, two who were running backs for the Auburn Tigers football team, and another, a placekicker for the South Carolina Gamecocks football team. Perry was arrested on August 23, 2022, on charges of first-degree sex abuse for an incident that occurred on August 16. Hooper was accused of grabbing an unnamed female from behind, fondling her breasts, and thrusting his pelvis against her backside. References ^ "Chief Justice Perry Hooper remembered as GOP pioneer". April 26, 2016. ^ a b "Auburn-South Carolina game reunites Hooper brothers". ^ "4 Nov 1982, 8 - The Columbus Ledger at". Newspapers.com. November 4, 1982. Retrieved August 24, 2022. ^ "9 Nov 1983, 1 - Alabama Journal at". Newspapers.com. November 9, 1983. Retrieved August 24, 2022. ^ "9 Jun 2002, 31 - The Montgomery Advertiser at". Newspapers.com. June 9, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2022. ^ "Perry Hooper Jr. Not running for Senate; backs Strange". May 17, 2017. ^ Alabama (May 16, 2017). "Perry Hooper Jr. sets Senate announcement, expected to join race". al.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022. ^ Alabama (May 17, 2017). "Perry Hooper Jr. not running for Senate; endorses Luther Strange". al.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022. ^ Robinson, Carol (August 23, 2022). "Perry Hooper Jr., former Alabama lawmaker, charged with sex abuse in Montgomery". al. Retrieved August 23, 2022. External links Profile at Vote Smart Alabama House of Representatives Preceded byHam Wilson Member of the Alabama House of Representativesfrom the 73rd district 1984–2002 Succeeded byDavid Grimes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Alabama House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"Perry Oliver Hooper Jr. (born October 5, 1954), is an American politician. A Republican, Hooper served in the Alabama House of Representatives for District 73 from 1984 until 2003.","title":"Perry Hooper Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perry Hooper Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Hooper_Sr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auburn-2"}],"text":"Hooper is the son of Perry Hooper Sr.[1] He graduated from Auburn University.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"attorney general of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_general_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Robert Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Bentley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Luther Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Strange"},{"link_name":"2017 special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1982, Hooper ran for the Alabama House of Representatives for the 81st district. He lost in the general election to the Democratic Party nominee, Ham Wilson Jr.[3] Running for the 73rd district in a special election in 1983, Hooper defeated Wilson.[4] Hooper served until 2003, after he lost renomination in 2002 to David Grimes.[5]Hooper was the co-chair of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign in Alabama.[6] After Jeff Sessions resigned from the United States Senate to become attorney general of the United States, Hooper sought the appointment to succeed Sessions in the Senate. Hooper was one of six finalists considered by Governor Robert Bentley.[7] When Luther Strange was appointed to the Senate, Hooper endorsed him and declined to run against him in the 2017 special election to fill the remainder of the term.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"running backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Auburn Tigers football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"placekicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placekicker"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Gamecocks football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auburn-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hooper and his wife, Judy, have three children, two who were running backs for the Auburn Tigers football team, and another, a placekicker for the South Carolina Gamecocks football team.[2]Perry was arrested on August 23, 2022, on charges of first-degree sex abuse for an incident that occurred on August 16. Hooper was accused of grabbing an unnamed female from behind, fondling her breasts, and thrusting his pelvis against her backside.[9]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Chief Justice Perry Hooper remembered as GOP pioneer\". April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2016/04/alabama_chief_justice_perry_ho.html","url_text":"\"Chief Justice Perry Hooper remembered as GOP pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auburn-South Carolina game reunites Hooper brothers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/rankinfile/2014/10/25/auburn-south-carolina-game-reunites-hooper-brothers/17899155/","url_text":"\"Auburn-South Carolina game reunites Hooper brothers\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 Nov 1982, 8 - The Columbus Ledger at\". Newspapers.com. November 4, 1982. Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/857046454/?terms=%22perry%20hooper%22&match=1","url_text":"\"4 Nov 1982, 8 - The Columbus Ledger at\""}]},{"reference":"\"9 Nov 1983, 1 - Alabama Journal at\". Newspapers.com. November 9, 1983. Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/455376446/?terms=%22perry%20hooper%22%20wilson&match=1","url_text":"\"9 Nov 1983, 1 - Alabama Journal at\""}]},{"reference":"\"9 Jun 2002, 31 - The Montgomery Advertiser at\". Newspapers.com. June 9, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/261323082/?terms=%22perry%20hooper%22&match=1","url_text":"\"9 Jun 2002, 31 - The Montgomery Advertiser at\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. Not running for Senate; backs Strange\". May 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2017/05/perry_hooper_jr_not_running_fo.html","url_text":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. Not running for Senate; backs Strange\""}]},{"reference":"Alabama (May 16, 2017). \"Perry Hooper Jr. sets Senate announcement, expected to join race\". al.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/montgomery/2017/05/perry_hooper_jr_sets_senate_an.html","url_text":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. sets Senate announcement, expected to join race\""}]},{"reference":"Alabama (May 17, 2017). \"Perry Hooper Jr. not running for Senate; endorses Luther Strange\". al.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2017/05/perry_hooper_jr_not_running_fo.html","url_text":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. not running for Senate; endorses Luther Strange\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Carol (August 23, 2022). \"Perry Hooper Jr., former Alabama lawmaker, charged with sex abuse in Montgomery\". al. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2022/08/perry-hooper-jr-former-alabama-lawmaker-charged-with-sex-abuse-in-montgomery.html","url_text":"\"Perry Hooper Jr., former Alabama lawmaker, charged with sex abuse in Montgomery\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.al.com/news/2016/04/alabama_chief_justice_perry_ho.html","external_links_name":"\"Chief Justice Perry Hooper remembered as GOP pioneer\""},{"Link":"https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/rankinfile/2014/10/25/auburn-south-carolina-game-reunites-hooper-brothers/17899155/","external_links_name":"\"Auburn-South Carolina game reunites Hooper brothers\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/857046454/?terms=%22perry%20hooper%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"4 Nov 1982, 8 - The Columbus Ledger at\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/455376446/?terms=%22perry%20hooper%22%20wilson&match=1","external_links_name":"\"9 Nov 1983, 1 - Alabama Journal at\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/261323082/?terms=%22perry%20hooper%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"9 Jun 2002, 31 - The Montgomery Advertiser at\""},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/news/2017/05/perry_hooper_jr_not_running_fo.html","external_links_name":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. Not running for Senate; backs Strange\""},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/news/montgomery/2017/05/perry_hooper_jr_sets_senate_an.html","external_links_name":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. sets Senate announcement, expected to join race\""},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/news/2017/05/perry_hooper_jr_not_running_fo.html","external_links_name":"\"Perry Hooper Jr. not running for Senate; endorses Luther Strange\""},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/news/2022/08/perry-hooper-jr-former-alabama-lawmaker-charged-with-sex-abuse-in-montgomery.html","external_links_name":"\"Perry Hooper Jr., former Alabama lawmaker, charged with sex abuse in Montgomery\""},{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/5664","external_links_name":"Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet,_Arkansas
Comet, Arkansas
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 33°41′02″N 94°14′37″W / 33.68389°N 94.24361°W / 33.68389; -94.24361Unincorporated community in Arkansas, US Comet is an unincorporated community in Little River County, Arkansas, United States. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Comet, Arkansas vteMunicipalities and communities of Little River County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: AshdownCities Ashdown Foreman Ogden Wilton Winthrop Map of Arkansas highlighting Little River CountyCDPs Alleene Yarborough Landing Other unincorporatedcommunities Comet Richmond Rocky Comfort Arkansas portal United States portal 33°41′02″N 94°14′37″W / 33.68389°N 94.24361°W / 33.68389; -94.24361 This article about a location in Little River County, Arkansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Little River County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_River_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Arkansas, USComet is an unincorporated community in Little River County, Arkansas, United States.[1]","title":"Comet, Arkansas"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Little River County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Little_River_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Little_River_County.svg.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist,_Knotty_Ash
St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash
["1 Images","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 53°24′59″N 2°53′30″W / 53.41625°N 2.891717°W / 53.41625; -2.891717 Church in Merseyside, EnglandSt John the Evangelist's Church, Knotty AshSt John the Evangelist's Church, Knotty Ash53°24′59″N 2°53′30″W / 53.41625°N 2.891717°W / 53.41625; -2.891717LocationKnotty Ash, Liverpool,MerseysideCountryEnglandDenominationAnglicanHistoryStatusParish churchDedicationSt John the EvangelistArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade IIArchitect(s)Williams and EdwardsArchitectural typeChurchStyleGothicGroundbreaking1834Completed1836AdministrationProvinceYorkDioceseLiverpoolArchdeaconryLiverpoolDeaneryHuytonParishKnotty AshLaityMusic group(s)Damascus Road St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash, is a church in the Knotty Ash area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is on Thomas Lane and was built 1834–6. The architects were Williams and Edwards and it was built by Richard and Paul Barker of Huyton in red ashlar sandstone. There is a narrow west tower with recessed spire and thin polygonal buttresses. It has tall church sides with three light perpendicular windows and thin buttresses. The taller chancel with south chapel is an 1890 addition by Aldridge and Deacon. There is an excellent late 19th century Celtic cross in the churchyard, finely carved. The churchyard contains war graves of three soldiers, a Royal Navy sailor and a Royal Air Force officer of World War I and three soldiers and an airman of World War II. More detail about the history of St John's and its graveyard with war memorial graves in plots 10:C9 and 10:C10 and the grave of Norman Harrison, Second Engineer of the S.S. Titanic plot 5:C6, can also be found on the churches website.. Images Nave towards the chancel West end and tower The Celtic cross. This is a Cenotaph for a local businessman and his wife, John & Elizabeth Bencke. See also Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L14 References ^ "St. John the Evangelist Knotty Ash". Achurchnearyou.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ "St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash:: OS grid SJ4091 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. 18 February 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ "History". Stjohns-knottyash.org.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ "North Liverpool: Knotty Ash, West Derby and Croxteth". Allertonoak.com. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ CWGC Cemetery Report. Breakdown obtained from casualty record. The Buildings of England; Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West; by Richard Pollard and Nikolaus Pevsner ISBN 0 300 109105 Wikimedia Commons has media related to St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash. This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knotty Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotty_Ash"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Huyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyton"},{"link_name":"ashlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Celtic cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_cross"},{"link_name":"war graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"airman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc-5"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stjohnsknottyash.org/history"},{"link_name":"graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stjohnsknottyash.org/our-graveyard"},{"link_name":"S.S. Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"churches website.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stjohnsknottyash.org"}],"text":"Church in Merseyside, EnglandSt John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash, is a church in the Knotty Ash area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England.\nIt is on Thomas Lane[1] and was built 1834–6.The architects were Williams and Edwards[2] and it was built by Richard and Paul Barker[3] of Huyton in red ashlar sandstone.[4] There is a narrow west tower with recessed spire and thin polygonal buttresses. It has tall church sides with three light perpendicular windows and thin buttresses. The taller chancel with south chapel is an 1890 addition by Aldridge and Deacon. There is an excellent late 19th century Celtic cross in the churchyard, finely carved. The churchyard contains war graves of three soldiers, a Royal Navy sailor and a Royal Air Force officer of World War I and three soldiers and an airman of World War II.[5]More detail about the history of St John's and its graveyard with war memorial graves in plots 10:C9 and 10:C10 and the grave of Norman Harrison, Second Engineer of the S.S. Titanic plot 5:C6, can also be found on the churches website..","title":"St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nave,_St_John_the_Evangelist,_Knotty_Ash_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_John_the_Evangelist,_Knotty_Ash_3a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bencke_monument,_St_John_the_Evangelist,_Knotty_Ash.jpg"}],"text":"Nave towards the chancel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest end and tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Celtic cross. This is a Cenotaph for a local businessman and his wife, John & Elizabeth Bencke.","title":"Images"}]
[]
[{"title":"Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings_in_Liverpool-L14"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Township,_Plymouth_County,_Iowa
Marion Township, Plymouth County, Iowa
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 42°46′44″N 96°02′13″W / 42.77889°N 96.03694°W / 42.77889; -96.03694Township in Plymouth County, Iowa Marion Township is a township in Plymouth County, Iowa in the United States. The township is named after (). The elevation of Marion Township is listed as 1414 feet above mean sea level. References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marion Township, Plymouth County, Iowa ^ Clark, W. L. History of the Counties of Woodbury and Plymouth, Iowa. ISBN 9785885287425. vteMunicipalities and communities of Plymouth County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Le MarsCities Akron Brunsville Craig Hinton Kingsley Le Mars Merrill Oyens Remsen Sioux City‡ Struble Westfield Map of Iowa highlighting Plymouth CountyUnincorporated communities Adaville James Seney Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal 42°46′44″N 96°02′13″W / 42.77889°N 96.03694°W / 42.77889; -96.03694 This article about the geography of Plymouth County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-1"}],"text":"Township in Plymouth County, IowaMarion Township is a township in Plymouth County, Iowa in the United States.[1] The township is named after ().[2]The elevation of Marion Township is listed as 1414 feet above mean sea level.[1]","title":"Marion Township, Plymouth County, Iowa"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Clark, W. L. History of the Counties of Woodbury and Plymouth, Iowa. ISBN 9785885287425.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UxEWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA508","url_text":"History of the Counties of Woodbury and Plymouth, Iowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785885287425","url_text":"9785885287425"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_(Mixed)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery
143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
["1 Organisation","2 Deployment","3 Postwar","4 Insignia","5 Footnotes","6 Notes","7 References","8 External sources"]
143rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment, RA75 HAA Regiment, RARoyal Artillery cap badgeActive19 January 1942 – 16 June 1955Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyRoleAir defenceSizeRegiment (3–5 batteries)Part ofAnti-Aircraft CommandGarrison/HQGloucesterMilton BarracksEngagementsWorld War IIMilitary unit 143rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It started out as a 'Mixed' regiment with around two-thirds of its personnel being women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The regiment defended the West of England from 1942 to the end of the war when it moved to South East England. The regiment continued (as an all-male unit) in the postwar British Army. Organisation Cap Badge of the Auxiliary Territorial Service By 1941, after two years of war Anti-Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties. With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success. An ATS member of a mixed 3.7-inch HAA gun battery, December 1942. By late 1941 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 143rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 19 January 1942 at Quedgeley Court, near Gloucester, and on 2 February three batteries were regimented with it. These had each been formed with a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks provided by an existing unit: in the case of 496 HAA Battery this comprised a battery commander-designate, 2 other officers and 9 other ranks who were pre-war members of 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Regiment in the Territorial Army (TA). The male soldier intake of these batteries were men transferred from recently formed Light AA (LAA) units, the majority of the personnel were women from the ATS. The regiment was composed as follows: 494 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 26 November 1941 at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, cadre from 90th HAA Rgt, soldier intake from 89th LAA Rgt (11th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)), 91st LAA Rgt (12th Bn South Staffordshire Regiment), 92nd (Loyals) LAA Rgt (7th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)) and 94th LAA Rgt (8th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry) 495 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 3 December 1941 at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, cadre from 116th HAA Rgt, soldier intake from LAA Troops 496 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 3 December 1941 at 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, cadre from 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Rgt, soldier intake from 224 LAA Trp, 85 LAA Bty, 47th LAA Rgt Deployment ATS women operating a height and range finder on an HAA gun site, December 1942. By the beginning of March 1942 143rd (M) HAA Rgt had been assigned to 5th AA Brigade in 9th AA Division, responsible for defending the area around Gloucester and Hereford. By now the regiment had been joined by 489 (M) HAA Bty, transferred from 141st (M) HAA Rgt. However, this battery was attached to the neighbouring 8th AA Division and was transferred again to 150th (M) HAA Rgt almost immediately. Similarly, 496 (M) HAA Battery was temporarily attached to 45 AA Bde covering Cardiff and Newport within 9th AA Division. Although there were a number of Luftwaffe air raids on cities in the West of England during the so-called Baedeker Blitz of 1942, none directly affected the Gloucester area. In June there was a reorganisation of AA divisional and brigade boundaries in the West of England, and 143rd (M) HAA Rgt transferred to the command of 67 AA Bde. 474 HAA Battery joined the regiment on 29 June 1942 having left the all-male 138th HAA Rgt as a cadre and been converted into a mixed battery. 474 and 496 (M) HAA Btys then transferred to 171st (Mixed) HAA Rgt on 29 August 1942. Badgeworth Court: Regimental HQ. During the autumn of 1942, 143rd (M) HAA Rgt and its two remaining batteries (494 and 495) were the only units in 67 AA Bde. The South Coast was under attack from 'hit-and-run' raids by fighter-bombers and brigade HQ was transferred on 8 November command LAA reinforcements being sent to the area. 143rd (M) HAA Regiment and the Gloucester–Cheltenham Gun Defence Area (GDA) then came under the command of 46 AA Bde at Bristol. The commanding officer (CO) of 143rd undertook the duties of AA Defence Commander (AADC) for the GDA from his RHQ at Badgeworth Court between Gloucester and Cheltenham, with a Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Gloucester. The regiment was joined by 589 (M) HAA Bty, formed at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, on 19 August and regimented on 9 November; this battery took over gunsites at Swindon. Two more batteries formed on 21 October 620 (M) at 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, and 621 (M) at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, joined in January, but 621 was immediately transferred on to a new 181st (M) HAA Rgt forming at Cardiff. Apart from a raid on 17 February 1943, when about 20 enemy aircraft made a surprise attack having followed RAF bombers returning to base, there was virtually no enemy activity over 46 AA Bde's area for the whole year. The rest of the time the gunners spent waiting or training, including training detachments of the Home Guard as relief HAA gun crews. In early 1944, however, the Luftwaffe began a new campaign, the so-called 'Baby Blitz', that brought several raids over the West Country from February onwards. 3.7-inch HAA gun preserved at Nothe Fort, Weymouth. In March 1944, 143rd (M) HAA Rgt moved to 55 AA Bde covering the Plymouth–Falmouth area where shipping was being gathered for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). As the Baby Blitz continued, Plymouth was attacked on 29 April, Torquay on 28 May and Falmouth on 29 May. After the invasion was launched on D Day (6 June) the regiment remained in the West Country while many other units were stripped out to reinforce the South East against V-1 flying bombs or to provide manpower for 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. On 4 December 1944, 589 and 620 (M) HAA Btys began to disband, completing on 7 and 18 March respectively at Torpoint, Cornwall. This left 55 AA Bde with just two HAA batteries (494 and 495 of 143rd (M) HAA Rgt) before the brigade HQ itself was converted in January 1945 into 306 Infantry Brigade to command garrison troops in 21st Army Group. The regiment came under the direct command of 8 AA Group, headquartered in Scotland, and then transferred to 37 AA Bde in 1 AA Group in South East England. Postwar After VE Day the demobilisation of the ATS got under way, and on 25 August 1945 the regiment reorganised as an all-male unit. It was joined by 228 (Edinburgh) HAA Bty from 82nd (Essex) HAA Rgt (also in 37 AA Bde), which brought it back to a normal three-battery establishment in the postwar army. From 1 January 1947, the regiment was considered a new war-formed unit of the Regular Army. On 1 April that year it was redesignated as 75 HAA Regiment at Milton Barracks, Gravesend, equipped with 3.7-inch and 5.25-inch HAA guns. The batteries were also reorganised: 228 HAA Bty (previously 228 (Edinburgh) Bty in the TA) was formally disbanded at Laindon, Essex, to resuscitate 13 Coast Battery of the Regular RA as 37 HAA Bty in the new regiment 494 HAA Bty was redesignated 288 HAA Bty 495 HAA Bty was redesignated 289 HAA Bty 37 AA Brigade's Regular units reformed 11 AA Bde in 1 AA Gp of AA Command. 75 HAA Regiment was reduced to a cadre on 30 July 1948. On 15 August 1953, 288 and 289 Btys were formally placed in suspended animation (and disbanded on 1 May 1954) to resuscitate in the UK 150 Bty from 28 Coast Rgt (in Gibraltar) and 182 Bty from 51 Coast Rgt (in Aden) respectively. On 16 June 1955, RHQ of 75 HAA Rgt and 37, 150 and 182 Btys were placed in suspended animation to resuscitate 46 HAA Rgt at Milton Barracks with 117, 124 and 126 Btys, but after service in Cyprus in 1957–58 this regiment in turn went into suspended animation on 31 October 1958. Brass collar badge of the Royal Artillery Insignia While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder. Footnotes ^ There was no connection between this regiment and the wartime 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt, which had reformed in the postwar TA as 259 (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt. Notes ^ a b c Pile's despatch. ^ Collier, Chapter XVII. ^ Routledge, pp. 399–400. ^ Routledge, pp. 338, 407. ^ a b c d e f g Frederick, p. 787. ^ Frederick, pp. 759–62, 801, 812, 835. ^ a b Farndale, Annex M. ^ a b Sainsbury, Appendix 5. ^ Farndale, Annex D. ^ Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396. ^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/80. ^ Collier, Appendix XXXVII. ^ Frederick, p. 786. ^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81. ^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82. ^ 46 AA Bde Operation Order No 66, 5 November 1942, TNA file 166/7403. ^ 46 AA Bde War Diary 1943, TNA file WO 166/11220. ^ a b Collier, Appendix XLII. ^ a b 46 AA Bde War Diary 1944, TNA file WO 166/14659. ^ Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/84. ^ a b Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/85. ^ Routledge, p. 409. ^ Joslen, p. 402. ^ Order of Battle of AA Command, 15 November 1945, TNA file WO 212/86. ^ a b c Frederick, p. 957. ^ a b c 75 HAA Rgt at British Army 1945 on. ^ Frederick, pp. 1048–50. ^ Routledge, Table LXXIV, p. 441. ^ Frederick, pp. 618, 947, 952. ^ 28 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on. ^ 51 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on. ^ 46 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on. ^ Sainsbury, Plate 9, p. 7. References Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957. J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X. Joslen, H. F. (2003) . Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1. Gen Sir Frederick Pile's despatch: "The Anti-Aircraft Defence of the United Kingdom from 28th July, 1939, to 15th April, 1945" London Gazette 18 December 1947. Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3. Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 2: The Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment 1938–1945 and the Searchlight Battery 1937–1945; Part 3: The Post-war Units 1947–2002, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 2003, ISBN 0-948527-06-4. External sources British Army units from 1945 on
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Territorial Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service"},{"link_name":"West of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"}],"text":"Military unit143rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. It started out as a 'Mixed' regiment with around two-thirds of its personnel being women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The regiment defended the West of England from 1942 to the end of the war when it moved to South East England. The regiment continued (as an all-male unit) in the postwar British Army.","title":"143rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATS_cap_badge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-Aircraft Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command"},{"link_name":"Frederick 'Tim' Pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Alfred_Pile"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Territorial Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service"},{"link_name":"predictors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(military)#Anti-aircraft"},{"link_name":"gun-laying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laying"},{"link_name":"fuze-setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_fuze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollierXVII-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rout399-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_member_of_the_ATS_(Auxiliary_Territorial_Service)_serving_with_a_3.7-inch_anti-aircraft_gun_battery,_December_1942._TR460.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quedgeley Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedgeley"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_(Hertfordshire_Yeomanry)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarnM-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sain5-8"},{"link_name":"Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry"},{"link_name":"90th HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"89th LAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"11th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Battalion,_Buffs_(Royal_East_Kent_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"91st LAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"12th Bn South Staffordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_(Pioneer)_Battalion,_South_Staffordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"92nd (Loyals) LAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_(Loyals)_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"7th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Battalion,_Loyal_Regiment_(North_Lancashire)"},{"link_name":"94th LAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"8th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Battalion,_King%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Arborfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborfield_Garrison"},{"link_name":"116th HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=116th_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cap Badge of the Auxiliary Territorial ServiceBy 1941, after two years of war Anti-Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties. With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.[1][2][3][4]An ATS member of a mixed 3.7-inch HAA gun battery, December 1942.By late 1941 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 143rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 19 January 1942 at Quedgeley Court, near Gloucester, and on 2 February three batteries were regimented with it. These had each been formed with a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks provided by an existing unit: in the case of 496 HAA Battery this comprised a battery commander-designate, 2 other officers and 9 other ranks who were pre-war members of 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Regiment in the Territorial Army (TA). The male soldier intake of these batteries were men transferred from recently formed Light AA (LAA) units, the majority of the personnel were women from the ATS. The regiment was composed as follows:[5][6][7][8]494 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 26 November 1941 at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, cadre from 90th HAA Rgt, soldier intake from 89th LAA Rgt (11th Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)), 91st LAA Rgt (12th Bn South Staffordshire Regiment), 92nd (Loyals) LAA Rgt (7th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)) and 94th LAA Rgt (8th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry)\n495 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 3 December 1941 at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, cadre from 116th HAA Rgt, soldier intake from LAA Troops\n496 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 3 December 1941 at 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, cadre from 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Rgt, soldier intake from 224 LAA Trp, 85 LAA Bty, 47th LAA Rgt","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain,_December_1942_TR474.jpg"},{"link_name":"5th AA Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Searchlight_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"9th AA Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"141st (M) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=141st_(Mixed)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8th AA Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"150th (M) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=150th_(Mixed)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"45 AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Baedeker Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"67 AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=67th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"138th HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=138th_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"171st (Mixed) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=171st_(Mixed)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sain5-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badgeworth_Court_Care_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_898375.jpg"},{"link_name":"fighter-bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham"},{"link_name":"46 AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=46th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Badgeworth Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgeworth"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"181st (M) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=181st_(Mixed)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pile-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Baby Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollierXLII-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46WD44-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3.7_Inch_Anti-Aircraft_Gun,_Nothe_Fort,_Weymouth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nothe Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothe_Fort"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"55 AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=55th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46WD44-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orbat85-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollierXLII-18"},{"link_name":"D Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Day"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Torpoint, Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpoint,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"306 Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"8 AA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_Anti-Aircraft_Group_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"37 AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade"},{"link_name":"1 AA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Anti-Aircraft_Group_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pile-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orbat85-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"ATS women operating a height and range finder on an HAA gun site, December 1942.By the beginning of March 1942 143rd (M) HAA Rgt had been assigned to 5th AA Brigade in 9th AA Division, responsible for defending the area around Gloucester and Hereford. By now the regiment had been joined by 489 (M) HAA Bty, transferred from 141st (M) HAA Rgt. However, this battery was attached to the neighbouring 8th AA Division and was transferred again to 150th (M) HAA Rgt almost immediately. Similarly, 496 (M) HAA Battery was temporarily attached to 45 AA Bde covering Cardiff and Newport within 9th AA Division.[5][9][10][11]Although there were a number of Luftwaffe air raids on cities in the West of England during the so-called Baedeker Blitz of 1942, none directly affected the Gloucester area.[12] In June there was a reorganisation of AA divisional and brigade boundaries in the West of England, and 143rd (M) HAA Rgt transferred to the command of 67 AA Bde. 474 HAA Battery joined the regiment on 29 June 1942 having left the all-male 138th HAA Rgt as a cadre and been converted into a mixed battery. 474 and 496 (M) HAA Btys then transferred to 171st (Mixed) HAA Rgt on 29 August 1942.[5][8][13][14]Badgeworth Court: Regimental HQ.During the autumn of 1942, 143rd (M) HAA Rgt and its two remaining batteries (494 and 495) were the only units in 67 AA Bde. The South Coast was under attack from 'hit-and-run' raids by fighter-bombers and brigade HQ was transferred on 8 November command LAA reinforcements being sent to the area. 143rd (M) HAA Regiment and the Gloucester–Cheltenham Gun Defence Area (GDA) then came under the command of 46 AA Bde at Bristol. The commanding officer (CO) of 143rd undertook the duties of AA Defence Commander (AADC) for the GDA from his RHQ at Badgeworth Court between Gloucester and Cheltenham, with a Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Gloucester. The regiment was joined by 589 (M) HAA Bty, formed at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, on 19 August and regimented on 9 November; this battery took over gunsites at Swindon. Two more batteries formed on 21 October 620 (M) at 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, and 621 (M) at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, joined in January, but 621 was immediately transferred on to a new 181st (M) HAA Rgt forming at Cardiff.[5][15][16]Apart from a raid on 17 February 1943, when about 20 enemy aircraft made a surprise attack having followed RAF bombers returning to base, there was virtually no enemy activity over 46 AA Bde's area for the whole year. The rest of the time the gunners spent waiting or training, including training detachments of the Home Guard as relief HAA gun crews.[1][17] In early 1944, however, the Luftwaffe began a new campaign, the so-called 'Baby Blitz', that brought several raids over the West Country from February onwards.[18][19]3.7-inch HAA gun preserved at Nothe Fort, Weymouth.In March 1944, 143rd (M) HAA Rgt moved to 55 AA Bde covering the Plymouth–Falmouth area where shipping was being gathered for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).[19][20][21][22] As the Baby Blitz continued, Plymouth was attacked on 29 April, Torquay on 28 May and Falmouth on 29 May.[18]After the invasion was launched on D Day (6 June) the regiment remained in the West Country while many other units were stripped out to reinforce the South East against V-1 flying bombs or to provide manpower for 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. On 4 December 1944, 589 and 620 (M) HAA Btys began to disband, completing on 7 and 18 March respectively at Torpoint, Cornwall. This left 55 AA Bde with just two HAA batteries (494 and 495 of 143rd (M) HAA Rgt) before the brigade HQ itself was converted in January 1945 into 306 Infantry Brigade to command garrison troops in 21st Army Group. The regiment came under the direct command of 8 AA Group, headquartered in Scotland, and then transferred to 37 AA Bde in 1 AA Group in South East England.[1][5][21][23]","title":"Deployment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VE Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day"},{"link_name":"demobilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilization"},{"link_name":"228 (Edinburgh) HAA Bty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228th_(Edinburgh)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Battery,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"82nd (Essex) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_(Essex)_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Regular Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Milton Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Barracks"},{"link_name":"3.7-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun"},{"link_name":"5.25-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_5.25_inch_gun#Land_service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick787-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarnM-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick957-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45on75-27"},{"link_name":"Laindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laindon"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"11 AA Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick957-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45on75-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"46 HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Linlithgowshire_Rifle_Volunteers#Postwar"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick957-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45on75-27"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Artillery_collar_badge.jpg"}],"text":"After VE Day the demobilisation of the ATS got under way, and on 25 August 1945 the regiment reorganised as an all-male unit. It was joined by 228 (Edinburgh) HAA Bty from 82nd (Essex) HAA Rgt (also in 37 AA Bde), which brought it back to a normal three-battery establishment in the postwar army.[5][24]From 1 January 1947, the regiment was considered a new war-formed unit of the Regular Army. On 1 April that year it was redesignated as 75 HAA Regiment[a] at Milton Barracks, Gravesend, equipped with 3.7-inch and 5.25-inch HAA guns. The batteries were also reorganised:[5][7][25][26]228 HAA Bty (previously 228 (Edinburgh) Bty in the TA) was formally disbanded at Laindon, Essex, to resuscitate 13 Coast Battery of the Regular RA as 37 HAA Bty in the new regiment\n494 HAA Bty was redesignated 288 HAA Bty\n495 HAA Bty was redesignated 289 HAA Bty37 AA Brigade's Regular units reformed 11 AA Bde in 1 AA Gp of AA Command.[27][28]75 HAA Regiment was reduced to a cadre on 30 July 1948. On 15 August 1953, 288 and 289 Btys were formally placed in suspended animation (and disbanded on 1 May 1954) to resuscitate in the UK 150 Bty from 28 Coast Rgt (in Gibraltar) and 182 Bty from 51 Coast Rgt (in Aden) respectively.[25][26][29][30][31] On 16 June 1955, RHQ of 75 HAA Rgt and 37, 150 and 182 Btys were placed in suspended animation to resuscitate 46 HAA Rgt at Milton Barracks with 117, 124 and 126 Btys, but after service in Cyprus in 1957–58 this regiment in turn went into suspended animation on 31 October 1958.[25][26][32]Brass collar badge of the Royal Artillery","title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard#Uniform_accessories"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.[33]","title":"Insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cinque_Ports_Artillery_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"259 (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cinque_Ports_Artillery_Volunteers#Postwar"}],"text":"^ There was no connection between this regiment and the wartime 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt, which had reformed in the postwar TA as 259 (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pile_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pile_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pile_1-2"},{"link_name":"Pile's despatch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38149/page/5973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CollierXVII_2-0"},{"link_name":"Collier, Chapter XVII.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-17.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rout399_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick787_5-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FarnM_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FarnM_7-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sain5_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sain5_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"The National Archives (TNA), Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Collier, Appendix XXXVII.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-XXXVII.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CollierXLII_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CollierXLII_18-1"},{"link_name":"Collier, Appendix XLII.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-XLII.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46WD44_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46WD44_19-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orbat85_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orbat85_21-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick957_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick957_26-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick957_26-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45on75_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45on75_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45on75_27-2"},{"link_name":"75 HAA Rgt at British Army 1945 on.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/68th-to-75th-regiments-ra.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"28 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/28th-regiment-ra.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"51 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/51st-regiment-ra.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"46 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/46th-regiment-ra.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"}],"text":"^ a b c Pile's despatch.\n\n^ Collier, Chapter XVII.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 399–400.\n\n^ Routledge, pp. 338, 407.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Frederick, p. 787.\n\n^ Frederick, pp. 759–62, 801, 812, 835.\n\n^ a b Farndale, Annex M.\n\n^ a b Sainsbury, Appendix 5.\n\n^ Farndale, Annex D.\n\n^ Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.\n\n^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 212/80.\n\n^ Collier, Appendix XXXVII.\n\n^ Frederick, p. 786.\n\n^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81.\n\n^ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82.\n\n^ 46 AA Bde Operation Order No 66, 5 November 1942, TNA file 166/7403.\n\n^ 46 AA Bde War Diary 1943, TNA file WO 166/11220.\n\n^ a b Collier, Appendix XLII.\n\n^ a b 46 AA Bde War Diary 1944, TNA file WO 166/14659.\n\n^ Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/84.\n\n^ a b Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/85.\n\n^ Routledge, p. 409.\n\n^ Joslen, p. 402.\n\n^ Order of Battle of AA Command, 15 November 1945, TNA file WO 212/86.\n\n^ a b c Frederick, p. 957.\n\n^ a b c 75 HAA Rgt at British Army 1945 on.\n\n^ Frederick, pp. 1048–50.\n\n^ Routledge, Table LXXIV, p. 441.\n\n^ Frederick, pp. 618, 947, 952.\n\n^ 28 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.\n\n^ 51 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.\n\n^ 46 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on.\n\n^ Sainsbury, Plate 9, p. 7.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army units from 1945 on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk"}],"text":"British Army units from 1945 on","title":"External sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Cap Badge of the Auxiliary Territorial Service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/ATS_cap_badge.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ATS member of a mixed 3.7-inch HAA gun battery, December 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_member_of_the_ATS_%28Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%29_serving_with_a_3.7-inch_anti-aircraft_gun_battery%2C_December_1942._TR460.jpg/220px-A_member_of_the_ATS_%28Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%29_serving_with_a_3.7-inch_anti-aircraft_gun_battery%2C_December_1942._TR460.jpg"},{"image_text":"ATS women operating a height and range finder on an HAA gun site, December 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR474.jpg/220px-The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR474.jpg"},{"image_text":"Badgeworth Court: Regimental HQ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Badgeworth_Court_Care_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_898375.jpg/220px-Badgeworth_Court_Care_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_898375.jpg"},{"image_text":"3.7-inch HAA gun preserved at Nothe Fort, Weymouth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/3.7_Inch_Anti-Aircraft_Gun%2C_Nothe_Fort%2C_Weymouth.jpg/220px-3.7_Inch_Anti-Aircraft_Gun%2C_Nothe_Fort%2C_Weymouth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brass collar badge of the Royal Artillery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Artillery_collar_badge.jpg/150px-Royal_Artillery_collar_badge.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1","url_text":"978-1-84342-474-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38149/page/5973","external_links_name":"Pile's despatch."},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-17.html","external_links_name":"Collier, Chapter XVII."},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-XXXVII.html","external_links_name":"Collier, Appendix XXXVII."},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/UK-DefenseOfUK-XLII.html","external_links_name":"Collier, Appendix XLII."},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/68th-to-75th-regiments-ra.html","external_links_name":"75 HAA Rgt at British Army 1945 on."},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/28th-regiment-ra.html","external_links_name":"28 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on."},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/51st-regiment-ra.html","external_links_name":"51 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on."},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/46th-regiment-ra.html","external_links_name":"46 Rgt RA at British Army 1945 on."},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/index.html","external_links_name":"Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957."},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38149/page/5973","external_links_name":"Gen Sir Frederick Pile's despatch: \"The Anti-Aircraft Defence of the United Kingdom from 28th July, 1939, to 15th April, 1945\" London Gazette 18 December 1947."},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/","external_links_name":"British Army units from 1945 on"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk,_Adirondack_and_Northern_Railroad
Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad
["1 Southern Division","2 Northern Division","3 References","4 External links"]
Shortline railroad in New York state, U.S. Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern RailroadMohawk Adirondack & Northern engine pulling freight cars to BoonvilleOverviewHeadquartersBatavia, New YorkUtica, New York (MHWA Shop)Reporting markMHWALocaleNew YorkDates of operation1991–presentTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge The Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad (MA&N) (reporting mark MHWA) is a class III railroad operating in Central and Northern New York. Specifically, it serves Oneida, Jefferson, Lewis, and St. Lawrence counties. It operates over trackage of the former New York Central Railroad. Class I and II regional railroad partners are CSX Transportation (interchanging in Utica and Carthage) and New York, Susquehanna & Western (interchanging in Utica). The railroad is a subsidiary of Genesee Valley Transportation Company. Southern Division This division operates 45 miles of track from Utica, through Holland Patent, Remsen, Boonville, and terminating in Lyons Falls. The Adirondack Scenic Railroad has trackage rights over the line from Utica to Remsen. The southern division also operates a seven-mile spur into the city of Rome off the CSX mainline. The spur is accessed with trackage rights for thirteen miles over the CSX track from the Utica interchange to the Rome spur junction. Northern Division The northern division operates 15.6 miles of track from the CSX interchange in Carthage southeast to Lowville. This trackage is now out of service. A 46-mile (74 km) spur northeast and east from Lowville to Newton Falls fell into disuse after the closure of a paper mill in Newton Falls, but it recently has been partially refurbished. References ^ "Genesee Valley Transportation". Gvtrail.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18. ^ "CSX Short Line Partners - MHWA". csx.com. Retrieved 3 February 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad. External links Official Website vteRailroads of New YorkCommon carriers Albany Port Railroad Arcade and Attica Railroad B&H Rail Corporation Batten Kill Railroad Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad Buffalo Southern Railroad Clarendon & Pittsford Railroad Canadian National Central New York Railroad Canadian Pacific CSX Depew, Lancaster and Western Railroad Finger Lakes Railway Falls Road Railroad Green Mountain Railroad Housatonic Railroad Ithaca Central Railroad Livonia, Avon & Lakeville Railroad Lowville and Beaver River Railroad Mohawk, Adirondack & Northern Railroad Middletown & New Jersey Railroad Massena Terminal Railroad Norfolk Southern Railway New York & Atlantic Railway New York & Lake Erie Railroad New York New Jersey Rail New York & Ogdensburg Railway New York, Susquehanna & Western Railway Owego & Harford Railway Ontario Midland Railroad Ontario Central Railroad Pan Am Railways Providence & Worcester Railroad Rochester & Southern Railroad South Buffalo Railway SMS Rail Lines Vermont Railway Wellsboro & Corning Railroad Western New York & Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger carriers Amtrak Long Island Rail Road Metro-North Railroad NJ Transit Rail Operations See also: Former carriers in New York List of United States railroads by political division
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reporting mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_mark"},{"link_name":"class III railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_III_railroad"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Oneida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Utica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York, Susquehanna & Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_%26_Western"},{"link_name":"Genesee Valley Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_Valley_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad (MA&N) (reporting mark MHWA) is a class III railroad operating in Central and Northern New York. Specifically, it serves Oneida, Jefferson, Lewis, and St. Lawrence counties. It operates over trackage of the former New York Central Railroad.Class I and II regional railroad partners are CSX Transportation (interchanging in Utica and Carthage) and New York, Susquehanna & Western (interchanging in Utica).The railroad is a subsidiary of Genesee Valley Transportation Company.[1]","title":"Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holland Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Patent,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Remsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remsen,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Boonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lyons Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Falls"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Scenic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_line"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_New_York"},{"link_name":"mainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_line_(railway)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This division operates 45 miles of track from Utica, through Holland Patent, Remsen, Boonville, and terminating in Lyons Falls.The Adirondack Scenic Railroad has trackage rights over the line from Utica to Remsen.The southern division also operates a seven-mile spur into the city of Rome off the CSX mainline. The spur is accessed with trackage rights for thirteen miles over the CSX track from the Utica interchange to the Rome spur junction.\n[2]","title":"Southern Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowville,_NY"},{"link_name":"Newton Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Falls,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Newton Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Falls,_New_York"}],"text":"The northern division operates 15.6 miles of track from the CSX interchange in Carthage southeast to Lowville. This trackage is now out of service.A 46-mile (74 km) spur northeast and east from Lowville to Newton Falls fell into disuse after the closure of a paper mill in Newton Falls, but it recently has been partially refurbished.","title":"Northern Division"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Genesee Valley Transportation\". Gvtrail.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gvtrail.com/mhwa.php","url_text":"\"Genesee Valley Transportation\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSX Short Line Partners - MHWA\". csx.com. Retrieved 3 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/customers/short-line-and-partner-railroads/short-line-directory/short-line-directory-profile/?i=2184","url_text":"\"CSX Short Line Partners - MHWA\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverstone,_Texas
Riverstone, Texas
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Economy","4 Parks and recreation","5 Education","6 Notes","7 External links"]
Master-Planned Community in Sugar Land and Missouri City, Texas Community in Sugar Land and Missouri City in Texas, United StatesRiverstoneCommunity in Sugar Land and Missouri CityRiverstone entry sign at University Boulevard's terminus at Texas State Highway 6 Coordinates: 29°32′54″N 95°35′02″W / 29.54847°N 95.58381°W / 29.54847; -95.58381CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyFort Bend CountyCitySugar Land and Missouri CityConstruction started2001Founded byJohnson Development CorporationNeighborhoods List Avalon at RiverstoneThe VillasPrestwickOlive HillAlden SpringsMarble BendWhisper RockPecan RidgeAuburn ManorSilver GroveWatersideVintage TrailMajestic PointeSanders GlenIvy BendEdgewoodSweetbriarOrchardLost CreekMillwoodShadow GlennSenovaKensingtonHartford LandingCrescent View EstatesMeridian ParkThe IslandThe EnclaveAuburn HeightsIvory RidgeScenic BendAmber CreekRiverstone NorthCrossing CoveThe RetreatArista at RiverstoneStella at RiverstoneGrand Living at RiverstoneProvidenceThe CrossingBrooksideNandinaThe PointeWaters CoveThe ReserveThe TerraceThe GroveCreekstone VillageStonebrookPebble Creek Area • Total3,700 acres (1,500 ha)Population • Total>18,000 • Density3,113.51/sq mi (1,202.13/km2)ZIP Code77459 and 77479 Riverstone is a 3,700-acre (15 km2) upscale master-planned residential community in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. Approximately 18,000 residents ultimately will live in 6,000 homes. The development is largely located in the unincorporated areas of Sugar Land and Missouri City, with a portion being in Missouri City proper. 441 houses were sold in Riverstone in 2016. As of 2017, John Burns Real Estate Consulting, a company headquartered in Irvine, California, ranked Riverstone as No. 20 on its list of highest-selling Greater Houston subdivisions, and Robert Charles Lesser & Co. (RCLCO) ranked Riverstone as No. 18 on its top-selling list. John Burns ranked Riverstone among its top 25 in 2018. History Riverstone's began development in 2001, with development continuing until the present. It was created by the Johnson Development Corporation. Riverstone's neighborhoods were developed by a series of housing companies such as Taylor Morrison and Meritage Homes. Geography The community is mostly located in unincorporated areas, primarily in the extraterritorial jurisdictions of the cities of Sugar Land and Missouri City. A portion is in Missouri City itself. Much of the early development (some 500 homes) was in the Missouri City ETJ portion, but about 60% of the total land area and most of the future homes will be in Sugar Land ETJ. Riverstone stretches from State Highway 6 on the northeast to the Brazos River on the southwest. It is bounded on the north by the Bridgewater neighborhood of The Commonwealth master-planned community in Sugar Land, the Lakes of Austin Park, and Heritage Colony neighborhoods of First Colony in Sugar Land and Missouri City respectively, and Sugar Land's Maranatha Farms. To the east are First Colony's Colony Lakes neighborhood and the Sienna Village neighborhoods of Sienna, both in Missouri City, and Sugar Land's Pecan Manor is adjacent to part of the south boundary. Riverstone falls into ZIP codes 77459 and 77479, respectively served by the Missouri City and Sugar Land post offices. Some of the Missouri City properties fall into the latter ZIP code, thus having Sugar Land mailing addresses. The primary thoroughfares are University Boulevard, which connects the community with the Southwest Freeway (U.S 59/I-69) through the Avalon and Brazos Landing communities in the west and State Highway 6 in the east, LJ Parkway, which connects it to The Commonwealth and First Colony in the north and Sienna in the south, and Riverstone Boulevard in the northeast, which connects it to First Colony in the west and Highway 6 in the east. Oilfield Road is also located in the southeast, which links it with some of the Colony Lakes neighborhoods of First Colony. Economy The area of Riverstone that borders Highway 6 and around the intersection of University Boulevard and LJ Parkway are dominated by large-scale commercial developments. The intersection around University Boulevard and LJ Parkway is home to the Stella at Riverstone, a large commercial development with strip malls, restaurants, a 100,000 square foot Kroger, and other developments. Additionally, there are two strip malls adjacent to the Villas neighborhood and in the Avalon at Riverstone development. An office district is located in the northeast off of Riverstone Boulevard. Parks and recreation The Club at Riverstone Riverstone is well known for its artificial lakes, with many higher end neighborhoods (such as the Crescent Lakes, pictured here while under construction in February 2010) featuring properties lined up on their banks. Riverstone is well known for its numerous artificial lakes, which dot its neighborhoods and cityscape. The community has well over 200 acres (0.81 km2) of lakes and contains numerous waterfront homes. Parks are spread throughout Riverstone, with many having facilities such as playgrounds. Additionally, there is a 3.5-acre (0.014 km2) dog park. In total, there are 500 acres (2.0 km2) of recreational space, walking trails, parks, and open spaces. The major recreational center at Riverstone is the Club at Riverstone, which contains a 8,000-square-foot (0.00074 km2) clubhouse that contains a fitness center and a meeting room, eight tennis courts, a water park (which serves as the community's third pool complex), and playground. Parks are planned on much of the remaining south boundary (beyond the levees protecting against high water along the Brazos River). Education Riverstone is located entirely within the Fort Bend Independent School District (FBISD). Until 2016, Riverstone had no on site schools, with the community being zoned to areas outside the community. Early plans called for the construction of three elementary schools and an additional middle school. Anne McCormick Sullivan Elementary School opened in Riverstone in August 2016, making it Riverstone's first school. Its namesake was a firefighter who died in the Southwest Inn fire in 2013. Regarding elementary schools, other sections are zoned to Austin Parkway (First Colony, Sugar Land), Commonwealth (The Commonwealth, Sugar Land), and Settlers Way (Fist Colony, Sugar Land) elementary schools. Previously Schiff Elementary School in Sienna Plantation served the Stonebrook subdivision. Sonal Bhuchar Elementary School opened in 2023 as Riverstone's second consecutive on site school. First Colony Middle School in First Colony and Fort Settlement Middle School in Avalon serve Riverstone, with the former serving the east and the latter the west. Previously Baines Middle School in Sienna served the Stonebrook subdivision. Elkins High School in Missouri City serves all of Riverstone. Previously Clements High School in First Colony served some sections of Riverstone. In 2014 FBISD proposed rezoning portions of the community to First Colony Middle School from Fort Settlement Middle School, prompting some area parents to protest the plan. Elkins High School Fort Settlement Middle School First Colony Middle School Austin Parkway Elementary School Commonwealth Elementary School Anne Sullivan Elementary School Settlers Way Elementary School Sonal Buchar Elementary School Notes ^ "Houston real estate | houston new homes | sugar land new home builders | custom home builders". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-01-07. ^ "fort_bend_large.jpg." Riverstone. Retrieved on September 20, 2011. ^ a b c "Map" (PDF). Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13. ^ "Riverstone ranked among nation's top again". Houston Chronicle. Sugar Land Sun. 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2018-04-13. ^ Feser, Katherine (2018-01-05). "10 Houston master-planned communities make top-seller list". Houston Chronicle. Sugar Land Sun. Retrieved 2018-04-13. ^ "Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03. ^ "Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ a b c "Riverstone Sugar Land - by Local Area Expert Sheila Cox". Discover Sugar Land. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ http://ims.ci.mocity.tx.us/smpdf/etj11X17.pdf Missouri City ETJ map ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2018-06-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Sugar Land ETJ map ^ "Riverstone | Master Planned Community | Sugar Land and Missouri City". Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2010-01-11. ^ http://www.usnaviguide.com/zip.htm ZIP code Maps ^ a b "Riverstone Marketing Map" (PDF). Riverstone. 16 July 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ Takahashi, Paul (2018-08-27). "Kroger to open Sugar Land store this week". Chron. Retrieved 2022-11-25. ^ "Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ "Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ http://www.fortbend.k12.tx.us/cmf/var/tidbits/Tidbits_parentlinks_20090820_1544.pdf FBISD School Zone Map ^ "Schools". 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on 24 April 2006. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ a b "Elementary schools". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13. Anne Sullivan Elementary School 17828 Winding Waters Lane Sugar Land, Texas 77479 ^ "Anne McCormick Sullivan." Anne McCormick Sullivan Elementary School. Retrieved on April 7, 2018. ^ "Schools". Riverstone. 2011-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2018-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "School in Texas to be named after Indian-American trailblazer Sonal Bhuchar". The Times of India. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30. ^ Varma, Juhi (August 14, 2023). "Fort Bend ISD welcomes students to three new schools named for beloved community members". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ "Middle schools". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13. ^ "Middle Schools". Riverstone. 2009-02-06. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2018-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "High school". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13. ^ "Schools". Riverstone. 2008-05-15. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2018-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Barguiarena, Karla (2014-10-27). "Community fighting Fort Bend ISD's school rezoning plan". KTRK-TV. Retrieved 2018-04-13. External links Texas portal Riverstone Community vteMunicipalities and communities of Fort Bend County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: RichmondCities Arcola Beasley Fulshear Houston‡ Katy‡ Kendleton Meadows Place Missouri City‡ Needville Orchard Pearland‡ Richmond Rosenberg Simonton Stafford‡ Sugar Land Weston Lakes Fort Bend County mapTown Thompsons Villages Fairchilds Pleak CDPs Cinco Ranch‡ Cumings Fifth Street Four Corners Fresno Mission Bend‡ Pecan Grove Sienna Othercommunities Aliana Booth Clodine Crabb Foster Guy Juliff Powell Point Riverstone Tavener Former communities DeWalt± First Colony^± Greatwood^ New Territory^ Pittsville Telfair^ Town West (Townewest)# Trammels± Ghost towns Duke Hawdon Hobby Long Point Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties±Former community annexed by Missouri City^Former community annexed by Sugar Land#Still active as a community, but is no longer listed as a census-designated place Texas portal United States portal vteMissouri City, TexasAreasAreas First Colony (parts) Quail Valley Riverstone (parts) Historical communities DeWalt Trammels EducationPrimary & secondary schools Fort Bend Co.: Fort Bend ISD Elkins HS Hightower HS Thurgood Marshall HS Harris Co.: Houston ISD Colleges and universities Houston Community College Libraries Fort Bend County Libraries This list is incomplete.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bend County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"unincorporated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Sugar Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Missouri City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riverstonemap-3"},{"link_name":"Irvine, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_California"},{"link_name":"Greater Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Houston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Community in Sugar Land and Missouri City in Texas, United StatesRiverstone is a 3,700-acre (15 km2) upscale master-planned residential community in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States.[1][2] Approximately 18,000 residents ultimately will live in 6,000 homes. The development is largely located in the unincorporated areas of Sugar Land and Missouri City,[3] with a portion being in Missouri City proper.441 houses were sold in Riverstone in 2016. As of 2017, John Burns Real Estate Consulting, a company headquartered in Irvine, California, ranked Riverstone as No. 20 on its list of highest-selling Greater Houston subdivisions, and Robert Charles Lesser & Co. (RCLCO) ranked Riverstone as No. 18 on its top-selling list.[4] John Burns ranked Riverstone among its top 25 in 2018.[5]","title":"Riverstone, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Taylor Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Meritage Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritage_Homes_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Riverstone's began development in 2001,[6] with development continuing until the present. It was created by the Johnson Development Corporation.[7] Riverstone's neighborhoods were developed by a series of housing companies such as Taylor Morrison and Meritage Homes.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Sugar Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Missouri City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riverstonemap-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"State Highway 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"First Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Colony"},{"link_name":"Sienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienna,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ZIP codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Southwest Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Freeway_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"U.S 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"text":"The community is mostly located in unincorporated areas, primarily in the extraterritorial jurisdictions of the cities of Sugar Land and Missouri City.[3] A portion is in Missouri City itself.[9][10] Much of the early development (some 500 homes) was in the Missouri City ETJ portion, but about 60% of the total land area and most of the future homes will be in Sugar Land ETJ.Riverstone stretches from State Highway 6 on the northeast to the Brazos River on the southwest. It is bounded on the north by the Bridgewater neighborhood of The Commonwealth master-planned community in Sugar Land, the Lakes of Austin Park, and Heritage Colony neighborhoods of First Colony in Sugar Land and Missouri City respectively, and Sugar Land's Maranatha Farms. To the east are First Colony's Colony Lakes neighborhood and the Sienna Village neighborhoods of Sienna, both in Missouri City, and Sugar Land's Pecan Manor is adjacent to part of the south boundary.[11]Riverstone falls into ZIP codes 77459 and 77479, respectively served by the Missouri City and Sugar Land post offices.[12] Some of the Missouri City properties fall into the latter ZIP code, thus having Sugar Land mailing addresses.The primary thoroughfares are University Boulevard, which connects the community with the Southwest Freeway (U.S 59/I-69) through the Avalon and Brazos Landing communities in the west and State Highway 6 in the east, LJ Parkway, which connects it to The Commonwealth and First Colony in the north and Sienna in the south, and Riverstone Boulevard in the northeast, which connects it to First Colony in the west and Highway 6 in the east. Oilfield Road is also located in the southeast, which links it with some of the Colony Lakes neighborhoods of First Colony.[13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"text":"The area of Riverstone that borders Highway 6 and around the intersection of University Boulevard and LJ Parkway are dominated by large-scale commercial developments. The intersection around University Boulevard and LJ Parkway is home to the Stella at Riverstone, a large commercial development with strip malls, restaurants, a 100,000 square foot Kroger,[14] and other developments. Additionally, there are two strip malls adjacent to the Villas neighborhood and in the Avalon at Riverstone development. An office district is located in the northeast off of Riverstone Boulevard.[13]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Club_at_Riverstone_I.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Towards_Miramar_Heights_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"The Club at RiverstoneRiverstone is well known for its artificial lakes, with many higher end neighborhoods (such as the Crescent Lakes, pictured here while under construction in February 2010) featuring properties lined up on their banks.Riverstone is well known for its numerous artificial lakes, which dot its neighborhoods and cityscape. The community has well over 200 acres (0.81 km2) of lakes and contains numerous waterfront homes. Parks are spread throughout Riverstone, with many having facilities such as playgrounds. Additionally, there is a 3.5-acre (0.014 km2) dog park. In total, there are 500 acres (2.0 km2) of recreational space, walking trails, parks, and open spaces.[8][15] The major recreational center at Riverstone is the Club at Riverstone, which contains a 8,000-square-foot (0.00074 km2) clubhouse that contains a fitness center and a meeting room, eight tennis courts, a water park (which serves as the community's third pool complex), and playground.[16][8] Parks are planned on much of the remaining south boundary (beyond the levees protecting against high water along the Brazos River).","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bend Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riverstonemap-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elemschools-19"},{"link_name":"Southwest Inn fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Inn_fire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elemschools-19"},{"link_name":"Sienna Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienna_Plantation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools2011-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midschools-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidSchools2009-25"},{"link_name":"Elkins High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkins_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highschools-26"},{"link_name":"Clements High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements_High_School"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools2008-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_Elkins_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elkins High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkins_High_School_(Missouri_City,_Texas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_Fort_Settlement_Middle_School.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_First_Colony_Middle_School.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_Austin_Parkway_Elementary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_Commonwealth_Elementary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_Sullivan_Elementary_School.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBISD_Settlers_Way_Elementary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonal_Bhuchar_Elementary.jpg"}],"text":"Riverstone is located entirely within the Fort Bend Independent School District (FBISD).[3][17] Until 2016, Riverstone had no on site schools, with the community being zoned to areas outside the community. Early plans called for the construction of three elementary schools and an additional middle school.[18]Anne McCormick Sullivan Elementary School opened in Riverstone in August 2016, making it Riverstone's first school.[19] Its namesake was a firefighter who died in the Southwest Inn fire in 2013.[20] Regarding elementary schools, other sections are zoned to Austin Parkway (First Colony, Sugar Land), Commonwealth (The Commonwealth, Sugar Land), and Settlers Way (Fist Colony, Sugar Land) elementary schools.[19] Previously Schiff Elementary School in Sienna Plantation served the Stonebrook subdivision.[21] Sonal Bhuchar Elementary School opened in 2023 as Riverstone's second consecutive on site school.[22][23]First Colony Middle School in First Colony and Fort Settlement Middle School in Avalon serve Riverstone, with the former serving the east and the latter the west.[24] Previously Baines Middle School in Sienna served the Stonebrook subdivision.[25]Elkins High School in Missouri City serves all of Riverstone.[26] Previously Clements High School in First Colony served some sections of Riverstone.[27]In 2014 FBISD proposed rezoning portions of the community to First Colony Middle School from Fort Settlement Middle School, prompting some area parents to protest the plan.[28]Elkins High School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFort Settlement Middle School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst Colony Middle School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustin Parkway Elementary School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommonwealth Elementary School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnne Sullivan Elementary School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSettlers Way Elementary School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSonal Buchar Elementary School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Houston real estate | houston new homes | sugar land new home builders | custom home builders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090206145315/http://riverstone.com/community.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.riverstone.com/community.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"fort_bend_large.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//johnson.portal-powered.com/files/riverstone/fort_bend_large.jpg"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Riverstonemap_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Riverstonemap_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Riverstonemap_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"Map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.riverstone.com/uploads/files/maps/RS_MPC_Map_Apr_2018.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Riverstone ranked among nation's top 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Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fortbendisd.com/Page/44661"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schools2011_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"Schools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111005184427/http://riverstone.com/schools"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"School in Texas to be named after Indian-American trailblazer Sonal Bhuchar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/school-in-texas-to-be-named-after-indian-american-trailblazer-sonal-bhuchar/articleshow/81782146.cms"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Fort Bend ISD welcomes students to three new schools named for beloved community members\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/fort-bend/article/fort-bend-isd-new-schools-open-2023-2024-18290509.php"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Midschools_24-0"},{"link_name":"\"Middle schools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.riverstone.com/middle-schools"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MidSchools2009_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Middle Schools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090206144804/http://riverstone.com/schools_middle.php"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-highschools_26-0"},{"link_name":"\"High school\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.riverstone.com/high-school"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schools2008_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Schools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080515071634/http://www.riverstone.com/schools.php"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Community fighting Fort Bend ISD's school rezoning plan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//abc13.com/education/community-fighting-fort-bend-isds-school-rezoning-plan/368768/"},{"link_name":"KTRK-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTRK-TV"}],"text":"^ \"Houston real estate | houston new homes | sugar land new home builders | custom home builders\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-01-07.\n\n^ \"fort_bend_large.jpg.\" Riverstone. Retrieved on September 20, 2011.\n\n^ a b c \"Map\" (PDF). Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13.\n\n^ \"Riverstone ranked among nation's top again\". Houston Chronicle. Sugar Land Sun. 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2018-04-13.\n\n^ Feser, Katherine (2018-01-05). \"10 Houston master-planned communities make top-seller list\". Houston Chronicle. Sugar Land Sun. Retrieved 2018-04-13.\n\n^ \"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.\n\n^ \"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ a b c \"Riverstone Sugar Land - by Local Area Expert Sheila Cox\". Discover Sugar Land. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ http://ims.ci.mocity.tx.us/smpdf/etj11X17.pdf Missouri City ETJ map\n\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2018-06-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Sugar Land ETJ map\n\n^ \"Riverstone | Master Planned Community | Sugar Land and Missouri City\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2010-01-11.\n\n^ http://www.usnaviguide.com/zip.htm ZIP code Maps\n\n^ a b \"Riverstone Marketing Map\" (PDF). Riverstone. 16 July 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2022.\n\n^ Takahashi, Paul (2018-08-27). \"Kroger to open Sugar Land store this week\". Chron. Retrieved 2022-11-25.\n\n^ \"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ \"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ http://www.fortbend.k12.tx.us/cmf/var/tidbits/Tidbits_parentlinks_20090820_1544.pdf[permanent dead link] FBISD School Zone Map\n\n^ \"Schools\". 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on 24 April 2006. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\n^ a b \"Elementary schools\". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13. Anne Sullivan Elementary School 17828 Winding Waters Lane Sugar Land, Texas 77479\n\n^ \"Anne McCormick Sullivan.\" Anne McCormick Sullivan Elementary School. Retrieved on April 7, 2018.\n\n^ \"Schools\". Riverstone. 2011-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2018-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\n^ \"School in Texas to be named after Indian-American trailblazer Sonal Bhuchar\". The Times of India. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.\n\n^ Varma, Juhi (August 14, 2023). \"Fort Bend ISD welcomes students to three new schools named for beloved community members\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 21, 2023.\n\n^ \"Middle schools\". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13.\n\n^ \"Middle Schools\". Riverstone. 2009-02-06. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2018-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\n^ \"High school\". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13.\n\n^ \"Schools\". Riverstone. 2008-05-15. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2018-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\n^ Barguiarena, Karla (2014-10-27). \"Community fighting Fort Bend ISD's school rezoning plan\". KTRK-TV. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Club at Riverstone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Club_at_Riverstone_I.jpg/280px-Club_at_Riverstone_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Riverstone is well known for its artificial lakes, with many higher end neighborhoods (such as the Crescent Lakes, pictured here while under construction in February 2010) featuring properties lined up on their banks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Towards_Miramar_Heights_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Towards_Miramar_Heights_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Bend County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg.png"}]
null
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Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/sugarland/business/article/Riverstone-ranked-among-nation-s-top-again-10884800.php","url_text":"\"Riverstone ranked among nation's top again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_Land_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sugar Land Sun"}]},{"reference":"Feser, Katherine (2018-01-05). \"10 Houston master-planned communities make top-seller list\". Houston Chronicle. Sugar Land Sun. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/business/real-estate/article/10-Houston-master-planned-communities-make-12476521.php","url_text":"\"10 Houston master-planned communities make top-seller list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_Land_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sugar Land Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/avalon-at-riverstone","url_text":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/about-johnson-development","url_text":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone Sugar Land - by Local Area Expert Sheila Cox\". Discover Sugar Land. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sugarlandtxhome.com/index/sugar_land_neighborhoods/riverstone-sugar-land","url_text":"\"Riverstone Sugar Land - by Local Area Expert Sheila Cox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2018-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609004604/http://svrch15.sugarlandtx.gov/website/street_locator/viewer.htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://svrch15.sugarlandtx.gov/website/street_locator/viewer.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone | Master Planned Community | Sugar Land and Missouri City\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2010-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302053103/http://www.riverstone.com/images/master_plan_large.jpg","url_text":"\"Riverstone | Master Planned Community | Sugar Land and Missouri City\""},{"url":"http://www.riverstone.com/images/master_plan_large.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone Marketing Map\" (PDF). Riverstone. 16 July 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/uploads/Riverstone_Marketing_Map_07-16-20.pdf","url_text":"\"Riverstone Marketing Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925172100/https://www.riverstone.com/uploads/Riverstone_Marketing_Map_07-16-20.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Paul (2018-08-27). \"Kroger to open Sugar Land store this week\". Chron. Retrieved 2022-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/business/retail/article/Kroger-to-open-new-Sugar-Land-store-this-week-13185721.php","url_text":"\"Kroger to open Sugar Land store this week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/parks-and-trails","url_text":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\". www.riverstone.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/the-club-at-riverstone","url_text":"\"Riverstone | Homes for Sale Near Sugar Land, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schools\". 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on 24 April 2006. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060424002349/http://www.riverstone.com/schools.html","url_text":"\"Schools\""},{"url":"http://www.riverstone.com/schools.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elementary schools\". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13. Anne Sullivan Elementary School 17828 Winding Waters Lane Sugar Land, Texas 77479","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/elementary-schools","url_text":"\"Elementary schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schools\". Riverstone. 2011-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005184427/http://riverstone.com/schools","url_text":"\"Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"School in Texas to be named after Indian-American trailblazer Sonal Bhuchar\". The Times of India. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/school-in-texas-to-be-named-after-indian-american-trailblazer-sonal-bhuchar/articleshow/81782146.cms","url_text":"\"School in Texas to be named after Indian-American trailblazer Sonal Bhuchar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Varma, Juhi (August 14, 2023). \"Fort Bend ISD welcomes students to three new schools named for beloved community members\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/fort-bend/article/fort-bend-isd-new-schools-open-2023-2024-18290509.php","url_text":"\"Fort Bend ISD welcomes students to three new schools named for beloved community members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle schools\". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/middle-schools","url_text":"\"Middle schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Schools\". Riverstone. 2009-02-06. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144804/http://riverstone.com/schools_middle.php","url_text":"\"Middle Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"High school\". Riverstone. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riverstone.com/high-school","url_text":"\"High school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schools\". Riverstone. 2008-05-15. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071634/http://www.riverstone.com/schools.php","url_text":"\"Schools\""}]},{"reference":"Barguiarena, Karla (2014-10-27). \"Community fighting Fort Bend ISD's school rezoning plan\". KTRK-TV. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euan_Duthie,_Lord_Duthie
Euan Duthie, Lord Duthie
["1 Background","2 Career","2.1 Law","2.2 Military","2.3 Business","3 References"]
Scottish judge The HonourableLord DuthieSenator of the College of JusticeIncumbentAssumed office 9 January 2023Nominated byNicola SturgeonAs First MinisterMonarchCharles IIIChair of the Scottish Land CourtIncumbentAssumed office 9 January 2023Nominated byNicola SturgeonAs First MinisterMonarchCharles III Personal detailsAlma materUniversity of St Andrews University of Edinburgh Charles Euan Duthie, Lord Duthie (born 1975), is a Scottish judge who has served as Senator of the College of Justice since 9 January 2023. Lord Duthie is also the Chair of the Scottish Land Court and President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland. Background Duthie is the son of Charles Whytock Duthie, a company director, and Catherine née MacPherson. He was educated at George Heriot's School, and he studied at the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh. He married Sarah Kathryn Woodbury. Career Law Between 2001 and 2003 Duthie trained as a solicitor, then was employed until 2005 at Burness Solicitors, Edinburgh. In 2006 he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates, or called to the Bar. Duthie held the position of Standing Junior Counsel to the Advocate General from 2012 to 2021. He was also a fee-paid judge of the First-tier Tribunal from 2014 to 2022. He held the position of ad hoc Advocate Depute in 2015. Between 2021 and 2023, before being appointed to the Land Court, Duthie was a sheriff at Perth Sheriff Court. As sheriff, Duthie's cases included various issues of dangerous driving, drugs, car chases, stalking, sexting, domestic abuse, drug smuggling, drug dealing, theft, suicide attempts and various issues of violence. From September 2019, he was a King's Counsel, and from 2023 he was Chair of the Scottish Land Court and President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland. Military Duthie was a Lieutenant of the Royal Naval Reserve, and is now on the Retired List. He was appointed legal adviser to the European Union Naval Force in 2010, and served in the Volunteer Reserves in 2015. Business Duthie was Chairman of Maltings (Berwick) Trust between 2018 and 2021. References ^ a b c d e f g Who's Who: Duthie, Hon. Lord. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Gov.uk". find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. H.M. Government/Companies House. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "H.G. Usher & Company Limited". companycheck.co.uk. Company Check. 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ a b "Lord Duthie installed as Chair of Scottish Land Court". scts_judiciary. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ^ "Sheriff Euan Duthie". The Courier and Evening Telegraph. 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "New QCs announced". advocates.org.uk. The Faculty of Advocates. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "The Hon Lord Duthie". scts_judiciary. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senator of the College of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Chair of the Scottish Land Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Land_Court"},{"link_name":"President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_Tribunal_for_Scotland"}],"text":"Charles Euan Duthie, Lord Duthie (born 1975), is a Scottish judge who has served as Senator of the College of Justice since 9 January 2023.Lord Duthie is also the Chair of the Scottish Land Court and President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.","title":"Euan Duthie, Lord Duthie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"George Heriot's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Heriot%27s_School"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"}],"text":"Duthie is the son of Charles Whytock Duthie,[1] a company director,[2][3] and Catherine née MacPherson. He was educated at George Heriot's School, and he studied at the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh. He married Sarah Kathryn Woodbury.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solicitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"},{"link_name":"Junior Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_counsel#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Advocate General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"First-tier Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-tier_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"Advocate Depute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service"},{"link_name":"Perth Sheriff Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Sheriff_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scts_judiciary-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel#Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chair of the Scottish Land Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Land_Court"},{"link_name":"President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_Tribunal_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Law","text":"Between 2001 and 2003 Duthie trained as a solicitor, then was employed until 2005 at Burness Solicitors, Edinburgh. In 2006 he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates, or called to the Bar.[1]Duthie held the position of Standing Junior Counsel to the Advocate General from 2012 to 2021. He was also a fee-paid judge of the First-tier Tribunal from 2014 to 2022. He held the position of ad hoc Advocate Depute in 2015. Between 2021 and 2023, before being appointed to the Land Court, Duthie was a sheriff at Perth Sheriff Court.[1][4] As sheriff, Duthie's cases included various issues of dangerous driving, drugs, car chases, stalking, sexting, domestic abuse, drug smuggling, drug dealing, theft, suicide attempts and various issues of violence.[5] From September 2019, he was a King's Counsel,[6] and from 2023 he was Chair of the Scottish Land Court and President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.[1][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Retired List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"European Union Naval Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_and_civilian_missions_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Reserves_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scts_judiciary-4"}],"sub_title":"Military","text":"Duthie was a Lieutenant of the Royal Naval Reserve, and is now on the Retired List. He was appointed legal adviser to the European Union Naval Force in 2010, and served in the Volunteer Reserves in 2015.[1][4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-1"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"Duthie was Chairman of Maltings (Berwick) Trust between 2018 and 2021.[1]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Union_(Busro),_Indiana
West Union (Busro), Indiana
["1 Founding and early history","2 Early hardships","2.1 War of 1812","2.2 New Madrid earthquakes","2.3 Temporary abandonment","3 Decline and abandonment","3.1 Remains of the site","4 References"]
Coordinates: 38°53′57″N 87°29′41″W / 38.89917°N 87.49472°W / 38.89917; -87.49472Shaker settlement in Indiana Shakers Topics Chronology of Shakers Era of Manifestations Shaker communities Shaker families Shaker furniture Shaker inventions "Simple Gifts" Works based on "Simple Gifts" Anti-Shaker Notable people Founders Jane and James Wardley Ann Lee William Lee James Whittaker Joseph Meacham Lucy Wright Other members Shaker members vte West Union (Busro) is an abandoned Shaker community in Busseron Township, northwestern Knox County, Indiana, about fifteen miles (24 km) north of Vincennes. The settlement was inhabited by the Shakers (United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing) from 1811 to 1827. Though short-lived, West Union was the westernmost Shaker settlement. Founding and early history By 1808, the Shaker communities in New England and New York were on a firm foundation. Seeking to take advantage of the rising tide of religious fervor on the trans-Appalachian frontier, particularly the Cane Ridge Revival in Kentucky, the Shaker lead ministry at Watervliet and Mount Lebanon in New York sent Issachar Bates, John Dunlavy, and other missionaries west to spread knowledge about the Shaker faith. These early Shaker missionaries walked 1,200 miles (1,900 km) on foot into the "West" to "open the Gospel" in the Ohio Valley. The new faith soon attracted enough converts to open fresh communities in Kentucky and Ohio, including Pleasant Hill in Mercer County, Kentucky, South Union in Logan County, Kentucky, and Union Village, near Dayton, Ohio. While the Shakers' unique ideas about communal ownership of property, sexual equality, celibacy, and economic cooperation appealed to many new settlers driven by religious fervor and the harshness of life on the frontier, their initial reception by some frontiersmen was not auspicious. Fearing that celibate utopians would break up families and compete with established churches, when Issachar Bates and fellow Shaker missionaries came to Indiana around 1809, a few settlers there resorted to violence to keep them away. Bates recalled that on his second trip to the Wabash Valley: a mob of 12 men on horseback came upon us with ropes to bind us, headed by John Thompson. He stepped up to me and said, come prepare yourselves to move. – Move where? said I – Out of this country, said he, for you have ruined a fine neighborhood and now we intend to fix you – Your hats are too big, and we shall take off part of them, and your coats are too long, we shall take off part of them, and seeing you will have nothing to do with women, we shall fix you so that you cannot perform. The pacifist Bates (a former Revolutionary soldier and "merry singer of ballad tales") exchanged witty banter with Thompson, but barely avoided being tied to a horse and thrown out of the area, although Thompson rode off with a death threat against the Shakers. According to some sources, Bates eventually walked 38,000 miles (61,000 km) in eleven years and converted 1100 people across Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana to the Shaker faith. Bates wrote a lengthy ballad hymn about his trip to Busro in 1809 and also wrote the following in his autobiography: I have now literally run, a long crooked road - from the year 1801 till the year 1811. I traveled most of it on foot...In all this time I have had a good conscience for I know that I never have wronged any of my persecutors and that has been my comfort & peace. I have been filled with joy & comfort whenever I visited the different Societies where they had honestly taken up their crosses; to see them filled with the power & gifts of God. This made ample amends for all my persecution. In 1809, a large group of recent converts from Union Village, near Dayton, Ohio, many of them free African Americans, loaded their property onto keel boats and pirogues and headed down the Ohio River, bound for a new settlement at "Big Prairy," on Busseron Creek, fifteen miles (24 km) north of Fort Knox at Vincennes, Indiana Territory. French boatmen helped them navigate the river. Their livestock was driven overland from the Falls of the Ohio at Clarksville. By the summer of 1811, around 300 Shakers were established at the settlement they called Busro (after Busseron Creek). Officially, it was identified as "West Union." Shakers had also come to Indiana from Red Banks, Kentucky, and the failed Shaker communities at Eagle Creek and Straight Creek in Ohio. Shaker diarist Samuel Swan McClelland, whose account runs until 1827, notes that among the first buildings constructed was "One hewed-log house... with 4 rooms, and all things seemed to be going well for the present." A map by the Shaker cartographer Richard McNemar, drawn in the 1820s, shows that at its height, West Union contained 1,300 acres (5.3 km2) of land, "400 well improved." A two-story brick house "50 by 45," with "14 rooms and cellar" served as the Center Family House. Surrounding the house sat a "kitchen, doctor shop, skin shop, weave shop, wash house smoke house." A "great frame meetinghouse two story 50 by 40" sat across from it. The North Family House stood nearby, "30 by 21 two story and a cellar." Several barns and two apple orchards were on the property (one orchard had 400 trees, the other had 700.) A sawmill, grist mill, and fulling mill stood along Busseron Creek, with another mill seven miles (11 km) distant, across the Wabash River in Illinois. In the barnyard could be found "threshing and flax machines." McClelland's diary entries show the surprising ethnic diversity of Busro, where many of the Shakers were free blacks. In the summer of 1811, he wrote: "About the first week in June some few were taken sick with fevers, and on the 19th, Anthony Tann a colored man departed this life, having Peggy his wife a white woman and 6 children among the believers. This was the first death that occurred after the Eagle Creek people were settled on Prairy." A number of the Shakers who settled here had also been Revolutionary War veterans. Early hardships Anthony Tann's death from fever was the first in a series of misfortunes to strike Busro in its early years and cripple it from its birth. These misfortunes would eventually preoccupy Samuel Swan McClelland's diary, which from 1811 until its last entries in 1827, quickly became a disaster narrative. War of 1812 The Shakers soon discovered that they had built West Union on an Indian trail and war path, the traditional route of communication with (and attack against) white settlement at Vincennes. During the summer of 1811, rumors of an impending Indian war began to frighten residents of the Wabash Valley. (When international hostilities finally broke out, it was known as the War of 1812, though fighting between Native Americans and settlers had begun earlier.) In August, 1811, William Henry Harrison, the Indiana Territory's military governor, met with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh at Vincennes, but according to McClellan, "the Indians went away about as ill humor'd as they came." In September 1811, Native Americans (probably Shawnee) stole four of the Shakers’ "best waggon horses, the team that was hauling timber at the mill." When the owners found out what direction they had gone, "James Brownfield the waggoner, and Abraham Jones, a colored man, and a linguist with a hired man by the name of Robins started with two horses to follow them, and get the horses on peaceable terms if they could." The Shakers took no firearms with them and were not looking for a fight. After traveling for two and a half days, they overtook the Shawnee, but could not convince them to hand over the stolen horses. The horse thieves "would not talk much but appeared to be mad, and were very busy fixing their guns." The two Shakers and their interpreter then snatched the horses and ran, "as quick as possible, each man having 2 horses to take care of. After they had got about 2 miles they discovered the Indians coming after them with speed." The men fled for their lives. "After running some 7 or 8 miles through a long Prairy," the exhausted horses had to be left behind, with the men's "saddles, saddles bags, blankets, big coats and provision." Having a kind of swamp to cross before could find any chance of hiding themselves... they being so far done out, they could hardly get their feet out of the mud. The Indians got close enough to fire on them... The mud in the swamp robbed them of their shoes, and in their extreme haste to save their lives, they somehow lost their hats. After six days’ hard fatigue they got home pretty well famished, and almost naked by the action of the brush and briars on their few remaining clothes. We were then compelled to sustain the loss of six horses, besides all disappointments. En route to the Shawnee stronghold at Prophetstown farther up the Wabash in the autumn of 1811, where he narrowly defeated a Native American confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison's army of 1400 men left Vincennes and "encamped on Snaps Prairy about 1 mile from our meeting house." Harrison's soldiers pillaged the Shakers' crops, confiscating wagons and horses to take north with them. "Our affliction on this occasion cannot be easily described," remarked McClellan. "However in a few days they marched on up the Wabash and on the 7 November the battle of Tippecanoe was fought. After which they soon returned, with many wounded and all greatly fatigued. We gave them all the comfortable usage we could, and they went on to Vincennes." New Madrid earthquakes In the winter of 1811, the New Madrid Seismic Zone, centered in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas, began a period of extremely strong activity that caused the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded in the Midwest. The Shakers at West Union experienced these. "On the 10 December " Samuel McClelland recorded, "the whole nation was suddenly awakened at 2 o’clock in the morning by the shaking of the earth. There were two more shakes after day light, tho’ not so heavy as the first." Immediate structural damage at West Union was minimal, in spite of earthquakes and aftershocks that continued throughout the winter of 1811-12. McClelland wrote: The beginning of this year may be singularized by the shaking of the earth, which occurred so often that it would be both tedious and useless to have noticed every one. On the 14th of February, 2 hours before day, was the heaviest shock that was felt on the Wabash. A number of brick houses were cracked and the tops of some chimneys fell off. From carried information, we learn, that the shaking occurs almost daily in New Madrid, that the earth's motion appears to be about 12 inches horizontally in a north and south direction, that large chasms can be seen in many directions, some of which are a mile or more in length, from which muddy water and sulphurous vapors sometimes issue, almost sufficient to suffocate the frightened inhabitants. McClelland also recorded the widespread fear and sense of doom that pervaded the area for months, as the Earth’s crust continued to heave and settle. The effect was not merely structural, but psychological and religious. Seeded by decades of backcountry revivals and "awakenings," fear of the earthquakes was heightened by apocalyptic foretellings of the coming end of time. The primary damage done to West Union came from the Wabash River. The earth's shaking caused the Wabash to flow backwards and spill over into its floodplain. This was a huge inconvenience during the wintertime, when the water turned to mud and ice. And like other floods, it caused an increase in malaria and other insect-borne diseases the following spring and summer. In June 1812, McClelland wrote, "The fever began to invade the society in different quarters, and some begin to get very sick." Temporary abandonment At the time of the earthquakes and the fever epidemic of 1811–12, West Union's population was still sizable, with McClelland reporting that "75 boys and 56 girls with a suitable family of brethren and sisters" were at the schoolhouse. The hardships of the War of 1812 soon returned to visit them, however. The pacifist Shakers had refused to arm themselves or construct a fort for their defense against Native American and British attack. This put them and their property in danger and led to ridicule and harassment by the Indiana territorial militia, by far the Shakers' biggest nuisance. Armed settlers camped in the woods near West Union, "in and out of which they came and went... without even regard for common good behavior." McClelland recorded that "Our gardens and fields were rich and afforded plenty for them and their horses. Our cattle and hogs they butchered and destroyed in a most savage wasteful manner." En route to the relief of Fort Harrison at Terre Haute, "the Press Gang came on and seized some of our horses, some saddles and some axes, as they were in haste to get up to , it being besieged by the Indians." Thinking it better to temporarily abandon West Union rather than be abused by the militia or massacred by hostile war parties, the Shaker community loaded their property onto boats and headed downstream in mid-September 1812. Three hundred Shakers and their children, 250 head of sheep, 100 head of Cattle, 14 wagons, a keel boat, a pirogue and a canoe took refuge among the Shaker communities of Kentucky and Ohio until 1814. In their absence, their homes in Indiana were occupied by territorial militiamen. A few Shakers stayed behind to look after West Union, but "the Army was soon increased to 1000, our houses were converted to Barracks, our nurseries to horse lots and our fields to racing grounds. In short, the whole place looked as tho' a host of Pharaoh's plagues had passed over it." The stress of relocating and a hard winter took a toll on many Shakers during their refuge. Yet some were contemplating a return to Busro as early as the summer and fall of 1813. On January 24, 1814, "Adam Gallagher and Enoch Davis set off for Pittsburgh , for procuring materials for building, such as iron, nails, glass, paints, oil &c." Over forty Shakers set off for Indiana again in March 1814, with more following. Decline and abandonment Foreshadowing the dilemma that would face all Shaker communities in the decades to come, the first generation of adult converts at West Union (who had often brought their own biological families into the celibate Shaker society) was now faced with the dilemma of seeing their children leave the faith. Shaker practice encouraged but did not require children raised in the community to become "covenanting" members at age 18. A tornado struck the community in May 1819 and did significant structural damage to some buildings. It also destroyed much of the Shakers' orchard. Fevers (probably a combination of cholera and yellow fever) continued to plague the settlement, situated as it was along the wetlands fringing the Wabash River. An arsonist was thought to have attempted to burn down one of the dwelling houses in February 1820. Spring floods in 1820 damaged the Shaker's mills. By September 1826, the unanimous decision of the Shaker Elders at West Union and throughout the wider community of Shakers was that the settlement should be closed. The community was finally abandoned in spring 1827. Farmland and buildings were sold, and portable property was loaded onto wagons and boats for transport to the same communities in Kentucky and Ohio where Shakers had taken refuge during the War of 1812. The new Whitewater Shaker Settlement near Cincinnati, Ohio (founded in 1824) was strengthened by the influx of Shakers from Indiana. As historian Stephen J. Stein notes, West Union's closing was a major defeat for Shakerism. An immense amount of effort had been put into ensuring its success, as it represented the Society's best chance of expanding farther west, where the nation's future lay. The community's symbolic importance to the Shakers as their westernmost community perhaps explains why it was not abandoned immediately after the War of 1812. There seems to have been some relationship between the West Union Shakers and the German Rappite utopian community that settled around New Harmony, Indiana, also on the Wabash River. On February 24, 1817, writes McClelland, "Father David with all the Elders" visited the Rappites. In 1824, only a few years before West Union itself was abandoned, the Rappites moved back to Pennsylvania, selling their land to the Welsh utopian thinker and reformer Robert Owen, who renamed the site New Harmony. Inspired in part by the utopian ideals of his Rappite and Shaker predecessors in the Wabash Valley, the secular Owen began the most famous socialist experiment in American history. Owen's colony, too, also failed in time. Remains of the site The land once occupied by the Shakers is now active farmland and owned privately. The site is along an unmarked county road a few miles northwest of Oaktown, Indiana, in the far northwestern corner of Knox County, almost on the Sullivan County line. An Indiana historical marker on U.S. 41 near Oaktown actually stands a few miles from the site. The only Shaker structure that survived into the twentieth century was used as a private home before being demolished. Archaeological remains of other buildings in the area have been unearthed by local historian John Martin Smith, but are unmarked and difficult to find. The mill was located on the Illinois side of the Wabash, just south of the iron bridge, though no remains are visible. References ^ Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994 ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland, in "Shakers of Eagle and Straight Creeks," Shakers of Ohio: Fugitive Papers Concerning the Shakers of Ohio, with unpublished manuscripts, J. P. MacLean, ed. Columbus, Ohio, 1907. ^ Estella Weeks and Ernest Baughman, "Shakerism in Indiana: Notes on Shaker Life, Customs, and Music." Hoosier Folklore Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 4 (December 1945): 59-86 ^ "Come Life, Shaker Life": The Life and Music of Elder Issachar Bates," Roger L. Hall, PineTree Press, Stoughton, Massachusetts, 2004, 20 ^ Stephen Paterwic, Historical Dictionary of the Shakers, p. 236. Scarecrow Press, 2008. ^ See Martha Boice, et al., Maps of the Shaker West: A Journey of Discovery, Knot Garden Press, 1997. ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ See McClelland's annual obituary notices in his diary. ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994 ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994 ^ Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland ^ E. T. Cox (1873). Map of Knox and Gibson Counties (Map). 38°53′57″N 87°29′41″W / 38.89917°N 87.49472°W / 38.89917; -87.49472
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakers"},{"link_name":"Busseron Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busseron_Township,_Knox_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Knox County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana"}],"text":"Shaker settlement in IndianaWest Union (Busro) is an abandoned Shaker community in Busseron Township, northwestern Knox County, Indiana, about fifteen miles (24 km) north of Vincennes. The settlement was inhabited by the Shakers (United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing) from 1811 to 1827. Though short-lived, West Union was the westernmost Shaker settlement.","title":"West Union (Busro), Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Cane Ridge Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival"},{"link_name":"Watervliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervliet_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Shaker_Society"},{"link_name":"Issachar Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar_Bates"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Hill,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mercer County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Logan County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"celibacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celibacy"},{"link_name":"utopians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia"},{"link_name":"Wabash Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Valley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"pirogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirogues"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Falls of the Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clarksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard McNemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_McNemar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sawmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"grist mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grist_mill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"By 1808, the Shaker communities in New England and New York were on a firm foundation. Seeking to take advantage of the rising tide of religious fervor on the trans-Appalachian frontier, particularly the Cane Ridge Revival in Kentucky, the Shaker lead ministry at Watervliet and Mount Lebanon in New York sent Issachar Bates, John Dunlavy, and other missionaries west to spread knowledge about the Shaker faith. These early Shaker missionaries walked 1,200 miles (1,900 km) on foot into the \"West\" to \"open the Gospel\" in the Ohio Valley. The new faith soon attracted enough converts to open fresh communities in Kentucky and Ohio, including Pleasant Hill in Mercer County, Kentucky, South Union in Logan County, Kentucky, and Union Village, near Dayton, Ohio.[1]While the Shakers' unique ideas about communal ownership of property, sexual equality, celibacy, and economic cooperation appealed to many new settlers driven by religious fervor and the harshness of life on the frontier, their initial reception by some frontiersmen was not auspicious. Fearing that celibate utopians would break up families and compete with established churches, when Issachar Bates and fellow Shaker missionaries came to Indiana around 1809, a few settlers there resorted to violence to keep them away. Bates recalled that on his second trip to the Wabash Valley:a mob of 12 men on horseback came upon us with ropes to bind us, headed by [one] John Thompson. He stepped up to me and said, come prepare yourselves to move. – Move where? said I – Out of this country, said he, for you have ruined a fine neighborhood and now we intend to fix you – Your hats are too big, and we shall take off part of them, and your coats are too long, we shall take off part of them, and seeing you will have nothing to do with women, we shall fix you so that you cannot perform.[2]The pacifist Bates (a former Revolutionary soldier and \"merry singer of ballad tales\") exchanged witty banter with Thompson, but barely avoided being tied to a horse and thrown out of the area, although Thompson rode off with a death threat against the Shakers. According to some sources, Bates eventually walked 38,000 miles (61,000 km) in eleven years and converted 1100 people across Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana to the Shaker faith.[3] Bates wrote a lengthy ballad hymn about his trip to Busro in 1809 and also wrote the following in his autobiography:I have now literally run, a long crooked road - from the year 1801 till the year 1811. I traveled most of it on foot...In all this time I have had a good conscience for I know that I never have wronged any of my persecutors and that has been my comfort & peace. I have been filled with joy & comfort whenever I visited the different Societies where they had honestly taken up their crosses; to see them filled with the power & gifts of God. This made ample amends for all my persecution.[4]In 1809, a large group of recent converts from Union Village, near Dayton, Ohio, many of them free African Americans, loaded their property onto keel boats and pirogues and headed down the Ohio River, bound for a new settlement at \"Big Prairy,\" on Busseron Creek, fifteen miles (24 km) north of Fort Knox at Vincennes, Indiana Territory. French boatmen helped them navigate the river. Their livestock was driven overland from the Falls of the Ohio at Clarksville. By the summer of 1811, around 300 Shakers were established at the settlement they called Busro (after Busseron Creek). Officially, it was identified as \"West Union.\" Shakers had also come to Indiana from Red Banks, Kentucky, and the failed Shaker communities at Eagle Creek and Straight Creek in Ohio.[5]Shaker diarist Samuel Swan McClelland, whose account runs until 1827, notes that among the first buildings constructed was \"One hewed-log house... with 4 rooms, and all things seemed to be going well for the present.\" A map by the Shaker cartographer Richard McNemar, drawn in the 1820s, shows that at its height, West Union contained 1,300 acres (5.3 km2) of land, \"400 well improved.\"[6] A two-story brick house \"50 by 45,\" with \"14 rooms and cellar\" served as the Center Family House. Surrounding the house sat a \"kitchen, doctor shop, skin shop, weave shop, wash house [and] smoke house.\" A \"great frame meetinghouse two story 50 by 40\" sat across from it. The North Family House stood nearby, \"30 by 21 two story and a cellar.\" Several barns and two apple orchards were on the property (one orchard had 400 trees, the other had 700.) A sawmill, grist mill, and fulling mill stood along Busseron Creek, with another mill seven miles (11 km) distant, across the Wabash River in Illinois. In the barnyard could be found \"threshing and flax machines.\"[7]McClelland's diary entries show the surprising ethnic diversity of Busro, where many of the Shakers were free blacks. In the summer of 1811, he wrote: \"About the first week in June some few were taken sick with fevers, and on the 19th, Anthony Tann a colored man departed this life, having Peggy his wife a white woman and 6 children among the believers. This was the first death that occurred after the Eagle Creek people were settled on Prairy.\"A number of the Shakers who settled here had also been Revolutionary War veterans.[8]","title":"Founding and early history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Anthony Tann's death from fever was the first in a series of misfortunes to strike Busro in its early years and cripple it from its birth. These misfortunes would eventually preoccupy Samuel Swan McClelland's diary, which from 1811 until its last entries in 1827, quickly became a disaster narrative.","title":"Early hardships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Prophetstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetstown_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Wabash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tippecanoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe"}],"sub_title":"War of 1812","text":"The Shakers soon discovered that they had built West Union on an Indian trail and war path, the traditional route of communication with (and attack against) white settlement at Vincennes. During the summer of 1811, rumors of an impending Indian war began to frighten residents of the Wabash Valley. (When international hostilities finally broke out, it was known as the War of 1812, though fighting between Native Americans and settlers had begun earlier.) In August, 1811, William Henry Harrison, the Indiana Territory's military governor, met with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh at Vincennes, but according to McClellan, \"the Indians went away about as ill humor'd as they came.\"In September 1811, Native Americans (probably Shawnee) stole four of the Shakers’ \"best waggon horses, the team that was hauling timber at the mill.\" When the owners found out what direction they had gone, \"James Brownfield the waggoner, and Abraham Jones, a colored man, and a linguist with a hired man by the name of Robins started with two horses to follow them, and get the horses on peaceable terms if they could.\" The Shakers took no firearms with them and were not looking for a fight. After traveling for two and a half days, they overtook the Shawnee, but could not convince them to hand over the stolen horses. The horse thieves \"would not talk much but appeared to be mad, and were very busy fixing their guns.\" The two Shakers and their interpreter then snatched the horses and ran, \"as quick as possible, each man having 2 horses to take care of. After they had got about 2 miles they discovered the Indians coming after them with speed.\" The men fled for their lives. \"After running some 7 or 8 miles through a long Prairy,\" the exhausted horses had to be left behind, with the men's \"saddles, saddles bags, blankets, big coats and provision.\"Having a kind of swamp to cross before [the men] could find any chance of hiding themselves... they being so far done out, they could hardly get their feet out of the mud. The Indians got close enough to fire on them... The mud in the swamp robbed them of their shoes, and in their extreme haste to save their lives, they somehow lost their hats. After six days’ hard fatigue they got home pretty well famished, and almost naked by the action of the brush and briars on their few remaining clothes. We were then compelled to sustain the loss of six horses, besides all disappointments.[9]En route to the Shawnee stronghold at Prophetstown farther up the Wabash in the autumn of 1811, where he narrowly defeated a Native American confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison's army of 1400 men left Vincennes and \"encamped on Snaps Prairy about 1 mile from our meeting house.\" Harrison's soldiers pillaged the Shakers' crops, confiscating wagons and horses to take north with them. \"Our affliction on this occasion cannot be easily described,\" remarked McClellan. \"However in a few days they marched on up the Wabash and on the 7 November the battle of Tippecanoe was fought. After which they soon returned, with many wounded and all greatly fatigued. We gave them all the comfortable usage we could, and they went on to Vincennes.\"","title":"Early hardships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Madrid Seismic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811%E2%80%9312_New_Madrid_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"}],"sub_title":"New Madrid earthquakes","text":"In the winter of 1811, the New Madrid Seismic Zone, centered in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas, began a period of extremely strong activity that caused the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded in the Midwest. The Shakers at West Union experienced these.\"On the 10 December [1811]\" Samuel McClelland recorded, \"the whole nation was suddenly awakened at 2 o’clock in the morning by the shaking of the earth. There were two more shakes after day light, tho’ not so heavy as the first.\" Immediate structural damage at West Union was minimal, in spite of earthquakes and aftershocks that continued throughout the winter of 1811-12. McClelland wrote:The beginning of this year [1812] may be singularized by the shaking of the earth, which occurred so often that it would be both tedious and useless to have noticed every one. On the 14th of February, 2 hours before day, was the heaviest shock that was felt on the Wabash. A number of brick houses were cracked and the tops of some chimneys fell off. From carried information, we learn, that the shaking occurs almost daily in New Madrid, that the earth's motion appears to be about 12 inches horizontally in a north and south direction, that large chasms can be seen in many directions, some of which are a mile or more in length, from which muddy water and sulphurous vapors sometimes issue, almost sufficient to suffocate the frightened inhabitants.[10]McClelland also recorded the widespread fear and sense of doom that pervaded the area for months, as the Earth’s crust continued to heave and settle. The effect was not merely structural, but psychological and religious. Seeded by decades of backcountry revivals and \"awakenings,\" fear of the earthquakes was heightened by apocalyptic foretellings of the coming end of time.The primary damage done to West Union came from the Wabash River. The earth's shaking caused the Wabash to flow backwards and spill over into its floodplain. This was a huge inconvenience during the wintertime, when the water turned to mud and ice. And like other floods, it caused an increase in malaria and other insect-borne diseases the following spring and summer. In June 1812, McClelland wrote, \"The fever began to invade the society in different quarters, and some begin to get very sick.\"","title":"Early hardships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fort Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Temporary abandonment","text":"At the time of the earthquakes and the fever epidemic of 1811–12, West Union's population was still sizable, with McClelland reporting that \"75 boys and 56 girls with a suitable family of brethren and sisters\" were at the schoolhouse.The hardships of the War of 1812 soon returned to visit them, however. The pacifist Shakers had refused to arm themselves or construct a fort for their defense against Native American and British attack. This put them and their property in danger and led to ridicule and harassment by the Indiana territorial militia, by far the Shakers' biggest nuisance. Armed settlers camped in the woods near West Union, \"in and out of which they came and went... without even regard for common good behavior.\"[11] McClelland recorded that \"Our gardens and fields were rich and afforded plenty for them and their horses. Our cattle and hogs they butchered and destroyed in a most savage wasteful manner.\" En route to the relief of Fort Harrison at Terre Haute, \"the Press Gang came on and seized some of our horses, some saddles and some axes, as they were in haste to get up to [the fort], it being besieged by the Indians.\"Thinking it better to temporarily abandon West Union rather than be abused by the militia or massacred by hostile war parties, the Shaker community loaded their property onto boats and headed downstream in mid-September 1812. Three hundred Shakers and their children, 250 head of sheep, 100 head of Cattle, 14 wagons, a keel boat, a pirogue and a canoe took refuge among the Shaker communities of Kentucky and Ohio until 1814. In their absence, their homes in Indiana were occupied by territorial militiamen. A few Shakers stayed behind to look after West Union, but \"the Army was soon increased to 1000, our houses were converted to Barracks, our nurseries to horse lots and our fields to racing grounds. In short, the whole place looked as tho' a host of Pharaoh's plagues had passed over it.\"[12]The stress of relocating and a hard winter took a toll on many Shakers during their refuge. Yet some were contemplating a return to Busro as early as the summer and fall of 1813. On January 24, 1814, \"Adam Gallagher and Enoch Davis set off for Pittsburgh [from Union Village], for procuring materials for building, such as iron, nails, glass, paints, oil &c.\" Over forty Shakers set off for Indiana again in March 1814, with more following.","title":"Early hardships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Whitewater Shaker Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_Shaker_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rappite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappite"},{"link_name":"New Harmony, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Robert Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"}],"text":"Foreshadowing the dilemma that would face all Shaker communities in the decades to come, the first generation of adult converts at West Union (who had often brought their own biological families into the celibate Shaker society) was now faced with the dilemma of seeing their children leave the faith. Shaker practice encouraged but did not require children raised in the community to become \"covenanting\" members at age 18.[13]A tornado struck the community in May 1819 and did significant structural damage to some buildings. It also destroyed much of the Shakers' orchard. Fevers (probably a combination of cholera and yellow fever) continued to plague the settlement, situated as it was along the wetlands fringing the Wabash River. An arsonist was thought to have attempted to burn down one of the dwelling houses in February 1820. Spring floods in 1820 damaged the Shaker's mills.[14]By September 1826, the unanimous decision of the Shaker Elders at West Union and throughout the wider community of Shakers was that the settlement should be closed. The community was finally abandoned in spring 1827. Farmland and buildings were sold, and portable property was loaded onto wagons and boats for transport to the same communities in Kentucky and Ohio where Shakers had taken refuge during the War of 1812. The new Whitewater Shaker Settlement near Cincinnati, Ohio (founded in 1824) was strengthened by the influx of Shakers from Indiana.As historian Stephen J. Stein notes, West Union's closing was a major defeat for Shakerism. An immense amount of effort had been put into ensuring its success, as it represented the Society's best chance of expanding farther west, where the nation's future lay. The community's symbolic importance to the Shakers as their westernmost community perhaps explains why it was not abandoned immediately after the War of 1812.[15]There seems to have been some relationship between the West Union Shakers and the German Rappite utopian community that settled around New Harmony, Indiana, also on the Wabash River. On February 24, 1817, writes McClelland, \"Father David with all the Elders\" visited the Rappites.[16] In 1824, only a few years before West Union itself was abandoned, the Rappites moved back to Pennsylvania, selling their land to the Welsh utopian thinker and reformer Robert Owen, who renamed the site New Harmony. Inspired in part by the utopian ideals of his Rappite and Shaker predecessors in the Wabash Valley, the secular Owen began the most famous socialist experiment in American history. Owen's colony, too, also failed in time.","title":"Decline and abandonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oaktown, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaktown,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Knox County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Sullivan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Remains of the site","text":"The land once occupied by the Shakers is now active farmland and owned privately. The site is along an unmarked county road a few miles northwest of Oaktown, Indiana, in the far northwestern corner of Knox County, almost on the Sullivan County line.[17] An Indiana historical marker on U.S. 41 near Oaktown actually stands a few miles from the site. The only Shaker structure that survived into the twentieth century was used as a private home before being demolished.Archaeological remains of other buildings in the area have been unearthed by local historian John Martin Smith, but are unmarked and difficult to find. The mill was located on the Illinois side of the Wabash, just south of the iron bridge, though no remains are visible.","title":"Decline and abandonment"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"E. T. Cox (1873). Map of Knox and Gibson Counties (Map).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicmapworks.com/Map/US/844950/Knox+and+Gibson+Counties+Map/Knox+and+Gibson+Counties+1873/Indiana/","url_text":"Map of Knox and Gibson Counties"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford
Worcester College, Oxford
