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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearwell | Wearwell | ["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"] | British cycle and motorcycle manufacturer
1887 Cogent Safety bicycle
The Wearwell Cycle Company was a bicycle manufacturing company founded in 1889 in Wolverhampton by the five sons of Henry Clarke, founder of the late Cogent Cycle Company. Wearwell were also motorcycle manufacturers under the Wearwell Stevens, Wolf and Wulfruna brands.
In 1928 Jack Waine and his brother George Waine took over the Wearwell Cycle Company Ltd. from the liquidators of the Wulfruna Engineering Co Ltd. The new company was registered as the Wearwell Cycle Co. (1928) Ltd and Jack's son Vincent and George's son Theo were brought on as Directors. They also purchased the plant, tools and stock-in-trade of the cycle manufacturing side of the Vulcan Manufacturing Co. (Wolverhampton) Ltd.
The Wearwell Cycle Company crest
By 1929 a full range of cycles was offered including tradesmen's cycles, juvenile cycles, scooters, and the distinctive 'Duplex'. In 1931 the company showed the new 'Schneider' sports machine at Olympia, and a cheaper version called the 'Wanderer'.
The company produced motorcycles until the outbreak of World War II, from which point they manufactured only bicycles. The factory was partly destroyed by fire during an air raid but some production was soon restored. After World War II production of cycles continued and motorcycle production resumed.
By the middle of the 20th Century, 75% of the company's production was exported to over 30 different countries. The company began sponsoring a professional cycle team through the 1950s, winning the Tour of Britain cycle race in 1953, which was amongst the team's best domestic racing highlights. Riders in the victorious Wearwell Cycle Company Team were Les Scales, John Pottier, Ian Greenfield, Trevor Fenwick, Ken Mitchell and John Welch.
The Vulcan Manufacturing group went into voluntary liquidation in 1969, and its assets were sold off. In 1972 Wearwell Cycle Company was sold off and its production was moved out of Wolverhampton to Aleveley, near Bridgnorth, but was subsequently sold onto Elswick-Hopper Cycle Company where production was moved to Brigg in Lincolnshire. It survived a few more years until the company was finally closed in 1975. A great-great-grandson has revived the Wearwell name in 2017 as a cycling clothes company.
References
^ a b "Wearwell, Wolf and Wulfruna Motorcycles". historywebsite.co.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ "Wearwell Cycle Co". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
^ Archives, Cycling. "Wearwell Cycles 1955". www.cyclingarchives.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
^ "Cogent & Wearwell". www.historywebsite.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Further reading
Erwin Tragatsch, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles, Secaucus 1985. ISBN 0890098689
External links
Wearwell Cycle Company Website | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safety_bicycle_1887.jpg"},{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hw-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wearwell_Badge.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hw-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tour of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigg"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"}],"text":"1887 Cogent Safety bicycleThe Wearwell Cycle Company was a bicycle manufacturing company founded in 1889 in Wolverhampton by the five sons of Henry Clarke, founder of the late Cogent Cycle Company. Wearwell were also motorcycle manufacturers under the Wearwell Stevens, Wolf and Wulfruna brands.[1]In 1928 Jack Waine and his brother George Waine took over the Wearwell Cycle Company Ltd. from the liquidators of the Wulfruna Engineering Co Ltd. The new company was registered as the Wearwell Cycle Co. (1928) Ltd and Jack's son Vincent and George's son Theo were brought on as Directors. They also purchased the plant, tools and stock-in-trade of the cycle manufacturing side of the Vulcan Manufacturing Co. (Wolverhampton) Ltd.The Wearwell Cycle Company crestBy 1929 a full range of cycles was offered including tradesmen's cycles, juvenile cycles, scooters, and the distinctive 'Duplex'. In 1931 the company showed the new 'Schneider' sports machine at Olympia, and a cheaper version called the 'Wanderer'.The company produced motorcycles until the outbreak of World War II, from which point they manufactured only bicycles.[1] The factory was partly destroyed by fire during an air raid but some production was soon restored. After World War II production of cycles continued and motorcycle production resumed.By the middle of the 20th Century, 75% of the company's production was exported to over 30 different countries.[2] The company began sponsoring a professional cycle team through the 1950s, winning the Tour of Britain cycle race in 1953, which was amongst the team's best domestic racing highlights. Riders in the victorious Wearwell Cycle Company Team were Les Scales, John Pottier, Ian Greenfield, Trevor Fenwick, Ken Mitchell and John Welch.[3]The Vulcan Manufacturing group went into voluntary liquidation in 1969,[4] and its assets were sold off. In 1972 Wearwell Cycle Company was sold off and its production was moved out of Wolverhampton to Aleveley, near Bridgnorth, but was subsequently sold onto Elswick-Hopper Cycle Company where production was moved to Brigg in Lincolnshire. It survived a few more years until the company was finally closed in 1975. A great-great-grandson has revived the Wearwell name in 2017 as a cycling clothes company.","title":"Wearwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0890098689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890098689"}],"text":"Erwin Tragatsch, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles, Secaucus 1985. ISBN 0890098689","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"1887 Cogent Safety bicycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Safety_bicycle_1887.jpg/220px-Safety_bicycle_1887.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Wearwell Cycle Company crest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wearwell_Badge.jpg/220px-Wearwell_Badge.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wearwell, Wolf and Wulfruna Motorcycles\". historywebsite.co.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/Transport/Motorcycles/Wearwell.htm","url_text":"\"Wearwell, Wolf and Wulfruna Motorcycles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wearwell Cycle Co\". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Wearwell_Cycle_Co","url_text":"\"Wearwell Cycle Co\""}]},{"reference":"Archives, Cycling. \"Wearwell Cycles 1955\". www.cyclingarchives.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/ploegfiche.php?id=3404","url_text":"\"Wearwell Cycles 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cogent & Wearwell\". www.historywebsite.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/Transport/bicycles/Cogent.htm","url_text":"\"Cogent & Wearwell\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/Transport/Motorcycles/Wearwell.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wearwell, Wolf and Wulfruna Motorcycles\""},{"Link":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Wearwell_Cycle_Co","external_links_name":"\"Wearwell Cycle Co\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/ploegfiche.php?id=3404","external_links_name":"\"Wearwell Cycles 1955\""},{"Link":"http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/Transport/bicycles/Cogent.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cogent & Wearwell\""},{"Link":"https://www.wearwell.cc/","external_links_name":"Wearwell Cycle Company Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Centauri | Eta Centauri | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Star in the constellation CentaurusNot to be confused with H Centauri.
Eta Centauri
Location of η Centauri (circled)
Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0
Constellation
Centaurus
Right ascension
14h 35m 30.42416s
Declination
−42° 09′ 28.1708″
Apparent magnitude (V)
+2.35 (2.30 - 2.41)
Characteristics
Spectral type
B1.5 Vne
U−B color index
−0.862
B−V color index
−0.215
Variable type
GCAS + LERI
AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)−0.2 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: −34.73 mas/yr Dec.: −32.72 mas/yr Parallax (π)10.67 ± 0.21 masDistance306 ± 6 ly (94 ± 2 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)−2.53
DetailsMass12.0±0.3 M☉Radius6.10±0.12 R☉Luminosity8,700 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.95±0.04 cgsTemperature25,700 KRotational velocity (v sin i)330 km/sAge5.6±1.0 Myr
Other designations η Cen, CD−41°8917, CPD−41°6839, FK5 537, HD 127972, HIP 71352, HR 5440, SAO 225044.
Database referencesSIMBADdata
Eta Centauri, Latinized from η Centauri, is a star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +2.35 and is located at a distance of around 306 light-years (94 parsecs).
A light curve for Eta Centauri, plotted from TESS data
The stellar classification of this star is B1.5 Vne, indicating that it is a B-type main sequence star. The 'n' suffix means that the absorption lines are broadened from rapid rotation and the 'e' that it shows emission lines in its spectrum. It has a projected rotational velocity of 330 km s−1 and completes a full rotation in less than a day.
As a Be star, it has variable emissions in its hydrogen spectral lines. This emission can be modelled by a decretion disk of gas that has been ejected from the star by its rapid rotation and now follows a near-Keplerian orbit around the central body. Its brightness is also slightly variable, and it is classified as a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable star with multiple periods of variability. The International Variable Star Index lists Eta Centauri as both a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable and a Lambda Eridani variable with variations caused by its rotation and pulsations.
Eta Centauri has about 12 times the mass of the Sun, placing it above the dividing line between stars that evolve into white dwarfs and those that turn into supernovae. It is radiating 8,700 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 25,700 K. At this temperature, the star glows with the blue-white hue common to B-type stars. Eta Centauri is a proper motion member of the Upper Centaurus–Lupus sub-group in the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, the nearest such co-moving association of massive stars to the Sun.
In traditional Chinese astronomy, Eta Centauri was known as 庫樓二 (meaning: the Second (Star) of Koo Low).
References
^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600.
^ a b c d Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo (June 1968), "A photometric investigation of the Scorpio-Centaurus association", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 15: 459, Bibcode:1968ApJS...15..459G, doi:10.1086/190168.
^ a b c Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009), "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)", VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs, 1: 02025, Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
^ a b c d e f g h Balona, L. A.; Dziembowski, W. A. (October 1999), "Excitation and visibility of high-degree modes in stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 309 (1): 221–232, Bibcode:1999MNRAS.309..221B, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02821.x.
^ Wielen, R.; et al. (1999), "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions", Veröff. Astron. Rechen-Inst. Heidelb, 35 (35), Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg: 1, Bibcode:1999VeARI..35....1W.
^ Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.
^ a b c Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (January 2011), "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 410 (1): 190–200, arXiv:1007.4883, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x, S2CID 118629873.
^ a b Arcos, C.; et al. (March 2018), "Stellar parameters and H α line profile variability of Be stars in the BeSOS survey", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 474 (4): 5287–5299, arXiv:1711.08675, Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474.5287A, doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3075.
^ "eta Cen", SIMBAD, Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2012-03-03.
^ MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes, Space Telescope Science Institute, retrieved 8 December 2021.
^ Janot-Pacheco, E., Leister NV, et al. (1999), "Multi-periodicity of the Be star η Centauri from spectroscopic and photometric observations", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 137 (3): 407, Bibcode:1999A&AS..137..407J, doi:10.1051/aas:1999256.
^ Silaj, J.; Jones, C. E.; Tycner, C.; Sigut, T. A. A.; Smith, A. D. (March 2010), "A Systematic Study of Hα Profiles of Be Stars", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 187 (1): 228–250, Bibcode:2010ApJS..187..228S, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/187/1/228, S2CID 122679154.
^ Watson, C. L. (2006), "The International Variable Star Index (VSX)", The Society for Astronomical Sciences 25th Annual Symposium on Telescope Science. Held May 23–25, 25: 47, Bibcode:2006SASS...25...47W.
^ "The Colour of Stars", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16.
^ de Geus, E. J.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Lub, J. (June 1989), "Physical parameters of stars in the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 216 (1–2): 44–61, Bibcode:1989A&A...216...44D.
^ (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.
^ Allen, R. H. (1963), Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (Reprint ed.), New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc., p. 154, ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
External links
Kaler, James B. "ETA CEN (Eta Centauri)". University of Illinois. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
vteConstellation of Centaurus
List of stars in Centaurus
Centaurus in Chinese astronomy
StarsBayer
α
A (Rigil Kentaurus)
B (Toliman)
C (Proxima Centauri)
β (Hadar)
γ (Muhlifain)
δ
ε
ζ (Alnair)
η
θ (Menkent)
ι
κ
λ
μ
ν
ξ1
ξ2
ο1
ο2
π
ρ
σ
τ
υ1
υ2
φ
χ
ψ
Flamsteed
1 (i)
2 (g)
3 (k)
4 (h)
Variable
R
T
U
V
Y
RR
SV
SX
BV
DY
V346
V744
V752
V761 (a)
V763 (C1)
V766
V779
V803
V810
V816 (Przybylski's Star)
V831
V842
V885
V886
V863
V945 (H)
V1032
V1400
HR
4460 (A)
4466 (C2)
4476 (C3)
4499
4522
4523
4537 (j)
4546 (B)
4620 (E)
4652 (D)
4682 (F)
4712 (x1)
4721
4724 (x2)
4732 (G)
4748 (u)
4796
4817 (l)
4831 (w)
4874 (p)
4888 (e)
4889 (n)
4940 (f)
4979
4989
5006 (r)
5035 (J)
5041 (m)
5071 (K)
5089 (d)
5141 (Q)
5172 (M)
5174 (z)
5207 (N)
5222 (y)
5224
5241
5297
5358 (v)
5371
5471 (b)
5485 (c1)
5489 (c2)
HD
97413
98176
100453
101930
102117 (Uklun)
103197
107914
108236
109749
110113
113538
113766
114386
114729
115600
116434
117207
117618 (Dofida)
121228
121504
124448
125072
125595
131399
Other
2MASS J1126−5003
2M1207
Gaia BH2
GJ 3737
PSR B1259−63/LS 2883
PSR J1311–3430
WASP-15 (Nyamien)
WASP-41
WASP-42
WASP-167/KELT-13
Exoplanets
2M1207b
b Centauri b
HD 102117 b
HD 103197 b
HD 109749 b
HD 101930 b
HD 113538 b
c
HD 114386 b
HD 114729 b
HD 117207 b
HD 117618 b
HD 121504 b
HIP 65426 b
HIP 67522 b
Proxima Centauri b
c
d
WASP-15b
Star clusters
IC 2944
NGC 3766
NGC 4230
NGC 5286
NGC 5281
NGC 5316
NGC 5460
NGC 5617
NGC 5662
ω
Scorpius–Centaurus association
Stock 16
Nebulae
Boomerang Nebula
Fleming 1
G292.0+1.8
IC 2944
NGC 3918
NGC 5307
RCW 79
Southern Crab Nebula
SN 185 (RCW 86)
SuWt 2
GalaxiesNGC
3783
4444
4603
4622
4650A
4683
4696
4706
4709
4729
4730
4743
4744
4945
4976
5011
A
5026
5090
5091
5102
5114
5128 (Centaurus A)
5161
5253
5291
5398
5408
Other
ESO 269-57
ESO 325-G004
ESO 383-76
ESO 444-46
IRAS 13224-3809
PKS 1144-379
PKS 1353−341
Galaxy clusters
Abell S740
Shapley Supercluster
Astronomical events
Nova Centauri 2013
SN 185
SN 1895B
SN 1986G