["1 Buildings and grounds","1.1 The Chapel","1.2 The Chapel Choirs","1.3 The Hall","1.4 Modern buildings","1.5 The Gardens","1.6 Gallery","2 Traditions","3 Sports","4 People associated with Worcester","4.1 Provosts","4.2 Fellows","4.3 Notable alumni","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°45′18″N 1°15′49″W / 51.754971°N 1.263701°W / 51.754971; -1.263701College of the University of Oxford "Worcester College" redirects here. For other uses, see Worcester College (disambiguation). Worcester CollegeOxfordEast side of Main QuadArms: Argent, two chevronels between six martlets, three, two and one sable' (modified arms of Cookes)Scarf colours: black, with two equally-spaced pearl-pink stripes LocationWorcester StreetCoordinates51°45′18″N 1°15′49″W / 51.754971°N 1.263701°W / 51.754971; -1.263701Full nameWorcester College in the University of OxfordLatin nameCollegium VigornienseEstablished1283 as Gloucester College, 1560 as Gloucester Hall, 1714 as Worcester CollegeNamed forSir Thomas Cookes,WorcestershirePrevious namesGloucester College, Gloucester HallArchitectNicholas Hawksmoor James Wyatt William BurgesSister collegeSt Catharine's College, CambridgeProvostDavid Isaac, CBEUndergraduates412 (2011/2012)Postgraduates167Endowment£59.6 million (2022)Websitewww.worc.ox.ac.ukBoat clubWorcester College Boat ClubMapLocation in Oxford city centre Worcester College (/ˈwʊstər/ ⓘ WUUST-ər) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648–1701) of Norgrove, Worcestershire, whose coat of arms was adopted by the college. Its predecessor, Gloucester College, had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. Founded as a men's college, Worcester has been coeducational since 1979. The provost is David Isaac, CBE who took office on 1 July 2021 As of 2022, Worcester College had a financial endowment of £59.6 million. Notable alumni of the college include the media mogul Rupert Murdoch, television producer and screenwriter Russell T Davies, US Supreme Court justice Elena Kagan, Fields Medalist Simon Donaldson, novelist Richard Adams, professional basketball player and US Senator Bill Bradley, and the Sultan of Perak, Nazrin Shah. Buildings and grounds The buildings are diverse, especially in the main quadrangle: looking down into the main quadrangle from the entrance through the main building, to the right is an imposing eighteenth century building in the neo-classical style; and to the left a row of medieval buildings known as "the cottages", which are among the oldest residential buildings in Oxford. These cottages are the most substantial surviving part of Gloucester College, Worcester's predecessor on the same site: this was a college for Benedictine monks, founded in 1283 and dissolved with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in about 1539. Front view of medieval cottages. After a lapse of 20 years, the buildings of the old Gloucester College were used in the foundation of an academic hall, Gloucester Hall, in around 1560. The penultimate principal, Benjamin Woodroffe, attempted to establish there a 'Greek College' for Greek Orthodox students to come to Oxford, part of a scheme to make ecumenical links with the Church of England. This was a going concern from 1699 to 1705, although only 15 Greeks are recorded as members. In 1714, thanks to a fortunate benefaction from a Worcestershire baronet, Sir Thomas Cookes, Gloucester Hall was transformed into Worcester College. Even then, there were only sufficient funds to rebuild the Chapel, Hall and Library and the north side of the Front Quad, known as the Terrace. The designs were by George Clarke, who had consulted Nicholas Hawksmoor. In 1736, Clarke generously left to the college his great collection of books and manuscripts. These included the papers of his father William Clarke (which are of crucial importance for the history of England during the period of the Commonwealth and Protectorate) and a large proportion of the surviving drawings of Inigo Jones. Worcester College in the early 19th century. The projecting wings are the Hall (left) and the Chapel (right) Owing to lack of funds, Worcester's eighteenth-century building programme proceeded by fits and starts. The west end of the Terrace and the Provost's Lodgings were added in 1773–1776 (architect: Henry Keene). The medieval cottages were to have been replaced by a further classical range, but survived because money for this purpose was never available; the Hall and Chapel, by James Wyatt, were not completed until the 1770s. The Chapel The College Chapel was built in the 18th century. George Clarke, Henry Keene and James Wyatt were responsible for different stages of its lengthy construction (1720–1791), owing to shortage of funds. The interior columns and pilasters, the dome and the delicate foliage plastering are all Wyatt's work. His classical interior was insufficiently emphatic for the tastes of militant Victorian churchmen, and between 1864 and 1866 the chapel was redecorated by William Burges. It is highly unusual and decorative; being predominantly pink, the pews are decorated with carved animals, including kangaroos and whales, and the walls are riotously colourful, and include frescoes of dodos and peacocks. Its stained glass windows were to have been designed by John Everett Millais, but Burges rejected his designs and entrusted the work to Henry Holiday. Oscar Wilde said of the Chapel, "As a piece of simple decorative and beautiful art it is perfect, and the windows very artistic." The interior of The Chapel The Chapel Choirs Worcester is unique among the Oxford colleges in that it has not one, but two chapel choirs of equal status, which share out the weekly services between them. There is a mixed-voice choir constituted of auditioned choral scholars and volunteers, which sings twice a week: weekly on Thursday and on alternating Sunday and Monday evenings. The Boys' Choir consists of trebles from Christ Church Cathedral School and alto, tenor and bass choral scholars. This choir also sings twice weekly; on Sunday and Tuesday evenings. These choirs are run on a day-to-day basis by Worcester's two Organ Scholars alongside the director of music. The Hall William Burges was commissioned to redecorate the Hall, but was forced to curtail his elaborate designs by a lack of funds. A reduced scheme was completed in 1877 but was substantially altered in the early-twentieth century, and in 1966 Wyatt's designs were restored using his original drawings (preserved in the College Library), under the direction of architect Emil Godfrey. The Hall was refurbished and redecorated in 2018. "Exit Burges. will be sorry in fifty years." —Pevsner on the College Fellows' decision to remove Burges's work in the Hall and reinstate that of Wyatt. Modern buildings In more recent years, several new residential blocks for undergraduates and graduates have been added, thanks in part to a series of generous benefactions. The latest of these include the Earl Building, Sainsbury Building (which won the Civic Trust Award in 1984), Linbury Building, Canal Building, Ruskin Lane Building (for undergraduates), the Franks Building (for graduates), and the Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre, which won numerous architectural awards and was shortlisted for the 2018 Stirling Prize. The Canal Building sits next to the north entrance to the college and, as the name suggests, beside the Oxford Canal. It houses 50 students in large en-suite single rooms. The accommodation is usually reserved for third and fourth year undergraduates. The Gardens Worcester's playing fields Although Worcester is near the centre of Oxford today, it was on the edge of the city in the eighteenth century. This has proved a benefit in the long run, since it has allowed the college to retain very extensive gardens and contiguous playing fields (a total of 26 acres (110,000 m2), including a lake). The gardens have won numerous awards, including the Oxford in Bloom college award every time they have been entered for the competition. Extensive work on the gardens was carried out between 1817 and 1820, and they may have been laid out in the Picturesque style by Richard Greswell in 1827. They are now managed by head gardener Simon Bagnall and a team of seven gardeners. A production of Twelfth Night was directed by Patrick Garland in the gardens with Oz Clarke as Sir Toby Belch and Francis Matthews. Other garden plays have included The Tempest on the lake, directed by Nevill Coghill in 1949, and Twelfth Night in the Provost's garden, directed by provost Jonathan Bate and undergraduate Georgia Figgis in 2016. From February 2009 until December 2018 the college's gardeners kept a blog to provide an insight into the work involved in looking after the 26 acres (110,000 m2). Gallery The main quadrangle of Worcester College; on the left are the medieval buildings known as "the cottages", the most substantial surviving part of Gloucester College, Worcester's predecessor The main building re-built between 1720 and 1786. Above the arcade is the Old Library; behind the arcade are the main entrance to the College (centre) and the entrances to the Chapel (left) and the Hall (right) North range of the Quad, the 18th century Terrace Provost's Lodgings, added to the North range in 1773–1776 by the architect Henry Keene The cottages from the Nuffield lawn Lake Sainsbury Building (which won the Civic Trust Award in 1984) Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre, added in 2017, viewed across the cricket field Traditions The lake and the playing field Every three years in June, the college hosts a commemoration ball. The College holds a Formal Hall on several days of the week; dress is formal with gowns compulsory for matriculated students. Before each meal, the college grace is recited by a scholar, or student studying a field related to Literae Humaniores. The text is the same as that recited at Christ Church but, in comparison, always given in the long form, in Latin: "Nōs miserī hominēs et egēnī, prō cibīs quōs nōbis ad corporis subsidium benignē es largītus, tibi, Deus omnipotēns, Pater cælestis, grātiās reverenter agimus; simul obsecrantēs, ut iīs sobriē, modestē atque grātē ūtāmur. Īnsuper petimus, ut cibum angelōrum, vērum panem cælestem, verbum Deī æternum, Dominum nostrum Iēsum Christum, nōbis impertiāris; utque illō mēns nostra pascātur et per carnem et sanguinem eius fovēāmur, alāmur, et corrōborēmur. Amen." Translated into English: "We unhappy and unworthy men do give thee most reverent thanks, Almighty God, our heavenly Father, for the victuals which thou hast bestowed on us for the sustenance of the body, at the same time beseeching thee that we may use them soberly, modestly and gratefully. And above all we beseech thee to impart to us the food of angels, the true bread of heaven, the eternal Word of God, Jesus Christ our Lord, so that the mind of each of us may feed on him and that through his flesh and blood we may be sustained, nourished and strengthened. Amen." Every Hilary (spring) term on the Saturday of 4th Week, second-year members of the College celebrate 'Midway' to mark the point at which they are exactly halfway through their degree (given that students on 3-year courses attend for nine terms, each lasting eight weeks). The occasion is marked with the taking of professional photographs: one in formal dress (but not gowns), and the other in costumes made by the students, usually reflecting themes decided by individual groups of friends. Later in the day a meal is served in Formal Hall to distinguish the event. Sports Worcester College is known for its sporting prowess, especially in football, cricket and hockey, and is one of the few colleges to have its sporting grounds onsite (football, rugby, tennis, basketball, netball, croquet and cricket). In the 2011/2012 season Worcester won Men's Football Cuppers, Men's Reserve Football Cuppers and Women's Football Cuppers. During recent years the hockey side has won numerous league titles, 'Varsity Cuppers' or 'Supercuppers' in 2015, and Cuppers in 2016.. The Worcester College Boat Club was founded in 1825 and shares the boathouse building with Merton College Boat Club. People associated with Worcester Provosts Richard Blechinden, 1714–1736 William Gower, 1736–1777 William Sheffield, 1777–1795 Whittington Landon, 1795–1839 Richard Lynch Cotton, 1839–1881 William Inge, 1881–1903 Charles Henry Olive Daniel, 1903–1919 Francis John Lys, 1919–1946 John Cecil Masterman, 1946–1962 Oliver Franks, Baron Franks, 1962–1976 Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs, 1976–1991 Richard Smethurst, 1991–2011 Sir Jonathan Bate, 2011–2019 Kate Tunstall, Interim Provost 2019–21 David Isaac, from 1 July 2021– Fellows Further information: Category:Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford and List of Honorary Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford Notable alumni Further information: Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford Richard Adams Perry Anderson Bill Bradley Giles Andreae, a.k.a. Edward Monkton or Purple Ronnie Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood Alastair Burnet Simon Burns Peter Clift Andrew Cockburn Alex Cox Gemma Chan Russell T Davies Sir Kenelm Digby (Gloucester Hall) Arthur Lee Dixon Simon Donaldson Jill Duff John de Feckenham (Gloucester College) Richard Flanagan Sir Peter Gibson, Lord Justice of Appeal Jason Gissing Sir Iain Glidewell, Lord Justice of Appeal Rev Archibald Edward Glover Robert Govett Andy Green Sir Jeremy Greenstock Matthew Hall Novelist, Screenwriter Sir Peter Hayman, Diplomat and paedophile Tony Hey Nicky Hoberman John Hood Sir Martin Jacomb Robin Hull, music critic Alice Jolly, novelist and memoirist Elena Kagan Bryan Kelly, composer Ellie Kemper Charles Kent David Kirk Peter Kosminsky John Lahr Robb LaKritz Toby Litt Serge Lourie Richard Lovelace (Gloucester Hall) Nelson McCausland Randal McDonnell, 10th Earl of Antrim Anna Markland John Cecil Masterman Glyn Maxwell Sir William McKie Sir Roy Meadow John Michuki Sir Alastair Morton Candida Moss Rupert Murdoch Herbert Murrill Brooks Newmark Steven Norris Cristina Odone Anton Oliver Sir Lindsay Owen-Jones Constantine Phipps, 5th Marquess of Normanby Rachel Portman Dennis Price Nicholas Purcell Thomas De Quincey Tim Razzall, Baron Razzall Peter Rodman Michael Radford John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover Anthony Seldon Abdullah of Pahang Nazrin Shah of Perak Seni Pramoj Anne-Marie Slaughter Laura Solon Jon Speelman Sir Brian Stewart Nicholas Stewart QC Lord Sudeley Victoria "Plum" Sykes Sir Stephen Tomlinson, Lord Justice of Appeal Emma Watson David Wood, CBE Actor and Playwright Woodrow Wyatt Fictional alumni of the college include Nick Guest from The Line of Beauty by Alan Hollinghurst. See also Bromsgrove School that shares a similar coat of arms, based on those of their joint benefactor, Sir Thomas Cookes of Norgrove. References ^ as seen on monument to Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648–1701) in St Bartholomew's Church, Tardebigge, WorcestershireFile:Tardebigge Worcs St Bartholomew's Church Cookes Windsor1.jpg ^ "Worcester College Governance". Worcester College, University of Oxford. 2011. ^ "Undergraduate numbers by college 2011–12". University of Oxford. ^ "Worcester College | University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2022. ^ Burke's General Armory ^ Communication from Emma Goodrum, college archivist ^ "Welcome to our Provost David Isaac CBE". 1 July 2021. ^ "Worcester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022" (PDF). ox.ac.uk. p. 22. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ Tappe, E. D. (1954). "The Greek College at Oxford, 1699–1705" (PDF). Oxoniensia. Vol. XIX. pp. 92–111. ^ "History of the College". Worcester College, University of Oxford. Retrieved 24 June 2022. ^ "Worcester College Chapel | The Chapel". Worcesterchapel.co.uk. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017. ^ Goodrum, Emma (20 April 2018). "The Many Lives of Worcester College Hall". Treasures of Worcester College. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ^ Sherwood & Pevsner 1996, p. 223. ^ "The Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre". www.architecture.com. Retrieved 21 September 2022. ^ Buchan, Ursula (20 July 2007). "Borderlines: Worcester College gardens". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. ^ Worcester College Gardeners Blog. ^ "History". Worcester College Boat Club. ^ a b "College News". Worcester College Alumni Website. Worcester College, Oxford: Worcester College External Relations Office. 5 July 2010. Election of New Provost. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. ^ "Dr Kate Tunstall appointed to the Office of Interim Provost". Worcester College, Oxford. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019. ^ "Announcement of a new Provost | Worcester College". www.worc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ Denis Greenhill (11 April 1992). "Obituary: Sir Peter Hayman". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2014. Sources Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1996). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09639-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Worcester College, Oxford. Worcester College homepage Worcester College JCR Worcester College MCR Worcester College Chapel Map sources for Worcester College, Oxford vteUniversity of OxfordLeadership Chancellor The Lord Patten of Barnes Vice-Chancellor Irene Tracey Registrar Heads of houses Colleges All Souls Balliol Brasenose Christ Church Corpus Christi Exeter Green Templeton Harris Manchester Hertford Jesus Keble Kellogg Lady Margaret Hall Linacre Lincoln Magdalen Mansfield Merton New College Nuffield Oriel Pembroke Queen's Reuben St Anne's St Antony's St Catherine's St Cross St Edmund Hall St Hilda's St Hugh's St John's St Peter's Somerville Trinity University College Wadham Wolfson Worcester Permanent private halls Blackfriars Hall Campion Hall Regent's Park St Stephen's House Wycliffe Hall Divisions and departmentsHumanities Asian and Middle Eastern Studies American Institute Art Classics History Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics Medieval and Modern Languages Music Philosophy Theology and Religion Medical Sciences Biochemistry Human Genetics Medical School Pathology Population Health Mathematical, Physicaland Life Sciences Biology Chemistry Computer Science Earth Sciences Engineering Science Materials Mathematical Institute Physics Social Sciences Archaeology Business Continuing Education Economics Government International Development Law Politics & International Relations Social Policy and Intervention Gardens, Libraries& Museums Ashmolean Museum Bodleian Libraries Botanic Garden History of Science Natural History Pitt Rivers Institutes and affiliates Begbroke Science Park Big Data Institute Ineos Oxford Institute Jenner Institute Internet Institute Oxford-Man Institute Martin School Oxford University Innovation Oxford University Press Ripon College Cuddesdon Smith School Recognised independentcentres Buddhist Studies Energy Studies Hebrew and Jewish Studies Hindu Studies Islamic Studies Sports Australian rules football Boxing Cricket Cycling Dancesport Football Women's Handball Ice hockey Mountaineering Quidditch Polo Rowing Men's Women's Men's Lightweight Women's Lightweight Rugby Competitions Cuppers The Boat Race Women's Boat Race Henley Boat Races Polo Varsity Match Rugby League Varsity Match Rugby Union Varsity Match University Cricket Match University Golf Match Venues Bullingdon Green Christ Church Ground Magdalen Ground New College Ground Roger Bannister running track University Parks Student life Cherwell The Mays Oxford Union Student Union Related People fictional colleges fictional people The Oxford Magazine Oxford University Gazette Category Portal vteWilliam BurgesCastles, housescolleges andmemorials List of buildings Cardiff Castle Work of William Burges at Cardiff Castle Castell Coch Elizabeth Almshouses Gayhurst House Cerberus Privy Knightshayes Court Maison Dieu, Dover Yorke Almshouses Bewholme Vicarage Milton Court Oakwood Hall Park House, Cardiff Skilbeck's Warehouse The Tower House Tomb of Charles Spencer Ricketts Treverbyn Vean Trinity College Long Walk Worcester College, Oxford Churches All Saints Church, Fleet Church of St Helen, Kilnsea Church of Christ the Consoler Church of St John the Baptist, Outwood Church of St Nicholas, Charlwood Church of St Peter, Carrigrohane Church of St. John, Cumnock Church of St Margaret of Antioch, Darenth Holy Trinity Church, Templebreedy St Michael and All Angels Church, Lowfield Heath Church of All Saints, Murston Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral St Mary's, Studley Royal St Michael's Church, Brighton Waltham Abbey Church Furniture List of furniture Flax and Wool Cabinet Golden Bed Great Bookcase Narcissus washstand The Red Bed Zodiac settle Family andrelationships Alfred Burges (father) John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute (patron) John Starling Chapple (architect and office manager) William Frame (architect and collaborator) Ceccardo Egidio Fucigna (sculptor and collaborator) Axel Haig (collaborator) Horatio Walter Lonsdale (chief artist) Thomas Nicholls (main sculptor) William Gualbert Saunders (designer and collaborator) Unexecuted designs Sabrina Fountain Related Arts and Crafts movement Gothic Revival architecture Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Geographic MusicBrainz place
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For other uses, see Worcester College (disambiguation).Worcester College (/ˈwʊstər/ ⓘ WUUST-ər) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford[4] in England. The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648–1701) of Norgrove, Worcestershire, whose coat of arms was adopted by the college.[5] Its predecessor, Gloucester College, had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. Founded as a men's college, Worcester has been coeducational since 1979.[6] The provost is David Isaac, CBE who took office on 1 July 2021[7]As of 2022, Worcester College had a financial endowment of £59.6 million.[8]Notable alumni of the college include the media mogul Rupert Murdoch, television producer and screenwriter Russell T Davies, US Supreme Court justice Elena Kagan, Fields Medalist Simon Donaldson, novelist Richard Adams, professional basketball player and US Senator Bill Bradley, and the Sultan of Perak, Nazrin Shah.","title":"Worcester College, Oxford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"neo-classical style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-classical_style"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Gloucester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_College"},{"link_name":"Benedictine monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_monks"},{"link_name":"Dissolution of the Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"academic hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_halls_of_the_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Hall"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Woodroffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Woodroffe"},{"link_name":"Greek College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cookes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Cookes,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"George Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hawksmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"William Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clarke_(English_politician)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Inigo Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inigo_Jones"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorcesterCollegeTHShepherdEarly19thc_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Keene_(architect)"},{"link_name":"James Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The buildings are diverse, especially in the main quadrangle: looking down into the main quadrangle from the entrance through the main building, to the right is an imposing eighteenth century building in the neo-classical style; and to the left a row of medieval buildings known as \"the cottages\", which are among the oldest residential buildings in Oxford. These cottages are the most substantial surviving part of Gloucester College, Worcester's predecessor on the same site: this was a college for Benedictine monks, founded in 1283 and dissolved with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in about 1539.[citation needed]Front view of medieval cottages.After a lapse of 20 years, the buildings of the old Gloucester College were used in the foundation of an academic hall, Gloucester Hall, in around 1560. The penultimate principal, Benjamin Woodroffe, attempted to establish there a 'Greek College' for Greek Orthodox students to come to Oxford, part of a scheme to make ecumenical links with the Church of England.[9] This was a going concern from 1699 to 1705, although only 15 Greeks are recorded as members.[citation needed]In 1714, thanks to a fortunate benefaction from a Worcestershire baronet, Sir Thomas Cookes, Gloucester Hall was transformed into Worcester College. Even then, there were only sufficient funds to rebuild the Chapel, Hall and Library and the north side of the Front Quad, known as the Terrace. The designs were by George Clarke, who had consulted Nicholas Hawksmoor.[citation needed]In 1736, Clarke generously left to the college his great collection of books and manuscripts. These included the papers of his father William Clarke (which are of crucial importance for the history of England during the period of the Commonwealth and Protectorate) and a large proportion of the surviving drawings of Inigo Jones.[citation needed]Worcester College in the early 19th century. The projecting wings are the Hall (left) and the Chapel (right)Owing to lack of funds, Worcester's eighteenth-century building programme proceeded by fits and starts. The west end of the Terrace and the Provost's Lodgings were added in 1773–1776 (architect: Henry Keene). The medieval cottages were to have been replaced by a further classical range, but survived because money for this purpose was never available; the Hall and Chapel, by James Wyatt, were not completed until the 1770s.[10]","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Burges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burges"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"John Everett Millais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Everett_Millais"},{"link_name":"Henry Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holiday"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worcester_College_Chapel,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}],"sub_title":"The Chapel","text":"The College Chapel was built in the 18th century. George Clarke, Henry Keene and James Wyatt were responsible for different stages of its lengthy construction (1720–1791), owing to shortage of funds. The interior columns and pilasters, the dome and the delicate foliage plastering are all Wyatt's work. His classical interior was insufficiently emphatic for the tastes of militant Victorian churchmen, and between 1864 and 1866 the chapel was redecorated by William Burges. It is highly unusual and decorative; being predominantly pink, the pews are decorated with carved animals, including kangaroos and whales, and the walls are riotously colourful, and include frescoes of dodos and peacocks. Its stained glass windows were to have been designed by John Everett Millais, but Burges rejected his designs and entrusted the work to Henry Holiday. Oscar Wilde said of the Chapel, \"As a piece of simple decorative and beautiful art it is perfect, and the windows very artistic.\"[11]The interior of The Chapel","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The Chapel Choirs","text":"Worcester is unique among the Oxford colleges in that it has not one, but two chapel choirs of equal status, which share out the weekly services between them. There is a mixed-voice choir constituted of auditioned choral scholars and volunteers, which sings twice a week: weekly on Thursday and on alternating Sunday and Monday evenings. The Boys' Choir consists of trebles from Christ Church Cathedral School and alto, tenor and bass choral scholars. This choir also sings twice weekly; on Sunday and Tuesday evenings. These choirs are run on a day-to-day basis by Worcester's two Organ Scholars alongside the director of music.[citation needed]","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwoodPevsner1996223-13"}],"sub_title":"The Hall","text":"William Burges was commissioned to redecorate the Hall, but was forced to curtail his elaborate designs by a lack of funds. A reduced scheme was completed in 1877 but was substantially altered in the early-twentieth century, and in 1966 Wyatt's designs were restored using his original drawings (preserved in the College Library), under the direction of architect Emil Godfrey. The Hall was refurbished and redecorated in 2018.[12]\"Exit Burges. [The college fellows] will be sorry in fifty years.\"\n\n\n—Pevsner on the College Fellows' decision to remove Burges's work in the Hall and reinstate that of Wyatt.[13]","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"Stirling Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Prize"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIBA-14"},{"link_name":"Oxford Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Canal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Modern buildings","text":"In more recent years, several new residential blocks for undergraduates and graduates have been added, thanks in part to a series of generous benefactions. The latest of these include the Earl Building, Sainsbury Building (which won the Civic Trust Award in 1984), Linbury Building, Canal Building, Ruskin Lane Building (for undergraduates), the Franks Building (for graduates), and the Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre, which won numerous architectural awards and was shortlisted for the 2018 Stirling Prize.[14]The Canal Building sits next to the north entrance to the college and, as the name suggests, beside the Oxford Canal. It houses 50 students in large en-suite single rooms. The accommodation is usually reserved for third and fourth year undergraduates.[citation needed]","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_playing_field_trees.jpg"},{"link_name":"playing fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_fields"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Patrick Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Garland"},{"link_name":"Oz Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Sir Toby Belch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Toby_Belch"},{"link_name":"Francis Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Matthews_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"Nevill Coghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Coghill"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"The Gardens","text":"Worcester's playing fieldsAlthough Worcester is near the centre of Oxford today, it was on the edge of the city in the eighteenth century. This has proved a benefit in the long run, since it has allowed the college to retain very extensive gardens and contiguous playing fields (a total of 26 acres (110,000 m2), including a lake).[citation needed]The gardens have won numerous awards, including the Oxford in Bloom college award every time they have been entered for the competition. Extensive work on the gardens was carried out between 1817 and 1820, and they may have been laid out in the Picturesque style by Richard Greswell in 1827. They are now managed by head gardener Simon Bagnall and a team of seven gardeners.[15]A production of Twelfth Night was directed by Patrick Garland in the gardens with Oz Clarke as Sir Toby Belch and Francis Matthews. Other garden plays have included The Tempest on the lake, directed by Nevill Coghill in 1949, and Twelfth Night in the Provost's garden, directed by provost Jonathan Bate and undergraduate Georgia Figgis in 2016.[citation needed]From February 2009 until December 2018 the college's gardeners kept a blog to provide an insight into the work involved in looking after the 26 acres (110,000 m2).[16]","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorcesterQuadrangle.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gloucester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_College,_Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worcester_College_from_the_quad.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worcester_College,_Oxford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1325095.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_Provost_lodging.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Keene_(architect)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worcester_College_Oxford_England.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_lake_sun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sainsbury_Building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrin_Shah_Centre.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"The main quadrangle of Worcester College; on the left are the medieval buildings known as \"the cottages\", the most substantial surviving part of Gloucester College, Worcester's predecessor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main building re-built between 1720 and 1786. Above the arcade is the Old Library; behind the arcade are the main entrance to the College (centre) and the entrances to the Chapel (left) and the Hall (right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth range of the Quad, the 18th century Terrace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProvost's Lodgings, added to the North range in 1773–1776 by the architect Henry Keene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cottages from the Nuffield lawn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSainsbury Building (which won the Civic Trust Award in 1984)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Nazrin Shah Centre, added in 2017, viewed across the cricket field","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_lake_playing_field.jpg"},{"link_name":"commemoration ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_ball"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Formal Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_(university)"},{"link_name":"Literae Humaniores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literae_Humaniores"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Almighty God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almighty_God"},{"link_name":"Word of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_God_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen"},{"link_name":"Formal Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_(university)"}],"text":"The lake and the playing fieldEvery three years in June, the college hosts a commemoration ball.[citation needed]The College holds a Formal Hall on several days of the week; dress is formal with gowns compulsory for matriculated students. Before each meal, the college grace is recited by a scholar, or student studying a field related to Literae Humaniores. The text is the same as that recited at Christ Church but, in comparison, always given in the long form, in Latin:\"Nōs miserī hominēs et egēnī, prō cibīs quōs nōbis ad corporis subsidium benignē es largītus, tibi, Deus omnipotēns, Pater cælestis, grātiās reverenter agimus; simul obsecrantēs, ut iīs sobriē, modestē atque grātē ūtāmur. Īnsuper petimus, ut cibum angelōrum, vērum panem cælestem, verbum Deī æternum, Dominum nostrum Iēsum Christum, nōbis impertiāris; utque illō mēns nostra pascātur et per carnem et sanguinem eius fovēāmur, alāmur, et corrōborēmur. Amen.\"Translated into English:\"We unhappy and unworthy men do give thee most reverent thanks, Almighty God, our heavenly Father, for the victuals which thou hast bestowed on us for the sustenance of the body, at the same time beseeching thee that we may use them soberly, modestly and gratefully. And above all we beseech thee to impart to us the food of angels, the true bread of heaven, the eternal Word of God, Jesus Christ our Lord, so that the mind of each of us may feed on him and that through his flesh and blood we may be sustained, nourished and strengthened. Amen.\"Every Hilary (spring) term on the Saturday of 4th Week, second-year members of the College celebrate 'Midway' to mark the point at which they are exactly halfway through their degree (given that students on 3-year courses attend for nine terms, each lasting eight weeks). The occasion is marked with the taking of professional photographs: one in formal dress (but not gowns), and the other in costumes made by the students, usually reflecting themes decided by individual groups of friends. Later in the day a meal is served in Formal Hall to distinguish the event.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Worcester College Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College_Boat_Club"},{"link_name":"Merton College Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College_Boat_Club"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Worcester College is known for its sporting prowess, especially in football, cricket and hockey, and is one of the few colleges to have its sporting grounds onsite (football, rugby, tennis, basketball, netball, croquet and cricket). In the 2011/2012 season Worcester won Men's Football Cuppers, Men's Reserve Football Cuppers and Women's Football Cuppers. During recent years the hockey side has won numerous league titles, 'Varsity Cuppers' or 'Supercuppers' in 2015, and Cuppers in 2016.[citation needed]. \nThe Worcester College Boat Club was founded in 1825 and shares the boathouse building with Merton College Boat Club.[17]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People associated with Worcester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whittington Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington_Landon"},{"link_name":"Richard Lynch Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynch_Cotton"},{"link_name":"William Inge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Inge_(priest,_born_1829)"},{"link_name":"Francis John Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_John_Lys"},{"link_name":"John Cecil Masterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil_Masterman"},{"link_name":"Oliver Franks, Baron Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Franks,_Baron_Franks"},{"link_name":"Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Briggs,_Baron_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Richard Smethurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smethurst"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011Provost-18"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011Provost-18"},{"link_name":"Kate Tunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Tunstall_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"David Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Isaac_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Provosts","text":"Richard Blechinden, 1714–1736\nWilliam Gower, 1736–1777\nWilliam Sheffield, 1777–1795\nWhittington Landon, 1795–1839\nRichard Lynch Cotton, 1839–1881\nWilliam Inge, 1881–1903\nCharles Henry Olive Daniel, 1903–1919\nFrancis John Lys, 1919–1946\nJohn Cecil Masterman, 1946–1962\nOliver Franks, Baron Franks, 1962–1976\nAsa Briggs, Baron Briggs, 1976–1991\nRichard Smethurst, 1991–2011[18]\nSir Jonathan Bate, 2011–2019[18]\nKate Tunstall, Interim Provost 2019–21[19]\nDavid Isaac, from 1 July 2021–[20]","title":"People associated with Worcester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"List of Honorary Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Honorary_Fellows_of_Worcester_College,_Oxford"}],"sub_title":"Fellows","text":"Further information: Category:Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford and List of Honorary Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford","title":"People associated with Worcester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Richard Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Adams"},{"link_name":"Perry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Bill Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Giles Andreae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Andreae"},{"link_name":"Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brown,_Baron_Brown_of_Eaton-under-Heywood"},{"link_name":"Alastair Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Burnet"},{"link_name":"Simon Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Burns"},{"link_name":"Peter Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Clift"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"Alex Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cox"},{"link_name":"Gemma Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Chan"},{"link_name":"Russell T Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_T_Davies"},{"link_name":"Kenelm Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenelm_Digby"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lee Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lee_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Simon Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"Jill Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Duff"},{"link_name":"John de Feckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Feckenham"},{"link_name":"Richard Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Flanagan"},{"link_name":"Peter Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Jason Gissing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gissing"},{"link_name":"Iain Glidewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Glidewell"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Edward_Glover"},{"link_name":"Robert Govett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Govett"},{"link_name":"Andy Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Green_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Greenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Greenstock"},{"link_name":"Matthew Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Hall_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Hayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hayman_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-19920411-21"},{"link_name":"Tony Hey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hey"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hoberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hoberman"},{"link_name":"John Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hood_(university_administrator)"},{"link_name":"Martin Jacomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jacomb"},{"link_name":"Robin Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hull_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"Alice Jolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Jolly"},{"link_name":"Elena Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan"},{"link_name":"Bryan Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Ellie Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Kemper"},{"link_name":"Charles Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kent_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"David Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Peter Kosminsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kosminsky"},{"link_name":"John Lahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lahr"},{"link_name":"Robb LaKritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb_LaKritz"},{"link_name":"Toby Litt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Litt"},{"link_name":"Serge Lourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lourie"},{"link_name":"Richard Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lovelace_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Nelson McCausland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_McCausland"},{"link_name":"Randal McDonnell, 10th Earl of Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randal_McDonnell,_10th_Earl_of_Antrim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Markland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Markland"},{"link_name":"John Cecil Masterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil_Masterman"},{"link_name":"Glyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"William McKie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKie_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Roy Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Meadow"},{"link_name":"John Michuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michuki"},{"link_name":"Alastair Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Morton"},{"link_name":"Candida Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_Moss"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"Herbert Murrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Murrill"},{"link_name":"Brooks Newmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Newmark"},{"link_name":"Steven Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Norris"},{"link_name":"Cristina Odone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Odone"},{"link_name":"Anton Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Sir Lindsay Owen-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Owen-Jones"},{"link_name":"Constantine Phipps, 5th Marquess of Normanby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_5th_Marquess_of_Normanby"},{"link_name":"Rachel Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Portman"},{"link_name":"Dennis Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Price"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Purcell_(Classicist)"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Quincey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey"},{"link_name":"Tim Razzall, Baron Razzall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Razzall,_Baron_Razzall"},{"link_name":"Peter Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rodman"},{"link_name":"Michael Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Radford"},{"link_name":"John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sainsbury,_Baron_Sainsbury_of_Preston_Candover"},{"link_name":"Anthony Seldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Seldon"},{"link_name":"Abdullah of Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang"},{"link_name":"Nazrin Shah of Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"Seni Pramoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_Pramoj"},{"link_name":"Anne-Marie Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Laura Solon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Solon"},{"link_name":"Jon Speelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Speelman"},{"link_name":"Brian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stewart_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Lord Sudeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Charles_Sainthill_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Plum\" Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_Sykes"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"Emma Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Watson"},{"link_name":"David Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wood_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"The Line of Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Alan Hollinghurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hollinghurst"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","text":"Further information: Category:Alumni of Worcester College, OxfordRichard Adams\nPerry Anderson\nBill Bradley\nGiles Andreae, a.k.a. Edward Monkton or Purple Ronnie\nSimon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood\nAlastair Burnet\nSimon Burns\nPeter Clift\nAndrew Cockburn\nAlex Cox\nGemma Chan\nRussell T Davies\nSir Kenelm Digby (Gloucester Hall)\nArthur Lee Dixon\nSimon Donaldson\nJill Duff\nJohn de Feckenham (Gloucester College)\nRichard Flanagan\nSir Peter Gibson, Lord Justice of Appeal\nJason Gissing\nSir Iain Glidewell, Lord Justice of Appeal\nRev Archibald Edward Glover\nRobert Govett\nAndy Green\nSir Jeremy Greenstock\nMatthew Hall Novelist, Screenwriter\nSir Peter Hayman, Diplomat and paedophile[21]\nTony Hey\nNicky Hoberman\nJohn Hood\nSir Martin Jacomb\nRobin Hull, music critic\nAlice Jolly, novelist and memoirist\nElena Kagan\nBryan Kelly, composer\nEllie Kemper\nCharles Kent\nDavid Kirk\nPeter Kosminsky\nJohn Lahr\nRobb LaKritz\nToby Litt\nSerge Lourie\nRichard Lovelace (Gloucester Hall)\nNelson McCausland\nRandal McDonnell, 10th Earl of Antrim\nAnna Markland\nJohn Cecil Masterman\nGlyn Maxwell\nSir William McKie\nSir Roy Meadow\nJohn Michuki\nSir Alastair Morton\nCandida Moss\nRupert Murdoch\nHerbert Murrill\nBrooks Newmark\nSteven Norris\nCristina Odone\nAnton Oliver\nSir Lindsay Owen-Jones\nConstantine Phipps, 5th Marquess of Normanby\nRachel Portman\nDennis Price\nNicholas Purcell\nThomas De Quincey\nTim Razzall, Baron Razzall\nPeter Rodman\nMichael Radford\nJohn Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover\nAnthony Seldon\nAbdullah of Pahang\nNazrin Shah of Perak\nSeni Pramoj\nAnne-Marie Slaughter\nLaura Solon\nJon Speelman\nSir Brian Stewart\nNicholas Stewart QC\nLord Sudeley\nVictoria \"Plum\" Sykes\nSir Stephen Tomlinson, Lord Justice of Appeal\nEmma Watson\nDavid Wood, CBE Actor and Playwright\nWoodrow WyattFictional alumni of the college include Nick Guest from The Line of Beauty by Alan Hollinghurst.[citation needed]","title":"People associated with Worcester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NEzDOwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-09639-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09639-2"}],"text":"Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1996). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09639-2.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Front view of medieval cottages.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_01.jpg/220px-UK-2014-Oxford-Worcester_College_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worcester College in the early 19th century. The projecting wings are the Hall (left) and the Chapel (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WorcesterCollegeTHShepherdEarly19thc_edited.jpg/220px-WorcesterCollegeTHShepherdEarly19thc_edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of The Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Worcester_College_Chapel%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-Worcester_College_Chapel%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worcester's playing fields","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_playing_field_trees.jpg/220px-Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_playing_field_trees.jpg"},{"image_text":"The lake and the playing field","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_lake_playing_field.jpg/220px-Oxford_-_Worcester_College_-_lake_playing_field.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bromsgrove School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_School"}]
[{"reference":"\"Worcester College Governance\". Worcester College, University of Oxford. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worc.ox.ac.uk/about/governance","url_text":"\"Worcester College Governance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Undergraduate numbers by college 2011–12\". University of Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/colleges/undergraduate_numbers_by_college/index.html","url_text":"\"Undergraduate numbers by college 2011–12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Worcester College | University of Oxford\". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/colleges/college-listing/worcester-college","url_text":"\"Worcester College | University of Oxford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to our Provost David Isaac CBE\". 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worc.ox.ac.uk/about/news/welcome-our-provost-david-isaac-cbe","url_text":"\"Welcome to our Provost David Isaac CBE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Worcester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022\" (PDF). ox.ac.uk. p. 22. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worc.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/page/wco_2021-22_signed_accounts.pdf","url_text":"\"Worcester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Tappe, E. D. (1954). \"The Greek College at Oxford, 1699–1705\" (PDF). Oxoniensia. Vol. XIX. pp. 92–111.","urls":[{"url":"http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1954/tappe.pdf","url_text":"\"The Greek College at Oxford, 1699–1705\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoniensia","url_text":"Oxoniensia"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the College\". Worcester College, University of Oxford. Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worc.ox.ac.uk/about/history-college","url_text":"\"History of the College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Worcester College Chapel | The Chapel\". Worcesterchapel.co.uk. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012548/http://www.worcesterchapel.co.uk/the-chapel/","url_text":"\"Worcester College Chapel | The Chapel\""},{"url":"http://www.worcesterchapel.co.uk/the-chapel/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodrum, Emma (20 April 2018). \"The Many Lives of Worcester College Hall\". Treasures of Worcester College. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worcestercollegelibrary.wordpress.com/2018/04/20/the-many-lives-of-worcester-college-hall/","url_text":"\"The Many Lives of Worcester College Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre\". www.architecture.com. Retrieved 21 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/riba-south-award-winners/2018/the-sultan-nazrin-shah-centre","url_text":"\"The Sultan Nazrin Shah Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Buchan, Ursula (20 July 2007). \"Borderlines: Worcester College gardens\". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120530174826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml?xml=/gardening/2007/07/20/garden-borderlines-worcester120.xml","url_text":"\"Borderlines: Worcester College gardens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml?xml=/gardening/2007/07/20/garden-borderlines-worcester120.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Worcester College Boat Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://wcbc.worc.ox.ac.uk/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"College News\". Worcester College Alumni Website. Worcester College, Oxford: Worcester College External Relations Office. 5 July 2010. Election of New Provost. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219130753/http://alumni.worc.ox.ac.uk/News/a_index.php","url_text":"\"College News\""},{"url":"http://alumni.worc.ox.ac.uk/News/a_index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Kate Tunstall appointed to the Office of Interim Provost\". Worcester College, Oxford. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worc.ox.ac.uk/about/news/dr-kate-tunstall-appointed-office-interim-provost","url_text":"\"Dr Kate Tunstall appointed to the Office of Interim Provost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement of a new Provost | Worcester College\". www.worc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worc.ox.ac.uk/about/news/announcement-new-provost","url_text":"\"Announcement of a new Provost | Worcester College\""}]},{"reference":"Denis Greenhill (11 April 1992). \"Obituary: Sir Peter Hayman\". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Greenhill","url_text":"Denis Greenhill"},{"url":"http://ianpace.wordpress.com/2014/03/06/two-obituaries-of-peter-hayman-senior-diplomat-mi6-officer-and-pie-member/","url_text":"\"Obituary: Sir Peter Hayman\""}]},{"reference":"Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1996). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NEzDOwAACAAJ","url_text":"Oxfordshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09639-2","url_text":"978-0-300-09639-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belgium
Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium
["1 National orders","2 Current awards and decorations","2.1 Military awards","2.2 Civilian awards","2.3 Military marching medals","3 Historical awards and decorations","3.1 Belgian Revolution (1830–31)","3.2 World War I (1914–1918)","3.3 World War II (1940–1945) and the Korean War (1954)","3.4 Other medals and awards","3.5 Commemorative medals","4 Belgian Red Cross","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Belgium has established numerous orders of knighthood, decorations and medals since its creation in 1830. Below is a list of those awards. The order of precedence is difficult to establish as Belgium does not keep an up-to-date listing with dormant and active awards. However, André Borné has established such a list that is used as a basis. National orders Orders on a grey background are dormant. Active orders are displayed on a white background. Order of Leopold Order of the African Star Royal order of the lion Order of the crown Order of Leopold II Current awards and decorations Military awards Military decoration for exceptional service or acts of bravery or extraordinary devotion Military Cross Military Decoration for faithful service Cross of honour for service abroad Commemorative medal for armed humanitarian operations Commemorative medal for foreign missions or operations Commemorative medal for missions or operations regarding the operational defense of the territory Meritorious service medal Civilian awards Civil Decoration for acts of bravery, selfsacrifice and philanthropy Carnegie hero fund medal Civil Decoration for long service Labour decoration Laureate of labour Military marching medals Commemorative medal for the European remembrance and friendship march Commemorative medal 'Yser march' Historical awards and decorations These medals and decorations are currently no longer awarded. Belgian Revolution (1830–31) Merit medal of the civil guard 1830 Star of honour Iron cross and iron medal 1830 volunteers commemorative cross World War I (1914–1918) Medals are shown in order of precedence. War cross '14-'18 Yser medal Fire cross Maritime decoration of the War Civil decoration of the War King Albert medal Queen Elisabeth medal Volunteer combatant medal Victory medal '14-'18 Commemorative medal of the War '14-'18 Commemorative medal of the African campaigns '14-'17 Medal of the political prisoner '14-'18 Deportees cross '14-'18 Colonial commemorative medal Medal of the national committee for aid and nourishment Medal for the national restoration Liège Medal World War II (1940–1945) and the Korean War (1954) Medals are shown in order of precedence. War cross '40-'45 Armed resistance medal Political prisoner's cross '40-'45 Civil decoration '40-'45 Escaper's cross Medal of Belgian gratitude '40–'45 Medal of the war volunteer '40-'45 Commemorative medal of the war '40-'45 Foreign operational theatres commemorative medal Prisoner of war medal '40-'45 Maritime medal Commemorative medal of the Ethiopian campaign '40-'41 African war medal '40-'45 Civilian resistance medal Civilian disobedience medal Colonial war effort medal '40–'45 Military combatant medal '40-'45 Medal for resistance against nazism in the annexed territories World War II Recruiting centres medal Other medals and awards Awards and medals listed below are either obsolete or have never been awarded. War cross The service star The meritorious service medal for native chiefs The royal household medal The native service medal The Arab campaign medal The medal for sports merit The medal for family merit The medal for agricultural and artisanal merit The medal for services rendered Commemorative medals Commemorative medal of the visit to Brazil Commemorative medal 1870-1871 Commemorative medal of the 100 anniversary of the national independence Commemorative Decoration of the 50th Anniversary of the creation of the railroads Commemorative medal of the reign of King Leopold I Commemorative medal of the reign of King Leopold II Commemorative medal of the reign of King Albert I Commemorative decoration for the 50th anniversary of the Ostend-Dover Line Commemorative medal of the VIIth olympics Commemorative medal for the 75th anniversary of the telegraph service Commemorative medal for the 100th anniversary of the telegraph service Commemorative medal for the 75th anniversary of the Belgian postal services Commemorative medal for the 100th anniversary of the Belgian postal services Commemorative medal for Congo Commemorative cross of the House of King Albert Commemorative decoration for the 50th anniversary of the Royal donation fund Medal for the 50th anniversary of Belgian Congo Belgian Red Cross Order of the Belgian red cross Blood donor's medal Cross of honour of the Belgian red cross '40-'45 Red cross decoration '40-'45 Commemorative medal 22 March Red Cross Flemish Brabant See also List of honours of Belgium awarded to heads of state and royalty References ^ Borné A.C., 1985, Distinctions honorifiques de la Belgique, 1830-1985 (Brussels) Quinot H., 1950, Recueil illustré des décorations belges et congolaises, 4e Edition. (Hasselt) Cornet R., 1982, Recueil des dispositions légales et réglementaires régissant les ordres nationaux belges. 2e Ed. N.pl., (Brussels) Borné A.C., 1985, Distinctions honorifiques de la Belgique, 1830–1985 (Brussels) Van Hoorebeke, 2007, P., 175 Ans de l'Ordre de Léopold et les Ordres Nationaux Belges (MRA Brussels) André Borné, 1982, Honneur au travail: Distinctions honorifiques pour les travailleurs 1830–1980, (Brussels) Further reading Clark, Samuel (2016). Distributing Status: The Evolution of State Honours in Western Europe. Montreal: McGill-Queen's university press. ISBN 9780773546844. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Awards of Belgium. page on diplomatie.belgium.be vte Orders, decorations, and medals of BelgiumNational orders Order of Leopold Order of the African Star Royal Order of the Lion Order of the Crown Order of Leopold II Pre–1914 Civic Guard Merit Medal 1830 Star of Honour Iron Cross 1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross 1870–71 Commemorative Medal Service Star World War I War Cross 1914–18 Fire Cross 1914–1918 Yser Cross and Medal Volunteer Combatant's Medal 1914–1918 Commemorative Medal of the 1914–1918 War Commemorative Medal of the 1914–1917 African Campaigns Liège Medal Maritime Decoration 1914–1918 Political Prisoner's Medal 1914–1918 Deportees' Cross 1914–1918 1914–1918 Medal for National Restoration King Albert Medal Queen Elisabeth Medal Inter-Allied Victory Medal 1914–1918 Civic Decoration 1914–1918 Commemorative Medal of the National Committee for Aid and Food World War II & Korean War War Cross 1940–45 Maritime Medal 1940–1945 1940–1945 Military Combatant's Medal Volunteer's Medal 1940–1945 1940–1945 African War Medal 1940–1945 Colonial War Effort Medal Abyssinian Campaigns Commemorative Medal Resistance Medal 1940–1945 Civilian Resistance Medal Civilian Disobedience Medal Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 Prisoner of War Medal 1940–1945 Escapees' Cross 1940–1945 Medal for Resistance against Nazism in the Annexed Territories Medal of the Recruiting Centers 1940 Medal of Belgian Gratitude 1940–1945 Commemorative Medal of the 1940–1945 War Foreign Operational Theatres Commemorative Medal Currentmilitary awards Military Decoration for exceptional service, bravery or exceptional devotion Military Cross Military Decoration for faithful service Cross of Honour for Military Service Abroad Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations Commemorative Medal for Foreign Operations or Missions Commemorative medal for missions or operations regarding the operational defense of the territory Meritorious Service Medal Currentcivilian awards Civil decoration for acts of bravery, selfsacrifice and philanthropy Civil decoration for faithful service Labour Decoration Laureate of labour Commemorativemedals Commemorative Decoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Creation of the Railroads Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Leopold II Commemorative Medal for the 75th Anniversary of the Belgian Postal Service Centenary of National Independence Commemorative Medal Commemorative Medal for the Centenary of the Telegraphic Service Commemorative Medal for the 100th Anniversary of the Belgian Postal Service Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Albert I Commemorative Medal for the "European March of Memory and Friendship" "Four Days of the Yser" Commemorative Medal Belgian Red Cross Order of the Belgian Red Cross Blood Donour's Medal 1940–1945 Cross of Honour of the Belgian Red Cross 1940–1945 Belgian Red Cross Decoration  Belgium portal vteBelgium articlesHistory Gallia Belgica Prince-Bishopric of Liège Burgundian Netherlands Southern Netherlands Spanish Netherlands Austrian Netherlands Brabant Revolution United Kingdom of the Netherlands Long nineteenth century Belgian Revolution Crisis of 1870 Empire World War I invasion occupation World War II invasion occupation Royal Question Congo Crisis State reform Geography Climate Extreme points Lakes Mountains Rivers Subdivisions Politics Constitution Elections Executive Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Judiciary Military Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Economy 2008–2009 financial crisis Banking Central bank Communications Energy Tourism Trade unions Transport Science and technology Society Demographics People list Religion Education Honours Crime Languages Media Healthcare Culture Architecture Art Cinema Comics Cuisine wine Liège waffle Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television World Heritage Sites OutlineIndex Category Portal vteOrders, decorations, and medals by countryAfrica Algeria Angola Botswana Burundi Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Eswatini Ethiopia Egypt The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Republic of the Congo  Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland1 South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Former Bophuthatswana1 Ciskei1 Rhodesia1 South West Africa Transkei1 Venda1 Zanzibar Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Provinces Chile Colombia Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Grenada Guyana Jamaica Mexico Military Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Civil Military Police Uruguay Venezuela Former Mexican Empire Asia Armenia Artsakh1 Azerbaijan Bangladesh (Military) Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong Macau India Civil Military Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Self-Defense Force Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Laos Malaysia States Maldives Mongolia Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Civil Military Palestine1 Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Civil Military Police Taiwan1 Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Former Manchukuo South Vietnam British Raj Imperial Orders Kaisar-i-Hind Medal Europe European Union Abkhazia1 Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Civil Military Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Military States Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Military Italy Kosovo1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Cyprus1 Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Ossetia1 Sovereign Military Order of Malta Sweden Switzerland Transnistria1 Turkey Ukraine Military United Kingdom Military Former Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria Bulgarian People's Republic Czechoslovakia Germany Empire German states Nazi East Independent State of Croatia Kingdom of Italy Italian states Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Kingdom of Romania Socialist Republic of Romania Yugoslavia Kingdom SFR FR Soviet Union Republics Oceania Australia Kiribati Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Former Hawaii 1Partially recognised country
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Orders on a grey background are dormant. Active orders are displayed on a white background.","title":"National orders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Military awards","title":"Current awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Civilian awards","title":"Current awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Military marching medals","title":"Current awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These medals and decorations are currently no longer awarded.","title":"Historical awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Belgian Revolution (1830–31)","title":"Historical awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World War I (1914–1918)","text":"Medals are shown in order of precedence.","title":"Historical awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World War II (1940–1945) and the Korean War (1954)","text":"Medals are shown in order of precedence.","title":"Historical awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other medals and awards","text":"Awards and medals listed below are either obsolete or have never been awarded.","title":"Historical awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commemorative medals","title":"Historical awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Belgian Red Cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780773546844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773546844"}],"text":"Clark, Samuel (2016). Distributing Status: The Evolution of State Honours in Western Europe. Montreal: McGill-Queen's university press. ISBN 9780773546844.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"List of honours of Belgium awarded to heads of state and royalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Belgium_awarded_to_heads_of_state_and_royalty"}]
[{"reference":"Clark, Samuel (2016). Distributing Status: The Evolution of State Honours in Western Europe. Montreal: McGill-Queen's university press. ISBN 9780773546844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773546844","url_text":"9780773546844"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://diplomatie.belgium.be/fr/Services/Protocole/Ordres_nationaux","external_links_name":"page on diplomatie.belgium.be"},{"Link":"https://hmc2.pagesperso-orange.fr/en/hmc.html","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorat,_Victoria
Noorat
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°11′0″S 142°56′0″E / 38.18333°S 142.93333°E / -38.18333; 142.93333 Town in Victoria, AustraliaNooratVictoriaMount Noorat HotelNooratCoordinates38°11′0″S 142°56′0″E / 38.18333°S 142.93333°E / -38.18333; 142.93333Population219 (2016 census)Postcode(s)3265Location 211 km (131 mi) SW of Melbourne 145 km (90 mi) W of Geelong 52 km (32 mi) NE of Warrnambool 8 km (5 mi) N of Terang LGA(s)Corangamite ShireState electorate(s)PolwarthFederal division(s)Wannon Noorat is a small township in southwestern Victoria, Australia. Noorat is located approximately 211 km west of Melbourne. The township is located at the base of Mount Noorat, a dormant volcano, which is considered to have Australia's largest dry crater. At the 2006 census, Noorat had a population of 252. By 2011, according to the census, the population had dropped to 167, although this drop in numbers is a bit deceptive as the town boundary was changed in between the 2006 and 2011 census. Noorat derives its name from Mount Noorat, a dormant volcano named by explorer Major Thomas Mitchell after a local Indigenous elder, Ngoora. Europeans first settled the Noorat area in early 1839 when MacKillop and Smith established a run called Strathdownie – which was renamed Glenormiston by Niel Black, a Gaelic-speaking Scotsman from Cowall in Argyll who purchased the property in 1840. Walkers on the crater rim of Mount Noorat Prior to European settlement, the area near Mount Noorat was a traditional meeting site where Indigenous tribes – the Kirrae Wuurong people – held ceremonies, bartered goods and settled disputes. There are conflicting reports about the number of Indigenous people living in the district at the time of white settlement, but in 1841, the population of the Mount Noorat clan numbered only four people. An outbreak of smallpox during the 1830s was one cause of the population decline and it has been suggested that an alleged massacre of Indigenous people by white settlers was another. Frederick Taylor, MacKillop and Smith's manager at Strathdownie was responsible for one of the worst massacres in the western district of Victoria somewhere along Mount Emu Creek (once known as Taylor's River) near Noorat in August 1839. This was verified by Niel Black, who found a mass grave on the Glenormiston property. The settlement history of Noorat is closely linked with the Black family and the establishment of Glenormiston. Noorat ostensibly grew as a service centre for the Black family estate and many of the early residents either emigrated with Niel Black or worked at Glenormiston. The post office opened on 1 August 1874 as Mount Noorat, and was renamed Noorat in 1875. Noted author, Alan Marshall, was born in Noorat's general store, in 1902. There is currently one place of public worship in Noorat, the Neil Black Memorial Presbyterian Church. The township has two schools, Noorat Primary School, and the Noorat campus of Mercy Regional College, which houses the year 7 and 8 students of the school. There is also the senior campus at Camperdown. The Glenormiston campus of South West Institute of TAFE is located a few kilometres north-east of the township, on the other side of the mountain. Noorat has a local football team, the Kolora-Noorat Power, who merged in 2002 from the Noorat Bombers and Kolora Magpies. They compete in the Warrnambool & District Football League. Their colours are teal, black and white. References ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Noorat". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 8 January 2014. ^ Premier Postal History, Post Office List, retrieved 11 April 2008 External links Media related to Noorat at Wikimedia Commons vteLocalities in the Shire of CorangamiteTown Camperdown Cobden Cooriemungle Derrinallum Ecklin South^ Garvoc^ Lismore Noorat^ Peterborough^ Port Campbell Princetown Scotts Creek Simpson^ Skipton^ Terang^ Timboon Locality Ayrford^ Berrybank^ Bookaar Boorcan Bostocks Creek Bradvale Brucknell^ Bullaharre Carlisle River^ Carpendeit^ Chapple Vale^ Chocolyn Cobrico Cowleys Creek Cressy^ Cundare North^ Curdies River Curdievale^ Darlington^ Dixie Duverney Elingamite Elingamite North Foxhow Gellibrand Lower^ Glenfyne Glenormiston North^ Glenormiston South Gnotuk Heytesbury Lower Jancourt Jancourt East^ Kariah Kennedys Creek Koallah Kolora^ Larralea Leslie Manor Mingay Mount Bute^ Naroghid Newfield Nirranda East^ Noorat East Paaratte Pirron Yallock^ Pittong^ Pomborneit Pomborneit East Pomborneit North Skibo South Purrumbete Stonyford^ Tandarook Taroon^ Tesbury Timboon West Vite Vite Vite Vite North Waarre Wattle Hill Weerite Werneth^ ^ - Territory divided with another LGA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Mount Noorat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Noorat"},{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2006"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Noorat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Noorat"},{"link_name":"Major Thomas Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"Cowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowell,_South_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Noorat_walkers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kirrae Wuurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girai_wurrung"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"worst massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdering_Gully_massacre"},{"link_name":"Mount Emu Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Emu_Creek"},{"link_name":"Niel Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_Black"},{"link_name":"Black family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_Black"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"Alan Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Marshall_(Australian_author)"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mercy Regional College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Regional_College"},{"link_name":"Glenormiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenormiston,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South West Institute of TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Institute_of_TAFE"},{"link_name":"Warrnambool & District Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrnambool_%26_District_Football_League"}],"text":"Town in Victoria, AustraliaNoorat is a small township in southwestern Victoria, Australia. Noorat is located approximately 211 km west of Melbourne. The township is located at the base of Mount Noorat, a dormant volcano, which is considered to have Australia's largest dry crater. At the 2006 census, Noorat had a population of 252. By 2011, according to the census, the population had dropped to 167,[1] although this drop in numbers is a bit deceptive as the town boundary was changed in between the 2006 and 2011 census.Noorat derives its name from Mount Noorat, a dormant volcano named by explorer Major Thomas Mitchell after a local Indigenous elder, Ngoora.\nEuropeans first settled the Noorat area in early 1839 when MacKillop and Smith established a run called Strathdownie – which was renamed Glenormiston by Niel Black, a Gaelic-speaking Scotsman from Cowall in Argyll who purchased the property in 1840.Walkers on the crater rim of Mount NooratPrior to European settlement, the area near Mount Noorat was a traditional meeting site where Indigenous tribes – the Kirrae Wuurong people – held ceremonies, bartered goods and settled disputes. There are conflicting reports about the number of Indigenous people living in the district at the time of white settlement, but in 1841, the population of the Mount Noorat clan numbered only four people. An outbreak of smallpox during the 1830s was one cause of the population decline and it has been suggested that an alleged massacre of Indigenous people by white settlers was another.Frederick Taylor, MacKillop and Smith's manager at Strathdownie was responsible for one of the worst massacres in the western district of Victoria somewhere along Mount Emu Creek (once known as Taylor's River) near Noorat in August 1839. This was verified by Niel Black, who found a mass grave on the Glenormiston property.The settlement history of Noorat is closely linked with the Black family and the establishment of Glenormiston. Noorat ostensibly grew as a service centre for the Black family estate and many of the early residents either emigrated with Niel Black or worked at Glenormiston.The post office opened on 1 August 1874 as Mount Noorat, and was renamed Noorat in 1875.[2]Noted author, Alan Marshall, was born in Noorat's general store, in 1902.There is currently one place of public worship in Noorat, the Neil Black Memorial Presbyterian Church.The township has two schools, Noorat Primary School, and the Noorat campus of Mercy Regional College, which houses the year 7 and 8 students of the school. There is also the senior campus at Camperdown. The Glenormiston campus of South West Institute of TAFE is located a few kilometres north-east of the township, on the other side of the mountain.Noorat has a local football team, the Kolora-Noorat Power, who merged in 2002 from the Noorat Bombers and Kolora Magpies. They compete in the Warrnambool & District Football League. Their colours are teal, black and white.","title":"Noorat"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCre,_Kastamonu
Küre, Kastamonu
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 41°48′20″N 33°42′38″E / 41.80556°N 33.71056°E / 41.80556; 33.71056Municipality in Kastamonu, TurkeyKüreMunicipalityKüreLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 41°48′20″N 33°42′38″E / 41.80556°N 33.71056°E / 41.80556; 33.71056CountryTurkeyProvinceKastamonuDistrictKüreGovernment • MayorSalih Turan (AKP)Elevation1,020 m (3,350 ft)Population (2021)2,522Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)Area code0366ClimateCfbWebsitewww.kure.bel.tr Küre is a town in the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Küre District. Its population is 2,522 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of 1,020 m (3,346 ft). References ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Geographical information on Küre, Turkey". Retrieved 7 March 2023. This geographical article about a location in Kastamonu Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital,_London
St Bartholomew's Hospital
["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Buildings","1.3 Threatened closure","1.4 Redevelopment","1.5 Nuffield Health","2 Teaching","3 Notable Staff","4 Hospital museums","5 Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson","6 Transport","7 Patient entertainment","8 Arms","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°31′03″N 0°06′00″W / 51.5175°N 0.1001°W / 51.5175; -0.1001Hospital in the City of London This article is about the hospital in London. For other hospitals, see St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bristol and St Bartholomew's Hospital, Rochester. Hospital in London, EnglandSt Bartholomew's HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustThe King Henry VIII Gate at Barts was completed in 1702Shown in the City of LondonGeographyLocationWest Smithfield, London, EnglandCoordinates51°31′03″N 0°06′00″W / 51.5175°N 0.1001°W / 51.5175; -0.1001OrganisationCare systemNational Health ServiceTypeTeachingAffiliated universityBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryServicesEmergency departmentNoBeds387HistoryOpened1123; 901 years ago (1123)LinksWebsitewww.bartshealth.nhs.uk/st-bartholomews St Bartholomew's Hospital, commonly known as Barts, is a teaching hospital located in the City of London. It was founded in 1123 and is currently run by Barts Health NHS Trust. History Early history Barts was founded in 1123 by Rahere (died 1144, and entombed in the nearby Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great), a favourite courtier of King Henry I. The dissolution of the monasteries did not affect the running of Barts as a hospital, but left it in a precarious position by removing its income. It was refounded by Henry VIII in December 1546, on the signing of an agreement granting the hospital to the Corporation of London. The hospital became legally styled as the "House of the Poore in Farringdon in the suburbs of the City of London of Henry VIII's Foundation", although the title was never used by the general public. The first superintendent of the hospital was Thomas Vicary, sergeant-surgeon to King Henry, and an early writer on anatomy. It was here that William Harvey conducted his research on the circulatory system in the 17th century, Percivall Pott and John Abernethy developed important principles of modern surgery in the 18th century, and Mrs Bedford Fenwick worked to advance the nursing profession in the late 19th century. From 1839 to 1872, the mortality reports show that surgical trauma and postoperative infection were the greatest causes of death. Tuberculosis, however, remained the most fatal nontraumatic cause of death. Nurses were expected to work 12 hours a day, and sometimes 14, with meal breaks in 1890. They had 2 weeks annual holiday. Upon the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, it officially became known as St Bartholomew's Hospital. Buildings Barts is the oldest hospital in Britain still providing medical services which occupies the site it was originally built on, and has an important current role as well as a long history and architecturally important buildings. The so-named Henry VIII entrance to the hospital continues to be the main public entrance and features a statue of Henry VIII above the gate. Its main square was designed by James Gibbs in the 1730s. Of the four original blocks, three survived; they include the block containing the Great Hall and two flanking blocks that contained wards. The first wing to be built was the North Wing, in 1732, which includes the Great Hall and the murals by William Hogarth. The South Wing followed in 1740, the West in 1752 and finally the East Wing in 1769. In 1859, a fountain was placed at the square's centre with a small garden. St Bartholomew's Hospital has existed on the same site since its founding in the 12th century, surviving both the Great Fire of London and the Blitz. Its museum, which is open Tuesdays to Fridays every week, shows how medical care has developed over this time and explains the history of the hospital. Part-way around the exhibition is a door which opens on to the hospital's official entrance hall. On the walls of the staircase are two murals painted by William Hogarth, The Pool of Bethesda (1736) and The Good Samaritan (1737). They can only be seen at close quarters on Friday afternoons. Hogarth was so outraged by the news that the hospital was commissioning art from Italian painters that he insisted on painting the murals without a fee, as a demonstration that English painting was equal to the task. The Pool of Bethesda is of particular medical interest, as it depicts a scene in which Christ cures the sick: display material on the first floor speculates in modern medical terms about the ailments from which Christ's patients in the painting are suffering. The murals are to be restored in 2023, with a grant from the National Lottery Heritage Fund. Hogarth's mural of Christ at the Pool of Bethesda. The room to which the staircase leads is the hospital's Great Hall, a double-height room in Baroque-style. Although there are a few paintings inside the Great Hall, nearly all are on movable stands: the walls themselves are mostly given over to the display of the very many large, painted plaques which list, in detail, the sums of money given to the hospital by its benefactors. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the hospital precincts of the ancient priory were redesignated as an Anglican ecclesiastical parish, with St Bartholomew-the-Less becoming the parish church – a unique situation amongst English hospital foundations. St Barts-the-Less is the only survivor of five chapels originally within the hospital's estate, the others failing to survive the Reformation. The church has a 15th-century tower and vestry, and its connections with the hospital can be seen not only in its early-20th century stained glass window of a nurse, a gift from the Worshipful Company of Glaziers, but also in commemorative plaques adorning its interior. Throughout the whole of the 19th century, the Hardwick family were major benefactors of the hospital. Thomas Hardwick Jr. (1752–1825), Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), and Philip Charles Hardwick (1822–1892) were all architects/surveyors to Barts Hospital. Philip Hardwick, a Royal Academician, was also engaged in the rebuilding of the Church of St Bartholomew-the-Less in 1823 and donated the fountain in the hospital's courtyard. By 1872, Barts contained 676 beds. About 6,000 in-patients were admitted every year, as well as 101,000 out-patients. The average income of the hospital was £40,000 (derived chiefly from rents and funded property) and the number of governors exceeded 300. Threatened closure Barts' courtyard in the early 19th century The Great Hall at Barts A memorial tablet on Barts north wall stating that 5,406 soldiers passed through its wards during the First World War. In 1993 the controversial Tomlinson Review of London hospitals was published and concluded that there were too many hospitals in central London. It recommended that the service should be delivered closer to where people lived. Barts was identified as a hospital with a catchment area that had a low population and the hospital was threatened with closure. A determined campaign was mounted to save the hospital by the Save Barts Campaign, supported by staff, residents, local MPs and the City of London Corporation. Some facilities were saved, but the accident and emergency department closed in 1995, with facilities relocated to the Royal London Hospital (a hospital in the same trust group, but a couple of miles away in Whitechapel). A minor injuries unit was established at Barts for small cases (which often represent a significant part of the workload of A&E services) but urgent and major work goes to other hospitals. Redevelopment Fountain in the quadrangle of St Bartholomew's Hospital Atrium of St Bartholomew's Hospital following the redevelopment A plan was formulated for Barts to develop as a centre of excellence in cardiac care and cancer. The plan came under threat when it was announced that the works would be procured under a private finance initiative contract; the Save Barts campaign continued to protest. The opposition subsided and a new Barts Heart Centre and new cancer care facilities were created. The Queen Mary Wing was demolished and the façade of the George V building was retained within a new hospital building. A new main entrance was established on King Edward Street. The three James Gibbs blocks were refurbished and car parking was removed from the area. The works, which were designed by HOK and undertaken by Skanska at a cost of circa £500 million, were completed in early 2016. Barts continues to be associated with excellence at its medical school's significant research and teaching facilities on the Charterhouse Square site. Barts, along with the Royal London Hospital and London Chest Hospital, was part of Barts and The London NHS Trust. There are 388 beds in Barts and 675 beds in the Royal London. These hospitals amalgamated with Whipps Cross and Newham hospitals on 1 March 2012 to form the Barts Health NHS Trust. Nuffield Health In 2018, Nuffield Health, a not-for-profit healthcare organisation, was granted planning permission to redevelop the former pathology and residential staff quarters building into a new private hospital. It is the only private hospital in the City of London, and has 48 beds and 4 operating theatres. It opened in 2022, at a cost of £60 million. It is physically and operationally separate from the rest of the hospital, and known as Nuffield Health at St Bartholomew's Hospital. Teaching See also: Category:Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital, looking towards Farringdon In 1843, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College was established to train medics although considered to have been started by John Abernethy when the hospital built a theatre for his lectures at the beginning of the century. In 1995 the college, along with that attached to the Royal London, merged into Queen Mary University of London, but maintains a distinctive identity to this day. It is now known as Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. It occupies some space at the Barts site in Farringdon, with a presence a short walk away at Charterhouse Square. The main preclinical teaching domain of the medical school is at Whitechapel in the award-winning Blizard Building. The present School of Nursing and Midwifery was formed in 1994 from merging the Schools from St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital to become the St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery. In 1995 the new School was incorporated into the City University. Both Schools have a strong and respected history dating back over 120 years and have produced many nurse leaders and educators. The School has since been incorporated into the School of Health Sciences, City University London. Notable Staff Ethel Gordon Fenwick, Matron 1881–1887 Isla Stewart, Matron 1887–1910 Annie Sophia Jane McIntosh, Matron 1910–1927, trained between 1897 and 1899 at The London Hospital under Matron Eva Luckes. McIntosh then worked as a Sister in Matron's office, and as an Assistant Matron between 1899 and 1910. During the First World War she was a member of the War Office Committee for the Supply of Nurses and Principal Matron, 1st London General Hospital in Camberwell. Hospital museums St Bartholomew's Hospital museum tells the historical narrative of the hospital and its work in caring for the sick and injured. The museum collections include historic surgical instruments, sculptures, medieval archives, and works of art, including paintings by William Hogarth. The museum is located under the North Wing archway. It closed in September 2023 for renovation works, expected to last through 2024. The collections are searchable on the Barts Health NHS Trust online catalogue, which contains information on over 50,000 entries and covering an 800-year span. Also on the site is the Barts Pathology Museum, which has over 4,000 medical specimens on display and has been described by CNN as one of the "world's 10 weirdest medical museums". This museum is only open by appointment and for special events. Both museums are part of the London Museums of Health & Medicine group. Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson A chemical laboratory at Barts was the location of the initial meeting of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1887 novel A Study in Scarlet. Barts was Watson's alma mater. This fictional connection led to a donation by the Tokyo "Sherlock Holmes Appreciation Society" to the Save Barts Campaign in the 1990s. In 2012, the final episode of the second series of the BBC drama Sherlock, "The Reichenbach Fall", had Holmes appearing to have deliberately leapt to his death from the roof of St Bartholomew's as a surrogate for the waterfall of the original story "The Final Problem". The hospital was again used as the location for the resolution to Holmes' faked suicide, in the first series three episode "The Empty Hearse". Transport London Buses routes 4, 8, 17, 25, 45, 46, 56, 59, 63, 76, 100, 153, 172, 242, N8, N63 and N76 serve the hospital, with bus stops located outside or near the hospital. The nearest Underground stations are Barbican and Farringdon on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines and St Paul's on the Central line. Farringdon is also served by Thameslink trains. Patient entertainment Since 2022 Bedrock Radio (a registered charity) broadcasts to St Bartholomew's Hospital and wider Barts Health Trust. Bedrock replaced Whipps Cross Hospital Radio (WXHR) who formally served the Trust from 1969 to 2022. Arms Coat of arms of St Bartholomew's Hospital Escutcheon Per pale Argent and Sable a chevron counterchanged. References ^ "Number of beds". WhatDoTheyKnow. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ a b c d St Bartholomew's Hospital, Old and New London: Volume 2 (1878), pp. 359–363. Retrieved 30 January 2009 ^ James O. Robinson, "The Royal and Ancient Hospital of St Bartholomew (Founded 1123)", Journal of Medical Biography (1993) 1#1 pp. 23–30 ^ Thomas R. Forbes, "Mortality at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1839–72", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (1983) 38#4 pp 432–449 ^ Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). A History of the Nursing Profession. London: Heinemann. p. 55. ^ "St Bartholomew's Hospital, London". National Archives. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Statue: Henry VIII statue". London Remembers. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Hogarth at St Bartholomew's Hospital". Spitalfields Life. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (11 January 2023). "William Hogarth works at London's oldest hospital to be restored". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ "Gallery of Images". Barts Great Hall. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ St Bartholomew the Less parish (AIM25) accessed 30 January 2009 ^ "St Bartholomew's Hospital including St Bartholomew-the-Less Church". London Gardens. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ The population of the City had fallen since the turn of the century; and by 1991 was less than 6,000 people – mainly residents of the Barbican and office caretakers. The hospital also served the south of the London boroughs of Islington and Camden. ^ Bernard Tomlinson's Report of the Inquiry into the London Health Service (HMSO 1993) ^ Moon, Graham; Brown, Tim (18 February 1999). "Closing Barts: community and resistance in contemporary UK hospital policy". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.4521. ^ a b Major to minor: the closure of Bart's A&E department has overshadowed a parallel development at the London hospital – the opening of a nurse-led minor injuries unit Cassidy, Jane Nursing Times (1995) ^ Billion-pound hospitals plan faces collapse Nigel Hawes The Times 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 30 January 2009. ^ "Barts Health - Barts Heart Centre". Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016. ^ Barts Cancer Centre Archived 19 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ Proposals for Barts (Barts and The London) accessed 3 February 2009 ^ "HOK: Barts Heart Centre". Design Curial. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Skanska sells London hospital stakes". The Construction Index. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Barts Cancer Research UK Centre". Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ "When three hospital trusts become one". The Guardian. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012. ^ "City of London grants planning permission for Nuffield Health at St Bartholomew's". Barts Health NHS Trust. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ Barts was involved in the criminal activities of the London Burkers in 1831, as one of the hospitals where 'cadavers of unknown provenance' were accepted by surgeons for anatomy training. ^ "Mr Blobby goes to hospital". The Guardian. 6 June 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2013. ^ Garner, Richard (24 June 1997). "Fall in, Angels!; St Bart's Bid to Beat Shortage of Nurses". The Mirror. ^ McCormack, Steve (20 November 2008). "Caring for Others Gives You Options". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013. ^ "About the School of Health Sciences". City University. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Always-caring-always-nursing/ethel-fenwicks-story". Nursing and Midwifery Council. Retrieved 2 August 2022. ^ Anonymous (3 August 2022). "Ethel Gordon Fenwick 1857-1947". League of St Bartholomew's Nurses'. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ Hector, Winifred (1973). Mrs Bedford Fenwick. London: Royal College of Nursing and National Council of Nurses of the United Kingdom. ^ Anonymous (3 August 2022). "Stewart, Isla". King's Collections: Pioneering Nurses. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ Anonymous (3 August 2022). "Our History". St Bartholomew's League of Nurses'. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ Yeo, Geoffrey (1995). Nursing at Barts: A history of nursing service and nurse education at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ^ Anonymous (3 August 2022). "Photographs: Matron and Superintendent of Nursing Miss Annie McIntosh". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ a b c Rogers, Sarah (2020). ""McIntosh, Annie Sophia Jane, (1871–1951)"". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2020. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.65995. ^ a b c Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders:1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022) ^ Annie Sophia Jane McIntosh, Register of Probationers; RLHLH/N/1/6, 6; Barts Health NHS Trust Archives and Museums, London. ^ For probationer’s application form see: Nurse Probationers files; RLHLH/N/8/7– Annie McIntosh; Barts Health NHS Trust Archives and Museums, London ^ Annie Sophia Jane McIntosh, Register of Sisters and Nurses; RLHLH/N/4/1, 208; Barts Health NHS Trust Archives and Museums, London. ^ "St Bartholomew's Hospital Museum - Barts Health NHS Trust". www.bartshealth.nhs.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2023. ^ "About the Catalogue". St Barts & Royal London Archive Catalogue. Barts Health NHS Trust. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ a b "About us - Pathology Museum". www.qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 May 2022. ^ "World's 10 weirdest medical museums". CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2022. ^ "Medical Museums". medicalmuseums.org. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ Conan Doyle, Arthur (1887). "A Study in Scarlet, chapter one". Wikisource. Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2006. ^ "Campaign for Bart's still has a bite" Mike Gould The Guardian 13 December 2006 ^ "Sherlock: filming the way Holmes faked his death for The Empty Hearse". The Telegraph. 1 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "St Bartholomew's Hospital". Barts Health NHS Trust. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "BEDROCK RADIO - Charity 1180476". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ^ Watson, Mathew (30 November 2022). "Hear Bedrock Radio in more Hospitals in East London". Bedrock Radio. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "WHIPPS CROSS HOSPITAL RADIO - Charity 285733". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ^ "St Bartholomew's Hospital". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Further reading Dainton, Courtney. "Bart's Hospital", History Today (1978) 28#12 pp810–16, popular overview; online Robinson, James O (1993). "The Royal and Ancient Hospital of St Bartholomew (Founded 1123)". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1177/096777209300100105. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639207. S2CID 33070295. Waddington, Keir. Medical Education at St Bartholomew's Hospital 1123–1995 (2003) 464pp. Waddington, Keir. "Mayhem and Medical Students: Image, Conduct, and Control in the Victorian and Edwardian London Teaching Hospital," Social History of Medicine (2002) 15#1 pp 45–64. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Bartholomew's Hospital. Official website St Bartholomew's Hospital on the NHS website Inspection reports from the Care Quality Commission vteBarts Health NHS TrustHospitals Mile End Hospital Newham University Hospital Royal London Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital Whipps Cross University Hospital vteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonPredecessors London Hospital Medical College Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital Campus Charterhouse Square West Smithfield Whitechapel Blizard Building Whitechapel Library HospitalsLondon Goodmayes Hospital Homerton University Hospital King George Hospital Mile End Hospital Newham University Hospital Queen's Hospital Royal London Hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital Whipps Cross University Hospital Essex Broomfield Hospital Colchester Hospital Princess Alexandra Hospital Southend University Hospital Student life Barts and The London Students' Association United Hospitals Cup AffiliatesUnited Hospitals Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF National Israel United States People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital, Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital,_Rochester"},{"link_name":"teaching hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_hospital"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Barts Health NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_Health_NHS_Trust"}],"text":"Hospital in the City of LondonThis article is about the hospital in London. For other hospitals, see St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bristol and St Bartholomew's Hospital, Rochester.Hospital in London, EnglandSt Bartholomew's Hospital, commonly known as Barts, is a teaching hospital located in the City of London. It was founded in 1123 and is currently run by Barts Health NHS Trust.","title":"St Bartholomew's Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rahere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahere"},{"link_name":"Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Great"},{"link_name":"King Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Corporation of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Vicary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vicary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-2"},{"link_name":"William Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Percivall Pott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percivall_Pott"},{"link_name":"John Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abernethy_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"Mrs Bedford Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Gordon_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Barts was founded in 1123 by Rahere (died 1144, and entombed in the nearby Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great), a favourite courtier of King Henry I. The dissolution of the monasteries did not affect the running of Barts as a hospital, but left it in a precarious position by removing its income. It was refounded by Henry VIII in December 1546, on the signing of an agreement granting the hospital to the Corporation of London.[2]The hospital became legally styled as the \"House of the Poore in Farringdon in the suburbs of the City of London of Henry VIII's Foundation\", although the title was never used by the general public. The first superintendent of the hospital was Thomas Vicary, sergeant-surgeon to King Henry, and an early writer on anatomy.[2] It was here that William Harvey conducted his research on the circulatory system in the 17th century, Percivall Pott and John Abernethy developed important principles of modern surgery in the 18th century, and Mrs Bedford Fenwick worked to advance the nursing profession in the late 19th century.[3]From 1839 to 1872, the mortality reports show that surgical trauma and postoperative infection were the greatest causes of death. Tuberculosis, however, remained the most fatal nontraumatic cause of death.[4] Nurses were expected to work 12 hours a day, and sometimes 14, with meal breaks in 1890. They had 2 weeks annual holiday.[5] Upon the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, it officially became known as St Bartholomew's Hospital.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatehouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"James Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ward"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-2"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Lottery Heritage Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_Heritage_Fund"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartshogarth-800.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pool of Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew-the-Less","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Less"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"stained glass window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass_window"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Glaziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Glaziers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Philip Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Philip Charles Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Charles_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Royal Academician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academician"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-2"}],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"Barts is the oldest hospital in Britain still providing medical services which occupies the site it was originally built on, and has an important current role as well as a long history and architecturally important buildings. The so-named Henry VIII entrance to the hospital continues to be the main public entrance and features a statue of Henry VIII above the gate.[7]Its main square was designed by James Gibbs in the 1730s. Of the four original blocks, three survived; they include the block containing the Great Hall and two flanking blocks that contained wards. The first wing to be built was the North Wing, in 1732, which includes the Great Hall and the murals by William Hogarth. The South Wing followed in 1740, the West in 1752 and finally the East Wing in 1769. In 1859, a fountain was placed at the square's centre with a small garden.[2]St Bartholomew's Hospital has existed on the same site since its founding in the 12th century, surviving both the Great Fire of London and the Blitz. Its museum, which is open Tuesdays to Fridays every week, shows how medical care has developed over this time and explains the history of the hospital. Part-way around the exhibition is a door which opens on to the hospital's official entrance hall. On the walls of the staircase are two murals painted by William Hogarth, The Pool of Bethesda (1736) and The Good Samaritan (1737). They can only be seen at close quarters on Friday afternoons. Hogarth was so outraged by the news that the hospital was commissioning art from Italian painters that he insisted on painting the murals without a fee, as a demonstration that English painting was equal to the task. The Pool of Bethesda is of particular medical interest, as it depicts a scene in which Christ cures the sick: display material on the first floor speculates in modern medical terms about the ailments from which Christ's patients in the painting are suffering.[8] The murals are to be restored in 2023, with a grant from the National Lottery Heritage Fund.[9]Hogarth's mural of Christ at the Pool of Bethesda.The room to which the staircase leads is the hospital's Great Hall, a double-height room in Baroque-style. Although there are a few paintings inside the Great Hall, nearly all are on movable stands: the walls themselves are mostly given over to the display of the very many large, painted plaques which list, in detail, the sums of money given to the hospital by its benefactors.[10]After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the hospital precincts of the ancient priory were redesignated as an Anglican ecclesiastical parish, with St Bartholomew-the-Less becoming the parish church – a unique situation amongst English hospital foundations. St Barts-the-Less is the only survivor of five chapels originally within the hospital's estate, the others failing to survive the Reformation. The church has a 15th-century tower and vestry, and its connections with the hospital can be seen not only in its early-20th century stained glass window of a nurse, a gift from the Worshipful Company of Glaziers, but also in commemorative plaques adorning its interior.[11]Throughout the whole of the 19th century, the Hardwick family were major benefactors of the hospital. Thomas Hardwick Jr. (1752–1825), Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), and Philip Charles Hardwick (1822–1892) were all architects/surveyors to Barts Hospital. Philip Hardwick, a Royal Academician, was also engaged in the rebuilding of the Church of St Bartholomew-the-Less in 1823 and donated the fountain in the hospital's courtyard.[12]By 1872, Barts contained 676 beds. About 6,000 in-patients were admitted every year, as well as 101,000 out-patients. The average income of the hospital was £40,000 (derived chiefly from rents and funded property) and the number of governors exceeded 300.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StBart.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartsgreathall-800.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barts_Hospital_inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Tomlinson Review of London hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"City of London Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"accident and emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_and_emergency"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nurse-16"},{"link_name":"Royal London Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nurse-16"}],"sub_title":"Threatened closure","text":"Barts' courtyard in the early 19th centuryThe Great Hall at BartsA memorial tablet on Barts north wall stating that 5,406 soldiers passed through its wards during the First World War.In 1993 the controversial Tomlinson Review of London hospitals was published and concluded that there were too many hospitals in central London. It recommended that the service should be delivered closer to where people lived. Barts was identified as a hospital with a catchment area that had a low population[13] and the hospital was threatened with closure.[14] A determined campaign was mounted to save the hospital by the Save Barts Campaign, supported by staff, residents, local MPs and the City of London Corporation.[15]Some facilities were saved, but the accident and emergency department closed in 1995,[16] with facilities relocated to the Royal London Hospital (a hospital in the same trust group, but a couple of miles away in Whitechapel). A minor injuries unit was established at Barts for small cases (which often represent a significant part of the workload of A&E services) but urgent and major work goes to other hospitals.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain,_St_Bartholomews_Hospital_(geograph_4399535).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrium_of_Barts,_St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital,_City_of_London,_England.jpg"},{"link_name":"cardiac care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"private finance initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_finance_initiative"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"HOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOK_(firm)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Skanska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanska"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_Square"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barts_Cancer_Research_UK_Centre-23"},{"link_name":"Royal London Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London Chest Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Chest_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Barts and The London NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"Barts Health NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_Health_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Redevelopment","text":"Fountain in the quadrangle of St Bartholomew's HospitalAtrium of St Bartholomew's Hospital following the redevelopmentA plan was formulated for Barts to develop as a centre of excellence in cardiac care and cancer. The plan came under threat when it was announced that the works would be procured under a private finance initiative contract; the Save Barts campaign continued to protest.[17] The opposition subsided and a new Barts Heart Centre[18] and new cancer care facilities were created.[19] The Queen Mary Wing was demolished and the façade of the George V building was retained within a new hospital building. A new main entrance was established on King Edward Street. The three James Gibbs blocks were refurbished and car parking was removed from the area.[20] The works, which were designed by HOK[21] and undertaken by Skanska at a cost of circa £500 million, were completed in early 2016.[22]Barts continues to be associated with excellence at its medical school's significant research and teaching facilities on the Charterhouse Square site.[23] Barts, along with the Royal London Hospital and London Chest Hospital, was part of Barts and The London NHS Trust. There are 388 beds in Barts and 675 beds in the Royal London. These hospitals amalgamated with Whipps Cross and Newham hospitals on 1 March 2012 to form the Barts Health NHS Trust.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuffield Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Health"},{"link_name":"private hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_hospital"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Nuffield Health","text":"In 2018, Nuffield Health, a not-for-profit healthcare organisation, was granted planning permission to redevelop the former pathology and residential staff quarters building into a new private hospital. It is the only private hospital in the City of London, and has 48 beds and 4 operating theatres. It opened in 2022, at a cost of £60 million. It is physically and operationally separate from the rest of the hospital, and known as Nuffield Health at St Bartholomew's Hospital.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Medical_College_of_St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barts.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abernethy_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry"},{"link_name":"Farringdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farringdon,_London"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_Square"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"Blizard Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizard_Building"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Royal London Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew_School_of_Nursing_%26_Midwifery"},{"link_name":"City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"School of Health Sciences, City University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Health_Sciences,_City_University_London"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"See also: Category:Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's HospitalSt Bartholomew's Hospital, looking towards FarringdonIn 1843, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College was established to train medics although considered to have been started by John Abernethy when the hospital built a theatre for his lectures at the beginning of the century.[26] In 1995 the college, along with that attached to the Royal London, merged into Queen Mary University of London, but maintains a distinctive identity to this day. It is now known as Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. It occupies some space at the Barts site in Farringdon, with a presence a short walk away at Charterhouse Square. The main preclinical teaching domain of the medical school is at Whitechapel in the award-winning Blizard Building.[27]The present School of Nursing and Midwifery was formed in 1994 from merging the Schools from St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital to become the St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery. In 1995 the new School was incorporated into the City University.[28][29] Both Schools have a strong and respected history dating back over 120 years and have produced many nurse leaders and educators. The School has since been incorporated into the School of Health Sciences, City University London.[30]","title":"Teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethel Gordon Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Gordon_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Isla Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Annie Sophia Jane McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_McIntosh"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"},{"link_name":"The London Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Eva Luckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Luckes"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"1st London General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Brooke_School"},{"link_name":"Camberwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"}],"text":"Ethel Gordon Fenwick, Matron 1881–1887[31][32][33]\nIsla Stewart, Matron 1887–1910[34][35][36]\nAnnie Sophia Jane McIntosh, Matron 1910–1927,[37][38][39] trained between 1897 and 1899 at The London Hospital under Matron Eva Luckes.[39][40][41] McIntosh then worked as a Sister in Matron's office, and as an Assistant Matron between 1899 and 1910.[38][42] During the First World War she was a member of the War Office Committee for the Supply of Nurses and Principal Matron, 1st London General Hospital in Camberwell.[38][39]","title":"Notable Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surgical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_instrument"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Barts Health NHS Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_Health_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-45"},{"link_name":"London Museums of Health & Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Museums_of_Health_%26_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"St Bartholomew's Hospital museum tells the historical narrative of the hospital and its work in caring for the sick and injured. The museum collections include historic surgical instruments, sculptures, medieval archives, and works of art, including paintings by William Hogarth. The museum is located under the North Wing archway. It closed in September 2023 for renovation works, expected to last through 2024.[43] The collections are searchable on the Barts Health NHS Trust online catalogue, which contains information on over 50,000 entries and covering an 800-year span.[44]Also on the site is the Barts Pathology Museum, which has over 4,000 medical specimens on display[45] and has been described by CNN as one of the \"world's 10 weirdest medical museums\".[46] This museum is only open by appointment and for special events.[45] Both museums are part of the London Museums of Health & Medicine group.[47]","title":"Hospital museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"A Study in Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Reichenbach Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reichenbach_Fall"},{"link_name":"waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenbach_Falls"},{"link_name":"The Final Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Problem"},{"link_name":"The Empty Hearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empty_Hearse"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"A chemical laboratory at Barts was the location of the initial meeting of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1887 novel A Study in Scarlet.[48] Barts was Watson's alma mater. This fictional connection led to a donation by the Tokyo \"Sherlock Holmes Appreciation Society\" to the Save Barts Campaign in the 1990s.[49]In 2012, the final episode of the second series of the BBC drama Sherlock, \"The Reichenbach Fall\", had Holmes appearing to have deliberately leapt to his death from the roof of St Bartholomew's as a surrogate for the waterfall of the original story \"The Final Problem\". The hospital was again used as the location for the resolution to Holmes' faked suicide, in the first series three episode \"The Empty Hearse\".[50]","title":"Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_4"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_8"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_25"},{"link_name":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Barbican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Farringdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farringdon_station"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith & City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_line"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Central line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"Thameslink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameslink"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"London Buses routes 4, 8, 17, 25, 45, 46, 56, 59, 63, 76, 100, 153, 172, 242, N8, N63 and N76 serve the hospital, with bus stops located outside or near the hospital. The nearest Underground stations are Barbican and Farringdon on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines and St Paul's on the Central line. Farringdon is also served by Thameslink trains.[51]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Barts Health Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_Health_NHS_Trust"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Since 2022 Bedrock Radio (a registered charity)[52] broadcasts to St Bartholomew's Hospital and wider Barts Health Trust.[53] Bedrock replaced Whipps Cross Hospital Radio (WXHR) who formally served the Trust from 1969 to 2022.[54]","title":"Patient entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/096777209300100105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F096777209300100105"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0967-7720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-7720"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11639207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11639207"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33070295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33070295"}],"text":"Dainton, Courtney. \"Bart's Hospital\", History Today (1978) 28#12 pp810–16, popular overview; online\nRobinson, James O (1993). \"The Royal and Ancient Hospital of St Bartholomew (Founded 1123)\". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1177/096777209300100105. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639207. S2CID 33070295.\nWaddington, Keir. Medical Education at St Bartholomew's Hospital 1123–1995 (2003) 464pp.\nWaddington, Keir. \"Mayhem and Medical Students: Image, Conduct, and Control in the Victorian and Edwardian London Teaching Hospital,\" Social History of Medicine (2002) 15#1 pp 45–64.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Hogarth's mural of Christ at the Pool of Bethesda.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bartshogarth-800.jpg/220px-Bartshogarth-800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barts' courtyard in the early 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/StBart.jpg/220px-StBart.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Great Hall at Barts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bartsgreathall-800.jpg/220px-Bartsgreathall-800.jpg"},{"image_text":"A memorial tablet on Barts north wall stating that 5,406 soldiers passed through its wards during the First World War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Barts_Hospital_inscription.jpg/220px-Barts_Hospital_inscription.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fountain in the quadrangle of St Bartholomew's Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fountain%2C_St_Bartholomews_Hospital_%28geograph_4399535%29.jpg/220px-Fountain%2C_St_Bartholomews_Hospital_%28geograph_4399535%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atrium of St Bartholomew's Hospital following the redevelopment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atrium_of_Barts%2C_St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital%2C_City_of_London%2C_England.jpg/220px-Atrium_of_Barts%2C_St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital%2C_City_of_London%2C_England.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Bartholomew's Hospital, looking towards Farringdon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Barts.jpg/220px-Barts.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Number of beds\". WhatDoTheyKnow. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/number_of_beds#incoming-1277109","url_text":"\"Number of beds\""}]},{"reference":"Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). A History of the Nursing Profession. London: Heinemann. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital, London\". National Archives. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=188","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital, London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statue: Henry VIII statue\". London Remembers. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/henry-viii-statue","url_text":"\"Statue: Henry VIII statue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hogarth at St Bartholomew's Hospital\". Spitalfields Life. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/10/20/hogarth-at-st-bartholomews-hospital/","url_text":"\"Hogarth at St Bartholomew's Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Sherwood, Harriet (11 January 2023). \"William Hogarth works at London's oldest hospital to be restored\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/jan/11/william-hogarth-paintings-restored-st-bartholomews-hospital","url_text":"\"William Hogarth works at London's oldest hospital to be restored\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gallery of Images\". Barts Great Hall. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartsgreathall.com/index.php/the-great-hall/gallery-of-images","url_text":"\"Gallery of Images\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital including St Bartholomew-the-Less Church\". London Gardens. 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The Guardian. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/apr/03/three-hospital-trusts-become-one?newsfeed=true","url_text":"\"When three hospital trusts become one\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of London grants planning permission for Nuffield Health at St Bartholomew's\". Barts Health NHS Trust. Retrieved 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bartshealth.nhs.uk/news/city-of-london-grants-planning-permission-for-nuffield-health-at-st-bartholomews-3883","url_text":"\"City of London grants planning permission for Nuffield Health at St Bartholomew's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Blobby goes to hospital\". The Guardian. 6 June 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/jun/06/architecture.regeneration","url_text":"\"Mr Blobby goes to hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Garner, Richard (24 June 1997). \"Fall in, Angels!; St Bart's Bid to Beat Shortage of Nurses\". The Mirror.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCormack, Steve (20 November 2008). \"Caring for Others Gives You Options\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214703/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-19429489.html","url_text":"\"Caring for Others Gives You Options\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-19429489.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the School of Health Sciences\". City University. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.ac.uk/health/about-the-school","url_text":"\"About the School of Health Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Always-caring-always-nursing/ethel-fenwicks-story\". Nursing and Midwifery Council. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmc.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Always-caring-always-nursing/ethel-fenwicks-story\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (3 August 2022). \"Ethel Gordon Fenwick 1857-1947\". League of St Bartholomew's Nurses'. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bartsleagueofnurses.org/8702-2/","url_text":"\"Ethel Gordon Fenwick 1857-1947\""}]},{"reference":"Hector, Winifred (1973). Mrs Bedford Fenwick. London: Royal College of Nursing and National Council of Nurses of the United Kingdom.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing","url_text":"Royal College of Nursing and National Council of Nurses of the United Kingdom"}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (3 August 2022). \"Stewart, Isla\". King's Collections: Pioneering Nurses. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kingscollections.org/nurses/s-u/stewart-isla","url_text":"\"Stewart, Isla\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (3 August 2022). \"Our History\". St Bartholomew's League of Nurses'. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bartsleagueofnurses.org/about-us/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"Yeo, Geoffrey (1995). Nursing at Barts: A history of nursing service and nurse education at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sutton_Publishing","url_text":"Alan Sutton Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (3 August 2022). \"Photographs: Matron and Superintendent of Nursing Miss Annie McIntosh\". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205380853","url_text":"\"Photographs: Matron and Superintendent of Nursing Miss Annie McIntosh\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Sarah (2020). \"\"McIntosh, Annie Sophia Jane, (1871–1951)\"\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2020. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.65995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.65995","url_text":"10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.65995"}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital Museum - Barts Health NHS Trust\". www.bartshealth.nhs.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bartshealth.nhs.uk/bartsmuseum","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital Museum - Barts Health NHS Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Catalogue\". St Barts & Royal London Archive Catalogue. Barts Health NHS Trust. Retrieved 26 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.calmhosting01.com/BartsHealth/CalmView/Aboutcatalogue.aspx","url_text":"\"About the Catalogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us - Pathology Museum\". www.qmul.ac.uk. 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Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10527620/Sherlock-filming-the-way-Holmes-faked-his-death-for-The-Empty-Hearse.html","url_text":"\"Sherlock: filming the way Holmes faked his death for The Empty Hearse\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10527620/Sherlock-filming-the-way-Holmes-faked-his-death-for-The-Empty-Hearse.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital\". Barts Health NHS Trust. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bartshealth.nhs.uk/st-bartholomews","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"BEDROCK RADIO - Charity 1180476\". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/5129177","url_text":"\"BEDROCK RADIO - Charity 1180476\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Mathew (30 November 2022). \"Hear Bedrock Radio in more Hospitals in East London\". Bedrock Radio. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bedrockradio.org.uk/blog/2022/11/30/changes-to-hospital-radio-services-in-london/","url_text":"\"Hear Bedrock Radio in more Hospitals in East London\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHIPPS CROSS HOSPITAL RADIO - Charity 285733\". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/?p_p_id=uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_regId=285733&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_subId=0","url_text":"\"WHIPPS CROSS HOSPITAL RADIO - Charity 285733\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, James O (1993). \"The Royal and Ancient Hospital of St Bartholomew (Founded 1123)\". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1177/096777209300100105. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639207. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Baptist_Church_(Hartford,_Connecticut)
Union Baptist Church (Hartford, Connecticut)
["1 Architecture and history","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°46′52″N 72°40′37″W / 41.78111°N 72.67694°W / 41.78111; -72.67694Historic church in Connecticut, United States United States historic placeUnion Baptist ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of ConnecticutShow map of the United StatesLocation1913 and 1921 Main St., Hartford, ConnecticutCoordinates41°46′52″N 72°40′37″W / 41.78111°N 72.67694°W / 41.78111; -72.67694Area1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1871 (1871)ArchitectCongdon, Henry M.Architectural styleGothic, Early English Gothic RevivalNRHP reference No.79002634Added to NRHPAugust 15, 1979 The Union Baptist Church is a historic church at 1913 and 1921 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut. Originally built by an Episcopal congregation, it has for many years been home to an African-American Baptist congregation, which under the leadership of Rev. John C. Jackson (1866-1953), played a significant role in advancing the cause of civil rights in the state. The church, and its adjacent parsonage, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Architecture and history The Union Baptist Church is locate in Hartford's northern Clay-Arsenal neighborhood, on the west side of Main Street near its junction with Mahl Avenue. It is an Early English Gothic stone structure, designed by Henry Martyn Congdon and built in 1871, with a number of later additions. It has a roughly cruciform plan, with a rounded apse and short transepts. The main entrance is set near the rear end of the south side, under a Stick style gabled portico. Modern additions housing offices and other facilities extend further to the rear. The church was built in 1871, and was original known as the Saint Thomas Episcopal Church, honoring Thomas Brownell, the founder of Hartford's Trinity College. It was acquired by the Baptist congregation of Rev. John C. Jackson in 1925; this congregation had been founded in 1871 by a group of freed slaves from Virginia. Jackson was an early force in advancing civil rights in Connecticut, and is credited with securing a position for the first African-American teacher in the city's public schools. Members of the congregation have also historically occupied important civic and social positions in the community. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ a b c "NRHP nomination for Union Baptist Church". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-12-10. External links Union Baptist Church website vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places  National Register of Historic Places portal Category Authority control databases VIAF
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[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hartford,_Connecticut"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majnun,_Iran_(disambiguation)
Majnun, Iran
[]
Majnun or Majnoon (Persian: مجنون) may refer to: Majnun, Bushehr Majnun, Khuzestan Majnun-e Olya, West Azerbaijan Province Majnun-e Sofla, West Azerbaijan Province Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cdai,_Mie
Ōdai
["1 Geography","1.1 Neighboring municipalities","2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 History","5 Government","6 Economy","7 Education","8 Transportation","8.1 Railway","8.2 Highway","9 Local attractions","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°24′N 136°24′E / 34.400°N 136.400°E / 34.400; 136.400Town in Kansai, JapanŌdai　 大台町　TownŌdai town hall FlagEmblemLocation of Ōdai in Mie PrefectureŌdai　 Coordinates: 34°24′N 136°24′E / 34.400°N 136.400°E / 34.400; 136.400CountryJapanRegionKansaiPrefectureMieDistrictTakiArea • Total362.86 km2 (140.10 sq mi)Population (June 30, 2021) • Total8,847 • Density24/km2 (63/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)Phone number0598-82-3781Address750 Sahara, Ōdai-chō, Taki-gun, Mie-ken 519-2404WebsiteOfficial website Ōsugidani Ravine Ōdai (大台町, Ōdai-chō) is a town located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2021, the town had an estimated population of 8,847 in 4125 households and a population density of 24 persons per km². The total area of the town was 362.86 square kilometres (140.10 sq mi). Geography Ōdai is located in southeastern Kii Peninsula in central Mie Prefecture. An inland municipality, Ōdai extends almost the width of Mie Prefecture from east to west, but is narrow north to south. Neighboring municipalities Mie Prefecture Matsusaka Taki Taiki Watarai Kihoku Nara Prefecture Kawakami Kamikitayama Climate Ōdai has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ōdai is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2683 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.7 °C. Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōdai has decreased steadily over the past 60 years and is now less than it was a century ago. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 14,816—     1930 14,657−1.1% 1940 14,841+1.3% 1950 18,444+24.3% 1960 17,399−5.7% 1970 13,754−20.9% 1980 13,172−4.2% 1990 12,144−7.8% 2000 11,399−6.1% 2010 10,419−8.6% History The area of present-day Ōdai was part of ancient Ise Province, but was mostly part of Kii Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The village of Misedani in Taki District, Mie Prefecture, was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was raised to town status in 1953. The town of Ōdai was established on September 30, 1956 by the merger Misedani with the village of Kawazoe. On January 1, 2006, the last remaining village in Mie Prefecture, Miyagawa Village, merged with Ōdai. Government Ōdai has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 11 members. Ōdai contributes two members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Mie 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Economy Ōdai serves as a commercial center for the surrounding region. Education Ōdai has four public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Mie Prefectural Board of Education. Transportation Railway JR Tōkai – Kisei Main Line Tochihara - Kawazoe - Misedani - Takihara Highway Kisei Expressway National Route 42} National Route 422 Local attractions Mount Ōdaigahara References ^ "Ōdai town official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ Ōdai climate data ^ Ōdai population statistics External links Media related to Ōdai, Mie at Wikimedia Commons Ōdai official website (in Japanese) vteMie PrefectureTsu (capital)Special city Yokkaichi Cities Tsu Ise Matsusaka Kuwana Suzuka Nabari Owase Kameyama Toba Kumano Inabe Shima Iga Districts Inabe District Tōin Kitamuro District Kihoku Kuwana District Kisosaki Mie District Asahi Kawagoe Komono Minamimuro District Kihō Mihama Taki District Meiwa Ōdai Taki Watarai District Minamiise Taiki Tamaki Watarai List of mergers in Mie Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A0%82%E5%80%89%E6%BB%9D.jpg"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Mie Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cdai&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%8Cdai-hp-1"}],"text":"Town in Kansai, JapanŌsugidani RavineŌdai (大台町, Ōdai-chō) is a town located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2021[update], the town had an estimated population of 8,847 in 4125 households and a population density of 24 persons per km².[1] The total area of the town was 362.86 square kilometres (140.10 sq mi).","title":"Ōdai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kii Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kii_Peninsula"}],"text":"Ōdai is located in southeastern Kii Peninsula in central Mie Prefecture. An inland municipality, Ōdai extends almost the width of Mie Prefecture from east to west, but is narrow north to south.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matsusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsusaka,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Taki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Taiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiki,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Watarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watarai,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Kihoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihoku,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Kawakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawakami,_Nara"},{"link_name":"Kamikitayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikitayama,_Nara"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring municipalities","text":"Mie PrefectureMatsusaka\nTaki\nTaiki\nWatarai\nKihokuNara PrefectureKawakami\nKamikitayama","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ōdai has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ōdai is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2683 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.7 °C.[2]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[3] the population of Ōdai has decreased steadily over the past 60 years and is now less than it was a century ago.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ise Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_Province"},{"link_name":"Kii Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kii_Domain"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Taki District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki_District,_Mie"}],"text":"The area of present-day Ōdai was part of ancient Ise Province, but was mostly part of Kii Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The village of Misedani in Taki District, Mie Prefecture, was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was raised to town status in 1953. The town of Ōdai was established on September 30, 1956 by the merger Misedani with the village of Kawazoe. On January 1, 2006, the last remaining village in Mie Prefecture, Miyagawa Village, merged with Ōdai.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Ōdai has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 11 members. Ōdai contributes two members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Mie 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ōdai serves as a commercial center for the surrounding region.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ōdai has four public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Mie Prefectural Board of Education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(central).svg"},{"link_name":"JR Tōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Kisei Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisei_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Tochihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochihara_Station"},{"link_name":"Kawazoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawazoe_Station"},{"link_name":"Misedani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misedani_Station"},{"link_name":"Takihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takihara_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"JR Tōkai – Kisei Main LineTochihara - Kawazoe - Misedani - Takihara","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kisei Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisei_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_42"},{"link_name":"National Route 422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_422"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"Kisei Expressway\n National Route 42}\n National Route 422","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Ōdaigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_%C5%8Cdaigahara"}],"text":"Mount Ōdaigahara","title":"Local attractions"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Ōdai town official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odaitown.jp/","url_text":"\"Ōdai town official statistics\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande,_OR