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H Centauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_Centauri"},{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apjs15_459-2"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EtaCenLightCurve.png"},{"link_name":"light curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_curve"},{"link_name":"TESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAST-10"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras309_1_221-4"},{"link_name":"B-type main sequence star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-type_main_sequence_star"},{"link_name":"absorption lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_line"},{"link_name":"emission lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_line"},{"link_name":"projected rotational velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected_rotational_velocity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras309_1_221-4"},{"link_name":"Be star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_star"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aas137_3_407-11"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"decretion disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decretion_disk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apjs187_1_228-12"},{"link_name":"Gamma Cassiopeiae variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcvs-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vsx-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras410_1_190-7"},{"link_name":"white dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf"},{"link_name":"supernovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernovae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras309_1_221-4"},{"link_name":"luminosity of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"outer atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras309_1_221-4"},{"link_name":"B-type stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-type_star"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csiro-14"},{"link_name":"proper motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_motion"},{"link_name":"Scorpius–Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius%E2%80%93Centaurus_association"},{"link_name":"OB association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa216_1_44-15"},{"link_name":"Chinese astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus_(Chinese_astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zh-16"},{"link_name":"Koo Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(Chinese_constellation)#Asterisms"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen1963-17"}],"text":"Not to be confused with H Centauri.Eta Centauri, Latinized from η Centauri, is a star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +2.35[2] and is located at a distance of around 306 light-years (94 parsecs).[1]A light curve for Eta Centauri, plotted from TESS data[10]The stellar classification of this star is B1.5 Vne,[4] indicating that it is a B-type main sequence star. The 'n' suffix means that the absorption lines are broadened from rapid rotation and the 'e' that it shows emission lines in its spectrum. It has a projected rotational velocity of 330 km s−1[4] and completes a full rotation in less than a day.As a Be star,[11] it has variable emissions in its hydrogen spectral lines. This emission can be modelled by a decretion disk of gas that has been ejected from the star by its rapid rotation and now follows a near-Keplerian orbit around the central body.[12] Its brightness is also slightly variable, and it is classified as a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable star with multiple periods of variability.[3] The International Variable Star Index lists Eta Centauri as both a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable and a Lambda Eridani variable with variations caused by its rotation and pulsations.[13]Eta Centauri has about 12 times the mass of the Sun,[7] placing it above the dividing line between stars that evolve into white dwarfs and those that turn into supernovae. It is radiating 8,700[4] times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 25,700 K.[4] At this temperature, the star glows with the blue-white hue common to B-type stars.[14] Eta Centauri is a proper motion member of the Upper Centaurus–Lupus sub-group in the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, the nearest such co-moving association of massive stars to the Sun.[15]In traditional Chinese astronomy, Eta Centauri was known as 庫樓二[16] (meaning: the Second (Star) of Koo Low).[17]","title":"Eta Centauri"}] | [{"image_text":"A light curve for Eta Centauri, plotted from TESS data[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/EtaCenLightCurve.png/220px-EtaCenLightCurve.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007), \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","url_text":"0708.1752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","url_text":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","url_text":"18759600"}]},{"reference":"Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo (June 1968), \"A photometric investigation of the Scorpio-Centaurus association\", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 15: 459, Bibcode:1968ApJS...15..459G, doi:10.1086/190168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968ApJS...15..459G","url_text":"1968ApJS...15..459G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190168","url_text":"10.1086/190168"}]},{"reference":"Samus, N. 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Heidelb, 35 (35), Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg: 1, Bibcode:1999VeARI..35....1W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999VeARI..35....1W","url_text":"1999VeARI..35....1W"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), \"XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation\", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4971","url_text":"1108.4971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AstL...38..331A","url_text":"2012AstL...38..331A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773712050015","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773712050015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119257644","url_text":"119257644"}]},{"reference":"Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (January 2011), \"A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 410 (1): 190–200, arXiv:1007.4883, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x, S2CID 118629873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.4883","url_text":"1007.4883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.410..190T","url_text":"2011MNRAS.410..190T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2010.17434.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118629873","url_text":"118629873"}]},{"reference":"Arcos, C.; et al. 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(March 2010), \"A Systematic Study of Hα Profiles of Be Stars\", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 187 (1): 228–250, Bibcode:2010ApJS..187..228S, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/187/1/228, S2CID 122679154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJS..187..228S","url_text":"2010ApJS..187..228S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F187%2F1%2F228","url_text":"10.1088/0067-0049/187/1/228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122679154","url_text":"122679154"}]},{"reference":"Watson, C. L. (2006), \"The International Variable Star Index (VSX)\", The Society for Astronomical Sciences 25th Annual Symposium on Telescope Science. Held May 23–25, 25: 47, Bibcode:2006SASS...25...47W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SASS...25...47W","url_text":"2006SASS...25...47W"}]},{"reference":"\"The Colour of Stars\", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318151427/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html","url_text":"\"The Colour of Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation","url_text":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation"},{"url":"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Geus, E. J.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Lub, J. (June 1989), \"Physical parameters of stars in the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 216 (1–2): 44–61, Bibcode:1989A&A...216...44D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989A&A...216...44D","url_text":"1989A&A...216...44D"}]},{"reference":"Allen, R. H. (1963), Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (Reprint ed.), New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc., p. 154, ISBN 0-486-21079-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Names:_Their_Lore_and_Meaning","url_text":"Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprint","url_text":"Reprint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/154","url_text":"154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21079-0","url_text":"0-486-21079-0"}]},{"reference":"Kaler, James B. \"ETA CEN (Eta Centauri)\". University of Illinois. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_David_O%27Brien | William David O'Brien | ["1 Early life and education","2 Priesthood","3 Episcopacy","4 References"] | American prelate
The Most ReverendWilliam David O'BrienAuxiliary Bishop of ChicagoSeeChicagoInstalledApril 25, 1934Term endedFebruary 19, 1962OrdersOrdinationJuly 11, 1903ConsecrationApril 25, 1934Personal detailsBorn(1878-08-03)August 3, 1878Chicago, IllinoisDiedFebruary 19, 1962(1962-02-19) (aged 83)San Pierre, IndianaDenominationRoman Catholic Church
William David O'Brien (August 3, 1878 – February 19, 1962) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1934 until his death in 1962, and was named an Archbishop in 1953.