La Grande, Oregon
["1 History","1.1 Early settlement","1.2 Growth","1.3 Sugar factory","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Museums and other points of interest","4.1 Commercial district","5 Education","6 Media","7 Transportation","7.1 Highways","7.2 Rail","7.3 Air","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°19′27″N 118°05′12″W / 45.32417°N 118.08667°W / 45.32417; -118.08667 City in Oregon, United StatesLa Grande, OregonCityClockwise: Aerial view of the city; the Foley Building; the Granada theater; Carnegie Library; Catherine Creek; Eastern Oregon University Pierce Library FlagSealMotto: The Hub of Northeast OregonLocation in OregonCoordinates: 45°19′27″N 118°05′12″W / 45.32417°N 118.08667°W / 45.32417; -118.08667CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyUnionIncorporated1865Government • MayorJustin Rock (R)Area • Total4.59 sq mi (11.89 km2) • Land4.58 sq mi (11.87 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)Elevation2,772 ft (845 m)Population (2020) • Total13,026 • Density2,842.86/sq mi (1,097.61/km2)Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (Pacific)ZIP code97850Area code(s)458 and 541FIPS code41-40350GNIS feature ID2411568WebsiteCity Of La Grande Website La Grande (/ləˈɡrænd/) is a city in Union County, Oregon, United States. La Grande is Union County's largest city, with a population of 13,082 at the time of the 2010 U.S. Census. The La Grande metro population is 25,076. It is the 16th largest metropolitan area in Oregon. La Grande is located within the Grande Ronde Valley and is the only true valley in Oregon as it is surrounded by mountains. The Blue Mountains, Elkhorn Mountains, Eagle Cap Wilderness and Grande Ronde River offer abundance of natural resources and wildlife. Economically, it started as a logging and agriculture town but is now identified as a gateway for many outdoor sports. It is the hub for surrounding communities offering outdoor recreation, shopping centers and entertainment. La Grande is known for its theater and arts as the downtown area boasts Liberty Theater and the Elgin Opera House often has local showings. La Grande also is a college town with a student population of 2,825 at Eastern Oregon University. History Originally named "Brownsville," it was forced to change its name because that name was being used for a city in Linn County. Located in the Grande Ronde Valley, the city's name comes from an early French settler, Charles Dause, who often used the phrase "La Grande" to describe the area's beauty. The population was 13,082 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Union County. La Grande lies east of the Blue Mountains and southeast of Pendleton. Early settlement The Grande Ronde Valley had long been a waypoint along the Oregon Trail. The first permanent settler in the La Grande area was Benjamin Brown in 1861. Not long after, the Leasey family and about twenty others settled there. The settlement was originally named after Ben Brown as Brown's Fort, Brown's Town, or Brownsville. There was already a Brownsville in Linn County, so when the post office was established in 1863, a more distinctive name was needed. It was decided to use "La Grande", a phrase used by a Frenchman, Charles Dause, to describe the area's scenic splendor. Before the post office was established, William Currey charged 50 cents a letter to carry the mail on horseback to and from the nearest post office, in Walla Walla, Washington. La Grande was incorporated as a city in 1865, and platted in 1868. Growth La Grande grew rapidly during the late 1860s and early 1870s, partially because of the region's many gold mines and the valley's agricultural capabilities. The early business establishments centered on C Avenue between present day Fourth Street and the hillside on the west end. In 1884, the railroad came to the flat slightly east of "Old Town". This helped the town to grow and gave rise to "New Town", centered on Adams Avenue and built parallel to the railroad tracks. By 1900, La Grande's population was 2992, representing half of the population of Baker City. La Grande's Eastern Oregon University, formerly known as Eastern Oregon State College, began in 1929 as Eastern Oregon Normal School, a teachers college. Sugar factory La Grande had a factory for processing sugar beets into raw sugar. The sugar beets came from the nearby Mormon town of Nibley, Oregon, and both were owned by the Oregon Sugar Company. R. Doerstling, the superintendent of the factory in 1899, reported seeing a Native American teepee built out of used cloth filters from the factory. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.61 square miles (11.94 km2), of which 4.58 square miles (11.86 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water. The town is a major hub in the valley. Mount Emily is a Grande Ronde Valley landmark towering over the city of La Grande to the north. It often features prominently on logos of local organizations and is matched on the other side of the valley by a similar landmark, Mount Harris. Climate Under the Köppen climate classification system, La Grande features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), closely bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). This climate type is characterized by warm, dry summers and cold winters. Climate data for La Grande, Oregon (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1965–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 61(16) 66(19) 79(26) 88(31) 95(35) 108(42) 108(42) 106(41) 103(39) 89(32) 71(22) 62(17) 108(42) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.3(4.1) 44.0(6.7) 51.6(10.9) 58.7(14.8) 67.8(19.9) 74.9(23.8) 86.2(30.1) 87.0(30.6) 77.3(25.2) 62.4(16.9) 47.7(8.7) 38.7(3.7) 61.3(16.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 31.9(−0.1) 35.4(1.9) 41.1(5.1) 47.0(8.3) 55.2(12.9) 61.8(16.6) 70.3(21.3) 69.9(21.1) 61.0(16.1) 49.0(9.4) 38.8(3.8) 31.5(−0.3) 49.4(9.7) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 24.6(−4.1) 26.8(−2.9) 30.6(−0.8) 35.2(1.8) 42.5(5.8) 48.7(9.3) 54.5(12.5) 52.8(11.6) 44.8(7.1) 35.6(2.0) 30.0(−1.1) 24.4(−4.2) 37.5(3.1) Record low °F (°C) −17(−27) −10(−23) 9(−13) 16(−9) 24(−4) 22(−6) 32(0) 31(−1) 23(−5) 9(−13) −14(−26) −18(−28) −18(−28) Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.67(42) 1.23(31) 1.72(44) 1.83(46) 2.24(57) 1.37(35) 0.60(15) 0.67(17) 0.67(17) 1.58(40) 1.94(49) 1.88(48) 17.40(442) Average snowfall inches (cm) 3.3(8.4) 1.0(2.5) 0.8(2.0) 0.1(0.25) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.2(3.0) 3.0(7.6) 9.4(24) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.8 7.9 10.2 9.9 9.2 7.9 3.8 3.0 3.8 7.8 10.1 11.2 94.3 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.2 1.6 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 3.5 11.1 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1870240—188040066.7%18902,583545.8%19002,99115.8%19104,84361.9%19206,91342.7%19308,05016.4%19407,747−3.8%19508,63511.5%19609,0144.4%19709,6457.0%198011,35417.7%199011,7663.6%200012,3274.8%201013,0826.1%202013,026−0.4%source: 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 13,082 people, 5,395 households, and 3,073 families living in the city. The population density was 2,856.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,102.8/km2). There were 5,794 housing units at an average density of 1,265.1 per square mile (488.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.3% White, 0.8% African American, 1.4% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 1.5% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6% of the population. There were 5,395 households, of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age in the city was 32.8 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 16% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 12,327 people, 5,124 households, and 2,982 families living in the city. The population density was 2,833.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,094.0/km2). There were 5,483 housing units at an average density of 1,260.3 per square mile (486.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.92% White, 1.26% Asian, 0.90% Pacific Islander, 0.78% Native American, 0.68% African American, 1.40% from other races, and 2.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population. There were 5,124 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.93. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 16.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $31,576, and the median income for a family was $40,508. Males had a median income of $32,746 versus $21,930 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,550. About 8.3% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. Museums and other points of interest Commercial district See also Wikimedia Commons Photographs from the La Grande Commercial Historic District City Hall, located within the historic commercial district and formerly used as a Post Office and federal building La Grande includes a historic commercial district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 2001. The 42.7-acre (17.3 ha) district is bounded by the following: on the northeast, by Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company/Union Pacific Railroad tracks along Jefferson Avenue; on the south, by Spring Avenue, Greenwood Street and Cove Avenue; on the southwest by Washington Avenue; and on the west by Fourth Street. Education The city is served by the La Grande School District, which includes Central Elementary School, Island City Elementary, Greenwood Elementary School, La Grande Middle School, and La Grande High School. La Grande is the home of Eastern Oregon University. Media The Observer is the local daily newspaper. Local radio stations include KLBM AM 1450 and the following stations on the FM dial: KUBQ FM 98.7, KWRL FM 102.3, KTVR FM 90.3 KCMB FM 104.7, and KRJT FM 105.9. La Grande is considered part of the Portland television market despite its distance from the western part of the state. Spanish language Univision affiliate KUNP (channel 16) is licensed to La Grande as a sister station to Portland ABC affiliate KATU (channel 2), though is effectively considered to be a Portland station because its former owner employed a strategy of using fringe stations to serve an entire market through cable and satellite distribution with little to no local presence (KUNP's parent company maintains a translator station serving Portland proper). Transportation Highways Eastbound exit 261 into La Grande off Interstate 84 Interstate 84 is the main freeway past La Grande. It links La Grande with other nearby cities in the area (Pendleton, Baker City), as well as other regionally important cities, including Ontario, Umatilla, Portland, Boise, Idaho, and Spokane and Tri-Cities, and Seattle in Washington. U.S. Route 30 serves as La Grande's main street under the name of Adams Avenue. Oregon Route 82 begins in La Grande at its intersection with Adams Avenue. The La Grande area's portion of OR 82 is Island Avenue, commonly known as the Island City Strip because it serves as the main road to La Grande's northern suburb of Island City. OR 82 ends in Wallowa County's town of Joseph, Oregon. Oregon Route 237 begins in nearby Island City and is the main route to the nearby town of Cove. It ends in North Powder and joins Interstate 84 there. Oregon Route 203 starts southeast of La Grande, near the intersection of Interstate 84 and U.S. Route 30. It is the main route to the town of Union. It ends a few miles north of Baker City. The Highway travels through Pyles Canyon and is an alternate route to Ladd Canyon, the main route on I-84 out of the Grande Ronde Valley to the south. Rail La Grande is a crew change point on the Huntington and La Grande subdivisions of the Union Pacific Railroad, originally constructed through the area in 1884 by the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. Between 1977 and 1997, the city had a station along the former route of Amtrak's Pioneer between Chicago, Salt Lake City, Portland and Seattle. The 1930-built station still exists, and is used by Union Pacific as offices. La Grande is also the junction of the Idaho Northern and Pacific Railroad's 20-mile (32 km) short line to Elgin. Air La Grande/Union County Airport Notable people Ray Baum, Oregon state legislator, lawyer Jadin Bell, whose suicide helped spark national awareness of bullying Joe Bell, anti-bullying and suicide awareness activist, and father of Jadin Bell Bucky Buckwalter, former National Basketball Association coach and executive William De Los Santos, poet, screenwriter and film director Ron Gilbert, a computer game designer, LucasArts adventure games Steve House, professional climber and mountain guide John F. Nugent, United States Senator from Idaho Jack Ward Thomas, senior research wildlife biologist, 13th Chief of the U.S. Forest Service Agnes Vernon, silent film actress Paul Wheaton, permaculture theorist, software engineer References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: La Grande, Oregon ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ a b "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". 2010 Demographic Profile Data. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2011. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ Reavis, J (2005). "First Settlement in Grande Ronde Valley, Union County, Oregon". Oregon Genealogy. Retrieved October 22, 2011. ^ a b McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) . Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0875952772. ^ a b c d e Reavis, J (2005). "La Grande History, Union County, Oregon". Oregon Genealogy. Retrieved December 29, 2008. ^ Bailey, Barbara Ruth (1982). Main Street: Northeastern Oregon. Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0-87595-073-6. ^ Bailey, Barbara Ruth (1982). Main Street: Northeastern Oregon. Oregon Historical Society. p. 27. ISBN 0-87595-073-6. ^ Allen, Cain (2005). "Eastern Oregon Normal School". Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved December 3, 2009. ^ Arrington, Leonard J. (1966). Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966. University of Washington Press. p. 29. OCLC 234150.; see also Ogden Standard, 1899-07-08) ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2023. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2023. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 211. ^ "Subcounty population estimates: Oregon 2000-2007". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 18, 2009. Archived from the original (CSV) on May 15, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2009. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013. ^ "Standards and Guidelines Manual for Historic Rehabilitation and Preservation for La Grande, Oregon". City of La Grande. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2011. ^ Halvorson, Gary (2005). "A 1940 Journey Across Oregon: Baker to La Grande". Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved May 15, 2009. ^ "P.R.I.I.A Section 224 Pioneer Route Passenger Rail Study". Amtrak. Retrieved December 3, 2009. ^ "Pioneer Route Passenger Rail Study" (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ "Idaho Northern & Pacific Railroad INPR #331". Union Pacific. Retrieved December 3, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Grande, Oregon. City of La Grande (official website) La Grande listing in the Oregon Blue Book "La Grande". The Oregon Encyclopedia. Union County Chamber of Commerce vteMunicipalities and communities of Union County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: La GrandeCities Cove Elgin Imbler Island City La Grande North Powder Summerville Union Map of Oregon highlighting Union CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Alicel Hilgard Hot Lake Kamela Medical Springs Orodell Perry Pondosa Starkey Telocaset Indian reservation Umatilla Indian Reservation Ghost town Nibley Oregon portal United States portal vteState of OregonSalem (capital)Topics Index Outline Climate Geography fauna beaches lakes rivers Government constitution delegations ballot measures elections Governor list History bibliography Oregon Trail timeline Parks People Pioneers State Fair Symbols Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws LGBT rights Gambling Politics RegionsWestern Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany–Corvallis Bend–Prineville Eugene–Springfield Medford–Ashland Portland Salem–Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill  Oregon portal  Pacific Northwest portal vteCounty seats of Oregon Albany Astoria Baker City Bend Burns Canyon City Condon Coquille Corvallis Dallas Enterprise Eugene Fossil Gold Beach Grants Pass Heppner Hillsboro Hood River Klamath Falls La Grande Lakeview Madras McMinnville Medford Moro Newport Oregon City Pendleton Portland Prineville Roseburg St. Helens Salem The Dalles Tillamook Vale Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ləˈɡrænd/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Union County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"}],"text":"City in Oregon, United StatesLa Grande (/ləˈɡrænd/) is a city in Union County, Oregon, United States. La Grande is Union County's largest city, with a population of 13,082 at the time of the 2010 U.S. Census. The La Grande metro population is 25,076. It is the 16th largest metropolitan area in Oregon.La Grande is located within the Grande Ronde Valley and is the only true valley in Oregon as it is surrounded by mountains. The Blue Mountains, Elkhorn Mountains, Eagle Cap Wilderness and Grande Ronde River offer abundance of natural resources and wildlife. Economically, it started as a logging and agriculture town but is now identified as a gateway for many outdoor sports.It is the hub for surrounding communities offering outdoor recreation, shopping centers and entertainment. La Grande is known for its theater and arts as the downtown area boasts Liberty Theater and the Elgin Opera House often has local showings. La Grande also is a college town with a student population of 2,825 at Eastern Oregon University.","title":"La Grande, Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Linn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Grande Ronde Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Ronde_Valley"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_2010"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-5"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Union County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-6"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Pacific_Northwest)"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton,_Oregon"}],"text":"Originally named \"Brownsville,\" it was forced to change its name because that name was being used for a city in Linn County. Located in the Grande Ronde Valley, the city's name comes from an early French settler, Charles Dause, who often used the phrase \"La Grande\" to describe the area's beauty. The population was 13,082 at the 2010 census.[5] It is the county seat of Union County.[6] La Grande lies east of the Blue Mountains and southeast of Pendleton.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grande Ronde Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Ronde_Valley"},{"link_name":"Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGen2-7"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Linn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGen-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGen-9"},{"link_name":"Walla Walla, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGen-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGN-8"},{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-main-10"}],"sub_title":"Early settlement","text":"The Grande Ronde Valley had long been a waypoint along the Oregon Trail. The first permanent settler in the La Grande area was Benjamin Brown in 1861.[7] Not long after, the Leasey family and about twenty others settled there. The settlement was originally named after Ben Brown as Brown's Fort, Brown's Town, or Brownsville. There was already a Brownsville in Linn County, so when the post office was established in 1863, a more distinctive name was needed.[8][9] It was decided to use \"La Grande\", a phrase used by a Frenchman, Charles Dause, to describe the area's scenic splendor.[9] Before the post office was established, William Currey charged 50 cents a letter to carry the mail on horseback to and from the nearest post office, in Walla Walla, Washington.[9] La Grande was incorporated as a city in 1865,[8] and platted in 1868.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGen-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORGen-9"},{"link_name":"Baker City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Eastern Oregon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Oregon_University"},{"link_name":"teachers college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_college"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Growth","text":"La Grande grew rapidly during the late 1860s and early 1870s, partially because of the region's many gold mines and the valley's agricultural capabilities. The early business establishments centered on C Avenue between present day Fourth Street and the hillside on the west end.[9]In 1884, the railroad came to the flat slightly east of \"Old Town\".[9] This helped the town to grow and gave rise to \"New Town\", centered on Adams Avenue and built parallel to the railroad tracks.By 1900, La Grande's population was 2992, representing half of the population of Baker City.[11]La Grande's Eastern Oregon University, formerly known as Eastern Oregon State College, began in 1929 as Eastern Oregon Normal School, a teachers college.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sugar beets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"Nibley, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibley,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Sugar Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Sugar_Company"},{"link_name":"teepee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teepee"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Sugar factory","text":"La Grande had a factory for processing sugar beets into raw sugar. The sugar beets came from the nearby Mormon town of Nibley, Oregon, and both were owned by the Oregon Sugar Company. R. Doerstling, the superintendent of the factory in 1899, reported seeing a Native American teepee built out of used cloth filters from the factory.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-14"},{"link_name":"Mount Emily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Emily_(Union_County,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Grande Ronde Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Ronde_Valley"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.61 square miles (11.94 km2), of which 4.58 square miles (11.86 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water.[14] The town is a major hub in the valley. Mount Emily is a Grande Ronde Valley landmark towering over the city of La Grande to the north. It often features prominently on logos of local organizations and is matched on the other side of the valley by a similar landmark, Mount Harris.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"warm-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"hot-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-16"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Under the Köppen climate classification system, La Grande features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), closely bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). This climate type is characterized by warm, dry summers and cold winters.Climate data for La Grande, Oregon (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1965–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n61(16)\n\n66(19)\n\n79(26)\n\n88(31)\n\n95(35)\n\n108(42)\n\n108(42)\n\n106(41)\n\n103(39)\n\n89(32)\n\n71(22)\n\n62(17)\n\n108(42)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n39.3(4.1)\n\n44.0(6.7)\n\n51.6(10.9)\n\n58.7(14.8)\n\n67.8(19.9)\n\n74.9(23.8)\n\n86.2(30.1)\n\n87.0(30.6)\n\n77.3(25.2)\n\n62.4(16.9)\n\n47.7(8.7)\n\n38.7(3.7)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n55.2(12.9)\n\n61.8(16.6)\n\n70.3(21.3)\n\n69.9(21.1)\n\n61.0(16.1)\n\n49.0(9.4)\n\n38.8(3.8)\n\n31.5(−0.3)\n\n49.4(9.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n24.6(−4.1)\n\n26.8(−2.9)\n\n30.6(−0.8)\n\n35.2(1.8)\n\n42.5(5.8)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n54.5(12.5)\n\n52.8(11.6)\n\n44.8(7.1)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n30.0(−1.1)\n\n24.4(−4.2)\n\n37.5(3.1)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−17(−27)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n9(−13)\n\n16(−9)\n\n24(−4)\n\n22(−6)\n\n32(0)\n\n31(−1)\n\n23(−5)\n\n9(−13)\n\n−14(−26)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.67(42)\n\n1.23(31)\n\n1.72(44)\n\n1.83(46)\n\n2.24(57)\n\n1.37(35)\n\n0.60(15)\n\n0.67(17)\n\n0.67(17)\n\n1.58(40)\n\n1.94(49)\n\n1.88(48)\n\n17.40(442)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n3.3(8.4)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.8(2.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n3.0(7.6)\n\n9.4(24)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n9.8\n\n7.9\n\n10.2\n\n9.9\n\n9.2\n\n7.9\n\n3.8\n\n3.0\n\n3.8\n\n7.8\n\n10.1\n\n11.2\n\n94.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n3.2\n\n1.6\n\n1.3\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n1.3\n\n3.5\n\n11.1\n\n\nSource: NOAA[15][16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 13,082 people, 5,395 households, and 3,073 families living in the city. The population density was 2,856.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,102.8/km2). There were 5,794 housing units at an average density of 1,265.1 per square mile (488.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.3% White, 0.8% African American, 1.4% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 1.5% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6% of the population.[4]There were 5,395 households, of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.93.[4]The median age in the city was 32.8 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 16% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-4"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 12,327 people, 5,124 households, and 2,982 families living in the city. The population density was 2,833.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,094.0/km2). There were 5,483 housing units at an average density of 1,260.3 per square mile (486.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.92% White, 1.26% Asian, 0.90% Pacific Islander, 0.78% Native American, 0.68% African American, 1.40% from other races, and 2.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population.[4]There were 5,124 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.93.[4]In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 16.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.[4]The median income for a household in the city was $31,576, and the median income for a family was $40,508. Males had a median income of $32,746 versus $21,930 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,550. About 8.3% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Museums and other points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikimedia Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons"},{"link_name":"Photographs from the La Grande Commercial Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:La_Grande_Commercial_Historic_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Hall_-_La_Grande_Oregon.jpg"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_and_Federal_Building_(La_Grande,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"historic commercial district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Grande_Commercial_Historic_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Railroad_and_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"}],"sub_title":"Commercial district","text":"See also Wikimedia Commons Photographs from the La Grande Commercial Historic DistrictCity Hall, located within the historic commercial district and formerly used as a Post Office and federal buildingLa Grande includes a historic commercial district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 2001. The 42.7-acre (17.3 ha) district is bounded by the following:[20]on the northeast, by Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company/Union Pacific Railroad tracks along Jefferson Avenue;\non the south, by Spring Avenue, Greenwood Street and Cove Avenue;\non the southwest by Washington Avenue; and\non the west by Fourth Street.","title":"Museums and other points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Grande School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Grande_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Grande High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande_High_School"},{"link_name":"Eastern Oregon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Oregon_University"}],"text":"The city is served by the La Grande School District, which includes Central Elementary School, Island City Elementary, Greenwood Elementary School, La Grande Middle School, and La Grande High School. La Grande is the home of Eastern Oregon University.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer_(La_Grande)"},{"link_name":"KLBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBM"},{"link_name":"KUBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUBQ"},{"link_name":"KWRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWRL"},{"link_name":"KTVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVR-FM"},{"link_name":"KCMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCMB"},{"link_name":"KRJT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRJT"},{"link_name":"Spanish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"KUNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUNP"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KATU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATU"},{"link_name":"former owner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Media_Holdings"},{"link_name":"translator station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_translator"}],"text":"The Observer is the local daily newspaper. Local radio stations include\nKLBM AM 1450 and the following stations on the FM dial:\nKUBQ FM 98.7,\nKWRL FM 102.3,\nKTVR FM 90.3\nKCMB FM 104.7, and\nKRJT FM 105.9.La Grande is considered part of the Portland television market despite its distance from the western part of the state. Spanish language\nUnivision affiliate KUNP (channel 16) is licensed to La Grande as a sister station to Portland ABC affiliate KATU (channel 2), though is effectively considered to be a Portland station because its former owner employed a strategy of using fringe stations to serve an entire market through cable and satellite distribution with little to no local presence (KUNP's parent company maintains a translator station serving Portland proper).","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FreewayMoon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-84.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Baker City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Umatilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Tri-Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_30.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OR_82.svg"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_82"},{"link_name":"Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Wallowa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowa_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Joseph, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph,_Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OR_237.svg"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_237"},{"link_name":"Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"North Powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Powder,_Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OR_203.svg"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_203"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Baker City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Grande Ronde Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Ronde_Valley"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"Eastbound exit 261 into La Grande off Interstate 84Interstate 84 is the main freeway past La Grande. It links La Grande with other nearby cities in the area (Pendleton, Baker City), as well as other regionally important cities, including Ontario, Umatilla, Portland, Boise, Idaho, and Spokane and Tri-Cities, and Seattle in Washington.\n U.S. Route 30 serves as La Grande's main street under the name of Adams Avenue.\n Oregon Route 82 begins in La Grande at its intersection with Adams Avenue. The La Grande area's portion of OR 82 is Island Avenue, commonly known as the Island City Strip because it serves as the main road to La Grande's northern suburb of Island City. OR 82 ends in Wallowa County's town of Joseph, Oregon.\n Oregon Route 237 begins in nearby Island City and is the main route to the nearby town of Cove. It ends in North Powder and joins Interstate 84 there.\n Oregon Route 203 starts southeast of La Grande, near the intersection of Interstate 84 and U.S. Route 30. It is the main route to the town of Union. It ends a few miles north of Baker City. The Highway travels through Pyles Canyon and is an alternate route to Ladd Canyon, the main route on I-84 out of the Grande Ronde Valley to the south.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Oregon Railway and Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Railway_and_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande_station_(Union_Pacific_Railroad)"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amtrak_study-23"},{"link_name":"Idaho Northern and Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Northern_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"La Grande is a crew change point on the Huntington and La Grande subdivisions of the Union Pacific Railroad, originally constructed through the area in 1884 by the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company.[21] Between 1977 and 1997, the city had a station along the former route of Amtrak's Pioneer between Chicago, Salt Lake City, Portland and Seattle.[22] The 1930-built station still exists, and is used by Union Pacific as offices.[23] La Grande is also the junction of the Idaho Northern and Pacific Railroad's 20-mile (32 km) short line to Elgin.[24]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Grande/Union County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande/Union_County_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"La Grande/Union County Airport","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Baum"},{"link_name":"Jadin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell"},{"link_name":"bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"Joe Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bell_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bucky Buckwalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Buckwalter"},{"link_name":"William De Los Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_De_Los_Santos"},{"link_name":"Ron Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Steve House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_House_(climber)"},{"link_name":"John F. Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Nugent"},{"link_name":"Jack Ward Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ward_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Agnes Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Vernon"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Paul Wheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wheaton"},{"link_name":"permaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture"},{"link_name":"software engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineer"}],"text":"Ray Baum, Oregon state legislator, lawyer\nJadin Bell, whose suicide helped spark national awareness of bullying\nJoe Bell, anti-bullying and suicide awareness activist, and father of Jadin Bell\nBucky Buckwalter, former National Basketball Association coach and executive\nWilliam De Los Santos, poet, screenwriter and film director\nRon Gilbert, a computer game designer, LucasArts adventure games\nSteve House, professional climber and mountain guide\nJohn F. Nugent, United States Senator from Idaho\nJack Ward Thomas, senior research wildlife biologist, 13th Chief of the U.S. Forest Service\nAgnes Vernon, silent film actress\nPaul Wheaton, permaculture theorist, software engineer","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"City Hall, located within the historic commercial district and formerly used as a Post Office and federal building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/City_Hall_-_La_Grande_Oregon.jpg/220px-City_Hall_-_La_Grande_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastbound exit 261 into La Grande off Interstate 84","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/FreewayMoon.jpg/220px-FreewayMoon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Oregon highlighting Union County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Union_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Union_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2741%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:41&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010\". 2010 Demographic Profile Data. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"Reavis, J (2005). \"First Settlement in Grande Ronde Valley, Union County, Oregon\". Oregon Genealogy. Retrieved October 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregongenealogy.com/union/firstsettle.htm","url_text":"\"First Settlement in Grande Ronde Valley, Union County, Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0875952772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._McArthur","url_text":"McArthur, Lewis A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_L._McArthur","url_text":"McArthur, Lewis L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Geographic_Names","url_text":"Oregon Geographic Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875952772","url_text":"978-0875952772"}]},{"reference":"Reavis, J (2005). \"La Grande History, Union County, Oregon\". Oregon Genealogy. Retrieved December 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregongenealogy.com/union/lagrande.htm","url_text":"\"La Grande History, Union County, Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Barbara Ruth (1982). Main Street: Northeastern Oregon. Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0-87595-073-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-073-6","url_text":"0-87595-073-6"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Barbara Ruth (1982). Main Street: Northeastern Oregon. Oregon Historical Society. p. 27. ISBN 0-87595-073-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-073-6","url_text":"0-87595-073-6"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Cain (2005). \"Eastern Oregon Normal School\". Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved December 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=27BF6084-C3FF-70CD-6F3B18A9DF189EC8","url_text":"\"Eastern Oregon Normal School\""}]},{"reference":"Arrington, Leonard J. (1966). Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966. University of Washington Press. p. 29. OCLC 234150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press","url_text":"University of Washington Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234150","url_text":"234150"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=pdt","url_text":"\"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00354622&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subcounty population estimates: Oregon 2000-2007\". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 18, 2009. Archived from the original (CSV) on May 15, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090515142717/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-41.csv","url_text":"\"Subcounty population estimates: Oregon 2000-2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-41.csv","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values","url_text":"CSV"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Standards and Guidelines Manual for Historic Rehabilitation and Preservation for La Grande, Oregon\". City of La Grande. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160407002403/http://cityoflagrande.org/muraprojects/muralag/lagcity/?linkservid=974a590b-0913-33c2-b5e03ef9d3babe21&showmeta=0","url_text":"\"Standards and Guidelines Manual for Historic Rehabilitation and Preservation for La Grande, Oregon\""},{"url":"http://www.cityoflagrande.org/muraProjects/muraLAG/lagcity/?LinkServID=974A590B-0913-33C2-B5E03EF9D3BABE21&showMeta=0","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"Halvorson, Gary (2005). \"A 1940 Journey Across Oregon: Baker to La Grande\". Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved May 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/oregon-journey/Pages/baker-lagrande.aspx","url_text":"\"A 1940 Journey Across Oregon: Baker to La Grande\""}]},{"reference":"\"P.R.I.I.A Section 224 Pioneer Route Passenger Rail Study\". Amtrak. Retrieved December 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249200496429&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=attachment;filename=Amtrak_PioneerServiceStudy.pdf.","url_text":"\"P.R.I.I.A Section 224 Pioneer Route Passenger Rail Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneer Route Passenger Rail Study\" (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://transitzac.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/amtrak_pioneerservicestudy.pdf","url_text":"\"Pioneer Route Passenger Rail Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200328195845/https://transitzac.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/amtrak_pioneerservicestudy.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Idaho Northern & Pacific Railroad INPR #331\". Union Pacific. Retrieved December 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uprr.com/customers/shortline/lines/inp.shtml","url_text":"\"Idaho Northern & Pacific Railroad INPR #331\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Grande\". The Oregon Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/la_grande/","url_text":"\"La Grande\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Oregon Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_New_York
Amherst, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent cities and towns","2.2 Neighborhoods","2.3 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Arts and culture","6 Sports","7 Government","7.1 Crime and public safety","8 Education","8.1 Higher education","8.2 Public schools","9 Media","10 Infrastructure","11 Notable people","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°58′42″N 78°48′00″W / 42.97833°N 78.80000°W / 42.97833; -78.80000 Town in New York, United StatesAmherstTownTown of AmherstAmherst Municipal Building FlagLocation of Amherst in Erie County, New York (left) and of Erie County in New York state (right)Location of New York in the United StatesAmherstShow map of New YorkAmherstShow map of the United StatesAmherstShow map of North AmericaCoordinates: 42°58′42″N 78°48′00″W / 42.97833°N 78.80000°W / 42.97833; -78.80000Country United StatesState New YorkCountyErieIncorporatedApril 10, 1818Named forJeffery Amherst, 1st Baron AmherstGovernment • TypeTown council • SupervisorBrian Kulpa (D) • Deputy SupervisorDeborah Bruch Bucki (D) • Councilmembers List Jacqualine G. Berger (D)Shawn Lavin (D)Michael Szukala (D)  • ClerkFrancina J. SpothArea • Total53.58 sq mi (138.78 km2) • Land53.20 sq mi (137.78 km2) • Water0.39 sq mi (1.00 km2)  0.73%Elevation594 ft (181 m)Population (2020) • Total129,595  • Estimate (2019)126,082 • Density2,364.58/sq mi (912.96/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code14068, 14221, 14226, 14228, 14231, 14260, 14261Area code716FIPS code36-029-02000Websitewww.amherst.ny.us Amherst (/ˈæmhərst/ ⓘ) is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. It is a suburb of Buffalo. As of 2020, the town had a total population of 129,595. This represents an increase from 122,366 as reported in the 2010 census. It is the 14th most populated City/Town in New York. The second-largest in area and the most populous suburb of Buffalo, the town of Amherst encompasses the village of Williamsville as well as the hamlets of Eggertsville, Getzville, Snyder, Swormville, and East Amherst. The town is in the northern part of Erie County and borders a section of the Erie Canal. Amherst is home to the north campus of the University at Buffalo, the graduate campus of Medaille College, a satellite campus of Bryant & Stratton College, and Daemen College. History Amherst was created by the State of New York on April 10, 1818 from part of the town of Buffalo (later the city of Buffalo), which itself had previously been created from the town of Clarence. Amherst was named after Lord Jeffrey Amherst, commander-in-chief of the British army in North America from 1758 to 1763. Timothy S. Hopkins was elected the first supervisor of the town in 1819. Part of Amherst was later separated to form the town of Cheektowaga on March 22, 1839. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 spurred Amherst's growth, bringing with it with new settlers and increased commerce. German immigrants settled in the northern part of the town as farmers, attracted by the fertile land in the area. The town's water resources encouraged the development of grist mills, saw mills, and other factories along Ellicott Creek. Several communities and hamlets started to develop around this time, such as Williamsville (1810s), Eggertsville and Snyder (1830s), East Amherst and Swormville (1850s), and Getzville (1860s). Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 53.6 square miles (138.8 km2), of which 53.2 square miles (137.8 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.73%, is water. Much of Amherst was originally floodplain and marshland, portions of which have been drained in recent years to facilitate development of new homes and businesses. The central and southern parts of the town are heavily suburbanized. Despite this development, the hamlets of Eggertsville and Snyder and the village of Williamsville have managed to retain much of their original character. The northern part of the town is still relatively undeveloped, with the prominent exception of the portions along Niagara Falls Boulevard (U.S. Route 62) bordering the towns of Tonawanda and Wheatfield. Some sections of northern and eastern Amherst have experienced problems with collapsing residential foundations as a result of unstable soil conditions. A few active farms may still be found in the northern part of the town. Amherst is bordered on the north by Tonawanda Creek and Niagara County. Ellicott Creek flows through the town. Adjacent cities and towns Niagara County, Town of Pendleton - north Niagara County, City of North Tonawanda - northwest Town of Tonawanda - west City of Buffalo - southwest Town of Lancaster - southeast Town of Cheektowaga - south Town of Clarence - east Neighborhoods This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Areas within Amherst are referred to by the former post office station names and are not legally incorporated. During the 1990s, many of these regional post offices were closed and consolidated into the central Amherst 14226 post office on Bailey Avenue, leaving only a Williamsville (14221) post office on Sheridan Drive, a Getzville (14068) post office on Millersport Highway, and an East Amherst (14051) post office on Transit Road. Mailing addresses to areas within the town are Amherst, East Amherst, Eggertsville, Getzville, Snyder, and Williamsville. These postal districts are still recognized by the post office and widely referred to by citizens. Some of these mailing addresses overlap: some areas of Clarence directly east of Transit Road have Williamsville addresses, although for the purposes of taxes, schools and community resources, these people are residents of the Town of Clarence. The areas listed below are governed and run by the Town of Amherst except for the Village of Williamsville, an independent political entity. Eggertsville -- a hamlet in the southwest part of the town, bordering on Buffalo and centered around Eggert Road. Daemen College is located on Main Street (Route 5). The community is named after early postmaster Christian Eggert. Getzville -- a location near the center of the town adjacent to Campbell Boulevard (Route 270) and Dodge Road. The name comes from early resident Joseph Getz. Audubon - A location in the center of the town situated around John James Audubon Parkway. The town police, courthouse, and main library are located here. East Amherst (formerly Transit Station) -- An unincorporated community, or hamlet, in the eastern part of the town, shared with the Town of Clarence. North Bailey -- A location at the junction of Bailey Avenue and Maple Road. Snyder (originally Snyderville after postmaster Michael Snyder) -- A suburban community located between Eggertsville and the village of Williamsville. Swormville - A hamlet in the eastern part of the town, shared with the Town of Clarence. Named for Adam Schworm, prominent landowner and businessman. Williamsville - an incorporated village within Amherst, located in the southern part of the town. Climate Average high temperatures from May through October range from 60 to 81 degrees. Average high temperatures from November through March range from 31 to 47 degrees. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1820768—18302,489224.1%18402,451−1.5%18504,15369.4%18605,08622.5%18705,2653.5%18804,319−18.0%18904,014−7.1%19004,2235.2%19104,6299.6%19206,28635.8%193013,181109.7%194019,35646.8%195031,40762.3%196057,43982.9%197090,73458.0%1980108,70619.8%1990111,7402.8%2000116,5104.3%2010122,3665.0%2020129,5955.9%Historical Population Figures As of the census of 2010, there were 122,366 people, 48,894 households, and 29,840 families residing in the town. There were 51,179 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 83.8% White, 5.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 7.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population. There were 48,894 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.98. The median income for a household in the town was $55,427, and the median income for a family was $68,951. Males had a median income of $51,667 versus $32,030 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,647. About 4.2% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. 51.7% of residents (aged 25 and over) have obtained a Bachelor's degree or higher, including 26.7% with a Graduate or professional degree. Economy In July 2010, CNNMoney ranked Amherst 42nd in a list of the Top 100 Best Places to Live in America. In 2012, CNNMoney.com ranked Amherst 50th. In 2011 and 2012, Amherst was selected as one of America's 100 Best Communities for Young People by America's Promise Alliance. National Fuel and Life Storage are headquarted in Williamsville. Arts and culture Many festivals are celebrated in Amherst throughout the year. The town is home to the Buffalo Niagara Heritage Village. The Town of Amherst Archival Research Center is located in the Harlem Road Community Center, 4255 Harlem Road, Amherst NY 14226 (previously housed in the Former Reformed Mennonite Church which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.) Sports University at Buffalo Stadium Amherst is home to the University at Buffalo Stadium, Alumni Arena, and Amherst Audubon Field, all utilized by the University at Buffalo Buffalo Bulls. The Northtown Center is the town's ice hockey arena. The arena is the home of the Buffalo Beauts of the National Women's Hockey League, the University at Buffalo Bulls men's ice hockey team, and the Buffalo Wings, a professional inline hockey team competing in Major League Roller Hockey. Government Crime and public safety Town of Amherst police Ford Taurus As of 2014, the Amherst Police Department employed 154 officers and 35 full and part-time civilian employees including the Chief, Assistant Chief, and eight captains. Amherst has been ranked as the "Safest City in America" 1996–1998, 2000–2003, and 2010. In many other years it ranked in the top 5. The ranking is based on annual reports by the FBI, including crime statistics in six categories: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, and auto theft. In 2006, Amherst was ranked the second safest city in the United States, after Brick Township, New Jersey. In 2011, it ranked 6th safest out of 400 cities. Most recently in 2014, Amherst was ranked the #1 Safest City in America with a population between 100,000 and 500,000. Education Higher education There are five separate higher educational institutions with campuses in the town. The North Campus of the University at Buffalo, a nationally ranked tier 1 research university. All university programs apart from architecture, planning, nursing, dentistry, medicine, pharmacy, and public health reside here. Daemen University One of three campuses of Erie Community College Bryant and Stratton College A satellite campus of Canisius College Public schools There are three separate public school districts within the town. Williamsville Central School District The largest district and comprises the eastern half of the town along with portions of the Town of Clarence. The district is ranked #1 out of 97 public school systems in Western New York. Williamsville high schools were awarded Silver rankings according to 2013 U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools, and rank among the top 2-3% out of over 21,000 high schools nationally. Amherst Central School District Covering the southwestern portion of the town with its core in the Eggertsville and Snyder areas. Sweet Home Central School District Covering the northwestern portion of the town along with portions of the Town of Tonawanda with its core in West Amherst and Getzville. Media The Amherst Bee installed Amherst's first telephone line.Amherst is served by the Amherst Bee newspaper. In 1969 Paul Kurtz founded the publishing house Prometheus Books in Amherst. Infrastructure Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway) passes through the southern part of town. Interstate 290 (Youngmann Memorial Highway) travels through the town diagonally from I-90 to US 62 and beyond to Tonawanda Interstate 990 (Lockport Expressway), located entirely within the Town of Amherst, runs in a roughly north–south direction through the southwest and central part of Amherst until it ends at Millersport Highway (NY 263). U.S. Route 62 marks the western town line as Niagara Falls Boulevard as the route heads north, then as Sheridan Drive then Bailey Avenue heading south out of town. New York State Route 5 (Main Street) passes through the town. New York State Route 78 (Transit Road) marks the eastern town line. New York State Route 240 (Harlem Road) is a north–south road from Sheridan Drive (NY 324) south heading out of town. New York State Route 263 (Grover Cleveland Highway, Millersport Highway) is a north–south road from Bailey Avenue (US 62) to Transit Road. (NY 78). New York State Route 270 (Campbell Boulevard) is a north–south road from Millersport Highway (NY 263) north out of town. New York State Route 277 (North Forest Road, Union Road) is a north–south road from Sheridan Drive (NY 324) south out of town. New York State Route 324 (Sheridan Drive) is an east–west road through the town from Niagara Falls Boulevard (US 62) east out of town. Millard Filmore Suburban Hospital is located in the center of town on Maple Road. Notable people This article's section of notable residents needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article's section of notable residents. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Amherst, New York" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Anita Álvarez, Olympic synchronized swimmer Eric Andersen, singer-songwriter, grew up in the hamlet of Snyder Richard J. Burke, journalist, poet, and playwright Jack Davis, industrialist and politician Al Dekdebrun, former pro football quarterback and Amherst Town Supervisor Dan Gronkowski, former NFL tight end Rob Gronkowski, former NFL tight end for the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jeffrey Gundlach, bond manager, graduated from Amherst High School Chris Hajt, former NHL player James P. Hayes, former New York state assemblyman Dan Herbeck, journalist for The Buffalo News Marc Evan Jackson, comedian Bruce Kershner, environmentalist Andy Kulberg, rock and blues bassist Nick Langworthy, chair of the New York Republican State Committee Wendie Malick, actress Thomas McCollum, professional hockey player Norman McCombs, businessman Joe Mesi, professional boxer, attended Sweet Home High School Ian Murphy, alternative journalist and satirist Harry Neale, hockey broadcaster and former NHL coach Keith O'Neil, former NFL player Brooks Orpik, NHL defenseman Wayne Patrick, former NFL player Michael Ranzenhofer, New York state senator Edward Rath III, New York state senator Mike Robitaille, former NHL player and current Sabres broadcaster Mark Rubin, former NFL player Hugh B. Scott, judge Billy Sheehan, rock bassist Barnett Slepian, physician murdered by anti-abortion terrorist James Charles Kopp John Stevens, 2004 American Idol finalist Satish K. Tripathi, president of the State University of New York at Buffalo James Whitmore, actor, attended Amherst High School Gordon Yaeger, notable pilot of the Bell Rocket Belt Joe Mack, 2021 1st-round draft pick, playing catcher for the Miami Marlins See also New York (state) portal List of Designated Historic Properties in Amherst, New York References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Amherst". Dictionary.com. Retrieved November 9, 2014. ^ United States Census Bureau, 2020 Census Report, Amherst, Erie County, New York https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?q=Amherst%2C+New+York&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8 ^ "US Census Bureau 2010" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ Amherst Museum (1997). "A brief history of the Town of Amherst" (PDF). Town of Amherst. Retrieved May 15, 2015. ^ ""History of the town of Amherst" (1818 - 1965)". ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Amherst town, Erie County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2016. ^ "Weatherbase Weather Data". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ " Fourteenth census of the United States, 1920, 1910, 1900" Department of Commerce and Labor. (1921), page 532. Retrieved 2013-02-16. ^ "Decade of change - population and housing trends" (PDF). Town of Amherst. 2003. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013. ^ a b c d "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census website". U.S. Census. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "Best Places to Live 2010". CNNMoney. August 2010. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2015. ^ "CNN Money Best Places to Live 2012". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ "America's Promise Alliance 100 Best Communities for Young people". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ Claire L. Ross (November 2002). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Former Reformed Mennonite Church". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2009. See also: "Accompanying four photos". Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Town of Amherst, NY Official Website". Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015. ^ City Crime Rankings by Population Group Archived 2007-01-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ "CQ Press City Crime Rankings: 2010-2011". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ "Safest and Most Dangerous U.S. Cities, 2014". ^ Thomas, Scott. "2012 school district rankings for Western New York". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ "2013 U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools". Retrieved April 30, 2013. ^ "Town of Amherst Schools and Education". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ Grande, Joseph A. (September 1, 2004). Amherst. Arcadia Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 9781439615942. ^ "Town of Amherst website". Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ "Anita Alvarez". Tokyo 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amherst, New York. Amherst, New York travel guide from Wikivoyage Town of Amherst official website Town of Amherst charter Amherst at Curlie New York Heritage - A History of the Town of Amherst, New York, 1818-1965 vteMunicipalities and communities of Erie County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: BuffaloCities Buffalo Lackawanna Tonawanda Towns Alden Amherst Aurora Boston Brant Cheektowaga Clarence Colden Collins Concord Eden Elma Evans Grand Island Hamburg Holland Lancaster Marilla Newstead North Collins Orchard Park Sardinia Tonawanda Wales West Seneca Villages Akron Alden Angola Blasdell Depew East Aurora Farnham Gowanda‡ Hamburg Kenmore Lancaster North Collins Orchard Park Sloan Springville Williamsville CDPs Angola on the Lake Billington Heights Cheektowaga Clarence Clarence Center Eden Eggertsville Elma Center Grandyle Village Harris Hill Highland-on-the-Lake Holland Lake Erie Beach North Boston Tonawanda Town Line University at Buffalo Wanakah West Seneca Otherhamlets Akron Junction Alden Center Armor Athol Springs Bagdad Bellevue Big Tree Blakeley Blossom Boston Bowmansville Brant Brighton Carnegie Chaffee Clarksburg Cleveland Hill Clifton Heights Collins Center Concord Creekside Crittenden Dellwood Derby Doyle Duells Corner Dutchtown East Amherst East Concord East Eden East Elma East Seneca Ebenezer Eden Valley Ellicott Elma Evans Center Ferry Village Footes Forks Fowlerville Gardenville Getzville Glenwood Green Acres Valley Griffins Mills Holland Hunts Corners Jerusalem Corners Jewettville Kenilworth Lake View Langford Lawtons Locksley Park Looneyville Loveland Marilla Marshfield Millersport Millgrove Morton Corners Mount Vernon Murrays Corner New Ebenezer New Oregon North Bailey North Evans Oakfield Patchin Peters Corners Pine Hill Pinehurst Pontiac Porterville Protection Sand Hill Sandy Beach Scranton Sheenwater Shirley Snyder South Cheektowaga South Newstead South Wales Spring Brook Swifts Mills Taylor Hollow Town Line Station Swormville Walden Cliffs Wales Center Wales Hollow Water Valley Webster Corners Wende West Alden West Falls Weyer Williston Windom Wolcottsburg Woodlawn Woodside Wyandale Zoar Indianreservations Cattaraugus Reservation Tonawanda Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈæmhərst/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/En-us-Amherst.ogg/En-us-Amherst.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Amherst.ogg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dictionary-Amherst-Pronounce-3"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Erie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Williamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Eggertsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggertsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Getzville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getzville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Swormville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swormville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Amherst,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Medaille College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaille_College"},{"link_name":"Bryant & Stratton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_%26_Stratton_College"},{"link_name":"Daemen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemen_College"}],"text":"Town in New York, United StatesAmherst (/ˈæmhərst/ ⓘ[3]) is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. It is a suburb of Buffalo. As of 2020, the town had a total population of 129,595.[4] This represents an increase from 122,366 as reported in the 2010 census.[5] It is the 14th most populated City/Town in New York.The second-largest in area and the most populous suburb of Buffalo, the town of Amherst encompasses the village of Williamsville as well as the hamlets of Eggertsville, Getzville, Snyder, Swormville, and East Amherst. The town is in the northern part of Erie County and borders a section of the Erie Canal.Amherst is home to the north campus of the University at Buffalo, the graduate campus of Medaille College, a satellite campus of Bryant & Stratton College, and Daemen College.","title":"Amherst, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lord Jeffrey Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Jeffrey_Amherst"},{"link_name":"Cheektowaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheektowaga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"Ellicott Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_Creek"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Williamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Eggertsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggertsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Amherst,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Swormville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swormville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Getzville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getzville,_New_York"}],"text":"Amherst was created by the State of New York on April 10, 1818 from part of the town of Buffalo (later the city of Buffalo), which itself had previously been created from the town of Clarence. Amherst was named after Lord Jeffrey Amherst, commander-in-chief of the British army in North America from 1758 to 1763. Timothy S. Hopkins was elected the first supervisor of the town in 1819. Part of Amherst was later separated to form the town of Cheektowaga on March 22, 1839.[6]The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 spurred Amherst's growth, bringing with it with new settlers and increased commerce. German immigrants settled in the northern part of the town as farmers, attracted by the fertile land in the area. The town's water resources encouraged the development of grist mills, saw mills, and other factories along Ellicott Creek.[7] Several communities and hamlets started to develop around this time, such as Williamsville (1810s), Eggertsville and Snyder (1830s), East Amherst and Swormville (1850s), and Getzville (1860s).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-8"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62"},{"link_name":"Tonawanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wheatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatfield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tonawanda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda_Creek"},{"link_name":"Niagara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ellicott Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_Creek"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 53.6 square miles (138.8 km2), of which 53.2 square miles (137.8 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.73%, is water.[8]Much of Amherst was originally floodplain and marshland, portions of which have been drained in recent years to facilitate development of new homes and businesses.[citation needed] The central and southern parts of the town are heavily suburbanized. Despite this development, the hamlets of Eggertsville and Snyder and the village of Williamsville have managed to retain much of their original character. The northern part of the town is still relatively undeveloped, with the prominent exception of the portions along Niagara Falls Boulevard (U.S. Route 62) bordering the towns of Tonawanda and Wheatfield. Some sections of northern and eastern Amherst have experienced problems with collapsing residential foundations as a result of unstable soil conditions. A few active farms may still be found in the northern part of the town.[citation needed]Amherst is bordered on the north by Tonawanda Creek and Niagara County. Ellicott Creek flows through the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niagara County, Town of Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Niagara County, City of North Tonawanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tonawanda,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Tonawanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"City of Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Cheektowaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheektowaga_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent cities and towns","text":"Niagara County, Town of Pendleton - north\nNiagara County, City of North Tonawanda - northwest\nTown of Tonawanda - west\nCity of Buffalo - southwest\nTown of Lancaster - southeast\nTown of Cheektowaga - south\nTown of Clarence - east","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eggertsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggertsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Daemen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemen_College"},{"link_name":"Getzville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getzville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Amherst,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State#Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Town of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bailey,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Swormville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swormville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Williamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Neighborhoods","text":"Areas within Amherst are referred to by the former post office station names and are not legally incorporated. During the 1990s, many of these regional post offices were closed and consolidated into the central Amherst 14226 post office on Bailey Avenue, leaving only a Williamsville (14221) post office on Sheridan Drive, a Getzville (14068) post office on Millersport Highway, and an East Amherst (14051) post office on Transit Road. Mailing addresses to areas within the town are Amherst, East Amherst, Eggertsville, Getzville, Snyder, and Williamsville. These postal districts are still recognized by the post office and widely referred to by citizens.Some of these mailing addresses overlap: some areas of Clarence directly east of Transit Road have Williamsville addresses, although for the purposes of taxes, schools and community resources, these people are residents of the Town of Clarence.The areas listed below are governed and run by the Town of Amherst except for the Village of Williamsville, an independent political entity.Eggertsville -- a hamlet in the southwest part of the town, bordering on Buffalo and centered around Eggert Road. Daemen College is located on Main Street (Route 5). The community is named after early postmaster Christian Eggert.\nGetzville -- a location near the center of the town adjacent to Campbell Boulevard (Route 270) and Dodge Road. The name comes from early resident Joseph Getz.\nAudubon - A location in the center of the town situated around John James Audubon Parkway. The town police, courthouse, and main library are located here.\nEast Amherst (formerly Transit Station) -- An unincorporated community, or hamlet, in the eastern part of the town, shared with the Town of Clarence.\nNorth Bailey -- A location at the junction of Bailey Avenue and Maple Road.\nSnyder (originally Snyderville after postmaster Michael Snyder) -- A suburban community located between Eggertsville and the village of Williamsville.\nSwormville - A hamlet in the eastern part of the town, shared with the Town of Clarence. Named for Adam Schworm, prominent landowner and businessman.\nWilliamsville - an incorporated village within Amherst, located in the southern part of the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Average high temperatures from May through October range from 60 to 81 degrees. Average high temperatures from November through March range from 31 to 47 degrees.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-12"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-12"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-12"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 122,366 people, 48,894 households, and 29,840 families residing in the town. There were 51,179 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 83.8% White, 5.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 7.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.[12]There were 48,894 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.98.[12]The median income for a household in the town was $55,427, and the median income for a family was $68,951. Males had a median income of $51,667 versus $32,030 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,647. About 4.2% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.[12]51.7% of residents (aged 25 and over) have obtained a Bachelor's degree or higher, including 26.7% with a Graduate or professional degree.[12][13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNNMoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fuel"},{"link_name":"Life Storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Storage"}],"text":"In July 2010, CNNMoney ranked Amherst 42nd in a list of the Top 100 Best Places to Live in America.[14] In 2012, CNNMoney.com ranked Amherst 50th.[15] In 2011 and 2012, Amherst was selected as one of America's 100 Best Communities for Young People by America's Promise Alliance.[16]National Fuel and Life Storage are headquarted in Williamsville.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo Niagara Heritage Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_Heritage_Village"},{"link_name":"Former Reformed Mennonite Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Reformed_Mennonite_Church"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv_ny-17"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-18"}],"text":"Many festivals are celebrated in Amherst throughout the year. The town is home to the Buffalo Niagara Heritage Village.The Town of Amherst Archival Research Center is located in the Harlem Road Community Center, 4255 Harlem Road, Amherst NY 14226 (previously housed in the Former Reformed Mennonite Church[17] which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.[18])","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UB_stadium_exterior_shot.JPG"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_Stadium"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Alumni Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Arena_(University_at_Buffalo)"},{"link_name":"Amherst Audubon Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Audubon_Field"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Northtown Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northtown_Center"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Beauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Beauts"},{"link_name":"National Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bulls"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Wings_(inline_hockey)"},{"link_name":"inline hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_hockey"},{"link_name":"Major League Roller Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Roller_Hockey"}],"text":"University at Buffalo StadiumAmherst is home to the University at Buffalo Stadium, Alumni Arena, and Amherst Audubon Field, all utilized by the University at Buffalo Buffalo Bulls.The Northtown Center is the town's ice hockey arena. The arena is the home of the Buffalo Beauts of the National Women's Hockey League, the University at Buffalo Bulls men's ice hockey team, and the Buffalo Wings, a professional inline hockey team competing in Major League Roller Hockey.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Town_of_Amherst_Police_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery"},{"link_name":"aggravated assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravated_assault"},{"link_name":"burglary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary"},{"link_name":"auto theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_(crime)"},{"link_name":"Brick Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Crime and public safety","text":"Town of Amherst police Ford TaurusAs of 2014, the Amherst Police Department employed 154 officers and 35 full and part-time civilian employees including the Chief, Assistant Chief, and eight captains.[19]Amherst has been ranked as the \"Safest City in America\" 1996–1998, 2000–2003, and 2010.[citation needed] In many other years it ranked in the top 5. The ranking is based on annual reports by the FBI, including crime statistics in six categories: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, and auto theft.In 2006, Amherst was ranked the second safest city in the United States, after Brick Township, New Jersey.[20] In 2011, it ranked 6th safest out of 400 cities.[21] Most recently in 2014, Amherst was ranked the #1 Safest City in America with a population between 100,000 and 500,000.[22]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Daemen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemen_University"},{"link_name":"Erie Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Bryant and Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_and_Stratton"},{"link_name":"Canisius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canisius_College"}],"sub_title":"Higher education","text":"There are five separate higher educational institutions with campuses in the town.The North Campus of the University at Buffalo, a nationally ranked tier 1 research university.All university programs apart from architecture, planning, nursing, dentistry, medicine, pharmacy, and public health reside here.Daemen University\nOne of three campuses of Erie Community College\nBryant and Stratton College\nA satellite campus of Canisius College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamsville Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Amherst Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_High_School_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Home Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"Tonawanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"There are three separate public school districts within the town.Williamsville Central School DistrictThe largest district and comprises the eastern half of the town along with portions of the Town of Clarence. The district is ranked #1 out of 97 public school systems in Western New York.[23] Williamsville high schools were awarded Silver rankings according to 2013 U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools, and rank among the top 2-3% out of over 21,000 high schools nationally.[24]Amherst Central School DistrictCovering the southwestern portion of the town with its core in the Eggertsville and Snyder areas.Sweet Home Central School DistrictCovering the northwestern portion of the town along with portions of the Town of Tonawanda with its core in West Amherst and Getzville.[25]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090410_Amherst_Bee_Newspapers.JPG"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grande_2004-26"},{"link_name":"Amherst Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Bee"},{"link_name":"Paul Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Books"}],"text":"The Amherst Bee installed Amherst's first telephone line.[26]Amherst is served by the Amherst Bee newspaper. In 1969 Paul Kurtz founded the publishing house Prometheus Books in Amherst.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-90.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYS_Thruway_Sign.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-290.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_290_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Tonawanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda_(town),_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-990.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_990_(New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_62.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-5.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-78.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Transit Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-240.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-263.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-270.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-277.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-324.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_324"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway) passes through the southern part of town.\n Interstate 290 (Youngmann Memorial Highway) travels through the town diagonally from I-90 to US 62 and beyond to Tonawanda\n Interstate 990 (Lockport Expressway), located entirely within the Town of Amherst, runs in a roughly north–south direction through the southwest and central part of Amherst until it ends at Millersport Highway (NY 263).\n U.S. Route 62 marks the western town line as Niagara Falls Boulevard as the route heads north, then as Sheridan Drive then Bailey Avenue heading south out of town.\n New York State Route 5 (Main Street) passes through the town.\n New York State Route 78 (Transit Road) marks the eastern town line.\n New York State Route 240 (Harlem Road) is a north–south road from Sheridan Drive (NY 324) south heading out of town.\n New York State Route 263 (Grover Cleveland Highway, Millersport Highway) is a north–south road from Bailey Avenue (US 62) to Transit Road. (NY 78).\n New York State Route 270 (Campbell Boulevard) is a north–south road from Millersport Highway (NY 263) north out of town.\n New York State Route 277 (North Forest Road, Union Road) is a north–south road from Sheridan Drive (NY 324) south out of town.\n New York State Route 324 (Sheridan Drive) is an east–west road through the town from Niagara Falls Boulevard (US 62) east out of town.Millard Filmore Suburban Hospital is located in the center of town on Maple Road.[27]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anita Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Eric Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Burke"},{"link_name":"Jack Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Davis_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"Al Dekdebrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Dekdebrun"},{"link_name":"Dan Gronkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gronkowski"},{"link_name":"Rob Gronkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Gronkowski"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Gundlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Gundlach"},{"link_name":"Chris Hajt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hajt"},{"link_name":"James P. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Hayes"},{"link_name":"Dan Herbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Herbeck"},{"link_name":"Marc Evan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Evan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Bruce Kershner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Kershner"},{"link_name":"Andy Kulberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kulberg"},{"link_name":"Nick Langworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Langworthy"},{"link_name":"New York Republican State Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee"},{"link_name":"Wendie Malick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendie_Malick"},{"link_name":"Thomas McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Norman McCombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McCombs"},{"link_name":"Joe Mesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mesi"},{"link_name":"Ian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Murphy_(writer)"},{"link_name":"alternative journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_journalism"},{"link_name":"satirist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"Harry Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Neale"},{"link_name":"Keith O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Brooks Orpik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Orpik"},{"link_name":"Wayne Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Michael Ranzenhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ranzenhofer"},{"link_name":"Edward Rath III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rath_III"},{"link_name":"Mike Robitaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Robitaille"},{"link_name":"Mark Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Hugh B. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_B._Scott"},{"link_name":"Billy Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"Barnett Slepian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett_Slepian"},{"link_name":"James Charles Kopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_Kopp"},{"link_name":"John Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_(singer)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"Satish K. Tripathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_K._Tripathi"},{"link_name":"James Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"Gordon Yaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Yaeger"},{"link_name":"Bell Rocket Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Rocket_Belt"},{"link_name":"Joe Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mack_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"}],"text":"Anita Álvarez, Olympic synchronized swimmer[28]\nEric Andersen, singer-songwriter, grew up in the hamlet of Snyder\nRichard J. Burke, journalist, poet, and playwright\nJack Davis, industrialist and politician\nAl Dekdebrun, former pro football quarterback and Amherst Town Supervisor\nDan Gronkowski, former NFL tight end\nRob Gronkowski, former NFL tight end for the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nJeffrey Gundlach, bond manager, graduated from Amherst High School\nChris Hajt, former NHL player\nJames P. Hayes, former New York state assemblyman\nDan Herbeck, journalist for The Buffalo News\nMarc Evan Jackson, comedian\nBruce Kershner, environmentalist\nAndy Kulberg, rock and blues bassist\nNick Langworthy, chair of the New York Republican State Committee\nWendie Malick, actress\nThomas McCollum, professional hockey player\nNorman McCombs, businessman\nJoe Mesi, professional boxer, attended Sweet Home High School\nIan Murphy, alternative journalist and satirist\nHarry Neale, hockey broadcaster and former NHL coach\nKeith O'Neil, former NFL player\nBrooks Orpik, NHL defenseman\nWayne Patrick, former NFL player\nMichael Ranzenhofer, New York state senator\nEdward Rath III, New York state senator\nMike Robitaille, former NHL player and current Sabres broadcaster\nMark Rubin, former NFL player\nHugh B. Scott, judge\nBilly Sheehan, rock bassist\nBarnett Slepian, physician murdered by anti-abortion terrorist James Charles Kopp\nJohn Stevens, 2004 American Idol finalist\nSatish K. Tripathi, president of the State University of New York at Buffalo\nJames Whitmore, actor, attended Amherst High School\nGordon Yaeger, notable pilot of the Bell Rocket Belt\nJoe Mack, 2021 1st-round draft pick, playing catcher for the Miami Marlins","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"University at Buffalo Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/UB_stadium_exterior_shot.JPG/220px-UB_stadium_exterior_shot.JPG"},{"image_text":"Town of Amherst police Ford Taurus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Town_of_Amherst_Police_1.jpg/220px-Town_of_Amherst_Police_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amherst Bee installed Amherst's first telephone line.[26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/20090410_Amherst_Bee_Newspapers.JPG/220px-20090410_Amherst_Bee_Newspapers.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Erie_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"New York (state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"},{"title":"List of Designated Historic Properties in Amherst, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Designated_Historic_Properties_in_Amherst,_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amherst\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved November 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/amherst","url_text":"\"Amherst\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau 2010\" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amherst.ny.us/pdf/planning/census/2010demographicprofile.pdf","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Amherst Museum (1997). \"A brief history of the Town of Amherst\" (PDF). Town of Amherst. Retrieved May 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Museum","url_text":"Amherst Museum"},{"url":"http://www.amherst.ny.us/pdf/it/brief_history.pdf","url_text":"\"A brief history of the Town of Amherst\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"History of the town of Amherst\" (1818 - 1965)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nyheritage.org/collections/history-town-amherst-new-york-1818-1965","url_text":"\"\"History of the town of Amherst\" (1818 - 1965)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Amherst town, Erie County, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US3602902000","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Amherst town, Erie County, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weatherbase Weather Data\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?refer=&s=82527&cityname=Buffalo-New-York&refer=&cityname=Buffalo-New-York","url_text":"\"Weatherbase Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decade of change - population and housing trends\" (PDF). Town of Amherst. 2003. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103242/http://www.amherst.ny.us/pdf/planning/census/censusreport.pdf","url_text":"\"Decade of change - population and housing trends\""},{"url":"http://www.amherst.ny.us/pdf/planning/census/censusreport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". U.S. Census. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Places to Live 2010\". CNNMoney. August 2010. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020142237/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2010/snapshots/CS3602000.html","url_text":"\"Best Places to Live 2010\""},{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2010/snapshots/CS3602000.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CNN Money Best Places to Live 2012\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/best-places/2012/states/NY.html","url_text":"\"CNN Money Best Places to Live 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"America's Promise Alliance 100 Best Communities for Young people\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americaspromise.org/Our-Work/100-Best-Communities-for-Young-People/2012-Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"America's Promise Alliance 100 Best Communities for Young people\""}]},{"reference":"Claire L. Ross (November 2002). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Former Reformed Mennonite Church\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610045246/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11408","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Former Reformed Mennonite Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"},{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11408","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying four photos\". Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610045257/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11418","url_text":"\"Accompanying four photos\""},{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11418","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Amherst, NY Official Website\". Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151124151836/http://www.amherst.ny.us/govt/govt_dept.asp?dept_id=dept_16&menu_id=menu_00","url_text":"\"Town of Amherst, NY Official Website\""},{"url":"http://www.amherst.ny.us/govt/govt_dept.asp?dept_id=dept_16&menu_id=menu_00","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CQ Press City Crime Rankings: 2010-2011\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://os.cqpress.com/citycrime/2010/citycrime2010-2011.htm","url_text":"\"CQ Press City Crime Rankings: 2010-2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safest and Most Dangerous U.S. Cities, 2014\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/us/cities/safest-dangerous-cities.html","url_text":"\"Safest and Most Dangerous U.S. Cities, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Scott. \"2012 school district rankings for Western New York\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/news/2012/06/14/2012-school-district-rankings-for.html?page=all","url_text":"\"2012 school district rankings for Western New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools\". Retrieved April 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/new-york/rankings?name=williamsville&schooltypepublic=y&schooltypemagnet=y&schooltypecharter=y","url_text":"\"2013 U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Amherst Schools and Education\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amherst.ny.us/about/about_detail.asp?code=sch","url_text":"\"Town of Amherst Schools and Education\""}]},{"reference":"Grande, Joseph A. (September 1, 2004). Amherst. Arcadia Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 9781439615942.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=guRtSRYt3EwC&q=adam+rinewalt&pg=PT166","url_text":"Amherst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439615942","url_text":"9781439615942"}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Amherst website\". Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amherst.ny.us/about/about_detail.asp?code=sch","url_text":"\"Town of Amherst website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anita Alvarez\". Tokyo 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730153238/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/artistic-swimming/athlete-profile-n1302215-alvarez-anita.htm","url_text":"\"Anita Alvarez\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/artistic-swimming/athlete-profile-n1302215-alvarez-anita.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Tombs,_Baron_Tombs
Francis Tombs, Baron Tombs
["1 Biography","2 References"]
British peer (1924–2020) Tombs's last parliamentary speech, 2014 Francis Leonard Tombs, Baron Tombs (17 May 1924 – 11 April 2020) was an English industrialist and politician who served as a crossbench member of the House of Lords from 1990 until his retirement in 2015. Biography He was educated at Elmore Green School, Walsall, and at the University of London. Tombs had a career in industry, particularly in electricity generation. He was chairman of the South of Scotland Electricity Board, the Electricity Council and Rolls-Royce. Tombs was president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1981 and became an Honorary Fellow of its successor organisation the Institution of Engineering and Technology in 1991. Tombs was named chairman of Turner & Newall P.L.C., Britain's largest manufacturer of asbestos products on 30 November 1982, and remained there throughout much of the 1980s. Knighted in 1978, Tombs was created a life peer on 29 February 1990, as Baron Tombs, of Brailes in the County of Warwickshire. He sat in the House of Lords as a crossbencher, and was on a number of committees. Tombs was granted a leave of absence in March 2008, which lasted until July 2010. He wrote a memoir, Power Politics: Political Encounters in Industry and Engineering, which was published later that year. Tombs retired from the House of Lords on 31 March 2015. He died in April 2020, at the age of 95. Coat of arms of Francis Tombs, Baron Tombs Crest Out of a crown rayonny Or, each straight ray ending in a mullet Or, a dexter arm embowed vested Azure the hand proper holding two keys in saltire bows upwards Gold. Escutcheon Azure, on a saltire Azure fimbriated Argent a sun, its four rays in saltire extended and tipped with flame all Gold. Supporters Dexter, a unicorn Argent, armed, unguled, bearded, maned and tufted Or, sejant erect upon a grassy mount Proper between two double roses growing therefrom Argent on Gules and both barbed and seeded, stalked and leaved proper; sinister, a bear Proper, clawed and muzzled Or, sejant erect upon a like mount between two thistles growing therefrom also Proper. Motto Work And Pray References ^ Tombs, Francis. "Nuclear Energy - 25 Years of Generating Experience". Institution of Engineers, Australia. pp. 33–39. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ Ham, Adrian; Hall, Robert (20 February 2006). "A way forward for nuclear power" (PDF). Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "Nationalised Industries (Accounting Practice): House of Commons debates, 1 August 1978". Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "Electricity – the key to a UK Energy Policy". Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "Past Presidents of the IEE". Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "IET Honorary Fellows". Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ Turner & Newall ^ Cuff, Daniel F. (30 November 1982). "BUSINESS PEOPLE; Turner & Newall Appoints Chairman". The New York Times. ^ "No. 47500". The London Gazette. 28 March 1978. p. 3787. ^ "No. 51981". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1989. p. 1. ^ "No. 52065". The London Gazette. 5 March 1990. p. 2937. ^ "Lord Tombs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 13 March 1990. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "House of Lords - Minute". The Stationery Office. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ House of Lords Journal for 14 July 2008 ^ Tombs, Francis, Sir (2011). Power politics : political encounters in industry and engineering. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-916-4. OCLC 713360894.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/retired-lords/ Retired members of the House of Lords ^ TOMBS, Francis Leonard (Lord Tombs of Brailes) ^ Debrett's Peerage. 2000. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Israel United States Australia Netherlands People Trove UK Parliament This biography of a life peer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_Park,_Houston,_Texas
Magnolia Park, Houston
["1 History","2 Cityscape","3 Government and infrastructure","4 Demographics","5 Media","6 Education","6.1 History of education","7 Transportation","8 Culture","9 Gallery","10 Notable residents","11 See also","12 References","13 Notes","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°44′10″N 95°17′28″W / 29.736°N 95.291°W / 29.736; -95.291Area of Houston, Texas, U.S. The former city hall of Magnolia Park Magnolia Park is an area of the East End, Houston, Texas, located near the Houston Ship Channel. One of the oldest Hispanic neighborhoods in the City of Houston, Magnolia Park was formerly incorporated as the City of Magnolia Park in eastern Harris County. History Magnolia Park in the 1890s In 1890 Magnolia Park was laid out on a 1,374-acre (556 ha) site on Harrisburg Road across Brays Bayou from Harrisburg and 7 miles (11 km) downstream from Houston. The plot was owned by Thomas M. Brady, and the community was named for the 3,750 magnolias planted by developers. The Magnolia Park community was organized in 1909. The city incorporated in 1913, even having its own police force. 1913 map of the six wards of Houston, which also indicates Magnolia ParkMagnolia Park and Central Park subdivisions, Houston, Texas (circa 1918) Magnolia Park originally had non-Hispanic White Americans. Mexican-Americans from South Texas started to settle in Magnolia Park in 1911. By the 1920s, many Mexicans fleeing the Mexican Revolution settled in Magnolia Park. The construction of the Houston Ship Channel and area industries attracted Mexicans. They worked in different fields depending on their gender, with women working in factories, stores, and textile plants and men in working in industries such as construction and maintenance of the Ship Channel, cotton compresses and cement plants. Harrisburg Road, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1910) (street car) Canal Street in Magnolia Park was originally known as "German Street." Circa 1918 it was renamed "Belgium Street" in honor of a country invaded by Germany in World War I. At a later point the name was harmonized with that of the section in the pre-merger City of Houston, known as Canal Street. Magnolia Park was annexed to Houston in October 1926. The Mexican community stayed centered in Magnolia Park partly due to discrimination from elements of the Anglo community. By 1926 Magnolia Park was called "Little Mexico" by Anglo residents of Houston. Its business district had businesses such as restaurants, grocery stores, barber shops, bakeries, drugstores, and gasoline stations. By 1929 it was the largest Mexican settlement in Houston. A League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) branch was organized in 1934. In 1935 a Ladies LULAC council was organized. By the 1930s political organizations such as the Club Femenino-Chapultepec had been established to protest segregation, promote Mexican-American culture, and provide recreation. By the World War II period Magnolia Park was considered to be within the East End. Due to the war, Mexican-Americans in the Southwestern United States were drawn to Houston for jobs, and so the local population increased. By the time of World War II youth gangs were active in Magnolia Park. By the 1960s most Mexican-Americans in Magnolia Park were poor, and the middle class in Magnolia Park had expanded due to programs established by President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson. The Magnolia Park YWCA's women hosted the Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza in 1971. The percentage of the residents below the poverty line in 1978 was up to 20%. When the 1980s oil bust occurred, fifty factories in and around Magnolia Park closed due to the drop in oil prices, causing thousands of Mexicans to lose their jobs. Magnolia Park had 14,000 residents in 1990. The Magnolia Park community celebrated the neighborhood's 100 year anniversary on Saturday October 17, 2009. Many of the Historical Buildings are still there and can be seen throughout all of Harrisburg and Canal St. Cityscape This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2012) In the 1920s the surrounding area had factories, industrial plants, refineries, textile mills, and wharves, giving employment opportunities to area residents. During the period including the 1950s and 1960s, writer Sigman Byrd wrote about the intersection of 75th Street (nicknamed "Six-Bit Street") and Canal Street; Byrd reported that a local had called Canal "Canine Street" because the environment was "dog-eat-dog." Government and infrastructure Magnolia Park is in Houston City Council District I.Fire Station 20, 1976 The City of Houston operates the Magnolia Multi-Service Center. The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Ripley Health Center for the ZIP codes 77011 and 77012. In 2000 Ripley was replaced by the Gulfgate Health Center. The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center. Demographics In 2015 the City of Houston-defined Magnolia Park Super Neighborhood had 16,999 residents. 95% were Hispanic, 3% were non-Hispanic white, and 1% was non-Hispanic black. The percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were both zero. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 21,302 residents. 96% were Hispanic, 3% were non-Hispanic white, and 1% was non-Hispanic black. The percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were both zero. Media In the 1970s Papel Chicano, a newspaper that reported on activism in the Houston area, had its offices in Magnolia Park. Education DeZavala Elementary School Residents are zoned to Houston ISD schools. Sections of Magnolia Park are zoned to the following elementary schools: Burnet, Briscoe, DeZavala, Franklin, Gallegos, Tijerina, and Edna M. Carrillo (outside of Magnolia Park). All of Magnolia Park is zoned to Edison Middle School. Some of Magnolia Park is zoned to Milby High School. Some of Magnolia Park is zoned to Austin High School. History of education Originally the area was within the Harrisburg Independent School District. Park Junior High School opened on December 14, 1925. A school named after Lorenzo De Zavala was first established in 1926, becoming the first ethnic Mexican majority school in Houston. In Houston Mexican students by law attended schools designated for Anglo Whites, but the school district opened De Zavala Elementary since area Anglo White parents felt concerned by the rise of the number of ethnic Mexican students in the area. In 1927 the school had 576 enrolled students. Circa the 1920s the administrators, who were Anglo Whites, enacted rules prohibiting students from speaking Spanish on the school property. In 1930 a private school called Escuela Mexicana Hidalgo ("Hidalgo Mexican School") was established. Its goal was to preserve Mexican culture. In February 1932 Park was renamed after Thomas Edison. Before 2000, Furr High School served much of Magnolia Park. Prior to 1997 residents zoned to Furr also had the option to attend Austin and Milby high schools; in 1997 the school district canceled the option. Transportation METRO maintains the Magnolia Park Transit Center, which is on the METRORail Green Line. Greyhound Bus Lines and Autobuses Americanos maintain services at a bus station next to the transit center. On December 1, 2023, Greyhound moved its remaining services from Midtown to the Magnolia Park bus stop. Houston City Council member Robert Gallegos, of District I, stated that Greyhound did not notify him of the timing in advance. Sylvester Turner, the Mayor of Houston stated that he did not know about the timing of the move until less than 24 hours before Greyhound's announcement. This station has four bays for buses, less than the previous station. There were area residents who stated that they did not want the type of criminal activity that had occurred around the Midtown station. Culture Salon Juárez, built in 1928, is a 48 feet (15 m) by 80 feet (24 m) two-story building that served as the meeting house for the Sociedad Mutualista Benito Juárez, a mutual aid society formed in Magnolia Park in 1919. According to Stephen Fox, who specializes in the history of architecture, this is the city's first ethnic Mexican-oriented public building not made for religious purposes. Due to financial problems during the Great Depression the society no longer managed the building after 1932. After multiple changes in ownership, the physical plant began to suffer from maintenance issues in the 1980s and 1990s because the old roof was removed but a new roof was not put on it. Because the owner had not paid $20,000 in back taxes, the building was to be sold in a July 6, 2004 auction, but the taxes were paid before the auction occurred, so the owner kept the property. The Greater Houston Preservation Alliance classified it as an endangered building. Gallery 1920 six wards of Houston map, which also indicates Magnolia Park Thomas A. Edison Middle School Notable residents Texas Senator Mario Gallegos See also Texas portalLatino and Hispanic American portal History of the Mexican-Americans in Houston References Cutler, Leigh. "Salon Juárez" (PDF). The Houston Review. 3 (2): 36–37. - Profile Rodriguez, Nestor. "Hispanic and Asian Immigration Waves in Houston." in: Chafetz, Janet Salzman and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors). Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations. AltaMira Press, October 18, 2000. ISBN 0759117128, 9780759117129. Also available in: Ebaugh, Helen Rose Fuchs and Janet Saltzman Chafetz (editors). Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations. Rowman & Littlefield, January 1, 2000. 0742503909, 9780742503908. Notes ^ "Map Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine." East End Management District. Retrieved on March 8, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Magnolia Park, Houston." Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on July 24, 2010. ^ "Magnolia Park Police Department, TX". ^ a b c d Hewitt, Paige. "Celebrating 100 years at Magnolia Park." Houston Chronicle. October 18, 2009. Retrieved on July 24, 2010. ^ a b Rodriguez, Nestor, p. 31. ^ Gonzales, J.R. (2019-02-05). "How German Street in Houston's Second Ward lost its name". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-02-08. ^ Rodriguez, Nestor, p. 32. ^ Rodriguez, Nestor, p. 34. ^ Lomax, John Nova. "Houston 101: Sig Byrd, Houston's King of True-Life Noir." Houston Press. Friday November 20, 2009. Retrieved on September 6, 2012. ^ City of Houston, Council District Maps, District I Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine." City of Houston. Retrieved on November 5, 2011. ^ "Magnolia Multi-Service Center." City of Houston. Retrieved on December 4, 2011. "7037 Capitol Houston, Texas 77011" ^ a b "Clinic/Emergency/Registration Center Directory By ZIP Code". Harris County Hospital District. 2001-11-19. Archived from the original on 2001-11-19. Retrieved 2021-04-08. - See ZIP codes 77011 and 77012. See this map for relevant ZIP code. ^ "Gulfgate Health Center" (Archive). Harris County Hospital District. Accessed October 17, 2008. ^ a b "Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment No. 82 Magnolia Park" (PDF). City of Houston. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ 1920 City of Houston Map." Texas Map & Blue Printing Company. Retrieved on January 13, 2011. Includes boundaries of the former City of Magnolia Park. ^ "Briscoe Elementary School Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ ""DeZavala Elementary Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.. ^ "Franklin Elementary Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "Gallegos Elementary Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "Home Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine." Gallegos Elementary School. Retrieved on December 4, 2011. ^ "Tijerina Elementary Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "Carrillo Elementary School Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "Edison Middle Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "Milby High School Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ "Austin High School Attendance Zone" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15. ^ a b "History of Thomas Edison Middle School." Edison Middle School. Retrieved on October 28, 2011. ^ Steptoe, Tyina. Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City (Volume 41 of American Crossroads). University of California Press, November 3, 2015. ISBN 0520958535, 9780520958531. p. 96. ^ "High Schools." Houston Independent School District. April 13, 2002. Retrieved on May 6, 2009. ^ "Furr High School Attendance Zone Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on January 18, 2011. ^ "1996-1997 HISD ATTENDANCE BOUNDARIES," Houston Independent School District. June 30, 1997. Retrieved on December 13, 2010. "CANCEL the options for students in the East End to attend Austin or Milby from Furr" ^ a b Grunau, Sarah (2023-11-29). "Houston Midtown Greyhound bus station to end service Thursday, property still listed for sale". Houston Public Media. Retrieved 2023-11-29. ^ Pearson, Lileana (2023-11-30). "Houston city leaders left in the dark as Greyhound set to move downtown hub in fewer than 24 hours". KTRK-TV. Retrieved 2023-11-30. ^ Ruiz, Anayeli; McCord, Cory (2023-11-30). "Residents express their anger, fears over safety as Greyhound bus station moves to East End". KHOU-TV. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ a b Cutler, p. 36. ^ Cutler, p. 36-37. External links Handbook of Texas Online article Houston HOPE section on Magnolia Park "Magnolia Park Super Neighborhood Community Health Profile." City of Houston. (Archive." City of Houston. (Archive) vte City of HoustonNickname: Space CityTopics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History timeline Media newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Anime Matsuri Art Car Parade Astroworld Festival Bayou Place Buffalo Bayou Park Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Theater District Waterwall Park Businessdistricts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also: List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Briargrove Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Five Corners Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education Health institutions Baylor College of Medicine UH College of Medicine UTHealth MD Anderson Cancer Center Texas A&M Health Science Center State universities University of Houston University of Houston–Clear Lake University of Houston–Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Christian University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K-12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy-Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See: List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood/Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt/Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place (Lamar Terrace) Sunset Heights Sunset Terrace/Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood (subdivision) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Cougars Houston Dash Houston Dynamo FC Houston Rockets Houston Roughnecks Houston SaberCats Houston Texans Houston Christian Huskies Rice Owls Texas Southern Tigers Harris County Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Category  Texas portal 29°44′10″N 95°17′28″W / 29.736°N 95.291°W / 29.736; -95.291
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The plot was owned by Thomas M. Brady, and the community was named for the 3,750 magnolias planted by developers. The Magnolia Park community was organized in 1909.[2] The city incorporated in 1913, even having its own police force[3].[4]1913 map of the six wards of Houston, which also indicates Magnolia ParkMagnolia Park and Central Park subdivisions, Houston, Texas (circa 1918)Magnolia Park originally had non-Hispanic White Americans. Mexican-Americans from South Texas started to settle in Magnolia Park in 1911.[2] By the 1920s,[5] many Mexicans fleeing the Mexican Revolution settled in Magnolia Park.[4] The construction of the Houston Ship Channel and area industries attracted Mexicans. They worked in different fields depending on their gender, with women working in factories, stores, and textile plants and men in working in industries such as construction and maintenance of the Ship Channel, cotton compresses and cement plants.[5]Harrisburg Road, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1910) (street car)Canal Street in Magnolia Park was originally known as \"German Street.\" Circa 1918 it was renamed \"Belgium Street\" in honor of a country invaded by Germany in World War I. At a later point the name was harmonized with that of the section in the pre-merger City of Houston, known as Canal Street.[6]Magnolia Park was annexed to Houston in October 1926.[2] The Mexican community stayed centered in Magnolia Park partly due to discrimination from elements of the Anglo community. By 1926 Magnolia Park was called \"Little Mexico\" by Anglo residents of Houston. Its business district had businesses such as restaurants, grocery stores, barber shops, bakeries, drugstores, and gasoline stations.[7] By 1929 it was the largest Mexican settlement in Houston.[2]A League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) branch was organized in 1934. In 1935 a Ladies LULAC council was organized. By the 1930s political organizations such as the Club Femenino-Chapultepec had been established to protest segregation, promote Mexican-American culture, and provide recreation. By the World War II period Magnolia Park was considered to be within the East End. Due to the war, Mexican-Americans in the Southwestern United States were drawn to Houston for jobs, and so the local population increased. By the time of World War II youth gangs were active in Magnolia Park.[2]By the 1960s most Mexican-Americans in Magnolia Park were poor, and the middle class in Magnolia Park had expanded due to programs established by President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson. The Magnolia Park YWCA's women hosted the Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza in 1971. The percentage of the residents below the poverty line in 1978 was up to 20%.[2] When the 1980s oil bust occurred, fifty factories in and around Magnolia Park closed due to the drop in oil prices, causing thousands of Mexicans to lose their jobs.[8] Magnolia Park had 14,000 residents in 1990.[2] The Magnolia Park community celebrated the neighborhood's 100 year anniversary on Saturday October 17, 2009.[4]Many of the Historical Buildings are still there and can be seen throughout all of Harrisburg and Canal St.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"},{"link_name":"dog-eat-dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dog-eat-dog"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the 1920s the surrounding area had factories, industrial plants, refineries, textile mills, and wharves, giving employment opportunities to area residents.[2]During the period including the 1950s and 1960s, writer Sigman Byrd wrote about the intersection of 75th Street (nicknamed \"Six-Bit Street\") and Canal Street; Byrd reported that a local had called Canal \"Canine Street\" because the environment was \"dog-eat-dog.\"[9]","title":"Cityscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_Station_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Harris Health System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Health_System"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisHealthZIP-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gulfgate-13"},{"link_name":"Ben Taub General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Taub_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisHealthZIP-12"}],"text":"Magnolia Park is in Houston City Council District I.[10]Fire Station 20, 1976The City of Houston operates the Magnolia Multi-Service Center.[11]The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Ripley Health Center for the ZIP codes 77011 and 77012.[12] In 2000 Ripley was replaced by the Gulfgate Health Center.[13] The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.[12]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNmap-14"}],"text":"In 2015 the City of Houston-defined Magnolia Park Super Neighborhood had 16,999 residents. 95% were Hispanic, 3% were non-Hispanic white, and 1% was non-Hispanic black. The percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were both zero. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 21,302 residents. 96% were Hispanic, 3% were non-Hispanic white, and 1% was non-Hispanic black. The percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were both zero.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"}],"text":"In the 1970s Papel Chicano, a newspaper that reported on activism in the Houston area, had its offices in Magnolia Park.[2]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeZavalaESHouston.JPG"},{"link_name":"Houston ISD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_ISD"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPMap-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNmap-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Milby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milby_High_School"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Austin High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_High_School_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"DeZavala Elementary SchoolResidents are zoned to Houston ISD schools.[15][14]Sections of Magnolia Park are zoned to the following elementary schools: Burnet, Briscoe,[16] DeZavala,[17] Franklin,[18] Gallegos,[19][20] Tijerina,[21] and Edna M. Carrillo (outside of Magnolia Park).[22]All of Magnolia Park is zoned to Edison Middle School.[23] Some of Magnolia Park is zoned to Milby High School.[24] Some of Magnolia Park is zoned to Austin High School.[25]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdisonHist-26"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo De Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_De_Zavala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdisonHist-26"},{"link_name":"Furr High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furr_High_School"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"History of education","text":"Originally the area was within the Harrisburg Independent School District. Park Junior High School opened on December 14, 1925.[26]A school named after Lorenzo De Zavala was first established in 1926,[2] becoming the first ethnic Mexican majority school in Houston. In Houston Mexican students by law attended schools designated for Anglo Whites, but the school district opened De Zavala Elementary since area Anglo White parents felt concerned by the rise of the number of ethnic Mexican students in the area. In 1927 the school had 576 enrolled students. Circa the 1920s the administrators, who were Anglo Whites, enacted rules prohibiting students from speaking Spanish on the school property.[27]In 1930 a private school called Escuela Mexicana Hidalgo (\"Hidalgo Mexican School\") was established. Its goal was to preserve Mexican culture.[2]In February 1932 Park was renamed after Thomas Edison.[26] Before 2000, Furr High School served much of Magnolia Park.[28][29] Prior to 1997 residents zoned to Furr also had the option to attend Austin and Milby high schools; in 1997 the school district canceled the option.[30]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"METRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METRO_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"Magnolia Park Transit Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_Park_Transit_Center"},{"link_name":"METRORail Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METRORail_Green_Line"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunau-31"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"Autobuses Americanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobuses_Americanos"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunau-31"},{"link_name":"Houston City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Turner"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"METRO maintains the Magnolia Park Transit Center, which is on the METRORail Green Line.[31]Greyhound Bus Lines and Autobuses Americanos maintain services at a bus station next to the transit center. On December 1, 2023, Greyhound moved its remaining services from Midtown to the Magnolia Park bus stop.[31] Houston City Council member Robert Gallegos, of District I, stated that Greyhound did not notify him of the timing in advance. Sylvester Turner, the Mayor of Houston stated that he did not know about the timing of the move until less than 24 hours before Greyhound's announcement.[32] This station has four bays for buses, less than the previous station. There were area residents who stated that they did not want the type of criminal activity that had occurred around the Midtown station.[33]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlerp36-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlerp3637-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlerp36-34"}],"text":"Salon Juárez, built in 1928, is a 48 feet (15 m) by 80 feet (24 m) two-story building that served as the meeting house for the Sociedad Mutualista Benito Juárez, a mutual aid society formed in Magnolia Park in 1919. According to Stephen Fox, who specializes in the history of architecture, this is the city's first ethnic Mexican-oriented public building not made for religious purposes. Due to financial problems during the Great Depression the society no longer managed the building after 1932. After multiple changes in ownership, the physical plant began to suffer from maintenance issues in the 1980s and 1990s because the old roof was removed but a new roof was not put on it.[34] Because the owner had not paid $20,000 in back taxes, the building was to be sold in a July 6, 2004 auction, but the taxes were paid before the auction occurred, so the owner kept the property.[35] The Greater Houston Preservation Alliance classified it as an endangered building.[34]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoustonWards1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"six wards of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_wards_of_Houston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdisonMSHouston.JPG"}],"text":"1920 six wards of Houston map, which also indicates Magnolia Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas A. Edison Middle School","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Senate"},{"link_name":"Mario Gallegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Gallegos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hewitt100-4"}],"text":"Texas Senator Mario Gallegos[4]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Map_1-0"},{"link_name":"Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.greatereastend.com/map/map.swf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110711123846/http://www.greatereastend.com/map/map.swf"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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Midtown Greyhound bus station to end service Thursday, property still listed for sale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/transportation/2023/11/29/470896/midtown-greyhound-bus-services-to-end-thursday-property-still-listed-for-sale/?amp=1"},{"link_name":"Houston Public Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUHT"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Houston city leaders left in the dark as Greyhound set to move downtown hub in fewer than 24 hours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abc13.com/greyhound-houston-magnolia-park-closing-in-city-leaders/14119553/"},{"link_name":"KTRK-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTRK-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Residents express their anger, fears over safety as Greyhound bus station moves to East End\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.khou.com/article/news/local/houston-greyhound-station-east-end-move/285-c3904b51-2d2f-482c-9e5f-ef9e93ff14b4"},{"link_name":"KHOU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHOU-TV"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cutlerp36_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cutlerp36_34-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cutlerp3637_35-0"}],"text":"^ \"Map Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine.\" East End Management District. Retrieved on March 8, 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l \"Magnolia Park, Houston.\" Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on July 24, 2010.\n\n^ \"Magnolia Park Police Department, TX\".\n\n^ a b c d Hewitt, Paige. \"Celebrating 100 years at Magnolia Park.\" Houston Chronicle. October 18, 2009. Retrieved on July 24, 2010.\n\n^ a b Rodriguez, Nestor, p. 31.\n\n^ Gonzales, J.R. (2019-02-05). \"How German Street in Houston's Second Ward lost its name\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-02-08.\n\n^ Rodriguez, Nestor, p. 32.\n\n^ Rodriguez, Nestor, p. 34.\n\n^ Lomax, John Nova. \"Houston 101: Sig Byrd, Houston's King of True-Life Noir.\" Houston Press. Friday November 20, 2009. Retrieved on September 6, 2012.\n\n^ City of Houston, Council District Maps, District I Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine.\" City of Houston. Retrieved on November 5, 2011.\n\n^ \"Magnolia Multi-Service Center.\" City of Houston. Retrieved on December 4, 2011. \"7037 Capitol Houston, Texas 77011\"\n\n^ a b \"Clinic/Emergency/Registration Center Directory By ZIP Code\". Harris County Hospital District. 2001-11-19. Archived from the original on 2001-11-19. Retrieved 2021-04-08. - See ZIP codes 77011 and 77012. See this map for relevant ZIP code.\n\n^ \"Gulfgate Health Center\" (Archive). Harris County Hospital District. Accessed October 17, 2008.\n\n^ a b \"Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment No. 82 Magnolia Park\" (PDF). City of Houston. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ 1920 City of Houston Map.\" Texas Map & Blue Printing Company. Retrieved on January 13, 2011. Includes boundaries of the former City of Magnolia Park.\n\n^ \"Briscoe Elementary School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"\"DeZavala Elementary Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15..\n\n^ \"Franklin Elementary Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"Gallegos Elementary Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"Home Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine.\" Gallegos Elementary School. Retrieved on December 4, 2011.\n\n^ \"Tijerina Elementary Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"Carrillo Elementary School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"Edison Middle Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"Milby High School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ \"Austin High School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.\n\n^ a b \"History of Thomas Edison Middle School.\" Edison Middle School. Retrieved on October 28, 2011.\n\n^ Steptoe, Tyina. Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City (Volume 41 of American Crossroads). University of California Press, November 3, 2015. ISBN 0520958535, 9780520958531. p. 96.\n\n^ \"High Schools.\" Houston Independent School District. April 13, 2002. Retrieved on May 6, 2009.\n\n^ \"Furr High School Attendance Zone Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine.\" Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on January 18, 2011.\n\n^ \"1996-1997 HISD ATTENDANCE BOUNDARIES,\" Houston Independent School District. June 30, 1997. Retrieved on December 13, 2010. \"CANCEL the options for students in the East End to attend Austin or Milby from Furr\"\n\n^ a b Grunau, Sarah (2023-11-29). \"Houston Midtown Greyhound bus station to end service Thursday, property still listed for sale\". Houston Public Media. Retrieved 2023-11-29.\n\n^ Pearson, Lileana (2023-11-30). \"Houston city leaders left in the dark as Greyhound set to move downtown hub in fewer than 24 hours\". KTRK-TV. Retrieved 2023-11-30.\n\n^ Ruiz, Anayeli; McCord, Cory (2023-11-30). \"Residents express their anger, fears over safety as Greyhound bus station moves to East End\". KHOU-TV. Retrieved 2023-12-06.\n\n^ a b Cutler, p. 36.\n\n^ Cutler, p. 36-37.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The former city hall of Magnolia Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MagnoliaParkCityHall0.JPG/220px-MagnoliaParkCityHall0.JPG"},{"image_text":"Magnolia Park in the 1890s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MagnoliaParkSceneUHLibrary.jpg/220px-MagnoliaParkSceneUHLibrary.jpg"},{"image_text":"1913 map of the six wards of Houston, which also indicates Magnolia Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MapHouston1913.jpg/220px-MapHouston1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magnolia Park and Central Park subdivisions, Houston, Texas (circa 1918)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Magnolia_Park_and_Central_Park_subdivisions%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Magnolia_Park_and_Central_Park_subdivisions%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harrisburg Road, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1910) (street car)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Harrisburg_Road%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Harrisburg_Road%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fire Station 20, 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fire_Station_20.jpg/220px-Fire_Station_20.jpg"},{"image_text":"DeZavala Elementary School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DeZavalaESHouston.JPG/220px-DeZavalaESHouston.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"Latino and Hispanic American portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latino_and_Hispanic_American"},{"title":"History of the Mexican-Americans in Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mexican-Americans_in_Houston"}]
[{"reference":"Cutler, Leigh. \"Salon Juárez\" (PDF). The Houston Review. 3 (2): 36–37.","urls":[{"url":"https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/william-stamps-farrish-quarangle-st-johns-school.pdf","url_text":"\"Salon Juárez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magnolia Park Police Department, TX\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odmp.org/agency/6394-magnolia-park-police-department-texas","url_text":"\"Magnolia Park Police Department, TX\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, J.R. (2019-02-05). \"How German Street in Houston's Second Ward lost its name\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/bayou-city-history/article/How-German-Street-became-Canal-a-13592710.php","url_text":"\"How German Street in Houston's Second Ward lost its name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Clinic/Emergency/Registration Center Directory By ZIP Code\". 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Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/32468/boundarymaps/Franklin_ES.pdf","url_text":"\"Franklin Elementary Attendance Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Houston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"Gallegos Elementary Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/32468/boundarymaps/Gallegos_ES.pdf","url_text":"\"Gallegos Elementary Attendance Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Houston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"Tijerina Elementary Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/32468/boundarymaps/Tijerina_ES.pdf","url_text":"\"Tijerina Elementary Attendance Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Houston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrillo Elementary School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/32468/boundarymaps/Carrillo_ES.pdf","url_text":"\"Carrillo Elementary School Attendance Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Houston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"Edison Middle Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/32468/boundarymaps/Edison_MS.pdf","url_text":"\"Edison Middle Attendance Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Houston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"Milby High School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/32468/boundarymaps/Milby_HS.pdf","url_text":"\"Milby High School Attendance Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Houston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"Austin High School Attendance Zone\" (PDF). Houston Independent School District. 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Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/transportation/2023/11/29/470896/midtown-greyhound-bus-services-to-end-thursday-property-still-listed-for-sale/?amp=1","url_text":"\"Houston Midtown Greyhound bus station to end service Thursday, property still listed for sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUHT","url_text":"Houston Public Media"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Lileana (2023-11-30). \"Houston city leaders left in the dark as Greyhound set to move downtown hub in fewer than 24 hours\". KTRK-TV. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly,_1862%E2%80%931866
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 1862–1866
["1 Notes","2 Sources"]
This is a list of members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly between the 1862 elections and the 1866 elections. Name District Years in office Edward Abbott Clarence 1856–1864 Robert Adams Hobart Town 1859–1866 William Race Allison Hobart Town 1856–1865 John Balfe Franklin 1857–1872;1874–1880 Charles Cansdell Hobart Town 1865–1866; 1867–1869 Thomas Chapman Campbell Town 1856–1864; 1866–1873 Alexander Clerke Ringwood 1857–1860; 1862–1863;1872–1874 John Davies Devon 1861; 1862–1871 Charles Degraves Hobart Town 1864–1866 William Lambert Dobson Campbell Town 1861–1862; 1864–1870 William Dodery Norfolk Plains 1861–1870 Adye Douglas Westbury 1856–1857; 1862–1884 Charles Grant Deloraine 1863–1866 James Grant Fingal 1861–1863 Thomas Gregson Richmond 1856–1872 D'Arcy Haggitt Hobart Town 1862–1864 John Hayes Brighton 1862–1866 William Hodgson Sorell 1861–1881 Alfred Horne Ringwood 1863–1865 Thomas Horne Hobart Town 1861–1866 Thomas Knight George Town 1862–1865 Henry Lette Launceston 1862–1875; 1877–1892 David Lewis Clarence 1864–1882 James Lord Oatlands 1862–1871 John Lord Hobart Town 1864–1871 Charles Meredith Glamorgan 1856–1879 John Meredith DeloraineRingwood 1861–1863; 1865–1871 Maxwell Miller Hobart Town 1856–1861; 1862–1864 Robert Byron Miller Launceston 1861–1867 D'Arcy Murray Launceston 1862–1866 Sir Robert Officer Glenorchy 1856–1877 John Perkins Kingborough 1861–1866 Alexander Rose Morven 1862–1866 John Scott George Town 1865–1871 John Sharland Cumberland 1862–1865 William Sharland New Norfolk 1861–1872 Isaac Sherwin Selby 1860–1866 William Sibley Cumberland 1865–1871 John Swan Fingal 1863–1875 Robert Walker Queenborough 1862–1871 Notes M1 On 20 January 1863, James Whyte became Premier of Tasmania and appointed Charles Meredith and Robert Byron Miller to the Ministry. They were therefore required to resign and contest ministerial by-elections, at which they were both returned on 5 February 1863. 1 In March 1863, John Meredith, the member for Deloraine, resigned. Charles Grant won the resulting by-election on 18 May 1863. 2 In June 1863, James Grant, the member for Fingal, resigned. John Swan won the resulting by-election on 28 July 1863. 3 In September 1863, Alexander Clerke, the member for Ringwood, resigned. Alfred Horne won the resulting by-election on 24 November 1863. 4 In January 1864, Edward Abbott, the member for Clarence, resigned to successfully contest the Legislative Council division of Cambridge. David Lewis won the resulting by-election on 24 February 1864. 5 In May 1864, D'Arcy Haggitt and Maxwell Miller, both members of the five-member seat of Hobart Town, resigned. Miller had resigned to take up the role of Clerk-Assistant and Librarian of the Parliament of Tasmania. They were replaced on 1 June 1864 at a by-election by Charles Degraves and John Lord. 6 In May 1864, Thomas Chapman, the member for Campbell Town, resigned on account of personal bankruptcy. William Lambert Dobson was elected unopposed on 21 June 1864. 7 In May 1865, John Sharland, the member for Cumberland, resigned. William Sibley won the resulting by-election on 7 June 1865. 8 In May 1865, Alfred Horne, the member for Ringwood, resigned. At the resulting by-election on 26 June 1865, John Meredith was returned unopposed. 9 On 26 September 1865, William Race Allison, one of the five members for Hobart Town, died. Charles Cansdell won the resulting by-election on 17 October 1865. 10 In October 1865, Thomas Knight, the member for George Town, resigned. John Scott won the resulting by-election on 14 November 1865. Sources Newman, Terry (1994). Representation of the Tasmanian People. Tasmanian Parliamentary Library. ISBN 0-7246-4147-5. Parliament of Tasmania (2020). The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856 vteMembers of the Parliament of TasmaniaHouse of Assembly 1856–1861 1861–1862 1862–1866 1866–1871 1871–1872 1872–1877 1877–1882 1882–1886 1886–1891 1891–1893 1893–1897 1897–1900 1900–1903 1903–1906 1906–1909 1909–1912 1912–1913 1913–1916 1916–1919 1919–1922 1922–1925 1925–1928 1928–1931 1931–1934 1934–1937 1937–1941 1941–1946 1946–1948 1948–1950 1950–1955 1955–1956 1956–1959 1959–1964 1964–1969 1969–1972 1972–1976 1976–1979 1979–1982 1982–1986 1986–1989 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–1998 1998–2002 2002–2006 2006–2010 2010–2014 2014–2018 2018–2021 2021–2025 Legislative Council 1879–1885 1885–1891 1891–1897 1897–1903 1903–1909 1909–1915 1915–1921 1921–1927 1927–1933 1933–1939 1939–1945 1945–1951 1951–1957 1957–1963 1963–1969 1969–1975 1975–1981 1981–1987 1987–1993 1993–1999 1999–2005 2002–2006 2005–2011 2006–2010 2010–2014 2011–2017 2017–2023
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Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Grant_(1836%E2%80%931880)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Fing2"},{"link_name":"James Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Grant_(Australian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fingal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Fingal"},{"link_name":"John Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Swan_(Australian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Ring13"},{"link_name":"Alexander Clerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Clerke"},{"link_name":"Ringwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Ringwood_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Horne"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Clar4"},{"link_name":"Edward Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Abbott_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Clarence_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_division_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"David Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lewis_(Tasmanian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Hob15"},{"link_name":"D'Arcy Haggitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%27Arcy_Haggitt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Hobart Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Hobart_Town"},{"link_name":"Charles Degraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Degraves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lord_(Australian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Camp6"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chapman_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Campbell Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Campbell_Town"},{"link_name":"personal bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"William Lambert Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lambert_Dobson"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Cumb7"},{"link_name":"John Sharland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Sharland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Cumberland_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"William Sibley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Sibley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Ring28"},{"link_name":"Alfred Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Horne"},{"link_name":"Ringwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Ringwood_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"John Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Meredith_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Hob29"},{"link_name":"William Race Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Race_Allison"},{"link_name":"Hobart Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Hobart_Town"},{"link_name":"Charles Cansdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Cansdell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_GeoT10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Knight_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_George_Town"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Scott_(Tasmanian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"M1 On 20 January 1863, James Whyte became Premier of Tasmania and appointed Charles Meredith and Robert Byron Miller to the Ministry. They were therefore required to resign and contest ministerial by-elections, at which they were both returned on 5 February 1863.\n1 In March 1863, John Meredith, the member for Deloraine, resigned. Charles Grant won the resulting by-election on 18 May 1863.\n2 In June 1863, James Grant, the member for Fingal, resigned. John Swan won the resulting by-election on 28 July 1863.\n3 In September 1863, Alexander Clerke, the member for Ringwood, resigned. Alfred Horne won the resulting by-election on 24 November 1863.\n4 In January 1864, Edward Abbott, the member for Clarence, resigned to successfully contest the Legislative Council division of Cambridge. David Lewis won the resulting by-election on 24 February 1864.\n5 In May 1864, D'Arcy Haggitt and Maxwell Miller, both members of the five-member seat of Hobart Town, resigned. Miller had resigned to take up the role of Clerk-Assistant and Librarian of the Parliament of Tasmania. They were replaced on 1 June 1864 at a by-election by Charles Degraves and John Lord.\n6 In May 1864, Thomas Chapman, the member for Campbell Town, resigned on account of personal bankruptcy. William Lambert Dobson was elected unopposed on 21 June 1864.\n7 In May 1865, John Sharland, the member for Cumberland, resigned. William Sibley won the resulting by-election on 7 June 1865.\n8 In May 1865, Alfred Horne, the member for Ringwood, resigned. At the resulting by-election on 26 June 1865, John Meredith was returned unopposed.\n9 On 26 September 1865, William Race Allison, one of the five members for Hobart Town, died. Charles Cansdell won the resulting by-election on 17 October 1865.\n10 In October 1865, Thomas Knight, the member for George Town, resigned. John Scott won the resulting by-election on 14 November 1865.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7246-4147-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7246-4147-5"},{"link_name":"The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parliament.tas.gov.au/history/members/HistoryIndex.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"House of 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Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"1879–1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1879%E2%80%931885"},{"link_name":"1885–1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1885%E2%80%931891"},{"link_name":"1891–1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1891%E2%80%931897"},{"link_name":"1897–1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1897%E2%80%931903"},{"link_name":"1903–1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1903%E2%80%931909"},{"link_name":"1909–1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1909%E2%80%931915"},{"link_name":"1915–1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1915%E2%80%931921"},{"link_name":"1921–1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1921%E2%80%931927"},{"link_name":"1927–1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1927%E2%80%931933"},{"link_name":"1933–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1933%E2%80%931939"},{"link_name":"1939–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1939%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"1945–1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1945%E2%80%931951"},{"link_name":"1951–1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1951%E2%80%931957"},{"link_name":"1957–1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1957%E2%80%931963"},{"link_name":"1963–1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1963%E2%80%931969"},{"link_name":"1969–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1969%E2%80%931975"},{"link_name":"1975–1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1975%E2%80%931981"},{"link_name":"1981–1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1981%E2%80%931987"},{"link_name":"1987–1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1987%E2%80%931993"},{"link_name":"1993–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1993%E2%80%931999"},{"link_name":"1999–2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_1999%E2%80%932005"},{"link_name":"2002–2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_2002%E2%80%932006"},{"link_name":"2005–2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_2005%E2%80%932011"},{"link_name":"2006–2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_2006%E2%80%932010"},{"link_name":"2010–2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_2010%E2%80%932014"},{"link_name":"2011–2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_2011%E2%80%932017"},{"link_name":"2017–2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council,_2017%E2%80%932023"}],"text":"Newman, Terry (1994). Representation of the Tasmanian People. Tasmanian Parliamentary Library. ISBN 0-7246-4147-5.\nParliament of Tasmania (2020). The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856vteMembers of the Parliament of TasmaniaHouse of Assembly\n1856–1861\n1861–1862\n1862–1866\n1866–1871\n1871–1872\n1872–1877\n1877–1882\n1882–1886\n1886–1891\n1891–1893\n1893–1897\n1897–1900\n1900–1903\n1903–1906\n1906–1909\n1909–1912\n1912–1913\n1913–1916\n1916–1919\n1919–1922\n1922–1925\n1925–1928\n1928–1931\n1931–1934\n1934–1937\n1937–1941\n1941–1946\n1946–1948\n1948–1950\n1950–1955\n1955–1956\n1956–1959\n1959–1964\n1964–1969\n1969–1972\n1972–1976\n1976–1979\n1979–1982\n1982–1986\n1986–1989\n1989–1992\n1992–1996\n1996–1998\n1998–2002\n2002–2006\n2006–2010\n2010–2014\n2014–2018\n2018–2021\n2021–2025\nLegislative Council\n1879–1885\n1885–1891\n1891–1897\n1897–1903\n1903–1909\n1909–1915\n1915–1921\n1921–1927\n1927–1933\n1933–1939\n1939–1945\n1945–1951\n1951–1957\n1957–1963\n1963–1969\n1969–1975\n1975–1981\n1981–1987\n1987–1993\n1993–1999\n1999–2005\n2002–2006\n2005–2011\n2006–2010\n2010–2014\n2011–2017\n2017–2023","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Newman, Terry (1994). Representation of the Tasmanian People. Tasmanian Parliamentary Library. ISBN 0-7246-4147-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7246-4147-5","url_text":"0-7246-4147-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/history/members/HistoryIndex.html","external_links_name":"The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungsgatan,_Stockholm
Kungsgatan, Stockholm
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 59°20′06.9″N 18°03′44.4″E / 59.335250°N 18.062333°E / 59.335250; 18.062333Street in central Stockholm, Sweden View of Kungsgatan and the two Kungstorn. Kungsgatan, 2016 Kungsgatan (Swedish for "King's Street") is a street address in central Stockholm, Sweden. It was formerly a red-light district and is currently a busy shopping street. At its western end it is connected to Kungsholmen by Kungsbron bridge, from where it stretches east to Stureplan public square. It is intercepted by the streets Vasagatan, Drottninggatan, and Sveavägen. Two streets pass over it: Malmskillnadsgatan on Malmskillnadsbron bridge and Regeringsgatan on the Bridge of Regeringsgatan. Kungsgatan passes by Hötorget public square where Stockholm Concert Hall is located. It is also flanked by two buildings, the Kungstorn (King's towers), each about 60 metres tall. Kungsgatan was dug through the Brunkebergsåsen esker (a natural ridge) in the early 20th century and inaugurated in 1911. Today it is a lively shopping street flanked by cinemas, cafés, and other shopping facilities, such as Vete-katten at Kungsgatan 55. Hötorget station, on the Green line of the Stockholm metro, is located at the intersection where Kungsgatan crosses Sveavägen. Between its opening in 1952 and 1957, the station was named Kungsgatan. See also Geography of Stockholm References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kungsgatan. ^ Berry, Oliver (30 May 2012). "Stockholm's enduring style". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Stockholm". urbanrail. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019. 59°20′06.9″N 18°03′44.4″E / 59.335250°N 18.062333°E / 59.335250; 18.062333 This Stockholm road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Geography of Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Stockholm"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Harbour,_Dorset
Weymouth Harbour, Dorset
["1 Overview","2 Video","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°36′27″N 02°27′03″W / 50.60750°N 2.45083°W / 50.60750; -2.45083Harbour at Weymouth in Dorset, England, UK This article is about the small harbour in central Weymouth. For the large harbour to the south of Weymouth, see Portland Harbour. For other places with the same name, see Weymouth Harbour. A view of Weymouth Harbour with the town bridge in the distance. Boats in Weymouth Harbour. View of the Custom House Quay at Weymouth Harbour. Weymouth Harbour (or the Old Harbour) is a harbour at the seaside town of Weymouth in Dorset, southern England. It has a 17th-century waterfront. Overview The harbour forms the mouth of the River Wey as it enters the English Channel. The original Roman port at Radipole to the north was lost to silting (forming Radipole Lake), and the current harbour further downstream, lying between Weymouth Old Town and Melcombe Regis, started to develop in the 12th and 13th centuries. Weymouth Harbour empties into the much larger Portland Harbour to the south and east, which is home to the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, where the sailing events of the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games were held. Weymouth Harbour has included cross-channel ferries, and is now home to pleasure boats and private yachts. The Weymouth Harbour Tramway ran along the north side of the harbour to the long disused Weymouth Quay railway station. The track was removed during 2020 and 2021 except for two short sections left as a memorial. Immediately to the north at the harbour entrance is Weymouth Pier, separating the harbour from Weymouth Beach and Weymouth Bay. Weymouth Pavilion and the Jurassic Skyline observation tower could be found here before its removal. Stone Pier is located on the south side of the harbour entrance. Immediately to the south near the entrance to the harbour are Nothe Gardens with Nothe Fort on the promontory. Nothe Parade runs along the south side of the harbour front, with Wellington Court, the former Red Barracks, built in 1801, above. Brewers Quay is a converted Victorian brewery in Hope Square, a tourist spot south of the Old Harbour. It was formerly the Devenish Brewery. Nearby is the Tudor House Museum, which used to front onto the harbour before the land opposite was reclaimed. The harbour includes a lifting bridge to allow boats into the inner harbour, Weymouth Marina. Video Weymouth Harbour on YouTube See also Custom House, Weymouth Portland Harbour Weymouth Peace Garden References Notes ^ "Weymouth Harbour". TripAdvisor. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ "The Waterfront Weymouth". UK. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016. Bibliography Searle, Brian; Peter, Bruce (2010). Weymouth Ferries: The Rise and Fall of a Port. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781906608088. External links Media related to Weymouth harbour at Wikimedia Commons Weymouth Harbour website Weymouth Harbour Webcam 50°36′27″N 02°27′03″W / 50.60750°N 2.45083°W / 50.60750; -2.45083 vteJurassic CoastEast Devon Orcombe Point Sandy Bay Straight Point Otter Cove Budleigh Salterton Danger Point Ladram Bay High Peak Sidmouth Salcombe Hill Weston Mouth Branscombe Beer Head Beer Quarry Caves Beer Seaton Pinhay Bay Monmouth Beach Ware Cliffs West Dorset Lyme Regis Dinosaurland Fossil Museum Lyme Regis Museum Lyme Bay The Spittles Black Ven Charmouth Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre Golden Cap Seatown Thorncombe Beacon Eype Mouth Chesil Beach West Bay Burton Bradstock West Bexington Abbotsbury Gore Cove Chickerell Isle of Portland Chesil Cove Tar Rocks Clay Ope Hallelujah Bay Blacknor Mutton Cove Wallsend Cove Pulpit Rock Portland Bill Portland Raised Beach Cave Hole Church Ope Cove Portland Museum Jurassica Durdle Pier King's Pier Folly Pier Salt Pans Freshwater Bay Balaclava Bay Portland Harbour Weymouth Newton's Cove Nothe Gardens Weymouth Harbour Weymouth Pier Jurassic Skyline Weymouth Beach Weymouth Bay Greenhill Furzy Cliff Jordan Hill Bowleaze Cove Broadrock Redcliff Point Black Head Osmington Mills Bran Point Perry Ledge Ringstead West Ringstead Ringstead Bay Burning Cliff White Nothe Chaldon Hill Bat's Head Swyre Head Scratchy Bottom Durdle Door Man o' War Cove St Oswald's Bay Pinion Rock Dungy Head Stair Hole Lulworth Cove Lulworth Ranges Purbeck Monocline Bindon Hill Fossil Forest Mupe Bay Arish Mell Isle of Purbeck Flower's Barrow Cow Corner Worbarrow Bay Worbarrow Tout Pondfield Cove Gad Cliff Tyneham Brandy Bay Hobarrow Bay Kimmeridge Kimmeridge Oil Field Kimmeridge Bay Hen Cliff Kimmeridge Ledges The Etches Collection Rope Lake Head Swyre Head Egmont Bight Egmont Point Chapman's Pool St Alban's Head West Man Winspit East Man Worth Matravers Dancing Ledge Anvil Point Tilly Whim Caves Durlston Bay Peveril Point Swanage Ballard Point The Pinnacles Parson's Barn Old Harry Rocks Geology of Devon · Geology of DorsetvteHarbours of the UK & Crown DependenciesEngland Barrow Boston Bristol Avonmouth Harbour Royal Portbury Dover Falmouth Felixstowe Great Yarmouth Grimsby Goole Gloucester Harwich Hull Immingham Ipswich King's Lynn Liverpool London Lowestoft Poole Portland Portsmouth Sharpness Southampton Sunderland Tilbury Weymouth Wisbech Wales Barry Cardiff Fishguard Holyhead Milford Haven Mostyn Newport Pembroke Penarth Swansea Talbot Scotland Aberdeen Glasgow Forth Ports Grangemouth Burntisland Rosyth Leith Methil Dundee Inverness Irvine North Berwick Northern Ireland Belfast Larne Londonderry Crown Dependencies Braye Douglas St. Peter Port St Helier
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Harbour_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_quiet_Weymouth_Harbour_and_town_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_885748.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boats_in_Weymouth_Harbour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_902578.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Custom_House_Quay,_Weymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1146080.jpg"},{"link_name":"harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Harbour at Weymouth in Dorset, England, UKThis article is about the small harbour in central Weymouth. For the large harbour to the south of Weymouth, see Portland Harbour.For other places with the same name, see Weymouth Harbour.A view of Weymouth Harbour with the town bridge in the distance.Boats in Weymouth Harbour.View of the Custom House Quay at Weymouth Harbour.Weymouth Harbour (or the Old Harbour) is a harbour at the seaside town of Weymouth in Dorset, southern England.[1] It has a 17th-century waterfront.[2]","title":"Weymouth Harbour, Dorset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Wey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wey,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Radipole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radipole"},{"link_name":"silting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silting"},{"link_name":"Radipole Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radipole_Lake"},{"link_name":"Melcombe Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melcombe_Regis"},{"link_name":"Portland Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_and_Portland_National_Sailing_Academy"},{"link_name":"sailing events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Harbour Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Harbour_Tramway"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Quay railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Quay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Pier"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Beach"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Bay"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Skyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Skyline"},{"link_name":"Stone Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Pier"},{"link_name":"Nothe Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothe_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Nothe Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothe_Fort"},{"link_name":"Nothe Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothe_Parade"},{"link_name":"Wellington Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Court"},{"link_name":"Red Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Brewers Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_Quay"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Hope Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Square"},{"link_name":"Devenish Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devenish_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Tudor House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_House_Museum,_Weymouth"},{"link_name":"lifting bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Town_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Marina"}],"text":"The harbour forms the mouth of the River Wey as it enters the English Channel. The original Roman port at Radipole to the north was lost to silting (forming Radipole Lake), and the current harbour further downstream, lying between Weymouth Old Town and Melcombe Regis, started to develop in the 12th and 13th centuries. Weymouth Harbour empties into the much larger Portland Harbour to the south and east, which is home to the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, where the sailing events of the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games were held.Weymouth Harbour has included cross-channel ferries, and is now home to pleasure boats and private yachts. The Weymouth Harbour Tramway ran along the north side of the harbour to the long disused Weymouth Quay railway station. The track was removed during 2020 and 2021 except for two short sections left as a memorial. Immediately to the north at the harbour entrance is Weymouth Pier, separating the harbour from Weymouth Beach and Weymouth Bay. Weymouth Pavilion and the Jurassic Skyline observation tower could be found here before its removal. Stone Pier is located on the south side of the harbour entrance.Immediately to the south near the entrance to the harbour are Nothe Gardens with Nothe Fort on the promontory. Nothe Parade runs along the south side of the harbour front, with Wellington Court, the former Red Barracks, built in 1801, above. Brewers Quay is a converted Victorian brewery in Hope Square, a tourist spot south of the Old Harbour. It was formerly the Devenish Brewery. Nearby is the Tudor House Museum, which used to front onto the harbour before the land opposite was reclaimed.The harbour includes a lifting bridge to allow boats into the inner harbour, Weymouth Marina.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weymouth Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ehcrrtm7tM"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"}],"text":"Weymouth Harbour on YouTube","title":"Video"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirdan,_Iranshahr
Zirdan, Iranshahr
["1 References"]
Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranZirdan زيردانvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyIranshahrBakhshCentralRural DistrictAbtarPopulation (2006) • Total16Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Zirdan (Persian: زيردان, also Romanized as Zīrdān) is a village in Abtar Rural District, in the Central District of Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 4 families. References Iran portal ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Iranshahr CountyCapital Iranshahr DistrictsCentralCities Iranshahr Rural Districts and villagesAbtar Abgurandan Abtar Ahmadabad Anari Asanu Azmanabad Bazmahi Bon Gir Darajendan Darbandkan Galak Ganjabad Garuki Gazin Geri Golshahr Gunkan Gurkavan Gurnak Kablan Kaliran Kaliri Kasami Katukan Kusichi Maduhak Manesh Manjin Mowtowr-e Amir Nadag Dan Naserabad Pansan Qaderabad Raginan Rudi Rudy Sahran Sar Taruna Saraydan Sarnajdani Shahidan Shak Shichi Siahti Kalat Surgu Tukar Vashapi Zaminkan Zirdan Damen Ab Chekan Abadan Afzalabad Baluchkan Benuk Chahan Darreh-ye Seyeh Tapi Detk Gazan Ashehi Kach Kurin Kahnu Kaj Kaj Kush Kucheh Kuhigan-e Bala Kuhigan-e Pain Kuran-e Olya Kuran-e Sofla Malekabad Marabad Murtan Pazard Piranch Qaderabad-e Murtan Qaleh-ye Tarvan Sarjub Sayegan Sheyban Zehlenfan Howmeh Aliabad Allahabad Baghdaniyeh Brick Factory, Iranshahr Chah-e Jamal Darkian Do Rahi Sad Gavdari-ye Amiri Gavdari-ye Sagari Iranshahr Industrial Complex Kal Chat Kallinag-e Hasankhani Karimabad Khalilabad Kheyrabad Kur-e Kelkian Mowtowr-e Abdol Ghani Bahader Mowtowr-e Abdol Naser Kelekeli Mowtowr-e Alizadeh Mowtowr-e Allah Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Ayyub Borhan Zehi Mowtowr-e Barnayan Mowtowr-e Chengiz Mowtowr-e Dar Mohammad Jamshid Zehi Mowtowr-e Dusahnbeh Dust Kam Mowtowr-e Gholam Hoseyn Iran Mowtowr-e Hajji Amid Mowtowr-e Hajji Dadager Mowtowr-e Hajji Heydar Mowtowr-e Hajji Mohammad Zard Kuhi Mowtowr-e Jafar Mowtowr-e Karim Khan Mowtowr-e Mazar Karimi Mowtowr-e Mohammad Hoseyn Shahli Bar Mowtowr-e Mohammad Zaman Mowtowr-e Molla Vahid Kelkeli Mowtowr-e Nabi Bakhsh Baluch Zehi Mowtowr-e Naser Gargij Mowtowr-e Pey Khvasteh Mowtowr-e Seyyd Mohammad Mowtowr-e Seyyed Shahak Zehi Mowtowr-e Sheykh Mohammad Mahmudi Mowtowr-e Yusef Rudini Naserabad Nukabad Nukabad-e Sarhang Rahmanabad Sar Kahuran Sarzeh Shahr Deraz Surab Tomp-e Rigan BazmanCities Bazman Rural Districts and villagesAbreis Abbasabad Aliabad Chah-e Qezelbash Chah-e Qorban Chah-e Rahim Deh-e Gami Deh-e Jehil Gigan Hajjiabad Kafeh Jangian Kheyrabad Masjed Abu ol Fazl Mian Chah Mohimabad Nagatak Pag Sharifabad Shurab Valiabad Bazman Asan Kuh Azizabad Camp Office, Iranshahr Chah Shur-e Seh Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Do Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Yek Chah-e Kalir Chah-e Kalir Chah-e Mir Jan Chah-e Mohammad Chah-e Torsh Chahuk Chahuk-e Mehrab Dar Dazdan Dar Giaban Darahu Darchahi Darreh Kashkin Espidabad Estakhrak Gazhak Giman Golabad Hajjiabad Karudan Kaskin Kavanz Kelk Kermanchi Konarak Kuh Khezr Madan-e Sang Chah Torsh Madhan Maksan Mowtowr-e Ali Kord Narazad Pansareh Sar Tap Sarab Sargaruk Shur Tang-e Rahin Tanhak Tireh-ye Kheyrabad This Iranshahr County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Beach,_Texas
Jamaica Beach, Texas
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Parks","4 Demographics","4.1 2020 Census data","4.2 2000 Census data","5 Government and infrastructure","6 Education","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056 City in Texas, United StatesCity of Jamaica BeachCityJamaica Beach City Hall SealMotto(s): "A Great Place to Visit, but an even Better Place to Live"Location of Jamaica Beach, TexasCoordinates: 29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyGalvestonGovernment • TypeGeneral law • MayorClay MorrisArea • Total0.72 sq mi (1.86 km2) • Land0.58 sq mi (1.50 km2) • Water0.14 sq mi (0.35 km2)Elevation3 ft (1 m)Population (2010) • Total983 • Estimate (2019)1,079 • Density1,857.14/sq mi (717.23/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP codes77550, 77554Area code409FIPS code48-37252GNIS feature ID1388565Websitehttp://www.ci.jamaicabeach.tx.us/ Jamaica Beach is a city in Galveston County, Texas, United States on Galveston Island. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 983. the city is bordered by Galveston to the east and west, the east bay on the north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. History Karankawa Indian Historical Marker in Jamaica Beach Prior to its development, Jamaica Beach was a burial ground of the Karankawa people. Johnny Goyen and Earl Galceran of the Jamaica Corporation developed Jamaica Beach as a 2,000-lot resort subdivision in close proximity to a marina. The individuals who were a part of the development effort were Goyen, Galceran, brothers Jack and Welcome Wilson, Bill Sherrill, and Jack Valenti. They acquired an area of 320 acres (130 ha) that was owned by the Moody family. An oil businessperson named R.E. "Bob" Smith decided not to be a partner in the development, but he purchased the Moody land and sold it to the developers. He did not ask for any down payments and he guaranteed a $250,000 bank loan. Initially, the beachfront lots, each 90 feet (27 m), were sold for $3,500 apiece. The "second row" houses sold at a quick pace. As the subsequent rows of houses opened to sale, the sales figures decreased slowly because while wealthy people were easily able to acquire second houses, middle class homebuyers were unable to get a mortgage, and needed to pay for the homebuilding with cash. In the 1960s, the discovery of a skull and that it was connected to a Karankawa Native American burial ground led to an increase in public exposure and visitors. Welcome Wilson said that no additional sales were generated by the publicity. With the growth of the second house market, almost all of the lots on Jamaica Beach had been sold by the 1970s. Due to a decline in the United States economy, the developer closed its doors. The city incorporated on May 12, 1975. By 1978, 141 residents lived in Jamaica Beach. By 1988, the city had 446 residents and no businesses. By 1990, the city had 624 residents. Jamaica Beach was affected by Hurricane Alicia in August 1983. In September 2008, the city was affected by Hurricane Ike. On Saturday August 9, 2008, Jamaica Beach celebrated the 50th anniversary of its groundbreaking. At the ceremony, Welcome Wilson donated boxes of news articles, brochures, and promotional materials in order to build a collection for a museum located at the city hall. In addition, the five children of Welcome Wilson donated $10,000 to the new museum. Geography Jamaica Beach is located at 29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056 (29.192080, –94.980488). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.77 square miles (2.0 km2), of which 0.19 square miles (0.5 km2), or 24.57%, is covered by water. The city has several pirate-themed street names. They include "Blackbeard", "Buccaneer", "Captain Hook", "Captain Kidd". "Francis Drake", "John Davis", "Jean Lafitte", "Mansvelt", "Henry Morgan", "John Silver", and "Edward Teach". Parks Galveston Island State Park Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1980365—199062471.0%20001,07572.3%2010983−8.6%2019 (est.)1,0799.8%U.S. Decennial Census Map of Jamaica Beach 2020 Census data Jamaica Beach racial composition (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race Number Percentage White (NH) 940 87.2% Black or African American (NH) 4 0.37% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 4 0.37% Asian (NH) 14 1.3% Some Other Race (NH) 2 0.19% Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 31 2.88% Hispanic or Latino 83 7.7% Total 1,078 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,078 people, 704 households, and 339 families residing in the city. 2000 Census data As of the census of 2000, there were 1,075 people, 483 households, and 303 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,487.7 inhabitants per square mile (574.4/km2). There were 1,078 housing units at an average density of 1,491.8 per square mile (576.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.07% White, 0.37% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 1.95% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.56% of the population. There were 483 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.74. In the city, the population was 20.3% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $52,045, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $42,411 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,943. About 5.7% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Government and infrastructure West Galveston Island Contract Post Office in Jamaica Beach As of 2008 the City Council includes Mayor Victor Pierson, Mayor Pro Tem Steve Spicer, and four aldermen (Brad South, Eddie Burke, Sherwood Green, and Mary Morse). The city council established the Jamaica Beach Police Department in 1978; as of 2008 the department has one chief, one lieutenant, and five police officers. Jamaica Beach contracted its dispatching to the City of Hitchcock. After a large brush fire, the city created the Jamaica Beach Volunteer Fire Department and EMS in 1976. The city also has a municipal court, a water and sewer department, and a building department. In November 2007 a United States Postal Service Contract Postal Unit opened inside a local business in Jamaica Beach. The West Galveston Contract Unit (77554-9998) is at Bob Smith Drive near Farm to Market Road 3005. Education Pupils in Jamaica Beach are within the Galveston Independent School District. As of 2020 there are no particular attendance boundaries in GISD so parents may apply to any school they wish. Ball High School (9–12) in Galveston is the district's sole comprehensive high school. Previously students are zoned to Oppe Elementary School (K–4) and Weis Middle School (6–8). Galveston ISD (and therefore Jamaica Beach) is assigned to Galveston College in Galveston. Texas A&M University at Galveston is in nearby Galveston. References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Jamaica Beach city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ a b Jamaica Beach, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online ^ a b c Elder, Laura. "Wilson put out West End's Welcome mat." The Galveston Daily News. Sunday August 10, 2008. Vol. 166, No. 118. A1 and A7. Retrieved on January 15, 2012. ^ Langford, Terri and Dale Lezon. "Jamaica Beach residents allowed to inspect homes." Houston Chronicle. September 20, 2008. Retrieved on January 16, 2012. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Jamaica Beach city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ "A pirate's life for me/Houston's quirkiest street names." (click the picture of the pirate) Houston Chronicle. Retrieved on February 12, 2015. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ https://www.census.gov/ ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022. ^ "City Council Information Archived 2008-09-13 at the Wayback Machine." City of Jamaica Beach. Accessed September 15, 2008. ^ "Departments." City of Jamaica Beach. Accessed September 15, 2008. ^ "The Galveston County Daily News". Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2008. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Galveston County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 17, 2021. ^ "Schools of Choice". Galveston Independent School District. Retrieved April 22, 2021. ^ "School Attendance Zones". Galveston Independent School District. Archived from the original on May 12, 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2021. ^ Texas Education Code, Section 130.179, "Galveston College District Service Area Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine". ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jamaica Beach. Texas portal City of Jamaica Beach official website vte Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar LandCounties Austin Brazoria Chambers Fort Bend Galveston Harris Liberty Montgomery Waller "Principal" cities Houston The Woodlands Sugar Land Baytown Conroe Other cities Alvin Angleton Bellaire Clute Deer Park Dickinson Freeport Friendswood Galena Park Galveston Humble Jacinto City Katy Lake Jackson La Marque La Porte League City Manvel Missouri City Pasadena Pearland Richmond Rosenberg South Houston Stafford Texas City West University Place For a complete listing, see list of cities and towns in Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA Unincorporatedareas Atascocita Channelview Cloverleaf Crosby Cypress Fresno Hockley Klein Port Bolivar Spring The Woodlands Bodies of water Buffalo Bayou Galveston Bay Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Houston Ship Channel San Jacinto River Trinity River Lake Houston Lake Conroe vteMunicipalities and communities of Galveston County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: GalvestonCities Bayou Vista Clear Lake Shores Dickinson Friendswood‡ Galveston Hitchcock Jamaica Beach Kemah La Marque League City‡ Santa Fe Seabrook‡ Texas City Galveston County mapVillage Tiki Island CDPs Bacliff Bolivar Peninsula San Leon Othercommunities Arcadia Algoa Bayview Caplen Crystal Beach Gilchrist High Island Port Bolivar Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Texas portal United States portal vteState of TexasAustin (capital)Topics Outline Architecture Climate (Climate change) Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Mass media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks Sports Symbols Texans Time Tourist attractions Transportation Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Regions Ark‑La‑Tex Big Bend Boca Chica Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans-Pecos West Texas Metropolitanareas Abilene Amarillo Austin–Round Rock (Greater Austin) Beaumont–Port Arthur Brownsville–Harlingen College Station–Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington (DFW) El Paso Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land (Greater Houston) Killeen–Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio–New Braunfels Sherman–Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls CountiesSee: List of counties in Texas Texas portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galveston County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Galveston Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"}],"text":"City in Texas, United StatesJamaica Beach is a city in Galveston County, Texas, United States on Galveston Island. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 983.[5] the city is bordered by Galveston to the east and west, the east bay on the north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.","title":"Jamaica Beach, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karankawa_Indian_Campsite_Marker_in_Jamaica_Beach,_Texas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karankawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karankawa"},{"link_name":"Karankawa people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karankawa_people"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-6"},{"link_name":"Welcome Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_W._Wilson_Sr."},{"link_name":"Jack Valenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Valenti"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-6"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-7"}],"text":"Karankawa Indian Historical Marker in Jamaica BeachPrior to its development, Jamaica Beach was a burial ground of the Karankawa people. Johnny Goyen and Earl Galceran of the Jamaica Corporation developed Jamaica Beach as a 2,000-lot resort subdivision in close proximity to a marina.[6] The individuals who were a part of the development effort were Goyen, Galceran, brothers Jack and Welcome Wilson, Bill Sherrill, and Jack Valenti. They acquired an area of 320 acres (130 ha) that was owned by the Moody family. An oil businessperson named R.E. \"Bob\" Smith decided not to be a partner in the development, but he purchased the Moody land and sold it to the developers. He did not ask for any down payments and he guaranteed a $250,000 bank loan. Initially, the beachfront lots, each 90 feet (27 m), were sold for $3,500 apiece. The \"second row\" houses sold at a quick pace. As the subsequent rows of houses opened to sale, the sales figures decreased slowly because while wealthy people were easily able to acquire second houses, middle class homebuyers were unable to get a mortgage, and needed to pay for the homebuilding with cash.[7]In the 1960s, the discovery of a skull and that it was connected to a Karankawa Native American burial ground led to an increase in public exposure and visitors. Welcome Wilson said that no additional sales were generated by the publicity. With the growth of the second house market, almost all of the lots on Jamaica Beach had been sold by the 1970s. Due to a decline in the United States economy, the developer closed its doors.[7] The city incorporated on May 12, 1975. By 1978, 141 residents lived in Jamaica Beach. By 1988, the city had 446 residents and no businesses. By 1990, the city had 624 residents.[6]Jamaica Beach was affected by Hurricane Alicia in August 1983. In September 2008, the city was affected by Hurricane Ike.[8]On Saturday August 9, 2008, Jamaica Beach celebrated the 50th anniversary of its groundbreaking. At the ceremony, Welcome Wilson donated boxes of news articles, brochures, and promotional materials in order to build a collection for a museum located at the city hall. In addition, the five children of Welcome Wilson donated $10,000 to the new museum.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica_Beach,_Texas&params=29_11_31_N_94_58_50_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-9"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Blackbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard"},{"link_name":"Buccaneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer"},{"link_name":"Captain Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Captain Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kidd"},{"link_name":"Francis Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake"},{"link_name":"John Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Searle"},{"link_name":"Jean Lafitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lafitte"},{"link_name":"Mansvelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mansvelt"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan"},{"link_name":"John Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Silver"},{"link_name":"Edward Teach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teach"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Jamaica Beach is located at 29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056 (29.192080, –94.980488).[9]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.77 square miles (2.0 km2), of which 0.19 square miles (0.5 km2), or 24.57%, is covered by water.[10]The city has several pirate-themed street names. They include \"Blackbeard\", \"Buccaneer\", \"Captain Hook\", \"Captain Kidd\". \"Francis Drake\", \"John Davis\", \"Jean Lafitte\", \"Mansvelt\", \"Henry Morgan\", \"John Silver\", and \"Edward Teach\".[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galveston Island State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Island_State_Park"}],"text":"Galveston Island State Park","title":"Parks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JamaicaBeachTXMap.gif"}],"text":"Map of Jamaica Beach","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 Census data","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,078 people, 704 households, and 339 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 Census data","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 1,075 people, 483 households, and 303 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,487.7 inhabitants per square mile (574.4/km2). There were 1,078 housing units at an average density of 1,491.8 per square mile (576.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.07% White, 0.37% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 1.95% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.56% of the population.There were 483 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.74.In the city, the population was 20.3% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $52,045, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $42,411 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,943. About 5.7% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamaica_Beach_Texas_Post_Office_CPU_77554.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"City of Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchcock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Contract Postal Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service#Types_of_postal_facilities"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 3005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3005"}],"text":"West Galveston Island Contract Post Office in Jamaica BeachAs of 2008 the City Council includes Mayor Victor Pierson, Mayor Pro Tem Steve Spicer, and four aldermen (Brad South, Eddie Burke, Sherwood Green, and Mary Morse).[16] The city council established the Jamaica Beach Police Department in 1978; as of 2008 the department has one chief, one lieutenant, and five police officers. Jamaica Beach contracted its dispatching to the City of Hitchcock. After a large brush fire, the city created the Jamaica Beach Volunteer Fire Department and EMS in 1976. The city also has a municipal court, a water and sewer department, and a building department.[17]In November 2007 a United States Postal Service Contract Postal Unit opened inside a local business in Jamaica Beach.[18] The West Galveston Contract Unit (77554-9998) is at Bob Smith Drive near Farm to Market Road 3005.","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galveston Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Beach,_Texas&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ball High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_High_School"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boundaries2004-22"},{"link_name":"Galveston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_College"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University at Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_at_Galveston"}],"text":"Pupils in Jamaica Beach are within the Galveston Independent School District.[19] As of 2020[update] there are no particular attendance boundaries in GISD so parents may apply to any school they wish.[20] Ball High School (9–12) in Galveston is the district's sole comprehensive high school.Previously students are zoned to Oppe Elementary School (K–4) and Weis Middle School (6–8).[21]Galveston ISD (and therefore Jamaica Beach) is assigned to Galveston College in Galveston.[22]Texas A&M University at Galveston is in nearby Galveston.","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Karankawa Indian Historical Marker in Jamaica Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Karankawa_Indian_Campsite_Marker_in_Jamaica_Beach%2C_Texas.jpg/100px-Karankawa_Indian_Campsite_Marker_in_Jamaica_Beach%2C_Texas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Jamaica Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JamaicaBeachTXMap.gif/220px-JamaicaBeachTXMap.gif"},{"image_text":"West Galveston Island Contract Post Office in Jamaica Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaica_Beach_Texas_Post_Office_CPU_77554.jpg/220px-Jamaica_Beach_Texas_Post_Office_CPU_77554.jpg"},{"image_text":"Galveston County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Jamaica Beach city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Jamaica Beach city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Jamaica Beach city, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Jamaica Beach city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4837252&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","url_text":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Galveston County Daily News\". Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303212429/http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b8246b6cd050b946","url_text":"\"The Galveston County Daily News\""},{"url":"http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b8246b6cd050b946","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Galveston County, TX\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st48_tx/schooldistrict_maps/c48167_galveston/DC20SD_C48167.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Galveston County, TX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Schools of Choice\". Galveston Independent School District. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gisd.org/schoolsofchoice","url_text":"\"Schools of Choice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Independent_School_District","url_text":"Galveston Independent School District"}]},{"reference":"\"School Attendance Zones\". Galveston Independent School District. Archived from the original on May 12, 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040512003633/http://gisd.org/schools/boundaries.html","url_text":"\"School Attendance Zones\""},{"url":"http://gisd.org/schools/boundaries.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica_Beach,_Texas&params=29_11_31_N_94_58_50_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica_Beach,_Texas&params=29_11_31_N_94_58_50_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.jamaicabeach.tx.us/","external_links_name":"http://www.ci.jamaicabeach.tx.us/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamaica_Beach,_Texas&params=29_11_31_N_94_58_50_W_type:city","external_links_name":"29°11′31″N 94°58′50″W / 29.19194°N 94.98056°W / 29.19194; -94.98056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Beach,_Texas&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Jamaica Beach city, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hljmq","external_links_name":"Jamaica Beach, Texas"},{"Link":"http://www.gslwelcome.com/Portals/0/News/TheDailyNews_6-10-08.pdf","external_links_name":"Wilson put out West End's Welcome mat"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ike/galveston/6003905.html","external_links_name":"Jamaica Beach residents allowed to inspect homes"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Jamaica Beach city, Texas\""},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/homes/article/Houston-s-quirkiest-street-names-5759208.php#photo-5702101","external_links_name":"A pirate's life for me/Houston's quirkiest street names"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4837252&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"https://www.census.gov/"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.jamaicabeach.tx.us/council.asp","external_links_name":"City Council Information"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080913155721/http://www.ci.jamaicabeach.tx.us/council.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.jamaicabeach.tx.us/departments.htm","external_links_name":"Departments"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303212429/http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b8246b6cd050b946","external_links_name":"\"The Galveston County Daily News\""},{"Link":"http://news.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b8246b6cd050b946","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st48_tx/schooldistrict_maps/c48167_galveston/DC20SD_C48167.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Galveston County, TX\""},{"Link":"https://www.gisd.org/schoolsofchoice","external_links_name":"\"Schools of Choice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040512003633/http://gisd.org/schools/boundaries.html","external_links_name":"\"School Attendance Zones\""},{"Link":"http://gisd.org/schools/boundaries.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://law.onecle.com/texas/education/130.179.00.html","external_links_name":"Galveston College District Service Area"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211025734/http://law.onecle.com/texas/education/130.179.00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jamaicabeachtx.gov/","external_links_name":"City of Jamaica Beach official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grannis,_Arkansas
Grannis, Arkansas
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2000 census","3 Education","4 References"]
Coordinates: 34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833For people with the surname, see Grannis (surname). City in Arkansas, United StatesGrannis, ArkansasCityCity HallLocation of Grannis in Polk County, Arkansas.Coordinates: 34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833CountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountyPolkArea • Total7.98 sq mi (20.66 km2) • Land7.93 sq mi (20.54 km2) • Water0.05 sq mi (0.12 km2)Elevation912 ft (278 m)Population (2020) • Total496 • Density62.55/sq mi (24.15/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code71944Area code870FIPS code05-27970GNIS feature ID2403726 Grannis is a city in Polk County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 554 at the 2010 census. Near Grannis is the Boggs Springs Youth Encampment of the American Baptist Association, a retreat of Missionary Baptist churches. Geography Grannis is located at 34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833 (34.238884, -94.328404). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.6 square miles (22 km2), all land. Demographics 2020 census Grannis racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 292 58.87% Native American 8 1.61% Other/Mixed 28 5.65% Hispanic or Latino 168 33.87% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 496 people, 259 households, and 184 families residing in the city. 2000 census Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1940225—1950193−14.2%1960185−4.1%1970177−4.3%198034997.2%199050745.3%200057513.4%2010554−3.7%2020496−10.5%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 575 people, 210 households, and 164 families residing in the city. The population density was 66.6 inhabitants per square mile (25.7/km2). There were 254 housing units at an average density of 29.4 per square mile (11.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.78% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 4.35% Native American, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 14.09% from other races, and 2.09% from two or more races. 16.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 210 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,083, and the median income for a family was $30,893. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,642. About 15.1% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 19.4% of those age 65 or over. Education It is in the Cossatot River School District. Grannis, in the 1950s, was assigned to Gillham(?) schools in Sevier County. At a later point it was in the Wickes School District, which consolidated into the Cossatot River district on July 1, 2010. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Grannis, Arkansas ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Polk County, 1952-1954". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives. (Download) - which notes that Grannis was assigned to Sevier schools, and "Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Sevier County, 1952-1954". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives. (Download) ^ "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Polk County, AR" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ "ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on May 23, 2018. vteMunicipalities and communities of Polk County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: MenaCities Mena Wickes Map of Arkansas highlighting Polk CountyTowns Cove Grannis Hatfield Vandervoort CDPs Acorn Board Camp Other unincorporatedcommunities Big Fork Cherry Hill Corinth Dallas Hatton Ink Old Potter Pleasant Hill Potter Arkansas portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grannis (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grannis_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Polk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2010"},{"link_name":"American Baptist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Baptist_Association"},{"link_name":"Missionary Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Baptist"}],"text":"For people with the surname, see Grannis (surname).City in Arkansas, United StatesGrannis is a city in Polk County, Arkansas, United States.[2] The population was 554 at the 2010 census.Near Grannis is the Boggs Springs Youth Encampment of the American Baptist Association, a retreat of Missionary Baptist churches.","title":"Grannis, Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grannis,_Arkansas&params=34_14_20_N_94_19_42_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Grannis is located at 34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833 (34.238884, -94.328404).[3]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.6 square miles (22 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 496 people, 259 households, and 184 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 575 people, 210 households, and 164 families residing in the city. The population density was 66.6 inhabitants per square mile (25.7/km2). There were 254 housing units at an average density of 29.4 per square mile (11.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.78% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 4.35% Native American, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 14.09% from other races, and 2.09% from two or more races. 16.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 210 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.10.In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $29,083, and the median income for a family was $30,893. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,642. About 15.1% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 19.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cossatot River School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossatot_River_School_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wickes School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickes_School_District"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolkCoSDMap-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoolconsol-9"}],"text":"It is in the Cossatot River School District.Grannis, in the 1950s, was assigned to Gillham(?) schools in Sevier County.[7] At a later point it was in the Wickes School District,[8] which consolidated into the Cossatot River district on July 1, 2010.[9]","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Polk County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Polk_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Polk_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_05.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0527970&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Polk County, 1952-1954\". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/54/","url_text":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Polk County, 1952-1954\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Archives","url_text":"Arkansas State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Sevier County, 1952-1954\". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/63/","url_text":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Sevier County, 1952-1954\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Archives","url_text":"Arkansas State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Polk County, AR\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st05_ar/c05113_polk/DC10SD_C05113_001.pdf","url_text":"\"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Polk County, AR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grannis,_Arkansas&params=34_14_20_N_94_19_42_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grannis,_Arkansas&params=34_14_20_N_94_19_42_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grannis,_Arkansas&params=34_14_20_N_94_19_42_W_type:city","external_links_name":"34°14′20″N 94°19′42″W / 34.23889°N 94.32833°W / 34.23889; -94.32833"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_05.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2403726","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Grannis, Arkansas"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0527970&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/54/","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Polk County, 1952-1954\""},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/context/school-district-maps/article/1053/type/native/viewcontent","external_links_name":"Download"},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/school-district-maps/63/","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Sevier County, 1952-1954\""},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/context/school-district-maps/article/1062/type/native/viewcontent","external_links_name":"Download"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st05_ar/c05113_polk/DC10SD_C05113_001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Polk County, AR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912013154/http://www.arkansased.gov/public/userfiles/Legal/ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls","external_links_name":"ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Honor_Society
Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica
["1 History","2 Symbols","3 Membership","4 Activities","5 Chapters","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
American honor society for Spanish and Portuguese This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sociedad Honoraria HispánicaSHHcode: eng promoted to code: en Founded1953; 71 years ago (1953)TypeHonor SocietyEmphasisSpanish and PortugueseScopeNational (US)Motto¡Todos a una!" ("All Together for One Goal")Colors  Red and   GoldFlowerCarnationPublicationAlbriciasChapters2,900+SponsorAmerican Association of Teachers of Spanish and PortugueseHeadquarters160 Rail Road, Ste 3Chesterton, Indiana 46304 United StatesWebsitewww.aatspshh.org The Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica (the national honor society for Spanish and Portuguese) is an academic honor society focused on Spanish language and Portuguese language excellence in secondary education and promotes a continuity of interest in Spanish and Portuguese studies. It is sponsored by the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. History Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica was established as the Spanish National Honor Society in 1953 in the United States. Its became Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica in 1959. The society recognizes the achievement of high school students in Spanish and Portuguese. It also encourages interest in Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian studies. Symbols The society's colors are red and gold. Its fower is the carnation. Its motto is "¡Todos a una!" ("All Together for One Goal"). Membership Each member must have completed at least three semesters of Spanish or Portuguese with an honor average as defined by the local chapter. The potential member must be enrolled in Spanish at the time of induction and is required to maintain an "honor grade" or GPA, which correlates with the SHH's mission of high academic achievement. Activities Albricias is the quarterly publication of the Spanish Honor Society. Students may submit writings and artworks to the magazine. It also features reflective writings from the students who have won the college scholarships and/or travel awards. Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica provides over $160,000 in awards to its chapters and members. The most prestigious awards are college scholarships to sixty high school seniors (Joseph Adams Senior Scholarship) and travel awards to 24 high school juniors from around the country (Bertie Green Travel Awards). The Bertie Green Travel Award destinations have included summer trips to Argentina, Peru, Mexico, and Spain. Each chapter can only nominate one student for each of those awards. There are also several awards for chapters and sponsors each year. Chapters As of 2024, there are more than 2,900 chapters of Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica. Each chapter has its own unique name, which is associated with some aspect of the Spanish or Portuguese culture. See also German National Honor Society National Honor Society Société Honoraire de Français References ^ a b c d e f g h "Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica". American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. Retrieved 2024-05-24. ^ "Albricias the literary journal of the Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica". Sociedad Honoraria. Retrieved 2024-05-24. External links Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
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[]
[{"title":"German National Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Honor_Society"},{"title":"National Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Honor_Society"},{"title":"Société Honoraire de Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Honoraire_de_Fran%C3%A7ais"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Bogdanov
Bogdan Bogdanov
["1 References","2 External links"]
Bogdan Bogdanov (in Bulgarian: Богдан Богданов), 1940-2016, is a Bulgarian classical philologist, culturologist and translator. Bogdanov is the president of New Bulgarian University and chairman of the Board of Trustees of NBU. He is professor of ancient Greek literature and culture at the University of Sofia. Bogdanov was born in Sofia on 2 November 1940. He graduated from the Classical Philology Department of the University of Sofia in 1963 and later specialized at the University of Athens (1978) and Amsterdam University (1984). In 1978–1988 Bogdanov was a secret informer of Department VI of the Bulgarian Interior Ministry (the Communist political police), but the fact was officially acknowledged only 20 years later. The two decades after the fall of communism in Bulgaria, were particularly successful for Bogdanov. In 1990 he founded with other intellectuals and become chairman of the Society for New Bulgarian University and co-founded Open Society Fund (in Bulgaria). In 1991 he founded New Bulgarian University — the first private university in the country — as successor to the Society for New Bulgarian University (after a resolution by Bulgarian Parliament on September 18, 1991). He was the ambassador of the Republic of Bulgaria to Greece (1991–1993). Bogdanov published numerous essays and monographs in Bulgarian but few of his writings have been translated into other languages. In 2010 Reading and its Functioning. From ancient Greek literature to anyone world was published in Berlin. Bogdanov died in Sofia on August 5, 2016. References ^ Official CV on dedicated site ^ Решение №175 от 14.12.2010 г. - МВнР - посланици и генерални консули. Комисия за разкриване на документите и за обявяване на принадлежност на български граждани към Държавна сигурност и разузнавателните служби на Българската народна армия, 2010. Посетен на 21 декември 2010. ^ Bogdanov B., Reading and its Functioning. From ancient Greek literature to anyone world Berlin: Osteuropa-Zentrum , 2010, 144 S. (ISBN 978-3-940452-04-7) External links Bogdan Bogdanov personal website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
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[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.bogdanbogdanov.net/en_biography.php?page=page_show&pageID=1","external_links_name":"Official CV"},{"Link":"http://comdos.bg/media/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/175-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8.doc","external_links_name":"Решение №175 от 14.12.2010 г. - МВнР - посланици и генерални консули. Комисия за разкриване на документите и за обявяване на принадлежност на български граждани към Държавна сигурност и разузнавателните служби на Българската народна армия, 2010. Посетен на 21 декември 2010."},{"Link":"http://www.bogdanbogdanov.net/biography_en.php?page=page_show&pageID=1","external_links_name":"Bogdan Bogdanov personal website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120464580","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39687960","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB499R6gxG8yqVKMBGrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155338635","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155338635","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123545404","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85075961","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2017943634&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p123915724","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699024305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/17109641X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Correia_(footballer)
Manuel Correia (footballer)
["1 Club career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
Portuguese footballer Manuel CorreiaPersonal informationFull name Manuel Afonso CorreiaDate of birth (1962-02-26) 26 February 1962 (age 62)Place of birth Seixal, PortugalHeight 1.82 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Position(s) Centre backYouth career1974–1975 Seixal1977–1978 Sporting CP1978–1979 SeixalSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1979–1981 Seixal 1981–1983 Sesimbra 27 (1)1983–1984 O Elvas 29 (3)1984–1987 Vizela 86 (1)1987–1989 Penafiel 76 (0)1989–1996 Chaves 226 (8)Total 444 (13)Managerial career1992 Chaves (interim)1996–1997 Chaves (assistant)1997–1998 Chaves1998–2001 União Lamas2001 Penafiel2001–2002 União Lamas2002–2003 Felgueiras2003–2004 Chaves2004–2005 Aves2005 Ovarense2006–2007 Vizela2011–2012 Sesimbra2012–2017 Fabril2018 Oriental Dragon *Club domestic league appearances and goals Manuel Afonso Correia (born 26 February 1962) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central defender, and is a current manager. Club career Born in Seixal, Setúbal District, Correia appeared in 299 Primeira Liga matches over nine seasons, scoring a total of nine goals for F.C. Vizela and G.D. Chaves and also representing F.C. Penafiel. He made his debut in the competition on 26 August 1984 whilst at the service of the first club, in a 1–2 home loss against S.L. Benfica. Correia retired at the end of the 1995–96 campaign at the age of 34, after helping Chaves retain their top-division status. He subsequently worked as a manager, being in charge of several teams in the Segunda Liga. Personal life Correia's son, Rui, was also a footballer and a defender. References ^ "Vizela 1–2 Benfica" (in Portuguese). Zerozero. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "GD FABRIL»» Manuel Correia é o novo treinador" . Jornal de Desporto (in Portuguese). 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "A ascensão meteórica de Rui Correia" (in Portuguese). David José Pereira. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2017. External links Manuel Correia at ForaDeJogo (archived) Manuel Correia manager stats at ForaDeJogo (archived) vteF.C. Penafiel – managers Tomé (1983) Cabrita (1984–86) Alhinho (1989–90) J. Carlos (1995) Correia (2001) Ferreira (2003–04) Fernandes (2004) Castro (2004–06) Bento (2006–07) Sousa (2007–08) Quinta (2008–09) Cardoso (2009) Lázaro (2009–11) Garrido (2011) Chaló (2011–12) Leal (2012–14) Chéu (2014) Quinta (2014–15) Brito (2015) Alves (2015–17) Conceição (2017) Evangelista (2017–19) Leal (2019–20) Ribeiro (2020–21) Filó (2021–23) Hélder (2023–) vteC.D. Aves – managers Professor Neca (1982–83) Professor Neca (1984–86) Nunes (1992–94) Barbosa (1994–95) Luís (1995–96) Campos (1996–98) Frasco (1998) Professor Neca (1998–2000) Carvalhal (2000–01) Agostinho (2001–02) Caetano (2002–03) Carlos Garcia (2003) Gomes (2003–04) Correia (2004–2005) Professor Neca (2005–07) Gomes (2007) Nunes (2007–09) Sequeira (2009–10) Oliveira (2010–11) Fonseca (2011–12) Vilaça (2012–13) Professor Neca (2013) Valente (2014–15) Simões (2015) Abel Xavier (2015) Morais (2015–16) Vieira (2016–17) Mota (2017) Soares (2017) Vidigal (2017–18) Mota (2018–19) Inácio (2019) Manta (2019–20)
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_for_Love_(radio_program)
Time for Love (radio program)
["1 Relationship to Cafe Istanbul","2 Format","3 Personnel","4 References"]
1953-1954 old-time radio adventure drama Radio show Time for LoveMarlene DietrichCountry of originUnited StatesLanguage(s)EnglishSyndicatesCBSStarringMarlene DietrichRobert ReadickAnnouncerLee VinesDirected byMurray Burnett Ernest RiccaProduced byMarlene DietrichOriginal releaseJanuary 15, 1953 (1953-01-15) –May 27, 1954 (1954-05-27)Opening themeTime for LoveSponsored byJergens hand cream Time for Love is an old-time radio adventure drama in the United States. It was broadcast on CBS January 15, 1953 - May 27, 1954. Relationship to Cafe Istanbul Time for Love can be considered a sequel to — or a spinoff of — Cafe Istanbul, although the setting and the main character's name differed from those of the earlier program. Radio historian John Dunning, in his reference book On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, wrote, "In 1953, Dietrich took the show to CBS, changed the setting, and emerged with a sound-alike series called Time for Love. Robert C. Reinehr and Jon D. Swartz wrote in The A to Z of Old Time Radio, "The program moved to a different network and was renamed Time for Love. Jim Cox, in Radio Crime Fighters: More Than 300 Programs from the Golden Age, noted, "Some reviewers suggested that this drama was an outgrowth of Marlene Dietrich's previous radio adventure feature, Cafe Istanbul. Format Cox described the main character, Dianne La Volte, as "a mythical, globally famous vocal performer ... crusaded avocationally for law and order across the continents. She worked to protect innocent people and bring criminals to justice. Although La Volte lived in San Francisco, episodes of the program took her to Rome, Venice, Casablanca, Singapore, Vienna, and other far-flung places. In the book Dietrich Icon, Gerd Gemünden and Mary R. Desjardins described a typical episode in which "La Volta confronts German gunrunners while on safari in Kenya during the Mau-Mau uprising. Her globe-trotting journalist-boyfriend Michael saves her from a lion while telling her that she is the most dangerous animal in the jungle." Personnel Marlene Dietrich starred as Dianne La Volte. The only other character who appeared regularly was Michael Victor, an American journalist, who was portrayed by Robert Readick. Victor was La Volte's love interest, and he also "had the uncanny ability, with law authorities in tow, to arrive just in the nick of time to rescue La Volte from some menacing fate." Lee Vines was the announcer. Joe DeSantis, Guy Repp, and Luis Van Rooten were often heard in supporting roles. Dietrich was the program's producer. Murray Burnett and Ernest Ricca were the directors. The program's theme was the song Time for Love, which Dietrich recorded with Percy Faith and his orchestra in 1953. References Radio portal ^ Dunning, John. (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. ^ Reinehr, Robert C.; Swartz, Jon D. (2010). The A to Z of Old Time Radio. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 9780810876163. Retrieved 28 January 2017. ^ a b c d e f Cox, Jim (2002). Radio Crime Fighters: More Than 300 Programs from the Golden Age. McFarland. p. 256. ISBN 9781476612270. Retrieved 28 January 2017. ^ Gemünden, Gerd; Desjardins, Mary R. (2009). Dietrich Icon. Duke University Press. pp. 91–94. ISBN 978-0822389675. Retrieved 28 January 2017. ^ Wood, Ean (2012). Dietrich: A Biography. Music Sales Group. ISBN 9780857128454. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Houlgate
Stephen Houlgate
[]
British philosopher This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Stephen Houlgate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Stephen Houlgate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Stephen HoulgateBorn (1954-03-23) 23 March 1954 (age 70)EducationUniversity of Cambridge (PhD)Era21st-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolContinentalInstitutionsUniversity of WarwickThesisMetaphysics and its criticism in the philosophies of Hegel and Nietzsche (1984)Doctoral advisorNicholas BoyleOther academic advisorsRaymond PlantBarry NisbetJ. P. SternDuncan ForbesDoctoral studentsBeth LordMain interestsPost-Kantian philosophy Stephen Houlgate (born 23 March 1954) is a British philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. He is known for his works on Hegel, Heidegger and Derrida's thought. Books Hegel, Nietzsche and the Criticism of Metaphysics, Cambridge University Press, 1986 An Introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth and History, 2nd edition, Blackwell, 2005 The Opening of Hegel's Logic. From Being to Infinity, Purdue University Press, 2006 Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. A Reader's Guide, Bloomsbury, 2013 Hegel on Being (2 vols.), Bloomsbury, 2021 Edited Hegel and the Philosophy of Nature, SUNY, 1998 The Hegel Reader, Blackwell, 1998 Hegel and the Arts, Northwestern University Press, 2007 G.W.F. Hegel: Outlines of the Philosophy of Right, Oxford University Press, 2008 A Companion to Hegel, with M.Baur, Blackwell, 2011 See also Nietzsche and Philosophy Elements of the Philosophy of Right A History of Western Philosophy Being and Time Duncan Forbes (historian) References ^ Kusch, Martin (1 January 2009). "Review: Miranda Fricker: Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing". Mind. 118 (469): 170–174. doi:10.1093/mind/fzp020. ISSN 0026-4423. Retrieved 2 February 2019. External links Stephen Houlgate at the University of Warwick Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii PhilPeople People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef This biography of a British philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Nietzsche and Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche_and_Philosophy"},{"title":"Elements of the Philosophy of Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right"},{"title":"A History of Western Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy"},{"title":"Being and Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Time"},{"title":"Duncan Forbes (historian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Forbes_(historian)"}]
[{"reference":"Kusch, Martin (1 January 2009). \"Review: Miranda Fricker: Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing\". Mind. 118 (469): 170–174. doi:10.1093/mind/fzp020. ISSN 0026-4423. Retrieved 2 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/mind/article-abstract/118/469/170/1020185?redirectedFrom=PDF","url_text":"\"Review: Miranda Fricker: Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Ffzp020","url_text":"10.1093/mind/fzp020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4423","url_text":"0026-4423"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_fourteenth_Knesset
List of members of the fourteenth Knesset
["1 List of members","1.1 Replacements","2 External links"]
The 120 members of the fourteenth Knesset were elected on 29 May 1996. The breakdown by party was as follows: Labor Party: 34 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet: 32 Shas: 10 National Religious Party: 9 Meretz: 9 Yisrael BaAliyah: 7 Hadash-Balad: 5 United Torah Judaism: 4 The Third Way: 4 Arab Democratic Party-United Arab List (Mada-Ra'am): 4 Moledet: 2 List of members Party MK Notes Labor Party Adisu Massala Left party to establish One Nation Labor Party Amir Peretz Left party to establish One Nation Labor Party Avraham Shochat Labor Party Avraham Yehezkel Labor Party Binyamin Ben-Eliezer Labor Party Dalia Itzik Labor Party David Libai Replaced by Eitan Cabel on 15 October 1996 Labor Party Efi Oshaya Labor Party Efraim Sneh Labor Party Ehud Barak Labor Party Eli Ben-Menachem Labor Party Eli Goldschmidt Labor Party Hagai Meirom Left party to establish Centre Party Labor Party Haim Ramon Labor Party Micha Goldman Labor Party Moshe Shahal Replaced by Rafik Haj Yahia on 20 March 1998 Labor Party Nawaf Massalha Labor Party Nissim Zvili Left party to establish Centre Party Labor Party Ophir Pines-Paz Labor Party Ori Orr Labor Party Ra'anan Cohen Labor Party Rafael Edri Labor Party Rafi Elul Labor Party Saleh Tarif Labor Party Shalom Simhon Labor Party Shevah Weiss Labor Party Shimon Peres Labor Party Shlomo Ben-Ami Labor Party Sofa Landver Labor Party Uzi Baram Labor Party Yael Dayan Labor Party Yona Yahav Labor Party Yossi Beilin Labor Party Yossi Katz Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Ariel Sharon When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Avraham Hirschson When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Benjamin Netanyahu When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Benny Begin Left party to establish Herut – The National Movement Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Dan Meridor Left party to establish Centre Party Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Dan Tichon When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet David Levy When the alliance split, represented Gesher Likud-Gesher-Tzomet David Magen Left party to establish Centre Party Likud-Gesher-Tzomet David Re'em Left party to establish Herut – The National Movement Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Ehud Olmert Replaced by Yisrael Katz on 18 November 1998 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Eliahu Ben Elissar Replaced by Reuven Rivlin on 1 September 1996 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Eliezer Sandberg Left party to establish Centre Party, before establishing HaTzeirim and then joining Shinui Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Gideon Ezra When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Haim Dayan When the alliance split, represented Tzomet Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Joshua Matza When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Limor Livnat When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Maxim Levy When the alliance split, represented Gesher Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Meir Sheetrit When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Michael Eitan When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Michael Kleiner Left party to establish Herut – The National Movement Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Moshe Katsav When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Moshe Peled When the alliance split, represented Tzomet, before establishing Mekhora and then joining Moledet Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Naomi Blumenthal When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Pini Badash Replaced by Doron Shmueli on 30 November 1998 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Rafael Eitan When the alliance split, represented Tzomet Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Shaul Amor When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Silvan Shalom When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Tzachi Hanegbi When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Uzi Landau When the alliance split, represented Likud Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Yehuda Lancry When the alliance split, represented Gesher Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Yitzhak Mordechai Left party to establish Centre Party Likud-Gesher-Tzomet Ze'ev Boim When the alliance split, represented Likud Shas Aryeh Deri Shas Aryeh Gamliel Shas David Azulai Shas David Tal Shas Eli Yishai Shas Nissim Dahan Shas Rafael Pinhasi Shas Shlomo Benizri Shas Yitzhak Cohen Shas Yitzhak Vaknin National Religious Party Avner Shaki National Religious Party Avraham Stern Replaced by Nissan Slomiansky on 12 May 1997 National Religious Party Hanan Porat Left party to establish Tkuma National Religious Party Shaul Yahalom National Religious Party Shmaryahu Ben-Tzur National Religious Party Yigal Bibi National Religious Party Yitzhak Levy National Religious Party Zevulun Hammer Replaced by Eliyahu Gabai on 20 January 1998 National Religious Party Zvi Hendel Left party to establish Tkuma Meretz Amnon Rubinstein Meretz Anat Maor Meretz Avraham Poraz Left party to re-establish Shinui as an independent faction Meretz David Zucker Left party to sit as an independent Meretz Haim Oron Meretz Naomi Chazan Meretz Ran Cohen Meretz Walid Haj Yahia Meretz Yossi Sarid Yisrael BaAliyah Marina Solodkin Yisrael BaAliyah Michael Nudelman Left party to establish Aliyah Yisrael BaAliyah Natan Sharansky Yisrael BaAliyah Roman Bronfman Yisrael BaAliyah Yuli-Yoel Edelstein Yisrael BaAliyah Yuri Stern Left party to establish Aliyah Yisrael BaAliyah Zvi Weinberg Hadash-Balad Ahmad Sa'd When the alliance split, represented Hadash Hadash-Balad Azmi Bishara When the alliance split, represented Balad Hadash-Balad Hashem Mahameed When the alliance split, represented Balad Hadash-Balad Saleh Saleem When the alliance split, represented Hadash Hadash-Balad Tamar Gozansky When the alliance split, represented Hadash United Torah Judaism Avraham Ravitz When the alliance split, represented Degel HaTorah United Torah Judaism Meir Porush When the alliance split, represented Agudat Yisrael United Torah Judaism Moshe Gafni Replaced by Avraham Leizerson on 23 October 1998 United Torah Judaism Shmuel Halpert When the alliance split, represented Agudat Yisrael The Third Way Alexander Lubotzky The Third Way Avigdor Kahalani The Third Way Emanuel Zisman Left party to sit as an independent The Third Way Yehuda Harel Mada-Ra'am Abdulmalik Dehamshe Mada-Ra'am Abdulwahab Darawshe Mada-Ra'am Taleb el-Sana Mada-Ra'am Tawfik Khatib Moledet Binyamin Elon Moledet Rehavam Ze'evi Replacements MK Replaced Date Party Notes Reuven Rivlin Eliahu Ben Elissar 1 September 1996 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet When the alliance split, represented Likud Eitan Cabel David Libai 15 October 1996 Labor Party Nissan Slomiansky Avraham Stern 12 May 1997 National Religious Party Eliyahu Gabai Zevulun Hammer 20 January 1998 National Religious Party Rafik Haj Yahia Moshe Shahal 20 March 1998 Labor Party Left party to establish One Nation Avraham Leizerson Moshe Gafni 23 October 1998 United Torah Judaism When the alliance split, represented Agudat Yisrael Yisrael Katz Ehud Olmert 18 November 1998 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet When the alliance split, represented Likud Doron Shmueli Pini Badash 30 November 1998 Likud-Gesher-Tzomet When the alliance split, represented Likud External links Knesset members in the Fourteenth Knesset Knesset website vteMembers of the Knesset by term 1 (1949–51) 2 (1951–55) 3 (1955–59) 4 (1959–61) 5 (1961–65) 6 (1965–69) 7 (1969–74) 8 (1974–77) 9 (1977–81) 10 (1981–84) 11 (1984–88) 12 (1988–92) 13 (1992–96) 14 (1996–99) 15 (1999–2003) 16 (2003–06) 17 (2006–09) 18 (2009–13) 19 (2013–15) 20 (2015–19) 21 (2019) 22 (2019–20) 23 (2020–21) 24 (2021–22) 25 (2022–)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Likud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud"},{"link_name":"Gesher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesher_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"Tzomet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzomet"},{"link_name":"Shas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shas"},{"link_name":"National Religious Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Religious_Party"},{"link_name":"Meretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meretz"},{"link_name":"Yisrael BaAliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah"},{"link_name":"Hadash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadash"},{"link_name":"Balad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"United Torah Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism"},{"link_name":"The Third Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Arab Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Party_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"United Arab List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_List"},{"link_name":"Moledet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moledet"}],"text":"Labor Party: 34\nLikud-Gesher-Tzomet: 32\nShas: 10\nNational Religious Party: 9\nMeretz: 9\nYisrael BaAliyah: 7\nHadash-Balad: 5\nUnited Torah Judaism: 4\nThe Third Way: 4\nArab Democratic Party-United Arab List (Mada-Ra'am): 4\nMoledet: 2","title":"List of members of the fourteenth Knesset"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Replacements","title":"List of members"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mkindexByKnesset_eng.asp?knesset=14","external_links_name":"Knesset members in the Fourteenth Knesset"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Vernon
Suzy Vernon
["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
French actress (1901–1997) Suzy VernonSuzy Vernon (left) with Marguerite Moreno in 1934Born26 June 1901Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales, FranceDied24 January 1997Mougins, Alpes-Maritimes, FranceOccupationActressYears active1923–1942 (film) Suzy Vernon (1901–1997) was a French film actress. Vernon was born Amelie Paris in Perpignan in Southern France. She began her screen career in 1923 during the silent era and went on to appear in just under fifty films. She generally played the female lead, although she occasionally also appeared in supporting roles. Selected filmography The Portrait (1923) Faces of Children (1925) Barocco (1925) The Revenge of the Pharaohs (1925) Nitchevo (1926) The Bordello in Rio (1927) Martyr (1927) Napoléon (1927) The Last Waltz (1927) Sajenko the Soviet (1928) The Gambling Den of Montmartre (1928) Guilty (1928) The President (1928) Because I Love You (1928) Indizienbeweis (1929) A Foolish Maiden (1929) The Green Monocle (1929) Counter Investigation (1930) The Rebel (1931) The Man in Evening Clothes (1931) Miche (1932) Sergeant X (1932) A Star Disappears (1932) To Be Loved (1933) The Porter from Maxim's (1933) A Man of Gold (1934) Adémaï in the Middle Ages (1935) The Scandalous Couple (1935) Bux the Clown (1935) Napoléon Bonaparte (1935) Wells in Flames (1937) Return to Happiness (1942) References ^ Powrie p.178 Bibliography Crisp, C.G. The classic French cinema, 1930-1960. Indiana University Press, 1993 Powrie, Phil & Rebillard, Éric. Pierre Batcheff and stardom in 1920s French cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2009 External links Suzy Vernon at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a French actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_actress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan"},{"link_name":"Southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"silent era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_era"},{"link_name":"female lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_lead"},{"link_name":"supporting roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_role"}],"text":"Suzy Vernon (1901–1997) was a French film actress.[1] Vernon was born Amelie Paris in Perpignan in Southern France. She began her screen career in 1923 during the silent era and went on to appear in just under fifty films. She generally played the female lead, although she occasionally also appeared in supporting roles.","title":"Suzy Vernon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portrait_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Faces of Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faces_of_Children"},{"link_name":"Barocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barocco_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"The Revenge of the Pharaohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_of_the_Pharaohs"},{"link_name":"Nitchevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitchevo_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bordello in Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bordello_in_Rio"},{"link_name":"Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Napoléon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"The Last Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Waltz_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Sajenko the Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajenko_the_Soviet"},{"link_name":"The Gambling Den of Montmartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambling_Den_of_Montmartre"},{"link_name":"Guilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"The President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_President_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Because I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Because_I_Love_You_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Indizienbeweis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indizienbeweis"},{"link_name":"A Foolish Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Foolish_Maiden"},{"link_name":"The Green Monocle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Monocle"},{"link_name":"Counter Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Investigation_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rebel_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man in Evening Clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_Evening_Clothes"},{"link_name":"Miche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miche_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sergeant X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_X_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"A Star Disappears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Star_Disappears"},{"link_name":"To Be Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_Loved_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Porter from Maxim's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Porter_from_Maxim%27s_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"A Man of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"Adémaï in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9ma%C3%AF_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"The Scandalous Couple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scandalous_Couple"},{"link_name":"Bux the Clown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bux_the_Clown"},{"link_name":"Napoléon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_(1935_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wells in Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_in_Flames"},{"link_name":"Return to Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Happiness"}],"text":"The Portrait (1923)\nFaces of Children (1925)\nBarocco (1925)\nThe Revenge of the Pharaohs (1925)\nNitchevo (1926)\nThe Bordello in Rio (1927)\nMartyr (1927)\nNapoléon (1927)\nThe Last Waltz (1927)\nSajenko the Soviet (1928)\nThe Gambling Den of Montmartre (1928)\nGuilty (1928)\nThe President (1928)\nBecause I Love You (1928)\nIndizienbeweis (1929)\nA Foolish Maiden (1929)\nThe Green Monocle (1929)\nCounter Investigation (1930)\nThe Rebel (1931)\nThe Man in Evening Clothes (1931)\nMiche (1932)\nSergeant X (1932)\nA Star Disappears (1932)\nTo Be Loved (1933)\nThe Porter from Maxim's (1933)\nA Man of Gold (1934)\nAdémaï in the Middle Ages (1935)\nThe Scandalous Couple (1935)\nBux the Clown (1935)\nNapoléon Bonaparte (1935)\nWells in Flames (1937)\nReturn to Happiness (1942)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Crisp, C.G. The classic French cinema, 1930-1960. Indiana University Press, 1993\nPowrie, Phil & Rebillard, Éric. Pierre Batcheff and stardom in 1920s French cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2009","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_FW_190
Focke-Wulf Fw 190
["1 Early development","1.1 Genesis","1.2 Design concepts","1.2.1 Engine","1.2.2 Landing Gear","1.2.3 Control systems","1.2.4 Wing loading and Canopy","1.3 Wilde Sau","1.4 The Sturmböcke","2 Variants","2.1 First prototypes (BMW 139)","2.2 Later prototypes (BMW 801)","2.3 Fw 190 A","2.4 High-altitude developments","2.4.1 V-12 Engine","2.5 Ground attack versions (BMW 801)","2.6 Trainer versions","3 Combat history","4 Production","5 Surviving aircraft and modern replicas","6 Operators","7 Specifications (Fw 190 A-8)","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Citations","9.3 Bibliography","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
1939 fighter aircraft family by Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Fw 190A-3 of Stab. 7./JG2, June 1942 Role Fighter aircraftType of aircraft National origin Germany Manufacturer Focke-Wulf Designer Kurt Tank First flight 1 June 1939 Introduction August 1941 Retired 9 May 1945 (Luftwaffe) 1945 (Hungary) 1947 (Turkey) 1949 (France) Primary users Luftwaffe Hungarian Air Force Turkish Air Force Produced 1941–1945 (65 produced post-War for French Air Force) Number built Over 20,000 Developed into Focke-Wulf Ta 152 The Focke-Wulf Fw 190, nicknamed Würger (Shrike) is a German single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank at Focke-Wulf in the late 1930s and widely used during World War II. Along with its well-known counterpart, the Messerschmitt Bf 109, the Fw 190 became the backbone of the Jagdwaffe (Fighter Force) of the Luftwaffe. The twin-row BMW 801 radial engine that powered most operational versions enabled the Fw 190 to lift larger loads than the Bf 109, allowing its use as a day fighter, fighter-bomber, ground-attack aircraft and to a lesser degree, night fighter. The Fw 190A started flying operationally over France in August 1941 and quickly proved superior in all but turn radius to the Spitfire Mk. V, the main front-line fighter of the Royal Air Force (RAF), particularly at low and medium altitudes. The 190 maintained its superiority over Allied fighters until the introduction of the improved Spitfire Mk. IX. In November/December 1942, the Fw 190 made its air combat debut on the Eastern Front, finding much success in fighter wings and specialised ground attack units (Schlachtgeschwader – Battle Wings or Strike Wings) from October 1943. The Fw 190A series' performance decreased at high altitudes (usually 6,000 m and above), which reduced its effectiveness as a high-altitude interceptor. From the Fw 190's inception, there had been ongoing efforts to address this with a turbosupercharged BMW 801 in the B model, the much longer-nosed C model with efforts to also turbocharge its chosen Daimler-Benz DB 603 inverted V12 powerplant, and the similarly long-nosed D model with the Junkers Jumo 213. Problems with the turbocharger installations on the -B and -C subtypes meant only the D model entered service in September 1944. These high-altitude developments eventually led to the Focke-Wulf Ta 152, which was capable of extreme speeds at medium to high altitudes (755 km/h at 13,500 m ). While these "long nose" 190 variants and the Ta 152 derivative especially gave the Germans parity with Allied opponents, they arrived too late to affect the outcome of the war. The Fw 190 was well-liked by its pilots. Some of the Luftwaffe's most successful fighter aces claimed many of their kills while flying it, including Otto Kittel, Walter Nowotny and Erich Rudorffer. The Fw 190 had greater firepower than the Bf 109 and, at low to medium altitude, superior manoeuvrability, in the opinion of German pilots who flew both fighters. It was regarded as one of the best fighter planes of World War II. Early development Genesis Between 1934 and 1935 the German Ministry of Aviation (RLM) ran a contest to produce a modern fighter for the rearming Luftwaffe. Kurt Tank entered the parasol-winged Fw 159 into the contest, against the Arado Ar 80, Heinkel He 112 and Messerschmitt Bf 109. The Fw 159 was hopelessly outclassed and was soon eliminated from the competition along with the Ar 80. The He 112 and Bf 109 were generally similar in design but the 109's lightweight construction gave it a performance edge the 112 was never able to match. On March 12, 1936, the 109 was declared the winner. Even before the Bf 109 had entered squadron service, in autumn 1937 the RLM sent out a new tender asking various designers for a new fighter to fight alongside the Bf 109, as Walter Günther had done with Heinkel's follow-on to the unsuccessful He 100 and He 112. Although the Bf 109 was an extremely competitive fighter, the Ministry was worried that future foreign designs might outclass it, and wanted to have new aircraft under development to meet these possible challenges. Tank responded with a number of designs, most powered by a liquid-cooled inline engine. However, it was not until a design was presented using the air-cooled, 14-cylinder BMW 139 radial engine that the Ministry of Aviation's interest was aroused. As this design used a radial engine, it would not compete with the inline-powered Bf 109 for engines, when there were already too few Daimler-Benz DB 601s to go around. This was not the case for competing designs like the Heinkel He 100 or twin-engined Focke-Wulf Fw 187, where production would compete with the 109 and Messerschmitt Bf 110 for engine supplies. After the war, Tank denied a rumour that he had to "fight a battle" with the Ministry to convince them of the radial engine's merits. Design concepts At the time, the use of radial engines in land-based fighters was relatively rare in Europe, as it was believed that their large frontal area would cause too much drag on something as small as a fighter. Tank was not convinced of this, having witnessed the successful use of radial engines by the U.S. Navy, and felt a properly streamlined installation would eliminate this problem. As to the rest of the design philosophy, Tank wanted something more than an aircraft built only for speed. He outlined the reasoning: The Messerschmitt 109 and the British Spitfire, the two fastest fighters in the world at the time we began work on the Fw 190, could both be summed up as a very large engine on the front of the smallest possible airframe; in each case armament had been added almost as an afterthought. These designs, both of which admittedly proved successful, could be likened to racehorses: given the right amount of pampering and easy course, they could outrun anything. But the moment the going became tough they were liable to falter. During World War I, I served in the cavalry and in the infantry. I had seen the harsh conditions under which military equipment had to work in wartime. I felt sure that a quite different breed of fighter would also have a place in any future conflict: one that could operate from ill-prepared front-line airfields; one that could be flown and maintained by men who had received only short training; and one that could absorb a reasonable amount of battle damage and still get back. This was the background thinking behind the Focke-Wulf 190; it was not to be a racehorse but a Dienstpferd, a cavalry horse. Engine The hottest points on any air-cooled engine are the cylinder heads, located around the circumference of a radial engine. In order to provide sufficient air to cool the engine, airflow had to be maximized at this outer edge. This was normally accomplished by leaving the majority of the front face of the engine open to the air, causing considerable drag. During the late 1920s, NACA led the development of a dramatic improvement by placing an airfoil-shaped ring around the outside of the cylinder heads (the NACA cowling). The shaping accelerated the air as it entered the front of the cowl, increasing the total airflow, and allowing the opening in front of the engine to be made smaller. Tank introduced a further refinement to this basic concept. He suggested placing most of the airflow components on the propeller, in the form of an oversized propeller spinner whose outside diameter was the same as the engine. The cowl around the engine proper was greatly simplified, essentially a basic cylinder. Air entered through a small hole at the centre of the spinner and was directed through ductwork in the spinner so it was blowing rearward along the cylinder heads. To provide enough airflow, an internal cone was placed in the centre of the hole, over the propeller hub, which was intended to compress the airflow and allow a smaller opening to be used. In theory, the tight-fitting cowling also provided some thrust due to the compression and heating of air as it flowed through the cowling. The eventual choice of the BMW 801 14-cylinder radial over the more troublesome BMW 139 also brought with it a BMW-designed cowling "system" which integrated the radiator used to cool the motor oil. An annular, ring-shaped oil cooler core was built into the BMW-provided forward cowl, just behind the fan. The outer portion of the oil cooler's core was in contact with the main cowling's sheet metal. Comprising the BMW-designed forward cowl, in front of the oil cooler was a ring of metal with a C-shaped cross-section, with the outer lip lying just outside the rim of the cowl, and the inner side on the inside of the oil cooler core. Together, the metal ring and cowling formed an S-shaped duct with the oil cooler's core contained between them. Airflow past the gap between the cowl and outer lip of the metal ring produced a vacuum effect that pulled air from the front of the engine forward across the oil cooler core to provide cooling for the 801's motor oil. The rate of cooling airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring to open or close the gap. The reasons for this complex system were threefold. One was to reduce any extra aerodynamic drag of the oil radiator, in this case largely eliminating it by placing it within the same cowling as the engine. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the radiator to aid in warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the radiator behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The disadvantage to this design was that the radiator was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed. Landing Gear An Fw 190F's tailfin, showing the triangular hinged panel for access to the tailwheel retraction mechanism inside of it In contrast to the complex, failure-prone fuselage-mounted main gear legs of the earlier Fw 159, one of the main features of the Fw 190 was its wide-tracked, inwards-retracting landing gear. They were designed to withstand a sink rate of 4.5 metres per second (15 ft/s; 890 ft/min), double the strength factor usually required. Hydraulic wheel brakes were used. The wide-track undercarriage produced better ground handling characteristics, and the Fw 190 suffered fewer ground accidents than the Bf 109. (The Bf 109's narrow-track, outwards-retracting landing gear hinged on its wing root structure to help lower weight, but this led to inherent weakness and many failures and ground loops.) The Fw 190's retractable tail gear used a cable, anchored to the "elbow" at the midpoint of the starboard maingear's transverse retraction arms, which ran aftwards within the fuselage to the vertical fin to operate the tailwheel retraction function. The tailwheel's retraction mechanical design possessed a set of pulleys to guide the aforementioned cable to the top of the tailwheel's oleo strut, pulling it upwards along a diagonal track within the fin, into the lower fuselage; this mechanism was accessible through a prominently visible triangular-shaped hinged panel, on the left side in the fin's side sheetmetal covering. On some versions of the Fw 190 an extended tailwheel oleo strut could be fitted for larger-sized loads (such as bombs or even a torpedo) beneath the fuselage. Control systems Most aircraft of the era used cables and pulleys to operate their controls. The cables tended to stretch, resulting in the sensations of "give" and "play" that made the controls less crisp and responsive, and required constant maintenance to correct. For the new design, the team replaced the cables with rigid pushrods and bearings to eliminate this problem. Another innovation was making the controls as light as possible. The maximum resistance of the ailerons was limited to 3.5 kg (8 lb), as the average man's wrist could not exert a greater force. The empennage (tail assembly) featured relatively small and well-balanced horizontal and vertical surfaces. The design team also attempted to minimize changes in the aircraft's trim at varying speeds, thus reducing the pilot's workload. They were so successful in this regard that they found in-flight-adjustable aileron and rudder trim tabs were not necessary. Small, fixed tabs were fitted to control surfaces and adjusted for proper balance during initial test flights. Only the elevator trim needed to be adjusted in flight (a feature common to all aircraft). This was accomplished by tilting the entire horizontal tailplane with an electric motor, with an angle of incidence ranging from −3° to +5°. Another aspect of the new design was the extensive use of electrically powered equipment instead of the hydraulic systems used by most aircraft manufacturers of the time. On the first two prototypes, the main landing gear was hydraulic. Starting with the third prototype, the undercarriage was operated by push buttons controlling electric motors in the wings, and was kept in position by electric up and down-locks. The armament was also loaded and fired electrically. Tank believed that service use would prove that electrically powered systems were more reliable and more rugged than hydraulics, electric lines being much less prone to damage from enemy fire. Wing loading and Canopy Like the Bf 109, the Fw 190 featured a fairly small wing planform with relatively high wing loading. This presents a trade-off in performance. An aircraft with a smaller wing suffers less drag under most flight conditions and therefore flies faster and may have better range. However, it also means the aircraft has a higher stalling speed making it less maneuverable, and also reduces performance in the thinner air at higher altitudes. The wings spanned 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) and had an area of 15 m2 (160 sq ft). The wing was designed using the NACA 23015.3 airfoil at the root and the NACA 23009 airfoil at the tip. Earlier aircraft designs generally featured canopies consisting of small plates of perspex (also known as Plexiglas) in a metal "greenhouse" framework, with the top of the canopy even with the rear fuselage; this was true of the IJNAS Mitsubishi A6M Zero, whose otherwise "all-around view" canopy was still heavily framed. This design considerably limited visibility, especially to the rear. The introduction of vacuum forming, led to the creation of the "bubble canopy" which was largely self-supporting, and could be mounted over the cockpit, offering greatly improved all-round visibility. Tank's design for the Fw 190 used a canopy with a frame that ran around the perimeter, with only a short, centerline seam along the top, running rearward from the radio antenna fitting where the three-panel windscreen and the forward edge of the canopy met, just in front of the pilot. Wilde Sau From mid-1943, Fw 190s were also used as night fighters against the growing RAF Bomber Command offensive. In mid-1943, one of the earliest participants in the single-engine, ground controlled, night-fighting experiments was the Nachtjagdkommando Fw 190 (Night Fighter Command Fw 190), operated by IV. Gruppe (4 Group), Jagdgeschwader 3, (Fighter Wing 3, or JG 3). The main Nachtgeschwader (Night Fighter Wings) were keen to adopt a new fighter type as their twin-engine fighters were too slow for combat against increasing numbers of de Havilland Mosquito night fighters and bombers. Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1) and NJG 3 kept a pair of Fw 190s on standby to supplement the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Junkers Ju 88. The considerable performance advantage of the Fw 190 over the other two types was more than offset by the difficulties of operating at night. Few, if any, aerial successes can be attributed to these operational tests. One of the first purpose built units to use Fw 190s in this role was Stab/Versuchskommando Herrmann, a unit specifically set up in April 1943 by Major Hajo Herrmann. Herrmann's unit used standard A-4s and A-5s borrowed from day fighter units to intercept bombers over or near the targeted city, using searchlights and other visual aids to help them find their quarry. The first use of "Window" by the RAF during the Battle of Hamburg in July 1943, rendered the standard nightfighter Himmelbett procedures useless and brought urgency to the development of Herrmann's Wilde Sau ("Wild Boar") technique, pending the development of new nightfighting strategies. Instead of restricting the Fw 190s to ground control interception protocols, the Fw 190s were given a free hand to over-fly bombed areas to see if they could locate bombers using the ground fires below. These tactics became an integral part of the nightfighter operations until May 1944. St/V Herrmann was expanded to become Jagdgeschwader 300 (JG 300, or Fighter Wing 300), JG 301 and JG 302. All three units initially continued borrowing their aircraft from day fighter units. The day fighter units began to protest at the numbers of their aircraft which were being written off because of the hazards of night operations; the numbers soared with the onset of winter, with pilots often being forced to bail-out through being unable to find an airfield at which to land safely. Crash landings were also frequent. Eventually all three Wilde Sau units received their own aircraft, which were often modified with exhaust dampers and blind-flying radio equipment. Another unit was Nachtjagdgruppe 10 (NJGr 10), which used Fw 190 A-4/R11s through to A-8/R11s; Fw 190s modified to carry FuG (Funkgerät) 217 or FuG 218 radar mid-VHF band equipment. The Sturmböcke Fw 190 A-8/R8 of IV.(Sturm)/JG 3, flown by Hptm. Wilhelm Moritz The appearance of United States Army Air Forces heavy bombers caused a problem for the German fighter force. The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in particular was especially durable, and the armament of the Bf 109 and Fw 190 were not adequate for bomber-destroyer operations. The B-17's eventual deployment in combat box formations provided formidable massed firepower from a hundred or more Browning AN/M2 .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns. In addition, the Luftwaffe's original solution of Zerstörer twin-engine Messerschmitt Bf 110G bomber destroyers, while effective against unescorted Allied bomber formations, lacked maneuverability and were eviscerated by the USAAF's fighter escorts in late 1943 and early 1944. Two of the former Wilde Sau single-engined night fighter wings were reconstituted for their use, such as Jagdgeschwader 300 (JG 300—300th Fighter Wing) and JG 301. These units consisted of Sturmböcke. However, JG 3 also had a special gruppe (group) of Sturmböcke. The Fw 190, designed as a rugged interceptor capable of withstanding considerable combat damage and delivering a potent "punch" from its stable gun platform, was considered ideal for anti-bomber operations. Focke-Wulf redesigned parts of the wing structure to accommodate larger armament. The Fw 190 A-6 was the first sub-variant to undergo this change. Its standard armament was increased from four MG 151/20s to two of them with four more in two underwing cannon pods. The aircraft was designated A-6/R1 (Rüstsatz; or field conversion model). The first aircraft were delivered on 20 November 1943. Brief trials saw the twin cannon replaced by the MK 108 30mm autocannon in the outer wing, which then became the A-6/R2. The cannons were blowback-operated, had electric ignition, and were belt fed. The 30mm MK 108 was simple to make and its construction was economical; the majority of its components consisted of just pressed sheet metal stampings. In the A-6/R4, the GM-1 (nitrous oxide) Boost was added for the BMW 801 engine to increase performance at high altitude. For protection, 30 millimetres (1.2 in) of armoured glass was added to the canopy. The A-6/R6 was fitted with twin heavy calibre Werfer-Granate 21 (BR 21) unguided, air-to-air rockets, fired from single underwing tubular launchers (one per wing panel). The increased modifications, in particular heavy firepower, made the Fw 190 a potent bomber-killer. The A-7 evolved in November 1943. Two synchronized 13 mm (.51 inch) MG 131 machine guns replaced the twin cowl-mount synchronized 7.92 mm (.318 inch) MG 17 machine guns. The A-7/R variants could carry two 30 mm MK 108s as well as BR 21 rockets. This increased its potency as a Pulk-Zerstörer (Bomber Formation Destroyer). The A-8/R2 was the most numerous Sturmbock aircraft, some 900 were built by Fiesler at Kassel with 30 mm MK 108s installed in their outer wing panel mounts. While formidable bomber-killers, the armour and substantial up-gunning with heavier calibre firepower meant the Fw 190 was now cumbersome to maneuver. Vulnerable to Allied fighters, they had to be escorted by Bf 109s. When the Sturmgruppe was able to work as intended, the effects were devastating. With their engines and cockpits heavily armored, the Fw 190 As attacked from astern and gun camera films show that these attacks were often pressed to within 100 yds (90 m). Willy Unger of 11.(Sturm)/JG 3 (11 Staffel (Squadron) of Sturmgruppe (Storm group) JG 3) made the following comments: Advantages; wide undercarriage, large twin-row radial engine which protected the pilot from the front, electric starter motor and electric trim system. Disadvantages; there was a danger of turning over when braking hard on soft or sandy ground. In combat against enemy fighters, more awkward because of the heavy armour plating. Strong at low altitude, inferior to the Bf 109 at higher altitude. In my opinion the Fw 190, in this version, was the best aircraft used in the formation against the Viermots. Richard Franz commented: When we made our attack, we approached from slightly above, then dived, opening fire with 13mm and 20mm guns to knock out the rear gunner and then, at about 150 metres, we tried to engage with the MK 108 30mm cannon, which was a formidable weapon. It could cut the wing off a B-17. Actually, it was still easier to kill a B-24, which was somewhat weaker in respect of fuselage strength and armament. I think we generally had the better armament and ammunition, whereas they had the better aircraft. The number of heavy bombers destroyed by the Fw 190 is impossible to estimate. However, below is a list of the top scoring Sturmbock pilots: Name Total victory claims Heavy bomber claims B-17 claims Georg-Peter Eder 78 Est. 36 unknown Anton Hackl 192 Est. 34 Unknown Konrad Bauer 57 32 Unknown Walther Dahl 128 30 Unknown Egon Mayer  † 102 26 21 Hermann Staiger 63 26 21 Willy Unger 24 21 13 Hugo Frey  † 32 25 19 Hans Ehlers  † 55 24 18 Alwin Doppler 29 25 16 Werner Gerth † 27 22 16 Friedrich-Karl Müller † 140 23 15 Hans Weik 36 22 15 Walter Loos 38 22 Unknown Heinz Bär 221 21 11 Emil-Rudolf Schnoor 32 18 15 Variants This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Focke-Wulf Fw 190" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: List of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 variants First prototypes (BMW 139) Fw 190 V1 in its original form with the streamlined engine cowling and ducted spinner. The pointed tip of the internal spinner can also be seen. Pilot is probably Hans Sander. Fw 190 V1 (civil registration D-OPZE), powered by a 1,550 PS (1,530 hp; 1,140 kW) BMW 139 14-cylinder two-row radial engine. D-OPZE first flew on 1 June 1939. Fw 190 V2 Designated with the Stammkennzeichen alphabetic ID code of FL+OZ (later RM+CB) the V2 first flew on October 31, 1939, and was equipped from the outset with the new spinner and cooling fan. It was armed with one Rheinmetall-Borsig 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 machine gun and one 13 mm (0.51 in) synchronized MG 131 machine gun in each wing root. Fw 190 V3 Abandoned Fw 190 V4 Abandoned Later prototypes (BMW 801) Fw 190 V5k. This is the V5 with the original small wing. The 12-blade cooling fan and redesigned undercarriage and canopy fairings are visible. Fw 190 V5 Fitted with the larger, more powerful 14-cylinder two-row BMW 801 radial engine. This engine introduced a pioneering example of an engine management system called the Kommandogerät (command-device) designed by BMW, who also designed the 801's forward cowling with its integral oil cooling system: the Kommandogerät functioned in effect as an electro-mechanical computer which set mixture, propeller pitch (for the constant-speed propeller), boost, and magneto timing. Fw 190 V5k (kleine Fläche – small surface) The smaller span initial variant re-designated after the longer span wing was fitted. The V5 first flew in the early spring of 1940. The weight increase with all of the modifications was substantial, about 635 kg (1,400 lb), leading to higher wing loading and a deterioration in handling. Plans were made to create a new wing with more area to address these issues. Fw 190 V5g (große Fläche – large surface) In August 1940 a collision with a ground vehicle damaged the V5 and it was sent back to the factory for major repairs. This was an opportune time to rebuild it with a new wing which was less tapered in plan than the original design, extending the leading and trailing edges outward to increase the area. The new wing had an area of 18.30 m2 (197.0 sq ft), and now spanned 10.506 m (34 ft 5.6 in). After conversion, the aircraft was called the V5g for große Fläche (large surface). Although it was 10 km/h (6.2 mph) slower than when fitted with the small wing, V5g was much more manoeuvrable and had a faster climb rate. This new wing platform was to be used for all major production versions of the Fw 190. Fw 190 A Side-view of Fw 190 A-0 Fw 190 A-0 The pre-production Fw 190 A-0 series was ordered in November 1940, a total of 28 being completed. Because they were built before the new wing design was fully tested and approved, the first nine A-0s retained the original small wings. All were armed with six 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 machine guns – four synchronised weapons, two in the forward fuselage and one in each wing root, supplemented by a free-firing MG 17 in each wing, outboard of the propeller disc. Fw 190 A-0s or A-1s of an unknown unit in France Fw 190 A-1 The Fw 190 A-1 was in production from June 1941. It was powered by the BMW 801 C-1 engine, rated at 1,560 PS (1,539 hp; 1,147 kW) for take-off. Armament included two fuselage-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and two wing root-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s (with all four MG 17s synchronized to fire through the propeller arc) and two outboard wing-mounted 20 mm MG FF/Ms. Side-view of Fw 190 A-2; the most notable change over the A-0 was the addition of three vertical cooling slits on the engine cowling, just forward of the wing. Fw 190 A-2 The introduction of the BMW 801 C-2 resulted in the Fw 190 A-2 model, first introduced in October 1941. The A-2 wing weaponry was updated, with the two wing root-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s being replaced by 20 mm MG 151/20E cannon. Fw 190A-3 of JG 1 in the Netherlands, summer 1942. Fw 190 A-3 The Fw 190 A-3 was equipped with the BMW 801 D-2 engine, which increased power to 1,700 PS (1,700 hp; 1,300 kW) at takeoff. The A-3 retained the same weaponry as the A-2. Fw 190 A-3/Umrüst-Bausatz 1 (/U1) (W.Nr 130 270) was the first 190 to have the engine mount extended by 15 cm (5.9 in), which would be standardized on the later production A-5 model. Fw 190 A-3/U2 The A-3/U2 (W.Nr 130386) had RZ 65 73 mm (2.9 in) rocket launcher racks under the wings with three rockets per wing. There were also a small number of U7 aircraft tested as high-altitude fighters armed with only two 20 mm MG 151 cannon, but with reduced overall weight. Fw 190 A-3/U3 The A-3/U3 was the first of the Jabo (Jagdbomber), using an ETC-501 centre-line bomb rack able to carry up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of bombs or, with horizontal stabilising bars, one 300 L (79 US gal) standard Luftwaffe drop tank. The U3 retained the fuselage-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and the wing-mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannon, with the outer MG FF being removed. Fw 190 A-3/U4 The A-3/U4 was a reconnaissance version with two RB 12.5 cameras in the rear fuselage and a EK 16 gun camera or a Robot II miniature camera in the leading edge of the port wing root. Armament was similar to the U3, however, and the ETC 501 was usually fitted with the standardized Luftwaffe 300 L-capacity (79 US gal) drop tank. Fw 190 A-3a (a=ausländisch – foreign) In autumn 1942, 72 new aircraft were delivered to Turkey in an effort to keep that country friendly to the Axis powers. These were designated Fw 190 A-3a, designation for export models and delivered between October 1942 and March 1943. A captured Fw 190A-4. The USAAF-painted Balkenkreuz and swastika markings are of nonstandard size and proportions. Fw 190 A-4 Introduced in July 1942, the A-4 was equipped with the same engine and basic armament as the A-3. Fw 190 A-4/Rüstsatz 6 (/R6) Some A-4s were fitted with a pair of under-wing Werfer-Granate 21 (BR 21) rocket mortars, and were designated Fw 190 A-4/R6. Fw 190 A-4/U1 The A-4/U1 was outfitted with an ETC 501 rack under the fuselage. All armament except the MG 151 cannon was removed. Fw 190 A-4/U3 The A-4/U3 was very similar to the U1, and later served as the prototype for the Fw 190 F-1 assault fighter. Fw 190 A-4/U4 The A-4/U4 was a reconnaissance fighter, with two Rb 12.4 cameras in the rear fuselage and an EK 16 or Robot II gun camera. The U4 was equipped with fuselage-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and 20 mm MG 151 cannon. Fw 190 A-4/U7 The A-4/U7 was a high-altitude fighter, easily identified by the compressor air intakes on either side of the cowling. Adolf Galland flew a U7 in the spring of 1943. Fw 190 A-4/U8 The A-4/U8 was the Jabo-Rei (Jagdbomber Reichweite, long-range fighter-bomber), adding twin standard Luftwaffe 300 L (79 US gal) drop tanks, one under each wing, on VTr-Ju 87 racks with duralumin fairings produced by Weserflug, and a centreline bomb rack. The outer wing-mounted 20 mm MG FF/M cannon and the cowling-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 were removed to save weight. The A-4/U8 was the precursor of the Fw 190 G-1. Fw 190 A-4/R1 The A-4/R1, was fitted with a FuG 16ZY radio set with a Morane "whip" aerial fitted under the port wing. These aircraft, called Leitjäger or Fighter Formation Leaders, could be tracked and directed from the ground via special R/T equipment called Y-Verfahren (Y-Control). More frequent use of this equipment was made from the A-5 onwards. Captured Fw 190A-5 Werknummer 150 051, in U.S. Navy colors Fw 190 A-5 The A-5 was developed after it was determined that the Fw 190 could easily carry more ordnance. The D-2 engine was moved forward another 15 cm (5.9 in) as had been tried out earlier on the service test A-3/U1 aircraft, moving the centre of gravity forward to allow more weight to be carried aft. Fw 190 A-5/U2 The A-5/U2 was designed as a night Jabo-Rei and featured anti-reflective fittings and exhaust flame dampers. A centre-line ETC 501 rack typically held a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb, and wing-mounted racks mounted 300 L (79 US gal) drop tanks. A EK16 gun camera, as well as landing lights, were fitted to the wing leading edge. The U2 was armed with only two 20 mm MG 151 cannon. Fw 190 A-5/U3 The A-5/U3 was a Jabo fighter fitted with ETC 501s for drop tanks and bombs; it too featured only two MG 151s for armament. Fw 190 A-5/U4 The A-5/U4 was a "recon" fighter with two RB 12.5 cameras and all armament of the basic A-5 with the exception of the MG FF cannon. Fw 190 A-5/U8 The A-5/U8 was another Jabo-Rei outfitted with SC-250 centreline-mounted bombs, under-wing 300-litre drop tanks and only two MG 151s; it later became the Fw 190 G-2. Fw 190 A-5/U9 Test installation of the A-7 modifications. Fw 190 A-5/U12 A special U12 was created for bomber attack, outfitted with the standard 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 and 20 mm MG 151 but replacing the outer wing 20 mm MG-FF cannon with two underwing gun pods containing two 20 mm MG 151/20 each, for a total of two machine guns and six cannon. Fw 190 A-5/U14 Was able to carry a torpedo (Stkz TD+SI White 871). Fw 190 A-5/R11 The A-5/R11 was a night fighter conversion fitted with FuG 217 Neptun (Neptune) radar equipment with arrays of three dipole antenna elements vertically mounted fore and aft of the cockpit and above and below the wings. Flame-dampening boxes were fitted over the exhaust exits. A total of 1,752 A-5s were built from November 1942 to June 1943. Fw 180 A-6 at Immola Airfield Finland, summer 1944. Fw 190 A-6 The A-6 was developed to address shortcomings found in previous "A" models when attacking U.S. heavy bombers. A structurally redesigned and lighter wing was introduced and the normal armament was increased to two MG 17 fuselage machine guns and four 20 mm MG 151/20E wing root and outer wing cannon with larger ammunition boxes. Fw 190 A-7 The A-7 entered production in November 1943, equipped with the BMW 801 D-2 engine, again producing 1,700 PS (1,700 hp; 1,300 kW) and two fuselage-mounted 13 mm (0.51 in) MG 131s, replacing the MG 17s. An Fw 190 A-8/R2 in American hands. "White 11" of 5./JG 4 was captured during Operation Bodenplatte after its engine had been damaged by American light flak. Fw 190 A-8 The A-8 entered production in February 1944, powered either by the standard BMW 801 D-2 or the 801Q (also known as 801TU). The 801Q/TU, with the "T" signifying a Triebwerksanlage unitized powerplant installation, was a standard 801D with improved, thicker armour on the BMW-designed front annular cowling, which still incorporated the BMW-designed oil cooler, upgraded from 6 mm (0.24 in) on earlier models to 10 mm (0.39 in). Changes introduced in the Fw 190 A-8 also included the C3-injection Erhöhte Notleistung emergency boost system to the fighter variant of the Fw 190 A (a similar system with less power had been fitted to some earlier Jabo variants of the 190 A), raising power to 1,980 PS (1,950 hp; 1,460 kW) for 10 minutes. The 10 minute emergency power may be used up to three times per mission with a 10 minute cooldown in "combat power" between each 10 minute use of emergency power. Fw 190A-8 with the under-wing WGr 21 rocket-propelled mortar. The weapon was developed from the 21 cm Nebelwerfer 42 infantry weapon. Fw 190 A-8/R2 The A-8/R2 replaced the outer wing 20 mm cannon with a 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannon. Fw 190 A-8/R4 The A-8/R4 featured GM1 nitrous boost to the standard BMW 801 D/Q engine. GM1 (nitrous oxide) injection increased power for short amounts of time, up to 10 minutes at a time. A 20 minute supply was usually carried. Fw 190 A-8/R8 The A-8/R8 was similar to the A-8/R2, but fitted with heavy armour including 30 mm (1.2 in) canopy and windscreen armour and 5 mm (0.20 in) cockpit armour. Fw 190 A-9 First built in September 1944, the Fw 190 A-9 was fitted with the new BMW 801S rated at 2,000 PS (1,973 hp; 1,471 kW); the more powerful 2,400 PS (2,400 hp; 1,800 kW) 801F-1 was still under development, and not yet available. Fw 190 A-10 Late in the war, the A-10 was fitted with larger wings for better maneuverability at higher altitudes, which could have allowed additional 30 mm (1.2 in) calibre, long-barreled MK 103 cannon to be fitted. A total of 13,291 Fw 190 A-model aircraft were produced. A-6, A-7, and A-8 were modified for Sturmböcke bomber-destroyer operations. High-altitude developments The Fw 190C V18 prototype, with large ventral "pouch" fairing for the turbocharger installation and broader-chord vertical fin/rudder. Tank started looking at ways to address the altitude performance problem early in the program. In 1941, he proposed a number of versions featuring new powerplants, and he suggested using turbochargers in place of superchargers. Three such installations were outlined Fw 190 V12 (an A-0) would be outfitted with many of the elements which eventually led to the B series. Fw 190 V13 (W.Nr. 0036) first C-series prototype Fw 190 V15 (W.Nr. 0036) second C-series prototype Fw 190 V16 (W.Nr. 0036) third C-series prototype Fw 190 V18 (W.Nr. 0036) fourth C-series prototype Fw 190 B-0 With a turbocharged BMW 801 Fw 190 B-1 This aircraft was similar to the B-0, but had slightly different armament. In its initial layout, the B-1 was to be fitted with four 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and two 20 mm MG-FFs. One was fitted with two MG 17s, two 20 mm MG 151s and two 20 mm MG-FFs. After the completion of W.Nr. 811, no further Fw 190 B models were ordered.An early production Fw 190 D-9 at the Cottbus plant. Note the early canopy and redesigned, simplified centreline rack carrying a 300 L drop tank. V-12 Engine Fw 190 C With a turbocharged Daimler-Benz DB 603, the tail of the aircraft had to be lengthened in order to maintain the desired centre of gravity. Four additional prototypes based on the V18/U1 followed: V29, V30, V32 and V33. Fw 190 D The Fw 190 D (nicknamed Dora; or Long-Nose Dora ("Langnasen-Dora") was intended as the high-altitude performance version of the A-series. Fw 190 D-0 The first D-0 prototype was completed in October 1942 with a supercharged Junkers Jumo 213 including a pressurized cockpit and other features making them more suitable for high-altitude work. This captured Fw 190 D-9 appears to be a late production aircraft built by Fieseler at Kassel. It has a late style canopy; the horizontal black stripe with white outline shows that this was a II. Gruppe aircraft. Fw 190 D-1 Initial production Fw 190 D-2 Initial production Fw 190 D-9 The D-9 series was rarely used against heavy-bomber raids, as the circumstances of the war in late 1944 meant that fighter-versus-fighter combat and ground attack missions took priority. This model was the basis for the follow-on Focke-Wulf Ta 152 aircraft. Fw 190 D-11 Fitted with the up-rated Jumo 213F series engine similar to the Jumo 213E used in the Ta-152 H series but minus the intercooler. Two 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannons were installed in the outer wings to complement the 20 mm MG 151s in the inboard positions. Fw 190 D-13/R11, Champlin Fighter Museum, Phoenix, Arizona (c.1995) Fw 190 D-12 Similar to the D-11, but featured the 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannon in a Motorkanone installation firing through the propeller hub. Fw 190 D-13 The D-13 would be fitted with a 20 mm MG 151/20 motor cannon. Ground attack versions (BMW 801) Fw 190 F The Fw 190F configuration was originally tested in a Fw 190 A-0/U4, starting in May 1942, fitted with centre-line and wing-mounted bomb racks. Fw 190 F-1 Renamed A-4/U3s of which 18 were built Fw 190 F-2 Renamed A-5/U3s, of which 270 were built according to Focke-Wulf production logs and Ministry of Aviation acceptance reports. Fw 190 F-3 Developed under the designation Fw 190 A-5/U17, which was outfitted with a centreline mounted ETC 501 bomb rack. The Fw 190 F-3/R1 had two additional ETC 50 bomb racks under each wing. The F-3 could carry a 66-Imp gal (300 liter) drop tank. A total of 432 Fw 190 F-3s were built. Fw 190 F-4 to F-7 designations used for projects. Fw 190-F8 in 1944. The National Air & Space Museum's restored Fw 190 F-8 in late war, "low-visibility" Balkenkreuz markings Fw 190 F-8 Based on the A-8 Fighter, having a slightly modified injector on the compressor which allowed for increased performance at lower altitudes for several minutes. Armament of the Fw 190 F-8 was two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon in the wing roots and two 13 mm (0.51 in) MG 131 machine guns above the engine. It was outfitted with an ETC 501 Bomb rack as centerline mount and four ETC 50 bomb racks as underwing mounts. Fw 190 F-8/U1 long range Jabo, fitted with underwing V.Mtt-Schloß shackles to hold two of the Luftwaffe's standardized 300 L (79 US gal) drop tanks. ETC 503 bomb racks were also fitted, allowing the Fw 190 F-8/U1 to carry one SC 250 bomb under each wing and one SC 250 bomb on the centreline. Fw 190 F-8/U2 prototype torpedo bomber, fitted with an ETC 503 bomb rack under each wing and a centre-line mounted ETC 504. The U2 was also equipped with the TSA 2 A weapons sighting system that improved the U2's ability to attack seaborne targets with a 700 kg (1,500 lb) BT 700. Fw 190 F-8/U3 heavy torpedo bomber was outfitted with an ETC 502, which allowed it to carry one BT-1400 heavy torpedo (1,400 kg (3,100 lb)). Owing to the size of the torpedo, the U3's tail gear needed to be lengthened. The U3 also was fitted with the 2,000 PS BMW 801S engine, and the tail from the Ta 152. Fw 190 F-8/U4 created as a night bomber, was equipped with flame dampers on the exhaust and various electrical systems such as the FuG 101 radio altimeter, the PKS 12 automatic pilot, and the TSA 2 A sighting system. The U4 was fitted with only two MG 151/20 cannon as fixed armament. Fw 190 F-8/R3 project with two underwing mounted 30mm MK 103 cannon. Fw 190 F-9 based on the Fw 190 A-9, equipped with a new bulged canopy as fitted to late-build F-8s and A-8s, and four ETC 50 or ETC 70 bomb racks under the wings. According to Ministry of Aviation acceptance reports, 147 F-9s were built in January 1945, and perhaps several hundred more from February to May 1945. (Data for these months is missing and probably lost.)Fw 190 G-1 showing the ETC 250 bomb rack, carrying a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb, and the underwing 300 litre drop tanks on VTr-Ju 87 mounts. Fw 190 G The Fw 190 G was built as a long-range attack aircraft (Jagdbomber mit vergrösserter Reichweite – abbreviated JaBo Rei). Following the success of the Fw 190 F as a Schlachtflugzeug (close support, or "strike aircraft"), both the Luftwaffe and Focke-Wulf began investigating ways of extending the range of the Fw 190 F. Approximately 1,300 Fw 190 Gs of all variants were new built. Fw 190 G-1 The G-1 was renamed from A-4/U8 Jabo Reis. Initial testing found that if all but two wing root mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannons (with reduced ammunition load) were removed, the Fw 190 G-1 (as it was now called) could carry a 250 kg (550 lb) or 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb on the centreline and up to a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb under each wing. Fw 190 G-2 The G-2 was renamed from Fw 190 A-5/U8 aircraft, similar to the G-1; the underwing drop tank racks were replaced with the much simpler V.Mtt-Schloß fittings, to allow for a number of underwing configurations. Fw 190 G-3 The G-3 was based on A-6 with all but the two wing root mounted MG 151 cannons removed. The new V.Fw. Trg bombracks, however, allowed the G-3 to simultaneously carry fuel tanks and bomb loads Fw 190 G-3/R1 The G-3/R1 replaced the V.Fw. Trg racks with a pair of Waffen-Behälter WB 151/20 conformal cannon pods; each mounting a pair of Mauser MG 151/20 autocannon, giving the G-3/R1 – with its existing pair of wing-root mounted, synchronized MG 151/20 autocannon, a total of six such ordnance pieces. Fw 190 G-3/R5 The G-3/R5 was similar to the R1, but the V.Fw. Trg racks were removed, and two ETC 50 racks per wing were added. Fw 190 G-8 The G-8 was based on the Fw 190 A-8, using the same "bubble" canopy as the F-8 and fitted with underwing ETC 503 racks that could carry either bombs or drop tanks. Fw 190 G-8/R4 The G-8/R4 kit was a planned refit for the GM 1 engine boost system, but never made it into production. Fw 190 G-8/R5 The G-8/R5 kit replaced the ETC 503 racks with two ETC 50 or 71 racks. Trainer versions An Fw 190 A-5/U1, the only surviving two-seat aircraft, now part of the RAF Museum's collection (1971 photograph) Fw 190 A-5/U1 Several old Fw 190 A-5s were converted by replacing the MW 50 tank with a second cockpit. The canopy was modified, replaced with a new three-section unit that opened to the side. The rear portion of the fuselage was closed off with sheet metal. Fw 190 A-8/U1 A similar conversion to the A-5/U1. Fw 190 S-5 A-5/U1 trainers re-designated. Fw 190 S-8 A-8/U1 trainers re-designated. An estimated 58 Fw 190 S-5 and S-8 models were converted or built. Combat history This section needs expansion with: summary of the operational history from Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) Main article: Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history The Fw 190 participated on every major combat front where the Luftwaffe operated after 1941, and did so with success in a variety of roles. The Fw 190 first tasted combat on the Western Front in August 1941, where it proved superior to the Mk V Spitfire. The Spitfire's main advantage over the Fw 190, and the Bf 109 as well, was its superior turn radius. Beyond that, the Fw 190 outperformed the Spitfire Mk. V in most areas, such as roll rate, speed, acceleration, and dive performance. The addition of the Fw 190 to the Jagdwaffe allowed the Germans to fight off RAF attacks and achieve local air superiority over German skies until the summer of 1942, when the improved Spitfire Mk. IX was introduced. In June 1942, Oberleutnant Armin Faber of JG 2 landed his Fw 190 A-3 at a British airfield, allowing the RAF to test the Mk. IX against the 190 and learn tactics to counter it. Production A 0.40 km2 (99-acre) Focke-Wulf plant east of Marienburg was bombed by the Eighth Air Force on 9 October 1944. In addition, one of the most important sub-contractors for the radial-engined Fw 190s was AGO Flugzeugwerke, which from 1941 through to the end of the war produced enough Fw 190s to earn it major attention from the USAAF, with the AGO plant in Oschersleben being attacked at least five times during the war from 1943 onwards. Production Variant Number Production dates Fw 190 A-1 102 1941 June – 1941 October Fw 190 A-2/A-3 909 1941 October – 1943 August Fw 190 A-4 975 1942 June – 1943 August Fw 190 A-5 1,752 1942 November – 1943 August Fw 190 A-6 1,052 1943 May – 1944 March Fw 190 A-7 701 1943 November – 1944 March Fw 190 A-8 6,655 1944 February – 1945 February Fw 190 A-9 930 1944 September – 1945 February Total (including prototypes and pre-production aircraft) 13,291 — Fw 190 F-1/F-2(A-4) 18 & 271 1942 May – 1943 May Fw 190 F-3(A-5) 432 1943 May – 1944 April Fw 190 F-8(A-8) 6,143 1944 March – 1945 February Fw 190 F-9(A-9) 415 1944 September – 1945 February Total 7,279 — Fw 190 G-1(A-4) 183 1942 August – 1942 November Fw 190 G-2(A-5) 235 1942 July – 1943 May Fw 190 G-3(A-6) 214 1943 June – 1943 December Fw 190 G-8(A-8) 689 1943 August – 1944 February Total approx. 