Early life and education
William O'Brien was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Charles D. and Alice M. (née O'Hara) O'Brien. He received his early education at Kinzie Grade School and at the Christian Brothers' school at Holy Name Cathedral. In 1899, he became one of the first two graduates of St. Vincent's College (later DePaul University) in Chicago. He then studied for the priesthood at Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri. O'Brien was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Edward Quigley on July 11, 1903.
Priesthood
His first assignment was as a curate at St. Basil's Church on 1850 Garfield Boulevard, where he remained for four years. In 1907, he was named assistant to Monsignor Francis Kelley, director of the Catholic Church Extension Society. In addition to his duties with the Extension Society, O'Brien became pastor of St. John's Church on 100 W. 18th Street in 1924. He was named a papal chamberlain in 1924, and raised to the rank of domestic prelate in 1926. He was the first priest to receive papal honors from the archdiocese's first cardinal, George Mundelein. He became president of the Extension Society in 1925, after Monsignor Kelley was appointed Bishop of Oklahoma. As president, he also served as editor of the monthly Extension Magazine.
Episcopacy
On February 10, 1934, O'Brien was appointed auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Calynda by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following April 25 from Cardinal Mundelein, with Bishops Joseph Patrick Lynch and Bernard James Sheil, at Holy Name Cathedral. As an auxiliary bishop, he continued to serve as president of the Extension Society and pastor of St. John's Church, both offices which he held until his death.
In 1927, O'Brien attended an event sponsored by the Fascist Government of Italy. He was dressed in bishop's vestments for the occasion. During the playing of the Giovinezza, the Italian Fascist anthem, O'Brien gave a roman salute, another trademark of fascism. In 1940, Italy gave O'Brien the Commander of the Order of the Crown Award.
O'Brien was named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne in 1947. On November 18, 1953, O'Brien was elevated to the rank of Titular Archbishop of Calynda by Pope Pius XII. L'Osservatore Romano reported that his elevation was due to his "tireless work" with the Extension Society. He was the first Catholic bishop in the United States who was not the head of a diocese to be named an archbishop.
O'Brien was unanimously re-elected president of the Extension Society in 1954. In his later years, he relinquished the editorship of the Extension Magazine and delegated many of his administrative duties, but still closely following the society's activities and frequently visiting its headquarters. He died at Little Company of Mary Hospital in San Pierre, Indiana, at age 83.
References
^ a b c d e f Curtis, Georgina Pell (1961). The American Catholic Who's Who. Vol. XIV. Grosse Pointe, Michigan: Walter Romig.
^ a b c d e "W.D. O'BRIEN, PRELATE, 83, DIES; RITES SET". Chicago Tribune. 1962-02-20.
^ a b c d "Bishop William David O'Brien". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
^ a b c "WILLIAM O'BRIEN, AN ARCHBISHOP, 83; Chicago Prelate Dies—Head of Church Extension Unit". The New York Times. 1962-02-20.
^ a b c Evan, John (1953-11-19). "O'BRIEN CHOICE AS ARCHBISHOP UNUSUAL HONOR; Vatican Paper Points to 'Tireless Work'". Chicago Tribune.
^ D'Agostino, Peter R. (2005-12-15). Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6341-1.
^ "ARCHBISHOP RE-ELECTED; O'Brien Again Heads Catholic Church Extension Society". The New York Times. 1954-11-23.
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Chicago portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"}],"text":"William David O'Brien (August 3, 1878 – February 19, 1962) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1934 until his death in 1962, and was named an Archbishop in 1953.","title":"William David O'Brien"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-1"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools"},{"link_name":"Holy Name Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Name_Cathedral,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-2"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-2"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Kenrick Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenrick%E2%80%93Glennon_Seminary"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-1"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"James Edward Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Quigley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-3"}],"text":"William O'Brien was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Charles D. and Alice M. (née O'Hara) O'Brien.[1] He received his early education at Kinzie Grade School and at the Christian Brothers' school at Holy Name Cathedral.[2] In 1899, he became one of the first two graduates of St. Vincent's College (later DePaul University) in Chicago.[2] He then studied for the priesthood at Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri.[1] O'Brien was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Edward Quigley on July 11, 1903.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"St. Basil's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parishesonline.com/scripts/hostedsites/org.asp?ID=5195"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-2"},{"link_name":"Francis Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church Extension Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_Extension_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-4"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archbishop-5"},{"link_name":"papal chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"domestic prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-1"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"George Mundelein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mundelein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-4"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-1"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-1"}],"text":"His first assignment was as a curate at St. Basil's Church on 1850 Garfield Boulevard, where he remained for four years.[2] In 1907, he was named assistant to Monsignor Francis Kelley, director of the Catholic Church Extension Society.[4] In addition to his duties with the Extension Society, O'Brien became pastor of St. John's Church on 100 W. 18th Street in 1924.[5] He was named a papal chamberlain in 1924, and raised to the rank of domestic prelate in 1926.[1] He was the first priest to receive papal honors from the archdiocese's first cardinal, George Mundelein.[4] He became president of the Extension Society in 1925, after Monsignor Kelley was appointed Bishop of Oklahoma.[1] As president, he also served as editor of the monthly Extension Magazine.[1]","title":"Priesthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-3"},{"link_name":"episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"},{"link_name":"Joseph Patrick Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Bernard James Sheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_James_Sheil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-2"},{"link_name":"Fascist Government of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Giovinezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovinezza"},{"link_name":"roman salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_salute"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Assistant at the Pontifical Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_at_the_Pontifical_Throne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-1"},{"link_name":"Titular Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-3"},{"link_name":"L'Osservatore Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archbishop-5"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archbishop-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reelected-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-2"},{"link_name":"Little Company of Mary Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Company_of_Mary_Hospital_(San_Pierre)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pierre,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-4"}],"text":"On February 10, 1934, O'Brien was appointed auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Calynda by Pope Pius XI.