1,300 — Fw 190 D-9 1,805 1944 August – 1945 April Fw 190 D-11 20 1945 February – 1945 March Fw 190 D-13 1 1945 April – 1945 April Total 1,826 — Fw 190 S-5 converted from A-5 or built c. 20 1944 late Fw 190 S-8 converted from A-8 or built c. 38 1944 late Total 58 — Ta 152 V/H-0 44 1944 December – 1945 January Ta 152 H-1 25 1945 January – 1945 April Total 69 — Total (all variants) 23,823 — Surviving aircraft and modern replicas Main article: List of surviving Focke-Wulf Fw 190s Some 28 original Fw 190s are in museums or in the hands of private collectors around the world. In 1997 a German company, Flug Werk GmbH, began manufacturing new Fw 190 models as reproductions. By 2012, 20 had been produced, most flyable, a few as static display models, with airworthy examples usually powered by Chinese-manufactured Shvetsov ASh-82 twin-row, 14-cylinder radial powerplants, which have a displacement of 41.2 litres, close to the BMW 801's 41.8 litres, with the same engine cylinder arrangement and number of cylinders. The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum's airworthy Fw 190A-5, WkNr. 151 227, on indoor display between flights. The nearly intact wreck of an Fw 190 A-5/U3 (Werknummer 151 227) that had crashed in a marsh in a forest near Leningrad, Soviet Union, 1943 was located in 1989. After restoration in the US, the Fw 190 flew again (with the original BMW 801 powerplant) on 1 December 2010. Following the successful test flight, the aircraft was then trucked up to the Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum in Everett, Washington, where it was reassembled in April 2011 and returned to airworthy condition. At least five surviving Fw 190A radial-engined aircraft are known to have been assigned to the Luftwaffe's JG 5 wing in Herdla, Norway. More German fighter aircraft on display in museums in the 21st century have originated from this unit than from any other Axis Powers' military aviation unit of World War II. The Turkish Air Force retired all of its Fw 190A-3 fleet at the end of 1947 mostly because of a lack of spare parts. It is rumored that American-Turkish bilateral agreements required retiring and scrapping of all German-origin aircraft, although that requirement did not exist for any other country. According to the Hürriyet Daily News, all of the retired Fw 190s were saved from scrapping by wrapping them with protective cloths and burying them in the soil near the Aviation Supply and Maintenance Center at Kayseri. All attempts to locate and recover the aircraft have been unsuccessful, which suggests the story is probably a hoax or myth. Operators This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Royal Hungarian Air Force Fw 190F-8 on the Eastern Front in 1944. A captured Focke Wulf Fw 190A-3 at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Captured Fw 190A-5, WkNr. 150 051 in U.S. Navy tri-color scheme  Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakian Air Force (Postwar)  France French Air Force – 70 aircraft of the Fw 190 A-5/A-6 model were reassembled at a forward repair shop the Germans had hastily abandoned using the SNCAC NC.900 designation. The aircraft were used operationally for a short period and withdrawn due to problems with the BMW 801 engine. French Navy (Postwar)  Nazi Germany Luftwaffe  Hungary Royal Hungarian Air Force received a total of 72 Fw 190F-8s starting in November 1944. They were operated by the 102. vadászbombázó század, later 102. csatarepülő osztály (102nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron, later Wing) engaging in close-support missions on the Eastern Front in 1944–45. The planes were nicknamed "Fóka" (Seal), a wordplay on the German name "Focke".  Japan The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service received one Fw 190A-5 for evaluation purposes.  Spanish State Spanish Air Force – The Spanish Air Force operated Fw 190A-2,3,4 among Fw 190 A-8 and Gs with volunteers of Escuadrilla Azul (15ª Spanische Staffel, JG 51 "Mölders" VIII. Fliegerkorps, belonged in LuftFlotte 4) on the Eastern Front (from Orel during September 1942 to Bobruisk, during July 1943) and Defense of the Reich over Germany.  Romania Royal Romanian Air Force – Following the 23 August 1944 coup by King Michael, which resulted in Romania leaving the Axis powers, Romania captured 22 Luftwaffe Fw 190 As and Fs. They were not used operationally. Nine serviceable Fw 190s were later confiscated by the Soviet Union.  Soviet Union Soviet Air Force – A number of captured aircraft were trialled by the NII VVS, including Fw 190 A-4, A-5 and A-8 models, as well as the long-nose D-9. Soviet Naval Aviation – The Baltic Fleet Air Arm operated a number of Fw 190 D-9 models that were captured in East Prussia, including couple of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9s captured intact by the 2 Guards IAP of 322 IAD at a Focke-Wulf facility near Marienburg. Various photos exist of these machines in Marienburg in the summer of 1945, but little is known of their use.  Turkey Turkish Air Force – Beginning in mid-1942, received 72 examples of the Fw 190 A-3a (export model of A-3, the "a" stood for ausländisch – foreign) from Germany to modernize their air force. These aircraft were basically Fw 190 A-3s, with BMW 801 D-2 engines and FuG VIIa radios and an armament fit of four MG 17s, with the option of installing two MG-FF/M cannon in the outer wing positions. The export order was completed between October 1942 and March 1943. The Fw 190 remained in Turkish service until late 1947 when they were retired due to a lack of spare parts.  United Kingdom Royal Air Force – No. 1426 (Enemy Aircraft) Flight RAF evaluated at least one captured Fw 190A-3.  United States United States Army Air Forces and United States Navy – A small number of captured Fw 190As fell into American hands in Europe and North Africa, with one captured A-5 model, WkNr. 150 051, being flown for a time at the Patuxent Naval Air Test Center by the U.S. Navy during the war years.  Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslav Air Force – Postwar, one aircraft. Specifications (Fw 190 A-8) Fw 190A-8 three view drawing An Fw 190 A-8 (W-Nr:733682) at the Imperial War Museum showing faired-over gun ports and a belly-mounted ETC-501 bomb rack. This Fw 190 was used as the upper component for a Mistel flying bomb. Data from Fw 190 A8,General characteristics Crew: One Length: 8.95 m (29 ft 4 in) Wingspan: 10.506 m (34 ft 6 in) Height: 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in) Wing area: 18.3 m2 (197 sq ft) Airfoil: root: NACA 23015.3; tip: NACA 23009 Empty weight: 3,200 kg (7,055 lb) Gross weight: 4,417 kg (9,738 lb) Max takeoff weight: 4,900 kg (10,803 lb) Fuel capacity: 639 L (141 imp gal; 169 US gal) Powerplant: 1 × BMW 801D-2 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine 1,700 PS (1,677 hp; 1,250 kW) Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed propeller Performance Maximum speed: 652 km/h (405 mph, 352 kn) at 5,920 m (19,420 ft) Range: 900–1,000 km (560–620 mi, 490–540 nmi) Combat range: 400–500 km (250–310 mi, 220–270 nmi) Ferry range: 900–1,000 km (560–620 mi, 490–540 nmi) ~1800–2000 km with droptank. Service ceiling: 10,350 m (33,960 ft) Rate of climb: 15 m/s (3,000 ft/min) Wing loading: 241 kg/m2 (49 lb/sq ft) Power/mass: 0.28–0.33 kW/kg (0.17–0.20 hp/lb) No–full emergency power Armament Guns: 2 × 13 mm (0.51 in) synchronized MG 131 machine guns 2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 E cannons, synchronized in the wing roots 2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 E cannons in mid-wing mounts Bombs: 1 bomb under fuselage or four bombs under wings. See also Related development Focke-Wulf Ta 152 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bloch MB.155 Curtiss XP-42 Grumman F6F Hellcat Hawker Typhoon Kawanishi N1K Kawasaki Ki-60 Lavochkin La-5 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 Mitsubishi J2M Nakajima Ki-44 Nakajima Ki-84 North American P-51 Mustang Republic P-47 Thunderbolt Supermarine Spitfire Vought F4U Corsair Yakovlev Yak-3U Yakovlev Yak-9 Related lists List of fighter aircraft List of aircraft of World War II List of most produced aircraft References Notes ^ This A-3 was landed by mistake by Oblt Armin Faber at RAF Pembrey on June 23, 1942, becoming the first Fw 190 to be captured and tested by the RAF. ^ "The Fw 190 has to be regarded as one of the best single-seat fighters of the war. Its combat performance, adaptability, to a variety of operational scenarios, and ease of handling and maintenance made it a true fighter, earning it the nickname Würger – Butcher Bird." ^ On all versions of the Fw 190A a wire cable was attached to the middle trunnion of the right strut, this leading to the tailwheel. When the main landing gear was retracted this cable raised the air/oil tailwheel leg. ^ Pushrods had been used for the ailerons and elevator surfaces of the all-metal German Junkers D.I low-winged monoplane fighter which flew near the end of World War I. ^ First entered service in 1944 Early-September ^ up to 1,980 PS (1,953 hp; 1,456 kW) at 1.65 ata for up to 10 minutes of emergency power Citations ^ Ramsey 1990, p. 147. ^ Munson 1978, p. 56. ^ Angelucci 1988, p. 50. ^ Nijboer 2016, p. 108. ^ Andrews & Morgan 1987, p. 225. ^ Delve 2007, p. 80. ^ "Focke Wulf Ta 152". Air & space. Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ "Nazi Germany's Focke-Wulf FW-190: The Best Fighter Aircraft of World War II?". National Interest. 11 August 2017. ^ Shacklady 2005, p. 25. ^ a b Smith & Creek 2014, pp. 33–34. ^ a b Green & Swanborough 1976, p. 13. ^ Price 2009, p. 3. ^ Price 2009, p. 1. ^ Hansen 1998. ^ Price 2000, p. 6. ^ a b Sheffield 1942, p. 170. ^ a b Caygill 2002, p. 6. ^ "フォッケウルフ190の尾輪". www5a.biglobe.ne.jp. ^ Sengfelder 1993, pp. 99, 102. ^ Miyama, T. "傑作機、Fw190の尾輪です". biglobe (in Japanese). ne. Retrieved 31 January 2014. ^ Wagner & Nowarra 1971, p. 237. ^ a b Spenser 1989, p. 12. ^ Price 2009, pp. 3–4. ^ Stephenson & E. Brown Ryle III 2003. ^ a b Lednicer. ^ Weal 1996, p. 36. ^ Weal 1996, p. 38. ^ a b Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 104. ^ Weal 1996, pp. 38–39. ^ Weal 1996, p. 78. ^ Forsyth 2011, pp. 58–59. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 59. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 73. ^ Weal 1996, p. 55. ^ Weal 1996, p. 77. ^ Shacklady 2005, p. 30. ^ a b c Page 2002, p. 579. ^ Spenser 1989, p. 56. ^ a b Smith & Kay 1972, p. 175. ^ Page 2002, p. 581. ^ a b Page 2002, p. 583. ^ Page 2002, pp. 582–583. ^ Page 2002, pp. 583–584. ^ a b c d e Page 2002, p. 284. ^ Page 2002, p. 587. ^ Janowicz & Prusza 2003, pp. 34–38. ^ Janowicz & Prusza 2003, pp. 40–41. ^ a b "Leistungssteigerung bei der Fw 190 mit 801 D durch motorseitige Maßnahmen" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Janowicz & Prusza 2003, pp. 41–43. ^ Page 2002, p. 593. ^ Janowicz & Prusza 2003, pp. 43–45. ^ Joineau & Breffort 2007, p. 25. ^ Janowicz & Prusza 2003, pp. 66–67. ^ Arthy 2010. ^ "Focke-Wulf Fw 190D". Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine csd.uwo.ca. 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Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ Bonhardt, Sárhidai & Winkler 1992, p. 358. ^ Tibor 1989, p. . ^ Caygill 2002, p. 34. ^ Bernád 1999, p. 45. ^ Axworthy, Scafes & Craciunoiu 1995, p. 279. ^ Bernád 1999, p. 29. ^ Axworthy, Scafes & Craciunoiu 1995, p. 320. ^ Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 91. ^ Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 100. ^ "Focke-Wulf FW 190A-8". aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2019. ^ Nowarra 1993, pp. 72–94, 264–265. ^ WWII Aircraft image Bibliography Andrews, C.F.; Morgan, E.B. (1987). Supermarine Aircraft since 1914 (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-85177-800-6. Angelucci, Enzo (1988). Combat aircraft of World War II. Orion Books. ISBN 978-0-517-64179-8. Arthy, Andrew (24 December 2010). "Fw 190 W.Nr. list". hobbyvista.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 978-1-85409-267-0. Bernád, Dénes (1999). Rumanian Air Force: The Prime Decade, 1938–1947. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-89747-402-3. Bonhardt, Attila; Sárhidai, Gyula; Winkler, László (1992). A Magyar Királyi Honvédség Fegyverzete (in Hungarian). Kecskemét, Hungary: Zrínyi Kiadó. ISBN 963-327-182-7. Caldwell, Donald L. (1998). The JG 26 War Diary: Volume Two 1943–1945. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-86-2. Caldwell, Donald L.; Muller, Richard R. (2007). The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London, UK: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0. Caygill, Peter (2002). Combat Legend Focke-wulf Fw 190. Ramsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84037-366-0. Cohen, Aubrey (16 March 2011). "Restored German WWII fighter set to fly Saturday". Hearst Seattle Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012. Cohen, Aubrey (21 April 2011). "Unique WWII German fighter reassembled in Everett". seattlepi.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012. Delve, Ken (2007). The Story of the Spitfire: An Operational and Combat History. London: Greenhill books. ISBN 978-1-85367-725-0. Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH. Fw 190 D-9 Flugzeug-Handbuch: Teil 8A Schußwaffenlage. Rechlin, Germany: Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe Rechlin, November 1944. Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH. Fw 190 D-9 Flugzeug-Handbuch: Teil 8C Sonderwaffenlage. Berlin: Der Chef der Technischen Luftrüstung, January 1945. Forsyth, Robert (1996). JV 44: the Galland circus. Burgess Hill, UK: Classic Publications. ISBN 978-0-9526867-0-5. Forsyth, Robert (2011). Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-438-3. Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1976). The Focke-Wulf 190: Fw 190. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-7084-1. Gurney, Gene (1962). The War in the Air: A Pictorial History of World War II Air Forces in Combat. New York: Bonanza Books. OCLC 852530729. Hansen, James (1998). "Engineering Science and the Development of the NACA Low-Drag Engine Cowling, Chapter 1". The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy. NASA. Archived from the original on 31 October 2004. Janowicz, Krzysztof; Prusza, Łukasz (2003). Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Vol. 1. Sandomierz; Lublin: Oficyna Wydawnicza Kagero. ISBN 978-8-38-908811-6. Joineau, Andre; Breffort, Dominique (2007). P-51 Mustang: From 1943 to 1945. Paris: Histoire & Collections. ISBN 978-2-91-390381-4. Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Martt (13 January 2011). "A Real Focke-Wulf Fw 190 is In the Air!". Airpigz.com (blog). Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2012. Mondey, David (2006). The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-0-7537-1460-7. Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3. Nijboer, Donald (2016). Fighting Cockpits. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4956-4. Nowarra, Heinz J. (1993). Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.2 – Flugzeugtypen Erla-Heinkel (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-76-375464-9. Page, Neil (November 2002). "Focke Wulf 190: Part One-the Fw 190A-series fighter variants". Scale Aircraft Modelling. Vol. 24, no. 9. Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire: Alan W. Hall. ISSN 0956-1420. Price, Alfred (2009). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in Combat. London: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-5207-4. Ramsey, Winston (1990). The Blitz Then and Now, Volume 3, May 1941 – May 1945. After the Battle; First Editions edition. London: Battle of Britain Prints International Ltd. ISBN 978-0-900913-58-7. Rodeike, Peter (1998). Focke-Wulf-Jagdflugzeug Fw 190 A, Fw 190 "Dora", Ta 152 H (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-44-1. Rickard, J. (12 March 2007). "Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX". www.historyofwar.org. Rickard, J. (10 June 2019). "Focke-Wulf Fw 190 – Design and Prototypes". www.historyofwar.org. Sengfelder, Günther (1993). German Aircraft Landing Gear. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88740-470-2. Shacklady, Edward (2005). Butcher Bird: Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Bristol, UK: Cerberus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84145-103-9. Sheffield, F. C. (13 August 1942). "The B.M.W. 801A, Details of Germany's Latest Twin Row Radial Power Plant – 'Low-drag Cowling' & 'Oil Coolers'". Flight. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014 – via Flightglobal Archive. Smith, J. Richard; Kay, Anthony L. (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-370-00024-4. Smith, J. Richard; Creek, Eddie J. (2014). Focke-Wulf Fw 190: Volume One 1938–1943 (2nd ed.). Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-906537-29-6. Spenser, Jay P. (1989). Focke-Wulf Fw 190: Workhorse of the Luftwaffe. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian. ISBN 978-0-87474-885-7. Stephenson, Robert; E. Brown Ryle III (19 June 2003). "Fw 190 Undercarriage". HyperScale—An Online Magazine for Aircraft and Armour Modellers. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008. Tibor, Tobak (1989). Pumák földön-égen : Egy vadászrepülő kalandjai (in Hungarian). Budapest: Háttér. ISBN 978-9-63-740335-4. OCLC 908868282. United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975. Wagner, Ray; Nowarra, Heinz (1971). German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945. New York: Doubleday. OCLC 918039674. Weal, John (1996). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-595-1. Further reading Bowman, Martin W. P-51 Mustang vs Fw 190: Europe 1943–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-189-3. A Butcher Bird's Tale: the Story of the Focke Wulf 190 (DVD). Retrieved: 3 April 2008. Caldwell, Donald L. JG 26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe. New York: Ivy Books, 1991. ISBN 0-8041-1050-6. Crandall, Jerry. Yellow 10: The Story of the Ultra-rare Fw 190 D-13. Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Edition Ltd., 2000. ISBN 0-9660706-3-1. Couderchon, Philippe & Bouvier-Belleville, René (2018). Du FW 190 au NC 900: usines souterraines et blindées en France (in French). Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-010-1. Donald, David, ed. Warplanes of the Luftwaffe. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-874023-56-5. Espérou, Robert (April 2001). "Novembre 1945: Les dernières victimes d'un Focke-Wulf 190... français!" . Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French). No. 97. pp. 24–27. ISSN 1243-8650. Griehl, Manfred. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Varianten: Flugzeug Profile 45. Stengelheim, Germany: UNITEC Medienvertrieb E.K., 2008. OCLC 230135362, ASIN B006VFEHPC. Jackiewicz, Jacek and Robert Bock. Captured Butcherbirds, Vol. 1. Warsaw, Poland: Ajaks, 2009. ISBN 978-83-924914-2-2. Jackson, Robert. Aircraft of World War II: Development, Weaponry, Specifications. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7858-1696-8. Jessen, Morten. Focke-Wulf 190: The Birth of the Butcher Bird 1939–1943. London: Greenhill Books, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-328-5. Kosin, Ruediger. The German Fighter Since 1915– translation of Die Entwicklung der deutschen Jagdflugzeuge. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-822-4. Lednicer, David A. "Technical Note: A CFD Evaluation of Three Prominent World War II Fighter Aircraft." Aeronautical Journal, Royal Aeronautical Society, June/July 1995. Lednicer, David A. "World War II Fighter Aerodynamics." EAA Sport Aviation, January 1999. Lorant, Jean-Yves and Richard Goyat. JG 300 (two volumes translated by Neil Page). Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Editions, 2006, Vol. 1: ISBN 0-9761034-0-0, Vol. 2: ISBN 0-9761034-2-7. Lowe, Malcolm. Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Production Line to Front Line #5. London: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-438-8. Matricardi, Paolo. Aerei Militari: Caccia e Ricognitori (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori Electa, 2006. No ISBN Manrho, John and Ron Putz. Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope: The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2004. ISBN 1-902109-40-6. Nowarra, Heinz J. The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Fighters, Bombers, Ground Attack Aircraft. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-88740-354-9. Page, Neil. "The Sturmgruppen—Bomber Destroyers 1944." Scale Aircraft Modelling, March 2001. Ryle, E. Brown and Malcolm Laing. Walk Around Number 22: Focke-Wulf Fw 190A/F. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89747-374-4. Spick, Mike. Allied Fighter Aces of World War II. London: Greenhill Books. 1997. ISBN 1-85367-282-3. Thompson, J. Steve with Peter C. Smith. Air Combat Manoeuvres. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 2008. ISBN 978-1-903223-98-7. Urbanke, Axel. Green Hearats First In Combat With The Dora 9. Hamilton, Montanna Usa: Eagle Editions, 1998. ISBN 0-9660706-1-5 Weal, John. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces No. 6. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-518-7. Weber, Eberhard-Dietrich and Eric Brown. "Dora-9 and the Tank Fighters". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 1, n.d., pp. 97–112. ISSN 0143-5450 Winchester, Jim. "Focke-Wulf Fw 190." Aircraft of World War II. London: Grange Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-639-1. External links US evaluation of captured Fw 190 A-4 (PDF file) The Flying Heritage Collection's Fw 190A fires up its BMW 801 engine The Flying Heritage Collection's Fw 190D fires up its Jumo 213 engine Modeller's Guide to Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Variants, Radial Engine Versions Part I Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Modeller's Guide to Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Variants, Radial Engine Versions Part II Archived 27 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine vteFocke-Wulf aircraftCompany designations, pre-1933 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 16 A 17 GL 18 F 19 A 20 A 21 GL 22 K 23 S 24 A 26 A 28 A 29 A 32 A 33 A 36 A 38 S 39 A 43 A 47 S 48 S 1 S 2 W 4 W 7 C.20 (Cierva under licence) C.30 (Cierva under licence) Names Buchfink Bussard Condor Ente Falke Falke (2) Habicht Höhengeier Kiebitz Mastgans Moskito Möwe Möwe (2) Photomöwe Sperber Stieglitz Stösser Weihe Würger Uhu RLM designations, 1933–1945 Fw 40 Fw 42 Fw 43 Fw 44 Fw 47 Fw 55 Fw 56 Fw 57 Fw 58 Fw 61 Fw 62 Ta 152 Ta 154 Fw 159 Ta 183 Fw 186 Fw 187 Fw 189 Fw 190 Fw 191 Fw 200 Fw 206 Ta 254 Fw 300 Ta 400 Company designations, post-1945 Fw 260 Fw 300 Projects Entwurf I Entwurf II Entwurf III Entwurf IV Entwurf V Entwurf VI Entwurf VII "Peterle" Entwurf VIII 1000x1000x1000 Nr. 238 Fernkampfflugzeug Grosstransporter Nr. 261 Fernkampfflugzeug Rochen Strahlrohrjäger Super Lorin Super TL Triebflügel Volksjäger vteAircraft designed by Kurt TankEarly years Rohrbach Ro VIII For Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Fw 56 Ta 152 Ta 154 Ta 183 Fw 187 Fw 189 Fw 190 Fw 200 Ta 254 Ta 283 Ta 400 Project I Project II Project III Project IV Project V Project VI Project VII Project VIII Post-Second World War FMA I.Ae. 33 Pulqui II FMA I.Ae. 35 Huanquero FMA I.Ae. 36 Cóndor HAL HF-24 Marut vteReich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations (list)1 to 100 8-11 Fi 2 8-31 8-41 Fi 5 DFS 6 8-71 Gö 8 Gö 9 Do 10 Do 11/Wn 11 8-124/Do 12 Do 13 Do 14 Do 15 Do 16/Wn 16 Do 17 Do 18 Do 19 Do 20 8-211 Do 22 Do 23 Do 24 Do 253/Kl 25 Do 26/Kl 26 8-27/Do 273/Kl 275 8-281 8-29/Do 29 Fw 30 Kl 31 Kl 32 Ju 33 Ju 34 Kl 35 Kl 36 He 373 He 38/Ju 38 DFS 39 BV 40/DFS 40 He 413 Fw 42/He 42 Fw 43 Fw 44 He 45 He 46/Ju 46 Fw 47/He 47 Ju 48 He 49/Ju 49 He 50/Ju 50 He 51 He 52/Ju 52 Ju 53 DFS 54/NR 54 Fw 55/NR 55 Fw 56 8-574/Fw 57 Fw 58/He 58 He 59 He 60/Ju 60 Fa 61/Fw 61/He 61 Fw 62/He 62 8-634/He 63 Ar 64/He 64 Ar 65/He 65 Ar 66/He 66 Ar 67 Ar 68 Ar 69 He 70 8-714/He 71 He 72 He 733 He 74 Al 75 Ar 76/FZG 766 Ar 77 Ar 783 Ar 79 Ar 80 Ar 81 8-824 8-831 Al 84 Ju 85 Ju 86 Ju 87 Ju 88 Ju 89 Ju 90 Ju 913 Ju 92 Ju 933 Ju 943 Ar 95 Ar 96 Fi 97 Fi 98 Fi 99 Fi 1003/He 100 101 to 200 Al 101 Al 102 Al 103/Fi 103 R Fh 104 Kl 105 Kl 106 Kl 107 Bf 108 Bf 109/Bf 109R6 Bf 110 He 111/He 111U6 He 112 He 1136 He 114 He 115 He 116 He 1173/Hs 117 He 118 He 119 He 120 Hs 121 Hs 122 Hs 123 Hs 124 Hs 125 Hs 126 Hs 127 Hs 128 Hs 129 Hs 130 Bü 131 Bü 1323/Hs 132 Bü 133 Bü 134 Ha 135 Ha 136/Hü 136 Ha 137 BV 138 Ha 139 Ha 140 BV 141 BV 142 BV 143 BV 144 Go 145 Go 146 Go 147/Ju 147 Go 1483 Go 149 Go 150 Kl 151 Kl 152/Ta 152 Kl 1533/Ta 153 Kl 1543/Ta 154 BV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155 Fi 156 Fi 157 Fi 158 Fw 159 Ju 160 Bf 161 Bf 162/He 162 Bf 163/Li 163/Me 163 Me 164/MeC 164 Bf 165 Fi 166/FK 166 Fi 167 Fi 168 Fi 1693 He 170 He 1713 He 172 He 1733 He 1743 8-1754 He 176 He 177 He 178 He 1795 Bü 180/He 180 Bü 181 Bü 182 Bü 1833/Ta 183 Fl 184 Fl 185 Fw 186/Ju 186 Fw 187/Ju 1872 Fw 1883/Ju 188 Fw 189 Fw 190 Fw 191 Ao 192 Ao 1933/DFS 193 DFS 194/Me 194 Ar 195 Ar 196 Ar 197 Ar 198 Ar 199 Do 2004,6/Fw 200 201 to 300 Si 201 Si 202 DFS 203 Si 204 8-2051 Fw 206 8-2071 Me 208 Me 209 (I)/Me 209 (II) Me 210 Hü 211 8-2124/Do 212 8-2131 Do 214 Do 215 Do 216 Do 217/Hs 217 Do 2183 He 219 He 220 Do 2213 BV 222 Fa 223 Fa 224 Ao 225/Fa 225 BV 226/Ho 226 FGP 227 DFS 228 Go 229/Ho 229 8-230/DFS 230 Ar 231 Ar 232 Ar 233 Ar 234 Do 2355 Fa 2363 BV 237 BV 238 8-2391 Ar 240 Go 241 Go 242 Me 2433 Go 244 Go 2453 BV 246 8-2471 Ju 248 BV 250/Ho 250 Ho 251 Ho 252 Ju 252 Fi 253/Ho 253 Ho 254/Ta 254 8-2551 Fi 256 SK 257 8-2581 Fw 259 8-2601 Me 261/Me 261w Me 262 Me 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945) Me 264 Fl 265/Me 265 Fa 266/Go 2663 Ho 267 Ju 268 Fa 269 He 270 We 271 He 2723 He 2733 He 274 He 2755 He 2763 He 277 He 278 He 2793 He 280 He 2813 Fl 282 Fa 283 Fa 284 Fl 285 Ju 286 Ju 287 Do 2884,6/Ju 288 Ju 2893 Ju 290 Hs 291 As 292/Hs 2923 Hs 293 Hs 294 Hs 295 Ar 296/Hs 296 Hs 297 Hs 298 Ju 2993 Fw 300 301 to 349 DFS 301 8-3021 8-3031 8-3041 8-3051 8-3061 8-3071 8-3081 Me 309 Zwilling Me 310 8-3111 8-3121 8-3134 8-3141 Hs 315 8-3161 Do 317 Do 318 He 319 Me 3203 Me 321 Ju 322 Me 323/ZMe 323 8-3241 Fa 325/Fw 3253 8-3261 Me 327 Me 328 Me 329 Fa 330 DFS 331 DFS 332 Fi 333 Ar 3343/Me 334 Do 335 Fa 336 Ju 3373 8-3381 Fl 339 Ar 340 8-341 WNF 342 He 343 Rk 344/So 3445 Go 345 DFS 346 Rk 347 8-3481 Ba 349 Post-349 (non-sequential) Ju 352 Fi 356/Ju 356 Me 362 Me 3642 Me 3683 Ju 388 Ju 390 Fw 391 Ar 3933 Ar 396 Ta 400 Me 409 Me 410 Do 417 He 419 ZMe 423 Ar 430/Ka 430 Ar 432 Do 435 Ar 440 8-4454 DFS 446 Ju 452 Me 4622 DFS 468 Ju 488 Fw 491 He 500 Me 509 Me 510 He 519 8-5204 ZSO 523 Ar 532 8-5344 Do 535/He 535 Me 6002 Me 609 Ar 632 Do 635/He 635/Ju 635 1 Not assigned 2 Unofficial/proposed 3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 4 Assigned to captured aircraft 5 Unconfirmed 6 Propaganda/cover designation Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix. vteSociété Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre (SNCAC) (Centre) aircraftby number NC.130 NC.150 NC.211 NC.223 NC.4-10 NC.420 NC.433 NC.47-0 NC.47-1 NC.47-2 NC.510 NC.530 NC.600 NC.700 NC.701 NC.702 NC.832 NC.840 NC.841 NC.850 NC.851 NC.853 NC.854 NC.855 NC.856 NC.860 NC.900 NC.1070 NC.1071 NC 1080 NC.2001 NC 211 NC.271 NC.3021 by name Abeille Belphégor Chardonneret Cormoran Martinet vteImperial Japanese Navy aircraft designations (short system)Fighters (A) Nakajima A1N Nakajima A2N Nakajima A2N Nakajima A4N Mitsubishi A5M Mitsubishi A6M Zero A7He Mitsubishi A7M Seversky A8V AXB1 AXD1 AXG1 AXH1 AXHe1 AXV1 Torpedo bombers (B) Mitsubishi B1M Mitsubishi B2M Nakajima B3N Kugisho B3Y Mitsubishi B4M Nakajima B4N Yokosuka B4Y Mitsubishi B5M Nakajima B5N Nakajima B6N Aichi B7A BXN1 C6N1-B2 Shipboard reconnaissance (C) C1M C2N Nakajima C3N Aichi C4A Mitsubishi C5M Nakajima C6N CXP1 Yokosuka D4Y1-C2 Nakajima E4N2-C2 Dive bombers (D) Aichi D1A Aichi D1A Nakajima D2N Yokosuka D2Y Aichi D3A Mitsubishi D3M Nakajima D3N Yokosuka D3Y Yokosuka D4Y Yokosuka D3Y DXD1 DXHe1 Reconnaissance seaplanes (E) E1Y E2N E3A E4N E5K E5Y E6Y E7K E8A E8K E8N E9W E10A E10K E11A E11K E12A E12K E12N E13A E13K E14W E14Y E15K E16A Observation seaplanes (F) F1A F1M J1N1-F2 Land-based bombers (G) G1M (I) G1M (II) G2H G3M G4M G5N G6M G7M G8N G9K G10N Flying Boats (H) H1H H2H H3H H3K H4H H5Y H6K H7Y H8K H9A H10H H11K HXC1 HXD1 HXP1 Land-based Fighters (J) J1N J2M J3K J4M J5N J6K J7W J8M J9N3 N1K1-J/N1K2-J2 Trainers (K) K1Y K2Y K3M K4Y K5Y K6K K6M K6W K7M K8K K8Ni K8P K8W K9W K10W K11W KXA1 KXBu1 KXC1 KXJ1 KXHe1 KXL1 A5M4-K2 A6M2-K2 B5N1-K2 D3Y1-K2 E13A1-K2 F1M2-K2 G6M1-K2 M6A1-K2 Q1W1-K2 Transports (L) L1N L2D L3Y L4M L7P LXC1 LXD1 LXF1 LXG (KR-2)1 LXG (G-21)1 LXHe1 LXJ (Ju 60)1 LXJ (Ju 86)1 LXK1 LXM1 G5N2-L2 G6M1-L2 H6K2-L/H6K4-L2 H8K1-L/H8K2-L/H8K4-L2 H11K1-L2 K3M3-L2 Special-purpose (M)1 M6A MXJ1 MXY1 MXY2 MXY3 MXY4 MXY5 MXY6 MXY7 MXY8 MXY9 MXY10 MXY11 MXZ1 Floatplane fighters (N) N1K A6M2-N2 Land-based bombers (P) P1Y P2M Patrol (Q) Q1W Q2M Q3W Land-based reconnaissance (R) R1Y R2Y D4Y2-R2 J1N1-R2 Night fighters (S) S1A C6N1-S2 D4Y2-S2 E13A1a-S/E13A1b-S2 J1N1-S2 P1Y1-S/P1Y2-S2 1 X as second letter is for experimental aircraft or imported technology demonstrators not intended for service, 2 Hyphenated trailing letter (-J, -K, -L, -N or -S) denotes design modified for secondary role, 3 Possibly incorrect designation, but used in many sources vteCzechoslovak Air Force fighter designations, 1945–1958Fighter(Stíhací) S-89 S-90 S-92 S-95 S-97 S-99 S-100 S-101 S-102 S-103 S-104 S-105 S-107 S-199 Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other NARA Portal: AviationFocke-Wulf Fw 190 at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrike"},{"link_name":"Kurt Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Tank"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Jagdwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdwaffe"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"BMW 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"link_name":"day fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_fighter"},{"link_name":"fighter-bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber"},{"link_name":"ground-attack aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft"},{"link_name":"night fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_fighter"},{"link_name":"Spitfire Mk. V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire_(early_Merlin-powered_variants)#Mk_V_(Mk_V_(Types_331,_349_and_352))"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewsMorgan1987225-7"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Spitfire Mk. IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire_operational_history#The_Fw_190_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelve200780-8"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Schlachtgeschwader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Geschwader"},{"link_name":"turbosupercharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbosupercharged"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz DB 603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_603"},{"link_name":"Junkers Jumo 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_213"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Ta 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_152"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"fighter aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Otto Kittel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kittel"},{"link_name":"Walter Nowotny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Nowotny"},{"link_name":"Erich Rudorffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Rudorffer"},{"link_name":"opinion of German pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_operational_history#German_view"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Focke-Wulf Fw 190, nicknamed Würger[b] (Shrike) is a German single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank at Focke-Wulf in the late 1930s and widely used during World War II. Along with its well-known counterpart, the Messerschmitt Bf 109, the Fw 190 became the backbone of the Jagdwaffe (Fighter Force) of the Luftwaffe. The twin-row BMW 801 radial engine that powered most operational versions enabled the Fw 190 to lift larger loads than the Bf 109, allowing its use as a day fighter, fighter-bomber, ground-attack aircraft and to a lesser degree, night fighter.The Fw 190A started flying operationally over France in August 1941 and quickly proved superior in all but turn radius to the Spitfire Mk. V, the main front-line fighter of the Royal Air Force (RAF), particularly at low and medium altitudes.[5] The 190 maintained its superiority over Allied fighters until the introduction of the improved Spitfire Mk. IX.[6] In November/December 1942, the Fw 190 made its air combat debut on the Eastern Front, finding much success in fighter wings and specialised ground attack units (Schlachtgeschwader – Battle Wings or Strike Wings) from October 1943.The Fw 190A series' performance decreased at high altitudes (usually 6,000 m [20,000 ft] and above), which reduced its effectiveness as a high-altitude interceptor. From the Fw 190's inception, there had been ongoing efforts to address this with a turbosupercharged BMW 801 in the B model, the much longer-nosed C model with efforts to also turbocharge its chosen Daimler-Benz DB 603 inverted V12 powerplant, and the similarly long-nosed D model with the Junkers Jumo 213. Problems with the turbocharger installations on the -B and -C subtypes meant only the D model entered service in September 1944. These high-altitude developments eventually led to the Focke-Wulf Ta 152, which was capable of extreme speeds at medium to high altitudes (755 km/h [408 kn; 469 mph] at 13,500 m [44,300 ft]).[7] While these \"long nose\" 190 variants and the Ta 152 derivative especially gave the Germans parity with Allied opponents, they arrived too late to affect the outcome of the war.The Fw 190 was well-liked by its pilots. Some of the Luftwaffe's most successful fighter aces claimed many of their kills while flying it, including Otto Kittel, Walter Nowotny and Erich Rudorffer. The Fw 190 had greater firepower than the Bf 109 and, at low to medium altitude, superior manoeuvrability, in the opinion of German pilots who flew both fighters. It was regarded as one of the best fighter planes of World War II.[8]","title":"Focke-Wulf Fw 190"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Ministry of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Fw 159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_159"},{"link_name":"Arado Ar 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_80"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_112"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Walter Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_and_Walter_G%C3%BCnter"},{"link_name":"He 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_100"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShacklady200525-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCreek201433%E2%80%9334-12"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz DB 601s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenSwanborough197613-13"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_100"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_187"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice20093-14"}],"sub_title":"Genesis","text":"Between 1934 and 1935 the German Ministry of Aviation (RLM) ran a contest to produce a modern fighter for the rearming Luftwaffe. Kurt Tank entered the parasol-winged Fw 159 into the contest, against the Arado Ar 80, Heinkel He 112 and Messerschmitt Bf 109. The Fw 159 was hopelessly outclassed and was soon eliminated from the competition along with the Ar 80. The He 112 and Bf 109 were generally similar in design but the 109's lightweight construction gave it a performance edge the 112 was never able to match. On March 12, 1936, the 109 was declared the winner.[citation needed]Even before the Bf 109 had entered squadron service, in autumn 1937 the RLM sent out a new tender asking various designers for a new fighter to fight alongside the Bf 109, as Walter Günther had done with Heinkel's follow-on to the unsuccessful He 100 and He 112. Although the Bf 109 was an extremely competitive fighter, the Ministry was worried that future foreign designs might outclass it, and wanted to have new aircraft under development to meet these possible challenges.[9] Tank responded with a number of designs, most powered by a liquid-cooled inline engine.[citation needed]However, it was not until a design was presented using the air-cooled, 14-cylinder BMW 139 radial engine that the Ministry of Aviation's interest was aroused.[10] As this design used a radial engine, it would not compete with the inline-powered Bf 109 for engines, when there were already too few Daimler-Benz DB 601s to go around.[11] This was not the case for competing designs like the Heinkel He 100 or twin-engined Focke-Wulf Fw 187, where production would compete with the 109 and Messerschmitt Bf 110 for engine supplies. After the war, Tank denied a rumour that he had to \"fight a battle\" with the Ministry to convince them of the radial engine's merits.[12]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenSwanborough197613-13"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice20091-15"}],"sub_title":"Design concepts","text":"At the time, the use of radial engines in land-based fighters was relatively rare in Europe, as it was believed that their large frontal area would cause too much drag on something as small as a fighter.[citation needed] Tank was not convinced of this, having witnessed the successful use of radial engines by the U.S. Navy, and felt a properly streamlined installation would eliminate this problem.[11][failed verification]As to the rest of the design philosophy, Tank wanted something more than an aircraft built only for speed. He outlined the reasoning:The Messerschmitt 109 [sic] and the British Spitfire, the two fastest fighters in the world at the time we began work on the Fw 190, could both be summed up as a very large engine on the front of the smallest possible airframe; in each case armament had been added almost as an afterthought. These designs, both of which admittedly proved successful, could be likened to racehorses: given the right amount of pampering and easy course, they could outrun anything. But the moment the going became tough they were liable to falter. During World War I, I served in the cavalry and in the infantry. I had seen the harsh conditions under which military equipment had to work in wartime. I felt sure that a quite different breed of fighter would also have a place in any future conflict: one that could operate from ill-prepared front-line airfields; one that could be flown and maintained by men who had received only short training; and one that could absorb a reasonable amount of battle damage and still get back. This was the background thinking behind the Focke-Wulf 190; it was not to be a racehorse but a Dienstpferd, a cavalry horse.[13]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag"},{"link_name":"NACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA"},{"link_name":"airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA cowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_cowling"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1998-16"},{"link_name":"propeller spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"thrust due to the compression and heating of air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_effect"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield1942170-18"}],"sub_title":"Design concepts - Engine","text":"The hottest points on any air-cooled engine are the cylinder heads, located around the circumference of a radial engine. In order to provide sufficient air to cool the engine, airflow had to be maximized at this outer edge. This was normally accomplished by leaving the majority of the front face of the engine open to the air, causing considerable drag. During the late 1920s, NACA led the development of a dramatic improvement by placing an airfoil-shaped ring around the outside of the cylinder heads (the NACA cowling). The shaping accelerated the air as it entered the front of the cowl, increasing the total airflow, and allowing the opening in front of the engine to be made smaller.[14]Tank introduced a further refinement to this basic concept. He suggested placing most of the airflow components on the propeller, in the form of an oversized propeller spinner whose outside diameter was the same as the engine. The cowl around the engine proper was greatly simplified, essentially a basic cylinder. Air entered through a small hole at the centre of the spinner and was directed through ductwork in the spinner so it was blowing rearward along the cylinder heads. To provide enough airflow, an internal cone was placed in the centre of the hole, over the propeller hub, which was intended to compress the airflow and allow a smaller opening to be used. In theory, the tight-fitting cowling also provided some thrust due to the compression and heating of air as it flowed through the cowling.[15]The eventual choice of the BMW 801 14-cylinder radial over the more troublesome BMW 139 also brought with it a BMW-designed cowling \"system\" which integrated the radiator used to cool the motor oil. An annular, ring-shaped oil cooler core was built into the BMW-provided forward cowl, just behind the fan. The outer portion of the oil cooler's core was in contact with the main cowling's sheet metal. Comprising the BMW-designed forward cowl, in front of the oil cooler was a ring of metal with a C-shaped cross-section, with the outer lip lying just outside the rim of the cowl, and the inner side on the inside of the oil cooler core. Together, the metal ring and cowling formed an S-shaped duct with the oil cooler's core contained between them. Airflow past the gap between the cowl and outer lip of the metal ring produced a vacuum effect that pulled air from the front of the engine forward across the oil cooler core to provide cooling for the 801's motor oil. The rate of cooling airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring to open or close the gap. The reasons for this complex system were threefold. One was to reduce any extra aerodynamic drag of the oil radiator, in this case largely eliminating it by placing it within the same cowling as the engine. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the radiator to aid in warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the radiator behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The disadvantage to this design was that the radiator was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed.[16]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw-190-F8_White1_parts_tail_KAM_11Aug2010_(14980839611).jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill20026-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill20026-19"},{"link_name":"oleo strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleo_strut"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerNowarra1971237-24"}],"sub_title":"Design concepts - Landing Gear","text":"An Fw 190F's tailfin, showing the triangular hinged panel for access to the tailwheel retraction mechanism inside of itIn contrast to the complex, failure-prone fuselage-mounted main gear legs of the earlier Fw 159, one of the main features of the Fw 190 was its wide-tracked, inwards-retracting landing gear. They were designed to withstand a sink rate of 4.5 metres per second (15 ft/s; 890 ft/min), double the strength factor usually required. Hydraulic wheel brakes were used.[17] The wide-track undercarriage produced better ground handling characteristics, and the Fw 190 suffered fewer ground accidents than the Bf 109. (The Bf 109's narrow-track, outwards-retracting landing gear hinged on its wing root structure to help lower weight, but this led to inherent weakness and many failures and ground loops.[17]) The Fw 190's retractable tail gear used a cable, anchored to the \"elbow\" at the midpoint of the starboard maingear's transverse retraction arms, which ran aftwards within the fuselage to the vertical fin to operate the tailwheel retraction function. The tailwheel's retraction mechanical design possessed a set of pulleys to guide the aforementioned cable to the top of the tailwheel's oleo strut, pulling it upwards along a diagonal track within the fin, into the lower fuselage;[18] this mechanism was accessible through a prominently visible triangular-shaped hinged panel, on the left side in the fin's side sheetmetal covering.[c][20] On some versions of the Fw 190 an extended tailwheel oleo strut could be fitted for larger-sized loads (such as bombs or even a torpedo) beneath the fuselage.[21]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"empennage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser198912-26"},{"link_name":"tailplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice20093%E2%80%934-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensonE._Brown_Ryle_III2003-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser198912-26"}],"sub_title":"Design concepts - Control systems","text":"Most aircraft of the era used cables and pulleys to operate their controls. The cables tended to stretch, resulting in the sensations of \"give\" and \"play\" that made the controls less crisp and responsive, and required constant maintenance to correct. For the new design, the team replaced the cables with rigid pushrods and bearings to eliminate this problem.[d] Another innovation was making the controls as light as possible. The maximum resistance of the ailerons was limited to 3.5 kg (8 lb), as the average man's wrist could not exert a greater force. The empennage (tail assembly) featured relatively small and well-balanced horizontal and vertical surfaces.[22]The design team also attempted to minimize changes in the aircraft's trim at varying speeds, thus reducing the pilot's workload. They were so successful in this regard that they found in-flight-adjustable aileron and rudder trim tabs were not necessary. Small, fixed tabs were fitted to control surfaces and adjusted for proper balance during initial test flights. Only the elevator trim needed to be adjusted in flight (a feature common to all aircraft). This was accomplished by tilting the entire horizontal tailplane with an electric motor, with an angle of incidence ranging from −3° to +5°.[23]Another aspect of the new design was the extensive use of electrically powered equipment instead of the hydraulic systems used by most aircraft manufacturers of the time. On the first two prototypes, the main landing gear was hydraulic. Starting with the third prototype, the undercarriage was operated by push buttons controlling electric motors in the wings, and was kept in position by electric up and down-locks.[24] The armament was also loaded and fired electrically. Tank believed that service use would prove that electrically powered systems were more reliable and more rugged than hydraulics, electric lines being much less prone to damage from enemy fire.[22]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wing loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_loading"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"stalling speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(fluid_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELednicer-29"},{"link_name":"perspex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspex"},{"link_name":"IJNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi A6M Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero"},{"link_name":"vacuum forming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_forming"},{"link_name":"bubble canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_canopy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Design concepts - Wing loading and Canopy","text":"Like the Bf 109, the Fw 190 featured a fairly small wing planform with relatively high wing loading. This presents a trade-off in performance. An aircraft with a smaller wing suffers less drag under most flight conditions and therefore flies faster and may have better range. However, it also means the aircraft has a higher stalling speed making it less maneuverable, and also reduces performance in the thinner air at higher altitudes. The wings spanned 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) and had an area of 15 m2 (160 sq ft). The wing was designed using the NACA 23015.3 airfoil at the root and the NACA 23009 airfoil at the tip.[25]Earlier aircraft designs generally featured canopies consisting of small plates of perspex (also known as Plexiglas) in a metal \"greenhouse\" framework, with the top of the canopy even with the rear fuselage; this was true of the IJNAS Mitsubishi A6M Zero, whose otherwise \"all-around view\" canopy was still heavily framed. This design considerably limited visibility, especially to the rear. The introduction of vacuum forming, led to the creation of the \"bubble canopy\" which was largely self-supporting, and could be mounted over the cockpit, offering greatly improved all-round visibility. Tank's design for the Fw 190 used a canopy with a frame that ran around the perimeter, with only a short, centerline seam along the top, running rearward from the radio antenna fitting where the three-panel windscreen and the forward edge of the canopy met, just in front of the pilot.[citation needed]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"Jagdgeschwader 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal199636-30"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Nachtjagdgeschwader 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtjagdgeschwader_1"},{"link_name":"NJG 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJG_3"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal199638-31"},{"link_name":"Hajo Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajo_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007104-32"},{"link_name":"\"Window\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Himmelbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammhuber_Line"},{"link_name":"Wilde Sau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde_Sau"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007104-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal199638%E2%80%9339-33"},{"link_name":"Jagdgeschwader 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_300"},{"link_name":"JG 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_301"},{"link_name":"Nachtjagdgruppe 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtjagdgruppe_10"},{"link_name":"Funkgerät","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_radio_equipment_(Funkger%C3%A4t)_of_WW_II"},{"link_name":"217 or FuG 218 radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_radar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Wilde Sau","text":"From mid-1943, Fw 190s were also used as night fighters against the growing RAF Bomber Command offensive. In mid-1943, one of the earliest participants in the single-engine, ground controlled, night-fighting experiments was the Nachtjagdkommando Fw 190 (Night Fighter Command Fw 190), operated by IV. Gruppe (4 Group), Jagdgeschwader 3, (Fighter Wing 3, or JG 3).[26] The main Nachtgeschwader (Night Fighter Wings) were keen to adopt a new fighter type as their twin-engine fighters were too slow for combat against increasing numbers of de Havilland Mosquito night fighters and bombers. Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1) and NJG 3 kept a pair of Fw 190s on standby to supplement the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Junkers Ju 88. The considerable performance advantage of the Fw 190 over the other two types was more than offset by the difficulties of operating at night. Few, if any, aerial successes can be attributed to these operational tests.[27]One of the first purpose built units to use Fw 190s in this role was Stab/Versuchskommando Herrmann, a unit specifically set up in April 1943 by Major Hajo Herrmann. Herrmann's unit used standard A-4s and A-5s borrowed from day fighter units to intercept bombers over or near the targeted city, using searchlights and other visual aids to help them find their quarry.[28] The first use of \"Window\" by the RAF during the Battle of Hamburg in July 1943, rendered the standard nightfighter Himmelbett procedures useless and brought urgency to the development of Herrmann's Wilde Sau (\"Wild Boar\") technique, pending the development of new nightfighting strategies.[28] Instead of restricting the Fw 190s to ground control interception protocols, the Fw 190s were given a free hand to over-fly bombed areas to see if they could locate bombers using the ground fires below. These tactics became an integral part of the nightfighter operations until May 1944.[29]St/V Herrmann was expanded to become Jagdgeschwader 300 (JG 300, or Fighter Wing 300), JG 301 and JG 302. All three units initially continued borrowing their aircraft from day fighter units. The day fighter units began to protest at the numbers of their aircraft which were being written off because of the hazards of night operations; the numbers soared with the onset of winter, with pilots often being forced to bail-out through being unable to find an airfield at which to land safely. Crash landings were also frequent. Eventually all three Wilde Sau units received their own aircraft, which were often modified with exhaust dampers and blind-flying radio equipment. Another unit was Nachtjagdgruppe 10 (NJGr 10), which used Fw 190 A-4/R11s through to A-8/R11s; Fw 190s modified to carry FuG (Funkgerät) 217 or FuG 218 radar mid-VHF band equipment.[citation needed]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw_190_A8_Moritz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Moritz_(Luftwaffe_officer)"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"combat box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_box"},{"link_name":"Browning AN/M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"bomber destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_destroyer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jagdgeschwader 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_300"},{"link_name":"JG 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_301"},{"link_name":"JG 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MG 151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_151"},{"link_name":"Rüstsatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCstsatz"},{"link_name":"MK 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108"},{"link_name":"GM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM-1"},{"link_name":"Werfer-Granate 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werfer-Granate_21"},{"link_name":"MG 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_131"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal199678-34"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Willy Unger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Unger"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth201158%E2%80%9359-35"},{"link_name":"13mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_131_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth201159-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth201173-37"}],"sub_title":"The Sturmböcke","text":"Fw 190 A-8/R8 of IV.(Sturm)/JG 3, flown by Hptm. Wilhelm MoritzThe appearance of United States Army Air Forces heavy bombers caused a problem for the German fighter force. The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in particular was especially durable, and the armament of the Bf 109 and Fw 190 were not adequate for bomber-destroyer operations. The B-17's eventual deployment in combat box formations provided formidable massed firepower from a hundred or more Browning AN/M2 .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns. In addition, the Luftwaffe's original solution of Zerstörer twin-engine Messerschmitt Bf 110G bomber destroyers, while effective against unescorted Allied bomber formations, lacked maneuverability and were eviscerated by the USAAF's fighter escorts in late 1943 and early 1944.[citation needed]Two of the former Wilde Sau single-engined night fighter wings were reconstituted for their use, such as Jagdgeschwader 300 (JG 300—300th Fighter Wing) and JG 301. These units consisted of Sturmböcke. However, JG 3 also had a special gruppe (group) of Sturmböcke.[citation needed]The Fw 190, designed as a rugged interceptor capable of withstanding considerable combat damage and delivering a potent \"punch\" from its stable gun platform, was considered ideal for anti-bomber operations. Focke-Wulf redesigned parts of the wing structure to accommodate larger armament. The Fw 190 A-6 was the first sub-variant to undergo this change. Its standard armament was increased from four MG 151/20s to two of them with four more in two underwing cannon pods. The aircraft was designated A-6/R1 (Rüstsatz; or field conversion model). The first aircraft were delivered on 20 November 1943. Brief trials saw the twin cannon replaced by the MK 108 30mm autocannon in the outer wing, which then became the A-6/R2. The cannons were blowback-operated, had electric ignition, and were belt fed. The 30mm MK 108 was simple to make and its construction was economical; the majority of its components consisted of just pressed sheet metal stampings. In the A-6/R4, the GM-1 (nitrous oxide) Boost was added for the BMW 801 engine to increase performance at high altitude. For protection, 30 millimetres (1.2 in) of armoured glass was added to the canopy. The A-6/R6 was fitted with twin heavy calibre Werfer-Granate 21 (BR 21) unguided, air-to-air rockets, fired from single underwing tubular launchers (one per wing panel). The increased modifications, in particular heavy firepower, made the Fw 190 a potent bomber-killer. The A-7 evolved in November 1943. Two synchronized 13 mm (.51 inch) MG 131 machine guns replaced the twin cowl-mount synchronized 7.92 mm (.318 inch) MG 17 machine guns. The A-7/R variants could carry two 30 mm MK 108s as well as BR 21 rockets. This increased its potency as a Pulk-Zerstörer (Bomber Formation Destroyer). The A-8/R2 was the most numerous Sturmbock aircraft, some 900 were built by Fiesler at Kassel with 30 mm MK 108s installed in their outer wing panel mounts.[citation needed]While formidable bomber-killers, the armour and substantial up-gunning with heavier calibre firepower meant the Fw 190 was now cumbersome to maneuver. Vulnerable to Allied fighters, they had to be escorted by Bf 109s.[30] When the Sturmgruppe was able to work as intended, the effects were devastating. With their engines and cockpits heavily armored, the Fw 190 As attacked from astern and gun camera films show that these attacks were often pressed to within 100 yds (90 m).[citation needed]Willy Unger of 11.(Sturm)/JG 3 (11 Staffel (Squadron) of Sturmgruppe (Storm group) JG 3) made the following comments:Advantages; wide undercarriage, large twin-row radial engine which protected the pilot from the front, electric starter motor and electric trim system. Disadvantages; there was a danger of turning over when braking hard on soft or sandy ground. In combat against enemy fighters, more awkward because of the heavy armour plating. Strong at low altitude, inferior to the Bf 109 at higher altitude. In my opinion the Fw 190, in this version, was the best aircraft used in the formation against the Viermots.[31]Richard Franz commented:When we made our attack, we approached from slightly above, then dived, opening fire with 13mm and 20mm guns to knock out the rear gunner and then, at about 150 metres, we tried to engage with the MK 108 30mm cannon, which was a formidable weapon. It could cut the wing off a B-17. Actually, it was still easier to kill a B-24, which was somewhat weaker in respect of fuselage strength and armament. I think we generally had the better armament and ammunition, whereas they had the better aircraft.[32]The number of heavy bombers destroyed by the Fw 190 is impossible to estimate. However, below is a list of the top scoring Sturmbock pilots:[33]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw190V1.jpg"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower"},{"link_name":"BMW 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_139&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCreek201433%E2%80%9334-12"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShacklady200530-40"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall-Borsig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall"},{"link_name":"MG 17 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_17_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"MG 131 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_131_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002579-41"}],"sub_title":"First prototypes (BMW 139)","text":"Fw 190 V1 in its original form with the streamlined engine cowling and ducted spinner. The pointed tip of the internal spinner can also be seen. Pilot is probably Hans Sander.Fw 190 V1\n(civil registration D-OPZE), powered by a 1,550 PS (1,530 hp; 1,140 kW) BMW 139 14-cylinder two-row radial engine.[10] D-OPZE first flew on 1 June 1939.[36]\nFw 190 V2\nDesignated with the Stammkennzeichen alphabetic ID code of FL+OZ (later RM+CB) the V2 first flew on October 31, 1939, and was equipped from the outset with the new spinner and cooling fan. It was armed with one Rheinmetall-Borsig 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 machine gun and one 13 mm (0.51 in) synchronized MG 131 machine gun in each wing root.[37]\nFw 190 V3\nAbandoned\nFw 190 V4\nAbandoned","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw_190_V5k_prototype.jpg"},{"link_name":"engine management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield1942170-18"},{"link_name":"constant-speed propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller"},{"link_name":"magneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_magneto"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser198956-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithKay1972175-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithKay1972175-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002579-41"}],"sub_title":"Later prototypes (BMW 801)","text":"Fw 190 V5k. This is the V5 with the original small wing. The 12-blade cooling fan and redesigned undercarriage and canopy fairings are visible.Fw 190 V5\nFitted with the larger, more powerful 14-cylinder two-row BMW 801 radial engine. This engine introduced a pioneering example of an engine management system called the Kommandogerät (command-device) designed by BMW, who also designed the 801's forward cowling with its integral oil cooling system:[16] the Kommandogerät functioned in effect as an electro-mechanical computer which set mixture, propeller pitch (for the constant-speed propeller), boost, and magneto timing.[38]\nFw 190 V5k\n(kleine Fläche – small surface) The smaller span initial variant re-designated after the longer span wing was fitted. The V5 first flew in the early spring of 1940. The weight increase with all of the modifications was substantial, about 635 kg (1,400 lb), leading to higher wing loading and a deterioration in handling. Plans were made to create a new wing with more area to address these issues.[39]\nFw 190 V5g\n(große Fläche – large surface) In August 1940 a collision with a ground vehicle damaged the V5 and it was sent back to the factory for major repairs. This was an opportune time to rebuild it with a new wing which was less tapered in plan than the original design, extending the leading and trailing edges outward to increase the area. The new wing had an area of 18.30 m2 (197.0 sq ft), and now spanned 10.506 m (34 ft 5.6 in). After conversion, the aircraft was called the V5g for große Fläche (large surface). Although it was 10 km/h (6.2 mph) slower than when fitted with the small wing, V5g was much more manoeuvrable and had a faster climb rate.[39] This new wing platform was to be used for all major production versions of the Fw 190.[37]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-0_profile_line_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"MG 17 machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_17_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"synchronised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002579-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-619-2664-07,_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190.jpg"},{"link_name":"MG FF/Ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_FF_cannon"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002581-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-3_profile_line_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002583-45"},{"link_name":"MG 151/20E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_151_cannon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002582%E2%80%93583-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-361-2193-25,_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"JG 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002583-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002583%E2%80%93584-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002284-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002284-48"},{"link_name":"Jagdbomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002284-48"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Robot II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_II"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002284-48"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002284-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balkenkreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkenkreuz"},{"link_name":"Rüstsatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCstsatz"},{"link_name":"Werfer-Granate 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werfer-Granate_21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Adolf Galland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Galland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Y-Verfahren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe_radio_equipment_(Funkger%C3%A4t)_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002587-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_(15083338499).jpg"},{"link_name":"centre of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FuG 217 Neptun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(radar)"},{"link_name":"three dipole antenna elements vertically mounted fore and aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antenna"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanowiczPrusza200334%E2%80%9338-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-6_(SA-kuva_155669).jpg"},{"link_name":"Immola Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immola_Airfield"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanowiczPrusza200340%E2%80%9341-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw_190_A-8.jpg"},{"link_name":"5./JG 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_4"},{"link_name":"Operation Bodenplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte"},{"link_name":"flak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"unitized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftei"},{"link_name":"still incorporated the BMW-designed oil cooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801#Description"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwiiaircraftperformance.org-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A,_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190,_Bewaffnung.jpg"},{"link_name":"WGr 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGr_21_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"21 cm Nebelwerfer 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_cm_Nebelwerfer_42"},{"link_name":"MK 108 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108_cannon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanowiczPrusza200341%E2%80%9343-53"},{"link_name":"BMW 801S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801#Variants"},{"link_name":"801F-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801#Supercharger_development"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage2002593-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanowiczPrusza200343%E2%80%9345-55"},{"link_name":"MK 103 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_103_cannon"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoineauBreffort200725-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanowiczPrusza200366%E2%80%9367-57"},{"link_name":"Sturmböcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmb%C3%B6ck"}],"sub_title":"Fw 190 A","text":"Side-view of Fw 190 A-0Fw 190 A-0\nThe pre-production Fw 190 A-0 series was ordered in November 1940, a total of 28 being completed. Because they were built before the new wing design was fully tested and approved, the first nine A-0s retained the original small wings. All were armed with six 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 machine guns – four synchronised weapons, two in the forward fuselage and one in each wing root, supplemented by a free-firing MG 17 in each wing, outboard of the propeller disc.[37]Fw 190 A-0s or A-1s of an unknown unit in FranceFw 190 A-1\nThe Fw 190 A-1 was in production from June 1941. It was powered by the BMW 801 C-1 engine, rated at 1,560 PS (1,539 hp; 1,147 kW) for take-off. Armament included two fuselage-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and two wing root-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s (with all four MG 17s synchronized to fire through the propeller arc) and two outboard wing-mounted 20 mm MG FF/Ms.[40]Side-view of Fw 190 A-2; the most notable change over the A-0 was the addition of three vertical cooling slits on the engine cowling, just forward of the wing.Fw 190 A-2\nThe introduction of the BMW 801 C-2 resulted in the Fw 190 A-2 model, first introduced in October 1941.[41] The A-2 wing weaponry was updated, with the two wing root-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s being replaced by 20 mm MG 151/20E cannon.[42]Fw 190A-3 of JG 1 in the Netherlands, summer 1942.Fw 190 A-3\nThe Fw 190 A-3 was equipped with the BMW 801 D-2 engine, which increased power to 1,700 PS (1,700 hp; 1,300 kW) at takeoff.[41] The A-3 retained the same weaponry as the A-2.[43]\nFw 190 A-3/Umrüst-Bausatz 1 (/U1)\n(W.Nr 130 270) was the first 190 to have the engine mount extended by 15 cm (5.9 in), which would be standardized on the later production A-5 model.[44]\nFw 190 A-3/U2\nThe A-3/U2 (W.Nr 130386) had RZ 65 73 mm (2.9 in) rocket launcher racks under the wings with three rockets per wing. There were also a small number of U7 aircraft tested as high-altitude fighters armed with only two 20 mm MG 151 cannon, but with reduced overall weight.[44]\nFw 190 A-3/U3\nThe A-3/U3 was the first of the Jabo (Jagdbomber), using an ETC-501 centre-line bomb rack able to carry up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of bombs or, with horizontal stabilising bars, one 300 L (79 US gal) standard Luftwaffe drop tank. The U3 retained the fuselage-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and the wing-mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannon, with the outer MG FF being removed.[44]\nFw 190 A-3/U4\nThe A-3/U4 was a reconnaissance version with two RB 12.5 cameras in the rear fuselage and a EK 16 gun camera or a Robot II miniature camera in the leading edge of the port wing root. Armament was similar to the U3, however, and the ETC 501 was usually fitted with the standardized Luftwaffe 300 L-capacity (79 US gal) drop tank.[44]Fw 190 A-3a\n(a=ausländisch – foreign) In autumn 1942, 72 new aircraft were delivered to Turkey in an effort to keep that country friendly to the Axis powers. These were designated Fw 190 A-3a, designation for export models and delivered between October 1942 and March 1943.[44]A captured Fw 190A-4. The USAAF-painted Balkenkreuz and swastika markings are of nonstandard size and proportions.Fw 190 A-4\nIntroduced in July 1942, the A-4 was equipped with the same engine and basic armament as the A-3.\nFw 190 A-4/Rüstsatz 6 (/R6)\nSome A-4s were fitted with a pair of under-wing Werfer-Granate 21 (BR 21) rocket mortars, and were designated Fw 190 A-4/R6.\nFw 190 A-4/U1\nThe A-4/U1 was outfitted with an ETC 501 rack under the fuselage. All armament except the MG 151 cannon was removed.\nFw 190 A-4/U3\nThe A-4/U3 was very similar to the U1, and later served as the prototype for the Fw 190 F-1 assault fighter.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-4/U4\nThe A-4/U4 was a reconnaissance fighter, with two Rb 12.4 cameras in the rear fuselage and an EK 16 or Robot II gun camera. The U4 was equipped with fuselage-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and 20 mm MG 151 cannon.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-4/U7\nThe A-4/U7 was a high-altitude fighter, easily identified by the compressor air intakes on either side of the cowling. Adolf Galland flew a U7 in the spring of 1943.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-4/U8\nThe A-4/U8 was the Jabo-Rei (Jagdbomber Reichweite, long-range fighter-bomber), adding twin standard Luftwaffe 300 L (79 US gal) drop tanks, one under each wing, on VTr-Ju 87 racks with duralumin fairings produced by Weserflug, and a centreline bomb rack. The outer wing-mounted 20 mm MG FF/M cannon and the cowling-mounted 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 were removed to save weight. The A-4/U8 was the precursor of the Fw 190 G-1.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-4/R1\nThe A-4/R1, was fitted with a FuG 16ZY radio set with a Morane \"whip\" aerial fitted under the port wing. These aircraft, called Leitjäger or Fighter Formation Leaders, could be tracked and directed from the ground via special R/T equipment called Y-Verfahren (Y-Control). More frequent use of this equipment was made from the A-5 onwards.[45]Captured Fw 190A-5 Werknummer 150 051, in U.S. Navy colorsFw 190 A-5\nThe A-5 was developed after it was determined that the Fw 190 could easily carry more ordnance. The D-2 engine was moved forward another 15 cm (5.9 in) as had been tried out earlier on the service test A-3/U1 aircraft, moving the centre of gravity forward to allow more weight to be carried aft.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-5/U2\nThe A-5/U2 was designed as a night Jabo-Rei and featured anti-reflective fittings and exhaust flame dampers. A centre-line ETC 501 rack typically held a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb, and wing-mounted racks mounted 300 L (79 US gal) drop tanks. A EK16 gun camera, as well as landing lights, were fitted to the wing leading edge. The U2 was armed with only two 20 mm MG 151 cannon.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-5/U3\nThe A-5/U3 was a Jabo fighter fitted with ETC 501s for drop tanks and bombs; it too featured only two MG 151s for armament.\nFw 190 A-5/U4\nThe A-5/U4 was a \"recon\" fighter with two RB 12.5 cameras and all armament of the basic A-5 with the exception of the MG FF cannon.\nFw 190 A-5/U8\nThe A-5/U8 was another Jabo-Rei outfitted with SC-250 centreline-mounted bombs, under-wing 300-litre drop tanks and only two MG 151s; it later became the Fw 190 G-2.\nFw 190 A-5/U9\nTest installation of the A-7 modifications.\nFw 190 A-5/U12\nA special U12 was created for bomber attack, outfitted with the standard 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 and 20 mm MG 151 but replacing the outer wing 20 mm MG-FF cannon with two underwing gun pods containing two 20 mm MG 151/20 each, for a total of two machine guns and six cannon.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-5/U14\nWas able to carry a torpedo (Stkz TD+SI White 871).\nFw 190 A-5/R11\nThe A-5/R11 was a night fighter conversion fitted with FuG 217 Neptun (Neptune) radar equipment with arrays of three dipole antenna elements vertically mounted fore and aft of the cockpit and above and below the wings. Flame-dampening boxes were fitted over the exhaust exits. A total of 1,752 A-5s were built from November 1942 to June 1943.[46]Fw 180 A-6 at Immola Airfield Finland, summer 1944.Fw 190 A-6\nThe A-6 was developed to address shortcomings found in previous \"A\" models when attacking U.S. heavy bombers. A structurally redesigned and lighter wing was introduced and the normal armament was increased to two MG 17 fuselage machine guns and four 20 mm MG 151/20E wing root and outer wing cannon with larger ammunition boxes.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-7\nThe A-7 entered production in November 1943, equipped with the BMW 801 D-2 engine, again producing 1,700 PS (1,700 hp; 1,300 kW) and two fuselage-mounted 13 mm (0.51 in) MG 131s, replacing the MG 17s.[47] An Fw 190 A-8/R2 in American hands. \"White 11\" of 5./JG 4 was captured during Operation Bodenplatte after its engine had been damaged by American light flak.\nFw 190 A-8\nThe A-8 entered production in February 1944, powered either by the standard BMW 801 D-2 or the 801Q (also known as 801TU). The 801Q/TU, with the \"T\" signifying a Triebwerksanlage unitized powerplant installation, was a standard 801D with improved, thicker armour on the BMW-designed front annular cowling, which still incorporated the BMW-designed oil cooler, upgraded from 6 mm (0.24 in) on earlier models to 10 mm (0.39 in). Changes introduced in the Fw 190 A-8 also included the C3-injection Erhöhte Notleistung emergency boost system to the fighter variant of the Fw 190 A (a similar system with less power had been fitted to some earlier Jabo variants of the 190 A), raising power to 1,980 PS (1,950 hp; 1,460 kW) for 10 minutes. The 10 minute emergency power may be used up to three times per mission with a 10 minute cooldown in \"combat power\" between each 10 minute use of emergency power.[48] Fw 190A-8 with the under-wing WGr 21 rocket-propelled mortar. The weapon was developed from the 21 cm Nebelwerfer 42 infantry weapon.\nFw 190 A-8/R2\nThe A-8/R2 replaced the outer wing 20 mm cannon with a 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannon.\nFw 190 A-8/R4\nThe A-8/R4 featured GM1 nitrous boost to the standard BMW 801 D/Q engine. GM1 (nitrous oxide) injection increased power for short amounts of time, up to 10 minutes at a time. A 20 minute supply was usually carried.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-8/R8\nThe A-8/R8 was similar to the A-8/R2, but fitted with heavy armour including 30 mm (1.2 in) canopy and windscreen armour and 5 mm (0.20 in) cockpit armour.[49]Fw 190 A-9\nFirst built in September 1944, the Fw 190 A-9 was fitted with the new BMW 801S rated at 2,000 PS (1,973 hp; 1,471 kW); the more powerful 2,400 PS (2,400 hp; 1,800 kW) 801F-1 was still under development, and not yet available.[50][51]\nFw 190 A-10\nLate in the war, the A-10 was fitted with larger wings for better maneuverability at higher altitudes, which could have allowed additional 30 mm (1.2 in) calibre, long-barreled MK 103 cannon to be fitted.[52]A total of 13,291 Fw 190 A-model aircraft were produced.[53]A-6, A-7, and A-8 were modified for Sturmböcke bomber-destroyer operations.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw_190_C_V18_Seite.JPG"},{"link_name":"turbochargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:190D9-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArthy2010-58"}],"sub_title":"High-altitude developments","text":"The Fw 190C V18 prototype, with large ventral \"pouch\" fairing for the turbocharger installation and broader-chord vertical fin/rudder.Tank started looking at ways to address the altitude performance problem early in the program. In 1941, he proposed a number of versions featuring new powerplants, and he suggested using turbochargers in place of superchargers.[citation needed] Three such installations were outlinedFw 190 V12\n(an A-0) would be outfitted with many of the elements which eventually led to the B series.\nFw 190 V13\n(W.Nr. 0036) first C-series prototype\nFw 190 V15\n(W.Nr. 0036) second C-series prototype\nFw 190 V16\n(W.Nr. 0036) third C-series prototype\nFw 190 V18\n(W.Nr. 0036) fourth C-series prototype\nFw 190 B-0\nWith a turbocharged BMW 801\nFw 190 B-1\nThis aircraft was similar to the B-0, but had slightly different armament. In its initial layout, the B-1 was to be fitted with four 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17s and two 20 mm MG-FFs. One was fitted with two MG 17s, two 20 mm MG 151s and two 20 mm MG-FFs. After the completion of W.Nr. 811, no further Fw 190 B models were ordered.An early production Fw 190 D-9 at the Cottbus plant. Note the early canopy and redesigned, simplified centreline rack carrying a 300 L drop tank.[54]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz DB 603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_603"},{"link_name":"centre of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"V29, V30, V32 and V33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_152#Design_and_development"},{"link_name":"Junkers Jumo 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_213"},{"link_name":"pressurized cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressurization"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FW190-D9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fieseler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodeike1998381-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200789-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1998421-62"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Ta 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_152"},{"link_name":"Ta-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-152"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth1996200,_204%E2%80%93205-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw_190D-12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Champlin Fighter Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlin_Fighter_Museum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"High-altitude developments - V-12 Engine","text":"Fw 190 C\nWith a turbocharged Daimler-Benz DB 603, the tail of the aircraft had to be lengthened in order to maintain the desired centre of gravity. Four additional prototypes based on the V18/U1 followed: V29, V30, V32 and V33.\nFw 190 D\nThe Fw 190 D (nicknamed Dora; or Long-Nose Dora (\"Langnasen-Dora\") was intended as the high-altitude performance version of the A-series.\nFw 190 D-0\nThe first D-0 prototype was completed in October 1942 with a supercharged Junkers Jumo 213 including a pressurized cockpit and other features making them more suitable for high-altitude work.[55] This captured Fw 190 D-9 appears to be a late production aircraft built by Fieseler at Kassel. It has a late style canopy; the horizontal black stripe with white outline shows that this was a II. Gruppe aircraft.\nFw 190 D-1\nInitial production\nFw 190 D-2\nInitial production\nFw 190 D-9\nThe D-9 series was rarely used against heavy-bomber raids, as the circumstances of the war in late 1944 meant that fighter-versus-fighter combat and ground attack missions took priority.[56][57][58] This model was the basis for the follow-on Focke-Wulf Ta 152 aircraft.\nFw 190 D-11\nFitted with the up-rated Jumo 213F series engine similar to the Jumo 213E used in the Ta-152 H series but minus the intercooler. Two 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannons were installed in the outer wings to complement the 20 mm MG 151s in the inboard positions.[59] Fw 190 D-13/R11, Champlin Fighter Museum, Phoenix, Arizona (c.1995)\nFw 190 D-12\nSimilar to the D-11, but featured the 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannon in a Motorkanone installation firing through the propeller hub.\nFw 190 D-13\nThe D-13 would be fitted with a 20 mm MG 151/20 motor cannon.[citation needed]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondey200672-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_F-8_(SA-kuva_155390).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FW_190_F.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondey200672-64"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Military_Aircraft_1939-1945_CH16121.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MG 151/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_151_cannon"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Ground attack versions (BMW 801)","text":"Fw 190 F\nThe Fw 190F configuration was originally tested in a Fw 190 A-0/U4, starting in May 1942, fitted with centre-line and wing-mounted bomb racks.\nFw 190 F-1\nRenamed A-4/U3s of which 18 were built\nFw 190 F-2\nRenamed A-5/U3s, of which 270 were built according to Focke-Wulf production logs and Ministry of Aviation acceptance reports.[citation needed]\nFw 190 F-3\nDeveloped under the designation Fw 190 A-5/U17, which was outfitted with a centreline mounted ETC 501 bomb rack. The Fw 190 F-3/R1 had two additional ETC 50 bomb racks under each wing. The F-3 could carry a 66-Imp gal (300 liter) drop tank. A total of 432 Fw 190 F-3s were built.[60]\nFw 190 F-4 to F-7\ndesignations used for projects.Fw 190-F8 in 1944.The National Air & Space Museum's restored Fw 190 F-8 in late war, \"low-visibility\" Balkenkreuz markingsFw 190 F-8\nBased on the A-8 Fighter, having a slightly modified injector on the compressor which allowed for increased performance at lower altitudes for several minutes. Armament of the Fw 190 F-8 was two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon in the wing roots and two 13 mm (0.51 in) MG 131 machine guns above the engine. It was outfitted with an ETC 501 Bomb rack as centerline mount and four ETC 50 bomb racks as underwing mounts.[citation needed]\nFw 190 F-8/U1\nlong range Jabo, fitted with underwing V.Mtt-Schloß shackles to hold two of the Luftwaffe's standardized 300 L (79 US gal) drop tanks. ETC 503 bomb racks were also fitted, allowing the Fw 190 F-8/U1 to carry one SC 250 bomb under each wing and one SC 250 bomb on the centreline.\nFw 190 F-8/U2\nprototype torpedo bomber, fitted with an ETC 503 bomb rack under each wing and a centre-line mounted ETC 504. The U2 was also equipped with the TSA 2 A weapons sighting system that improved the U2's ability to attack seaborne targets with a 700 kg (1,500 lb) BT 700.[60]\nFw 190 F-8/U3\nheavy torpedo bomber was outfitted with an ETC 502, which allowed it to carry one BT-1400 heavy torpedo (1,400 kg (3,100 lb)). Owing to the size of the torpedo, the U3's tail gear needed to be lengthened. The U3 also was fitted with the 2,000 PS BMW 801S engine, and the tail from the Ta 152.[citation needed]\nFw 190 F-8/U4\ncreated as a night bomber, was equipped with flame dampers on the exhaust and various electrical systems such as the FuG 101 radio altimeter, the PKS 12 automatic pilot, and the TSA 2 A sighting system. The U4 was fitted with only two MG 151/20 cannon as fixed armament.\nFw 190 F-8/R3\nproject with two underwing mounted 30mm MK 103 cannon.Fw 190 F-9\nbased on the Fw 190 A-9, equipped with a new bulged canopy as fitted to late-build F-8s and A-8s, and four ETC 50 or ETC 70 bomb racks under the wings. According to Ministry of Aviation acceptance reports, 147 F-9s were built in January 1945, and perhaps several hundred more from February to May 1945. (Data for these months is missing and probably lost.)[citation needed]Fw 190 G-1 showing the ETC 250 bomb rack, carrying a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb, and the underwing 300 litre drop tanks on VTr-Ju 87 mounts.\nFw 190 G\nThe Fw 190 G was built as a long-range attack aircraft (Jagdbomber mit vergrösserter Reichweite – abbreviated JaBo Rei). Following the success of the Fw 190 F as a Schlachtflugzeug (close support, or \"strike aircraft\"), both the Luftwaffe and Focke-Wulf began investigating ways of extending the range of the Fw 190 F. Approximately 1,300 Fw 190 Gs of all variants were new built.[citation needed]\nFw 190 G-1\nThe G-1 was renamed from A-4/U8 Jabo Reis. Initial testing found that if all but two wing root mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannons (with reduced ammunition load) were removed, the Fw 190 G-1 (as it was now called) could carry a 250 kg (550 lb) or 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb on the centreline and up to a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb under each wing.\nFw 190 G-2\nThe G-2 was renamed from Fw 190 A-5/U8 aircraft, similar to the G-1; the underwing drop tank racks were replaced with the much simpler V.Mtt-Schloß fittings, to allow for a number of underwing configurations.\nFw 190 G-3\nThe G-3 was based on A-6 with all but the two wing root mounted MG 151 cannons removed. The new V.Fw. Trg bombracks, however, allowed the G-3 to simultaneously carry fuel tanks and bomb loads\nFw 190 G-3/R1\nThe G-3/R1 replaced the V.Fw. Trg racks with a pair of Waffen-Behälter WB 151/20 conformal cannon pods; each mounting a pair of Mauser MG 151/20 autocannon, giving the G-3/R1 – with its existing pair of wing-root mounted, synchronized MG 151/20 autocannon, a total of six such ordnance pieces.[61]\nFw 190 G-3/R5\nThe G-3/R5 was similar to the R1, but the V.Fw. Trg racks were removed, and two ETC 50 racks per wing were added.Fw 190 G-8\nThe G-8 was based on the Fw 190 A-8, using the same \"bubble\" canopy as the F-8 and fitted with underwing ETC 503 racks that could carry either bombs or drop tanks.\nFw 190 G-8/R4\nThe G-8/R4 kit was a planned refit for the GM 1 engine boost system, but never made it into production.\nFw 190 G-8/R5\nThe G-8/R5 kit replaced the ETC 503 racks with two ETC 50 or 71 racks.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foche_Wulf_FW.190_584219_AM.29_COLT_07.08.71_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanowiczPrusza200355%E2%80%9356-67"}],"sub_title":"Trainer versions","text":"An Fw 190 A-5/U1, the only surviving two-seat aircraft, now part of the RAF Museum's collection (1971 photograph)[62]Fw 190 A-5/U1\nSeveral old Fw 190 A-5s were converted by replacing the MW 50 tank with a second cockpit. The canopy was modified, replaced with a new three-section unit that opened to the side. The rear portion of the fuselage was closed off with sheet metal.[citation needed]\nFw 190 A-8/U1\nA similar conversion to the A-5/U1.\nFw 190 S-5\nA-5/U1 trainers re-designated.\nFw 190 S-8\nA-8/U1 trainers re-designated. An estimated 58 Fw 190 S-5 and S-8 models were converted or built.[63]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2019-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2007-69"},{"link_name":"Armin Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Faber"}],"text":"The Fw 190 participated on every major combat front where the Luftwaffe operated after 1941, and did so with success in a variety of roles. The Fw 190 first tasted combat on the Western Front in August 1941, where it proved superior to the Mk V Spitfire. The Spitfire's main advantage over the Fw 190, and the Bf 109 as well, was its superior turn radius. Beyond that, the Fw 190 outperformed the Spitfire Mk. V in most areas, such as roll rate, speed, acceleration, and dive performance.[64] The addition of the Fw 190 to the Jagdwaffe allowed the Germans to fight off RAF attacks and achieve local air superiority over German skies until the summer of 1942, when the improved Spitfire Mk. IX was introduced.[65] In June 1942, Oberleutnant Armin Faber of JG 2 landed his Fw 190 A-3 at a British airfield, allowing the RAF to test the Mk. IX against the 190 and learn tactics to counter it.","title":"Combat history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marienburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbork"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney1962219-70"},{"link_name":"AGO Flugzeugwerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGO_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF"},{"link_name":"Oschersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oschersleben"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A 0.40 km2 (99-acre) Focke-Wulf plant east of Marienburg was bombed by the Eighth Air Force on 9 October 1944.[66] In addition, one of the most important sub-contractors for the radial-engined Fw 190s was AGO Flugzeugwerke, which from 1941 through to the end of the war produced enough Fw 190s to earn it major attention from the USAAF, with the AGO plant in Oschersleben being attacked at least five times during the war from 1943 onwards.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Flug Werk GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostar#Warbird_projects"},{"link_name":"Shvetsov ASh-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-82"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fw190A-5_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Heritage_%26_Combat_Armor_Museum"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartt2011-74"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen16_March_2011-75"},{"link_name":"Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Heritage_%26_Combat_Armor_Museum"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen21_April_2011-76"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"JG 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_5"},{"link_name":"have originated from this unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_5#Surviving_aircraft_that_served_with_JG_5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Hürriyet Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Some 28 original Fw 190s are in museums or in the hands of private collectors around the world.[citation needed]In 1997 a German company, Flug Werk GmbH, began manufacturing new Fw 190 models as reproductions. By 2012, 20 had been produced, most flyable, a few as static display models, with airworthy examples usually powered by Chinese-manufactured Shvetsov ASh-82 twin-row, 14-cylinder radial powerplants,[68] which have a displacement of 41.2 litres, close to the BMW 801's 41.8 litres, with the same engine cylinder arrangement and number of cylinders.[citation needed]The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum's airworthy Fw 190A-5, WkNr. 151 227, on indoor display between flights.The nearly intact wreck of an Fw 190 A-5/U3 (Werknummer 151 227) that had crashed in a marsh in a forest near Leningrad, Soviet Union, 1943 was located in 1989.[69] After restoration in the US, the Fw 190 flew again (with the original BMW 801 powerplant) on 1 December 2010.[70] Following the successful test flight, the aircraft was then trucked up to the Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum in Everett, Washington, where it was reassembled in April 2011 and returned to airworthy condition.[71][better source needed]At least five surviving Fw 190A radial-engined aircraft are known to have been assigned to the Luftwaffe's JG 5 wing in Herdla, Norway. More German fighter aircraft on display in museums in the 21st century have originated from this unit than from any other Axis Powers' military aviation unit of World War II.[citation needed]The Turkish Air Force retired all of its Fw 190A-3 fleet at the end of 1947 mostly because of a lack of spare parts. It is rumored that American-Turkish bilateral agreements required retiring and scrapping of all German-origin aircraft, although that requirement did not exist for any other country. According to the Hürriyet Daily News, all of the retired Fw 190s were saved from scrapping by wrapping them with protective cloths and burying them in the soil near the Aviation Supply and Maintenance Center at Kayseri. All attempts to locate and recover the aircraft have been unsuccessful, which suggests the story is probably a hoax or myth.[72]","title":"Surviving aircraft and modern replicas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190F-8_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_vad%C3%A1szbomb%C3%A1z%C3%B3_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p._Fortepan_32036.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_captured_Focke_Wulf_Fw_190A-3_at_the_Royal_Aircraft_Establishment,_Farnborough,_with_the_RAE%27s_chief_test_pilot,_Wing_Commander_H_J_%22Willie%22_Wilson_at_the_controls,_August_1942._CH6411.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captured_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"SNCAC NC.900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCAC_NC.900"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Royal Hungarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonhardtS%C3%A1rhidaiWinkler1992358-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (June_2022)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-79"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill200234-80"},{"link_name":"Spanish State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Escuadrilla Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"VIII. Fliegerkorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Royal Romanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"23 August 1944 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II#Continuation_War_1941%E2%80%9344"},{"link_name":"King Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBern%C3%A1d199945-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthyScafesCraciunoiu1995279-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBern%C3%A1d199929-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthyScafesCraciunoiu1995320-84"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Soviet Naval Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 1426 (Enemy Aircraft) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1426_(Enemy_Aircraft)_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"one captured Fw 190A-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Faber"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Patuxent Naval Air Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force"}],"text":"A Royal Hungarian Air Force Fw 190F-8 on the Eastern Front in 1944.A captured Focke Wulf Fw 190A-3 at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.Captured Fw 190A-5, WkNr. 150 051 in U.S. Navy tri-color schemeCzechoslovakia\nCzechoslovakian Air Force (Postwar)\n France\nFrench Air Force – 70 aircraft of the Fw 190 A-5/A-6 model were reassembled at a forward repair shop the Germans had hastily abandoned using the SNCAC NC.900 designation. The aircraft were used operationally for a short period and withdrawn due to problems with the BMW 801 engine.[citation needed]\nFrench Navy (Postwar)\n Nazi Germany\nLuftwaffe\n Hungary\nRoyal Hungarian Air Force received a total of 72 Fw 190F-8s starting in November 1944. They were operated by the 102. vadászbombázó század, later 102. csatarepülő osztály (102nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron, later Wing) engaging in close-support missions on the Eastern Front in 1944–45.[73] The planes were nicknamed \"Fóka\" (Seal), a wordplay on the German name \"Focke\".[74]\n Japan\nThe Imperial Japanese Army Air Service received one Fw 190A-5 for evaluation purposes.[75]\n Spanish State\nSpanish Air Force – The Spanish Air Force operated Fw 190A-2,3,4 among Fw 190 A-8 and Gs with volunteers of Escuadrilla Azul (15ª Spanische Staffel, JG 51 \"Mölders\" VIII. Fliegerkorps, belonged in LuftFlotte 4) on the Eastern Front (from Orel during September 1942 to Bobruisk, during July 1943) and Defense of the Reich over Germany.\n Romania\nRoyal Romanian Air Force – Following the 23 August 1944 coup by King Michael, which resulted in Romania leaving the Axis powers, Romania captured 22 Luftwaffe Fw 190 As and Fs.[76][77] They were not used operationally.[78] Nine serviceable Fw 190s were later confiscated by the Soviet Union.[79]\n Soviet Union\nSoviet Air Force – A number of captured aircraft were trialled by the NII VVS, including Fw 190 A-4, A-5 and A-8 models, as well as the long-nose D-9.[80]\nSoviet Naval Aviation – The Baltic Fleet Air Arm operated a number of Fw 190 D-9 models that were captured in East Prussia, including couple of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9s captured intact by the 2 Guards IAP of 322 IAD at a Focke-Wulf facility near Marienburg. Various photos exist of these machines in Marienburg in the summer of 1945, but little is known of their use.[81]\n Turkey\nTurkish Air Force – Beginning in mid-1942, received 72 examples of the Fw 190 A-3a (export model of A-3, the \"a\" stood for ausländisch – foreign) from Germany to modernize their air force. These aircraft were basically Fw 190 A-3s, with BMW 801 D-2 engines and FuG VIIa radios and an armament fit of four MG 17s, with the option of installing two MG-FF/M cannon in the outer wing positions. The export order was completed between October 1942 and March 1943. The Fw 190 remained in Turkish service until late 1947 when they were retired due to a lack of spare parts.[citation needed]\n United Kingdom\nRoyal Air Force – No. 1426 (Enemy Aircraft) Flight RAF evaluated at least one captured Fw 190A-3.\n United States\nUnited States Army Air Forces and United States Navy – A small number of captured Fw 190As fell into American hands in Europe and North Africa, with one captured A-5 model, WkNr. 150 051, being flown for a time at the Patuxent Naval Air Test Center by the U.S. Navy during the war years.\n Yugoslavia\nSFR Yugoslav Air Force – Postwar, one aircraft.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FW190_A8_3Seiten_Wiki2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_War_Museum_Plane_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mistel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistel"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeroweb-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowarra199372%E2%80%9394,_264%E2%80%93265-88"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23015.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELednicer-29"},{"link_name":"BMW 801D-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"MG 131 machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_131_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"MG 151/20 E cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_151_cannon"}],"text":"Fw 190A-8 three view drawingAn Fw 190 A-8 (W-Nr:733682) at the Imperial War Museum showing faired-over gun ports and a belly-mounted ETC-501 bomb rack. This Fw 190 was used as the upper component for a Mistel flying bomb.Data from Fw 190 A8,[82][83][citation needed]General characteristicsCrew: One\nLength: 8.95 m (29 ft 4 in)\nWingspan: 10.506 m (34 ft 6 in)\nHeight: 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)\nWing area: 18.3 m2 (197 sq ft)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 23015.3; tip: NACA 23009[25]\nEmpty weight: 3,200 kg (7,055 lb)\nGross weight: 4,417 kg (9,738 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 4,900 kg (10,803 lb)\nFuel capacity: 639 L (141 imp gal; 169 US gal)\nPowerplant: 1 × BMW 801D-2 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine 1,700 PS (1,677 hp; 1,250 kW)[f]\nPropellers: 3-bladed constant-speed propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 652 km/h (405 mph, 352 kn) at 5,920 m (19,420 ft)\nRange: 900–1,000 km (560–620 mi, 490–540 nmi)\nCombat range: 400–500 km (250–310 mi, 220–270 nmi)\nFerry range: 900–1,000 km (560–620 mi, 490–540 nmi) ~1800–2000 km with droptank.\nService ceiling: 10,350 m (33,960 ft)\nRate of climb: 15 m/s (3,000 ft/min)\nWing loading: 241 kg/m2 (49 lb/sq ft)\nPower/mass: 0.28–0.33 kW/kg (0.17–0.20 hp/lb) No–full emergency powerArmamentGuns: \n2 × 13 mm (0.51 in) synchronized MG 131 machine guns\n2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 E cannons, synchronized in the wing roots\n2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 E cannons in mid-wing mounts\nBombs: 1 bomb under fuselage or four bombs under wings.","title":"Specifications (Fw 190 A-8)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84603-189-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-189-3"},{"link_name":"A Butcher Bird's Tale: the Story of the Focke Wulf 190 (DVD).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dukevideo.com/General/DVD/Aviation/General/A%20Butcher%20Bird-q-s%20Tale%20DVD.aspx"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8041-1050-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8041-1050-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9660706-3-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9660706-3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-37468-010-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37468-010-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874023-56-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-56-5"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1243-8650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"230135362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/230135362"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number"},{"link_name":"B006VFEHPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/dp/B006VFEHPC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-924914-2-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-924914-2-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7858-1696-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1696-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85367-328-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-328-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-822-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-822-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9761034-0-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9761034-0-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9761034-2-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9761034-2-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-438-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-438-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-902109-40-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902109-40-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88740-354-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-354-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89747-374-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-374-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85367-282-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-282-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-903223-98-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-98-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9660706-1-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9660706-1-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85532-518-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-518-7"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-5450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84013-639-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-639-1"}],"text":"Bowman, Martin W. P-51 Mustang vs Fw 190: Europe 1943–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-189-3.\nA Butcher Bird's Tale: the Story of the Focke Wulf 190 (DVD). Retrieved: 3 April 2008.\nCaldwell, Donald L. JG 26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe. New York: Ivy Books, 1991. ISBN 0-8041-1050-6.\nCrandall, Jerry. Yellow 10: The Story of the Ultra-rare Fw 190 D-13. Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Edition Ltd., 2000. ISBN 0-9660706-3-1.\nCouderchon, Philippe & Bouvier-Belleville, René (2018). Du FW 190 au NC 900: usines souterraines et blindées en France [From FW 190 to NC 900: Subterranean and Fortified Factory in France] (in French). Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-010-1.\nDonald, David, ed. Warplanes of the Luftwaffe. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-874023-56-5.\nEspérou, Robert (April 2001). \"Novembre 1945: Les dernières victimes d'un Focke-Wulf 190... français!\" [November 1945: The Last Victims of a Focke-Wulf 190 Were French!]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French). No. 97. pp. 24–27. ISSN 1243-8650.\nGriehl, Manfred. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Varianten: Flugzeug Profile 45. Stengelheim, Germany: UNITEC Medienvertrieb E.K., 2008. OCLC 230135362, ASIN B006VFEHPC.\nJackiewicz, Jacek and Robert Bock. Captured Butcherbirds, Vol. 1. Warsaw, Poland: Ajaks, 2009. ISBN 978-83-924914-2-2.\nJackson, Robert. Aircraft of World War II: Development, Weaponry, Specifications. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7858-1696-8.\nJessen, Morten. Focke-Wulf 190: The Birth of the Butcher Bird 1939–1943. London: Greenhill Books, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-328-5.\nKosin, Ruediger. The German Fighter Since 1915– translation of Die Entwicklung der deutschen Jagdflugzeuge. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-822-4.\nLednicer, David A. \"Technical Note: A CFD Evaluation of Three Prominent World War II Fighter Aircraft.\" Aeronautical Journal, Royal Aeronautical Society, June/July 1995.\nLednicer, David A. \"World War II Fighter Aerodynamics.\" EAA Sport Aviation, January 1999.\nLorant, Jean-Yves and Richard Goyat. JG 300 (two volumes translated by Neil Page). Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Editions, 2006, Vol. 1: ISBN 0-9761034-0-0, Vol. 2: ISBN 0-9761034-2-7.\nLowe, Malcolm. Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Production Line to Front Line #5. London: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-438-8.\nMatricardi, Paolo. Aerei Militari: Caccia e Ricognitori (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori Electa, 2006. No ISBN\nManrho, John and Ron Putz. Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope: The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2004. ISBN 1-902109-40-6.\nNowarra, Heinz J. The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Fighters, Bombers, Ground Attack Aircraft. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-88740-354-9.\nPage, Neil. \"The Sturmgruppen—Bomber Destroyers 1944.\" Scale Aircraft Modelling, March 2001.\nRyle, E. Brown and Malcolm Laing. Walk Around Number 22: Focke-Wulf Fw 190A/F. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89747-374-4.\nSpick, Mike. Allied Fighter Aces of World War II. London: Greenhill Books. 1997. ISBN 1-85367-282-3.\nThompson, J. Steve with Peter C. Smith. Air Combat Manoeuvres. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 2008. ISBN 978-1-903223-98-7.\nUrbanke, Axel. Green Hearats First In Combat With The Dora 9. Hamilton, Montanna Usa: Eagle Editions, 1998. ISBN 0-9660706-1-5\nWeal, John. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces No. 6. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-518-7.\nWeber, Eberhard-Dietrich and Eric Brown. \"Dora-9 and the Tank Fighters\". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 1, n.d., pp. 97–112. ISSN 0143-5450\nWinchester, Jim. \"Focke-Wulf Fw 190.\" Aircraft of World War II. London: Grange Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-639-1.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"An Fw 190F's tailfin, showing the triangular hinged panel for access to the tailwheel retraction mechanism inside of it","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Focke-Wulf_Fw-190-F8_White1_parts_tail_KAM_11Aug2010_%2814980839611%29.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw-190-F8_White1_parts_tail_KAM_11Aug2010_%2814980839611%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190 A-8/R8 of IV.(Sturm)/JG 3, flown by Hptm. Wilhelm Moritz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fw_190_A8_Moritz.jpg/260px-Fw_190_A8_Moritz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190 V1 in its original form with the streamlined engine cowling and ducted spinner. The pointed tip of the internal spinner can also be seen. Pilot is probably Hans Sander.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Fw190V1.jpg/220px-Fw190V1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190 V5k. This is the V5 with the original small wing. The 12-blade cooling fan and redesigned undercarriage and canopy fairings are visible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Fw_190_V5k_prototype.jpg/220px-Fw_190_V5k_prototype.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side-view of Fw 190 A-0","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-0_profile_line_drawing.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-0_profile_line_drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190 A-0s or A-1s of an unknown unit in France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-619-2664-07%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-619-2664-07%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side-view of Fw 190 A-2; the most notable change over the A-0 was the addition of three vertical cooling slits on the engine cowling, just forward of the wing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-3_profile_line_drawing.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-3_profile_line_drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190A-3 of JG 1 in the Netherlands, summer 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-361-2193-25%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-361-2193-25%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A.jpg"},{"image_text":"A captured Fw 190A-4. The USAAF-painted Balkenkreuz and swastika markings are of nonstandard size and proportions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Captured Fw 190A-5 Werknummer 150 051, in U.S. Navy colors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_%2815083338499%29.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_%2815083338499%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 180 A-6 at Immola Airfield Finland, summer 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-6_%28SA-kuva_155669%29.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-6_%28SA-kuva_155669%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Fw 190 A-8/R2 in American hands. \"White 11\" of 5./JG 4 was captured during Operation Bodenplatte after its engine had been damaged by American light flak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fw_190_A-8.jpg/220px-Fw_190_A-8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190A-8 with the under-wing WGr 21 rocket-propelled mortar. The weapon was developed from the 21 cm Nebelwerfer 42 infantry weapon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190%2C_Bewaffnung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190%2C_Bewaffnung.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fw 190C V18 prototype, with large ventral \"pouch\" fairing for the turbocharger installation and broader-chord vertical fin/rudder.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fw_190_C_V18_Seite.JPG/220px-Fw_190_C_V18_Seite.JPG"},{"image_text":"An early production Fw 190 D-9 at the Cottbus plant. Note the early canopy and redesigned, simplified centreline rack carrying a 300 L drop tank.[54]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/190D9-1.jpg/220px-190D9-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"This captured Fw 190 D-9 appears to be a late production aircraft built by Fieseler at Kassel. It has a late style canopy; the horizontal black stripe with white outline shows that this was a II. Gruppe aircraft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FW190-D9.jpg/220px-FW190-D9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190 D-13/R11, Champlin Fighter Museum, Phoenix, Arizona (c.1995)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fw_190D-12.jpg/220px-Fw_190D-12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190-F8 in 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_F-8_%28SA-kuva_155390%29.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_F-8_%28SA-kuva_155390%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The National Air & Space Museum's restored Fw 190 F-8 in late war, \"low-visibility\" Balkenkreuz markings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FW_190_F.jpg/220px-FW_190_F.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190 G-1 showing the ETC 250 bomb rack, carrying a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb, and the underwing 300 litre drop tanks on VTr-Ju 87 mounts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/German_Military_Aircraft_1939-1945_CH16121.jpg/220px-German_Military_Aircraft_1939-1945_CH16121.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Fw 190 A-5/U1, the only surviving two-seat aircraft, now part of the RAF Museum's collection (1971 photograph)[62]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Foche_Wulf_FW.190_584219_AM.29_COLT_07.08.71_edited-2.jpg/220px-Foche_Wulf_FW.190_584219_AM.29_COLT_07.08.71_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum's airworthy Fw 190A-5, WkNr. 151 227, on indoor display between flights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fw190A-5_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg/220px-Fw190A-5_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Royal Hungarian Air Force Fw 190F-8 on the Eastern Front in 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190F-8_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_vad%C3%A1szbomb%C3%A1z%C3%B3_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p._Fortepan_32036.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190F-8_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_vad%C3%A1szbomb%C3%A1z%C3%B3_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p._Fortepan_32036.jpg"},{"image_text":"A captured Focke Wulf Fw 190A-3 at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A_captured_Focke_Wulf_Fw_190A-3_at_the_Royal_Aircraft_Establishment%2C_Farnborough%2C_with_the_RAE%27s_chief_test_pilot%2C_Wing_Commander_H_J_%22Willie%22_Wilson_at_the_controls%2C_August_1942._CH6411.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Captured Fw 190A-5, WkNr. 150 051 in U.S. Navy tri-color scheme","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Captured_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1944.jpg/220px-Captured_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fw 190A-8 three view drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FW190_A8_3Seiten_Wiki2.JPG/220px-FW190_A8_3Seiten_Wiki2.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Fw 190 A-8 (W-Nr:733682) at the Imperial War Museum showing faired-over gun ports and a belly-mounted ETC-501 bomb rack. This Fw 190 was used as the upper component for a Mistel flying bomb.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Imperial_War_Museum_Plane_2.jpg/220px-Imperial_War_Museum_Plane_2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Focke-Wulf Ta 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Ta_152"},{"title":"Bloch MB.155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_MB.155"},{"title":"Curtiss XP-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_XP-42"},{"title":"Grumman F6F Hellcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"title":"Hawker Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon"},{"title":"Kawanishi N1K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K"},{"title":"Kawasaki Ki-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60"},{"title":"Lavochkin La-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin_La-5"},{"title":"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-1"},{"title":"Mitsubishi J2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M"},{"title":"Nakajima Ki-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44"},{"title":"Nakajima Ki-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84"},{"title":"North American P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"title":"Republic P-47 Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt"},{"title":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"title":"Vought F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"title":"Yakovlev Yak-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-3"},{"title":"Yakovlev Yak-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9"},{"title":"List of fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of most produced aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_produced_aircraft"}]
[{"reference":"\"Focke Wulf Ta 152\". Air & space. Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191227022638/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/focke-wulf-ta-152-h-0r11","url_text":"\"Focke Wulf Ta 152\""},{"url":"https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/focke-wulf-ta-152-h-0r11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nazi Germany's Focke-Wulf FW-190: The Best Fighter Aircraft of World War II?\". National Interest. 11 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/nazi-germanys-focke-wulf-fw-190-the-best-fighter-aircraft-21861","url_text":"\"Nazi Germany's Focke-Wulf FW-190: The Best Fighter Aircraft of World War II?\""}]},{"reference":"\"フォッケウルフ190の尾輪\". www5a.biglobe.ne.jp.","urls":[{"url":"http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_miyama/190rlg.html","url_text":"\"フォッケウルフ190の尾輪\""}]},{"reference":"Miyama, T. \"傑作機、Fw190の尾輪です\". biglobe (in Japanese). ne. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_miyama/190rlg.html","url_text":"\"傑作機、Fw190の尾輪です\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leistungssteigerung bei der Fw 190 mit 801 D durch motorseitige Maßnahmen\" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/fw190/Fw_190_A-8_15-3-44.pdf","url_text":"\"Leistungssteigerung bei der Fw 190 mit 801 D durch motorseitige Maßnahmen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Museum of the Armed Forces in Brussels, Belgium – photo of surviving German WB 151/20 conformal gunpod\". landmarkscout.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.landmarkscout.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/WB-151-Dual-Canon-Pack-Wing-mount.jpg?x78904","url_text":"\"Royal Museum of the Armed Forces in Brussels, Belgium – photo of surviving German WB 151/20 conformal gunpod\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014131/https://www.landmarkscout.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/WB-151-Dual-Canon-Pack-Wing-mount.jpg?x78904","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Unique two-seat Fw 190 leaves RAF Museum\". key.aero. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.key.aero/article/unique-two-seat-fw-190-leaves-raf-museum","url_text":"\"Unique two-seat Fw 190 leaves RAF Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Over 50 missing warplanes found buried in central Turkey: Report\". Hürriyet Daily News. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/over-50-missing-warplanes-found-buried-in-central-turkey-report--104962","url_text":"\"Over 50 missing warplanes found buried in central Turkey: Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180426004119/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/over-50-missing-warplanes-found-buried-in-central-turkey-report--104962","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Focke-Wulf FW 190A-8\". aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210003023/http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/fockwulf/fw-190a8.htm","url_text":"\"Focke-Wulf FW 190A-8\""},{"url":"http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/specs/fockwulf/fw-190a8.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, C.F.; Morgan, E.B. (1987). Supermarine Aircraft since 1914 (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-85177-800-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-800-6","url_text":"978-0-85177-800-6"}]},{"reference":"Angelucci, Enzo (1988). Combat aircraft of World War II. Orion Books. ISBN 978-0-517-64179-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-64179-8","url_text":"978-0-517-64179-8"}]},{"reference":"Arthy, Andrew (24 December 2010). \"Fw 190 W.Nr. list\". hobbyvista.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705142350/http://fw190.hobbyvista.com/werkn.htm","url_text":"\"Fw 190 W.Nr. list\""},{"url":"http://fw190.hobbyvista.com/werkn.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 978-1-85409-267-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-267-0","url_text":"978-1-85409-267-0"}]},{"reference":"Bernád, Dénes (1999). Rumanian Air Force: The Prime Decade, 1938–1947. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-89747-402-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-402-3","url_text":"978-0-89747-402-3"}]},{"reference":"Bonhardt, Attila; Sárhidai, Gyula; Winkler, László (1992). A Magyar Királyi Honvédség Fegyverzete [The Royal Hungarian Army Weapons] (in Hungarian). Kecskemét, Hungary: Zrínyi Kiadó. ISBN 963-327-182-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-327-182-7","url_text":"963-327-182-7"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, Donald L. (1998). The JG 26 War Diary: Volume Two 1943–1945. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-86-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898697-86-2","url_text":"978-1-898697-86-2"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, Donald L.; Muller, Richard R. (2007). The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London, UK: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R._Muller","url_text":"Muller, Richard R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0","url_text":"978-1-85367-712-0"}]},{"reference":"Caygill, Peter (2002). Combat Legend Focke-wulf Fw 190. Ramsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84037-366-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-366-0","url_text":"978-1-84037-366-0"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Aubrey (16 March 2011). \"Restored German WWII fighter set to fly Saturday\". Hearst Seattle Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121127155847/http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2011/06/16/6328/","url_text":"\"Restored German WWII fighter set to fly Saturday\""},{"url":"http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2011/06/16/6328/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Aubrey (21 April 2011). \"Unique WWII German fighter reassembled in Everett\". seattlepi.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121031222942/http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2011/04/21/unique-wwii-german-fighter/","url_text":"\"Unique WWII German fighter reassembled in Everett\""},{"url":"http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2011/04/21/unique-wwii-german-fighter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Delve, Ken (2007). The Story of the Spitfire: An Operational and Combat History. London: Greenhill books. ISBN 978-1-85367-725-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-725-0","url_text":"978-1-85367-725-0"}]},{"reference":"Forsyth, Robert (1996). JV 44: the Galland circus. Burgess Hill, UK: Classic Publications. ISBN 978-0-9526867-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9526867-0-5","url_text":"978-0-9526867-0-5"}]},{"reference":"Forsyth, Robert (2011). Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-438-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-438-3","url_text":"978-1-84908-438-3"}]},{"reference":"Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1976). The Focke-Wulf 190: Fw 190. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-7084-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-7084-1","url_text":"978-0-7153-7084-1"}]},{"reference":"Gurney, Gene (1962). The War in the Air: A Pictorial History of World War II Air Forces in Combat. New York: Bonanza Books. OCLC 852530729.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852530729","url_text":"852530729"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, James (1998). \"Engineering Science and the Development of the NACA Low-Drag Engine Cowling, Chapter 1\". The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy. NASA. Archived from the original on 31 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041031054823/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter1.html","url_text":"\"Engineering Science and the Development of the NACA Low-Drag Engine Cowling, Chapter 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Janowicz, Krzysztof; Prusza, Łukasz (2003). Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Vol. 1. Sandomierz; Lublin: Oficyna Wydawnicza Kagero. ISBN 978-8-38-908811-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-38-908811-6","url_text":"978-8-38-908811-6"}]},{"reference":"Joineau, Andre; Breffort, Dominique (2007). P-51 Mustang: From 1943 to 1945. Paris: Histoire & Collections. ISBN 978-2-91-390381-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-91-390381-4","url_text":"978-2-91-390381-4"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Martt (13 January 2011). \"A Real Focke-Wulf Fw 190 is In the Air!\". Airpigz.com (blog). Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20161201070538/http://airpigz.com/blog/2011/1/3/a-real-focke-wulf-fw-190-is-in-the-air.html","url_text":"\"A Real Focke-Wulf Fw 190 is In the Air!\""},{"url":"http://airpigz.com/blog/2011/1/3/a-real-focke-wulf-fw-190-is-in-the-air.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mondey, David (2006). The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Bounty Books. 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ISBN 978-3-923457-44-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-44-1","url_text":"978-3-923457-44-1"}]},{"reference":"Rickard, J. (12 March 2007). \"Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX\". www.historyofwar.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_mkIX.html","url_text":"\"Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX\""}]},{"reference":"Rickard, J. (10 June 2019). \"Focke-Wulf Fw 190 – Design and Prototypes\". www.historyofwar.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_focke-wulf_Fw_190_design.html","url_text":"\"Focke-Wulf Fw 190 – Design and Prototypes\""}]},{"reference":"Sengfelder, Günther (1993). German Aircraft Landing Gear. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. 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Retrieved 25 April 2014 – via Flightglobal Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215118/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%201686.html","url_text":"\"The B.M.W. 801A, Details of Germany's Latest Twin Row Radial Power Plant – 'Low-drag Cowling' & 'Oil Coolers'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%201686.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, J. Richard; Kay, Anthony L. (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 978-0-370-00024-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-00024-4","url_text":"978-0-370-00024-4"}]},{"reference":"Smith, J. Richard; Creek, Eddie J. (2014). Focke-Wulf Fw 190: Volume One 1938–1943 (2nd ed.). Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-906537-29-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906537-29-6","url_text":"978-1-906537-29-6"}]},{"reference":"Spenser, Jay P. (1989). Focke-Wulf Fw 190: Workhorse of the Luftwaffe. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian. ISBN 978-0-87474-885-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-885-7","url_text":"978-0-87474-885-7"}]},{"reference":"Stephenson, Robert; E. Brown Ryle III (19 June 2003). \"Fw 190 Undercarriage\". HyperScale—An Online Magazine for Aircraft and Armour Modellers. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080227101042/http://www.clubhyper.com/reference/fw190landinggear_1.htm","url_text":"\"Fw 190 Undercarriage\""},{"url":"http://www.clubhyper.com/reference/fw190landinggear_1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tibor, Tobak (1989). Pumák földön-égen : Egy vadászrepülő kalandjai (in Hungarian). Budapest: Háttér. ISBN 978-9-63-740335-4. OCLC 908868282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-63-740335-4","url_text":"978-9-63-740335-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908868282","url_text":"908868282"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Ray; Nowarra, Heinz (1971). German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945. New York: Doubleday. OCLC 918039674.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/918039674","url_text":"918039674"}]},{"reference":"Weal, John (1996). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-595-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-595-1","url_text":"978-1-85532-595-1"}]},{"reference":"Couderchon, Philippe & Bouvier-Belleville, René (2018). Du FW 190 au NC 900: usines souterraines et blindées en France [From FW 190 to NC 900: Subterranean and Fortified Factory in France] (in French). Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-010-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37468-010-1","url_text":"978-2-37468-010-1"}]},{"reference":"Espérou, Robert (April 2001). \"Novembre 1945: Les dernières victimes d'un Focke-Wulf 190... français!\" [November 1945: The Last Victims of a Focke-Wulf 190 Were French!]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French). No. 97. pp. 24–27. ISSN 1243-8650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650","url_text":"1243-8650"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._A._Nellikkunnu
N. A. Nellikkunnu
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Indian politician This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "N. A. Nellikkunnu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) N. A. NellikkunnuMember of Legislative AssemblyIncumbentAssumed office 2011Preceded byC. T. Ahmad AliConstituencyKasaragod Personal detailsBorn (1954-03-18) 18 March 1954 (age 70)NellikunnuSpouseAysha T. M.ChildrenTwo daughters and one son Nellikunnu Abdul Khader Mohammed Kunhi, known as N. A. Nellikkunnu is a member of the current 15th Legislative Assembly of Kerala. He represents the Kasaragod assembly constituency of Kerala and is currently a member of the Indian Union Muslim League. Career Nellikkunnu entered politics through Muslim Students' Federation and later became the secretary of its Kasaragod Government College unit. He was also the Secretary of Kasaragod Taluk Committee, and Muslim Youth League, Kasaragod. He is a state council member of Muslim League, and General Secretary of Muslim League Municipal Committee, Kasaragod. He was also first Correspondent of Chandrika Daily in U.A.E. and the founding Secretary of Chandrika Readers Forum, Dubai. He is currently a working committee member of I.U.M.L State Committee, President of Agriculturist Welfare Co-operative Society, Kasaragod; and the Manager of Anvarul Uloom A.U.P. School, Nellikkunnu, Kasaragod. References ^ a b c "N. A. Nellikkunnu" (PDF). www.niyamasabha.org. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Archive News". The Hindu. 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2016. ^ "N. A. NELLIKKUNNU" (PDF). Niyamasabha. External links N.A. NELLIKKUNNU wins at Kasaragod for 9738 votes Archived 18 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine This article about a Kerala politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus_americanus
Suillus americanus
["1 Taxonomy and classification","2 Description","2.1 Microscopic characteristics","2.2 Edibility","2.3 Similar species","3 Habitat and distribution","4 Allergenicity","5 Bioactive compounds","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Cited text"]
Species of fungus Suillus americanus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Boletales Family: Suillaceae Genus: Suillus Species: S. americanus Binomial name Suillus americanus(Peck) Snell (1959) Synonyms Boletus americanus Peck (1887) Ixocomus americanus (Peck) E.-J. Gilbert (1931) Species of fungus Suillus americanusMycological characteristicsPores on hymenium Cap is convex or flat Hymenium is adnate or decurrentStipe is bareSpore print is brownEcology is mycorrhizalEdibility is edible Suillus americanus is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Suillaceae. Commonly known as the chicken fat mushroom, American suillus, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with eastern white pine and is found where this tree occurs in eastern North America and China. The mushroom can be recognized by the bright yellow cap with red to reddish-brown scales embedded in slime, the large yellow angular pores on the underside of the cap, and the narrow yellow stem marked with dark reddish dots. Molecular phylogenetics analysis suggests that S. americanus may be the same species as S. sibiricus, found in western North America and western and central Asia. Suillus americanus is edible, although opinions vary as to its palatability; some susceptible individuals may suffer a contact dermatitis after touching the fruit bodies. The fruit bodies contain a beta glucan carbohydrate shown in laboratory tests to have anti-inflammatory properties. Taxonomy and classification Charles Horton Peck Suillus americanus was first described scientifically by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1888, based on specimens he had originally collected as far back as 1869, in New York state, near Sand Lake, Albany, and Port Jefferson. In his 1888 publication he indicated that he had originally listed these collections as Boletus flavidus (now known as Suillus flavidus) in his 1869 Report of the State Botanist (published in 1872). However, as was pointed out nearly a century later in 1986, the 1869 report does not actually mention the species; rather, Peck's field notes that year (which served as the basis for the report) reference a collection at Sand Lake upon which the original (1888) description was most likely based. Because Peck failed to designate a type specimen, one of the Sand Lake specimens was lectotypified in 1986. In 1931, French mycologist Édouard-Jean Gilbert transferred the species to the genus Ixocomus, a now-defunct taxon that has since been subsumed into Suillus. In 1959, Walter H. Snell, collaborating with Rolf Singer and Esther A. Dick, transferred the species to Suillus. In his 1986 version of the authoritative monograph The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, Singer included the species in the subsection Latiporini of genus Suillus, an infrageneric grouping (below the taxonomic level of genus) characterized by a cinnamon-colored spore print without an olive tinge, and wide pores, typically greater than 1 mm when mature. Common names for the species include the American slipperycap, the American suillus, or the chicken-fat mushroom. The latter name is a reference to its yellow color. The specific epithet americanus means "of America". Description Young specimens have an inrolled margin, and remnants of a yellowish, cottony veil.The yellow pores are angular, and 1–2 mm in diameter. The cap is typically between 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter, broadly convex with a small umbo (a central elevation) to flat with age. The cap margin is curved inwards in young specimens, and may have remnants of a yellowish, cottony veil hanging from it. The cap surface is colored bright yellow with red or brownish streaks and hairy patches. When the fruit body is young and moist, the surface is slimy; as the cap matures and dries out, it becomes sticky or tacky. The tubes which comprise the pore layer on the underside of the cap are 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) deep, and have an adnate (attached broadly to the stem) to decurrent (running down the length of the stem) attachment to the stem. They are yellow, and stain reddish-brown when bruised. The yellow pores are large (1–2 mm diameter) and angular, and tend to become darker as they age. The pores are slightly wider than long, so that there are about 9–10 pores per centimeter measured radially, but 12 to 13 per centimeter when measured tangentially, about halfway to the edge. As is the case with all boletes, spores form on the inner surfaces of the tubes and sift through their openings to be borne away on the air currents outside. The stem is 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) by 0.4–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in), roughly equal in width throughout, often crooked, and becomes hollow with age. The color of the stem surface is lemon yellow, and it is covered with glandular dots that bruise if handled. The partial veil is not attached to the stem, and usually does not leave a ring on the stem. A whitish mycelium present at the base of the stem helps anchor the fruit body in the substrate. The flesh is mustard yellow, and stains pinkish-brown when cut or bruised. Microscopic characteristics In deposit, the spores are cinnamon-colored. Viewed with a microscope, they are pale yellow, smooth, and roughly elliptical in shape, and measure 8–9.5 by 3.5–5 μm. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 21–25 by 5.5 to 6 μm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the sides of a gill) range in shape from cylindrical to club-shaped and are arranged in bundles. Both the bases of the bundles and the surface of the cystidia may be covered with brown pigment particles. Cheilocystidia are cystidia located in the gill faces. In S. americanus, they are mostly club-shaped, often with an expanded apex, and like the pleurocystidia, are arranged in bundles, with brown pigment particles at the base of the bundles. Bundles of cystidia near the tube openings may sometimes be visible with a hand lens. Like all Suillus species, the cystidia of S. americanus will turn orange-brown in the presence of a solution of 3% potassium hydroxide. The slimy layer on the cap surface results from an interwoven layer of gelatinous hyphae that are typically 3–5 μm thick. Edibility Suillus americanus is edible. This species is nonpoisonous and sometimes regarded as edible, but opinions about its palatibility are mixed. It has no odor and its taste has been reported as mild. One field guide suggests it has a "distinctive lemony tang", and another says, "The yellow cap may remind you of chicken fat; it has a wonderfully savory mushroom flavor." The slimy texture of the mushroom has been compared to okra. One cookbook author suggests that the mushroom is ideal for spreads, for use on bread or as a dip; baking the fruit bodies in an oven will dry them for future use, and concentrate the flavor. The slimy caps and the pore layer are typically removed before consumption. Another field guide mentions that the "thin flesh hardly make this species worthwhile." Similar species Suillus americanus is very similar in appearance to Suillus sibiricus (distributed in western North America and western and central Asia) but the latter species associates with Pinus monticola and Pinus flexilis rather than Pinus strobus. One field guide suggests that Suillus sibiricus has a thicker stem than S. americanus, brown spots on the cap, and is a darker, more dingy yellow. Molecular phylogenetics analysis has shown, however, that specimens of S. sibricus collected from China and western North America, as well as S. americanus from eastern North America, are most likely "a single circumboreal taxon". Another lookalike species is Suillus subaureus, which can be distinguished microscopically by slightly smaller, hyaline (translucent) spores (typically 7.5–8.5 by 3 μm), and an association with Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides). Habitat and distribution S. americanus is known for its association with Eastern white pine. Suillus americanus is a common species, and is found growing solitarily or in clusters on the ground throughout northeastern North America, north to Canada, where it typically fruits in the late summer and autumn. It is also found in Guangdong, China, an example of a disjunct distribution. Fruit bodies can often be found in drier weather when other species are not abundant. Suillus americanus is a mycorrhizal species, a mutualistic relationship where the fungus forms a sheath on the surface of the root from which hyphae extend outward into the soil, and inwards between the cortical cells with which they interface to form a Hartig net. The main benefit for the fungus is constant access to a supply of carbohydrates produced by the plant's photosynthesis, while the plant benefits from an enhanced supply of mineral nutrients from the soil, taken up by the hyphae of the fungus. It grows in association with pines, particularly eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Allergenicity Some susceptible individuals have experienced an allergic reaction after touching Suillus americanus. The symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis generally develop one to two days after initial contact, persist for roughly a week, then disappear without treatment. Cooking the fruit bodies inactivates the responsible allergens. Bioactive compounds Suillus americanus contains a polysaccharide known as a beta glucan that laboratory tests suggest may have anti-inflammatory activity. Known specifically as a (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-D-glucan, its natural function is as a component of the fungal cell wall, where it forms microcrystalline fibrils in the wall that give it rigidity and strength. The anti-inflammatory activity results from the polysaccharide's ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide in activated macrophages, a cell of the immune system. See also List of North American boletes References ^ "Suillus americanus (Peck) Snell 1959". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-07-21. ^ Peck CH. (1888). "New York species of viscid boletii". New York State Museum Bulletin. 62 (2): 57–66. ^ Peck CH. (1872). "Report of the State Botanist 1869". Annual Report of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History. 23: 27–135. ^ a b Palm ME, Stewart EL (1986). "Typification and nomenclature of selected Suillus species". Mycologia. 78 (3): 325–33. doi:10.2307/3793035. JSTOR 3793035. ^ Gilbert EJ. (1931). Les Livres du Mycologue, Tome III: Les Bolets (in French). Paris: Le François. p. 93. OCLC 490436586. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. ^ a b c Snell WH, Singer R, Dick EA (1959). "Notes on boletes. XI". Mycologia. 51 (4): 564–77. doi:10.2307/3756143. JSTOR 3756143. ^ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 756. ISBN 3-87429-254-1. ^ a b McKnight (1987), pp. 113–14. ^ a b c Russell B. (2006). Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-271-02891-0. ^ a b c Volk T. (2004). "Suillus americanus, the chicken fat mushroom". Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved 2010-01-31. ^ Smith AH, Weber NS (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 98–9. ISBN 0-472-85610-3. ^ a b Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States. Bur Oak Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7. ^ a b Phillips R. "Suillus americanus". Rogers Mushrooms. Rogers Plants. Retrieved 2009-09-16. ^ a b c d Grund DW, Harrison AK (1976). Nova Scotian Boletes. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 162–3. ISBN 3-7682-1062-6. ^ a b c d e Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: FalconGuide. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1. ^ McKnight (1987), p. 393. ^ a b Brill S. (2002). The Wild Vegetarian Cookbook. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Common Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-55832-214-1. ^ a b Bruhn JN, Soderberg MD (1991). "Allergic contact dermatitis caused by mushrooms". Mycopathologia. 115 (3): 191–5. doi:10.1007/BF00462225. PMID 1749402. S2CID 36511162. ^ Kuo M. (December 2007). "Suillus sibiricus". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-09-16. ^ Mueller GM, Wu Q-X, Huang Y-Q, Guo S-Y, Aldana-Gomez R, Vilgalys R (2001). "Assessing biogeographic relationships between North American and Chinese macrofungi" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 28 (2): 271–281. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00540.x. S2CID 86035482. ^ Bi Z, Zheng G, Li T (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 472–3. ISBN 962-201-556-5. ^ Pacheco-Sanchez M, Boutin Y, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ (2006). "A bioactive (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-D-glucan from Collybia dryophila and other mushrooms". Mycologia. 98 (2): 180–5. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.2.180. JSTOR 3762318. PMID 16894963. Cited text McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-91090-0. Taxon identifiersSuillus americanus Wikidata: Q10683512 CoL: 53F2F EoL: 190109 Fungorum: 291268 GBIF: 5239915 iNaturalist: 125716 IRMNG: 11393977 MycoBank: 291268 NatureServe: 2.1072335 NCBI: 48561 NZOR: 71c342e0-0c7a-4f76-a91d-2836560b404c Open Tree of Life: 199371 Boletus americanus Wikidata: Q59586563 CoL: MC9V Fungorum: 179058 GBIF: 7240416 IRMNG: 10501167 MycoBank: 179058
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Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Edouard_Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mycomorphbox"},{"link_name":"Mycological characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology"},{"link_name":"hymenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenium"},{"link_name":"Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"Hymenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenium"},{"link_name":"Stipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"Spore print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_print"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizal"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom"},{"link_name":"Suillaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillaceae"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizae"},{"link_name":"eastern white pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_white_pine"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"Molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"S. sibiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus_sibiricus"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom"},{"link_name":"palatability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatability"},{"link_name":"contact dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"fruit bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiocarp"},{"link_name":"beta glucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_glucan"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"}],"text":"Species of fungusSuillus americanus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScientific classification \n\n\nDomain:\n\nEukaryota\n\n\nKingdom:\n\nFungi\n\n\nDivision:\n\nBasidiomycota\n\n\nClass:\n\nAgaricomycetes\n\n\nOrder:\n\nBoletales\n\n\nFamily:\n\nSuillaceae\n\n\nGenus:\n\nSuillus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpecies:\n\nS. americanus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBinomial name\n\n\nSuillus americanus(Peck) Snell (1959)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSynonyms[1]\n\n\n\nBoletus americanus Peck (1887)\nIxocomus americanus (Peck) E.-J. Gilbert (1931)\n\n\n\n\nSpecies of fungus\nSuillus americanusMycological characteristicsPores on hymenium\n Cap is convex\n or flat\n Hymenium is adnate\n or decurrentStipe is bareSpore print is brownEcology is mycorrhizalEdibility is edibleSuillus americanus is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Suillaceae. Commonly known as the chicken fat mushroom, American suillus, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with eastern white pine and is found where this tree occurs in eastern North America and China. The mushroom can be recognized by the bright yellow cap with red to reddish-brown scales embedded in slime, the large yellow angular pores on the underside of the cap, and the narrow yellow stem marked with dark reddish dots. Molecular phylogenetics analysis suggests that S. americanus may be the same species as S. sibiricus, found in western North America and western and central Asia. Suillus americanus is edible, although opinions vary as to its palatability; some susceptible individuals may suffer a contact dermatitis after touching the fruit bodies. The fruit bodies contain a beta glucan carbohydrate shown in laboratory tests to have anti-inflammatory properties.","title":"Suillus americanus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Horton_Peck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Horton Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Peck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peck1888-2"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Sand Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Lake,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Port Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jefferson,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suillus flavidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus_flavidus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peck1872-3"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"lectotypified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotype"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palm1986-4"},{"link_name":"Édouard-Jean Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard-Jean_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert1931-5"},{"link_name":"subsumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subsume"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk2008-6"},{"link_name":"Walter H. Snell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Snell"},{"link_name":"Rolf Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Singer"},{"link_name":"Esther A. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther_A._Dick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snell1959-7"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"subsection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsection_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Suillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"spore print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_print"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer1986-8"},{"link_name":"Common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight_p.113-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell2006-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlSuillus_americanus_TVFotM-11"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1980-12"}],"text":"Charles Horton PeckSuillus americanus was first described scientifically by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1888,[2] based on specimens he had originally collected as far back as 1869, in New York state, near Sand Lake, Albany, and Port Jefferson. In his 1888 publication he indicated that he had originally listed these collections as Boletus flavidus (now known as Suillus flavidus) in his 1869 Report of the State Botanist (published in 1872).[3] However, as was pointed out nearly a century later in 1986, the 1869 report does not actually mention the species; rather, Peck's field notes that year (which served as the basis for the report) reference a collection at Sand Lake upon which the original (1888) description was most likely based. Because Peck failed to designate a type specimen, one of the Sand Lake specimens was lectotypified in 1986.[4]In 1931, French mycologist Édouard-Jean Gilbert transferred the species to the genus Ixocomus,[5] a now-defunct taxon that has since been subsumed into Suillus.[6] In 1959, Walter H. Snell, collaborating with Rolf Singer and Esther A. Dick, transferred the species to Suillus.[7] In his 1986 version of the authoritative monograph The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, Singer included the species in the subsection Latiporini of genus Suillus, an infrageneric grouping (below the taxonomic level of genus) characterized by a cinnamon-colored spore print without an olive tinge, and wide pores, typically greater than 1 mm when mature.[8]Common names for the species include the American slipperycap,[9] the American suillus,[10] or the chicken-fat mushroom. The latter name is a reference to its yellow color.[11] The specific epithet americanus means \"of America\".[12]","title":"Taxonomy and classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suillus_americanus_60342.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suillus_americanus_53663.jpg"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Healy2008-13"},{"link_name":"decurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decurrent"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Healy2008-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snell1959-7"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiospore"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"partial veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_veil"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology)"},{"link_name":"flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trama_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grund1976-15"}],"text":"Young specimens have an inrolled margin, and remnants of a yellowish, cottony veil.The yellow pores are angular, and 1–2 mm in diameter.The cap is typically between 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter, broadly convex with a small umbo (a central elevation) to flat with age. The cap margin is curved inwards in young specimens, and may have remnants of a yellowish, cottony veil hanging from it. The cap surface is colored bright yellow with red or brownish streaks and hairy patches. When the fruit body is young and moist, the surface is slimy; as the cap matures and dries out, it becomes sticky or tacky.[13]The tubes which comprise the pore layer on the underside of the cap are 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) deep, and have an adnate (attached broadly to the stem) to decurrent (running down the length of the stem) attachment to the stem. They are yellow, and stain reddish-brown when bruised. The yellow pores are large (1–2 mm diameter) and angular, and tend to become darker as they age.[13] The pores are slightly wider than long, so that there are about 9–10 pores per centimeter measured radially, but 12 to 13 per centimeter when measured tangentially, about halfway to the edge.[7] As is the case with all boletes, spores form on the inner surfaces of the tubes and sift through their openings to be borne away on the air currents outside.The stem is 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) by 0.4–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in), roughly equal in width throughout, often crooked, and becomes hollow with age. The color of the stem surface is lemon yellow, and it is covered with glandular dots that bruise if handled. The partial veil is not attached to the stem, and usually does not leave a ring on the stem. A whitish mycelium present at the base of the stem helps anchor the fruit body in the substrate. The flesh is mustard yellow, and stains pinkish-brown when cut or bruised.[14][15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_print"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiospore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2006-16"},{"link_name":"μm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"basidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palm1986-4"},{"link_name":"cystidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystidia"},{"link_name":"pigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grund1976-15"},{"link_name":"hand lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_lens"},{"link_name":"potassium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlSuillus_americanus_TVFotM-11"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grund1976-15"}],"sub_title":"Microscopic characteristics","text":"In deposit, the spores are cinnamon-colored.[16] Viewed with a microscope, they are pale yellow, smooth, and roughly elliptical in shape, and measure 8–9.5 by 3.5–5 μm. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 21–25 by 5.5 to 6 μm.[4] The pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the sides of a gill) range in shape from cylindrical to club-shaped and are arranged in bundles. Both the bases of the bundles and the surface of the cystidia may be covered with brown pigment particles. Cheilocystidia are cystidia located in the gill faces. In S. americanus, they are mostly club-shaped, often with an expanded apex, and like the pleurocystidia, are arranged in bundles, with brown pigment particles at the base of the bundles.[15] Bundles of cystidia near the tube openings may sometimes be visible with a hand lens. Like all Suillus species, the cystidia of S. americanus will turn orange-brown in the presence of a solution of 3% potassium hydroxide.[11] The slimy layer on the cap surface results from an interwoven layer of gelatinous hyphae that are typically 3–5 μm thick.[15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suillus_americanus_8225.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2006-16"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2006-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brill2002-18"},{"link_name":"okra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell2006-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brill2002-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruhn1991-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grund1976-15"}],"sub_title":"Edibility","text":"Suillus americanus is edible.This species is nonpoisonous[16] and sometimes regarded as edible, but opinions about its palatibility are mixed. It has no odor and its taste has been reported as mild.[16] One field guide suggests it has a \"distinctive lemony tang\",[17] and another says, \"The yellow cap may remind you of chicken fat; it has a wonderfully savory mushroom flavor.\"[18] The slimy texture of the mushroom has been compared to okra.[10] One cookbook author suggests that the mushroom is ideal for spreads, for use on bread or as a dip; baking the fruit bodies in an oven will dry them for future use, and concentrate the flavor.[18] The slimy caps and the pore layer are typically removed before consumption.[19] Another field guide mentions that the \"thin flesh hardly make this species worthwhile.\"[15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suillus sibiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus_sibiricus"},{"link_name":"Pinus monticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monticola"},{"link_name":"Pinus flexilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_flexilis"},{"link_name":"Pinus strobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlSuillus_sibiricus_(MushroomExpert.Com)-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2006-16"},{"link_name":"Molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller2001-21"},{"link_name":"hyaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaline"},{"link_name":"Quaking Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaking_Aspen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snell1959-7"}],"sub_title":"Similar species","text":"Suillus americanus is very similar in appearance to Suillus sibiricus (distributed in western North America and western and central Asia) but the latter species associates with Pinus monticola and Pinus flexilis rather than Pinus strobus.[20] One field guide suggests that Suillus sibiricus has a thicker stem than S. americanus, brown spots on the cap, and is a darker, more dingy yellow.[16] Molecular phylogenetics analysis has shown, however, that specimens of S. sibricus collected from China and western North America, as well as S. americanus from eastern North America, are most likely \"a single circumboreal taxon\".[21]Another lookalike species is Suillus subaureus, which can be distinguished microscopically by slightly smaller, hyaline (translucent) spores (typically 7.5–8.5 by 3 μm), and an association with Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides).[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight_p.113-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-14"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bi1993-22"},{"link_name":"disjunct distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct_distribution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell2006-10"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"mutualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"cortical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Hartig net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartig_net"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"mineral nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral"},{"link_name":"eastern white pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_white_pine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2006-16"}],"text":"S. americanus is known for its association with Eastern white pine.Suillus americanus is a common species, and is found growing solitarily or in clusters on the ground throughout northeastern North America, north to Canada, where it typically fruits in the late summer and autumn.[9][14] It is also found in Guangdong, China,[22] an example of a disjunct distribution. Fruit bodies can often be found in drier weather when other species are not abundant.[10]Suillus americanus is a mycorrhizal species, a mutualistic relationship where the fungus forms a sheath on the surface of the root from which hyphae extend outward into the soil, and inwards between the cortical cells with which they interface to form a Hartig net. The main benefit for the fungus is constant access to a supply of carbohydrates produced by the plant's photosynthesis, while the plant benefits from an enhanced supply of mineral nutrients from the soil, taken up by the hyphae of the fungus. It grows in association with pines, particularly eastern white pine (Pinus strobus).[16]","title":"Habitat and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allergic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"contact dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruhn1991-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlSuillus_americanus_TVFotM-11"}],"text":"Some susceptible individuals have experienced an allergic reaction after touching Suillus americanus. The symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis generally develop one to two days after initial contact, persist for roughly a week, then disappear without treatment.[19] Cooking the fruit bodies inactivates the responsible allergens.[11]","title":"Allergenicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"beta glucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_glucan"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"fibrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fibril"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pacheco-Sanchez2006-23"}],"text":"Suillus americanus contains a polysaccharide known as a beta glucan that laboratory tests suggest may have anti-inflammatory activity. Known specifically as a (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-D-glucan, its natural function is as a component of the fungal cell wall, where it forms microcrystalline fibrils in the wall that give it rigidity and strength. The anti-inflammatory activity results from the polysaccharide's ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide in activated macrophages, a cell of the immune system.[23]","title":"Bioactive compounds"}]
[{"image_text":"Charles Horton Peck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Charles_Horton_Peck.jpg/130px-Charles_Horton_Peck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Suillus americanus is edible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suillus_americanus_8225.jpg/250px-Suillus_americanus_8225.jpg"},{"image_text":"S. americanus is known for its association with Eastern white pine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg/220px-Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of North American boletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_boletes"}]
[{"reference":"\"Suillus americanus (Peck) Snell 1959\". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=291268","url_text":"\"Suillus americanus (Peck) Snell 1959\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank","url_text":"MycoBank"}]},{"reference":"Peck CH. (1888). \"New York species of viscid boletii\". New York State Museum Bulletin. 62 (2): 57–66.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peck CH. (1872). \"Report of the State Botanist 1869\". Annual Report of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History. 23: 27–135.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Palm ME, Stewart EL (1986). \"Typification and nomenclature of selected Suillus species\". Mycologia. 78 (3): 325–33. doi:10.2307/3793035. JSTOR 3793035.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3793035","url_text":"10.2307/3793035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3793035","url_text":"3793035"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert EJ. (1931). Les Livres du Mycologue, Tome III: Les Bolets (in French). Paris: Le François. p. 93. OCLC 490436586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/490436586","url_text":"490436586"}]},{"reference":"Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8","url_text":"978-0-85199-826-8"}]},{"reference":"Snell WH, Singer R, Dick EA (1959). \"Notes on boletes. XI\". Mycologia. 51 (4): 564–77. doi:10.2307/3756143. JSTOR 3756143.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3756143","url_text":"10.2307/3756143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3756143","url_text":"3756143"}]},{"reference":"Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 756. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87429-254-1","url_text":"3-87429-254-1"}]},{"reference":"Russell B. (2006). Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-271-02891-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vLgjr5p0XFkC&pg=PA172","url_text":"Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press","url_text":"Pennsylvania State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02891-0","url_text":"978-0-271-02891-0"}]},{"reference":"Volk T. (2004). \"Suillus americanus, the chicken fat mushroom\". Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved 2010-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jul2004.html","url_text":"\"Suillus americanus, the chicken fat mushroom\""}]},{"reference":"Smith AH, Weber NS (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 98–9. ISBN 0-472-85610-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TYI4f6fqrfkC&pg=RA1-PA99","url_text":"The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-85610-3","url_text":"0-472-85610-3"}]},{"reference":"Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States. Bur Oak Guide. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tl2fVAHuej4C&pg=PA171","url_text":"Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-627-7","url_text":"978-1-58729-627-7"}]},{"reference":"Phillips R. \"Suillus americanus\". Rogers Mushrooms. Rogers Plants. Retrieved 2009-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6809.asp","url_text":"\"Suillus americanus\""}]},{"reference":"Grund DW, Harrison AK (1976). Nova Scotian Boletes. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 162–3. ISBN 3-7682-1062-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7682-1062-6","url_text":"3-7682-1062-6"}]},{"reference":"Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: FalconGuide. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_K._Miller_Jr.","url_text":"Miller OK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FalconGuide","url_text":"FalconGuide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3109-1","url_text":"978-0-7627-3109-1"}]},{"reference":"Brill S. (2002). The Wild Vegetarian Cookbook. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Common Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-55832-214-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UPaDYTVo44IC&pg=PA309","url_text":"The Wild Vegetarian Cookbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Common_Press","url_text":"Harvard Common Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-214-1","url_text":"978-1-55832-214-1"}]},{"reference":"Bruhn JN, Soderberg MD (1991). \"Allergic contact dermatitis caused by mushrooms\". Mycopathologia. 115 (3): 191–5. doi:10.1007/BF00462225. PMID 1749402. S2CID 36511162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00462225","url_text":"10.1007/BF00462225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1749402","url_text":"1749402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36511162","url_text":"36511162"}]},{"reference":"Kuo M. (December 2007). \"Suillus sibiricus\". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mushroomexpert.com/suillus_sibiricus.html","url_text":"\"Suillus sibiricus\""}]},{"reference":"Mueller GM, Wu Q-X, Huang Y-Q, Guo S-Y, Aldana-Gomez R, Vilgalys R (2001). \"Assessing biogeographic relationships between North American and Chinese macrofungi\" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 28 (2): 271–281. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00540.x. S2CID 86035482.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/mycolab/publications/mueller2001.jbiogeog.pdf","url_text":"\"Assessing biogeographic relationships between North American and Chinese macrofungi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2699.2001.00540.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00540.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86035482","url_text":"86035482"}]},{"reference":"Bi Z, Zheng G, Li T (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 472–3. ISBN 962-201-556-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAered-vqYC&pg=PA472","url_text":"The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-201-556-5","url_text":"962-201-556-5"}]},{"reference":"Pacheco-Sanchez M, Boutin Y, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ (2006). \"A bioactive (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-D-glucan from Collybia dryophila and other mushrooms\". Mycologia. 98 (2): 180–5. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.2.180. JSTOR 3762318. PMID 16894963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3852%2Fmycologia.98.2.180","url_text":"10.3852/mycologia.98.2.180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3762318","url_text":"3762318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16894963","url_text":"16894963"}]},{"reference":"McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-91090-0","url_text":"0-395-91090-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Panama
Catholic Church in Panama
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Part of a series on theCatholic Church by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Middle East Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Abkhazia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Palestine Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Catholicism portalvte The Catholic Church in Panama is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Panama Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Pope in Rome. There are around 3.549 million Catholics in Panama, representing about 79% of the population and the country is divided into six dioceses, including one archdiocese. In addition, there is a Territorial Prelature and an Apostolic Vicariate. The Diocese of Panama is thought to be the oldest in the Americas. It was set up in 1514, with the arrival of Franciscan missionaries. The Catholic Church in Panama has favoured status, though all religions are free; Catholic instruction in public schools is mandatory, but exemptions are allowed. In 2020, 431 priests served across 200 parishes. See also Religion in Panama Christianity in Panama List of cathedrals in Panama References ^ Latinobarometro, Opinion Publica Latinoamericana, Enero 2018. ^ US State Dept 2022 report ^ Catholics and Culture website, retrieved 2023-08-08 External links gcatholic.org vteCatholic Church in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese"},{"link_name":"Territorial Prelature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Prelature"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Panam%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Catholic Church in Panama is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Panama Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Pope in Rome.There are around 3.549 million Catholics in Panama, representing about 79% of the population[1] and the country is divided into six dioceses, including one archdiocese. In addition, there is a Territorial Prelature and an Apostolic Vicariate.The Diocese of Panama is thought to be the oldest in the Americas. It was set up in 1514, with the arrival of Franciscan missionaries.The Catholic Church in Panama has favoured status, though all religions are free; Catholic instruction in public schools is mandatory, but exemptions are allowed.[2]In 2020, 431 priests served across 200 parishes.[3]","title":"Catholic Church in Panama"}]
[]
[{"title":"Religion in Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Panama"},{"title":"Christianity in Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Panama"},{"title":"List of cathedrals in Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Panama"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama","external_links_name":"US State Dept 2022 report"},{"Link":"https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/panama","external_links_name":"Catholics and Culture website, retrieved 2023-08-08"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/PA.htm","external_links_name":"gcatholic.org"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Reid_(rugby_union)
Gordon Reid (rugby union)
["1 Rugby Union career","1.1 Amateur career","1.2 Professional career","1.3 International career","2 Outside of rugby","3 Reference List","4 External links"]
Scotland international rugby union player Rugby playerGordon ReidReid in 2017Birth nameGordon ReidDate of birth (1987-03-04) 4 March 1987 (age 37)Place of birthIrvine, ScotlandHeight1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Weight120 kg (18 st 13 lb; 265 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Loosehead PropAmateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)-2021- AyrMarr ()Senior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2010–172017-192019-202020 Glasgow WarriorsLondon IrishGlasgow WarriorsNorthampton Saints 1132500 (35)(0)(0)(0)Super RugbyYears Team Apps (Points)2019-20 Ayrshire Bulls 3 (0)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2009-112014– Scotland Club XVScotland 641 (0)(5) Correct as of 18 November 2021 Gordon Reid (born 4 March 1987) is a Scottish international Rugby union player. He plays as a loosehead prop. He now plays for Marr. He previously played for English Premiership sides London Irish and Northampton Saints, the Pro14 side Glasgow Warriors and the Super 6 side Ayrshire Bulls. Rugby Union career Amateur career Reid played for Ayr. In 2021 Reid joined Marr. He scored a try on his debut on 4 September 2021. Professional career Reid has played over 100 times for the Glasgow Warriors. After 7 years at Glasgow Warriors Reid departed the club when his contract expired in the summer of 2017. On 1 June 2017 it was announced he had signed for newly promoted London Irish in the English Premiership. For the start of the 2019–20 season it was announced that Reid would join the Super 6 side, the Ayrshire Bulls. On 29 November 2019 it was announced that in addition to playing for the Ayrshire Bulls, Reid would once again join Glasgow Warriors in a partnership contract between the Pro14 and Super 6 side. On 11 March 2020 it was announced that Reid had signed for Northampton Saints. Saints' scrum coach Matt Ferguson said the capture of Reid was 'top of the shopping list'. He departed the club in June 2020 having not been able to play due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2021 he joined Wasps RFC on a short-term contract. International career Reid was called into the Scotland squad for the first time during the 2012 end-of-year rugby union tests and made an appearance on the substitute's bench against Tonga on 24 November, however he did not make it onto the field for his international debut. Reid made his Scotland debut v USA on the 2014 tour, and was a member of the Scotland Squad at the 2015 Rugby World Cup. He scored his first try for Scotland in the Calcutta Cup game of the 2017 Six Nations Championship. Outside of rugby Reid made the headlines on 24 November 2019 when after investigating a burning smell – which he initially thought may have his tumble drier – he ran into a neighbour's house and saved a man from a burning building. Reference List ^ "Gordon Reid Glasgow Warriors profile". Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012. ^ Bulls, The Ayrshire (29 November 2019). "The @GlasgowWarriors have signed Bulls' prop Gordon Reid on a partnership contract. The @Scotlandteam International will remain an Ayrshire Bulls' player, but will train at Scotstoun and provide cover". ^ "Gordon Reid". Glasgow Warriors. ^ "Former Scotland cap scores on Marr debut as trio post opening-day victories in Tennent's Premiership". ^ "News". Glasgow Warriors. ^ "Mark Bennett: Scotland centre to join Edinburgh from Glasgow Warriors". BBC News. 14 February 2017. ^ "London Irish sign Gordon Reid, Ben Meehan and Lasha Lomidze following promotion". BBC News. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017. ^ LINE, THE OFFSIDE (9 August 2019). "Scotland star Gordon Reid signs for Ayrshire Bulls Super 6 side – @OfficialAyrRFC @GGreid87 @Scotlandteam @Super6Rugby". ^ LINE, THE OFFSIDE (29 November 2019). "Ayrshire Bulls prop Gordon Reid signs partnership deal with Glasgow Warriors". ^ "Coach Matt Ferguson says new recruit Gordon Reid was 'top of the shopping list' for Saints". northamptonchron.co.uk. ^ "Van Vuuren and Trinder to leave Northampton Saints this summer". Northampton Saints. Retrieved 10 June 2020. ^ "Gordon Reid: Wasps sign Scotland prop on 'short-term' contract". BBC News. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ "Reid Joins Scotland Squad". Rugby 365. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012. ^ "Scotland 15 Tonga 21 ESPN Scrum Match Details". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 3 December 2012. ^ "Squads: Scotland men: Gordon Reid". scottishrugby.org. Scottish Rugby Union. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "Ecosse. Le pilier Gordon Reid agit en héros et sauve la vie d'un homme dans un incendie". actu.fr. ^ Parker, Charlie. "Rugby ace Gordon Reid turns hero to save neighbour from fire". The Times. London. External links Gordon Reid ESPN Scrum Player Profile Gordon Reid itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics vteScotland squad – 2015 Rugby World CupForwards Brown Bryce Cowan (replaced Gilchrist) Denton Dickinson Ford Gilchrist Grant J. Gray R. Gray Hardie Nel Reid Strauss Strokosch Swinson Welsh Wilson Backs Bennett Hidalgo-Clyne Hogg Horne Laidlaw (c) Lamont Maitland Pyrgos Russell Scott Seymour Weir Vernon Visser Coach: Cotter vteScotland squad – 2019 Rugby World CupForwards Barclay Berghan Bradbury (replaced Watson) Brown Cummings Dell Fagerson Gilchrist Gray McInally (c) Nel Reid Ritchie Thomson Toolis Turner Watson (ruled out by injury) Wilson Backs Graham Harris Hastings Hogg G. Horne P. Horne Johnson Kinghorn Laidlaw Maitland Price (ruled out by injury) Pyrgos (replaced Price) Russell Seymour Taylor Head coach: Townsend
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He plays as a loosehead prop. He now plays for Marr. He previously played for English Premiership sides London Irish and Northampton Saints, the Pro14 side Glasgow Warriors and the Super 6 side Ayrshire Bulls.[1][2]","title":"Gordon Reid (rugby union)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rugby Union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr_RFC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Amateur career","text":"Reid played for Ayr.[3]In 2021 Reid joined Marr. He scored a try on his debut on 4 September 2021.[4]","title":"Rugby Union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Irish"},{"link_name":"English Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Premiership_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Super 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_6_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pro14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro14"},{"link_name":"Super 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_6_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Northampton Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Saints"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wasps RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Professional career","text":"Reid has played over 100 times for the Glasgow Warriors.[5]After 7 years at Glasgow Warriors Reid departed the club when his contract expired in the summer of 2017.[6]On 1 June 2017 it was announced he had signed for newly promoted London Irish in the English Premiership.[7]For the start of the 2019–20 season it was announced that Reid would join the Super 6 side, the Ayrshire Bulls.[8]On 29 November 2019 it was announced that in addition to playing for the Ayrshire Bulls, Reid would once again join Glasgow Warriors in a partnership contract between the Pro14 and Super 6 side.[9]On 11 March 2020 it was announced that Reid had signed for Northampton Saints. Saints' scrum coach Matt Ferguson said the capture of Reid was 'top of the shopping list'.[10] He departed the club in June 2020 having not been able to play due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] In November 2021 he joined Wasps RFC on a short-term contract.[12]","title":"Rugby Union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2012 end-of-year rugby union tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_end-of-year_rugby_union_tests"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid_joins_Scotland_squad-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_15_Tonga_21_ESPN_Scrum_Match_Details-14"},{"link_name":"2015 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Calcutta Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017 Six Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"Reid was called into the Scotland squad for the first time during the 2012 end-of-year rugby union tests and made an appearance on the substitute's bench against Tonga on 24 November, however he did not make it onto the field for his international debut.[13][14] Reid made his Scotland debut v USA on the 2014 tour, and was a member of the Scotland Squad at the 2015 Rugby World Cup. He scored his first try for Scotland in the Calcutta Cup game of the 2017 Six Nations Championship.[15]","title":"Rugby Union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Reid made the headlines on 24 November 2019 when after investigating a burning smell – which he initially thought may have his tumble drier – he ran into a neighbour's house and saved a man from a burning building.[16][17]","title":"Outside of rugby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gordon_Reid_Glasgow_Warriors_profile_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Gordon Reid Glasgow Warriors profile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130414222954/http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/team/forwards/3213-gordon-reid"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glasgowwarriors.org/team/forwards/3213-gordon-reid"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The @GlasgowWarriors have signed Bulls' prop Gordon Reid on a partnership contract. The @Scotlandteam International will remain an Ayrshire Bulls' player, but will train at Scotstoun and provide cover\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/AyrshireBulls/status/1200432625451720704"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Gordon Reid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glasgowwarriors.org/glasgow-warriors-team/gordon-reid"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Former Scotland cap scores on Marr debut as trio post opening-day victories in Tennent's Premiership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/former-scotland-cap-scores-on-marr-debut-as-trio-post-opening-day-victories-in-tennents-premiership-3371342"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glasgowwarriors.org/news/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Mark Bennett: Scotland centre to join Edinburgh from Glasgow Warriors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/38970319"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"London Irish sign Gordon Reid, Ben Meehan and Lasha Lomidze following promotion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/40125592"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Scotland star Gordon Reid signs for Ayrshire Bulls Super 6 side – @OfficialAyrRFC @GGreid87 @Scotlandteam @Super6Rugby\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/theoffsideline/status/1159878551564443648"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Ayrshire Bulls prop Gordon Reid signs partnership deal with Glasgow Warriors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/theoffsideline/status/1200434704106901505"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Coach Matt Ferguson says new recruit Gordon Reid was 'top of the shopping list' for Saints\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/coach-matt-ferguson-says-new-recruit-gordon-reid-was-top-shopping-list-saints-2447417"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Van Vuuren and Trinder to leave Northampton Saints this summer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.northamptonsaints.co.uk/news/van-vuuren-and-trinder-to-leave-northampton-saints-this-summer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Gordon Reid: Wasps sign Scotland prop on 'short-term' contract\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/59219437"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reid_joins_Scotland_squad_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Reid Joins Scotland Squad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121107141356/http://www.rugby365.com/article/50509-reid-joins-scotland-squad"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rugby365.com/article/50509-reid-joins-scotland-squad"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scotland_15_Tonga_21_ESPN_Scrum_Match_Details_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Scotland 15 Tonga 21 ESPN Scrum Match Details\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/match/154683.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Squads: Scotland men: Gordon Reid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scottishrugby.org/squads/scotland-men/gordon-reid"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Ecosse. Le pilier Gordon Reid agit en héros et sauve la vie d'un homme dans un incendie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//actu.fr/sports/rugby/pro/ecosse-pilier-gordon-reid-agit-heros-sauve-vie-dun-homme-dans-incendie_29685618.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Rugby ace Gordon Reid turns hero to save neighbour from fire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rugby-ace-gordon-reid-turns-hero-to-save-neighbour-from-fire-8cjz90s5c"}],"text":"^ \"Gordon Reid Glasgow Warriors profile\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.\n\n^ Bulls, The Ayrshire (29 November 2019). \"The @GlasgowWarriors have signed Bulls' prop Gordon Reid on a partnership contract. The @Scotlandteam International will remain an Ayrshire Bulls' player, but will train at Scotstoun and provide cover\".\n\n^ \"Gordon Reid\". Glasgow Warriors.\n\n^ \"Former Scotland cap scores on Marr debut as trio post opening-day victories in Tennent's Premiership\".\n\n^ \"News\". Glasgow Warriors.\n\n^ \"Mark Bennett: Scotland centre to join Edinburgh from Glasgow Warriors\". BBC News. 14 February 2017.\n\n^ \"London Irish sign Gordon Reid, Ben Meehan and Lasha Lomidze following promotion\". BBC News. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.\n\n^ LINE, THE OFFSIDE (9 August 2019). \"Scotland star Gordon Reid signs for Ayrshire Bulls Super 6 side – @OfficialAyrRFC @GGreid87 @Scotlandteam @Super6Rugby\".\n\n^ LINE, THE OFFSIDE (29 November 2019). \"Ayrshire Bulls prop Gordon Reid signs partnership deal with Glasgow Warriors\".\n\n^ \"Coach Matt Ferguson says new recruit Gordon Reid was 'top of the shopping list' for Saints\". northamptonchron.co.uk.\n\n^ \"Van Vuuren and Trinder to leave Northampton Saints this summer\". Northampton Saints. Retrieved 10 June 2020.\n\n^ \"Gordon Reid: Wasps sign Scotland prop on 'short-term' contract\". BBC News. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.\n\n^ \"Reid Joins Scotland Squad\". Rugby 365. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Scotland 15 Tonga 21 ESPN Scrum Match Details\". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 3 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Squads: Scotland men: Gordon Reid\". scottishrugby.org. Scottish Rugby Union. Retrieved 11 September 2019.\n\n^ \"Ecosse. Le pilier Gordon Reid agit en héros et sauve la vie d'un homme dans un incendie\". actu.fr.\n\n^ Parker, Charlie. \"Rugby ace Gordon Reid turns hero to save neighbour from fire\". The Times. London.","title":"Reference List"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gordon Reid Glasgow Warriors profile\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130414222954/http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/team/forwards/3213-gordon-reid","url_text":"\"Gordon Reid Glasgow Warriors profile\""},{"url":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/team/forwards/3213-gordon-reid","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bulls, The Ayrshire (29 November 2019). \"The @GlasgowWarriors have signed Bulls' prop Gordon Reid on a partnership contract. The @Scotlandteam International will remain an Ayrshire Bulls' player, but will train at Scotstoun and provide cover\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/AyrshireBulls/status/1200432625451720704","url_text":"\"The @GlasgowWarriors have signed Bulls' prop Gordon Reid on a partnership contract. The @Scotlandteam International will remain an Ayrshire Bulls' player, but will train at Scotstoun and provide cover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon Reid\". Glasgow Warriors.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/glasgow-warriors-team/gordon-reid","url_text":"\"Gordon Reid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Scotland cap scores on Marr debut as trio post opening-day victories in Tennent's Premiership\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/former-scotland-cap-scores-on-marr-debut-as-trio-post-opening-day-victories-in-tennents-premiership-3371342","url_text":"\"Former Scotland cap scores on Marr debut as trio post opening-day victories in Tennent's Premiership\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Glasgow Warriors.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/news/","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Bennett: Scotland centre to join Edinburgh from Glasgow Warriors\". BBC News. 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/38970319","url_text":"\"Mark Bennett: Scotland centre to join Edinburgh from Glasgow Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Irish sign Gordon Reid, Ben Meehan and Lasha Lomidze following promotion\". BBC News. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/40125592","url_text":"\"London Irish sign Gordon Reid, Ben Meehan and Lasha Lomidze following promotion\""}]},{"reference":"LINE, THE OFFSIDE (9 August 2019). \"Scotland star Gordon Reid signs for Ayrshire Bulls Super 6 side – @OfficialAyrRFC @GGreid87 @Scotlandteam @Super6Rugby\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/theoffsideline/status/1159878551564443648","url_text":"\"Scotland star Gordon Reid signs for Ayrshire Bulls Super 6 side – @OfficialAyrRFC @GGreid87 @Scotlandteam @Super6Rugby\""}]},{"reference":"LINE, THE OFFSIDE (29 November 2019). \"Ayrshire Bulls prop Gordon Reid signs partnership deal with Glasgow Warriors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/theoffsideline/status/1200434704106901505","url_text":"\"Ayrshire Bulls prop Gordon Reid signs partnership deal with Glasgow Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coach Matt Ferguson says new recruit Gordon Reid was 'top of the shopping list' for Saints\". northamptonchron.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/coach-matt-ferguson-says-new-recruit-gordon-reid-was-top-shopping-list-saints-2447417","url_text":"\"Coach Matt Ferguson says new recruit Gordon Reid was 'top of the shopping list' for Saints\""}]},{"reference":"\"Van Vuuren and Trinder to leave Northampton Saints this summer\". Northampton Saints. Retrieved 10 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northamptonsaints.co.uk/news/van-vuuren-and-trinder-to-leave-northampton-saints-this-summer","url_text":"\"Van Vuuren and Trinder to leave Northampton Saints this summer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon Reid: Wasps sign Scotland prop on 'short-term' contract\". BBC News. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/59219437","url_text":"\"Gordon Reid: Wasps sign Scotland prop on 'short-term' contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reid Joins Scotland Squad\". Rugby 365. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107141356/http://www.rugby365.com/article/50509-reid-joins-scotland-squad","url_text":"\"Reid Joins Scotland Squad\""},{"url":"http://www.rugby365.com/article/50509-reid-joins-scotland-squad","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scotland 15 Tonga 21 ESPN Scrum Match Details\". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/match/154683.html","url_text":"\"Scotland 15 Tonga 21 ESPN Scrum Match Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Squads: Scotland men: Gordon Reid\". scottishrugby.org. Scottish Rugby Union. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishrugby.org/squads/scotland-men/gordon-reid","url_text":"\"Squads: Scotland men: Gordon Reid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecosse. Le pilier Gordon Reid agit en héros et sauve la vie d'un homme dans un incendie\". actu.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://actu.fr/sports/rugby/pro/ecosse-pilier-gordon-reid-agit-heros-sauve-vie-dun-homme-dans-incendie_29685618.html","url_text":"\"Ecosse. Le pilier Gordon Reid agit en héros et sauve la vie d'un homme dans un incendie\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Charlie. \"Rugby ace Gordon Reid turns hero to save neighbour from fire\". The Times. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rugby-ace-gordon-reid-turns-hero-to-save-neighbour-from-fire-8cjz90s5c","url_text":"\"Rugby ace Gordon Reid turns hero to save neighbour from fire\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130414222954/http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/team/forwards/3213-gordon-reid","external_links_name":"\"Gordon Reid Glasgow Warriors profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/team/forwards/3213-gordon-reid","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/AyrshireBulls/status/1200432625451720704","external_links_name":"\"The @GlasgowWarriors have signed Bulls' prop Gordon Reid on a partnership contract. The @Scotlandteam International will remain an Ayrshire Bulls' player, but will train at Scotstoun and provide cover\""},{"Link":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/glasgow-warriors-team/gordon-reid","external_links_name":"\"Gordon Reid\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/former-scotland-cap-scores-on-marr-debut-as-trio-post-opening-day-victories-in-tennents-premiership-3371342","external_links_name":"\"Former Scotland cap scores on Marr debut as trio post opening-day victories in Tennent's Premiership\""},{"Link":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/news/","external_links_name":"\"News\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/38970319","external_links_name":"\"Mark Bennett: Scotland centre to join Edinburgh from Glasgow Warriors\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/40125592","external_links_name":"\"London Irish sign Gordon Reid, Ben Meehan and Lasha Lomidze following promotion\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/theoffsideline/status/1159878551564443648","external_links_name":"\"Scotland star Gordon Reid signs for Ayrshire Bulls Super 6 side – @OfficialAyrRFC @GGreid87 @Scotlandteam @Super6Rugby\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/theoffsideline/status/1200434704106901505","external_links_name":"\"Ayrshire Bulls prop Gordon Reid signs partnership deal with Glasgow Warriors\""},{"Link":"https://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/coach-matt-ferguson-says-new-recruit-gordon-reid-was-top-shopping-list-saints-2447417","external_links_name":"\"Coach Matt Ferguson says new recruit Gordon Reid was 'top of the shopping list' for Saints\""},{"Link":"https://www.northamptonsaints.co.uk/news/van-vuuren-and-trinder-to-leave-northampton-saints-this-summer","external_links_name":"\"Van Vuuren and Trinder to leave Northampton Saints this summer\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/59219437","external_links_name":"\"Gordon Reid: Wasps sign Scotland prop on 'short-term' contract\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107141356/http://www.rugby365.com/article/50509-reid-joins-scotland-squad","external_links_name":"\"Reid Joins Scotland Squad\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugby365.com/article/50509-reid-joins-scotland-squad","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/match/154683.html","external_links_name":"\"Scotland 15 Tonga 21 ESPN Scrum Match Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.scottishrugby.org/squads/scotland-men/gordon-reid","external_links_name":"\"Squads: Scotland men: Gordon Reid\""},{"Link":"https://actu.fr/sports/rugby/pro/ecosse-pilier-gordon-reid-agit-heros-sauve-vie-dun-homme-dans-incendie_29685618.html","external_links_name":"\"Ecosse. Le pilier Gordon Reid agit en héros et sauve la vie d'un homme dans un incendie\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rugby-ace-gordon-reid-turns-hero-to-save-neighbour-from-fire-8cjz90s5c","external_links_name":"\"Rugby ace Gordon Reid turns hero to save neighbour from fire\""},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/scotland/rugby/player/135147.html","external_links_name":"Gordon Reid ESPN Scrum Player Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_5015.html","external_links_name":"Gordon Reid itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_EH
Department EH
["1 References","2 External links"]
Department Electra House was the full name of the wartime office of Department EH, named after its London Office, Electra House and was one of the three British organisations that merged in World War II to form the Special Operations Executive. The Original Electra House, 84 Moorgate. References ^ "Department Electra House". External links The Political Intelligence Department and Department Electra House
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electra_House.jpg"}],"text":"The Original Electra House, 84 Moorgate.","title":"Department EH"}]
[{"image_text":"The Original Electra House, 84 Moorgate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Electra_House.jpg/220px-Electra_House.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Department Electra House\".","urls":[{"url":"http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/emerson00/pid_electra7.html","url_text":"\"Department Electra House\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/emerson00/pid_electra7.html","external_links_name":"\"Department Electra House\""},{"Link":"http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/emerson00/pid_main.html","external_links_name":"The Political Intelligence Department and Department Electra House"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gaither_(gospel_singer)
Bill Gaither (gospel singer)
["1 Early life","2 Songwriter","3 Performer","4 Entrepreneurship and influence","4.1 Record labels","4.2 Industry Influence","5 Personal life","6 Discography","6.1 Gaither Trio","6.2 Solo","6.3 Gaither Vocal Band","6.4 Homecoming Series","7 Bibliography","8 Awards and honors","8.1 Grammy Awards","8.2 GMA Dove Awards","8.3 Other honors","9 References","10 External links"]
American singer and songwriter For other people with similar names, see Bill Gaither. Bill GaitherGaither in 2016Background informationBirth nameWilliam James GaitherBorn (1936-03-28) March 28, 1936 (age 88)Alexandria, Indiana, U.S.GenresSouthern gospel, contemporary ChristianOccupation(s)Singer, songwriter, record producerYears active1950s–presentLabelsSpring House Productions, Gaither Music GroupWebsitegaither.comMusical artist William James Gaither (born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band. In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series. In 2023 he released a secular music album with the Gaither Vocal Band entitled “Love Songs”. Early life Bill Gaither was born in Alexandria, Indiana, in 1936 to George and Lela Gaither. He formed his first group the Bill Gaither Trio (consisting of Bill, his sister Mary Ann (1945–2018), and brother Danny Gaither (1938–2001) in 1956 while a college student at Anderson College, to which he had transferred after one year at Taylor University. He graduated from Anderson in 1959 with a major in English and a minor in music, after which he worked as an English teacher. He married the former Gloria Sickal in 1962. Gaither earned his master's degree from Ball State in 1961,Gaither entered into the fledgling Gospel Music Association, founded in 1964, and helped organize the first Dove Awards ceremony in 1969. He tried for a few years to manage both a music career and his full-time teaching job, but he quit his teaching job in 1967 and worked full-time in the Christian music industry. He recorded his breakthrough song "He Touched Me" in 1964. Gaither was influenced by Southern gospel singers such as Jake Hess and Hovie Lister and by groups such as the Speers, the Statesmen, and the Happy Goodmans. Songwriter Bill & Gloria Gaither in 2016 Gaither and his wife, Gloria, have written many songs including: "The Longer I Serve Him," "Because He Lives," "The King Is Coming," "Sinner Saved By Grace", "Something Beautiful," "He Touched Me", "It Is Finished," "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" "I'm Gonna Sing", and "Let's Just Praise The Lord." His songs have been performed by Christian artists (David Crowder Band, Carman, The Imperials, Sandi Patty, The Cathedral Quartet, The Speers and the Heritage Singers), country singers (The Statler Brothers) and pop artists (Elvis Presley). A video of a man surreptitiously recorded playing "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" on a piano in his destroyed house was shared by many people following the Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021. Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700. Performer Bill Gaither performing, 2011 After graduating high school, Gaither took a job in 1955 at Worthington, Ohio's radio station WRFD as a member of the station's gospel quartet. Since Gaither first began singing with the Bill Gaither Trio in the 1950s, he has constantly been performing. The trio originally consisted of Bill, his brother Danny Gaither and his sister Mary Ann Gaither. In about 1964 Bill's wife, Gloria, took the place of Mary Ann. The trio sang traditional gospel songs along with original compositions by the Gaithers that gave them a more contemporary feel. Gaither has a high bass voice (or low baritone), and often sang while playing piano with the Bill Gaither Trio. Entrepreneurship and influence Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also ran the Gaither Family Resources retail center. Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children. Record labels In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with Zondervan to buy Benson Records, which is now part of Sony BMG Music Entertainment. In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the Brentwood, Tennessee-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to Spring Hill Music Group. It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in-house productions, including the Gaither Homecoming series. Industry Influence David Phelps, Gordon Mote, Bill Gaither (left to right) in April 2009 Gaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the Christian music industry, while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: Mark Lowry, Michael W. Smith, Carman, Sandi Patty, Steve Green, Don Francisco, Amy Grant, Michael English, Jonathan Pierce, Karla Worley, and Cynthia Clawson. He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including Gary McSpadden, Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, Larnelle Harris, Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, Mark Lowry, Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, Jonathan Pierce, Guy Penrod, David Phelps, Russ Taff, Marshall Hall, Wes Hampton, Adam Crabb, Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Penrod, Lowry and Hampton were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Penrod was with the group from 1995 to 2008; Lowry from 1988 to 2001; and Hampton has been with the Gaither Vocal Band since 2005. It was announced in January 2009 that Lowry, English and Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Penrod and Hall were leaving to pursue solo careers. Gaither's Homecoming tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall. Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than Elton John, Fleetwood Mac or Rod Stewart. Lynda Randle, the Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours. Personal life This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2018) Bill and Gloria live in Alexandria, Indiana, and have three grown children. Discography Gaither Trio Main article: Bill Gaither Trio Solo 2005: Bill Gaither Gaither Vocal Band Main article: Gaither Vocal Band discography Homecoming Series Main article: Gaither Homecoming Bibliography (This list excludes books of music and books that are companions to his "Homecoming" series.) 2003: Gaither, Bill and Ken Abraham. It's More than Music: Life Lessons on Friends, Faith, and What Matters Most. Anderson, Indiana: Warner Books. (ISBN 0-446-53041-7) 1992: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. I Almost Missed the Sunset. Thomas Nelson (pub). (ISBN 0-8407-7573-3). 1997: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. Homecoming. Zondervan. (ISBN 0-310-21325-8) 2000: Gaither, Bill and Gloria Gaither. God Gave Song. Zondervan. (ISBN 0-310-23123-X) Awards and honors Grammy Awards 1973: Best Inspirational Performance for "Let's Just Praise The Lord"; Bill Gaither Trio 1975: Best Inspirational Performance for "Jesus, We Just Want To Thank You"; Bill Gaither Trio 1991: Best Southern Gospel Album for Homecoming; Gaither Vocal Band 1999: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Kennedy Center Homecoming 2001: Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album for A Billy Graham Music Homecoming 2008: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band GMA Dove Awards 1969, 1970, 1972–'77: Songwriter of the Year 1974: Song of the Year for "Because He Lives" 1976: Inspirational Album of the Year for Jesus, We Just Want to Thank You; Bill Gaither Trio 1978: Inspirational Album of the Year for Pilgrim's Progress; Bill Gaither Trio 1980: Mixed Group of the Year – Bill Gaither Trio 1986: Praise and Worship Album of the Year for I’ve Just Seen Jesus (choral) 1987: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for The Master Builder; The Cathedrals (producer) 1991: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Climbing Higher & Higher; The Cathedrals (producer) 1992: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Homecoming Gaither Vocal Band 1993: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunion: A Gospel Homecoming Celebration 1994: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Southern Classics; Gaither Vocal Band 1994: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Satisfied"; Gaither Vocal Band 1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "I Bowed On My Knees" 1999: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Still the Greatest Story Ever Told; Gaither Vocal Band 1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "I Believe in a Hill Called Mount Calvary"; Gaither Vocal Band 2000: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for God is Good; Gaither Vocal Band 2001: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for I Do Believe; Gaither Vocal Band 2001: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "God Is Good All The Time"; Gaither Vocal Band 2001: Long Form Video of the Year for A Farewell Celebration; The Cathedrals (producer) 2002: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Encore; Old Friends Quartet (producer) 2002: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "He's Watching Me"; Gaither Vocal Band 2007: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Give It Away; Gaither Vocal Band 2007: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Give It Away"; Gaither Vocal Band 2009: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band 2010: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunited; Gaither Vocal Band 2010: Long Form Video of the Year for A Gospel Journey; Oak Ridge Boys (producer) 2011: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Better Day"; Gaither Vocal Band 2011: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Greatly Blessed; Gaither Vocal Band Other honors 1974, 1980: ASCAP Best Gospel Song of the Year 1983: Inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame 1997: Named among the top 75 American entrepreneurs: Entrepreneur Magazine 1997: Inducted into the SGMA Hall of Fame 2000: Christian "Songwriter of the Century" (with Gloria Gaither): American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP) 2006: SPEBSQSA Honorary Life Member 2010: Indiana Wesleyan University Society of World Changers inductee and honorary doctorate recipient 2012: Concert Promotor of the Year: NQC Music Awards References ^ "In Loving Memory of Mary Ann Gaither Addison". Gaither.com. ^ Cusic, Dan, Ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. pp. 201–207. ISBN 978-0-313-34425-1. Retrieved March 8, 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Bill & Gloria Gaither biography". Hymnologyarchive.com. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "He Touched Me Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013. ^ a b "Gloria Gaither". Gaither.com. ^ "This Kentucky Man Played the Piano After a Tornado Destroyed His Home". Wsj.com. ^ "Courage and Strength for His Child: "Because He Lives"". Cbn.com. ^ Oller, Julia (December 6, 2016). "After 60 years, gospel legend Bill Gaither keeps his music, outlook fresh". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved April 17, 2022. ^ "Welcome to Livebait Entertainment". Livebaitproductions.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013. ^ "The Spring Hill Music Group Announces the Creation of the Hillsboro Jazz Label". All About Jazz. Allaboutjazz.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2013. ^ "Bill Gaither's Homecoming Tour Hits POLLSTAR's 'Top 20' Ticket Sales List; Outranks Rod Stewart, Elton John & Fleetwood Mac". Top40-charts.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013. ^ "Bill Gaither – Gaither Music". Gaither.com. ^ "Top Acts, Execs Gather in Nashville For Gospel Music Week". Billboard. May 27, 2000. p. 22. Retrieved March 8, 2016. ^ "Honorary Members". Barbershop.org. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013. ^ "IWU Honors Bill and Gloria Gaither as World Changers | Indiana Wesleyan University". Indwes.edu. Indiana Wesleyan University. August 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2013. External links Official website Short biography at jjonline.com Bill Gaither on Allmusic.com Interview with Bill Gaither on about.com Archived September 19, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Profile on CanadianChristianity.com Gaither Family Resources vteBill GaitherAssociated acts Gloria Gaither Bill Gaither Trio Gaither Vocal Band Gaither Homecoming Danny Gaither Companies Benson Records Spring Hill Music Group Discography Gaither Vocal Band discography Books Bibliography Related Southern Gospel vteGaither Vocal Band Reggie Smith Wes Hampton Adam Crabb Todd Suttles Bill Gaither Steve Green Gary McSpadden Lee Young Jon Mohr Larnelle Harris Michael English Lemuel Miller Jim Murray Mark Lowry Terry Franklin Buddy Mullins Jonathan Pierce Guy Penrod Russ Taff Marshall Hall David Phelps Studio albums A Cappella Give It Away Lovin’ Life Christmas Gaither Vocal Band Style Reunited Greatly Blessed Christmas Collection Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel Finland United States Korea Netherlands Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gaither_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Southern gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_gospel"},{"link_name":"contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaither"},{"link_name":"Bill Gaither Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gaither_Trio"},{"link_name":"Gaither Vocal Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaither_Vocal_Band"},{"link_name":"Gaither Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaither_Homecoming"}],"text":"For other people with similar names, see Bill Gaither.Musical artistWilliam James Gaither (born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band. In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series. In 2023 he released a secular music album with the Gaither Vocal Band entitled “Love Songs”.","title":"Bill Gaither (gospel singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Danny Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gaither"},{"link_name":"Anderson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_University_(Indiana)"},{"link_name":"Taylor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eccm-2"},{"link_name":"Ball State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christian music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music_industry"},{"link_name":"He Touched Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Touched_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Southern gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_gospel"},{"link_name":"Jake Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Hess"},{"link_name":"Hovie Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovie_Lister"},{"link_name":"Speers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speer_Family"},{"link_name":"Statesmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesmen_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Happy Goodmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Goodmans"}],"text":"Bill Gaither was born in Alexandria, Indiana, in 1936 to George and Lela Gaither. He formed his first group the Bill Gaither Trio (consisting of Bill, his sister Mary Ann (1945–2018),[1] and brother Danny Gaither (1938–2001) in 1956 while a college student at Anderson College, to which he had transferred after one year at Taylor University. He graduated from Anderson in 1959 with a major in English and a minor in music,[2] after which he worked as an English teacher. He married the former Gloria Sickal in 1962.Gaither earned his master's degree from Ball State in 1961,Gaither entered into the fledgling Gospel Music Association, founded in 1964, and helped organize the first Dove Awards ceremony in 1969.[3]He tried for a few years to manage both a music career and his full-time teaching job, but he quit his teaching job in 1967 and worked full-time in the Christian music industry. He recorded his breakthrough song \"He Touched Me\" in 1964.[4]Gaither was influenced by Southern gospel singers such as Jake Hess and Hovie Lister and by groups such as the Speers, the Statesmen, and the Happy Goodmans.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_%26_Gloria_Gaither,_Sept._2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Because He Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Because_He_Lives"},{"link_name":"He Touched Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Touched_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"David Crowder Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crowder_Band"},{"link_name":"Carman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carman_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Imperials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperials"},{"link_name":"Sandi Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandi_Patty"},{"link_name":"The Cathedral Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_Quartet"},{"link_name":"The Speers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speer_Family"},{"link_name":"Heritage Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Singers"},{"link_name":"The Statler Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statler_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gloria Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaither"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"}],"text":"Bill & Gloria Gaither in 2016Gaither and his wife, Gloria, have written many songs including: \"The Longer I Serve Him,\" \"Because He Lives,\" \"The King Is Coming,\" \"Sinner Saved By Grace\", \"Something Beautiful,\" \"He Touched Me\", \"It Is Finished,\" \"Jesus, There's Something About That Name\" \"I'm Gonna Sing\", and \"Let's Just Praise The Lord.\" His songs have been performed by Christian artists (David Crowder Band, Carman, The Imperials, Sandi Patty, The Cathedral Quartet, The Speers and the Heritage Singers), country singers (The Statler Brothers) and pop artists (Elvis Presley).[5] A video of a man surreptitiously recorded playing \"Jesus, There's Something About That Name\" on a piano in his destroyed house was shared by many people following the Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021.[6]Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700.[7][5]","title":"Songwriter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gaither_(gospel_singer).jpg"},{"link_name":"Worthington, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"WRFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Danny Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gaither"}],"text":"Bill Gaither performing, 2011After graduating high school, Gaither took a job in 1955 at Worthington, Ohio's radio station WRFD as a member of the station's gospel quartet.[8] Since Gaither first began singing with the Bill Gaither Trio in the 1950s, he has constantly been performing. The trio originally consisted of Bill, his brother Danny Gaither and his sister Mary Ann Gaither. In about 1964 Bill's wife, Gloria, took the place of Mary Ann. The trio sang traditional gospel songs along with original compositions by the Gaithers that gave them a more contemporary feel.Gaither has a high bass voice (or low baritone), and often sang while playing piano with the Bill Gaither Trio.","title":"Performer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also ran the Gaither Family Resources retail center.Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children.[9]","title":"Entrepreneurship and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zondervan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondervan"},{"link_name":"Benson Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Records"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Brentwood, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Spring Hill Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Hill_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Record labels","text":"In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with Zondervan to buy Benson Records, which is now part of Sony BMG Music Entertainment.In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the Brentwood, Tennessee-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to Spring Hill Music Group.[10] It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in-house productions, including the Gaither Homecoming series.","title":"Entrepreneurship and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Phelps,_Gordon_Mote,_Bill_Gaither.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Phelps_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Mote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Mote"},{"link_name":"Christian music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music_industry"},{"link_name":"Mark Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lowry"},{"link_name":"Michael W. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Smith"},{"link_name":"Carman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carman_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sandi Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandi_Patty"},{"link_name":"Steve Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Green_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Don Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Francisco_(Christian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"Michael English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_English_(American_singer)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Clawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Clawson"},{"link_name":"Gary McSpadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McSpadden"},{"link_name":"Larnelle Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnelle_Harris"},{"link_name":"Mark Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lowry"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Guy Penrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Penrod"},{"link_name":"David Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Phelps_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Russ Taff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Taff"},{"link_name":"Marshall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Wes Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Hampton"},{"link_name":"Adam Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabb_Revival"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Industry Influence","text":"David Phelps, Gordon Mote, Bill Gaither (left to right) in April 2009Gaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the Christian music industry, while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: Mark Lowry, Michael W. Smith, Carman, Sandi Patty, Steve Green, Don Francisco, Amy Grant, Michael English, Jonathan Pierce, Karla Worley, and Cynthia Clawson.He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including Gary McSpadden, Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, Larnelle Harris, Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, Mark Lowry, Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, Jonathan Pierce, Guy Penrod, David Phelps, Russ Taff, Marshall Hall, Wes Hampton, Adam Crabb, Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Penrod, Lowry and Hampton were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Penrod was with the group from 1995 to 2008; Lowry from 1988 to 2001; and Hampton has been with the Gaither Vocal Band since 2005. It was announced in January 2009 that Lowry, English and Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Penrod and Hall were leaving to pursue solo careers.Gaither's Homecoming tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall. Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than Elton John, Fleetwood Mac or Rod Stewart.[11] Lynda Randle, the Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours.","title":"Entrepreneurship and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bill and Gloria live in Alexandria, Indiana, and have three grown children.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gaither Trio","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"2005: Bill Gaither","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gaither Vocal Band","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Homecoming Series","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-446-53041-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-53041-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8407-7573-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8407-7573-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-310-21325-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-21325-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-310-23123-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23123-X"}],"text":"(This list excludes books of music and books that are companions to his \"Homecoming\" series.)2003: Gaither, Bill and Ken Abraham. It's More than Music: Life Lessons on Friends, Faith, and What Matters Most. Anderson, Indiana: Warner Books. (ISBN 0-446-53041-7)\n1992: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. I Almost Missed the Sunset. Thomas Nelson (pub). (ISBN 0-8407-7573-3).\n1997: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. Homecoming. Zondervan. (ISBN 0-310-21325-8)\n2000: Gaither, Bill and Gloria Gaither. God Gave Song. Zondervan. (ISBN 0-310-23123-X)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","text":"1973: Best Inspirational Performance for \"Let's Just Praise The Lord\"; Bill Gaither Trio\n1975: Best Inspirational Performance for \"Jesus, We Just Want To Thank You\"; Bill Gaither Trio\n1991: Best Southern Gospel Album for Homecoming; Gaither Vocal Band\n1999: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Kennedy Center Homecoming\n2001: Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album for A Billy Graham Music Homecoming\n2008: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Boys"}],"sub_title":"GMA Dove Awards","text":"1969, 1970, 1972–'77: Songwriter of the Year\n1974: Song of the Year for \"Because He Lives\"\n1976: Inspirational Album of the Year for Jesus, We Just Want to Thank You; Bill Gaither Trio\n1978: Inspirational Album of the Year for Pilgrim's Progress; Bill Gaither Trio\n1980: Mixed Group of the Year – Bill Gaither Trio\n1986: Praise and Worship Album of the Year for I’ve Just Seen Jesus (choral)\n1987: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for The Master Builder; The Cathedrals (producer)\n1991: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Climbing Higher & Higher; The Cathedrals (producer)\n1992: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Homecoming Gaither Vocal Band\n1993: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunion: A Gospel Homecoming Celebration\n1994: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Southern Classics; Gaither Vocal Band\n1994: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"Satisfied\"; Gaither Vocal Band\n1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"I Bowed On My Knees\"\n1999: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Still the Greatest Story Ever Told; Gaither Vocal Band\n1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"I Believe in a Hill Called Mount Calvary\"; Gaither Vocal Band\n2000: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for God is Good; Gaither Vocal Band\n2001: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for I Do Believe; Gaither Vocal Band\n2001: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"God Is Good All The Time\"; Gaither Vocal Band\n2001: Long Form Video of the Year for A Farewell Celebration; The Cathedrals (producer)\n2002: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Encore; Old Friends Quartet (producer)\n2002: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"He's Watching Me\"; Gaither Vocal Band\n2007: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Give It Away; Gaither Vocal Band\n2007: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"Give It Away\"; Gaither Vocal Band\n2009: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band\n2010: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunited; Gaither Vocal Band\n2010: Long Form Video of the Year for A Gospel Journey; Oak Ridge Boys (producer)\n2011: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for \"Better Day\"; Gaither Vocal Band\n2011: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Greatly Blessed; Gaither Vocal Band","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gospel Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SPEBSQSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEBSQSA"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Indiana Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Other honors","text":"1974, 1980: ASCAP Best Gospel Song of the Year\n1983: Inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame\n1997: Named among the top 75 American entrepreneurs: Entrepreneur Magazine\n1997: Inducted into the SGMA Hall of Fame\n2000: Christian \"Songwriter of the Century\" (with Gloria Gaither): American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP)[13]\n2006: SPEBSQSA Honorary Life Member[14]\n2010: Indiana Wesleyan University Society of World Changers inductee and honorary doctorate recipient[15]\n2012: Concert Promotor of the Year: NQC Music Awards","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[{"image_text":"Bill & Gloria Gaither in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bill_%26_Gloria_Gaither%2C_Sept._2016.jpg/220px-Bill_%26_Gloria_Gaither%2C_Sept._2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bill Gaither performing, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bill_Gaither_%28gospel_singer%29.jpg/220px-Bill_Gaither_%28gospel_singer%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Phelps, Gordon Mote, Bill Gaither (left to right) in April 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/David_Phelps%2C_Gordon_Mote%2C_Bill_Gaither.jpg/220px-David_Phelps%2C_Gordon_Mote%2C_Bill_Gaither.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hymnologyarchive.com/bill-gloria-gaither-bio","url_text":"\"Bill & Gloria Gaither biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"He Touched Me Songfacts\". Songfacts.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=15362","url_text":"\"He Touched Me Songfacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gloria Gaither\". Gaither.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaither.com/artists/gloria-gaither/","url_text":"\"Gloria Gaither\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Kentucky Man Played the Piano After a Tornado Destroyed His Home\". Wsj.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-kentucky-man-played-the-piano-after-a-tornado-destroyed-his-home-11639524250","url_text":"\"This Kentucky Man Played the Piano After a Tornado Destroyed His Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Courage and Strength for His Child: \"Because He Lives\"\". Cbn.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/devotions/terry_because_he_lives.aspx","url_text":"\"Courage and Strength for His Child: \"Because He Lives\"\""}]},{"reference":"Oller, Julia (December 6, 2016). \"After 60 years, gospel legend Bill Gaither keeps his music, outlook fresh\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved April 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/events/2016/12/07/after-60-years-gospel-legend/22752005007/","url_text":"\"After 60 years, gospel legend Bill Gaither keeps his music, outlook fresh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Livebait Entertainment\". Livebaitproductions.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livebaitproductions.com/ourcompany.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Livebait Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Spring Hill Music Group Announces the Creation of the Hillsboro Jazz Label\". All About Jazz. Allaboutjazz.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202101727/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=421","url_text":"\"The Spring Hill Music Group Announces the Creation of the Hillsboro Jazz Label\""},{"url":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Gaither's Homecoming Tour Hits POLLSTAR's 'Top 20' Ticket Sales List; Outranks Rod Stewart, Elton John & Fleetwood Mac\". Top40-charts.com. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=12702","url_text":"\"Bill Gaither's Homecoming Tour Hits POLLSTAR's 'Top 20' Ticket Sales List; Outranks Rod Stewart, Elton John & Fleetwood Mac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Gaither – Gaither Music\". Gaither.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaither.com/artists/bill-gaither/","url_text":"\"Bill Gaither – Gaither Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Acts, Execs Gather in Nashville For Gospel Music Week\". Billboard. May 27, 2000. p. 22. Retrieved March 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ8EAAAAMBAJ&q=ASCAP+award+Gaither&pg=PA22","url_text":"\"Top Acts, Execs Gather in Nashville For Gospel Music Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Members\". Barbershop.org. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324064911/http://www.barbershop.org/history/our-heroes/honorary-society-members.html","url_text":"\"Honorary Members\""},{"url":"http://www.barbershop.org/history/our-heroes/honorary-society-members.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IWU Honors Bill and Gloria Gaither as World Changers | Indiana Wesleyan University\". Indwes.edu. Indiana Wesleyan University. August 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093133/http://www.indwes.edu/News/2010/IWU-Honors-Bill-and-Gloria-Gaither-as-World-Changers/","url_text":"\"IWU Honors Bill and Gloria Gaither as World Changers | Indiana Wesleyan University\""},{"url":"http://www.indwes.edu/News/2010/IWU-Honors-Bill-and-Gloria-Gaither-as-World-Changers/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Della_Vedova
Benedetto Della Vedova
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Italian politician Benedetto Della VedovaSecretary of More EuropeIn office18 July 2021 – 26 February 2023Preceded bySimone Viola (acting)Succeeded byRiccardo MagiIn office27 January 2019 – 14 March 2021Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded bySimona Viola (acting)Member of the Chamber of DeputiesIncumbentAssumed office 13 October 2022ConstituencyMilanIn office28 April 2006 – 14 March 2013ConstituencyPiedmont 1Member of the Senate of the RepublicIn office15 March 2013 – 22 March 2018ConstituencyLombardyMember of the European ParliamentIn office20 July 1999 – 19 July 2004ConstituencyNorth-West Italy Personal detailsBorn (1963-04-03) 3 April 1963 (age 61)Sondrio, ItalyPolitical partyPannella List (1994–99)Bonino List (1999–2005)Italian Radicals (2001–05)Liberal Reformers (2005–09)People of Freedom (2009–10)Future and Freedom (2010–13)Civic Choice (2013–15)Forza Europa (2017–present)More Europe (2017–present)Alma materBocconi University Benedetto Della Vedova (Sondrio, 3 April 1962) is an Italian politician. A keen pro-Europeanist, Della Vedova is currently president of Forza Europa (FE) and has been secretary of More Europe (+EU), the latter comprising FE and the Italian Radicals. He has held public office multiple times. Biography Della Vedova, a long-time Radical, started to be active in politics in 1994, when he followed Marco Pannella, founder and leader of the Radical Party and the Transnational Radical Party, into the Pannella List, of which he was briefly secretary. During his career, Della Vedova was member of the European Parliament for the Bonino List (1999–2004) – the electoral successor of the Pannella List –, candidate for President of Lombardy (2000), president of the Italian Radicals (2001–2003), founder and president of the Liberal Reformers (2005–2009) – which was then re-booted as Libertiamo –, member of the Chamber of Deputies for Forza Italia (2006–2008), The People of Freedom (2008–2011) and Future and Freedom (2011–2013), member of the Senate for Future and Freedom (2013), Civic Choice (2013–2015) and the Mixed Group (2015–2018), and under-secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Renzi Cabinet (2014–2016) and Gentiloni Cabinet (2016–2018). More specifically, from 2001 to 2003 Della Vedova was president of the Italian Radicals, a party launched after the defeat of the Bonino List in the 2001 general election. In 2003 he was the strongest challenger to Daniele Capezzone for the leadership of the party, on a platform based on free-market economic liberalism and the hidden proposal of joining Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right House of Freedoms coalition, but was soundly defeated. In 2005 he left the Italian Radicals, which, under the leadership of Pannella, Bonino and Capezzone, had decided to join forces with the Italian Democratic Socialists in the Rose in the Fist and support Romano Prodi and his centre-left The Union, and launched the Liberal Reformers. In the 2006 general election Della Vedova was elected to the Chamber of Deputies on the list of Forza Italia, Berlusconi's party and dominant force in the House of Freedoms. Re-elected to the Chamber in the 2008 general election, he later distanced himself from Berlusconi and the centre-right, joined Future and Freedom, was elected senator in the 2013 general election, switched to Civic Choice and was appointed in centre-left governments led by Democratic Prime Ministers. In 2017 Della Vedova launched Forza Europa and later, in the run-up of the 2018 general election, he was a founding member of More Europe, part of the centre-left coalition. Having been defeated in the single-seat constituency of Prato, Tuscany, he was appointed coordinator of More Europe. In January 2019 he was elected secretary at the party's founding congress. On 1 March 2021, he was appointed Undersecretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in the Draghi Cabinet. References ^ Più Europa, Della Vedova eletto segretario External links Personal website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"pro-Europeanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Europeanism"},{"link_name":"Forza Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Europa_(2017)"},{"link_name":"More Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Italian Radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radicals"}],"text":"Benedetto Della Vedova (Sondrio, 3 April 1962) is an Italian politician.A keen pro-Europeanist, Della Vedova is currently president of Forza Europa (FE) and has been secretary of More Europe (+EU),[1] the latter comprising FE and the Italian Radicals. He has held public office multiple times.","title":"Benedetto Della Vedova"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radicals_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Marco Pannella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pannella"},{"link_name":"Radical Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Transnational Radical Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party"},{"link_name":"Pannella List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannella_List"},{"link_name":"member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Bonino List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonino_List"},{"link_name":"President of Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Italian Radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radicals"},{"link_name":"Liberal Reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Libertiamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertiamo"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Future and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Civic Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Choice"},{"link_name":"Mixed Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Group"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Renzi Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzi_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Gentiloni Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiloni_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"2001 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Daniele Capezzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Capezzone"},{"link_name":"free-market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"House of Freedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Freedoms"},{"link_name":"Italian Democratic Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists"},{"link_name":"Rose in the Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist"},{"link_name":"Romano Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"The Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"2006 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"2008 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"2013 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"2018 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"centre-left coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"party's founding congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_More_Europe_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Draghi Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draghi_Cabinet"}],"text":"Della Vedova, a long-time Radical, started to be active in politics in 1994, when he followed Marco Pannella, founder and leader of the Radical Party and the Transnational Radical Party, into the Pannella List, of which he was briefly secretary.During his career, Della Vedova was member of the European Parliament for the Bonino List (1999–2004) – the electoral successor of the Pannella List –, candidate for President of Lombardy (2000), president of the Italian Radicals (2001–2003), founder and president of the Liberal Reformers (2005–2009) – which was then re-booted as Libertiamo –, member of the Chamber of Deputies for Forza Italia (2006–2008), The People of Freedom (2008–2011) and Future and Freedom (2011–2013), member of the Senate for Future and Freedom (2013), Civic Choice (2013–2015) and the Mixed Group (2015–2018), and under-secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Renzi Cabinet (2014–2016) and Gentiloni Cabinet (2016–2018).More specifically, from 2001 to 2003 Della Vedova was president of the Italian Radicals, a party launched after the defeat of the Bonino List in the 2001 general election. In 2003 he was the strongest challenger to Daniele Capezzone for the leadership of the party, on a platform based on free-market economic liberalism and the hidden proposal of joining Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right House of Freedoms coalition, but was soundly defeated. In 2005 he left the Italian Radicals, which, under the leadership of Pannella, Bonino and Capezzone, had decided to join forces with the Italian Democratic Socialists in the Rose in the Fist and support Romano Prodi and his centre-left The Union, and launched the Liberal Reformers.In the 2006 general election Della Vedova was elected to the Chamber of Deputies on the list of Forza Italia, Berlusconi's party and dominant force in the House of Freedoms. Re-elected to the Chamber in the 2008 general election, he later distanced himself from Berlusconi and the centre-right, joined Future and Freedom, was elected senator in the 2013 general election, switched to Civic Choice and was appointed in centre-left governments led by Democratic Prime Ministers.In 2017 Della Vedova launched Forza Europa and later, in the run-up of the 2018 general election, he was a founding member of More Europe, part of the centre-left coalition. Having been defeated in the single-seat constituency of Prato, Tuscany, he was appointed coordinator of More Europe. In January 2019 he was elected secretary at the party's founding congress.On 1 March 2021, he was appointed Undersecretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in the Draghi Cabinet.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2723
List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)
["1 FM 2700","2 FM 2701","3 FM 2702","4 FM 2703","5 FM 2704","6 FM 2705","7 FM 2706","8 FM 2707","8.1 FM 2707 (1961)","9 FM 2708","10 FM 2709","11 FM 2710","12 FM 2711","13 FM 2712","14 FM 2713","15 FM 2714","15.1 FM 2714 (1961)","16 FM 2715","16.1 FM 2715 (1961)","16.2 FM 2715 (1962)","17 FM 2716","17.1 FM 2716 (1961)","18 FM 2717","19 FM 2718","20 FM 2719","20.1 FM 2719 (1961)","21 FM 2720","22 RM 2721","23 RM 2722","24 FM 2723","24.1 FM 2723 (1961)","25 FM 2724","26 FM 2725","27 FM 2726","28 FM 2727","29 FM 2728","30 FM 2729","31 FM 2730","32 FM 2731","33 FM 2732","34 FM 2733","35 FM 2734","36 FM 2735","37 FM 2736","38 FM 2737","39 FM 2738","40 FM 2739","41 FM 2740","42 FM 2741","43 FM 2742","44 FM 2743","44.1 FM 2743 (1962)","45 FM 2744","46 FM 2745","46.1 FM 2745 (1962)","47 FM 2746","48 FM 2747","48.1 FM 2747 (1962)","49 RM 2748","49.1 FM 2748 (1962)","49.2 FM 2748 (1965)","50 FM 2749","51 FM 2750","52 FM 2751","53 FM 2752","54 FM 2753","55 FM 2754","56 FM 2755","57 FM 2756","58 FM 2757","59 RM 2758","59.1 FM 2758","60 FM 2759","61 FM 2760","62 FM 2761","63 FM 2762","64 FM 2763","64.1 FM 2763 (1962)","65 FM 2764","66 FM 2765","67 RM 2766","68 FM 2767","68.1 RM 2767","69 RM 2768","70 RM 2769","71 FM 2770","71.1 FM 2770 (1962)","72 FM 2771","73 FM 2772","74 FM 2773","75 FM 2774","76 RM 2775","76.1 FM 2775 (1962)","77 FM 2776","78 FM 2777","79 FM 2778","80 FM 2779","81 FM 2780","82 FM 2781","83 FM 2782","84 FM 2783","85 FM 2784","86 FM 2785","87 FM 2786","87.1 FM 2786 (1962)","87.2 FM 2786 (1967)","88 FM 2787","89 FM 2788","90 FM 2789","91 FM 2790","91.1 FM 2790 (1962)","92 FM 2791","93 FM 2792","93.1 FM 2792 (1962)","94 FM 2793","94.1 FM 2793 (1962)","95 FM 2794","96 FM 2795","97 FM 2796","98 FM 2797","99 FM 2798","100 FM 2799","101 Notes","102 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 2700–2799 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). FM 2700 Farm to Market Road 2700LocationCallahan CountyLength1.159 mi (1.865 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present Farm to Market Road 2700 (FM 2700) is located in Callahan County. It runs from FM 604 south of Clyde westward 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to FM 18. FM 2700 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route. A westward extension 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to FM 603 was designated on August 29, 1989, pending acceptance the county. This extension was automatically cancelled due to lack of acceptance and remains under county jurisdiction. FM 2701 Farm to Market Road 2701LocationHaskell and Knox countiesLength2.33 mi (3.75 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present Farm to Market Road 2701 (FM 2701) is located in Haskell and Knox counties. It runs from FM 2229 east of O'Brien north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to SH 222 in Knox City. FM 2701 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route. FM 2702 Farm to Market Road 2702LocationJones CountyLength3.191 mi (5.135 km)ExistedMay 20, 1961–present Farm to Market Road 2702 (FM 2702) is located in Jones County. It runs from US 277 southwest of Stamford, at the eastern terminus of SH 92, eastward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to SH 6, where it continues as CR 206. FM 2702 was designated on May 20, 1961, along the current route. FM 2703 Farm to Market Road 2703LocationJones CountyLength1.011 mi (1.627 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present Farm to Market Road 2703 (FM 2703) is located in Jones County. It runs from FM 142 east of Stamford southward 1 mile (1.6 km) before state maintenance ends at CR 210. The roadway continues as CR 241. FM 2703 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route. FM 2704 Farm to Market Road 2704LocationBosque CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–July 2, 1965 Farm to Market Road 2704 (FM 2704) was located in Bosque County. No highway currently uses the FM 2704 designation. FM 2704 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from FM 56 north of Valley Mills eastward 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to a county road. The highway was extended further east 1.2 miles (1.9 km) on May 2, 1962. FM 2704 was cancelled on July 2, 1965, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1637. FM 2705 Farm to Market Road 2705LocationLimestone CountyLength5.809 mi (9.349 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2705 (FM 2705) is located in Limestone County. FM 2706 Farm to Market Road 2706LocationAnderson CountyLength3.521 mi (5.667 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2706 (FM 2706) is located in Anderson County. FM 2707 Farm to Market Road 2707LocationColeman and Callahan countiesLength5.887 mi (9.474 km)ExistedJanuary 30, 1963–present Farm to Market Road 2707 (FM 2707) is located in Coleman and Callahan counties. FM 2707 (1961) Farm to Market Road 2707LocationHamilton CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–October 9, 1961 FM 2707 was first designated on September 20, 1961, running from FM 2005 east of Pecan Wells southeast 3.7 miles (6.0 km) to a county road. The highway was cancelled on October 9, 1961, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1047. FM 2708 Farm to Market Road 2708LocationCherokee CountyLength2.055 mi (3.307 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2708 (FM 2708) is located in Cherokee County. It runs about 2 miles (3.2 km) from an intersection with a county road northward to an intersection with SH 21 in Linwood. FM 2708 was designated on September 20, 1961. FM 2709 Farm to Market Road 2709LocationHenderson CountyLength9.47 mi (15.24 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2709 (FM 2709) is located in Henderson County. FM 2710 Farm to Market Road 2710LocationSmith CountyLength9.353 mi (15.052 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2710 (FM 2710) is located in Smith County. FM 2711 Farm to Market Road 2711LocationOchiltree CountyLength16.595 mi (26.707 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2711 (FM 2711) is located in Ochiltree County. FM 2712 Farm to Market Road 2712LocationHouston CountyLength1.815 mi (2.921 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2712 (FM 2712) is located in Houston County. FM 2713 Farm to Market Road 2713LocationNacogdoches CountyLength3.829 mi (6.162 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2713 (FM 2713) is located in Nacogdoches County. FM 2714 Farm to Market Road 2714LocationFayette CountyLength1.917 mi (3.085 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1966–present Farm to Market Road 2714 (FM 2714) is located in Fayette County. FM 2714 (1961) Farm to Market Road 2714LocationPolk and Trinity countiesExistedSeptember 20, 1961–May 23, 1966 FM 2714 was first designated on September 20, 1961, running from US 59 north of Corrigan northward 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection. The highway was cancelled on May 23, 1966, with the mileage being transferred to FM 357. FM 2715 Farm to Market Road 2715 (FM 2715) is a highway that was designated twice. No highway currently uses the FM 2715 designation. FM 2715 (1961) Farm to Market Road 2715LocationFort Bend CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–December 11, 1961 The first route numbered FM 2715 was designated on September 20, 1961, from FM 762 east to the Brazos River. It became part of FM 1462 when it was extended west across the river. FM 2715 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2715LocationClay CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–June 21, 1967 The second route numbered FM 2715 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from FM 171 at Thornberry southeastward to FM 1740 at a distance of approximately 2.4 miles (3.9 km). The highway was extended 2.8 miles (4.5 km) to a road intersection on May 6, 1964. The highway was extended south to SH 79 on June 2, 1967. FM 2715 was cancelled on June 21, 1967, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2393. FM 2716 Farm to Market Road 2716LocationDelta CountyLength2.18 mi (3.51 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2716 (FM 2716) is located in Delta County. FM 2716 (1961) Farm to Market Road 2716LocationFort Bend and Harris Counties or Waller CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–December 11, 1961 A previous route numbered FM 2716 was designated on September 20, 1961. It became part of either FM 1092 or FM 1736 when both roads were extended. FM 2717 Farm to Market Road 2717LocationCalhoun CountyLength3.468 mi (5.581 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2717 (FM 2717) is located in Calhoun County. FM 2718 Farm to Market Road 2718LocationDeWitt CountyLength8.526 mi (13.721 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2718 (FM 2718) is located in DeWitt County. FM 2719 Farm to Market Road 2719LocationHill CountyLength5.297 mi (8.525 km)ExistedNovember 2, 1962–present Farm to Market Road 2719 (FM 2719) is located in Hill County. FM 2719 (1961) Farm to Market Road 2719LocationLavaca CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–May 24, 1962 FM 2719 was first designated on September 20, 1961, running from US 90-A in Shiner southwest to a county road at a distance of 3.4 miles (5.5 km). The highway's northern terminus was relocated to SH 95 on May 24, 1962. FM 2719 was cancelled later that day, with the mileage being transferred to FM 966. FM 2720 Farm to Market Road 2720LocationHays and Caldwell countiesLength7.169 mi (11.537 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2720 (FM 2720) is located in Hays and Caldwell counties. RM 2721 Ranch to Market Road 2721LocationGillespie and Blanco countiesLength14.179 mi (22.819 km)Existed1961–present Ranch to Market Road 2721 (RM 2721) is located in Gillespie and Blanco counties. RM 2722 Ranch to Market Road 2722LocationComal CountyLength7.677 mi (12.355 km)Existed1961–present Ranch to Market Road 2722 (RM 2722) is located in Comal County. FM 2723 Farm to Market Road 2723LocationFranklin CountyLength4.6 mi (7.4 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2723 (FM 2723) is located in Franklin County. FM 2723 (1961) Farm to Market Road 2723LocationGuadalupe CountyExistedSeptember 20, 1961–December 11, 1961 A previous route numbered FM 2723 was designated on September 20, 1961, to run from FM 78 in McQueeney to US 90. This route was cancelled on December 11, 1961, and became a portion of FM 725. FM 2724 Farm to Market Road 2724LocationKarnes CountyLength8.057 mi (12.966 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2724 (FM 2724) is located in Karnes County. FM 2725 Farm to Market Road 2725LocationSan Patricio CountyLength3.455 mi (5.560 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2725 (FM 2725) is located in San Patricio County. FM 2726 Farm to Market Road 2726LocationWashington CountyLength3.305 mi (5.319 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2726 (FM 2726) is located in Washington County. FM 2727 Farm to Market Road 2727LocationKaufman CountyLength8.385 mi (13.494 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2727 (FM 2727) is located in Kaufman County. FM 2727 begins at an intersection with SH 243 east of Kaufman. The highway travels in a northeast direction, running between the two city lakes and Kaufman Lake. FM 2727 turns in a more eastward direction at County Road 140 before briefly turning towards the south and turning back northeast at County Road 103. The highway continues to run in a northeast direction before ending at an intersection with FM 429 southwest of College Mound. FM 2727 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from SH 243 near Kaufman to County Road 103 at a distance of approximately 4.3 miles (6.9 km). The highway was extended to FM 429 on June 25, 1962, bringing FM 2727 to its current route. FM 2728 Farm to Market Road 2728LocationKaufman CountyLength18.13 mi (29.18 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2728 (FM 2728) is located in Kaufman County. FM 2728 begins at an intersection with SH 34 between Kaufman and Oak Ridge. The highway runs northeast through Oak Ridge then runs through more rural areas of the county. FM 2728 runs near Trinity Valley Community College and has an overlap with FM 429. The two highways separate just north of I-20, with FM 2728 running northeast to Elmo. In Elmo, the highway shares an overlap with US 80. FM 2728 continues to run in a northeast direction before turning northeast near County Road 342. The highway continues to run northwest until ending at an intersection with FM 429 near Ables Springs. FM 2728 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from US 80 in Elmo southwestward to FM 429. The highway was extended 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from FM 429 to SH 34 near Kaufman on May 6, 1964. On May 5, 1966, FM 2728 was extended northeast 3.3 miles (5.3 km) from US 80 in Elmo to road intersection. The highway was extended further north 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to FM 429, bringing FM 2728 to its current routing. Junction list The entire route is in Kaufman County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 SH 34 – Kaufman, Terrell ​6.510.5 I-20 / FM 429 south – Dallas, ShreveportSouth end of FM 429 overlap; I-20 exit 506 ​7.011.3 FM 429 north – TerrellNorth end of FM 429 overlap Elmo10.016.1 US 80 west – TerrellSouth end of US 80 overlap 10.216.4 US 80 east – Wills PointNorth end of US 80 overlap ​18.930.4 FM 429 – Terrell, McCoy 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2729 Farm to Market Road 2729LocationGrayson CountyLength9.09 mi (14.63 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2729 (FM 2729) is located in Grayson County. FM 2730 Farm to Market Road 2730LocationUvalde CountyLength2.659 mi (4.279 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2730 (FM 2730) is located in Uvalde County. FM 2731 Farm to Market Road 2731LocationEastland CountyLength7.777 mi (12.516 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2731 (FM 2731) is located in Eastland County. FM 2732 Farm to Market Road 2732LocationSan Saba CountyLength9.949 mi (16.011 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2732 (FM 2732) is located in San Saba County. FM 2733 Farm to Market Road 2733LocationBriscoe CountyLength2.197 mi (3.536 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2733 (FM 2733) is located in Briscoe County. FM 2734 Farm to Market Road 2734LocationCollingsworth CountyLength2.986 mi (4.806 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2734 (FM 2734) is located in Collingsworth County. FM 2735 Farm to Market Road 2735LocationBowie CountyLength11.285 mi (18.161 km)Existed1958–present Farm to Market Road 2735 (FM 2735) is located in Bowie County. FM 2736 Farm to Market Road 2736LocationHunt CountyLength6.277 mi (10.102 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2736 (FM 2736) is located in Hunt County. FM 2737 Farm to Market Road 2737LocationHunt and Rains countiesLength5.964 mi (9.598 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2737 (FM 2737) is located in Hunt and Rains counties. FM 2738 Farm to Market Road 2738LocationJohnson CountyLength10.587 mi (17.038 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2738 (FM 2738) is located in Johnson County. FM 2739 Farm to Market Road 2739LocationCooke CountyLength3.823 mi (6.153 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2739 (FM 2739) is located in Cooke County. FM 2740 Farm to Market Road 2740LocationYoung CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–May 22, 1964 Farm to Market Road 2740 (FM 2740) was located in Young County. No highway currently uses the FM 2740 designation. FM 2740 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from SH 254 at Henry Chapel, northeastward to the Jack county line. The highway was cancelled on May 22, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1191. FM 2741 Farm to Market Road 2741LocationLipscomb CountyLength5.672 mi (9.128 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2741 (FM 2741) is located in Lipscomb County. FM 2742 Farm to Market Road 2742LocationCoke CountyLength2.11 mi (3.40 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2742 (FM 2742) is located in Coke County. FM 2743 Farm to Market Road 2743LocationAngelina CountyLength5.357 mi (8.621 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1966–present Farm to Market Road 2743 (FM 2743) is located in Angelina County. FM 2743 begins at an intersection with SH 63 east of Zavalla. The highway travels east through the Angelina National Forest and intersects FM 3373 before ending at the entrance to Caney Creek Park at Forest Service Road 336. FM 2743 was designated on October 28, 1966, on its current route. Junction list The entire route is in Angelina County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 SH 63 – Zavalla, Jasper ​3.96.3 FM 3373 north ​5.38.5 Forest Service Road 336 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2743 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2743LocationConcho CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–May 16, 1966 FM 2743 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from US 87 east of Eden, northward at a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was cancelled on May 16, 1966, with the mileage being transferred to RM 2134 (now FM 2134). FM 2744 Farm to Market Road 2744LocationFisher CountyLength4.334 mi (6.975 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2744 (FM 2744) is located in Fisher County. FM 2745 Farm to Market Road 2745LocationFalls CountyLength1.806 mi (2.906 km)ExistedJune 1, 1965–present Farm to Market Road 2745 (FM 2745) is located in Falls County. FM 2745 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2745LocationJim Wells CountyExistedJune 2, 1962–May 1, 1965 A previous route numbered FM 2745 was designated in Jim Wells County on June 2, 1962, running from FM 716 west of Premont to SH 285 at a distance of approximately 7.4 miles (11.9 km). This route was cancelled on May 1, 1965; the southern 3.8 miles (6.1 km) was transferred to FM 1538, and the remainder was removed from the state highway system. FM 2746 Farm to Market Road 2746LocationJones CountyLength12.633 mi (20.331 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2746 (FM 2746) is located in Jones County. FM 2747 Farm to Market Road 2747LocationShelby CountyLength2.307 mi (3.713 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1965–present Farm to Market Road 2747 (FM 2747) is located in Shelby County. FM 2747 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2747LocationKent CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–June 10, 1965 FM 2747 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from US 380, 11 miles (18 km) west of Clairemont, northward to a point at a distance of approximately 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was cancelled on June 10, 1965, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1081. RM 2748 Ranch to Market Road 2748LocationReal and Uvalde countiesLength2.061 mi (3.317 km)ExistedMay 7, 1974–present Ranch to Market Road 2748 (RM 2748) is located in Real and Uvalde counties. FM 2748 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2748LocationStonewall CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–May 22, 1964 FM 2748 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from US 83, north of the Salt Fork Brazos River, southeast to a point at a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was extended 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to the Salt Fork Brazos River on June 28, 1963. FM 2748 was cancelled on May 22, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1263. FM 2748 (1965) Farm to Market Road 2748LocationBell CountyExistedJune 1, 1965–January 31, 1974 FM 2748 was designated a second time on June 1, 1965, running from SH 317 in Belton to FM 439. The highway was cancelled on January 31, 1974, with the mileage being transferred to FM 93. FM 2749 Farm to Market Road 2749LocationLimestone CountyLength9.707 mi (15.622 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2749 (FM 2749) is located in Limestone County. FM 2750 Farm to Market Road 2750LocationCherokee CountyLength2.791 mi (4.492 km)ExistedMay 2, 1962–present Farm to Market Road 2750 (FM 2750) is located in Cherokee County. It runs 2.8 miles (4.5 km) from an intersection with FM 2064 northwest of New Summerfield, east to an intersection with SH 110. FM 2750 was designated on May 2, 1962, along the current route. FM 2751 Farm to Market Road 2751LocationGregg CountyLength3.42 mi (5.50 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2751 (FM 2751) is located in Gregg County, running from FM 1844 near Judson north to Brown Rd. FM 2751 was designated in 1962 from proposed SH 26 (now US 259) north 3.6 miles (5.8 km). In 1977, FM 2751 was extended north to US 259, its current northern terminus. Junction list The entire route is in Gregg County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​ FM 1844 ​ US 259 – Ore City, Longview ​ FM 449 ​Brown Rd 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2752 Farm to Market Road 2752LocationHenderson CountyLength2.926 mi (4.709 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2752 (FM 2752) is located in Henderson County. FM 2753 Farm to Market Road 2753LocationRusk CountyLength2.556 mi (4.113 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2753 (FM 2753) is located in Rusk County. FM 2754 Farm to Market Road 2754LocationAustin CountyLength8.262 mi (13.296 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2754 (FM 2754) is located in Austin County. FM 2755 Farm to Market Road 2755LocationCollin CountyLength5.493 mi (8.840 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2755 (FM 2755) is located in Collin County. FM 2756 Farm to Market Road 2756LocationCollin CountyLength4.912 mi (7.905 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2756 (FM 2756) is located in Collin County. FM 2757 Farm to Market Road 2757LocationKaufman CountyLength3.696 mi (5.948 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2757 (FM 2757) is located in Kaufman County. FM 2757 begins at an intersection with FM 740 in Mesquite just south of I-20. The highway runs in a southeast direction through rural areas of the county, running just south of Soil Conservation Service Site Reservoir 11 before ending at an intersection with FM 741 southeast of the Heartland subdivision. FM 2757 was designated on June 25, 1962, along the current route. RM 2758 Ranch to Market Road 2758LocationHemphill CountyLength14.892 mi (23.966 km)ExistedMay 6, 1964–present Ranch to Market Road 2758 (RM 2758) is located in Hemphill County. FM 2758 Farm to Market Road 2758LocationFort Bend CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–July 30, 1963 A previous route numbered FM 2758 was designated on May 2, 1962, from SH 36 at Orchard north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to a point 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the Brazos River. On July 30, 1963, FM 2758 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1489. FM 2759 Farm to Market Road 2759LocationFort Bend CountyLength9.256 mi (14.896 km)ExistedMay 2, 1962 (1962-05-02)–present Farm to Market Road 2759 (FM 2759) is located in Fort Bend County. The highway begins at Interstate 69 (I-69)/U.S. Highway 59 (US 59), heads southwest to Farm to Market Road 762, turns southeast and ends in Thompsons. FM 2759 starts as a four-lane road at the I-69/US 59 underpass and goes southwest for 1.8 miles (2.9 km). In this stretch, FM 2759 is also known as Crabb River Road. The highway is a continuation of SH 99 which heads northeast from I-69/US 59. Nearby communities include Greatwood, Tara and Canyongate at the Brazos. Businesses along Crabb River Road include a car dealership, a few petrol stations, and a number of stores and restaurants. There are traffic signals at Sansbury Boulevard and Tara Drive and bridges over Middle Bayou and Rabbs Bayou. FM 2759 turns sharply to the east-southeast at the traffic light controlled intersection with FM 762. From this place to its terminus, FM 2759 runs parallel to the BNSF Railway tracks. For 1.0 mile (1.6 km) until it reaches Macek Road, the highway passes along the south side of the Tara subdivision. The William C. Velasquez Elementary School of the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District is 500 yards (457 m) north of the highway at Macek Road. After this point the landscape becomes rural. At Booth, the highway bends more to the southeast. The Riverpointe Golf Club is southeast of Booth on the north side. Just before Pittman Road, FM 2759 passes under electric transmission lines before curving slightly more to the southeast. As the highway approaches Thompsons, there is an oil well, tanks and a flare on the north side. Near Y. U. Jones Road, the highway bends so that it goes nearly east. After an additional 0.5 miles (0.8 km) FM 2759 intersects with Thompsons Oil Field Road, which goes south across the railroad tracks. The road continues east for another 0.5 miles (0.8 km) but only connects with minor roads beyond that point. FM 2759 was originally designated on May 2, 1962, to go from FM 762 at Crabb to the southeast about 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to Thompsons. On September 5, 1973, the highway was extended an additional 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to the northeast from FM 762 to what is now I-69/US 59 and SH 99 intersection. Junction list The entire highway is in Fort Bend County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Greatwood I-69 / US 59 / SH 99 (Frontage Road) – Houston, Victoria, SpringI-69/US 59 exit 104; northern terminus Crabb FM 762 ThompsonsThompsons Oil Field RoadSouthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi North end of FM 2759 near the I-69/US 59 overpass View northwest at FM 762 and Crabb River Rd Looking southeast at Booth with BNSF Railway on right View east at Y. U. Jones Rd in Thompsons South end of FM 2759 at Thompsons Oil Field Rd FM 2760 Farm to Market Road 2760LocationCalhoun CountyLength2.923 mi (4.704 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2760 (FM 2760) is located in Calhoun County. FM 2761 Farm to Market Road 2761LocationColorado CountyLength5.871 mi (9.448 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2761 (FM 2761) is located in Colorado County. FM 2762 Farm to Market Road 2762LocationFayette CountyLength8.558 mi (13.773 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2762 (FM 2762) is located in Fayette County. FM 2763 Farm to Market Road 2763LocationScurry CountyLength2.69 mi (4.33 km)ExistedJuly 9, 1970–present Farm to Market Road 2763 (FM 2763) is located in Scurry County. FM 2763 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2763LocationLavaca CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–May 18, 1970 A previous route numbered FM 2763 was designated on May 2, 1962, from US 77, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Hallettsville, southwest 5.3 miles (8.5 km) to Mont. On November 26, 1969, the road was extended southwest 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from Mont. On May 5, 1970, the road was extended southwest to FM 531. FM 2763 was cancelled on May 18, 1970, and became a portion of FM 318. FM 2764 Farm to Market Road 2764LocationWharton and Colorado countiesLength4.406 mi (7.091 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2764 (FM 2764) is located in Wharton and Colorado counties. The two-lane highway begins at US 90 Alt. northwest of Lissie, heads northeast along the boundary line between Colorado and Wharton Counties and ends at FM 1093 in Chesterville. A two-lane road along its full course, FM 2764 starts at a stop sign on US 90 Alt. at a distance 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Lissie. From this point, the highway crosses the Union Pacific Railroad and heads northeast along the Colorado–Wharton county line. The gravel road that goes southwest from the starting point is called County Line Road. FM 2764 runs 4.4 miles (7.1 km) through croplands until it crosses a disused railroad and ends at FM 1093. A short distance before its end, FM 2764 curves to the north into Colorado County and meets FM 1093 at a stop sign in the small community of Chesterville. FM 2764 was designated on May 2, 1962, along the current route. View northeast at junction of US 90 Alt. and FM 2764 Chesterville sign on FM 2764 looking northeast Grain storage unit in Chesterville from FM 2764 FM 2765 Farm to Market Road 2765LocationWharton CountyLength6.83 mi (10.99 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2765 (FM 2765) is located in Wharton County. RM 2766 Ranch to Market Road 2766LocationBlanco CountyLength9.194 mi (14.796 km)Existed1962–present Ranch to Market Road 2766 (RM 2766) is located in Blanco County. FM 2767 Farm to Market Road 2767LocationSmith and Gregg countiesLength18.298 mi (29.448 km)ExistedDecember 20, 1963–present Farm to Market Road 2767 (FM 2767), also known as Old Kilgore Highway, runs from Loop 323 in Tyler east to SH 31 near Kilgore. The current route of FM 2767 was designated on December 20, 1963. On September 29, 2005, FM 2767 was rerouted to end at Loop 323 further north; the old route from FM 850 to the new route was obliterated, the old route from FM 850 to near Loop 323 was given to the county, and a small portion near Loop 323 was obliterated. Junction list This section is missing mileposts for junctions. Please help by adding them. CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes SmithTyler Loop 323 ​ FM 850 east ​ FM 2908 ​ FM 757 Gregg​ SH 31 – Tyler, Kilgore 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi RM 2767 Ranch to Market Road 2767LocationGillespie CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–July 10, 1963 A previous route numbered Ranch to Market Road 2767 (RM 2767) was designated in Gillespie County on May 2, 1962, from US 87 north of Fredericksburg northward 6.5 miles (10.5 km). RM 2767 was cancelled on July 10, 1963, and became part of RM 2323, which was extended. RM 2768 Ranch to Market Road 2768LocationLlano CountyLength2.592 mi (4.171 km)Existed1962–present Ranch to Market Road 2768 (RM 2768) is located in Llano County. RM 2769 Ranch to Market Road 2769LocationTravis CountyLength7.151 mi (11.508 km)Existed1962–present Ranch to Market Road 2769 (RM 2769) is a 7-mile (11 km) route in Travis County. A portion of RM 2769 carries the name Anderson Mill Road. RM 2769 begins in Volente at an intersection with Lime Creek Road. It proceeds northeast to an intersection with Anderson Mill Road, along which it continues for one mile (1.6 km) before terminating at RM 620 near the Travis–Williamson county line. RM 2769 was designated on May 2, 1962, with its current description. RM 2769 originally ran continuously from Volente to its intersection with RM 620. In 2007, Anderson Mill Road was extended along the most easterly mile (1.6 km) of this right-of-way. RM 2769 now approaches from the southwest and continues onto Anderson Mill Road using a T-intersection. FM 2770 Farm to Market Road 2770LocationHays CountyLength6.126 mi (9.859 km)ExistedJune 12, 1968–present Farm to Market Road 2770 (FM 2770) is located in Hays County. FM 2770 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2770LocationGuadalupe CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–June 15, 1967 A previous route numbered FM 2770 was designated on May 2, 1962, from FM 466, 2.7 miles (4.3 km) east of FM 477, south 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to a point 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north of the Gonzales County line. On June 2, 1967, the road was extended to the Gonzales County line. FM 2770 was cancelled on June 15, 1967, and became a portion of FM 1117. FM 2771 Farm to Market Road 2771LocationKerr CountyLength6.281 mi (10.108 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2771 (FM 2771) is located in Kerr County. The highway is known locally as Lower Turtle Creek Road. FM 2771 begins at an intersection with SH 16 southwest of Kerrville. The highway runs parallel to Turtle Creek and crosses the creek twice before turning north and ending at an intersection with SH 173 southeast of Kerrville. FM 2771 is a two-lane road with a speed limit of 55 MPH for its entire length. FM 2771 was designated on May 2, 1962, along the current route. FM 2772 Farm to Market Road 2772LocationWilson CountyLength1.976 mi (3.180 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2772 (FM 2772) is located in Wilson County. FM 2773 Farm to Market Road 2773LocationKarnes CountyLength2.768 mi (4.455 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2773 (FM 2773) is located in Karnes County. FM 2774 Farm to Market Road 2774LocationBurleson CountyLength1.464 mi (2.356 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2774 (FM 2774) is located in Burleson County. RM 2775 Ranch to Market Road 2775LocationEl Paso CountyLength5.481 mi (8.821 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 2775KML is not from Wikidata Ranch to Market Road 2775 (RM 2775) is located in El Paso County. The highway is known locally as Hueco Tanks Road. RM 2235 begins in western Butterfield northeast of El Paso at Montana Avenue which carries US 62 and US 180 in northeastern El Paso County. The 5.5-mile (8.9 km) route encounters gentle grades running through a valley in the western Hueco Mountains east of Fort Bliss, past the Hueco Tanks rock formation to Hueco Tanks State Historic Site, a state park maintained by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The road becomes PR 68 upon entering the park. Along its length, the road intersects only local streets and private roads. RM 2775 was designated on June 2, 1967, along the current route. On February 21, 1974, the continuation of the road within the state park, previously without designation, was named Park Road 68. FM 2775 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2775LocationKleberg CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–May 18, 1966 A previous route numbered FM 2775 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from FM 628 (now RM 628) west of Loyola Beach to a point approximately 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to the northwest. The highway was cancelled on May 18, 1966, with the mileage being transferred to FM 772. FM 2776 Farm to Market Road 2776LocationBrazos CountyLength5.053 mi (8.132 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2776 (FM 2776) is located in Brazos County. It runs from FM 974, 0.9 miles (1.4 km) northeast of Tabor, southeastward to SH 21 and US 190 in Wixon Valley. FM 2776 was designated in 1962 along its current route. FM 2777 Farm to Market Road 2777LocationFreestone CountyLength2.581 mi (4.154 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2777 (FM 2777) is located in Freestone County. FM 2778 Farm to Market Road 2778LocationWalker CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–December 21, 1990 Farm to Market Road 2778 (FM 2778) was located in Walker County. No highway currently uses the FM 2778 designation. FM 2778 was designated on May 2, 1962, from SH 150 northeastward a distance of 4.9 miles (7.9 km). FM 2778 was cancelled on December 21, 1990, and became a portion of FM 2693. FM 2778 was not cancelled until the road connecting FM 2693's previous end 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to FM 2778 was complete. FM 2779 Farm to Market Road 2779LocationFrio CountyLength13.536 mi (21.784 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2779 (FM 2779) is located in Frio County. FM 2780 Farm to Market Road 2780LocationWashington CountyLength8.981 mi (14.454 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2780 (FM 2780) is located in Washington County. FM 2781 Farm to Market Road 2781LocationHouston and Trinity countiesLength20.368 mi (32.779 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2781 (FM 2781) is located in Houston and Trinity counties. FM 2782 Farm to Market Road 2782LocationNacogdoches CountyLength9.031 mi (14.534 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2782 (FM 2782) is located in Nacogdoches County. FM 2783 Farm to Market Road 2783LocationNacogdoches CountyLength3.698 mi (5.951 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2783 (FM 2783) is located in Nacogdoches County. FM 2784 Farm to Market Road 2784LocationSabine CountyLength3.788 mi (6.096 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2784 (FM 2784) is located in Sabine County. FM 2785 Farm to Market Road 2785LocationSan Augustine CountyLength1.44 mi (2.32 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2785 (FM 2785) is located in San Augustine County. FM 2786 Farm to Market Road 2786LocationCollin CountyLength1.943 mi (3.127 km)ExistedMay 25, 1976–present Farm to Market Road 2786 (FM 2786) is located in Collin County. The highway is locally known as Stacy Road. FM 2786 begins at junction with SH 5 in Allen. FM 2786 enters into Fairview and ends at an intersection with FM 1378. The current FM 2786 was designated on May 25, 1976, running from US 75 eastward to FM 1378. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2786 (UR 2786). On July 26, 2007, the section from US 75 to SH 5 was cancelled and removed from the state highway system. The designation of the remaining section reverted to FM 2786 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. FM 2786 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2786LocationSan Augustine CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–June 20, 1967 The first route numbered FM 2786 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from SH 103 to a road intersection at a distance of approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km). The highway was decommissioned on June 20, 1967, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1992. FM 2786 (1967) Farm to Market Road 2786LocationBell CountyExistedOctober 25, 1967–December 29, 1975 The second route numbered FM 2786 was designated on October 25, 1967, running from FM 1670 to Stillhouse Hollow Lake at a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8.0 km) as a redesignation of the old route of FM 1670. The highway's western terminus was moved 0.46 miles (0.74 km) on October 1, 1968. FM 2786 was cancelled on December 29, 1975, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2484. FM 2787 Farm to Market Road 2787LocationShelby CountyLength3.873 mi (6.233 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2787 (FM 2787) is located in Shelby County. FM 2788 Farm to Market Road 2788LocationShelby CountyLength1.281 mi (2.062 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2788 (FM 2788) is located in Shelby County. FM 2789 Farm to Market Road 2789LocationBowie CountyLength2.221 mi (3.574 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2789 (FM 2789) is located in Bowie County. FM 2790 Farm to Market Road 2790LocationMedina, Atascosa, and Bexar countiesLength21.378 mi (34.405 km)ExistedAugust 23, 1973–present Farm to Market Road 2790 (FM 2790) runs from FM 471 in LaCoste to I-410 in southwestern San Antonio. FM 2790 begins at an intersection with FM 471 in LaCoste and runs along the southern half of Castro Avenue through the city. The highway runs in a southern direction before entering the city of Lytle and has an overlap with SH 132. FM 2790 meets I-35 before leaving the city and turns to the east. The highway enters Somerset and runs along Dixon Street before turning northeast onto Somerset Road. FM 2790 intersects with Loop 1604 before leaving the city. The highway enters the city limits of San Antonio and crosses over the Medina River. FM 2790 continues to run in a northeast direction through the southwestern part of the city before ending at I-410/SH 16/SH 130. The current FM 2790 was designated on August 23, 1973, running from FM 471 in LaCoste to a point at US 81 (now SH 132) in Lytle, then from another point at US 81 to FM 1604 (now Loop 1604) in Somerset as a renumbering of a portion of FM 1518. On June 21, 1977, the eastern terminus of the highway was moved when FM 1604 was re-rerouted through Somerset. The highway was extended 1.6 miles (2.6 km) northeast past Loop 1604. The highway was extended further northeastward to the Medina River on May 27, 1987. The last change came on November 11, 1987, when FM 2790 was extended to I-410 in San Antonio. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes MedinaLaCoste0.00.0 FM 471 – Natalia, Castroville AtascosaLytle5.89.3 SH 132 south (Main Street) – DevineWest end of SH 132 overlap 6.510.5 SH 132 north (Main Street) – San AntonioEast end of SH 132 overlap 6.911.1 I-35 – San Antonio, NataliaI-35 exit 131 Bexar​13.421.6 FM 476 south – Poteet Somerset15.524.9 Loop 1604 (Anderson Loop) San Antonio22.536.2 I-410 / SH 16 / SH 130I-410 exit 51 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2790 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2790LocationBowie CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–May 18, 1970 FM 2790 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from SH 26 (now US 259) west of DeKalb westward 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to a county road. This highway was cancelled on May 18, 1970, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1701. FM 2791 Farm to Market Road 2791LocationCass CountyLength10.19 mi (16.40 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2791 (FM 2791) is located in Cass County. FM 2792 Farm to Market Road 2792LocationPanola CountyLength1.367 mi (2.200 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1970–present Farm to Market Road 2792 (FM 2792) is located in Panola County. It runs from US 59 northeast to FM 1794. FM 2792 was designated on November 24, 1970, on its current route. FM 2792 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2792LocationPanola CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–November 24, 1970 A previous route numbered FM 2792 was designated on May 2, 1962, from FM 31 in DeBerry west and south 4.7 miles (7.6 km) to FM 1186. FM 2792 was cancelled on November 24, 1970, and became a portion of FM 1794; FM 2792 was reassigned to the old route of US 59. FM 2793 Farm to Market Road 2793LocationWalker CountyLength1.514 mi (2.437 km)Existed1972–present Farm to Market Road 2793 (FM 2793) is located in Walker County. FM 2793 (1962) Farm to Market Road 2793LocationUpshur CountyExistedMay 2, 1962–August 3, 1971 FM 2793 was first designated on May 2, 1962, from SH 154 southward through Kelsey to FM 554. This was cancelled on August 3, 1971, and mileage was transferred to FM 1795. FM 2794 Farm to Market Road 2794LocationCrosby and Dickens countiesLength21.112 mi (33.976 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2794 (FM 2794) is located in Crosby and Dickens counties. FM 2795 Farm to Market Road 2795LocationRains CountyLength10.848 mi (17.458 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2795 (FM 2795) is located in Rains County. FM 2796 Farm to Market Road 2796LocationUpshur CountyLength10.026 mi (16.135 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2796 (FM 2796) is located in Upshur County. FM 2797 Farm to Market Road 2797LocationLiberty CountyLength2.42 mi (3.89 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2797 (FM 2797) is located in Liberty County. FM 2798 Farm to Market Road 2798LocationHardin and Polk countiesLength10.851 mi (17.463 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2798 (FM 2798) is located in Hardin and Polk counties. FM 2799 Farm to Market Road 2799LocationJasper CountyLength8.35 mi (13.44 km)Existed1962–present Farm to Market Road 2799 (FM 2799) is located in Jasper County. Notes ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2728 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 80 and FM 429. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2790 considers to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 132 in Lytle. References ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2700". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 779. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ "Minute Order 89171" (PDF). Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. August 29, 1989. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2701". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 484. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2702". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 610. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2703". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2704". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1637". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2705". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2706". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2707". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1047". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2708". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2709". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2710". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2711". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2712". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2713". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2714". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 357". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2715". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2393". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2716". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2717". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2718". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2719". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 966". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2720". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2721". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2722". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2723". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2724". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2725". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2726". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2727". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2728". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Google (December 31, 2017). "Overview Map of FM 2728" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2729". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2730". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2731". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2732". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2733". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2734". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2735". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2736". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2737". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2738". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2739". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2740". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1191". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2741". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2742". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2743". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ "National Forests and Grasslands in Texas - Caney Creek". United States Forest Service. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Google (January 18, 2018). "Route of FM 2743" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2134". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2744". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2745". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1538". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2746". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2747". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1081". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2748". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1263". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 93". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2749". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2750". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2751". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2752". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2753". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2754". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2755". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2756". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2757". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2758". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2759". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Google (January 7, 2013). "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 7, 2013. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2760". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2761". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2762". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2763". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2764". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Google (May 3, 2013). "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 3, 2013. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2765". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2766". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2767". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2768". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2769". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1538. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1539. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ Google (July 23, 2015). "Overview Map of RM 2769" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 23, 2015. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2770". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2771". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2772". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2773". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2774". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2775". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ El Paso, Texas-New Mexico-Chihuahua (PDF) (Map) (1983 ed.). 1:100,000. 30X60 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Park Road No. 68". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 772". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2776". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2777". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2778". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2779". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2780". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2781". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2782". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2783". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2784". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2785". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2786". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2786". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1992". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2484". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2787". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2788". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2789". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2790". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1518". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Google (December 26, 2017). "Overview Map of FM 2790" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1701". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2791". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2792". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2793". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ "Minutes of the Five Hundred and Seventy Ninth Meeting, A Regular Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Austin, Texas..." (PDF). publicdocs.txdot.gov. State of Texas, State Highway Department. April 30, 1962. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1795". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2794". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2795". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2796". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2797". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2798". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2799". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Callahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_604"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2700-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_779-2"},{"link_name":"FM 603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_603"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2700-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MO_89171-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_779-2"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2700 (FM 2700) is located in Callahan County. It runs from FM 604 south of Clyde westward 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to FM 18.[1][2]FM 2700 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route. A westward extension 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to FM 603 was designated on August 29, 1989, pending acceptance the county.[1][3] This extension was automatically cancelled due to lack of acceptance and remains under county jurisdiction.[2]","title":"FM 2700"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2229"},{"link_name":"O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Brien,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_222"},{"link_name":"Knox City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2701-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_484-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2701-4"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2701 (FM 2701) is located in Haskell and Knox counties. It runs from FM 2229 east of O'Brien north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to SH 222 in Knox City.[4][5]FM 2701 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route.[4]","title":"FM 2701"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_92"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2702-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_610-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2702-6"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2702 (FM 2702) is located in Jones County. It runs from US 277 southwest of Stamford, at the eastern terminus of SH 92, eastward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to SH 6, where it continues as CR 206.[6][7]FM 2702 was designated on May 20, 1961, along the current route.[6]","title":"FM 2702"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_142"},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2703-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_610-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2703-8"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2703 (FM 2703) is located in Jones County. It runs from FM 142 east of Stamford southward 1 mile (1.6 km) before state maintenance ends at CR 210. The roadway continues as CR 241.[8][7]FM 2703 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route.[8]","title":"FM 2703"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosque County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_56"},{"link_name":"Valley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1637"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2704 (FM 2704) was located in Bosque County. No highway currently uses the FM 2704 designation.FM 2704 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from FM 56 north of Valley Mills eastward 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to a county road. The highway was extended further east 1.2 miles (1.9 km) on May 2, 1962. FM 2704 was cancelled on July 2, 1965, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1637.[10]","title":"FM 2704"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2705 (FM 2705) is located in Limestone County.","title":"FM 2705"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2706 (FM 2706) is located in Anderson County.","title":"FM 2706"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2707 (FM 2707) is located in Coleman and Callahan counties.","title":"FM 2707"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2005"},{"link_name":"FM 1047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1047"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"FM 2707 (1961)","text":"FM 2707 was first designated on September 20, 1961, running from FM 2005 east of Pecan Wells southeast 3.7 miles (6.0 km) to a county road. The highway was cancelled on October 9, 1961, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1047.[14]","title":"FM 2707"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Linwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwood,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2708 (FM 2708) is located in Cherokee County. It runs about 2 miles (3.2 km) from an intersection with a county road northward to an intersection with SH 21 in Linwood.FM 2708 was designated on September 20, 1961.","title":"FM 2708"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2709 (FM 2709) is located in Henderson County.","title":"FM 2709"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2710 (FM 2710) is located in Smith County.","title":"FM 2710"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ochiltree County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiltree_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2711 (FM 2711) is located in Ochiltree County.","title":"FM 2711"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2712 (FM 2712) is located in Houston County.","title":"FM 2712"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2713 (FM 2713) is located in Nacogdoches County.","title":"FM 2713"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayette County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2714 (FM 2714) is located in Fayette County.","title":"FM 2714"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrigan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_357"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"FM 2714 (1961)","text":"FM 2714 was first designated on September 20, 1961, running from US 59 north of Corrigan northward 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection. The highway was cancelled on May 23, 1966, with the mileage being transferred to FM 357.[22]","title":"FM 2714"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2715 (FM 2715) is a highway that was designated twice. No highway currently uses the FM 2715 designation.","title":"FM 2715"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1462"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"FM 2715 (1961)","text":"The first route numbered FM 2715 was designated on September 20, 1961, from FM 762 east to the Brazos River. It became part of FM 1462 when it was extended west across the river.[23]","title":"FM 2715"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_171"},{"link_name":"Thornberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornberry,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1740"},{"link_name":"SH 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_79"},{"link_name":"FM 2393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2393"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"FM 2715 (1962)","text":"The second route numbered FM 2715 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from FM 171 at Thornberry southeastward to FM 1740 at a distance of approximately 2.4 miles (3.9 km). The highway was extended 2.8 miles (4.5 km) to a road intersection on May 6, 1964. The highway was extended south to SH 79 on June 2, 1967. FM 2715 was cancelled on June 21, 1967, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2393.[25]","title":"FM 2715"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delta County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2716 (FM 2716) is located in Delta County.","title":"FM 2716"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1092"},{"link_name":"FM 1736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1736"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"FM 2716 (1961)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2716 was designated on September 20, 1961. It became part of either FM 1092 or FM 1736 when both roads were extended.[27]","title":"FM 2716"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calhoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2717 (FM 2717) is located in Calhoun County.","title":"FM 2717"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DeWitt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2718 (FM 2718) is located in DeWitt County.","title":"FM 2718"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2719 (FM 2719) is located in Hill County.","title":"FM 2719"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 90-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiner,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_95"},{"link_name":"FM 966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_966"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"FM 2719 (1961)","text":"FM 2719 was first designated on September 20, 1961, running from US 90-A in Shiner southwest to a county road at a distance of 3.4 miles (5.5 km). The highway's northern terminus was relocated to SH 95 on May 24, 1962. FM 2719 was cancelled later that day, with the mileage being transferred to FM 966.[31]","title":"FM 2719"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2720 (FM 2720) is located in Hays and Caldwell counties.","title":"FM 2720"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2721 (RM 2721) is located in Gillespie and Blanco counties.","title":"RM 2721"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comal County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2722 (RM 2722) is located in Comal County.","title":"RM 2722"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2723 (FM 2723) is located in Franklin County.","title":"FM 2723"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_725"}],"sub_title":"FM 2723 (1961)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2723 was designated on September 20, 1961, to run from FM 78 in McQueeney to US 90. This route was cancelled on December 11, 1961, and became a portion of FM 725.","title":"FM 2723"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2724 (FM 2724) is located in Karnes County.","title":"FM 2724"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Patricio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2725 (FM 2725) is located in San Patricio County.","title":"FM 2725"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2726 (FM 2726) is located in Washington County.","title":"FM 2726"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_243"},{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_429"},{"link_name":"College Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Mound,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2727 (FM 2727) is located in Kaufman County.FM 2727 begins at an intersection with SH 243 east of Kaufman. The highway travels in a northeast direction, running between the two city lakes and Kaufman Lake. FM 2727 turns in a more eastward direction at County Road 140 before briefly turning towards the south and turning back northeast at County Road 103. The highway continues to run in a northeast direction before ending at an intersection with FM 429 southwest of College Mound.FM 2727 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from SH 243 near Kaufman to County Road 103 at a distance of approximately 4.3 miles (6.9 km). The highway was extended to FM 429 on June 25, 1962, bringing FM 2727 to its current route.","title":"FM 2727"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Trinity Valley Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Valley_Community_College"},{"link_name":"FM 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_429"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ables Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ables_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2728 (FM 2728) is located in Kaufman County.FM 2728 begins at an intersection with SH 34 between Kaufman and Oak Ridge. The highway runs northeast through Oak Ridge then runs through more rural areas of the county. FM 2728 runs near Trinity Valley Community College and has an overlap with FM 429. The two highways separate just north of I-20, with FM 2728 running northeast to Elmo. In Elmo, the highway shares an overlap with US 80. FM 2728 continues to run in a northeast direction before turning northeast near County Road 342. The highway continues to run northwest until ending at an intersection with FM 429 near Ables Springs.FM 2728 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from US 80 in Elmo southwestward to FM 429. The highway was extended 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from FM 429 to SH 34 near Kaufman on May 6, 1964. On May 5, 1966, FM 2728 was extended northeast 3.3 miles (5.3 km) from US 80 in Elmo to road intersection. The highway was extended further north 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to FM 429, bringing FM 2728 to its current routing.Junction listThe entire route is in Kaufman County.","title":"FM 2728"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2729 (FM 2729) is located in Grayson County.","title":"FM 2729"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2730 (FM 2730) is located in Uvalde County.","title":"FM 2730"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2731 (FM 2731) is located in Eastland County.","title":"FM 2731"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Saba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2732 (FM 2732) is located in San Saba County.","title":"FM 2732"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Briscoe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2733 (FM 2733) is located in Briscoe County.","title":"FM 2733"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingsworth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingsworth_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2734 (FM 2734) is located in Collingsworth County.","title":"FM 2734"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2735 (FM 2735) is located in Bowie County.","title":"FM 2735"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2736 (FM 2736) is located in Hunt County.","title":"FM 2736"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2737 (FM 2737) is located in Hunt and Rains counties.","title":"FM 2737"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2738 (FM 2738) is located in Johnson County.","title":"FM 2738"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooke_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2739 (FM 2739) is located in Cooke County.","title":"FM 2739"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_254"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1191"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2740 (FM 2740) was located in Young County. No highway currently uses the FM 2740 designation.FM 2740 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from SH 254 at Henry Chapel, northeastward to the Jack county line. The highway was cancelled on May 22, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1191.[54]","title":"FM 2740"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipscomb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipscomb_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2741 (FM 2741) is located in Lipscomb County.","title":"FM 2741"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2742 (FM 2742) is located in Coke County.","title":"FM 2742"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_63"},{"link_name":"Zavalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavalla,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Angelina National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"FM 3373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3373"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2743 (FM 2743) is located in Angelina County.FM 2743 begins at an intersection with SH 63 east of Zavalla. The highway travels east through the Angelina National Forest and intersects FM 3373 before ending at the entrance to Caney Creek Park at Forest Service Road 336.[58]FM 2743 was designated on October 28, 1966, on its current route.Junction listThe entire route is in Angelina County.","title":"FM 2743"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 2134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2134"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"FM 2743 (1962)","text":"FM 2743 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from US 87 east of Eden, northward at a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was cancelled on May 16, 1966, with the mileage being transferred to RM 2134 (now FM 2134).[60]","title":"FM 2743"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fisher County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2744 (FM 2744) is located in Fisher County.","title":"FM 2744"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falls County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2745 (FM 2745) is located in Falls County.","title":"FM 2745"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Wells County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_716"},{"link_name":"Premont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_285"},{"link_name":"FM 1538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1538"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2745-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1538-64"}],"sub_title":"FM 2745 (1962)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2745 was designated in Jim Wells County on June 2, 1962, running from FM 716 west of Premont to SH 285 at a distance of approximately 7.4 miles (11.9 km). This route was cancelled on May 1, 1965; the southern 3.8 miles (6.1 km) was transferred to FM 1538, and the remainder was removed from the state highway system.[62][63]","title":"FM 2745"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2746 (FM 2746) is located in Jones County.","title":"FM 2746"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2747 (FM 2747) is located in Shelby County.","title":"FM 2747"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"Clairemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairemont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1081","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1081"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"FM 2747 (1962)","text":"FM 2747 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from US 380, 11 miles (18 km) west of Clairemont, northward to a point at a distance of approximately 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was cancelled on June 10, 1965, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1081.[66]","title":"FM 2747"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2748 (RM 2748) is located in Real and Uvalde counties.","title":"RM 2748"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Salt Fork Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Fork_Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"FM 1263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1263"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"FM 2748 (1962)","text":"FM 2748 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from US 83, north of the Salt Fork Brazos River, southeast to a point at a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was extended 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to the Salt Fork Brazos River on June 28, 1963. FM 2748 was cancelled on May 22, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1263.[68]","title":"RM 2748"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_317"},{"link_name":"Belton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_439"},{"link_name":"FM 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_93"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"FM 2748 (1965)","text":"FM 2748 was designated a second time on June 1, 1965, running from SH 317 in Belton to FM 439. The highway was cancelled on January 31, 1974, with the mileage being transferred to FM 93.[69]","title":"RM 2748"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2749 (FM 2749) is located in Limestone County.","title":"FM 2749"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2064"},{"link_name":"New Summerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Summerfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2750 (FM 2750) is located in Cherokee County. It runs 2.8 miles (4.5 km) from an intersection with FM 2064 northwest of New Summerfield, east to an intersection with SH 110.FM 2750 was designated on May 2, 1962, along the current route.","title":"FM 2750"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1844"},{"link_name":"Judson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2751 (FM 2751) is located in Gregg County, running from FM 1844 near Judson north to Brown Rd.FM 2751 was designated in 1962 from proposed SH 26 (now US 259) north 3.6 miles (5.8 km). In 1977, FM 2751 was extended north to US 259, its current northern terminus.Junction listThe entire route is in Gregg County.","title":"FM 2751"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2752 (FM 2752) is located in Henderson County.","title":"FM 2752"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rusk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2753 (FM 2753) is located in Rusk County.","title":"FM 2753"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2754 (FM 2754) is located in Austin County.","title":"FM 2754"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2755 (FM 2755) is located in Collin County.","title":"FM 2755"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2756 (FM 2756) is located in Collin County.","title":"FM 2756"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_740"},{"link_name":"Mesquite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_741"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2757 (FM 2757) is located in Kaufman County.FM 2757 begins at an intersection with FM 740 in Mesquite just south of I-20. The highway runs in a southeast direction through rural areas of the county, running just south of Soil Conservation Service Site Reservoir 11 before ending at an intersection with FM 741 southeast of the Heartland subdivision.FM 2757 was designated on June 25, 1962, along the current route.","title":"FM 2757"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemphill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemphill_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2758 (RM 2758) is located in Hemphill County.","title":"RM 2758"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2758","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2758 was designated on May 2, 1962, from SH 36 at Orchard north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to a point 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the Brazos River. On July 30, 1963, FM 2758 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1489.","title":"RM 2758"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Bend County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Farm to Market Road 762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_762"},{"link_name":"Thompsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompsons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"Greatwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_762"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleFM2759-82"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"Lamar Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleFM2759-82"},{"link_name":"Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabb,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Thompsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompsons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2759-81"},{"link_name":"Fort Bend County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FM_2759_at_Middle_Bayou_Richmond_TX.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FM_2759_Crabb_River_Road.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Booth_Texas_Road_Sign.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thompsons_Texas_Sign.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thompsons_TX_end_of_FM_2759.JPG"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2759 (FM 2759) is located in Fort Bend County. The highway begins at Interstate 69 (I-69)/U.S. Highway 59 (US 59), heads southwest to Farm to Market Road 762, turns southeast and ends in Thompsons.FM 2759 starts as a four-lane road at the I-69/US 59 underpass and goes southwest for 1.8 miles (2.9 km). In this stretch, FM 2759 is also known as Crabb River Road. The highway is a continuation of SH 99 which heads northeast from I-69/US 59. Nearby communities include Greatwood, Tara and Canyongate at the Brazos. Businesses along Crabb River Road include a car dealership, a few petrol stations, and a number of stores and restaurants. There are traffic signals at Sansbury Boulevard and Tara Drive and bridges over Middle Bayou and Rabbs Bayou. FM 2759 turns sharply to the east-southeast at the traffic light controlled intersection with FM 762.[81]From this place to its terminus, FM 2759 runs parallel to the BNSF Railway tracks. For 1.0 mile (1.6 km) until it reaches Macek Road, the highway passes along the south side of the Tara subdivision. The William C. Velasquez Elementary School of the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District is 500 yards (457 m) north of the highway at Macek Road. After this point the landscape becomes rural. At Booth, the highway bends more to the southeast. The Riverpointe Golf Club is southeast of Booth on the north side. Just before Pittman Road, FM 2759 passes under electric transmission lines before curving slightly more to the southeast. As the highway approaches Thompsons, there is an oil well, tanks and a flare on the north side. Near Y. U. Jones Road, the highway bends so that it goes nearly east. After an additional 0.5 miles (0.8 km) FM 2759 intersects with Thompsons Oil Field Road, which goes south across the railroad tracks. The road continues east for another 0.5 miles (0.8 km) but only connects with minor roads beyond that point.[81]FM 2759 was originally designated on May 2, 1962, to go from FM 762 at Crabb to the southeast about 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to Thompsons. On September 5, 1973, the highway was extended an additional 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to the northeast from FM 762 to what is now I-69/US 59 and SH 99 intersection.[80]Junction listThe entire highway is in Fort Bend County.North end of FM 2759 near the I-69/US 59 overpass\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView northwest at FM 762 and Crabb River Rd\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLooking southeast at Booth with BNSF Railway on right\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView east at Y. U. Jones Rd in Thompsons\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth end of FM 2759 at Thompsons Oil Field Rd","title":"FM 2759"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calhoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2760 (FM 2760) is located in Calhoun County.","title":"FM 2760"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2761 (FM 2761) is located in Colorado County.","title":"FM 2761"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayette County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2762 (FM 2762) is located in Fayette County.","title":"FM 2762"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scurry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurry_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2763 (FM 2763) is located in Scurry County.","title":"FM 2763"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2763 (1962)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2763 was designated on May 2, 1962, from US 77, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Hallettsville, southwest 5.3 miles (8.5 km) to Mont. On November 26, 1969, the road was extended southwest 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from Mont. On May 5, 1970, the road was extended southwest to FM 531. FM 2763 was cancelled on May 18, 1970, and became a portion of FM 318.","title":"FM 2763"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Alternate_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Lissie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wharton Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1093"},{"link_name":"Chesterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2764-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lissie_TX_US_90A_and_FM_2764.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesterville_TX_Sign_on_FM_1164.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesterville_TX_Storage_FM_2764.JPG"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2764 (FM 2764) is located in Wharton and Colorado counties. The two-lane highway begins at US 90 Alt. northwest of Lissie, heads northeast along the boundary line between Colorado and Wharton Counties and ends at FM 1093 in Chesterville.A two-lane road along its full course, FM 2764 starts at a stop sign on US 90 Alt. at a distance 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Lissie. From this point, the highway crosses the Union Pacific Railroad and heads northeast along the Colorado–Wharton county line. The gravel road that goes southwest from the starting point is called County Line Road. FM 2764 runs 4.4 miles (7.1 km) through croplands until it crosses a disused railroad and ends at FM 1093. A short distance before its end, FM 2764 curves to the north into Colorado County and meets FM 1093 at a stop sign in the small community of Chesterville.[87]FM 2764 was designated on May 2, 1962, along the current route.[86]View northeast at junction of US 90 Alt. and FM 2764\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChesterville sign on FM 2764 looking northeast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrain storage unit in Chesterville from FM 2764","title":"FM 2764"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wharton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2765 (FM 2765) is located in Wharton County.","title":"FM 2765"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanco County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2766 (RM 2766) is located in Blanco County.","title":"RM 2766"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loop 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_323"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"Kilgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2767 (FM 2767), also known as Old Kilgore Highway, runs from Loop 323 in Tyler east to SH 31 near Kilgore.The current route of FM 2767 was designated on December 20, 1963. On September 29, 2005, FM 2767 was rerouted to end at Loop 323 further north; the old route from FM 850 to the new route was obliterated, the old route from FM 850 to near Loop 323 was given to the county, and a small portion near Loop 323 was obliterated.Junction list","title":"FM 2767"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillespie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 2323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2323"}],"sub_title":"RM 2767","text":"A previous route numbered Ranch to Market Road 2767 (RM 2767) was designated in Gillespie County on May 2, 1962, from US 87 north of Fredericksburg northward 6.5 miles (10.5 km). RM 2767 was cancelled on July 10, 1963, and became part of RM 2323, which was extended.","title":"FM 2767"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2768 (RM 2768) is located in Llano County.","title":"RM 2768"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Volente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volente,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1538-94"},{"link_name":"RM 620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_620"},{"link_name":"Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1539-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-96"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2769-93"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2769 (RM 2769) is a 7-mile (11 km) route in Travis County. A portion of RM 2769 carries the name Anderson Mill Road.RM 2769 begins in Volente at an intersection with Lime Creek Road.[93] It proceeds northeast to an intersection with Anderson Mill Road, along which it continues for one mile (1.6 km) before terminating at RM 620 near the Travis–Williamson county line.[94][95]RM 2769 was designated on May 2, 1962, with its current description.[92]RM 2769 originally ran continuously from Volente to its intersection with RM 620. In 2007, Anderson Mill Road was extended along the most easterly mile (1.6 km) of this right-of-way. RM 2769 now approaches from the southwest and continues onto Anderson Mill Road using a T-intersection.[citation needed]","title":"RM 2769"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hays County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2770 (FM 2770) is located in Hays County.","title":"FM 2770"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2770 (1962)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2770 was designated on May 2, 1962, from FM 466, 2.7 miles (4.3 km) east of FM 477, south 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to a point 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north of the Gonzales County line. On June 2, 1967, the road was extended to the Gonzales County line. FM 2770 was cancelled on June 15, 1967, and became a portion of FM 1117.","title":"FM 2770"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Kerrville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_173"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2771 (FM 2771) is located in Kerr County. The highway is known locally as Lower Turtle Creek Road.FM 2771 begins at an intersection with SH 16 southwest of Kerrville. The highway runs parallel to Turtle Creek and crosses the creek twice before turning north and ending at an intersection with SH 173 southeast of Kerrville. FM 2771 is a two-lane road with a speed limit of 55 MPH for its entire length.FM 2771 was designated on May 2, 1962, along the current route.","title":"FM 2771"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2772 (FM 2772) is located in Wilson County.","title":"FM 2772"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2773 (FM 2773) is located in Karnes County.","title":"FM 2773"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burleson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2774 (FM 2774) is located in Burleson County.","title":"FM 2774"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2775&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2775&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 2775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2775"},{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hueco Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueco_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Hueco Tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueco_Tanks"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department"},{"link_name":"PR 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Park_Road_68"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_68-104"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 2775KML is not from WikidataRanch to Market Road 2775 (RM 2775) is located in El Paso County. The highway is known locally as Hueco Tanks Road.RM 2235 begins in western Butterfield northeast of El Paso at Montana Avenue which carries US 62 and US 180 in northeastern El Paso County. The 5.5-mile (8.9 km) route encounters gentle grades running through a valley in the western Hueco Mountains east of Fort Bliss, past the Hueco Tanks rock formation to Hueco Tanks State Historic Site, a state park maintained by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The road becomes PR 68 upon entering the park. Along its length, the road intersects only local streets and private roads.[102]RM 2775 was designated on June 2, 1967, along the current route. On February 21, 1974, the continuation of the road within the state park, previously without designation, was named Park Road 68.[103]","title":"RM 2775"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_628"},{"link_name":"RM 628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_628"},{"link_name":"Loyola Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Beach,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_772"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"FM 2775 (1962)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2775 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from FM 628 (now RM 628) west of Loyola Beach to a point approximately 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to the northwest. The highway was cancelled on May 18, 1966, with the mileage being transferred to FM 772.[104]","title":"RM 2775"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_974"},{"link_name":"Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wixon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wixon_Valley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2776-106"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2776 (FM 2776) is located in Brazos County. It runs from FM 974, 0.9 miles (1.4 km) northeast of Tabor, southeastward to SH 21 and US 190 in Wixon Valley.FM 2776 was designated in 1962 along its current route.[105]","title":"FM 2776"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2777 (FM 2777) is located in Freestone County.","title":"FM 2777"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_150"},{"link_name":"FM 2693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2693"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2778 (FM 2778) was located in Walker County. No highway currently uses the FM 2778 designation.FM 2778 was designated on May 2, 1962, from SH 150 northeastward a distance of 4.9 miles (7.9 km). FM 2778 was cancelled on December 21, 1990, and became a portion of FM 2693. FM 2778 was not cancelled until the road connecting FM 2693's previous end 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to FM 2778 was complete.","title":"FM 2778"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frio_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2779 (FM 2779) is located in Frio County.","title":"FM 2779"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2780 (FM 2780) is located in Washington County.","title":"FM 2780"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2781 (FM 2781) is located in Houston and Trinity counties.","title":"FM 2781"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2782 (FM 2782) is located in Nacogdoches County.","title":"FM 2782"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2783 (FM 2783) is located in Nacogdoches County.","title":"FM 2783"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2784 (FM 2784) is located in Sabine County.","title":"FM 2784"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2785 (FM 2785) is located in San Augustine County.","title":"FM 2785"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fairview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1378"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2786-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-118"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2786 (FM 2786) is located in Collin County. The highway is locally known as Stacy Road.FM 2786 begins at junction with SH 5 in Allen. FM 2786 enters into Fairview and ends at an intersection with FM 1378.The current FM 2786 was designated on May 25, 1976, running from US 75 eastward to FM 1378. On June 27, 1995, the entire route was redesignated Urban Road 2786 (UR 2786).[116] On July 26, 2007, the section from US 75 to SH 5 was cancelled and removed from the state highway system. The designation of the remaining section reverted to FM 2786 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[117]","title":"FM 2786"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_103"},{"link_name":"FM 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1992"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"FM 2786 (1962)","text":"The first route numbered FM 2786 was designated on May 2, 1962, running from SH 103 to a road intersection at a distance of approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km). The highway was decommissioned on June 20, 1967, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1992.[118]","title":"FM 2786"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1670"},{"link_name":"Stillhouse Hollow Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhouse_Hollow_Lake"},{"link_name":"FM 2484","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2484"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"FM 2786 (1967)","text":"The second route numbered FM 2786 was designated on October 25, 1967, running from FM 1670 to Stillhouse Hollow Lake at a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8.0 km) as a redesignation of the old route of FM 1670. The highway's western terminus was moved 0.46 miles (0.74 km) on October 1, 1968. FM 2786 was cancelled on December 29, 1975, with the mileage being transferred to FM 2484.[119]","title":"FM 2786"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2787 (FM 2787) is located in Shelby County.","title":"FM 2787"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2788 (FM 2788) is located in Shelby County.","title":"FM 2788"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2789 (FM 2789) is located in Bowie County.","title":"FM 2789"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_471"},{"link_name":"LaCoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaCoste,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_410"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Lytle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_132"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1604"},{"link_name":"Medina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_River"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"SH 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_130"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1604"},{"link_name":"FM 1518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1518"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2790 (FM 2790) runs from FM 471 in LaCoste to I-410 in southwestern San Antonio.FM 2790 begins at an intersection with FM 471 in LaCoste and runs along the southern half of Castro Avenue through the city. The highway runs in a southern direction before entering the city of Lytle and has an overlap with SH 132. FM 2790 meets I-35 before leaving the city and turns to the east. The highway enters Somerset and runs along Dixon Street before turning northeast onto Somerset Road. FM 2790 intersects with Loop 1604 before leaving the city. The highway enters the city limits of San Antonio and crosses over the Medina River. FM 2790 continues to run in a northeast direction through the southwestern part of the city before ending at I-410/SH 16/SH 130.The current FM 2790 was designated on August 23, 1973, running from FM 471 in LaCoste to a point at US 81 (now SH 132) in Lytle, then from another point at US 81 to FM 1604 (now Loop 1604) in Somerset as a renumbering of a portion of FM 1518.[124] On June 21, 1977, the eastern terminus of the highway was moved when FM 1604 was re-rerouted through Somerset. The highway was extended 1.6 miles (2.6 km) northeast past Loop 1604. The highway was extended further northeastward to the Medina River on May 27, 1987. The last change came on November 11, 1987, when FM 2790 was extended to I-410 in San Antonio.Junction list","title":"FM 2790"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_26"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259"},{"link_name":"DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1701"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"FM 2790 (1962)","text":"FM 2790 was first designated on May 2, 1962, running from SH 26 (now US 259) west of DeKalb westward 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to a county road. This highway was cancelled on May 18, 1970, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1701.[126]","title":"FM 2790"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2791 (FM 2791) is located in Cass County.","title":"FM 2791"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2792 (FM 2792) is located in Panola County. It runs from US 59 northeast to FM 1794.FM 2792 was designated on November 24, 1970, on its current route.","title":"FM 2792"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2792 (1962)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2792 was designated on May 2, 1962, from FM 31 in DeBerry west and south 4.7 miles (7.6 km) to FM 1186. FM 2792 was cancelled on November 24, 1970, and became a portion of FM 1794; FM 2792 was reassigned to the old route of US 59.","title":"FM 2792"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2793 (FM 2793) is located in Walker County.","title":"FM 2793"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"FM 554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_554"},{"link_name":"FM 1795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1795"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1795-133"}],"sub_title":"FM 2793 (1962)","text":"FM 2793 was first designated on May 2, 1962, from SH 154 southward through Kelsey to FM 554. This was cancelled on August 3, 1971, and mileage was transferred to FM 1795.[130][131]","title":"FM 2793"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2794 (FM 2794) is located in Crosby and Dickens counties.","title":"FM 2794"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rains County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2795 (FM 2795) is located in Rains County.","title":"FM 2795"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upshur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2796 (FM 2796) is located in Upshur County.","title":"FM 2796"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2797 (FM 2797) is located in Liberty County.","title":"FM 2797"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2798 (FM 2798) is located in Hardin and Polk counties.","title":"FM 2798"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasper County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2799 (FM 2799) is located in Jasper County.","title":"FM 2799"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2728-concur_41-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2790-concur_125-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2728 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 80 and FM 429.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2790 considers to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 132 in Lytle.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2700\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2700.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2700\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 779. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/779.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 89171\" (PDF). Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. August 29, 1989. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003688427.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 89171\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2701\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2701.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2701\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 484. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/484.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2702\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2702.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2702\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 610. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/610.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2703\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2703.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2703\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2704\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2704.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2704\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1637\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1637.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1637\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2705\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2705.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2705\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2706\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2706.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2706\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2707\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2707.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2707\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1047\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1047.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1047\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2708\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2708.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2708\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2709\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2709.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2709\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2710\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2710.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2710\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2711\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2711.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2711\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2712\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2712.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2712\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2713\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2713.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2713\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2714\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2714.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2714\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 357\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0357.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 357\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2715\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2715.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2715\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2393\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2393.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2393\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2716\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2716.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2716\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2717\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2717.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2717\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2718\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2718.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2718\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2719\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2719.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2719\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 966\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0966.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 966\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2720\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2720.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2720\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2721\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2721.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2721\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2722\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2722.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2722\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2723\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2723.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2723\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2724\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2724.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2724\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2725\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2725.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2725\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2726\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2726.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2726\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2727\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2727.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2727\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2728\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2728.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2728\""}]},{"reference":"Google (December 31, 2017). \"Overview Map of FM 2728\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.6137633,-96.2709565/32.7997768,-96.1095719/32.8154024,-96.1292162/@32.7176361,-96.2093072,12z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 2728\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2729\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2729.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2729\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2730\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2730.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2730\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2731\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2731.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2731\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2732\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2732.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2732\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2733\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2733.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2733\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2734\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2734.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2734\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2735\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2735.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2735\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2736\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2736.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2736\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2737\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2737.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2737\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2738\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2738.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2738\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2739\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2739.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2739\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2740\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2740.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2740\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1191\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1191.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1191\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2741\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2741.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2741\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2742\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2742.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2742\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2743\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2743.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2743\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Forests and Grasslands in Texas - Caney Creek\". United States Forest Service. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/texas/recarea/?recid=30210","url_text":"\"National Forests and Grasslands in Texas - Caney Creek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service","url_text":"United States Forest Service"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 18, 2018). \"Route of FM 2743\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.1493904,-94.3462663/31.1304895,-94.2701065/@31.1313301,-94.3159248,14z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2743\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2134\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2134.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2134\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2744\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2744.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2744\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2745\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2745.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2745\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1538\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1538.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1538\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2746\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2746.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2746\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2747\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2747.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2747\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1081\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1081.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1081\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2748\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2748.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2748\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1263\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1263.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1263\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 93\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0093.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 93\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2749\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2749.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2749\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2750\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2750.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2750\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2751\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2751.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2751\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2752\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2752.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2752\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2753\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2753.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2753\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2754\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2754.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2754\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2755\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2755.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2755\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2756\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2756.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2756\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2757\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2757.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2757\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2758\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2758.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2758\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2759\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2759.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2759\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 7, 2013). \"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=us+post+office+near+Thompsons,+TX&daddr=HEB,+Southwest+Freeway+Fwy,+Richmond+TX&hl=en&ll=29.533437,-95.643883&spn=0.131135,0.307274&sll=29.517215,-95.68122&sspn=0.131156,0.307274&geocode=FS_rwQEdCn1N-iFwPRKlBsA8tCnBDarQyvpAhjFwPRKlBsA8tA%3BFe0ewwEdMfRL-iE-o4dgiRp-aCnzWBXr0uNAhjE-o4dgiRp-aA&mra=ls&t=m&z=12","url_text":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2760\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2760.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2760\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2761\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2761.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2761\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2762\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2762.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2762\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2763\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2763.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2763\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2764\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2764.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2764\""}]},{"reference":"Google (May 3, 2013). \"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=FM+2764+Hwy+and+US+90A&daddr=CR+262+Rd+and+FM+1093&hl=en&sll=29.604693,-96.211524&sspn=0.013862,0.027316&geocode=FQIbwwEdukpD-ikNG5qBEWZBhjEBrbyn2yeOZw%3BFcnQwwEdXQhE-ikj5MfoT2hBhjEKuD2BtDm_bQ&mra=ls&t=m&z=14","url_text":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2700–2799)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2765\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2765.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2765\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2766\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2766.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2766\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2767\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2767.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2767\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2768\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2768.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2768\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2769\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2769.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2769\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1538. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1538.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1539. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1539.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 23, 2015). \"Overview Map of RM 2769\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Ranch+to+Market+620+%26+Anderson+Mill+Rd,+Austin,+TX/30.4418485,-97.912421/@30.4507716,-97.8681933,13.4z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!1m1!1s0x865b328b20f08269:0xa21c1c53e969cc0c!2m2!1d-97.825843!2d30.4553852!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Overview Map of RM 2769\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2770\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2770.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2770\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2771\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2771.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2771\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2772\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2772.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2772\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2773\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2773.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2773\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2774\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2774.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2774\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2775\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2775.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2775\""}]},{"reference":"El Paso, Texas-New Mexico-Chihuahua (PDF) (Map) (1983 ed.). 1:100,000. 30X60 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5200565&quad=El%20Paso&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"El Paso, Texas-New Mexico-Chihuahua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Park Road No. 68\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/PR/PR0068.htm","url_text":"\"Park Road No. 68\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 772\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0772.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 772\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2776\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2776.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2776\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2777\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2777.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2777\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2778\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2778.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2778\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2779\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2779.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2779\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2780\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2780.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2780\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2781\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2781.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2781\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2782\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2782.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2782\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2783\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2783.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2783\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2784\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2784.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2784\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2785\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2785.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2785\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2786\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2786.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2786\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2786\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2786.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2786\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1992\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1992.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1992\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2484\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2484.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2484\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2787\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2787.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2787\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2788\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2788.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2788\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2789\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2789.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2789\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2790\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2790.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2790\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1518\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1518.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1518\""}]},{"reference":"Google (December 26, 2017). \"Overview Map of FM 2790\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.308889,-98.8137144/29.316129,-98.5920379/@29.2937462,-98.7914896,12z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-98.8050654!2d29.2333986!3s0x865c49903e8d6407:0x6c4c2eeab407683d!3m4!1m2!1d-98.7018395!2d29.2250981!3s0x865c4dd507fa94d7:0xd4396968a5f3a7ff!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 2790\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1701\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1701.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1701\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2791\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2791.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2791\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2792\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2792.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2792\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2793\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2793.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2793\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Five Hundred and Seventy Ninth Meeting, A Regular Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Austin, Texas...\" (PDF). publicdocs.txdot.gov. State of Texas, State Highway Department. April 30, 1962. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676568.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Five Hundred and Seventy Ninth Meeting, A Regular Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Austin, Texas...\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1795\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1795.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1795\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2794\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2794.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2794\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2795\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2795.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2795\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2796\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2796.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2796\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2797\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2797.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2797\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2798\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2798.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2798\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2799\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2799.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2799\""}]}]
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No. 2730\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2731.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2731\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2732.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2732\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2733.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2733\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2734.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2734\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2735.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2735\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2736.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2736\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2737.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2737\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2738.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road 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No. 2783\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2784.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2784\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2785.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2785\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2786.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2786\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2786.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2786\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115371\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1992.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1992\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2484.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2484\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2787.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road 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No. 1701\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2791.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2791\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2792.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2792\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2793.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2793\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676568.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Five Hundred and Seventy Ninth Meeting, A Regular Meeting of the State Highway Commission Held in Austin, Texas...\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1795.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1795\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2794.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2794\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2795.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2795\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2796.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2796\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2797.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2797\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2798.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2798\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2799.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2799\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleh_Kesh
Kuleh Kesh
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°57′11″N 49°31′58″E / 36.95306°N 49.53278°E / 36.95306; 49.53278Village in Iran Village in Gilan, IranKuleh Kesh كوله كشvillageKuleh KeshCoordinates: 36°57′11″N 49°31′58″E / 36.95306°N 49.53278°E / 36.95306; 49.53278Country IranProvinceGilanCountyRudbarBakhshCentralRural DistrictRostamabad-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total78Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Kuleh Kesh (Persian: كوله كش, also Romanized as Kūleh Kesh; also known as Kūl Kesh) is a village in Rostamabad-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Rudbar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 78, in 24 families. References ^ Kuleh Kesh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10758521" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Rudbar CountyCapital Rudbar DistrictsCentralCities Lowshan Manjil Rudbar Rostamabad Rural Districts and villagesKalashtar Aghuzbon Aliabad Dashtagan Galivarz Jamalabad-e Hallaj Jamalabad-e Kuseh Jamalabad-e Nezamivand Kalashtar Pa Chenar Razkand Sefid Rud Tala Bar Tork Neshin Lowshan Rostamabad-e Jonubi(South Rostamabad) Aminabad Fildeh Ganjeh Juben Kaluraz Kara Rud-e Jamshidabad Poshteh Shemam Yeylaqi-ye Darestan Yeylaqi-ye Lakeh Rostamabad-e Shomali(North Rostamabad) Chubtarash Mahalleh Diz Kuh Eskolak Harkian Khulak Kohneh Van Sara Kuleh Kesh Mazian Pir Sara Reshterud Siah Rud Poshteh Tuseh Rud AmarluCities Jirandeh Rural Districts and villagesJirandeh Aineh Deh Bivarzin Damash Dasht Raz Eskabon Guvard Karamak-e Bala Kareh Rud Madan-e Sangrud Pa Rudbar Pakdeh Sangrud Yeknam Zakabar Zard Kesh Kalisham Anbuh Dogasar Gerdelat Kalisham Kharehpu Layeh Naveh Now Deh Viyeh KhorgamCities Barehsar Rural Districts and villagesDolfak Bararud Heshmatabad Jalal Deh Liavol-e Olya Liavol-e Sofla Mashmian Shir Kadeh Vishan Khorgam Asia Barak Chehesh Chelvan Sara Chichal Donbal Deh Dowsaledeh Espahabdan Estalkh Kuh Galankash Garzaneh Chak Gerd Visheh Gupol Karaf Chal Koshkosh Magas Khani Nash Naveh Now Deh Pastal Kuh Poshteh Kolah Qusheh Laneh Sang Sarak Seh Pestanak Seyqaldeh Shah-e Shahidan Sibon Talakuh Tiyeh Rahmatabad and BlukatCities Tutkabon Rural Districts and villagesBlukat Ber Agur Dilma Deh Doldim-e Bozorg Gerd Poshteh Halimeh Jan Kandalat Kukeneh Lapeh Sara Liafu Mian Farirud Mirza Golband Mush Bijar Renasak Bon Rud Sar Sarfarirud Shahr-e Bijar Sheykh Ali Tuseh Dasht-e Veyl Chak Chalga Sar Cheleh Bar Chorreh Dafraz Darreh Dasht Dasht-e Veyl Estakhrgah Hajji Deh Hajji Shirkia Khaseh Kul Kolus Forush Konbak Lafand Sara Makhshar Palang Darreh Pareh Pasin Darreh Poshtehan Rajun Rashi Rudkhaneh Seyyedan Vailjar Rahmatabad Anarkul Darreh Mahalleh Div Rud Divrash Estalakh Jan Fathkuh Fishom Jazem Kol Kalayeh Kashkjan Kharashk Kiaabad Lisen Nesfi Rudabad Shahran Shir Kuh Sondos Iran portal This Rudbar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_M._Cyr
Ellen M. Cyr Smith
["1 Early life and education","2 Teaching and schoolbook career","3 Personal life and death","4 Selected publications","5 References"]
American author and education born in Canada Ellen M. Cyr SmithEllen Cyr Smith (back) with her children, c. 1911BornEllen M. CyrMontreal, CanadaDiedNew York CityOccupation(s)Author, schoolteacherNotable workCyr Readers Ellen M. Cyr Smith was an American author and educator born in Canada. She was the author of the Cyr Readers, a series of basal readers that were popular in the 1890s. She is considered the first woman in the United States to widely market and sell a book series under her own name. Early life and education Ellen M. Cyr was born in Montreal, Canada. She was the daughter of Ellen S. (née Howard) and Narcisse Cyr, a clergyman and professor of French at Boston University. She had at least four siblings, including a sister named Lucy E. Cyr. Her grandfather was Leland Howard, a reverend from Rutland, Vermont. She grew up in Vermont and studied in her father's library as a young girl. She later attended school in Newburyport, Massachusetts for her upper grade schooling. Her family eventually moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she graduated from high school. Teaching and schoolbook career Smith stayed in Cambridge as a teacher for fifteen years. Around 1880, she taught at the Holmes primary school in town. While teaching in Cambridge, she organized her own content to use as reading lessons for her students. These later became the basis for her series of primer books. The first of her books was likely the Interstate Primer and First Reader, published in 1886. The publisher Ginn & Company renamed her series of works to Children's Readers around 1891 or 1892. Soon after being published, the Children's Readers series was renamed the Cyr Readers. Her books taught reading through synthetic phonics, by using diacritic marks to allow children to sound out newly introduced words. The Cyr Readers were revised and reprinted for around 25 years after first being published. The books were used throughout the United States school systems, and were translated into Japanese and Spanish. By 1900, Cyr Readers were used as the primary readers for the first grade in the public school system in New Haven, Connecticut. Smith created a number of other schoolbooks. Her book Advanced First Reader was published by Ginn & Company and contained engravings by Henry Wolf. She worked on another series for Ginn & Company that began publishing in 1901, called The Cyr Readers Arranged by Grades. Personal life and death She married Ruel Perley Smith on June 19, 1896, in Hartford, Connecticut. Together they had at least three children: Eleanor Howard, Edith Cyr, and Reed Stevenson. Ruel worked as an author and was a night city editor of the New York World. By 1903, Smith lived in Flatbush in New York City. Smith died at her home in Flatbush on July 25, 1920. Her death occurred after catching influenza, which was followed by multiple months of an unspecified illness. She was buried in Rutland at the Evergreen Cemetery. Selected publications Interstate Primer and First Reader (1886) The Children's First Reader (1892) The Children's Second Reader (1895) The Children's Third Reader (1902) Dramatic First Reader (c. 1905) Graded Art Readers v. 3 (c. 1906), republished as Story of Three Great Artists (1908) The Dramatic Method of Teaching (c. 1912), written by Harriet Finlay-Johnson; edited by Ellen M. Cyr References ^ a b c d e f "The Teachers' Authors". Journal of Education. 58 (21). Boston University, School of Education: 364. 1903. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ Greer, Jane, ed. (2003). Girls and Literacy in America: Historical Perspectives to the Present. ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 68. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. p. 874. ISBN 978-0-19-506608-1. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b c d Monaghan, E. Jennifer (March 1994). "Gender and textbooks: Women writers of elementary readers, 1880–1950". Publishing Research Quarterly. 10 (1): 28–46. doi:10.1007/BF02680435. Retrieved 1 January 2024 – via EBSCO. ^ a b c d e Monaghan, E. Jennifer; Barry, Arlene L. (1999). Writing the Past: Teaching Reading in Colonial America and the United States, 1640-1940. The Catalogue. Education Resources Information Center. pp. 28–29. ^ Historical Dictionary of American Education. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-313-28590-5. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b c Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's Who of America: a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915. New York: American Commonwealth Co. p. 756. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b "Occupations for Women: III - The Writer in a Special Field". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 18 May 1911. p. 28. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b "Personal". The Burlington Free Press. 24 April 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "Alumnae". Brown Alumni Monthly. 23 (5). Brown University: 156. December 1922. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b c d "Mrs. Ruel P. Smith, School Author, Dies". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 26 July 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b "Women Authors". The Journal of Education. 83 (21). Boston University, School of Education: 573. May 25, 1916. doi:10.1177/002205741608302110. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ "Cambridge". The Boston Globe. 21 May 1880. p. 1. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ Lawler, Thomas Bonaventure (1938). Seventy Years of Textbook Publishing: A History of Ginn and Company. Ginn & Company. p. 187. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ Atwater, May R. (May 1900). "Teaching Reading in Ten Cities IX: How Reading is Taught in New Haven Conn". Primary Education. 8 (5): 208. ^ "Art in Text Books". Oakland Enquirer. 1 September 1902. p. 4. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ Who was Who in American History, Arts and Letters. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-8379-3301-6. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ "Mrs. Ellen Cyr Smith is Buried in Rutland". Rutland News. 29 July 1920. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ The Children's First Reader. Ginn & Co. 1892. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ "Book Review: Dramatic First Reader". Journal of Education. 62 (6): 172. July 1905. doi:10.1177/002205740506200609. ^ Booth, Mary Josephine (1921). Index to Material on Picture Study. Boston: F. W. Faxon company. p. 91. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "The dramatic method of teaching". Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 January 2024. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"basal readers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_reader"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ellen M. Cyr Smith was an American author and educator born in Canada.[1] She was the author of the Cyr Readers,[1] a series of basal readers that were popular in the 1890s.[2] She is considered the first woman in the United States to widely market and sell a book series under her own name.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Ellen M. Cyr Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"Newburyport, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Ellen M. Cyr was born in Montreal, Canada.[1] She was the daughter of Ellen S. (née Howard) and Narcisse Cyr,[7] a clergyman and professor of French at Boston University.[8][9] She had at least four siblings, including a sister named Lucy E. Cyr.[9][10] Her grandfather was Leland Howard, a reverend from Rutland, Vermont.[11]She grew up in Vermont and studied in her father's library as a young girl. She later attended school in Newburyport, Massachusetts for her upper grade schooling. Her family eventually moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she graduated from high school.[12][1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-13"},{"link_name":"primer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_(textbook)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-14"},{"link_name":"synthetic phonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_phonics"},{"link_name":"diacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-15"},{"link_name":"Henry Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wolf_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-4"}],"text":"Smith stayed in Cambridge as a teacher for fifteen years.[1] Around 1880, she taught at the Holmes primary school in town.[13]While teaching in Cambridge, she organized her own content to use as reading lessons for her students. These later became the basis for her series of primer books.[12] The first of her books was likely the Interstate Primer and First Reader, published in 1886.[4] The publisher Ginn & Company renamed her series of works to Children's Readers around 1891 or 1892.[3][14] Soon after being published, the Children's Readers series was renamed the Cyr Readers. Her books taught reading through synthetic phonics, by using diacritic marks to allow children to sound out newly introduced words.[5]The Cyr Readers were revised and reprinted for around 25 years after first being published.[5] The books were used throughout the United States school systems, and were translated into Japanese and Spanish.[11][8] By 1900, Cyr Readers were used as the primary readers for the first grade in the public school system in New Haven, Connecticut.[15]Smith created a number of other schoolbooks. Her book Advanced First Reader was published by Ginn & Company and contained engravings by Henry Wolf.[16] She worked on another series for Ginn & Company that began publishing in 1901, called The Cyr Readers Arranged by Grades.[4]","title":"Teaching and schoolbook career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruel Perley Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruel_Perley_Smith"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"New York World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-18"}],"text":"She married Ruel Perley Smith on June 19, 1896, in Hartford, Connecticut.[7][17] Together they had at least three children: Eleanor Howard, Edith Cyr, and Reed Stevenson.[7] Ruel worked as an author and was a night city editor of the New York World.[11]By 1903, Smith lived in Flatbush in New York City.[1]Smith died at her home in Flatbush on July 25, 1920. Her death occurred after catching influenza, which was followed by multiple months of an unspecified illness.[11] She was buried in Rutland at the Evergreen Cemetery.[18]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Harriet Finlay-Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Finlay-Johnson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Interstate Primer and First Reader (1886)[4]\nThe Children's First Reader (1892)[19]\nThe Children's Second Reader (1895)[5]\nThe Children's Third Reader (1902)[5]\nDramatic First Reader (c. 1905) [20]\nGraded Art Readers v. 3 (c. 1906), republished as Story of Three Great Artists (1908)[21]\nThe Dramatic Method of Teaching (c. 1912), written by Harriet Finlay-Johnson; edited by Ellen M. Cyr[22]","title":"Selected publications"}]
[]
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Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_k5w0/page/874/mode/2up","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506608-1","url_text":"978-0-19-506608-1"}]},{"reference":"Monaghan, E. Jennifer (March 1994). \"Gender and textbooks: Women writers of elementary readers, 1880–1950\". Publishing Research Quarterly. 10 (1): 28–46. doi:10.1007/BF02680435. Retrieved 1 January 2024 – via EBSCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02680435","url_text":"\"Gender and textbooks: Women writers of elementary readers, 1880–1950\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02680435","url_text":"10.1007/BF02680435"}]},{"reference":"Monaghan, E. Jennifer; Barry, Arlene L. (1999). Writing the Past: Teaching Reading in Colonial America and the United States, 1640-1940. The Catalogue. Education Resources Information Center. pp. 28–29.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED437637/page/n27/mode/2up","url_text":"Writing the Past: Teaching Reading in Colonial America and the United States, 1640-1940. The Catalogue"}]},{"reference":"Historical Dictionary of American Education. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-313-28590-5. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_i5l8/page/34/mode/2up","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of American Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28590-5","url_text":"978-0-313-28590-5"}]},{"reference":"Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's Who of America: a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915. New York: American Commonwealth Co. p. 756. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GvwUAAAAYAAJ/page/756/mode/2up","url_text":"Woman's Who's Who of America: a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915"}]},{"reference":"\"Occupations for Women: III - The Writer in a Special Field\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 18 May 1911. p. 28. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/17996969/","url_text":"\"Occupations for Women: III - The Writer in a Special Field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personal\". The Burlington Free Press. 24 April 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-burlington-free-press-personal/137854917/","url_text":"\"Personal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumnae\". Brown Alumni Monthly. 23 (5). Brown University: 156. December 1922. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brownalumnimonth235brow/page/156/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Alumnae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Ruel P. Smith, School Author, Dies\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 26 July 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mrs-ruel-p-sm/137842913/","url_text":"\"Mrs. Ruel P. Smith, School Author, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women Authors\". The Journal of Education. 83 (21). Boston University, School of Education: 573. May 25, 1916. doi:10.1177/002205741608302110. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nRMVAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Women Authors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002205741608302110","url_text":"10.1177/002205741608302110"}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge\". The Boston Globe. 21 May 1880. p. 1. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-cambridge/137845132/","url_text":"\"Cambridge\""}]},{"reference":"Lawler, Thomas Bonaventure (1938). Seventy Years of Textbook Publishing: A History of Ginn and Company. Ginn & Company. p. 187. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seventyyearsofte0000thom/page/186/mode/2up","url_text":"Seventy Years of Textbook Publishing: A History of Ginn and Company"}]},{"reference":"Atwater, May R. (May 1900). \"Teaching Reading in Ten Cities IX: How Reading is Taught in New Haven Conn\". Primary Education. 8 (5): 208.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_primary-education_1900-05_8_5/page/n19/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Teaching Reading in Ten Cities IX: How Reading is Taught in New Haven Conn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art in Text Books\". Oakland Enquirer. 1 September 1902. p. 4. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-enquirer-art-in-text-books/137845399/","url_text":"\"Art in Text Books\""}]},{"reference":"Who was Who in American History, Arts and Letters. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-8379-3301-6. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri00marq/page/492/mode/2up","url_text":"Who was Who in American History, Arts and Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-3301-6","url_text":"978-0-8379-3301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Ellen Cyr Smith is Buried in Rutland\". Rutland News. 29 July 1920. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-news/122010626/","url_text":"\"Mrs. Ellen Cyr Smith is Buried in Rutland\""}]},{"reference":"The Children's First Reader. Ginn & Co. 1892. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/childrensfirstr00cyrgoog/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The Children's First Reader"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Review: Dramatic First Reader\". Journal of Education. 62 (6): 172. July 1905. doi:10.1177/002205740506200609.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002205740506200609","url_text":"10.1177/002205740506200609"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Mary Josephine (1921). Index to Material on Picture Study. Boston: F. W. Faxon company. p. 91. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indextomaterialo00boot/page/90/mode/2up","url_text":"Index to Material on Picture Study"}]},{"reference":"\"The dramatic method of teaching\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/12025341/","url_text":"\"The dramatic method of teaching\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Valley
Blossom Valley, San Jose
["1 Geography","2 Economy","3 Education","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°15′22″N 121°51′31″W / 37.256041°N 121.858510°W / 37.256041; -121.858510Neighborhood of San Jose in Santa Clara, California, United StatesBlossom ValleyNeighborhood of San Jose Westfield OakridgeBlossom ValleyCoordinates: 37°15′22″N 121°51′31″W / 37.256041°N 121.858510°W / 37.256041; -121.858510CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountySanta ClaraZIP code95123, 95136Area code408 Blossom Valley is a neighborhood of San Jose, California, located in South San Jose. Geography Blossom Valley is located in South San Jose. It is northeast of Almaden Valley, northwest of Santa Teresa, east of Cambrian, west of Edenvale, and south of Communications Hill. Blossom Valley lies within the 95123 and 95136 zip codes. Economy The Westfield Oakridge Mall provides major department and specialty stores to Blossom Valley. Education Schools in Blossom Valley include: Communitas Charter High School Gunderson High School Oak Grove High School. External links Blossom Valley Neighborhood Association VEP Community Association vteNeighborhoods of San Jose, CaliforniaNorth San Jose Alviso Berryessa Rincon de los Esteros / Golden Triangle Rincon South Central San Jose The Alameda College Park St. Leo's Buena Vista Downtown San Jose Historic District SoFA District San Pedro Square North San Pedro Qmunity District Hensley Japantown Midtown San Jose Naglee Park Northside Luna Park Rose Garden Shasta Hanchett Park Spartan Keyes Tamien Washington-Guadalupe West San Carlos Willow Glen Palm Haven West San Jose Fruitdale Santana Row Winchester East San Jose Alum Rock Little Portugal Mayfair King & Story East Foothills Little Saigon Evergreen Meadowfair Silver Creek Valley South San Jose Almaden Valley New Almaden Calero Blossom Valley Cambrian Coyote Valley Santa Teresa Communications Hill Edenvale Seven Trees Former Chinatowns Market Street Chinatown Heinlenville
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"South San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_San_Jose"}],"text":"Neighborhood of San Jose in Santa Clara, California, United StatesBlossom Valley is a neighborhood of San Jose, California, located in South San Jose.","title":"Blossom Valley, San Jose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Almaden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaden_Valley"},{"link_name":"Santa Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian,_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Edenvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenvale,_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Communications Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Hill"}],"text":"Blossom Valley is located in South San Jose. It is northeast of Almaden Valley, northwest of Santa Teresa, east of Cambrian, west of Edenvale, and south of Communications Hill.Blossom Valley lies within the 95123 and 95136 zip codes.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westfield Oakridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Oakridge"}],"text":"The Westfield Oakridge Mall provides major department and specialty stores to Blossom Valley.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communitas Charter High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitas_Charter_High_School"},{"link_name":"Gunderson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunderson_High_School"},{"link_name":"Oak Grove High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Grove_High_School_(San_Jose,_California)"}],"text":"Schools in Blossom Valley include:Communitas Charter High School\nGunderson High School\nOak Grove High School.","title":"Education"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Dark_Age
The New Dark Age
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "The New Dark Age" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) 2008 studio album by KiuasThe New Dark AgeStudio album by KiuasReleased12 March 2008RecordedOctober 2007 – January 2008StudioSonic Pump Studios, HelsinkiGenrePower metalLength51:30LabelSpinefarmProducerNino Laurenne, Mikko Salovaara, Janne JoutsenniemiKiuas chronology Reformation(2006) The New Dark Age(2008) Lustdriven(2010) Singles from The New Dark Age "Of Sacrifice, Loss and Reward"Released: 20 February 2008 (Finland) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic The New Dark Age is the third studio album by the Finnish heavy metal band Kiuas. The album was released through Spinefarm Records on 12 March 2008 for Finland with new dates to be announced for other areas. The song "Conqueror", directed by Owe Lingwall, was shot as a music video on 18 February 2008. "Of Sacrifice, Loss and Reward" was released on 20 February as a single in Finland and topped the Finnish charts at number 1. The single will include two other songs and a Japanese bonus track exclusively to the single and Japan only. The album cover was designed by Niklas Sundin of Cabin Fever Media, and guitarist for Dark Tranquillity. It is of an original renaissance woodcut illustration with the portrayal of Kiuas' band members as the "five" Horsemen of the Apocalypse. A second music video for "The Decaying Doctrine" was again directed by Owe Lingwall. Track listing All songs written by Mikko Salovaara, except where noted. "The Decaying Doctrine" – 4:55 "Conqueror" – 5:06 "Kiuas War Anthem" – 4:36 (Ilja Jalkanen, Salovaara) "The New Dark Age" – 5:03 "To Excel and Ascend" – 5:55 "Black Rose Withered" – 3:50 "After the Storm" – 5:40 (Jalkanen, Salovaara) "Of Sacrifice, Loss and Reward" – 4:42 (Jalkanen, Salovaara) "The Summoning" – 4:58 (Jalkanen, Salovaara) "The Wanderer's Lamentation" – 6:45 "Towards the Hidden Sanctum" (Japanese bonus track) – 5:25 "Electric Crown" (UK bonus track; Testament cover) (Chuck Billy, Eric Peterson, Alex Skolnick) – 5:23 "Sailing Ships" (UK bonus track; Whitesnake cover) (David Coverdale, Adrian Vandenberg) – 6:14 Personnel Kiuas Ilja Jalkanen – vocals, choir Mikko Salovaara – guitars, vocals, choir, narration Atte Tanskanen – keyboard, choir Teemu Tuominen – bass guitar Markku Näreneva – drums Additional musicians "J", Aleksi Parviainen, Pasi Rantanen, Pekka Heino: choir Anna-Maija Jalkanen: additional vocals on track 7 Jussi Reijonen: oud on tracks 5 and 10 Production Arranged by Kiuas Produced by Nino Laurenne, Mikko Salovaara and Janne Joutsenniemi Recorded and engineered by Nino Laurenne Mixed by Mikko Karmila Pro-Tools editing by Aksu Hanttu Mastered by Svante Forsback References ^ AllMusic review ^ a b c d e f Spinefarm Records ^ BLABBERMOUTH.NET – KIUAS Tops Finnish Single Chart External links "The New Dark Age" at discogs Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This article about a 2000s power metal album is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Kiuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiuas"},{"link_name":"Spinefarm Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinefarm_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-label-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-label-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-label-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-label-2"},{"link_name":"Niklas Sundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Sundin"},{"link_name":"Cabin Fever Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_Fever_Media"},{"link_name":"Dark Tranquillity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Tranquillity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-label-2"},{"link_name":"renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"Horsemen of the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-label-2"}],"text":"2008 studio album by KiuasThe New Dark Age is the third studio album by the Finnish heavy metal band Kiuas. The album was released through Spinefarm Records on 12 March 2008 for Finland with new dates to be announced for other areas.[2] The song \"Conqueror\", directed by Owe Lingwall, was shot as a music video on 18 February 2008.[2] \"Of Sacrifice, Loss and Reward\" was released on 20 February as a single in Finland[2] and topped the Finnish charts at number 1.[3] The single will include two other songs and a Japanese bonus track exclusively to the single and Japan only.[2] The album cover was designed by Niklas Sundin of Cabin Fever Media, and guitarist for Dark Tranquillity.[2] It is of an original renaissance woodcut illustration with the portrayal of Kiuas' band members as the \"five\" Horsemen of the Apocalypse.[2] A second music video for \"The Decaying Doctrine\" was again directed by Owe Lingwall.","title":"The New Dark Age"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All songs written by Mikko Salovaara, except where noted.\"The Decaying Doctrine\" – 4:55\n\"Conqueror\" – 5:06\n\"Kiuas War Anthem\" – 4:36 (Ilja Jalkanen, Salovaara)\n\"The New Dark Age\" – 5:03\n\"To Excel and Ascend\" – 5:55\n\"Black Rose Withered\" – 3:50\n\"After the Storm\" – 5:40 (Jalkanen, Salovaara)\n\"Of Sacrifice, Loss and Reward\" – 4:42 (Jalkanen, Salovaara)\n\"The Summoning\" – 4:58 (Jalkanen, Salovaara)\n\"The Wanderer's Lamentation\" – 6:45\n\"Towards the Hidden Sanctum\" (Japanese bonus track) – 5:25\n\"Electric Crown\" (UK bonus track; Testament cover) (Chuck Billy, Eric Peterson, Alex Skolnick) – 5:23\n\"Sailing Ships\" (UK bonus track; Whitesnake cover) (David Coverdale, Adrian Vandenberg) – 6:14","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud"},{"link_name":"Pro-Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Tools"}],"text":"KiuasIlja Jalkanen – vocals, choir\nMikko Salovaara – guitars, vocals, choir, narration\nAtte Tanskanen – keyboard, choir\nTeemu Tuominen – bass guitar\nMarkku Näreneva – drumsAdditional musicians\"J\", Aleksi Parviainen, Pasi Rantanen, Pekka Heino: choir\nAnna-Maija Jalkanen: additional vocals on track 7\nJussi Reijonen: oud on tracks 5 and 10ProductionArranged by Kiuas\nProduced by Nino Laurenne, Mikko Salovaara and Janne Joutsenniemi\nRecorded and engineered by Nino Laurenne\nMixed by Mikko Karmila\nPro-Tools editing by Aksu Hanttu\nMastered by Svante Forsback","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BArzad%C5%82o_Wielkie
Poźrzadło Wielkie
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 53°22′N 15°53′E / 53.367°N 15.883°E / 53.367; 15.883Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandPoźrzadło WielkieVillagePoźrzadło WielkieCoordinates: 53°22′N 15°53′E / 53.367°N 15.883°E / 53.367; 15.883Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyDrawskoGminaKalisz Pomorski Poźrzadło Wielkie (German: Groß Spiegel) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kalisz Pomorski, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kalisz Pomorski, 20 km (12 mi) south of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 87 km (54 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina Kalisz PomorskiTown and seat Kalisz Pomorski Villages Biały Zdrój Borowo Bralin Cybowo Dębsko Giżyno Głębokie Jasnopole Jaworze Karwiagać Krężno Lipinki Łowno Pepłówek Pniewy Pomierzyn Poźrzadło Małe Poźrzadło Wielkie Prostynia Pruszcz Siekiercze Sienica Skotniki Ślizno Smugi Stara Korytnica Stara Studnica Suchowo Tarnice Wierzchucin This Drawsko County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[pɔˈʑʐadwɔ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Kalisz Pomorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kalisz_Pomorski"},{"link_name":"Drawsko County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Kalisz Pomorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz_Pomorski"},{"link_name":"Drawsko Pomorskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawsko_Pomorskie"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"}],"text":"Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandPoźrzadło Wielkie [pɔˈʑʐadwɔ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ] (German: Groß Spiegel) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kalisz Pomorski, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.[1] It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kalisz Pomorski, 20 km (12 mi) south of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 87 km (54 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.","title":"Poźrzadło Wielkie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaipayuthey_(film)
Alai Payuthey
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting","3.3 Filming","4 Soundtrack","5 Release and reception","6 Accolades","7 Other versions","8 Legacy","9 In popular culture","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]
2000 Indian film by Mani Ratnam "Alaipayuthey" redirects here. For the Singaporean TV series, see Alaipayuthey (TV series). AlaipayutheyPosterDirected byMani RatnamScreenplay byMani RatnamStory byMani RatnamR. SelvarajProduced byMani RatnamG. SrinivasanK KarunamoorthiRohan ManickavasagarStarringR. MadhavanShaliniCinematographyP. C. SreeramEdited byA. Sreekar PrasadMusic byA. R. RahmanProductioncompanyMadras TalkiesDistributed byAyngaran InternationalRelease date 14 April 2000 (2000-04-14) Running time138 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Alai Payuthey, also spelled as Alaipayuthey (/əlaɪpɑːjʊðeɪ/ transl. Waves are flowing), is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written, co-produced and directed by Mani Ratnam, starring R. Madhavan and Shalini. The film explores the tensions of married life between two young people who elope and the maturing of love among urban Indians who are conflicted between tradition and modernity. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. The film's story is mostly recollected in flashbacks by Karthik (Madhavan), on how he and Shakthi (Shalini) fall in love against the backdrop of Chennai and its suburban trains, against the wishes of their parents. The film had a mostly positive reception by critics. The film made its European premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2001. It was shown at various film festivals nationally and internationally. Alai Payuthey was later remade and released in Hindi in 2002, as Saathiya, directed by Ratnam's former assistant Shaad Ali. Plot Karthik Varadarajan is an independent and free-spirited software engineering graduate from a wealthy family who owns a startup along with his friends. At a friend's wedding, he meets Shakthi Selvaraj, a medical student from a middle-class family. The duo constantly bumps into each other on the local commuter trains they both use, and they eventually fall in love. Karthik pursues Shakthi aggressively and proposes marriage. Shakthi, however, is reluctant. Karthik manages to convince Shakthi and request his parents to formally ask Shakthi's parents for her hand in marriage. However, when the parents meet, they do not get along, and Shakthi calls off the relationship altogether and leaves for an extended medical camp in Kerala. While apart, both Karthik and Shakthi realise that they are desperately in love and decide to get married without the knowledge or consent of their parents. They continue living separate lives after marriage, meeting outside of their homes and hoping that their parents will see eye to eye at some point in the future, and can be informed of the marriage. However, when the family of a Hyundai executive Raghuraman arrives at Shakthi's house one day to discuss a prospective wedding alliance between Raghuraman and Shakthi's elder sister Poorni, developments ensue, resulting in Shakthi's parents attempting to fix her marriage to Raghuraman's younger brother Shyam. Shakthi confesses to her parents and Raghuraman's family that she is already married, leading to the alliance being called off and her parents throw her out of the house. Karthik, also divulges the same to his parents and is also asked by his father to leave his house. Karthik and Shakthi start living together in a partially constructed apartment, and while all goes well for a while, they soon find that marriage is not as easy as they expected, and living under the same roof results in a large number of conflicts. The marriage gets increasingly tense as both have to cope with frustrations and disappointments. Shakthi soon learns that her father has been diagnosed with jaundice and requests Karthik to visit him at the hospital. Karthik declines, citing her father's hatred of him as the main reason. He eventually agrees to meet him the following day, but by the time they reach her house, Shakthi's father has died. Wracked with guilt, the two return home, their relationship taking a turn for the worse. The two stop talking to each other. Meanwhile, Karthik takes it upon himself to fix Poorni's broken alliance with Raghuraman. He arranges a blind date between the two, which initially fails. However, with more meetings, Poorni and Raghuraman become closer. This development takes place without Shakthi's knowledge. Karthik waits until Poorni and Raghuraman's marriage is confirmed before deciding to tell Shakthi. But Shakthi witnesses Poorni hugging Karthik in gratitude at the railway station, and misunderstands, worsening their relationship. Shakthi eventually learns from Poorni about her husband's efforts to get her married and is overcome with guilt. Karthik sets off on the same evening to the railway station to pick up his wife as is their usual routine. In her rush to get home and makeup with Karthik, Shakthi meets with an accident. Karthik waits for her, and as she fails to turn up, he searches desperately for her throughout the city, ultimately discovering her in the ICU of a hospital. Karthik learns that Shakthi is registered under another name and is in a coma after having undergone brain surgery. An IAS officer, Ram, claims that he caused the accident and admitted Shakthi to the hospital. As Karthik vents out his frustration on Ram, his wife intervenes and lets Karthik know that she was the person who caused the accident and injured Shakthi, and her husband was merely trying to protect her by taking the blame himself. Karthik observes Ram and notes that he has a lot to learn from the latter. He proceeds to see Shakthi and admits that he could have been a better husband. Shakthi wakes up from her coma, and the two reconcile. Cast R. Madhavan as Karthik Varadharajan Shalini as Dr. Shakthi Jayasudha as Saroja Swarnamalya as Poorni Vivek as Sethu Pyramid Natarajan as Varadharajan Raviprakash as Selvaraj Sriranjani as Karthik's sister-in-law Venu Arvind as Arumugam K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Karthik's mother Sukumari as Sakthi's aunt Azhagam Perumal as Nayar Hari Nair as Raghuraman Karthik Kumar as Shyam Medha Raghunath as Karthik's colleague R. Sundaramoorthy as Nadar Kumar Natarajan as Ganesh Prema as Prema Chitra as Chitra Raj Naveen as Raj Arvind Swamy as Ram (guest appearance) Khushbu as Meena Ram (guest appearance) Sophiya Haque (special appearance in the song "September Madham") Rangammal (special appearance in the song "Yaaro Yaarodi Unnoda Purushan") Production Development Mani Ratnam opted to make a romantic film with relative newcomers after his 1998 Hindi film Dil Se.. and signed on small screen actor R. Madhavan to make his acting debut in Tamil films. Madhavan had done a sandalwood talc ad for Santosh Sivan in 1996 and the veteran cinematographer gave photographs of the actor to Mani Ratnam during the casting process of Iruvar. The director had made Madhavan audition for a role in the film but turned him down citing that "he thought his eyes were too young" and assured "that they would work together some other time". In 1999, Mani Ratnam rang Madhavan up suddenly and told him to "Come down and we will do a photo session. I am starting a film with you", much to the actor's surprise. Casting Mani Ratnam initially wanted to cast a debutant in the lead female role as well and carried out a screen test with Vasundhara Das, before signing on Shalini to play the role in the film in April 1999. Swarnamalya was selected to play the role of Poorni after the director spotted her on a television show and subsequently asked her to screen test for the film. The actress appeared without make-up in the film and also dubbed her own lines. Theatre actor, Karthik Kumar of Evam, also marked his film debut with a minor supporting role as a potential suitor to Shakti. Prior to the release of his breakthrough film Sethu (1999), Vikram was approached by Mani Ratnam to play the role of Swarnamalya's fiancé but turned down the offer. Television actress Sriranjani made her film debut with this film appearing as Madhavan's sister-in-law while Raviprakash appeared as Shalini's father thus making his acting debut with the film. Pondy Ravi appeared as a police officer, and the film is considered his "first break". Mani chose producer Pyramid Natarajan to portray the character of Madhavan's father. Azhagam Perumal who was one of the assistant directors in the film was chosen to portray the small role of a house owner as Mani Ratnam was looking for "someone like Jagathy Sreekumar to play the quirky house owner". The film also required two leading actors to appear in supporting roles with Khushbu chosen to do a role. After considering either Shah Rukh Khan, Mammootty or Mohanlal, Mani Ratnam signed Arvind Swamy to play another role, with Alai Payuthey becoming the pair's fourth production together. P. C. Sreeram renewed his collaboration with Mani Ratnam after seven years, with the director toggling between Santosh Sivan and Rajiv Menon for his other projects. A. R. Rahman was initially signed on just to compose the background score for the film as the film was originally planned to be songless; however after a change of heart, nine songs were recorded. Filming The song "Snegithane" was shot at Fort Ahilya of the Holkar dynasty, in Maheshwar. The film began without an official launch, like other Mani Ratnam projects, and it was initially expected that filming would be wrapped up in under four months. During the first seven days of the shoot, Mani Ratnam filmed portions featuring Shalini and made Madhavan stay on the sets and watch his process of film-making. The first scene the actor shot was the post-interval scene featuring Shakthi's mother played by Jayasudha. The song sequences Evano Oruvan, and September Matham was shot at Western Plywood Guesthouse and the Dharmadam Island respectively. "Evano Oruvan" was shot at Kannur as the song sequence demanded rain and the crew had to wait for many days for monsoon to shoot. The team shot at Srinagar in late for 25 days, becoming the last production team to shoot in the area until 2003 as a result of the Kashmir conflict. The song "Pachai Nirame" was shot at Kashmir. For the song, Sreeram revealed since the song "called for vibrant colours in pastel shades", he used a graduated filter to enhance colour and used lot of filters. A "meet the stars" publicity event was held at Music World in Spencer Plaza in March 2000, with the gathering being described as a success. About the production process, Madhavan revealed that he learnt about the technical aspects of film-making from the director and mentioned that he even learned the entire script of the film, irrespective of whether he was in the scene or not, claiming that working with Mani Ratnam inspires that sort of involvement and dedication. Soundtrack Main article: Alai Payuthey (soundtrack) The music score that accompanies the film was composed by A. R. Rahman. Upon release, the album met with widespread critical acclaim, selling over six lakh cassettes, and went on to win the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director in 2000. This was Rahman's 50th film as composer. The soundtrack features 10 songs composed by Rahman, with lyrics by Vairamuthu, except for the title song "Alai Payuthey" (which was created by the 18th-century Carnatic music composer Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi, who also set it to the raagam Kanada). The song "Yaro Yarodi" later appeared in the 2008 American film, The Accidental Husband. The audio rights were sold to Saregama, a prominent music label in the 1999s. Karthik worked as chorus singer for the film while Clinton Cerejo made his debut as playback singer. Song "Kadhal Sadugudu" provided major breakthrough for its singer S. P. Charan. Release and reception Alai Payuthey was released on 14 April 2000, during Puthandu (Tamil New Year). The Hindu said, "The wavy movements are not restricted to the title card alone. Alaipayuthey goes backward and forward in time and the movement holds a thin thread of suspense too. The oscillation from joy and levity to seriousness and sorrow creates impressive waves", The lead pair performance was praised saying, "Shalini once again proves that she is a natural performer while Madhavan sails through the litmus test with ease". Shobha Warrier of Rediff.com gave the film a middling review citing that the film is "old wine in an old bottle" and that "the only person who scores good marks in the film is P. C. Sreeram", saying "he has used his camera as a paintbrush and the strokes are so stunningly beautiful that, once the film is over, one remembers only the visual treat". In regard to performances, the critic mentions that Madhavan "looks pleasant and handsome and does his job splendidly until the end, where he looks totally lost in the most crucial scene" and that Shalini "is very beautiful but not as open as she used to be as a child star". Tamil Star wrote "A technically near-perfect film but lacking in intensity". Krishna Chidambaram of Kalki praised the performances of Shalini and Madhavan while also appreciating the cameos of Aravind Swamy and Kushboo and also for showing post-marriage friction beautifully. Accolades Award Category Nominee Result Ref. Filmfare Awards South Music Director – Tamil A. R. Rahman Won Best Male Debut – South R. Madhavan Won Best Cinematographer – South P. C. Sreeram Won Best Actress – Tamil Shalini Nominated Tamil Nadu State Film Awards Special Prize Shalini Won Best Female Playback Singer Swarnalatha – "Evano Oruvan.." Won Other versions Alai Payuthey was dubbed and released in Telugu under the title Sakhi. It was later remade in Hindi as Saathiya, by Ratnam's assistant Shaad Ali in 2002. This was the first time where the director had sold off production rights' of his films to be remade in another language as he had previously opted to dub and release the film himself. Legacy Alai Payuthey began a successful film career for Madhavan and launched him as a romantic hero. He has since gone on to become a regular part of the cast in Mani Ratnam's productions and featured in leading roles in Dumm Dumm Dumm (2001), Kannathil Muthamittal (2002), Aaytha Ezhuthu (2004) and Guru (2007). Meanwhile, Shalini had already agreed to call time on her career before release due to her pending marriage with Ajith Kumar and Alai Payuthey became her penultimate release. Swarnamalya also received several film offers after her critically acclaimed performance, but consecutive failures of eight of her ten movies since failed to catapult her into the leading bracket of actors. Post-release, the actress had also expressed her disappointment at several of her scenes being edited out of the film. In July 2011, Janani Iyer said she considered a role like Shalini's character from the film as "really challenging". Gautham Vasudev Menon revealed that the scene prior to the song "Evano Oruvan" was "almost straight out of real life" and that he "tried to incorporate such moments" in his films. The film created an interest for weddings held in temples. In popular culture Several other directors have made cultural references to Alai Payuthey, with both scenes and songs being alluded in their films. The scene where Madhavan proposes Shalini in the train was spoofed in Boss Engira Bhaskaran (2010) where Bhaskaran (Arya) tries to do the same with Chandrika (Nayanthara) but fails. When Madhavan saw that film, he said "It was a pleasant shock to see this clip feature in . It was such a sweet tribute to me. After watching this sequence, I was quite amused to see how thin I was back then!" In Budget Padmanabhan (2000), Vivek speaks to Bhuvaneswari through cups attached with wires. Vivek utters Madhavan's dialogue from the film by mimicking his voice, he then hurts Theni Kunjarammal's eye by singing the film's song. In Majunu (2001), Vivek impresses lady by singing "Yaro Yarodi" in a telephone booth with his friends while she was speaking on the telephone but lady reveals that her husband was a police inspector, then he sings 'En Garuvam Azhindhadhadi' from the line of a song "Snegithane". In Shahjahan (2001), Vivek and Kovai Sarala's characters sing "Snegithane" in a humorous vein. The Hindi television series Beintehaa was dubbed in Tamil as Alaipayuthe. Songs from the film inspired several film titles – Snegithiye (2000), Kadhal Sadugudu (2003), Evano Oruvan (2007), Pachai Nirame (2008), Ragasiya Snehithane (2008) and Endrendrum Punnagai (2013). The initial publicity posters of Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010) were inspired from various films including Alai Payuthey. References ^ a b Kamath, Vinay (25 August 2000). "Gramophone pitch gets louder in the South – Acquires rights for Telugu songs from Sea Records". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. 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Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Snehitheye". cinematoday2.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2018. ^ Prasad 2011, p. 50. Bibliography Prasad, Vrinda (March 2011). "Poster Mania". South Scope. External links Alai Payuthey at IMDb vteMadras TalkiesKey people Mani Ratnam Suhasini Maniratnam Siva Ananth Films Iruvar (1997) Nerrukku Ner (1997) Dil Se.. (1998) Alai Payuthey (2000) Dumm Dumm Dumm (2000) Saathiya (2001) Five Star (2002) Kannathil Muthamittal (2002) Yuva (2004) Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004) Guru (2007) Raavan (2010) Raavanan (2010) Kadal (2013) O Kadhal Kanmani (2015) OK Jaanu (2017) Kaatru Veliyidai (2017) Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018) Vaanam Kottattum (2020) Putham Pudhu Kaalai (2020) Ponniyin Selvan: I (2022) Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023) Web seriesNavarasa (2021)Television serials Ganesh & Vasanth Panchavarnam Anbulla Snegidheiye Punnagai vteMani RatnamFilms directed Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983) Unaroo (1985) Pagal Nilavu (1985) Idaya Kovil (1985) Mouna Ragam (1986) Nayakan (1987) Agni Natchathiram (1988) Geethanjali (1989) Anjali (1990) Thalapathi (1991) Roja (1992) Thiruda Thiruda (1993) Bombay (1995) Iruvar (1997) Dil Se.. (1998) Alai Payuthey (2000) Kannathil Muthamittal (2002) Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004) Yuva (2004) Guru (2007) Raavan (2010) Raavanan (2010) Kadal (2013) O Kadhal Kanmani (2015) Kaatru Veliyidai (2017) Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018) Ponniyin Selvan: I (2022) Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023) Thug Life (2024) Films written Chatriyan (1990) Gaayam (1993) Indira (1996) Taj Mahal (1999) Dumm Dumm Dumm (2000) Saathiya (2002) Ok Jaanu (2017) Vaanam Kottattum (2020) Putham Pudhu Kaalai (2020) Films produced Dasarathan (1993) Aasai (1995) Nerrukku Ner (1997) Five Star (2002) Television Navarasa (2021) See also Accolades Filmography Sujatha Films aka GV Films Aalayam Productions Madras Talkies