[3] He received his episcopal consecration on the following April 25 from Cardinal Mundelein, with Bishops Joseph Patrick Lynch and Bernard James Sheil, at Holy Name Cathedral.[3] As an auxiliary bishop, he continued to serve as president of the Extension Society and pastor of St. John's Church, both offices which he held until his death.[2]In 1927, O'Brien attended an event sponsored by the Fascist Government of Italy. He was dressed in bishop's vestments for the occasion. During the playing of the Giovinezza, the Italian Fascist anthem, O'Brien gave a roman salute, another trademark of fascism. In 1940, Italy gave O'Brien the Commander of the Order of the Crown Award.[6]O'Brien was named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne in 1947.[1] On November 18, 1953, O'Brien was elevated to the rank of Titular Archbishop of Calynda by Pope Pius XII.[3] L'Osservatore Romano reported that his elevation was due to his \"tireless work\" with the Extension Society.[5] He was the first Catholic bishop in the United States who was not the head of a diocese to be named an archbishop.[5]O'Brien was unanimously re-elected president of the Extension Society in 1954.[7] In his later years, he relinquished the editorship of the Extension Magazine and delegated many of his administrative duties, but still closely following the society's activities and frequently visiting its headquarters.[2] He died at Little Company of Mary Hospital in San Pierre, Indiana, at age 83.[4]","title":"Episcopacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Curtis, Georgina Pell (1961). The American Catholic Who's Who. Vol. XIV. Grosse Pointe, Michigan: Walter Romig.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"W.D. O'BRIEN, PRELATE, 83, DIES; RITES SET\". Chicago Tribune. 1962-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop William David O'Brien\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bobrienw.html","url_text":"\"Bishop William David O'Brien\""}]},{"reference":"\"WILLIAM O'BRIEN, AN ARCHBISHOP, 83; Chicago Prelate Dies—Head of Church Extension Unit\". The New York Times. 1962-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Evan, John (1953-11-19). \"O'BRIEN CHOICE AS ARCHBISHOP UNUSUAL HONOR; Vatican Paper Points to 'Tireless Work'\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"D'Agostino, Peter R. (2005-12-15). Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6341-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_kDqCQAAQBAJ&dq=Bishop+Edward+Hoban&pg=PR7-IA49","url_text":"Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6341-1","url_text":"978-0-8078-6341-1"}]},{"reference":"\"ARCHBISHOP RE-ELECTED; O'Brien Again Heads Catholic Church Extension Society\". The New York Times. 1954-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.parishesonline.com/scripts/hostedsites/org.asp?ID=5195","external_links_name":"St. Basil's Church"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bobrienw.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop William David O'Brien\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_kDqCQAAQBAJ&dq=Bishop+Edward+Hoban&pg=PR7-IA49","external_links_name":"Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordy_Lucas | Summer Hoyland | ["1 Casting","2 Development","2.1 Characterisation","2.2 Chris Pappas","2.3 Relationship with Andrew Robinson","2.4 Cheating","2.5 Departure","3 Storylines","3.1 2002–2007","3.2 2010–2023","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | Soap opera character
Summer HoylandNeighbours characterJordy Lucas as Summer Hoyland (2012)Portrayed byMarisa Siketa (2002–2007)Jordy Lucas (2010–2023)Duration2002–2007, 2010–2013, 2023First appearance20 May 2002 (2002-05-20)Last appearance4 December 2023 (2023-12-04)ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced by
Stanley Walsh (2002)
Ric Pellizzeri (2006)
Susan Bower (2010)
Jason Herbison (2023)
Marisa Siketa as Summer Hoyland (2007)In-universe informationOccupation
Student
Paper girl
Waitress
Journalist
Podcaster
FatherMax HoylandMotherClaire HoylandStepmotherStephanie ScullyBrothersBoyd HoylandHalf-brothersCharlie HoylandGrandfathersBobby HoylandGrandmothersRosie HoylandAuntsIzzy HoylandFirst cousinsHolly HoylandOther relativesColin Barclay
Summer Hoyland is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Jordy Lucas. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 May 2002. The character was originally played by Marisa Siketa from her arrival to her departure in 2005 and her subsequent returns in 2006 and 2007. In October 2009, it was announced that the character was to return to the show. Siketa auditioned for her previous role, but producers felt the character had evolved too much. They decided to cast Lucas instead after she came to their attention during Dolly magazine's "Neighbours Next Big Stars" competition. Summer returned on 11 February 2010. Lucas announced her departure from Neighbours in September 2012 and Summer departed on 10 January 2013. Lucas reprised the role on 30 November 2023.
Casting
Marisa Siketa had previously completed three years of acting training before she auditioned for the role of Summer on Neighbours. Siketa played the role for four years, before she chose to quit the show and concentrate on her studies. She made brief appearances in 2006 and 2007. In October 2009, it was revealed that the character would be returning to Neighbours the following year. Executive producer, Susan Bower had decided to bring the character back, but announced that Siketa would not be reprising the role. In an interview with Inside Soap, Bower revealed that they had auditioned Siketa, but felt the character had evolved too much and decided against casting her again. Jordy Lucas was chosen for the role instead. Lucas came to the attention of the producers when she came second in Dolly magazine's "Neighbours Next Big Stars" competition. She then successfully auditioned for the role of Summer.
During an interview with Network Ten Lucas said of her casting, "I would have never of thought that this would be happening, I would have never ever-ever imagined in a million years that I would be playing a role that I used to watch on TV years ago, it's really surreal." She also added "There was a lot of pressure taking on a role that was already played by Marisa Siketa, I watched footage back and she did a really good job establishing the character and she obviously had a big following". In a different interview Lucas said that the return would bring a whole new mystery to the character. She added her worries of playing a character that was already established with viewers stating "There is a bit of added pressure – people already have an idea of how they want her to be. I did a lot of research into the role, but Summer has come back as a young woman after leaving as a child, so it's only fair that people should expect a change". In December 2011, a reporter for the Herald Sun announced Lucas had extended her contract with Neighbours until late 2013.
Development
Characterisation
During her early days in the series Summer was known for being naughty and the "resident trouble-maker." A writer for the BBC's Neighbours website described her as having "The face of angel and the mind of a career criminal." Summer was also very good at wrapping people around her finger. The BBC writer called Summer a "mini-Mrs Mangel in the making" as she often overheard things she should not and gossiped about them afterwards. Siketa described Summer as "Funny, Mischievous, Bubbly." Summer did have another side to her personality, in which she was "delightful, kind and considerate." She developed close relationships with older women following her mother's death and she loved her brother, Boyd (Kyal Marsh). When her father started dating Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner), Summer accepted the relationship and was more mature about it than Boyd.
Upon her return in 2010, Summer had changed her attitude. Of this, Lucas stated "She's more feisty than anything. She has her own moral code and set of rules that she wants to stick by, and she's not afraid to bend the rules at school. But when it comes down to it, she's a sensitive girl and she's very kind. She wants to look after people." Lucas also described the character on another occasion stating that Summer was now smart and feisty, and she stands up for the things she believes in. Of her dramatic change in personality she said: "I think at the same time she's gone away, she's matured into a young woman, she has changed, so there are things that are going to be different about her, so as much as people are going to miss Marisa playing her hopefully they can embrace the new Summer."
Summer is expelled from her music school and she comes to Ramsay Street to see Steph and prove to her father that she can get things sorted out. Summer has grown up, but Lucas said there is a "crazy, reckless side to her." Susan Bower said that Summer and Natasha Williams (Valentina Novakovic) spark because Summer is "a feminist, and she fights for causes and sticks up for the underdog". Lucas explained that when Summer and Natasha are friends, the storylines tend to be lighter. However, when they are at each other, Lucas said it is fun as she and Novakovic are not like that in real life, so it is something different for them. When asked if she was similar to Summer, Lucas revealed "I certainly have an opinion about lots of different subjects, but I don't go to the lengths that Summer does." Lucas told the Herald Sun in May 2011 that she would like to see Summer "go off the rails a bit more" and start hanging out with a bad crowd as she is "such a goody two shoes."
Chris Pappas
Summer begins a relationship with Chris Pappas (James Mason) in May 2010. They date for three months before Chris reveals that he is gay. Summer initially takes the news well. She plays it down and explains that she is dealing with it. The Herald Sun's Alice Clarke said Summer dealt with the news that Chris was gay "extremely well." When asked if she would react in the same way as Summer, Lucas told Clarke "There's no denying that it would be a really difficult thing to go through, but you have to respect that it's an even harder thing that they're going through." Chris and Summer become good friends and Mason said "Chris is determined to help Summer through whatever comes in the future, and really just stick by her. It's a good friendship that evolves even though it's been such an ordeal." Chris later tries to prove to Summer that he is a good friend by playing Cupid for her. Chris becomes a wingman for Summer and helps her to find someone else to date as he feels guilty for hurting her. Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy said Summer's friendship with Chris has been nice to watch and when he asked Lucas if she was happy that Mason is staying in the show, she said, "I think it's fantastic that the Chris character is staying on and will evolve over time – he provides a voice of reason for the other characters who all fire up so quickly. And I love working with James , he is one of the nicest people you'll ever meet."
Relationship with Andrew Robinson
Summer becomes involved in a love triangle with Andrew Robinson (Jordan Patrick Smith) and Natasha Williams. Summer likes Andrew, but he breaks her heart by dating Natasha. Andrew thinks he is doing the right thing, as Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha) warned him to stay away and Summer is dealing with her stepmother being sent to jail. Andrew and Natasha organise a party and Andrew is surprised at his feelings when Summer turns up. He later expresses concern for her when she collapses, which makes Natasha realise she needs to get rid of Summer. Natasha warns Summer to stay away from Andrew, while she is in the hospital. Lucas told Holy Soap that she was backing the pairing of Summer and Andrew and wanted things between them to move along. She said "It's a lot of fun to play the tortured teenager in love, but it's been going on for about a year and half now so it would be nice for Summer to just have something that really makes her happy in her life. Every time she gets something that makes her happy, something happens to destroy it." Lucas revealed that fans had sent her videos of Summer and Andrew they had made on YouTube and she commented that "Everyone seems to love Andrew and Summer."
In December 2010, it was revealed that Summer and Andrew would give into their feelings for each other before they become trapped in a house fire. The storyline begins when Andrew becomes jealous of Summer going on a date with his business partner, Tomas Bersky (Tim Munley). Andrew tries to warn Summer off Tomas, which makes Summer happy as this means he likes her. While Tomas is "charming", Andrew is the one Summer wants and she would not consider being with anyone else. Lucas explained that Andrew believed Summer was too good for him, but seeing her with Tomas is a wake-up call. Summer tells Andrew that she has wanted to be with him since the day they met and Lucas said "Summer has desperately wanted to say this to Andrew for so long, but she's been scared of getting hurt. Andrew also knows that if he doesn't act now and let Summer know how he feels, it'll be too late." While they are together, a fire breaks out and Natasha goes in to save Summer, not knowing Andrew is there too. Summer and Lyn move in with the Williams family and Summer is forced to watch Andrew carry on his relationship with Natasha.
Summer is devastated when Andrew tells her Natasha is pregnant and she believes they are back at square one. When she was asked if Summer would try to win Andrew back, Lucas said "No, because she feels she has to respect the fact that Andrew has this responsibility of having a child. I don't think this is something she wants to get involved with." Summer becomes suspicious about Natasha's pregnancy as she knows that Natasha likes to play games. Though she knows she does not want to come across as a jealous ex-girlfriend. Summer discovers that Natasha's ultrasound scan photos are fake and she realises Natasha has been lying about being pregnant. Summer then reveals the truth to Andrew. Summer later tells Andrew that they cannot be together and Lucas explained that Summer feels that the situation with Natasha never would have happened if they had not cheated on her. She added "And I guess she feels that the whole situation is way too messy and that Andrew has a whole lot of baggage to sort out, and this is not the right time to start a relationship." Lucas admitted that Summer and Andrew deserve to be together as they have been through a lot and they have a good chemistry. When asked if Summer and Natasha would be friends again, Lucas said "They have both done the wrong thing. Summer cheated with her boyfriend, Tash with the fake pregnancy; they have both been guilty of doing the wrong thing."
Lucas told What's on TV that Summer and Andrew "have a lot to resolve" after the conclusion to the love triangle storyline. Natasha decides to get Summer and Andrew back together, making Summer suspicious of her motives. Natasha tries to get Andrew and Summer to talk through their issues, but when they get together they argue and Andrew claims Summer is always judging him. When asked if Summer is aware of this, Lucas said "Not initially. Summer does have a tendency to take the high moral ground on issues and is very head-strong. Admitting she is wrong or overreacting doesn't come easily to her!" Andrew then kisses Lisa Devine (Sophie Tilson) in front of Summer, leaving her gutted. Lucas said that while it would be nice for Summer and Andrew to end up together, she believes they are more interesting when their relationship is strained. When Lyn announces the family is relocating to Bendigo, Summer is devastated at the thought of leaving Andrew. However, just as Lyn is driving out of Ramsay Street, Andrew runs after the car and declares his love for Summer. Summer decides to stay in Erinsborough to be with Andrew and they finally begin a relationship.