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For the Singaporean TV series, see Alaipayuthey (TV series).Alai Payuthey, also spelled as Alaipayuthey (/əlaɪpɑːjʊðeɪ/ transl. Waves are flowing), is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written, co-produced and directed by Mani Ratnam, starring R. Madhavan and Shalini. The film explores the tensions of married life between two young people who elope and the maturing of love among urban Indians who are conflicted between tradition and modernity. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman.[1][2]The film's story is mostly recollected in flashbacks by Karthik (Madhavan), on how he and Shakthi (Shalini) fall in love against the backdrop of Chennai and its suburban trains, against the wishes of their parents. The film had a mostly positive reception by critics.The film made its European premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2001. It was shown at various film festivals nationally and internationally. Alai Payuthey was later remade and released in Hindi in 2002, as Saathiya, directed by Ratnam's former assistant Shaad Ali.","title":"Alai Payuthey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"startup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company"},{"link_name":"local commuter trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_India"},{"link_name":"jaundice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice"},{"link_name":"ICU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"IAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service"}],"text":"Karthik Varadarajan is an independent and free-spirited software engineering graduate from a wealthy family who owns a startup along with his friends. At a friend's wedding, he meets Shakthi Selvaraj, a medical student from a middle-class family. The duo constantly bumps into each other on the local commuter trains they both use, and they eventually fall in love. Karthik pursues Shakthi aggressively and proposes marriage. Shakthi, however, is reluctant. Karthik manages to convince Shakthi and request his parents to formally ask Shakthi's parents for her hand in marriage. However, when the parents meet, they do not get along, and Shakthi calls off the relationship altogether and leaves for an extended medical camp in Kerala.While apart, both Karthik and Shakthi realise that they are desperately in love and decide to get married without the knowledge or consent of their parents. They continue living separate lives after marriage, meeting outside of their homes and hoping that their parents will see eye to eye at some point in the future, and can be informed of the marriage. However, when the family of a Hyundai executive Raghuraman arrives at Shakthi's house one day to discuss a prospective wedding alliance between Raghuraman and Shakthi's elder sister Poorni, developments ensue, resulting in Shakthi's parents attempting to fix her marriage to Raghuraman's younger brother Shyam. Shakthi confesses to her parents and Raghuraman's family that she is already married, leading to the alliance being called off and her parents throw her out of the house. Karthik, also divulges the same to his parents and is also asked by his father to leave his house.Karthik and Shakthi start living together in a partially constructed apartment, and while all goes well for a while, they soon find that marriage is not as easy as they expected, and living under the same roof results in a large number of conflicts. The marriage gets increasingly tense as both have to cope with frustrations and disappointments. Shakthi soon learns that her father has been diagnosed with jaundice and requests Karthik to visit him at the hospital. Karthik declines, citing her father's hatred of him as the main reason. He eventually agrees to meet him the following day, but by the time they reach her house, Shakthi's father has died. Wracked with guilt, the two return home, their relationship taking a turn for the worse. The two stop talking to each other.Meanwhile, Karthik takes it upon himself to fix Poorni's broken alliance with Raghuraman. He arranges a blind date between the two, which initially fails. However, with more meetings, Poorni and Raghuraman become closer. This development takes place without Shakthi's knowledge. Karthik waits until Poorni and Raghuraman's marriage is confirmed before deciding to tell Shakthi. But Shakthi witnesses Poorni hugging Karthik in gratitude at the railway station, and misunderstands, worsening their relationship.Shakthi eventually learns from Poorni about her husband's efforts to get her married and is overcome with guilt. Karthik sets off on the same evening to the railway station to pick up his wife as is their usual routine. In her rush to get home and makeup with Karthik, Shakthi meets with an accident. Karthik waits for her, and as she fails to turn up, he searches desperately for her throughout the city, ultimately discovering her in the ICU of a hospital. Karthik learns that Shakthi is registered under another name and is in a coma after having undergone brain surgery.An IAS officer, Ram, claims that he caused the accident and admitted Shakthi to the hospital. As Karthik vents out his frustration on Ram, his wife intervenes and lets Karthik know that she was the person who caused the accident and injured Shakthi, and her husband was merely trying to protect her by taking the blame himself. Karthik observes Ram and notes that he has a lot to learn from the latter. He proceeds to see Shakthi and admits that he could have been a better husband. Shakthi wakes up from her coma, and the two reconcile.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Shalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalini_Ajith"},{"link_name":"Jayasudha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayasudha"},{"link_name":"Swarnamalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnamalya"},{"link_name":"Vivek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Natarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Natarajan"},{"link_name":"Sriranjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriranjani_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"Venu Arvind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_Arvind"},{"link_name":"K. P. A. C. Lalitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._A._C._Lalitha"},{"link_name":"Sukumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumari"},{"link_name":"Azhagam Perumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhagam_Perumal"},{"link_name":"Karthik Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Medha Raghunath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medha_Raghunath"},{"link_name":"R. Sundaramoorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Sundaramoorthy"},{"link_name":"Arvind Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Swamy"},{"link_name":"Khushbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushbu_Sundar"},{"link_name":"Sophiya Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiya_Haque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rangammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangammal"}],"text":"R. Madhavan as Karthik Varadharajan\nShalini as Dr. Shakthi\nJayasudha as Saroja\nSwarnamalya as Poorni\nVivek as Sethu\nPyramid Natarajan as Varadharajan\nRaviprakash as Selvaraj\nSriranjani as Karthik's sister-in-law\nVenu Arvind as Arumugam\nK. P. A. C. Lalitha as Karthik's mother\nSukumari as Sakthi's aunt\nAzhagam Perumal as Nayar\nHari Nair as Raghuraman\nKarthik Kumar as Shyam\nMedha Raghunath as Karthik's colleague\nR. Sundaramoorthy as Nadar\nKumar Natarajan as Ganesh\nPrema as Prema\nChitra as Chitra\nRaj Naveen as Raj\nArvind Swamy as Ram (guest appearance)\nKhushbu as Meena Ram (guest appearance)\nSophiya Haque (special appearance in the song \"September Madham\")[3]\nRangammal (special appearance in the song \"Yaaro Yaarodi Unnoda Purushan\")","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dil Se..","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Se.."},{"link_name":"R. Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Santosh Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Mani Ratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Ratnam"},{"link_name":"Iruvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iruvar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Mani Ratnam opted to make a romantic film with relative newcomers after his 1998 Hindi film Dil Se.. and signed on small screen actor R. Madhavan to make his acting debut in Tamil films. Madhavan had done a sandalwood talc ad for Santosh Sivan in 1996 and the veteran cinematographer gave photographs of the actor to Mani Ratnam during the casting process of Iruvar. The director had made Madhavan audition for a role in the film but turned him down citing that \"he thought his eyes were too young\" and assured \"that they would work together some other time\". In 1999, Mani Ratnam rang Madhavan up suddenly and told him to \"Come down and we will do a photo session. I am starting a film with you\", much to the actor's surprise.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasundhara Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasundhara_Das"},{"link_name":"Shalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalini_Ajith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Swarnamalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnamalya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-view-6"},{"link_name":"Karthik Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_Kumar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sethu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sethu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vikram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caravan-8"},{"link_name":"Sriranjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriranjani_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Natarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Natarajan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Azhagam Perumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhagam_Perumal"},{"link_name":"Jagathy Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagathy_Sreekumar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Khushbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushbu_Sundar"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mammootty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammootty"},{"link_name":"Mohanlal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohanlal"},{"link_name":"Arvind Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Swamy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"P. C. Sreeram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._C._Sreeram"},{"link_name":"Santosh Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Menon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-view-6"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ka-18"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Mani Ratnam initially wanted to cast a debutant in the lead female role as well and carried out a screen test with Vasundhara Das, before signing on Shalini to play the role in the film in April 1999.[5]Swarnamalya was selected to play the role of Poorni after the director spotted her on a television show and subsequently asked her to screen test for the film. The actress appeared without make-up in the film and also dubbed her own lines.[6] Theatre actor, Karthik Kumar of Evam, also marked his film debut with a minor supporting role as a potential suitor to Shakti.[7] Prior to the release of his breakthrough film Sethu (1999), Vikram was approached by Mani Ratnam to play the role of Swarnamalya's fiancé but turned down the offer.[8] Television actress Sriranjani made her film debut with this film appearing as Madhavan's sister-in-law while Raviprakash appeared as Shalini's father thus making his acting debut with the film.[9][10] Pondy Ravi appeared as a police officer, and the film is considered his \"first break\".[11] Mani chose producer Pyramid Natarajan to portray the character of Madhavan's father.[12] Azhagam Perumal who was one of the assistant directors in the film was chosen to portray the small role of a house owner as Mani Ratnam was looking for \"someone like Jagathy Sreekumar to play the quirky house owner\".[13]The film also required two leading actors to appear in supporting roles with Khushbu chosen to do a role. After considering either Shah Rukh Khan, Mammootty or Mohanlal, Mani Ratnam signed Arvind Swamy to play another role, with Alai Payuthey becoming the pair's fourth production together.[14] P. C. Sreeram renewed his collaboration with Mani Ratnam after seven years, with the director toggling between Santosh Sivan and Rajiv Menon for his other projects.[6] A. R. Rahman was initially signed on just to compose the background score for the film as the film was originally planned to be songless; however after a change of heart, nine songs were recorded.[15][16][17][18]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maheshwar_Fort_-_Exterior_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkar"},{"link_name":"Maheshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maheshwar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-view-6"},{"link_name":"Jayasudha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayasudha"},{"link_name":"Dharmadam Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmadam_Island"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ka-18"},{"link_name":"Srinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Spencer Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-view-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The song \"Snegithane\" was shot at Fort Ahilya of the Holkar dynasty, in Maheshwar.The film began without an official launch, like other Mani Ratnam projects, and it was initially expected that filming would be wrapped up in under four months. During the first seven days of the shoot, Mani Ratnam filmed portions featuring Shalini and made Madhavan stay on the sets and watch his process of film-making.[6] The first scene the actor shot was the post-interval scene featuring Shakthi's mother played by Jayasudha. The song sequences Evano Oruvan, and September Matham was shot at Western Plywood Guesthouse and the Dharmadam Island respectively.[19] \"Evano Oruvan\" was shot at Kannur as the song sequence demanded rain and the crew had to wait for many days for monsoon to shoot.[18] The team shot at Srinagar in late for 25 days, becoming the last production team to shoot in the area until 2003 as a result of the Kashmir conflict.[20][21] The song \"Pachai Nirame\" was shot at Kashmir. For the song, Sreeram revealed since the song \"called for vibrant colours in pastel shades\", he used a graduated filter to enhance colour and used lot of filters.[22] A \"meet the stars\" publicity event was held at Music World in Spencer Plaza in March 2000, with the gathering being described as a success.[6] About the production process, Madhavan revealed that he learnt about the technical aspects of film-making from the director and mentioned that he even learned the entire script of the film, irrespective of whether he was in the scene or not, claiming that working with Mani Ratnam inspires that sort of involvement and dedication.[23]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Music Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Music_Director_Award_(Tamil)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ka-18"},{"link_name":"Vairamuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairamuthu"},{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oothukkadu_Venkata_Kavi"},{"link_name":"raagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga"},{"link_name":"The Accidental Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidental_Husband"},{"link_name":"Saregama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saregama"},{"link_name":"Karthik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Clinton Cerejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Cerejo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"S. P. Charan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Charan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The music score that accompanies the film was composed by A. R. Rahman. Upon release, the album met with widespread critical acclaim, selling over six lakh cassettes, and went on to win the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director in 2000.[24] This was Rahman's 50th film as composer.[18] The soundtrack features 10 songs composed by Rahman, with lyrics by Vairamuthu, except for the title song \"Alai Payuthey\" (which was created by the 18th-century Carnatic music composer Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi, who also set it to the raagam Kanada). The song \"Yaro Yarodi\" later appeared in the 2008 American film, The Accidental Husband. The audio rights were sold to Saregama, a prominent music label in the 1999s.Karthik worked as chorus singer for the film while Clinton Cerejo made his debut as playback singer.[25][26] Song \"Kadhal Sadugudu\" provided major breakthrough for its singer S. P. Charan.[27]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puthandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthandu"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Shobha Warrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobha_Warrier"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Alai Payuthey was released on 14 April 2000, during Puthandu (Tamil New Year).[28] The Hindu said, \"The wavy movements are not restricted to the title card alone. Alaipayuthey goes backward and forward in time and the movement holds a thin thread of suspense too. The oscillation from joy and levity to seriousness and sorrow creates impressive waves\", The lead pair performance was praised saying, \"Shalini once again proves that she is a natural performer while Madhavan sails through the litmus test with ease\".[29] Shobha Warrier of Rediff.com gave the film a middling review citing that the film is \"old wine in an old bottle\" and that \"the only person who scores good marks in the film is P. C. Sreeram\", saying \"he has used his camera as a paintbrush and the strokes are so stunningly beautiful that, once the film is over, one remembers only the visual treat\". In regard to performances, the critic mentions that Madhavan \"looks pleasant and handsome and does his job splendidly until the end, where he looks totally lost in the most crucial scene\" and that Shalini \"is very beautiful but not as open as she used to be as a child star\".[30] Tamil Star wrote \"A technically near-perfect film but lacking in intensity\".[31] Krishna Chidambaram of Kalki praised the performances of Shalini and Madhavan while also appreciating the cameos of Aravind Swamy and Kushboo and also for showing post-marriage friction beautifully.[32]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Saathiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saathiya_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shaad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaad_Ali"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Alai Payuthey was dubbed and released in Telugu under the title Sakhi.[36] It was later remade in Hindi as Saathiya, by Ratnam's assistant Shaad Ali in 2002.[37] This was the first time where the director had sold off production rights' of his films to be remade in another language as he had previously opted to dub and release the film himself.[38]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_hero"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Dumm Dumm Dumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumm_Dumm_Dumm"},{"link_name":"Kannathil Muthamittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal"},{"link_name":"Aaytha Ezhuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaytha_Ezhuthu"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Shalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalini_Ajith"},{"link_name":"Ajith Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajith_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Swarnamalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnamalya"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Janani Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janani_Iyer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gautham Vasudev Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautham_Vasudev_Menon"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Alai Payuthey began a successful film career for Madhavan and launched him as a romantic hero.[39] He has since gone on to become a regular part of the cast in Mani Ratnam's productions and featured in leading roles in Dumm Dumm Dumm (2001), Kannathil Muthamittal (2002), Aaytha Ezhuthu (2004) and Guru (2007).[40] Meanwhile, Shalini had already agreed to call time on her career before release due to her pending marriage with Ajith Kumar and Alai Payuthey became her penultimate release. Swarnamalya also received several film offers after her critically acclaimed performance, but consecutive failures of eight of her ten movies since failed to catapult her into the leading bracket of actors.[41] Post-release, the actress had also expressed her disappointment at several of her scenes being edited out of the film.[42] In July 2011, Janani Iyer said she considered a role like Shalini's character from the film as \"really challenging\".[43] Gautham Vasudev Menon revealed that the scene prior to the song \"Evano Oruvan\" was \"almost straight out of real life\" and that he \"tried to incorporate such moments\" in his films.[44] The film created an interest for weddings held in temples.[45]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boss Engira Bhaskaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Engira_Bhaskaran"},{"link_name":"Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nayanthara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanthara"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Budget Padmanabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Padmanabhan"},{"link_name":"Bhuvaneswari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuvaneswari_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Theni Kunjarammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theni_Kunjarammal"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Majunu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majunu"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Shahjahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjahan_(film)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Beintehaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beintehaa"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Snegithiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snegithiye"},{"link_name":"Kadhal Sadugudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhal_Sadugudu"},{"link_name":"Evano Oruvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evano_Oruvan"},{"link_name":"Pachai Nirame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachai_Nirame"},{"link_name":"Ragasiya Snehithane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragasiya_Snehithane"},{"link_name":"Endrendrum Punnagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endrendrum_Punnagai"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnaithaandi_Varuvaayaa"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad201150-52"}],"text":"Several other directors have made cultural references to Alai Payuthey, with both scenes and songs being alluded in their films. The scene where Madhavan proposes Shalini in the train was spoofed in Boss Engira Bhaskaran (2010) where Bhaskaran (Arya) tries to do the same with Chandrika (Nayanthara) but fails. When Madhavan saw that film, he said \"It was a pleasant shock to see this clip feature in [Boss Engira Bhaskaran]. It was such a sweet tribute to me. After watching this sequence, I was quite amused to see how thin I was back then!\"[46] In Budget Padmanabhan (2000), Vivek speaks to Bhuvaneswari through cups attached with wires. Vivek utters Madhavan's dialogue from the film by mimicking his voice, he then hurts Theni Kunjarammal's eye by singing the film's song.[47] In Majunu (2001), Vivek impresses lady by singing \"Yaro Yarodi\" in a telephone booth with his friends while she was speaking on the telephone but lady reveals that her husband was a police inspector, then he sings 'En Garuvam Azhindhadhadi' from the line of a song \"Snegithane\".[48] In Shahjahan (2001), Vivek and Kovai Sarala's characters sing \"Snegithane\" in a humorous vein.[49]The Hindi television series Beintehaa was dubbed in Tamil as Alaipayuthe.[50] Songs from the film inspired several film titles – Snegithiye (2000), Kadhal Sadugudu (2003), Evano Oruvan (2007), Pachai Nirame (2008), Ragasiya Snehithane (2008) and Endrendrum Punnagai (2013).[51] The initial publicity posters of Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010) were inspired from various films including Alai Payuthey.[52]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Poster Mania\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MBkXAOmQDhoC&q=alaipayuthey&pg=PA50"},{"link_name":"South Scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Scope"}],"text":"Prasad, Vrinda (March 2011). \"Poster Mania\". South Scope.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The song \"Snegithane\" was shot at Fort Ahilya of the Holkar dynasty, in Maheshwar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Maheshwar_Fort_-_Exterior_03.jpg/220px-Maheshwar_Fort_-_Exterior_03.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_de_Baro%C3%B1a
Castro de Baroña
["1 Description","2 Archaeological investigations","3 See also","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°41′42″N 9°01′56″W / 42.6949°N 9.0322°W / 42.6949; -9.0322This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Castro de Baroña" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Castro de BaroñaCastro de Baroña in 2014LocationPorto do Son, Galicia, SpainHistoryFounded1st Century BCAbandoned1st Century ADPeriodsIron AgeSite notesPublic accessYes The Castro de Baroña is an Iron Age fortified settlement located in the parish of Baroña, a municipality of Porto do Son in the province of A Coruña (Galicia, Spain. GPS Co-ordinates: 42°41'41.40"N 9°1'57.10"W). The settlement, surrounded by two walls and containing twenty roundhouses that still remain today, was built on a peninsula and inhabited from the 1st Century BC to the 1st Century AD. Description A moat four metres wide by three metres deep, forming the first line of defence, was dug into the isthmus that connects the town to the fort. Beyond this, there is a rampart consisting of two almost parallel stone walls filled with sand and stone. It is thought that this rampart originally connected to the town walls, creating an area most likely without housing. The main wall is well preserved and has two sides, the one on the right is made up of three gradually rising stone walls, and the one on the left is similar to that of the isthmus. To the right of the entrance there was a defensive tower where the walls narrowed, so it is assumed that it was shut with a gate to prevent the passage of carts. It is possible that the wall previously surrounded the entire fort. There is a sloped entrance that leads into the interior living space, which is divided into four separate parts. In the first, it is debated whether the construction on the left is either a long bench or a single fallen pillar. Within this building a fireplace, some earthenware artefacts and a hole for a post were found, indicating it could have been a forge. Set against the gate, there are other oval shaped structures with a hall and another that could have been a forge. Roundhouses on the top of the hill fort. The next section is separated by a retaining wall and is reached by some stairs, which are the best preserved of all Galician forts. This section contains a group of houses forming an area sheltered from the wind. A trail leads to the highest part of the town where there are other surviving structures. Evidence suggests the town was self-sufficient. Inside the fort there was no water, springs or wells, thus there was the need to source water elsewhere. It is thought that food came primarily from the sea, and so basically consisted in shellfish and fish. They also ate cattle, goats, sheep and acorns. At the site there are remains of metalwork, masonry and textiles. Archaeological investigations The Castro de Baroña was first excavated in 1933 by Sebastián González-García. The subsequent excavations were carried out by J. M. Luengo (1969-1970), Francisco Calo Lourido and Teresa Soeiro (1980 to 1984). Ánxel Concheiro (1984) and Francisco Calo (1985) reinforced the structural integrity of the fort, and a new round of excavations and renovations was started on May 21, 2012. See also 42°41′42″N 9°01′56″W / 42.6949°N 9.0322°W / 42.6949; -9.0322List of castros in Galicia Castro culture External links Information of the Castro de Baroña from Turismo de Galicia
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[{"image_text":"Roundhouses on the top of the hill fort.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Baro%C3%B1a._Porto_do_Son._Galiza-36.jpg/280px-Baro%C3%B1a._Porto_do_Son._Galiza-36.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Sri_Lanka
Koreans in Sri Lanka
["1 Demography","2 Religion","3 Community organisations","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Ethnic group Ethnic group Koreans in Sri LankaTotal population948 (2011)Regions with significant populationsColombo, Negombo, Gampaha, Kandy, Nuwara EliyaRelated ethnic groupsKorean diaspora There are roughly 948 Koreans in Sri Lanka, according to the 2013 statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade). Demography The number of Koreans in Sri Lanka was recorded at 854 in 2009, 948 in 2011, and 782 in 2013. Among them were 268 international students studying at Sri Lankan universities, and 514 with other types of visas. The vast majority (513) lived at Colombo, with another 96 in Western Province (namely Negombo and Gampaha), 124 in Central Province (Kandy and Nuwara Eliya), and 49 in other areas. Religion South Korean Christian missionaries are active in Sri Lanka. They have conducted charitable activities, such as constructing disaster assistance centres. However, their activities to promote religious conversion have also caused conflict with the predominantly Buddhist and Hindu local people. Community organisations There is a Korean Association of Sri Lanka, as well as a weekend school for Korean language. The former has organised various public events to inform the public about Korean culture and history, such as a special lecture commemorating the start of the Korean War. References ^ a b c 재외동포 본문(지역별 상세), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011-07-15, p. 172, retrieved 2012-02-25 ^ a b c 남아시아태평양, 재외동포현황, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2013-09-30, p. 84, retrieved 2015-04-30 ^ 재외동포현황 , South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, archived from the original on 2010-10-23, retrieved 2009-05-21 ^ 김명철 (2006-05-03), 스리랑카한인선교사회, 재난구호센터 지원 요청 , News Cheonji (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31 ^ 정충신 (2004-01-14), ‘불교국’ 스리랑카서 한인선교사 잇단 수난 , Munhwa Ilbo (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31 ^ 이지희 (2004-01-12), "Untitled Document" 스리랑카 한인 선교사 『수난』 , Christianity Today (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31 ^ 스리랑카한인회, 한인학교 교사들과 오찬 , Dongpo News (in Korean), 2009-06-08, retrieved 2010-10-31 ^ 오재범 (2010-07-01), 스리랑카 한인동포 6.25 특별강연 개최 , Dongpo News (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31 Further reading 이현아 (2010-07-19), ‘왕건함’ 입항에 스리랑카 한인사회 ‘들썩’ , Dongpo News (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31 배형직 (2005-02-09), 스리랑카의 한인들 , Korea Times (in Korean), archived from the original on 2013-01-27, retrieved 2010-10-31 External links (in Korean) Association of Koreans in Sri Lanka (in Korean) Korean School of Sri Lanka vte Sri Lankans Demographics of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan diaspora Indigenous Vedda Traditional Sinhalese Sri Lankan Tamils Chinese Indians Bharatha Chetty Tamil Telugu Jews Malays Javanese Moors Pathans Multiracial Burgher people Dutch Burghers Portuguese Burghers Kaffirs Immigrants Japanese Koreans Maldivians Memons vteKorean diasporaAfrica Canary Islands1 South Africa North America Canada list Cuba Guatemala Mexico United States list Hawaii by city South America Argentina Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela AsiaEast Asia China Beijing Hong Kong Shanghai Japan Mongolia South Korea (North Koreans) Taiwan Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand North Korean defectors Vietnam South Asia Bangladesh India Varanasi Nepal Pakisatan Sri Lanka West Asia Arab world Iran Turkey EuropePost-Soviet states Commonwealth of Independent States Ukraine Sakhalin Russia (North Koreans) Kamchatka Elsewhere Czech Republic France Germany Netherlands Poland Spain United Kingdom Oceania Australia Micronesia New Zealand Hawaii Related topicsLanguages Koryo-mar Zainichi Korean Misc. Adoptees Koreatown North Korean defectors South Korean defectors 1 An autonomous community of Spain off the northwest coast of Africa
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOFAT2013-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOFAT2011-1"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThere are roughly 948 Koreans in Sri Lanka, according to the 2013 statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade).[2][1]","title":"Koreans in Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOFAT2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOFAT2013-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"international students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Negombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negombo"},{"link_name":"Gampaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gampaha"},{"link_name":"Central Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandy"},{"link_name":"Nuwara Eliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOFAT2013-2"}],"text":"The number of Koreans in Sri Lanka was recorded at 854 in 2009, 948 in 2011, and 782 in 2013.[1][2][3] Among them were 268 international students studying at Sri Lankan universities, and 514 with other types of visas. The vast majority (513) lived at Colombo, with another 96 in Western Province (namely Negombo and Gampaha), 124 in Central Province (Kandy and Nuwara Eliya), and 49 in other areas.[2]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korean Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"South Korean Christian missionaries are active in Sri Lanka. They have conducted charitable activities, such as constructing disaster assistance centres.[4] However, their activities to promote religious conversion have also caused conflict with the predominantly Buddhist and Hindu local people.[5][6]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"There is a Korean Association of Sri Lanka, as well as a weekend school for Korean language.[7] The former has organised various public events to inform the public about Korean culture and history, such as a special lecture commemorating the start of the Korean War.[8]","title":"Community organisations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"‘왕건함’ 입항에 스리랑카 한인사회 ‘들썩’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dongponews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=16633"},{"link_name":"스리랑카의 한인들","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130127085503/http://dc1.koreatimes.com/article/227041"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dc1.koreatimes.com/article/227041"}],"text":"이현아 [Yi Hyun-a] (2010-07-19), ‘왕건함’ 입항에 스리랑카 한인사회 ‘들썩’ [Wanggeonham in port, Korean community in Sri Lanka \"stirred up\"], Dongpo News (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31\n배형직 [Bae Hyeong-jik] (2005-02-09), 스리랑카의 한인들 [The Koreans of Sri Lanka], Korea Times (in Korean), archived from the original on 2013-01-27, retrieved 2010-10-31","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"재외동포 본문(지역별 상세), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011-07-15, p. 172, retrieved 2012-02-25","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mofat.go.kr/webmodule/htsboard/template/read/korboardread.jsp?typeID=6&boardid=232&seqno=334627&c=&t=&pagenum=1&tableName=TYPE_DATABOARD&pc=&dc=&wc=&lu=&vu=&iu=&du=","url_text":"재외동포 본문(지역별 상세)"}]},{"reference":"남아시아태평양, 재외동포현황, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2013-09-30, p. 84, retrieved 2015-04-30","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mofa.go.kr/webmodule/common/download.jsp?boardid=232&tablename=TYPE_DATABOARD&seqno=fcefeefd6f8e05d012031027&fileseq=00b03707a059027fc7069fbf","url_text":"재외동포현황"}]},{"reference":"재외동포현황 [Current Status of Overseas Compatriots], South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, archived from the original on 2010-10-23, retrieved 2009-05-21","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101023213104/http://www.mofat.go.kr/consul/overseascitizen/compatriotcondition/index6.jsp?TabMenu=TabMenu6","url_text":"재외동포현황"},{"url":"http://www.mofat.go.kr/consul/overseascitizen/compatriotcondition/index6.jsp?TabMenu=TabMenu6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"김명철 [Kim Myeong-cheol] (2006-05-03), 스리랑카한인선교사회, 재난구호센터 지원 요청 [Korean missionary community in Sri Lanka invited to establish disaster assistance centre], News Cheonji (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newscj.com/news/quickViewArticleView.html?idxno=1576","url_text":"스리랑카한인선교사회, 재난구호센터 지원 요청"}]},{"reference":"정충신 [Jeong Chung-sin] (2004-01-14), ‘불교국’ 스리랑카서 한인선교사 잇단 수난 [Passion of Korean missionaries in \"Buddhist country\" Sri Lanka], Munhwa Ilbo (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2004011401012230026004","url_text":"‘불교국’ 스리랑카서 한인선교사 잇단 수난"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Ilbo","url_text":"Munhwa Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"이지희 [Yi Ji-hui] (2004-01-12), \"Untitled Document\" 스리랑카 한인 선교사 『수난』 [The \"Passion\" of Korean missionaries in Sri Lanka], Christianity Today (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christiantoday.co.kr/view.htm?id=233634","url_text":"\"Untitled Document\" 스리랑카 한인 선교사 『수난』"}]},{"reference":"스리랑카한인회, 한인학교 교사들과 오찬 [Korean school teachers hold luncheon with Korean community in Sri Lanka], Dongpo News (in Korean), 2009-06-08, retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dongponews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=14267","url_text":"스리랑카한인회, 한인학교 교사들과 오찬"}]},{"reference":"오재범 [O Jae-beom] (2010-07-01), 스리랑카 한인동포 6.25 특별강연 개최 [Koreans in Sri Lanka hold special lecture about outbreak of the Korean War], Dongpo News (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dongponews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=16478","url_text":"스리랑카 한인동포 6.25 특별강연 개최"}]},{"reference":"이현아 [Yi Hyun-a] (2010-07-19), ‘왕건함’ 입항에 스리랑카 한인사회 ‘들썩’ [Wanggeonham in port, Korean community in Sri Lanka \"stirred up\"], Dongpo News (in Korean), retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dongponews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=16633","url_text":"‘왕건함’ 입항에 스리랑카 한인사회 ‘들썩’"}]},{"reference":"배형직 [Bae Hyeong-jik] (2005-02-09), 스리랑카의 한인들 [The Koreans of Sri Lanka], Korea Times (in Korean), archived from the original on 2013-01-27, retrieved 2010-10-31","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130127085503/http://dc1.koreatimes.com/article/227041","url_text":"스리랑카의 한인들"},{"url":"http://dc1.koreatimes.com/article/227041","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_First_Ladies_against_HIV/AIDS
Organization of African First Ladies for Development
["1 History","2 Work and Campaigns","3 Member Countries","4 Steering Committee","5 Presidents of OAFLA","6 Recognition","7 See also","8 Notes","9 External links"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Organization of African First Ladies for Development" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Organization of African First Ladies for Development (OAFLAD)Founded2002; 22 years ago (2002)Founder37 African first ladiesTypeNot-for-profit, non-governmental organizationFocusHIV/AIDS, PMTCT, Maternal death, Child mortality, Women's empowerment, Youth empowermentLocationAddis Ababa, EthiopiaArea served AfricaMembers 40Key peopleMonica Geingos, PresidentDenise Nyakéru Tshisekedi, Vice PresidentWebsitehttps://oaflad.org/en/ The Organization of African First Ladies for Development (OAFLAD), originally formed as the Organization of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA), is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 2002 by 37 African first ladies. The Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS works to cultivate a spirit of solidarity and the exchange of experiences among African first ladies and increase the capacity of First Ladies and other women leaders to advocate for effective solutions to respond to the ongoing HIV/AIDS epidemic, and acts against stigma and discrimination in the fight against HIV/AIDS, develops partnerships with international, regional and local donors, organizations, and partners, and raises awareness, develops, and supports prevention, treatment, and care programs. History OAFLA High Level Event during the Seventy-second session of the United Nations General Assembly. In 2002, thirty-seven African first ladies met in Geneva at a meeting facilitated by UNAIDS and the International AIDS Trust (IAT). As a result of this meeting, the organization of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA) was established as a collective voice for Africa’s most vulnerable people, women and children infected and affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Since then, OAFLA has transformed itself from a forum of ideas to an institution capable of providing the continent-wide leadership needed to bring about change in peoples’ lives. With its permanent secretariat in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, OAFLA has moved from addressing the symptoms of the HIV/AIDS crisis to the root causes of poverty and the overall inequality of women in the region. Work and Campaigns The organisation and its members have taken on various causes including HIV/AIDS, PMTCT, maternal death, child mortality, women's empowerment, and youth empowerment. Member Countries The member countries and leaders as of 2023 are listed below: The Republic of Angola The Republic of Benin The Republic of Botswana The Central African Republic The Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros The Republic of the Congo The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire The Arab Republic of Egypt The Republic of Equatorial Guinea The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The Gabonese Republic The First Lady of Ghana The Republic of Guinea Bissau The Republic of Liberia The Republic of Madagascar The Republic of Mozambique The Federal Republic of Nigeria The Republic of Senegal The Republic of Sierra Leone The Republic of South Sudan The Republic of Uganda The Republic of Zambia The Republic of Zimbabwe Steering Committee The steering committee is composed of nine members representing the four regions within the continent. Presidents of OAFLA First Lady Country Tenure Edith Lucie Bongo Gabon 2002-2004 Jeannette Kagame Rwanda 2004-2006 Maureen Mwanawasa Zambia 2006-2008 Azeb Mesfin Ethiopia 2008-2010 Penehupifo Pohamba Namibia 2010-2012 Hinda Deby Itno Chad 2012-2014 Lordina Mahama Ghana 2014-2016 Gertrude Maseko Malawi 2016–2017 Sika Bella Kaboré Burkina Faso 2017–2019 Antoinette Sassou Nguesso Congo 2019–2022 Monica Geingos Namibia 2022–present Recognition In January 2007, Georgetown University awarded its fifth annual John Thompson Legacy of a Dream Award to the Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS for its leadership and service toward the ideals of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In January 2017, the former First Lady of Ghana, Lordina Mahama was presented an award from UNAIDS for her work during her term in office as the President of the Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). See also Jeannette Kagame Notes ^ Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). "Vision". ^ OAFLAD. "First Lady of the Republic of Namibia". ^ UNAIDS. "BREAKING THE SILOS: EMPOWERING ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN TO ACCESS INTEGRATED HEALTH-CARE SERVICES". UNAIDS. ^ Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). "List of member countries". ^ Georgetown University. "Georgetown University Honors Organization of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS with Legacy of a Dream Award". Georgetown University. External links OAFLA's website
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As a result of this meeting, the organization of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA) was established as a collective voice for Africa’s most vulnerable people, women and children infected and affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic.[citation needed]Since then, OAFLA has transformed itself from a forum of ideas to an institution capable of providing the continent-wide leadership needed to bring about change in peoples’ lives. With its permanent secretariat in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, OAFLA has moved from addressing the symptoms of the HIV/AIDS crisis to the root causes of poverty and the overall inequality of women in the region.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"PMTCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMTCT"},{"link_name":"maternal death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death"},{"link_name":"child mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortality"},{"link_name":"women's empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment"},{"link_name":"youth empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_empowerment"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The organisation and its members have taken on various causes including HIV/AIDS, PMTCT, maternal death, child mortality, women's empowerment, and youth empowerment.[citation needed]","title":"Work and Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Member_Countries-4"},{"link_name":"Republic of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Republic of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Republic of Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Federal_Republic_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of Côte d’Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_C%C3%B4te_d%E2%80%99Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arab Republic of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Republic_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Republic of Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gabonese Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonese_Republic"},{"link_name":"First Lady of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Republic of Guinea Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Guinea_Bissau"},{"link_name":"Republic of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Republic of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Republic of Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Republic of Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Republic of Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zimbabwe"}],"text":"The member countries and leaders as of 2023 are listed below:[4]The Republic of Angola\nThe Republic of Benin\nThe Republic of Botswana\nThe Central African Republic\nThe Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros\nThe Republic of the Congo\nThe Republic of Côte d’Ivoire\nThe Arab Republic of Egypt\nThe Republic of Equatorial Guinea\nThe Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia\nThe Gabonese Republic\nThe First Lady of Ghana\nThe Republic of Guinea Bissau\nThe Republic of Liberia\nThe Republic of Madagascar\nThe Republic of Mozambique\nThe Federal Republic of Nigeria\nThe Republic of Senegal\nThe Republic of Sierra Leone\nThe Republic of South Sudan\nThe Republic of Uganda\nThe Republic of Zambia\nThe Republic of Zimbabwe","title":"Member Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The steering committee is composed of nine members representing the four regions within the continent.","title":"Steering Committee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents of OAFLA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Thompson_Legacy_of_a_Dream_Award-5"},{"link_name":"First Lady of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Lordina Mahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordina_Mahama"},{"link_name":"UNAIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAIDS"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In January 2007, Georgetown University awarded its fifth annual John Thompson Legacy of a Dream Award to the Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS for its leadership and service toward the ideals of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.[5]In January 2017, the former First Lady of Ghana, Lordina Mahama was presented an award from UNAIDS for her work during her term in office as the President of the Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA).[citation needed]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vision_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Vision\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oafla.org/old/index.php/en/2014-04-30-12-27-06"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OAFLAD_president_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"First Lady of the Republic of Namibia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oaflad.org/en/oaflad_members/h-e-mrs-monica-geingos/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UNGA_AIDS_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"BREAKING THE SILOS: EMPOWERING ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN TO ACCESS INTEGRATED HEALTH-CARE SERVICES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/june/20160608_PR_HLM_OAFLA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Member_Countries_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"List of member countries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oafla.org/old/index.php/en/2014-04-29-13-44-56/list-of-member-countries"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-John_Thompson_Legacy_of_a_Dream_Award_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Georgetown University Honors Organization of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS with Legacy of a Dream Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=21880"}],"text":"^ Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). \"Vision\".\n\n^ OAFLAD. \"First Lady of the Republic of Namibia\".\n\n^ UNAIDS. \"BREAKING THE SILOS: EMPOWERING ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN TO ACCESS INTEGRATED HEALTH-CARE SERVICES\". UNAIDS.\n\n^ Organisation of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). \"List of member countries\".\n\n^ Georgetown University. \"Georgetown University Honors Organization of African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS with Legacy of a Dream Award\". Georgetown University.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"Jeannette Kagame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Kagame"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfix_Model_World
Airfix Model World
["1 References","2 External links"]
Airfix Model WorldAirfix Model World, March 2014EditorChris CliffordCategoriesHobby MagazineFrequencyMonthlyTotal circulation(June 2016)12,730First issueDecember 2010 (2010-December)CompanyKey PublishingCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.airfixmodelworld.comISSN2045-1202 Airfix Model World is a monthly magazine published in the United Kingdom by Key Publishing since 2010, produced under licence from Airfix. It covers the hobby of plastic modelmaking, particularly model aircraft, but also including model cars, ships, sci-fi/spacecraft, armoured vehicles and figures. It is effectively the successor to an earlier publication, Airfix Magazine, which ceased in 1993. References ^ "Mag ABCs: Full circulation round-up for the first half of 2013". Press Gazette. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013. ^ "Key launches Airfix Model World". InPublishing. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ "Airfix Model World". Aeroflight. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2019. External links Official website This British magazine or academic journal–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Missouri_River_watershed
List of dams in the Missouri River watershed
["1 Mainstem dams","2 Tributary dams","3 See also","4 References"]
Map showing the Missouri River basin Garrison Dam, which forms Lake Sakakawea, the largest reservoir on the Missouri River This is a list of dams in the watershed of the Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, in the United States. There are an estimated 17,200 dams and reservoirs in the basin, most of which are small, local irrigation structures. Reservoirs in the watershed total a capacity of approximately 141,000,000 acre-feet (174 km3). Mainstem dams Name State Reservoir Height Storage capacity Capacity(MW) ft m acre.ft km3 Toston Dam MT 56 17 3,000 0.004 10 Canyon Ferry Dam MT Canyon Ferry Lake 225 69 1,973,000 2.434 50 Hauser Dam MT Hauser Lake 80 24 98,000 0.121 19 Holter Dam MT Holter Lake 124 38 243,000 0.300 48 Black Eagle Dam MT Long Pool 13 4 2,000 0.002 21 Rainbow Dam MT 29 9 1,000 0.001 36 Cochrane Dam MT 59 18 3,000 0.004 64 Ryan Dam MT 61 19 5,000 0.006 60 Morony Dam MT 59 18 3,000 0.004 48 Fort Peck Dam MT Fort Peck Lake 250 76 18,690,000 23.053 185 Garrison Dam ND Lake Sakakawea 210 64 23,800,000 29.356 515 Oahe Dam SD Lake Oahe 245 75 23,500,000 28.986 786 Big Bend Dam SD Lake Sharpe 95 29 1,910,000 2.356 493 Fort Randall Dam SD Lake Francis Case 165 50 5,700,000 7.031 320 Gavins Point Dam NESD Lewis and Clark Lake 74 23 492,000 0.607 132 Tributary dams All tributary dams with a storage capacity greater than 250,000 acre-feet (0.31 km3) are listed in the table below. Name State River Reservoir Height Storage capacity Capacity(MW) ft m acre.ft km3 Bagnell Dam MO Osage Lake of the Ozarks 148 45 1,927,000 2.377 215 Boysen Dam WY Wind Boysen Reservoir 220 67 952,400 1.175 15 Buffalo Bill Dam WY Shoshone Buffalo Bill Reservoir 350 110 623,557 0.769 30.5 Chatfield Dam CO South Platte Chatfield Reservoir 147 45 350,000 0.432 0 Clark Canyon Dam MT Jefferson Clark Canyon Reservoir 148 45 325,324 0.401 0 Glendo Dam WY North Platte Glendo Reservoir 190 58 1,170,505 1.444 38 Harry S. Truman Dam MO Osage Truman Reservoir 126 38 5,408,600 6.671 160 Hebgen Dam MT Madison Hebgen Lake 85 26 325,000 0.401 0 Keyhole Dam WY Belle Fourche Keyhole Reservoir 168 51 334,200 0.412 0 Kingsley Dam NE North Platte Lake McConaughy 162 49 1,740,000 2.146 51.9 Melvern Dam KS Marais des Cygnes Melvern Reservoir 125 38 355,300 0.438 0 Milford Dam KS Republican Milford Lake 90 27 1,125,200 1.387 0 Pathfinder Dam WY North Platte Pathfinder Reservoir 214 65 1,016,500 1.254 66.8 Perry Dam KS Delaware Perry Lake 151 46 1,417,700 1.749 0 Pomme de Terre Dam MO Pomme de Terre Pomme de Terre Lake 155 47 650,000 0.802 0 Seminoe Dam WY North Platte Seminoe Reservoir 295 90 1,017,279 1.255 45 Stockton Dam MO Sac Stockton Lake 131 40 1,674,000 2.065 52 Tiber Dam MT Marias Lake Elwell 211 64 1,515,000 1.869 10 Tuttle Creek Dam KS Big Blue Tuttle Creek Lake 137 42 3,185,700 3.929 0 Wilson Dam KS Saline Wilson Lake 130 40 736,000 0.908 0 Yellowtail Dam MT Bighorn Bighorn Lake 525 160 1,381,189 1.704 250 See also List of tributaries of the Missouri River Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program References ^ "Missouri River Mainstem Reservoir System Master Water Control Manual". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. University of Nebraska Lincoln Digital Commons. 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2012-01-20. vteMissouri RiverLists Crossings Tributaries Populated places Dams Geography Missouri River Valley Great Plains Missouri Coteau Rocky Mountains Big Belt Mountains Wind River Range Bighorn Mountains Great Falls of the Missouri Missouri Breaks Big Bend Native Americantribes Arikara Blackfeet Hidatsa Lakota Mandan Missouria Sioux History Sieur de Bourgmont Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Manuel Lisa Missouri Fur Company Independence, Missouri Oregon Trail Great Platte River Road Bozeman Trail Red Cloud's War Treaty of Fort Laramie Great Sioux War of 1876 Engineering Pick–Sloan Plan Flood Control Act of 1944 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Montana Power Company U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Parks andpreserves American Prairie Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument Missouri National Recreational River vteDams and reservoirs in the Missouri River basin (Omaha District)Main stem Fort Peck Dam Garrison Dam Oahe Dam Big Bend Dam Fort Randall Dam Gavins Point Dam Fort Peck Lake Lake Sakakawea Lake Oahe Lake Sharpe Lake Francis Case Lewis and Clark Lake Tributary dams Bear Creek Dam Bowman-Haley Dam Boysen Dam Buffalo Bill Dam Canyon Ferry Dam Chatfield Dam Cherry Creek Dam Clark Canyon Dam Cold Brook Dam Cottonwood Springs Dam Glendo Dam Heart Butte Dam Jamestown Dam Keyhole Dam Pactola Dam Papio Creek Dams Pipestem Dam Salt Creek Dams Shadehill Dam Tiber Dam (R) Yellowtail Dam vteLists of dams and reservoirs in the United StatesBy state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming By insular area Puerto Rico By watershed Colorado River Columbia River Lower Colorado River Valley Missouri River Ohio River Rio Grande Susquehanna River Tennessee River Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway Upper Mississippi River Other List of largest reservoirs in the United States List of the tallest dams in the United States List of United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(wrestling)
Heel (professional wrestling)
["1 History","2 Notes","3 References"]
A villainous or "bad guy" character in professional wrestling For other meanings, see Heel (disambiguation). Foreign heels The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff and manager Freddie Blassie taunt an American crowd at Madison Square Garden in the 1980s Part of a series onProfessional wrestling History History of professional wrestling By year Early wrestling championships Gold Dust Trio 1980s boom Black Saturday 1994 NWA World Title Tournament Monday Night Wars Attitude Era 2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus The Invasion Wednesday Night Wars Notable promotions All Elite Wrestling All Japan Pro Wrestling All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling American Wrestling Association Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Extreme Championship Wrestling Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling Jim Crockett Promotions Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide National Wrestling Alliance New Japan Pro-Wrestling Pro Wrestling Noah Ring of Honor Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling Total Nonstop Action Wrestling UWF International Women of Wrestling World Championship Wrestling World Wonder Ring Stardom WWE Others Notable peopleEarly 20th Century George Hackenschmidt The Great Gama Frank Gotch Billy Sandow Toots Mondt Ed Lewis Jack Pfefer Jim Londos Salvador Lutteroth Lou Thesz Mid 20th Century Gorgeous George El Santo Sam Muchnick Mildred Burke The Fabulous Moolah Blue Demon Verne Gagne Karl Gotch Rikidōzan Stu Hart Bruno Sammartino 1970s and 1980s Terry Funk Harley Race Gordon Solie Antonio Inoki Giant Baba Mil Máscaras André the Giant Carlos Colón Dusty Rhodes Ric Flair Jim Crockett Jr. Big Daddy Vince McMahon Dynamite Kid Satoru "Tiger Mask" Sayama Hulk Hogan Randy Savage Hisashi Shinma Akira Maeda 1990s Ted Turner Sting The Great Muta The Undertaker Jim Ross Mitsuharu Misawa Kenta Kobashi Toshiaki Kawada Atsushi Onita Antonio Peña Eric Bischoff Paul Heyman Jim Cornette Bret Hart Shawn Michaels Kevin Nash Scott Hall Vince Russo Stone Cold Steve Austin The Rock Paul "Triple H" Levesque 2000s Chris Jericho Jeff Jarrett Eddie Guerrero Rey Mysterio Brock Lesnar John Cena Hiroshi Tanahashi Místico 2010s and 2020s CM Punk Bryan Danielson Roman Reigns Kazuchika Okada Kenny Omega Tony Khan Nick Khan Cody Rhodes By region Australia Bolivia Canada China France India Israel Japan Mexico New Zealand Puerto Rico Russia Saudi Arabia United Kingdom United States Styles British wrestling All-in style Mountevans rules Catch-as-catch-can Cruiserweight X Division Hardcore Intergender Lucha libre Midget Mini-Estrella Puroresu Shoot style U-Kei Women's Concepts Attire Masks Wrestling singlet Wrestling shoe Backyarding Blading Championship World Heavyweight Dirt sheet Glossary of terms Kayfabe Gimmick Face Heel Shoot Heat Job Push House show Match types Music Rib Ring name Sports entertainment Tag team Weight classes Wrestling ring Culture Cauliflower Alley Club Cauliflower ear Comic books Films Luchador films Magazines Paintings Gustave Courbet Thomas Eakins William Etty George Luks Ribera Steakhouse Sculpture Ten-bell salute Video games Wrestling personalities in politics Zubaz Media outlets Botchamania Box y Lucha Dark Side of the Ring Fighting Spirit Magazine Live Audio Wrestling OSW Review Power Slam Pro Wrestling Illustrated Súper Luchas Wrestling Observer Newsletter Controversies Animals in professional wrestling Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide Death of Owen Hart Mass Transit incident Montreal Screwjob Murder of Bruiser Brody Murder of Rikidōzan Premature deaths Speaking Out United States v. McMahon Vince McMahon sexual trafficking scandal WWE–Saudi Arabia relationship Lists Attendance records Championships Matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer Moves Promotions Rivalries Rosters TV shows Wrestling families Related topics Combat sport Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts Martial arts Mock combat Pankration Sport wrestling Amateur Catch Shoot Submission Lancashire Luta Livre Pehlwani Stage combat Theatre vte In professional wrestling, a heel (also known as a rudo in lucha libre) is a wrestler who portrays a villain, "bad guy", or "rulebreaker", and acts as an antagonist to the faces, who are the heroic protagonist or "good guy" characters. Not everything a heel wrestler does must be villainous: heels need only to be booed or jeered by the audience to be effective characters, although most truly successful heels embrace other aspects of their devious personalities, such as cheating to win or using foreign objects. "The role of a heel is to get 'heat,' which means spurring the crowd to obstreperous hatred, and generally involves cheating and any other manner of socially unacceptable behavior." To gain heat (with boos and jeers from the audience), heels are often portrayed as behaving in an immoral manner by breaking rules or otherwise taking advantage of their opponents outside the bounds of the standards of the match. Others do not (or rarely) break rules, but instead exhibit unlikeable, appalling, and deliberately offensive and demoralizing personality traits such as arrogance, cowardice, or contempt for the audience. Many heels do both, cheating as well as behaving nastily. No matter the type of heel, the most important role is that of the antagonist, as heels exist to provide a foil to the face wrestlers. If a given heel is cheered over the face, a promoter may opt to turn that heel to face or the other way around, or to make the wrestler do something even more despicable to encourage heel heat. Some performers display a mixture of both positive and negative character traits. In wrestling terminology, these characters are referred to as tweeners (short hand for the "in-between" good and evil actions these wrestlers display). WWE has been cited as a company that is doing away with the traditional heel/face format due in part to audiences' willingness to cheer for heels and boo babyfaces. In "local" wrestling (e.g., American wrestling) it was common for the faces to be "local" (e.g., Hulk Hogan, John Cena, and Stone Cold Steve Austin) and the heels to be portrayed as "foreign" (e.g., Gunther, Alberto Del Rio, Ivan Koloff, The Iron Sheik, Rusev/Miro, Jinder Mahal, and Muhammad Hassan). In the world of lucha libre wrestling, most rudos are generally known for being brawlers and for using physical moves that emphasize brute strength or size, often having outfits akin to demons, devils, or other tricksters. This is contrasted with most heroic técnicos that are generally known for using moves requiring technical skill, particularly aerial maneuvers. History Common heel behavior includes cheating to win (e.g. using the ropes for leverage while pinning or attacking with a weapon while the referee is looking away), employing dirty tactics such as blatant chokes or raking the eyes, attacking other wrestlers backstage, interfering with other wrestlers' matches, insulting the fans or city they are in (referred to as "cheap heat") and acting in a haughty or superior manner. With his flamboyant gimmick, Gorgeous George became one of the most famous wrestlers of his era. More theatrical heels would feature dramatic outfits giving off a nasty or otherwise dangerous look, such as wearing corpse paint over their faces, putting on demonic masks, covering themselves in dark leather and the like. Gorgeous George is regarded as the father of the wrestling gimmick, and by extension the heel gimmick. Starting in the 1940s, he invented an extravagant, flamboyant "pretty boy" gimmick who wore wavy blonde hair, colorful robes and ritzy outfits, and was accompanied by beautiful valets to the ring for his matches. The crowd widely jeered his persona, and came out to his matches in hopes of seeing him defeated. George relished this attention, and exploded into one of the most famous (and hated) heels not only of his era, but of all time. Another example of a dramatic heel is the wrestler The Undertaker, who, on many occasions throughout his career, has switched between portraying a heel or a face. During his period as the leader of The Ministry of Darkness, he appeared as a priest of the occult in a hooded black robe and literally sat in a throne, often in the shape of the symbol used to represent him. Occasionally, faces who have recently turned from being heels still exhibit characteristics from their heel persona. This occurs due to fans being entertained by a wrestler despite (or because of) their heel persona, often due to the performer's charisma or charm in playing the role. Certain wrestlers such as Eddie Guerrero and Ric Flair gained popularity as faces by using tactics that would typically be associated with heels, while others like Stone Cold Steve Austin, Scott Hall and more recently Becky Lynch displayed heelish behavior during their careers yet got big face reactions, leading them to be marketed as antiheroes. Roman Reigns received negative reactions from the audience despite being promoted as a face. On other occasions, wrestlers who are positioned as faces receive a negative audience reaction despite their portrayal as heroes. An example is Roman Reigns, who in 2018 was a top face in WWE, but got booed in his matches while his opponents got cheered regardless of their status as face or heel, due to perceived favoritism from WWE executives and a lack of character development. Such characters often (but not always) become nudged into becoming villains over time or retooled to present a different public image, such as The Rock's turn from a clean-cut face to self-absorbed narcissist in the Nation of Domination heel stable, or Tetsuya Naito's fan rejection of his babyface causing him to drastically form Los Ingobernables de Japon. The term "heel" does not, in itself, describe a typical set of attributes or audience reaction, but simply a wrestler's presentation and booking as an antagonist. Depending on the angle, heels can act cowardly or overpowering to their opponents. For instance, a "closet champion" in particular is a term for a heel in possession of a title belt who consistently dodges top flight competition and attempts to back down from challenges. Examples include Seth Rollins during his first WWE World Heavyweight Championship reign, Charlotte during her Divas/Raw Women's Championship reign, the Honky Tonk Man during his long Intercontinental Championship reign, Tommaso Ciampa during his NXT Championship reign and The IIconics during their WWE Women's Tag Team Championship reign. Brock Lesnar's character in WWE had heel aspects, and was well known for failing to regularly defend his title (especially during his first Universal Championship reign), often only performing on pay-per-view events and not on SmackDown or especially Raw as he was only on a part-time appearance contract with WWE. This sort of behavior supports the intended kayfabe opinion that the face (or faces) the heel is feuding with is actually more deserving of the title than the title-holding heel is. Heels may beg for mercy during a beat down at the hands of faces, even if they have delivered similar beat downs with no mercy. Ric Flair in particular has been well known for begging an opponent off, then hitting a low blow on his distracted opponent. Other heels may act overpowering to their opponents to play up the scrappy underdog success story for the face. Notes ^ Oz, Drake. "Understanding Wrestling Terminology: A Casual Fan's Guide". Bleacher Report. Turner Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Torch Glossary of Insider Terms". PWTorch.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2007. ^ Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p. 2). ^ Sammond, Nicholas (2005). Steel Chair to the Head. Duke University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8223-3438-5. ^ Edison, Mike (4 September 2017). "The Art of the Heel". The Baffler. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Ostriecher, Blake. "5 Reasons WWE No Longer Has True Heels Or Babyfaces". Forbes. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Esbenshade, Ellie (15 April 2019). "The Geeky Historian: What Happened to Foreign Heels in Wrestling?". The Geeky Historian. Medium. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Cocking, Lauren (5 November 2016). "Everything You Need to Know about Wrestling". Culture Trip. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p. 117). ^ Jares, Joe. "George was Villainous, Gutsy, and Gorgeous". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Mueller, Chris. "Examining Undertaker's Legacy as the Measuring Stick for Every WWE Superstar". Bleacher Report. Turner Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Wagoner, Christopher (16 August 2019). "WWE History Vol. 9: Wrestling's greatest stables". Sportskeeda. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Powell, John. "'WWE WrestleMania XX' Results". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2008. ^ Baker, Will. "WWE: 10 Wrestlers That Work Better as Faces Than as Heels". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Martinez, Phillip (20 August 2018). "Did Becky Lynch Turn Heel? It's More Complicated Than That". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Hayner, Chris. "22 Massive WWE Heel Turns Every Fan Had Better Know". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Sidle, Ryan (29 November 2019). "WWE Champion Brock Lesnar Will Not Fight Again This Year". SPORTBible. CONTENTbible. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Matthews, Graham GSM. "Analyzing Brock Lesnar's Part-Time Schedule and Why It Works for WWE". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 7 April 2024. References Media related to Heel (professional wrestling) at Wikimedia Commons Mick Foley (2000). Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks. HarperCollins. p. 511. ISBN 0-06-103101-1. vteProfessional wrestling termsGeneral Blading Botch Cauliflower ear Dirt sheet Feud Gimmick House show Job Kayfabe Mask Promotion Push Rib Ring name Shoot Squared circle Ten-bell salute Championships Belt Championship unification Grand Slam Triple Crown Undisputed championship World heavyweight championship World tag team championship People Authority figure Cruiserweight Face Heel Manager Ring announcer Ring girl Tag team
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classy_Freddie_Blassie.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Iron Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Sheik"},{"link_name":"and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Sheik_and_Nikolai_Volkoff"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Volkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Volkoff"},{"link_name":"Freddie Blassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Blassie"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"lucha libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre"},{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleacher-1"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torchterms-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"heroic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"foreign objects.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#foreign_object"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BafflerQuote-5"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Turn"},{"link_name":"tweeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Tweener"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-6"},{"link_name":"Hulk Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_Hogan"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"Gunther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Alberto Del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Del_Rio"},{"link_name":"Ivan Koloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Koloff"},{"link_name":"The Iron Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Sheik"},{"link_name":"Rusev/Miro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Jinder Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinder_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hassan_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medium-7"},{"link_name":"demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"tricksters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster"},{"link_name":"técnicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre#Other_characteristics"},{"link_name":"aerial maneuvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CultureTrip-8"}],"text":"For other meanings, see Heel (disambiguation).Foreign heels The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff and manager Freddie Blassie taunt an American crowd at Madison Square Garden in the 1980sIn professional wrestling, a heel (also known as a rudo in lucha libre) is a wrestler who portrays a villain, \"bad guy\",[1] or \"rulebreaker\", and acts as an antagonist[2][3][4] to the faces, who are the heroic protagonist or \"good guy\" characters. Not everything a heel wrestler does must be villainous: heels need only to be booed or jeered by the audience to be effective characters, although most truly successful heels embrace other aspects of their devious personalities, such as cheating to win or using foreign objects. \"The role of a heel is to get 'heat,' which means spurring the crowd to obstreperous hatred, and generally involves cheating and any other manner of socially unacceptable behavior.\"[5]To gain heat (with boos and jeers from the audience), heels are often portrayed as behaving in an immoral manner by breaking rules or otherwise taking advantage of their opponents outside the bounds of the standards of the match. Others do not (or rarely) break rules, but instead exhibit unlikeable, appalling, and deliberately offensive and demoralizing personality traits such as arrogance, cowardice, or contempt for the audience. Many heels do both, cheating as well as behaving nastily. No matter the type of heel, the most important role is that of the antagonist, as heels exist to provide a foil to the face wrestlers. If a given heel is cheered over the face, a promoter may opt to turn that heel to face or the other way around, or to make the wrestler do something even more despicable to encourage heel heat. Some performers display a mixture of both positive and negative character traits. In wrestling terminology, these characters are referred to as tweeners (short hand for the \"in-between\" good and evil actions these wrestlers display). WWE has been cited as a company that is doing away with the traditional heel/face format due in part to audiences' willingness to cheer for heels and boo babyfaces.[6]In \"local\" wrestling (e.g., American wrestling) it was common for the faces to be \"local\" (e.g., Hulk Hogan, John Cena, and Stone Cold Steve Austin) and the heels to be portrayed as \"foreign\" (e.g., Gunther, Alberto Del Rio, Ivan Koloff, The Iron Sheik, Rusev/Miro, Jinder Mahal, and Muhammad Hassan).[7]In the world of lucha libre wrestling, most rudos are generally known for being brawlers and for using physical moves that emphasize brute strength or size, often having outfits akin to demons, devils, or other tricksters. This is contrasted with most heroic técnicos that are generally known for using moves requiring technical skill, particularly aerial maneuvers.[8]","title":"Heel (professional wrestling)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"a weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#foreign_object"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"dirty tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Illegal_attacks"},{"link_name":"blatant chokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokes"},{"link_name":"raking the eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Eye_rake"},{"link_name":"cheap heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_(professional_wrestling)#Cheap"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mf117-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorgeous_George_robe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gorgeous George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgeous_George"},{"link_name":"corpse paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse_paint"},{"link_name":"Gorgeous George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgeous_George"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-10"},{"link_name":"The Undertaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undertaker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BleacherReport2-11"},{"link_name":"The Ministry of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"occult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sportskeeda2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eddie Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleacherreport3-14"},{"link_name":"Ric Flair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Flair"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"Scott Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hall"},{"link_name":"Becky Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek-15"},{"link_name":"antiheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Reigns_May_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Reigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Reigns"},{"link_name":"despite being promoted as a face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_and_reception_of_Roman_Reigns"},{"link_name":"Roman Reigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Reigns"},{"link_name":"perceived favoritism from WWE executives and a lack of character development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_and_reception_of_Roman_Reigns"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nation of Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Domination"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot-16"},{"link_name":"Tetsuya Naito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Naito"},{"link_name":"Los Ingobernables de Japon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ingobernables_de_Japon"},{"link_name":"angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Angle"},{"link_name":"Seth Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rollins"},{"link_name":"WWE World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Flair"},{"link_name":"Divas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Divas_Championship"},{"link_name":"Raw Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"the Honky Tonk Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honky_Tonk_Man"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Ciampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Ciampa"},{"link_name":"NXT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Championship"},{"link_name":"The IIconics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IIconics"},{"link_name":"WWE Women's Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Brock Lesnar's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Lesnar"},{"link_name":"Universal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Universal_Championship"},{"link_name":"SmackDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportBible-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"kayfabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayfabe"},{"link_name":"Ric Flair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Flair"},{"link_name":"low blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_blow_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"underdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(term)"}],"text":"Common heel behavior includes cheating to win (e.g. using the ropes for leverage while pinning or attacking with a weapon while the referee is looking away), employing dirty tactics such as blatant chokes or raking the eyes, attacking other wrestlers backstage, interfering with other wrestlers' matches, insulting the fans or city they are in (referred to as \"cheap heat\") and acting in a haughty or superior manner.[9]With his flamboyant gimmick, Gorgeous George became one of the most famous wrestlers of his era.More theatrical heels would feature dramatic outfits giving off a nasty or otherwise dangerous look, such as wearing corpse paint over their faces, putting on demonic masks, covering themselves in dark leather and the like. Gorgeous George is regarded as the father of the wrestling gimmick, and by extension the heel gimmick. Starting in the 1940s, he invented an extravagant, flamboyant \"pretty boy\" gimmick who wore wavy blonde hair, colorful robes and ritzy outfits, and was accompanied by beautiful valets to the ring for his matches. The crowd widely jeered his persona, and came out to his matches in hopes of seeing him defeated.[10] George relished this attention, and exploded into one of the most famous (and hated) heels not only of his era, but of all time. Another example of a dramatic heel is the wrestler The Undertaker, who, on many occasions throughout his career, has switched between portraying a heel or a face.[11] During his period as the leader of The Ministry of Darkness, he appeared as a priest of the occult in a hooded black robe and literally sat in a throne,[12] often in the shape of the symbol used to represent him.Occasionally, faces who have recently turned from being heels still exhibit characteristics from their heel persona.[13] This occurs due to fans being entertained by a wrestler despite (or because of) their heel persona, often due to the performer's charisma or charm in playing the role. Certain wrestlers such as Eddie Guerrero[14] and Ric Flair gained popularity as faces by using tactics that would typically be associated with heels, while others like Stone Cold Steve Austin, Scott Hall and more recently Becky Lynch[15] displayed heelish behavior during their careers yet got big face reactions, leading them to be marketed as antiheroes.Roman Reigns received negative reactions from the audience despite being promoted as a face.On other occasions, wrestlers who are positioned as faces receive a negative audience reaction despite their portrayal as heroes. An example is Roman Reigns, who in 2018 was a top face in WWE, but got booed in his matches while his opponents got cheered regardless of their status as face or heel, due to perceived favoritism from WWE executives and a lack of character development. Such characters often (but not always) become nudged into becoming villains over time or retooled to present a different public image, such as The Rock's turn from a clean-cut face to self-absorbed narcissist in the Nation of Domination heel stable,[16] or Tetsuya Naito's fan rejection of his babyface causing him to drastically form Los Ingobernables de Japon. The term \"heel\" does not, in itself, describe a typical set of attributes or audience reaction, but simply a wrestler's presentation and booking as an antagonist.Depending on the angle, heels can act cowardly or overpowering to their opponents. For instance, a \"closet champion\" in particular is a term for a heel in possession of a title belt who consistently dodges top flight competition and attempts to back down from challenges. Examples include Seth Rollins during his first WWE World Heavyweight Championship reign, Charlotte during her Divas/Raw Women's Championship reign, the Honky Tonk Man during his long Intercontinental Championship reign, Tommaso Ciampa during his NXT Championship reign and The IIconics during their WWE Women's Tag Team Championship reign. Brock Lesnar's character in WWE had heel aspects, and was well known for failing to regularly defend his title (especially during his first Universal Championship reign), often only performing on pay-per-view events and not on SmackDown or especially Raw as he was only on a part-time appearance contract with WWE.[17][18] This sort of behavior supports the intended kayfabe opinion that the face (or faces) the heel is feuding with is actually more deserving of the title than the title-holding heel is. Heels may beg for mercy during a beat down at the hands of faces, even if they have delivered similar beat downs with no mercy. Ric Flair in particular has been well known for begging an opponent off, then hitting a low blow on his distracted opponent. Other heels may act overpowering to their opponents to play up the scrappy underdog success story for the face.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bleacher_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Understanding Wrestling Terminology: A Casual Fan's Guide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bleacherreport.com/articles/1135290-understanding-wrestling-terminology-a-casual-fans-guide"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-torchterms_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Torch Glossary of Insider Terms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110606073745/http://www.pwtorch.com/insiderglossary.shtml"},{"link_name":"PWTorch.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWTorch.com"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pwtorch.com/insiderglossary.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Duke University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8223-3438-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3438-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BafflerQuote_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Art of the Heel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thebaffler.com/salvos/the-art-of-the-heel-edison"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Forbes_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"5 Reasons WWE No Longer Has True Heels Or Babyfaces\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/sites/blakeoestriecher/2018/09/21/5-reasons-wwe-no-longer-has-true-heels-or-babyfaces/#55d655d227a7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Medium_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Geeky Historian: What Happened to Foreign Heels in Wrestling?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//medium.com/@ellieesbenshade/the-geeky-historian-what-happened-to-foreign-heels-in-wrestling-a92a505f87bd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CultureTrip_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Everything You Need to Know about Wrestling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/the-lucha-libre-a-brief-guide-to-mexican-wrestling/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mf117_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SI_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"George was Villainous, Gutsy, and Gorgeous\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vault.si.com/vault/1969/03/17/george-was-villainous-gutsy-and-gorgeous"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BleacherReport2_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Examining Undertaker's Legacy as the Measuring Stick for Every WWE Superstar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bleacherreport.com/articles/2701656-examining-undertakers-legacy-as-the-measuring-stick-for-every-wwe-superstar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sportskeeda2_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"WWE History Vol. 9: Wrestling's greatest stables\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sportskeeda.com/pro-wrestling/wwe-history-vol-8-wrestling-s-greatest-stables/7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"'WWE WrestleMania XX' Results\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20160329055345/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2004/03/15/382634.html"},{"link_name":"Canadian Online Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2004/03/15/382634.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bleacherreport3_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"WWE: 10 Wrestlers That Work Better as Faces Than as Heels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bleacherreport.com/articles/740185-wwe-10-wrestlers-that-work-better-as-faces-than-heels"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Newsweek_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Did Becky Lynch Turn Heel? It's More Complicated Than That\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newsweek.com/becky-lynch-heel-turn-summerslam-2018-wwe-charlotte-1082005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GameSpot_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"22 Massive WWE Heel Turns Every Fan Had Better Know\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gamespot.com/gallery/22-massive-wwe-heel-turns-every-fan-had-better-kno/2900-1540/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SportBible_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"WWE Champion Brock Lesnar Will Not Fight Again This Year\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sportbible.com/wwe/pub-talk-mma-brock-lesnars-next-wwe-match-wont-be-until-2020-20191129"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Analyzing Brock Lesnar's Part-Time Schedule and Why It Works for WWE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bleacherreport.com/articles/2611332-analyzing-brock-lesnars-part-time-schedule-and-why-it-works-for-wwe"}],"text":"^ Oz, Drake. \"Understanding Wrestling Terminology: A Casual Fan's Guide\". Bleacher Report. Turner Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ \"Torch Glossary of Insider Terms\". PWTorch.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2007.\n\n^ Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p. 2).\n\n^ Sammond, Nicholas (2005). Steel Chair to the Head. Duke University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8223-3438-5.\n\n^ Edison, Mike (4 September 2017). \"The Art of the Heel\". The Baffler. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Ostriecher, Blake. \"5 Reasons WWE No Longer Has True Heels Or Babyfaces\". Forbes. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Esbenshade, Ellie (15 April 2019). \"The Geeky Historian: What Happened to Foreign Heels in Wrestling?\". The Geeky Historian. Medium. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Cocking, Lauren (5 November 2016). \"Everything You Need to Know about Wrestling\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p. 117).\n\n^ Jares, Joe. \"George was Villainous, Gutsy, and Gorgeous\". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Mueller, Chris. \"Examining Undertaker's Legacy as the Measuring Stick for Every WWE Superstar\". Bleacher Report. Turner Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Wagoner, Christopher (16 August 2019). \"WWE History Vol. 9: Wrestling's greatest stables\". Sportskeeda. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Powell, John. \"'WWE WrestleMania XX' Results\". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2008.\n\n^ Baker, Will. \"WWE: 10 Wrestlers That Work Better as Faces Than as Heels\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Martinez, Phillip (20 August 2018). \"Did Becky Lynch Turn Heel? It's More Complicated Than That\". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Hayner, Chris. \"22 Massive WWE Heel Turns Every Fan Had Better Know\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Sidle, Ryan (29 November 2019). \"WWE Champion Brock Lesnar Will Not Fight Again This Year\". SPORTBible. CONTENTbible. Retrieved 25 July 2020.\n\n^ Matthews, Graham GSM. \"Analyzing Brock Lesnar's Part-Time Schedule and Why It Works for WWE\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Foreign heels The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff and manager Freddie Blassie taunt an American crowd at Madison Square Garden in the 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Classy_Freddie_Blassie.jpg/220px-Classy_Freddie_Blassie.jpg"},{"image_text":"With his flamboyant gimmick, Gorgeous George became one of the most famous wrestlers of his era.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gorgeous_George_robe.jpg/220px-Gorgeous_George_robe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman Reigns received negative reactions from the audience despite being promoted as a face.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Roman_Reigns_May_2019.jpg/170px-Roman_Reigns_May_2019.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Oz, Drake. \"Understanding Wrestling Terminology: A Casual Fan's Guide\". Bleacher Report. Turner Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1135290-understanding-wrestling-terminology-a-casual-fans-guide","url_text":"\"Understanding Wrestling Terminology: A Casual Fan's Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torch Glossary of Insider Terms\". PWTorch.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073745/http://www.pwtorch.com/insiderglossary.shtml","url_text":"\"Torch Glossary of Insider Terms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWTorch.com","url_text":"PWTorch.com"},{"url":"http://www.pwtorch.com/insiderglossary.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sammond, Nicholas (2005). Steel Chair to the Head. Duke University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8223-3438-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3438-5","url_text":"978-0-8223-3438-5"}]},{"reference":"Edison, Mike (4 September 2017). \"The Art of the Heel\". The Baffler. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebaffler.com/salvos/the-art-of-the-heel-edison","url_text":"\"The Art of the Heel\""}]},{"reference":"Ostriecher, Blake. \"5 Reasons WWE No Longer Has True Heels Or Babyfaces\". Forbes. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakeoestriecher/2018/09/21/5-reasons-wwe-no-longer-has-true-heels-or-babyfaces/#55d655d227a7","url_text":"\"5 Reasons WWE No Longer Has True Heels Or Babyfaces\""}]},{"reference":"Esbenshade, Ellie (15 April 2019). \"The Geeky Historian: What Happened to Foreign Heels in Wrestling?\". The Geeky Historian. Medium. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@ellieesbenshade/the-geeky-historian-what-happened-to-foreign-heels-in-wrestling-a92a505f87bd","url_text":"\"The Geeky Historian: What Happened to Foreign Heels in Wrestling?\""}]},{"reference":"Cocking, Lauren (5 November 2016). \"Everything You Need to Know about Wrestling\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/the-lucha-libre-a-brief-guide-to-mexican-wrestling/","url_text":"\"Everything You Need to Know about Wrestling\""}]},{"reference":"Jares, Joe. \"George was Villainous, Gutsy, and Gorgeous\". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1969/03/17/george-was-villainous-gutsy-and-gorgeous","url_text":"\"George was Villainous, Gutsy, and Gorgeous\""}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Chris. \"Examining Undertaker's Legacy as the Measuring Stick for Every WWE Superstar\". Bleacher Report. Turner Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2701656-examining-undertakers-legacy-as-the-measuring-stick-for-every-wwe-superstar","url_text":"\"Examining Undertaker's Legacy as the Measuring Stick for Every WWE Superstar\""}]},{"reference":"Wagoner, Christopher (16 August 2019). \"WWE History Vol. 9: Wrestling's greatest stables\". Sportskeeda. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/pro-wrestling/wwe-history-vol-8-wrestling-s-greatest-stables/7","url_text":"\"WWE History Vol. 9: Wrestling's greatest stables\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, John. \"'WWE WrestleMania XX' Results\". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20160329055345/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2004/03/15/382634.html","url_text":"\"'WWE WrestleMania XX' Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer","url_text":"Canadian Online Explorer"},{"url":"http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2004/03/15/382634.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Will. \"WWE: 10 Wrestlers That Work Better as Faces Than as Heels\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/740185-wwe-10-wrestlers-that-work-better-as-faces-than-heels","url_text":"\"WWE: 10 Wrestlers That Work Better as Faces Than as Heels\""}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Phillip (20 August 2018). \"Did Becky Lynch Turn Heel? It's More Complicated Than That\". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/becky-lynch-heel-turn-summerslam-2018-wwe-charlotte-1082005","url_text":"\"Did Becky Lynch Turn Heel? It's More Complicated Than That\""}]},{"reference":"Hayner, Chris. \"22 Massive WWE Heel Turns Every Fan Had Better Know\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/22-massive-wwe-heel-turns-every-fan-had-better-kno/2900-1540/","url_text":"\"22 Massive WWE Heel Turns Every Fan Had Better Know\""}]},{"reference":"Sidle, Ryan (29 November 2019). \"WWE Champion Brock Lesnar Will Not Fight Again This Year\". SPORTBible. CONTENTbible. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportbible.com/wwe/pub-talk-mma-brock-lesnars-next-wwe-match-wont-be-until-2020-20191129","url_text":"\"WWE Champion Brock Lesnar Will Not Fight Again This Year\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Graham GSM. \"Analyzing Brock Lesnar's Part-Time Schedule and Why It Works for WWE\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2611332-analyzing-brock-lesnars-part-time-schedule-and-why-it-works-for-wwe","url_text":"\"Analyzing Brock Lesnar's Part-Time Schedule and Why It Works for WWE\""}]},{"reference":"Mick Foley (2000). Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks. HarperCollins. p. 511. ISBN 0-06-103101-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-103101-1","url_text":"0-06-103101-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_M._Leonard
Glen M. Leonard
["1 Background","2 Published work","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
American historian Glen Milton Leonard (born 1938) is an American historian specializing in Mormon history. Background Leonard is a native of Farmington, Utah. He received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Utah. For a time he was managing editor of Utah Historical Quarterly. He has taught at both Brigham Young University and Utah State University. Leonard has been the director of the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City since it opened in 1984. Leonard and his wife Karen had three sons. They live in Farmington, Utah. Among other callings in the LDS Church, Leonard has served as seventies quorum president, bishop and counselor in a stake presidency. He later served as president of the Farmington Utah North Stake. Published work Leonard has authored and co-authored several books on Mormon history. Among these are Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, A People of Promise and A History of Davis County, Utah. He also co-authored The Story of the Latter-day Saints with James B. Allen and Massacre at Mountain Meadows with Richard E. Turley, Jr. and Ronald W. Walker. See also Latter Day Saint historians Notes ^ "The story of the Latter-day Saints / James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard". J. Willard Marriott Library & S.J. Quinney Law Library catalog search. University of Utah. Retrieved 2008-10-13. ^ a b c Arrington, Leonard J. (1976). "Foreword". In James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard (ed.). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. pp. vii. ^ Cazier, Bob (May 1984). "New Church Museum Dedicated". News of the Church. Ensign. pp. 104–106. Retrieved 2014-03-14. ^ Leonard, Glen M. (June 1991). "Paintings from the Church's Second International Arts Competition". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-09-25. ^ Leonard, Glen M. (March 1998). "I Have a Question". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-09-25. References Deseret Book authors bio. Church News, September 23, 1995. External links Glen M. Leonard at the MLCA Database Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mormon history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_history"}],"text":"Glen Milton Leonard (born 1938)[1] is an American historian specializing in Mormon history.","title":"Glen M. Leonard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farmington, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-2"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"Museum of Church History and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Church_History_and_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Farmington, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Utah"},{"link_name":"seventies quorum president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)#Expanding_membership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-2"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"counselor in a stake presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stake_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Leonard is a native of Farmington, Utah.[2] He received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Utah. For a time he was managing editor of Utah Historical Quarterly.[2] He has taught at both Brigham Young University and Utah State University. Leonard has been the director of the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City since it opened in 1984.[3]Leonard and his wife Karen had three sons. They live in Farmington, Utah.Among other callings in the LDS Church, Leonard has served as seventies quorum president,[2] bishop and counselor in a stake presidency.[4] He later served as president of the Farmington Utah North Stake.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Story of the Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"James B. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Allen_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Massacre at Mountain Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_at_Mountain_Meadows"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Turley, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Turley,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ronald W. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Walker"}],"text":"Leonard has authored and co-authored several books on Mormon history. Among these are Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, A People of Promise and A History of Davis County, Utah. He also co-authored The Story of the Latter-day Saints with James B. Allen and Massacre at Mountain Meadows with Richard E. Turley, Jr. and Ronald W. Walker.","title":"Published work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The story of the Latter-day Saints / James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hip.library.utah.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1C2B915190421.110614&profile=mrmain&uri=link=3100009~!3874466~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=subtab68&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!horizon&term=0877475946&index=ISBN"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Story_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Story_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Story_2-2"},{"link_name":"Arrington, Leonard J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_J._Arrington"},{"link_name":"James B. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Allen_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The Story of the Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Deseret Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"New Church Museum Dedicated\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1984/05/news-of-the-church/new-church-museum-dedicated?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Paintings from the Church's Second International Arts Competition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1991/06/paintings-from-the-churchs-second-international-arts-competition?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"I Have a Question\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1998/03/i-have-a-question?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)"}],"text":"^ \"The story of the Latter-day Saints / James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard\". J. Willard Marriott Library & S.J. Quinney Law Library catalog search. University of Utah. Retrieved 2008-10-13.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b c Arrington, Leonard J. (1976). \"Foreword\". In James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard (ed.). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. pp. vii.\n\n^ Cazier, Bob (May 1984). \"New Church Museum Dedicated\". News of the Church. Ensign. pp. 104–106. Retrieved 2014-03-14.\n\n^ Leonard, Glen M. (June 1991). \"Paintings from the Church's Second International Arts Competition\". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-09-25.\n\n^ Leonard, Glen M. (March 1998). \"I Have a Question\". Ensign. Retrieved 2008-09-25.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Latter Day Saint historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_historians"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Roque
João Roque
["1 BJJ lineage","2 Notable BJJ black belts graduated","3 Mixed martial arts record","4 Submission grappling record","5 References","6 External links"]
Angolan mixed martial arts fighter This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "João Roque" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) João RoqueBornJoão Manuel Roque (1971-07-22) July 22, 1971 (age 52)Luanda, Portuguese AngolaResidenceBrasilia, BrazilNationalityAngolanHeight5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)Weight145 lb (66 kg; 10.4 st)DivisionFeatherweightFighting out ofLuanda, AngolaTeamNova União Clube VizinhançaRankBlack belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under André Pederneiras Years active1996–2005 (MMA)Mixed martial arts recordTotal13Wins7By submission5By decision2Losses2By decision2Draws4 Other informationMixed martial arts record from Sherdog João Roque Medal record Representing  Brazil Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Brazilian National Championship 1993 -76kg Pan-American Championship 1996 -76kg World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 1997 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -64kg 1998 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -64kg João Manuel Roque (born July 22, 1971) is a Portuguese-Angolan former featherweight Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) black belt World Champion and a retired mixed martial artist. He competed in the Featherweight division in MMA (Mixed Martial Arts). His first coaches of BJJ were Marcio Pinheiro and Gerson Velasco, and he stayed under their guidance until he was a purple belt. It was under prestigious Osvaldo Alves, a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Red Belt and a legend in the sport of BJJ, that Joao Roque graduated to brown belt. When Master Oswaldo had to move to Manaus Roque joined André Pederneiras, right at the start of the Nova União. Joao Roque began his MMA career in 1996 in the United States (Oklahoma) with a win by armbar. He retired in 2005 in the Japan (Tokyo) with a loss by decision. Today he lives in Brasília, capital of Brazil. Roque went on to form one of the strongest teams in that state and his gym "Clube Vizinhança" still runs today. BJJ lineage Mitsuyo Maeda > Carlos Gracie > Carlson Gracie > André Pederneiras > Joao Roque Notable BJJ black belts graduated Bernado Pitel Jonatas Gurgel "Tagarela" Mark Andrew Bocek Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 13 matches 7 wins 2 losses By submission 5 0 By decision 2 2 Draws 4 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 7–2–4 Alexandre Franca Nogueira Decision (unanimous) G-Shooto: Special 01 March 11, 2005 3 5:00 Tokyo Korakuen Hall Draw 7–1–4 Hiroyuki Takaya Draw Shooto 2004: 1/24 in Korakuen Hall January 24, 2004 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 7–1–3 Hiroyuki Abe Submission (armbar) Shooto: Gig Central 4 September 21, 2003 2 4:59 Nagoya, Japan Win 6–1–3 Naoya Uematsu Decision (unanimous) Shooto: 1/24 in Korakuen Hall January 24, 2003 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 5–1–3 Ryan Bow Decision (majority) Deep: 6th Impact September 7, 2002 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 4–1–3 Takehiro Murahama Submission (armbar) Deep: 4th Impact March 30, 2002 1 2:13 Nagoya, Japan Win 3–1–3 Stephen Palling Submission (armbar) World Fighting Alliance 1 November 3, 2001 1 1:29 Nevada, United States Win 2–1–3 Takehiro Murahama Submission (armbar) Deep: 2nd Impact August 18, 2001 1 4:29 Yokohama, Japan Loss 1–1–3 Jens Pulver Decision UFC 26 June 9, 2000 3 5:00 Iowa, United States Draw 1–0–3 Hisao Ikeda Draw VTJ 1999: Vale Tudo Japan 1999 December 11, 1999 3 8:00 Tokyo, Japan Draw 1–0–2 Noboru Asahi Draw VTJ 1998: Vale Tudo Japan 1998 October 25, 1998 3 8:00 Tokyo, Japan Draw 1–0–1 Uchu Tatsumi Draw VTJ 1997: Vale Tudo Japan 1997 November 29, 1997 3 8:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 1–0 Abdelaziz Cherigui Submission (armbar) EF 3: Extreme Fighting 3 October 18, 1996 1 4:02 Oklahoma, United States Submission grappling record KO PUNCHES Result Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Notes Win Dennis Hall Decision The Contenders 1997 5 5:00 References ^ a b "Joao Roque". mmafighting.com. ^ a b "IBJJF Results". Retrieved March 14, 2020. ^ MIXED MARTIAL ARTS SHOW RESULTS DATE: NOVEMBER 3, 2001 ^ "Joao Roque : Official MMA Fight Record (8-2-4)". The Underground. Retrieved 2017-07-13. External links Professional MMA record for Joao Roque from Sherdog Joao Roque at UFC Jiu-jitsu.net: Interview with João Roque BJJ Heroes: João Roque (Nova Uniao)
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_missiles
List of anti-tank missiles
["1 Australia","2 Argentina","3 Belarus","4 Brazil","5 Canada","6 China","7 France","8 Germany","9 India","10 Iran","11 Israel","12 Italy","13 Japan","14 Jordan","15 North Korea","16 South Korea","17 Pakistan","18 Poland","19 Serbia","20 South Africa","21 Soviet Union and Russian Federation","22 Spain","23 Sweden","24 Switzerland","25 Turkey","26 United Kingdom","27 United States","28 Ukraine","29 See also","30 References","31 External links"]
This is a list of anti-tank guided missiles developed by different countries. Australia Malkara Argentina Mathogo Belarus Shershen Brazil MSS-1.2 FOG-MPM ALAC Canada Eryx China CM-501G PA02-MA PA01-GA TS-01 HJ-73 HJ-8 HJ-9 CM-502KG HJ-11 HJ-10 BA-9 BA-7 AR-1 AKD-10 Type 98 anti-tank rocket Type 78/65 AFT-10 HJ-12 France ENTAC Eryx SS.10 SS.11 MILAN HOT ACRA  Polyphem TRIGAT LR Missile Moyenne Portée Missile Longue Portée Germany Cobra Cobra 2000 Mamba MILAN HOT PARS 3 India DRDO Anti Tank Missile Amogha missile Nag missile HELINA /Dhruvastra SANT MPATGM SAMHO cannon launched anti tank guided missile Jasmine anti tank missile - VEM technologies Iran RAAD Tosan Dehlavieh/9M133 Kornet Dehlavieh-2 Saeghe Toophan Sadid-1 Sadid-345 Almas-1 Almas-2 Ghaem-114 Ghaem-1 Ghaem-5 Ghaem-9 Akhgar NLOS Israel Spike Orev (upgraded BGM-71 TOW-2) MAPATS LAHAT – fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of Merkava tanks Nimrod Italy Mosquito Japan Type 64 MAT Type 79 Jyu-MAT Type 87 Chu-MAT Type 96 MPMS Middle range Multi-Purpose missile Type 01 LMAT Jordan Terminator North Korea Bulsae-1 Bulsae-2 Bulsae-3 South Korea AT-1K Raybolt Pakistan Barq Baktar Shikan Baktar Shikan (Air launched Variant) Poland Pirat (ATGM) MOSKIT (ATGM) Serbia Bumbar ALAS South Africa ZT3 Ingwe Mokopa Soviet Union and Russian Federation Drakon, used with the IT-1 missile tank that saw very little service. Taifun, a prototype missile that never saw production. 3M6 Shmel (AT-1 Snapper) 3M11 Falanga (AT-2 Swatter) 9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger) 9M111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot) 9M112 Kobra (AT-8 Songster) – fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of T-64 and T-72 tanks 9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel) 9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral) – Can be air-launched 9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn) 9K115-2 Metis-M (AT-13 Saxhorn-2) 9K116-1 Bastion (AT-10 Stabber) – fired through rifled tank gun tubes of T-55 tank 9K118 Sheksna (AT-12 Swinger) – fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of T-62 tank 9M119 Svir / 9M119M Refleks (AT-11 Sniper) - fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of T-64, T-72, T-80, T-84, T-90 tanks 9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) – Can be air-launched 9K121 Vikhr (AT-16 Scallion) – air-launched, sometimes confused with AT-9 9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15 Springer) 9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan) 9M133M Kornet-M Hermes-A Spain C-90 C-100 Sweden Bantam RBS 56 BILL RBS 56B BILL 2 NLAW Switzerland Cobra Turkey UMTAS (160mm long range anti-tank missile) OMTAS (160mm medium range anti-tank missile) KARAOK (125mm man-portable short-range anti-tank missile) TANOK (120mm gun launched anti-tank missile) Cirit (70mm anti-armor missile) United Kingdom Malkara NLAW Swingfire Brimstone (air-launched) Vickers Vigilant United States AH-1W with Hellfire (left) and BGM-71 TOW missiles (right) M47 Dragon (no longer in service) Javelin (in service) SRAW (no longer in service) BGM-71 TOW (in service) AGM-114 Hellfire (in service) Ukraine RK-3 Corsar Skif (ATGM) Stuhna-P See also List of missiles List of MANPATS (man-portable anti-tank systems) List of rocket launchers Shoulder-launched missile weapon References ^ "Tłumacz Google". translate.google.pl. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ Pubby, Manu. "Jasmine ATGM". Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ "Products & Packages | JADARA Equipment & Defence Systems". www.jadara.jo. Retrieved 2019-03-03. ^ "North Korea Says It Has a New Anti-Tank Missile". Popularmechanics.com. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ "Bulsae-3". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12. ^ "Pirat, czyli polskie pociski przeciwpancerne". Polska-zbrojna.pl. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ https://www.monch.com/mpg/news/land/7468-mspo-2020-moskit-atgm-matures.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "UMTAS Uzun Menzilli Tanksavar Füzesi « Roketsan". Roketsan.com.tr. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ "OMTAS Orta Menzilli Tanksavar Silah Sistemi « Roketsan". Roketsan.com.tr. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ "TANOK 120 MM LASER GUIDED MISSILE". Roketsan. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "CİRİT 2.75" Lazer Güdümlü Füze « Roketsan". Roketsan.com.tr. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ ""SKIF" man portable antitank missile system". Luch.kiev.ua. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ "Skif Anti-Tank Guided Missile". Military-today.com. Retrieved 13 August 2018. External links Spain signs Spike-LR anti-tank deal Jane's Defence Industry, January 2007 Red Arrow 8L gains greater capabilities Extract from article about Chinese ATGW system, August 2006 Antitank weapons at armscontrol.ru. Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles vteTypes of missileBy platform Air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) Air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) Air-to-air missile (AAM) Air-to-surface missile (ASM) Ballistic missile Cruise missile Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) Shoulder-fired missile Standoff missile Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Surface-to-surface missile (SSM) By target type Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Anti-radiation missile (ARM) Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) Anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) Anti-ship missile (AShM) Anti-submarine missile (ASuM) Anti-tank missile (ATGM) Land-attack missile (LAM) Man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS) By guidance Unguided Radar guidance Radar altimeter Active radar homing (ARH) Semi-active radar homing (SARH) Passive radar Passive homing Track-via-missile (TVM) Anti-radiation Command guidance Command to line-of-sight (CLOS) Command off line of sight (COLOS) Manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) Semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) Automatic command to line of sight (ACLOS) Pursuit guidance Beam riding (LOSBR) Infrared guidance Laser guidance Wire guidance Satellite guidance Global Positioning System (GPS) GLONASS Inertial guidance Astro-inertial guidance Terrestrial guidance TERCOM DSMAC Automatic target recognition (ATR) Radio guidance TV guidance Contrast seeker Compass Predicted line of sight (PLOS) Lists List of military rockets List of missiles List of missiles by country List of anti-ship missiles List of anti-tank missiles List of ICBMs List of surface-to-air missiles See also: Sounding rocket
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missiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkara_missile"}],"text":"Malkara","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathogo"}],"text":"Mathogo","title":"Argentina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shershen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shershen"}],"text":"Shershen","title":"Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSS-1.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSS-1.2"},{"link_name":"FOG-MPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOG-MPM"},{"link_name":"ALAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALAC_(Arma_Leve_Anticarro)"}],"text":"MSS-1.2\nFOG-MPM\nALAC","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryx_(missile)"}],"text":"Eryx","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CM-501G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-501G"},{"link_name":"PA02-MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PA02-MA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PA01-GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PA01-GA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TS-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TS-01&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HJ-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-73"},{"link_name":"HJ-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-8"},{"link_name":"HJ-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-9"},{"link_name":"CM-502KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-10#CM-502KG"},{"link_name":"HJ-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-8#Variants"},{"link_name":"HJ-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-10"},{"link_name":"BA-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-10#BA-9"},{"link_name":"BA-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-10#BA-7"},{"link_name":"AR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-10#AR-1"},{"link_name":"AKD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-10#AKD-10"},{"link_name":"Type 98 anti-tank rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_98_anti-tank_rocket"},{"link_name":"Type 78/65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_78/65&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AFT-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFT-10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"HJ-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-12"}],"text":"CM-501G\nPA02-MA\nPA01-GA\nTS-01\nHJ-73\nHJ-8\nHJ-9\nCM-502KG\nHJ-11\nHJ-10\nBA-9\nBA-7\nAR-1\nAKD-10\nType 98 anti-tank rocket\nType 78/65\nAFT-10[1]\nHJ-12","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ENTAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entac"},{"link_name":"Eryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryx_(missile)"},{"link_name":"SS.10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS.10"},{"link_name":"SS.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS.11"},{"link_name":"MILAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILAN"},{"link_name":"HOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile_HOT"},{"link_name":"ACRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Char_Rapide_Autopropuls%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Char_Rapide_Autopropuls%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Polyphem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphem_(missile)"},{"link_name":"TRIGAT LR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARS_3_LR"},{"link_name":"Missile Moyenne Portée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Moyenne_Port%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Missile Longue Portée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Moyenne_Port%C3%A9e"}],"text":"ENTAC\nEryx\nSS.10\nSS.11\nMILAN\nHOT\nACRA [fr]\nPolyphem\nTRIGAT LR\nMissile Moyenne Portée\nMissile Longue Portée","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(anti-tank_missile)"},{"link_name":"Cobra 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_2000"},{"link_name":"Mamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamba_missile"},{"link_name":"MILAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILAN"},{"link_name":"HOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile_HOT"},{"link_name":"PARS 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigat"}],"text":"Cobra\nCobra 2000\nMamba\nMILAN\nHOT\nPARS 3","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DRDO Anti Tank Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRDO_Anti_Tank_Missile"},{"link_name":"Amogha missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amogha_missile"},{"link_name":"Nag missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_(missile)"},{"link_name":"HELINA /Dhruvastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_(missile)#HELINA,_Dhruvastra"},{"link_name":"SANT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_(missile)#SANT"},{"link_name":"MPATGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPATGM"},{"link_name":"SAMHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMHO_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"DRDO Anti Tank Missile\nAmogha missile\nNag missile\nHELINA /Dhruvastra\nSANT\nMPATGM\nSAMHO cannon launched anti tank guided missile\nJasmine anti tank missile - VEM technologies[2]","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAD_(anti-tank_guided_missile)"},{"link_name":"Tosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M113_Konkurs"},{"link_name":"Dehlavieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehlavieh_(missile)"},{"link_name":"9M133 Kornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133_Kornet"},{"link_name":"Dehlavieh-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehlavieh-2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saeghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M47_Dragon#Saeghe"},{"link_name":"Toophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toophan"},{"link_name":"Sadid-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadid-1"},{"link_name":"Sadid-345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadid-345"},{"link_name":"Almas-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almas-1_(missile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Almas-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almas-2_(missile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghaem-114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghaem-114&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghaem-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaem"},{"link_name":"Ghaem-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaem"},{"link_name":"Ghaem-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaem"},{"link_name":"Akhgar NLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhgar_(missile)"}],"text":"RAAD\nTosan\nDehlavieh/9M133 Kornet\nDehlavieh-2\nSaeghe\nToophan\nSadid-1\nSadid-345\nAlmas-1\nAlmas-2\nGhaem-114\nGhaem-1\nGhaem-5\nGhaem-9\nAkhgar NLOS","title":"Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(missile)"},{"link_name":"BGM-71 TOW-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"MAPATS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPATS"},{"link_name":"LAHAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAHAT"},{"link_name":"Merkava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkava"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(missile)"}],"text":"Spike\nOrev (upgraded BGM-71 TOW-2)\nMAPATS\nLAHAT – fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of Merkava tanks\nNimrod","title":"Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_anti-tank_guided_missile"}],"text":"Mosquito","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type 64 MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_64_MAT"},{"link_name":"Type 79 Jyu-MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_79_Jyu-MAT"},{"link_name":"Type 87 Chu-MAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_Chu-MAT"},{"link_name":"Type 96 MPMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_Multi-Purpose_Missile_System"},{"link_name":"Middle range Multi-Purpose missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_Multi-Purpose_missile"},{"link_name":"Type 01 LMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_01_LMAT"}],"text":"Type 64 MAT\nType 79 Jyu-MAT\nType 87 Chu-MAT\nType 96 MPMS\nMiddle range Multi-Purpose missile\nType 01 LMAT","title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Design_and_Development_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Terminator[3]","title":"Jordan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulsae-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulsae-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulsae-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M111_Fagot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bulsae-1\nBulsae-2[4]\nBulsae-3[5]","title":"North Korea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AT-1K Raybolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT-1K_Raybolt"}],"text":"AT-1K Raybolt","title":"South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barq"},{"link_name":"Baktar Shikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-8"},{"link_name":"Baktar Shikan (Air launched Variant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HJ-8"}],"text":"Barq\nBaktar Shikan\n\nBaktar Shikan (Air launched Variant)","title":"Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirat (ATGM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirat_(ATGM)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"MOSKIT (ATGM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOSKIT_(ATGM)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pirat (ATGM)[6]\nMOSKIT (ATGM)[7]","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbar"},{"link_name":"ALAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALAS_(missile)"}],"text":"Bumbar\nALAS","title":"Serbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZT3 Ingwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZT3_Ingwe"},{"link_name":"Mokopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokopa"}],"text":"ZT3 Ingwe\nMokopa","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT-1"},{"link_name":"IT-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT-1"},{"link_name":"Taifun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifun_9M15"},{"link_name":"3M6 Shmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M6_Shmel"},{"link_name":"3M11 Falanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M11_Falanga"},{"link_name":"9M14 Malyutka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M14_Malyutka"},{"link_name":"9M111 Fagot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M111_Fagot"},{"link_name":"9M112 Kobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M112_Kobra"},{"link_name":"T-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-64"},{"link_name":"T-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-72"},{"link_name":"9M113 Konkurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M113_Konkurs"},{"link_name":"9K114 Shturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K114_Shturm"},{"link_name":"9K115 Metis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K115_Metis"},{"link_name":"9K115-2 Metis-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K115-2_Metis-M"},{"link_name":"9K116-1 Bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K116-1_Bastion"},{"link_name":"T-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-55"},{"link_name":"9K118 Sheksna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K118_Sheksna"},{"link_name":"T-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-62"},{"link_name":"9M119 Svir / 9M119M Refleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M119_Svir/Refleks"},{"link_name":"T-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-64"},{"link_name":"T-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-72"},{"link_name":"T-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-80"},{"link_name":"T-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-84"},{"link_name":"T-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-90"},{"link_name":"9M120 Ataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M120_Ataka"},{"link_name":"9K121 Vikhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K121_Vikhr"},{"link_name":"AT-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT-9_Spiral-2"},{"link_name":"9M123 Khrizantema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M123_Khrizantema"},{"link_name":"9M133 Kornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133_Kornet"},{"link_name":"9M133M Kornet-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133M_Kornet-M"},{"link_name":"Hermes-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_(missile)"}],"text":"Drakon, used with the IT-1 missile tank that saw very little service.\nTaifun, a prototype missile that never saw production.\n3M6 Shmel (AT-1 Snapper)\n3M11 Falanga (AT-2 Swatter)\n9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)\n9M111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot)\n9M112 Kobra (AT-8 Songster) – fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of T-64 and T-72 tanks\n9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel)\n9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral) – Can be air-launched\n9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn)\n9K115-2 Metis-M (AT-13 Saxhorn-2)\n9K116-1 Bastion (AT-10 Stabber) – fired through rifled tank gun tubes of T-55 tank\n9K118 Sheksna (AT-12 Swinger) – fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of T-62 tank\n9M119 Svir / 9M119M Refleks (AT-11 Sniper) - fired through smoothbore tank gun tubes of T-64, T-72, T-80, T-84, T-90 tanks\n9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) – Can be air-launched\n9K121 Vikhr (AT-16 Scallion) – air-launched, sometimes confused with AT-9\n9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15 Springer)\n9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan)\n9M133M Kornet-M\nHermes-A","title":"Soviet Union and Russian Federation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C90-CR_(M3)"},{"link_name":"C-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcot%C3%A1n-100"}],"text":"C-90\nC-100","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bantam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_(missile)"},{"link_name":"RBS 56 BILL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS_56_BILL"},{"link_name":"RBS 56B BILL 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS_56B_BILL_2"},{"link_name":"NLAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLAW"}],"text":"Bantam\nRBS 56 BILL\nRBS 56B BILL 2\nNLAW","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(anti-tank_missile)"}],"text":"Cobra","title":"Switzerland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UMTAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTAS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"OMTAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMTAS"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"KARAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KARAOK"},{"link_name":"man-portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile"},{"link_name":"TANOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TANOK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TANOK_Roketsan_Website-10"},{"link_name":"Cirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan_Cirit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"UMTAS (160mm long range anti-tank missile)[8]\nOMTAS (160mm medium range anti-tank missile)[9]\nKARAOK (125mm man-portable short-range anti-tank missile)\nTANOK (120mm gun launched anti-tank missile)[10]\nCirit (70mm anti-armor missile)[11]","title":"Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkara_missile"},{"link_name":"NLAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLAW"},{"link_name":"Swingfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swingfire"},{"link_name":"Brimstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimstone_missile"},{"link_name":"Vickers Vigilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant"}],"text":"Malkara\nNLAW\nSwingfire\nBrimstone (air-launched)\nVickers Vigilant","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marine_AH-1W_Super_Cobra_Tallil_AB_Iraq.jpg"},{"link_name":"M47 Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M47_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin"},{"link_name":"SRAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-172_SRAW"},{"link_name":"BGM-71 TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"AGM-114 Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"}],"text":"AH-1W with Hellfire (left) and BGM-71 TOW missiles (right)M47 Dragon (no longer in service)\nJavelin (in service)\nSRAW (no longer in service)\nBGM-71 TOW (in service)\nAGM-114 Hellfire (in service)","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RK-3 Corsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK-3_Corsar"},{"link_name":"Skif (ATGM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skif_(ATGM)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stuhna-P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skif_(anti-tank_guided_missile)"}],"text":"RK-3 Corsar\nSkif (ATGM)[12][13]\nStuhna-P","title":"Ukraine"}]
[{"image_text":"AH-1W with Hellfire (left) and BGM-71 TOW missiles (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Marine_AH-1W_Super_Cobra_Tallil_AB_Iraq.jpg/150px-Marine_AH-1W_Super_Cobra_Tallil_AB_Iraq.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missiles"},{"title":"List of MANPATS (man-portable anti-tank systems)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_man-portable_anti-tank_systems"},{"title":"List of rocket launchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rocket_launchers"},{"title":"Shoulder-launched missile weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder-launched_missile_weapon"}]
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