In January 2012, it was confirmed Summer and Andrew would break up during the year. Lucas told Digital Spy's Daniel Kilkelly that Summer is going to be heartbroken when she realises her relationship with Andrew is not working out as well as it was. The actress explained "Summer absolutely loves Andrew and she doesn't want to break up with him, but the pressure of their relationship and them going in different directions definitely takes a toll on them." Lucas believed the couple would be over for good, but stated they could reunite in the future as they love each other so much. Lucas revealed there could be a potential love interest for Summer, but she realises that she still hurts over Andrew and decides to focus on herself a bit more.
Cheating
Summer decides to pursue a career in journalism and has to put together a portfolio for the university course she wants to get on to. She decides to use camera footage of the Erinsborough History Wall being completed as the subject of her portfolio. However, Summer is devastated when Andrew tells her he has accidentally deleted the footage. Lucas said the project meant a lot to Summer, but she is more upset about Andrew's casual attitude to the accident. Viewers were aware that Andrew deleted the footage on purpose to protect his cousin, Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer), a student teacher who was captured on tape kissing a pupil. When asked what Summer would have done if she had seen the footage, Lucas said "Summer always tries to do the right thing and I'm not sure she would have thought making it public would have been the right thing to do, so I'm leaning toward protecting Kate." Losing the footage puts Summer's portfolio in jeopardy, so she is determined to do well in her English VCE exam. However, her study plans have been derailed in the process and she decides to cheat. Lucas told Digital Spy's Daniel Kilkelly that Summer photographs some of the verses she needs for the exam with her phone, before hiding it in the bathroom. When she becomes stuck on a question, she elects to go ahead with her plan to cheat, without thinking she could be caught. Summer goes to the bathroom to check her phone and Michael enters asking what is taking so long. Summer's phone starts to ring and Michael realises what is going on. He and Summer then fight over the phone.
During the argument, Michael collapses and Summer blames herself. Lucas told a writer for TV Week "She knows Michael's been going through a lot of stress with Tash and her finding out about her mum's death, but at that moment, Summer feels like, 'I'm the straw that broke the camel's back'." Summer calls an ambulance and she feels even more guilty when she is branded a hero. When Michael recovers, Summer is surprised to discover that he does not remember their encounter. Summer's secret starts to eat away at her and she confides in Chris and Andrew, who have two different views on the situation. Andrew encourages Summer to keep quiet and she does. In February 2012, Kilkelly reported the storyline would be picked up again when Michael remembers what happened. Michael's memories of that day return and he threatens to report Summer for cheating. Andrew intervenes and begs Michael to keep quiet, while Natasha is "furious" to learn about Summer's lies. Summer owns up to cheating in her exam and she is forced to go back to school and repeat Year 12.
Departure
In early September 2012, Lucas announced her departure from Neighbours. Of her decision to leave, she stated "I've had a fantastic three years at Neighbours and I am really looking forward to what my future has to offer." Lucas filmed her final scenes during the week beginning 17 September. A Channel 5 website writer said the character's exit storyline would "raise a few eyebrows, with Summer finding herself embroiled in a romance that will test her moral compass." On 11 September, Darren Devlyn from news.com.au reported that Summer would develop a relationship with older journalist Bradley Fox (Aaron Jeffery). The relationship sees Summer leave "amid controversy." Her departure aired on 10 January 2013.
On 20 November 2023, Lucas announced on social media that she would be returning to the serial for a short stint by posting a photo with Jackie Woodburne (who plays Susan Kennedy). Of her return, she stated, "So special to head back to the place that changed my life forever." Lucas had previously explained that she would be open to returning to Neighbours, telling a reporter for Digital Spy: "I have nothing but fond memories of my time on the show, and if they were to ask me back, I would jump at the chance." Lucas returned as part of a storyline that sees past students protesting against the closure of Erinsborough High School.
Storylines
2002–2007
Summer arrives in Ramsay Street selling boxes of stale chocolates, while claiming the money would be going to charity. Her grandmother Rosie (Maggie Millar) introduces her to the neighbours and Summer later exposes Rosie's relationship with Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver) to Harold Bishop (Ian Smith). Summer's brother, Boyd also arrives and they both realise that Number 32 would make a great home. Summer develops a crush on Drew Kirk (Dan Paris). She later breaks into his house and saves his baby son, Ben (Noah Sutherland), from a termite extermination. Summer begins suffering from fainting spells and she is diagnosed with Long QT syndrome. She later has an operation to improve her condition. Summer's father, Max (Stephen Lovatt), returns from working on the Oil rigs and the family move into Number 32.
As a result of having lost her mother at an early age, when Summer grows close to Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner), she begins to see her as a substitute mother and a potential love interest for Max. Summer is threatened by Jacinta Martin (Eliza Taylor-Cotter) who wants her to give up her paper round. Boyd's girlfriend later tells Jacinta to back off. Summer is happy when Steph and Max begin dating and that her aunt Izzy (Natalie Bassingthwaighte) comes to stay. Summer goes on her first date with Declan Sands (Lewis Reed) and she experiences a bad first kiss with him. She breaks up with him and he starts dating her best friend, Lisa (Rhiannon Fish). Summer then dates Caleb Wilson (Joss Kasper), the son of a billionaire, but he breaks up with her as he meets someone else. He later returns and they start dating again until Caleb wants to take things further and Summer dumps him. Summer becomes friends with new neighbour Bree Timmins (Sianoa Smit-McPhee) when she moves into the street.
Summer is put forward for a scholarship to the Gillard School of Performance and Music in Wangaratta, by her music teacher. Summer passes the exam and she moves to the school. At the end of term, she returns home and finds that Bree has become friends with Rachel Kinski (Caitlin Stasey). Summer feels left out by Bree and Rachel, but she and Rachel eventually make friends. A few months later, Max brings Summer home to recover after she contracts Dengue fever in Fiji following a visit to Rosie. Steph gives birth to Charlie and Summer is happy to have a baby brother. Summer catches up with Bree, Rachel and Zeke Kinski (Matthew Werkmeister) before going back to school. Summer returns briefly to see Boyd marry Janae Timmins (Eliza Taylor-Cotter). Max and Steph's marriage ends and Summer thinks about returning home, but Lyn Scully tells her to stay at her school for her father. Steph tells Summer that she would always be welcome to visit her and Charlie.
2010–2023
Summer is expelled from Gillard and she returns to Erinsborough to stay with Lyn and Steph. She captures the attentions of Harry Ramsay (Will Moore) and Andrew Robinson. Summer decides to host a small party, but it is ruined when Andrew posts the details on Facebook. Although she is angry with Andrew, she convinces him to stay in Erinsborough when he tries to leave. Summer immediately clashes with Natasha Williams. Harry and Summer kiss, but their relationship is ruined when Natasha tells Summer that Harry and Andrew had a competition to win her. Summer then begins dating Chris Pappas (James Mason). When Natasha breaks up with Andrew, Summer helps her get revenge on him. Chris comes out as gay and although shocked, Summer supports him. Summer tells everyone that she is fine, but she later breaks down in front of Chris. Summer tries to help Andrew find out who pushed his father, Paul (Stefan Dennis), from the Lassiter's Hotel mezzanine. Chris realises that Summer has feelings for Andrew and he encourages her to tell him.
Andrew and Summer organise the entertainment for the school social and they attend a meeting with Tomas Bersky. Summer becomes uncomfortable with Tomas' flirting and Andrew kisses her to put Tomas off. Summer later learns Andrew has got back together with Natasha. She collapses at a party, due to drinking too much caffeine which affected her heart condition. Natasha warns Summer to stay away from Andrew and Summer goes on a date with Tomas. Andrew comes to see her and they have sex, unaware a fire has broken out in the next room. Summer and Andrew wake up and realise they and Michael (Sandy Winton) and Natasha are trapped. The firefighters rescue them all and Summer only suffers smoke inhalation. Andrew and Summer agree to date in secret, but Andrew reveals that Natasha is pregnant and ends the relationship. Summer becomes suspicious about Natasha's pregnancy and after learning that Natasha's ultrasound scan photos are fake, she exposes the lie. Summer then tells Andrew that they cannot be together after everything that has happened.
Summer and Natasha apologise to each other. After she discovers that Andrew covered up Tomas's drug dealing, Summer tells him that she no longer respects him. While attending Lisa Devine's party, Summer and Andrew argue and he kisses Lisa. Lyn tells Summer that they are moving to Bendigo to be nearer to Steph. As they are leaving the street, Andrew chases after the car and tells Summer that he loves her. Summer chooses to stay in Ramsay Street and she moves in with Karl (Alan Fletcher) and Susan Kennedy. Summer convinces Andrew to attend university after he leaves high school, which annoys Paul, as he wanted Andrew to take over the family businesses. Paul offers Summer an internship at the Erinsborough News and she accepts. She submits an article about the community gardens, but Paul publishes an edited version. Summer is not pleased with the result and posts her original article on the newspaper's website. Paul then fires her.
Dane Canning (Luke Pegler) tells Summer that the local council is corrupt and she decides to use the story for her journalism portfolio and her PirateNet radio show. Summer is delighted when she passes her journalism entry exam. Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney) explains to Summer that the council is not corrupt nor have they taken bribes to rush through a proposed development. He asks her to retract her story, but before she can, the council shut PirateNet down. Summer organises a protest, but it clashes with an exam and eventually everyone leaves. Summer decides to use time lapse camera footage of the History Wall project for her portfolio instead. However, she is devastated when Andrew tells her he deleted the video. Summer has trouble studying for her English exam and she decides to take pictures of her notes and look at them during the exam. Michael Williams catches her cheating and Summer begs him not to fail her. During the argument, Michael collapses and Summer calls an ambulance. She is relieved when he does not remember their fight.
Andrew admits he deleted the History Wall footage to protect his cousin, Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer), who was caught on the camera kissing a student. Summer forgives him and he encourages her to retake her exam. Summer gets the results she needs for university. Michael informs Summer that he has recalled what happened on the day he collapsed and gives her the chance to own up to cheating. Summer tells Priya Kapoor (Menik Gooneratne), the principal of Erinsborough High, about what she did and her place at university is revoked. Summer decides to repeat Year 12, but after being bullied on her first day back, she quits. Summer tries to persuade Paul to give her a job with the paper and when she increases sales through online content, Paul hires her. Summer and Andrew argue and decide to take a break from their relationship. Andrew tells Summer that he hates being on a break, but she refuses to end it. However, she realises that she has made a mistake and goes to talk to Andrew. Summer finds him kissing Belinda Ferry (Rachel Jessica Tan) and she ends their relationship.
Paul fires Summer, after she and Susan expose his sabotage of Natasha's party. However, Susan reinstates her when she becomes editor. Susan gives Summer an official warning after she allows another reporter to see the password to her email account. Summer begins dating Red Cotton's lead singer, Griffin O'Donahue (William Ewing), which causes problems between him and Andrew. Summer later discovers Griffin is seeing other girls and she breaks up with him. Susan gives Summer the task of writing the relationship advice column for the paper. She initially struggles with piece, but enlists Chris' help. Summer wins a journalism award and after a celebration dinner, she and Andrew have a one-night stand. Summer accuses Andrew of sending her mixed messages and she insults Natasha, when she thinks they have been flirting. Summer falls out with Chris when he accuses her of being self-absorbed. She realises that she has been selfish and apologises to Chris.
While they are on the way to a gig for Andrew's birthday, Summer and the other teens find Sophie Ramsay (Kaiya Jones) hiding in the boot of the car. Chris is persuaded into letting Sophie sit on Summer's lap. An argument breaks out between Andrew and Natasha, causing Chris to lose control of the car and crash. Summer crawls out of the wreckage uninjured, but suffering from shock. Karl becomes worried about Summer's behaviour and realises she has been traumatised by the crash. He helps her to express her feelings and encourages her to get in a car and drive it. Bradley Fox becomes the deputy editor of the Erinsborough News and Summer develops a crush on him. When he gives an idea she pitched to another journalist, Summer gets him into trouble with Susan, but later regrets her actions. Bradley agrees to mentor Summer at the paper and after they attend a quiz night at Charlie's together, they kiss. Summer and Bradley arrange a proper date and Susan voices her concerns about the age difference between them. Summer takes Bradley to the newspaper office to have sex, but they set the alarm off causing Susan to come down and sort it out. Summer hides under a desk to avoid her, but Susan later finds her belt and calls her in for a talk. Bradley is offered a job in Perth and Summer decides to go with him. She hands Susan her resignation and they fall out when Susan questions how much she knows about Bradley. Summer is devastated to learn that Bradley has left for Perth without her. She apologises to Susan, but decides not to take her job back. Summer then decides to apply for a scholarship in Paris and is later offered a place. Before she goes, Natasha tries to tell her that she and Andrew are together. However, Summer reveals that she already knows and is fine with it. She then says goodbye to her friends and leaves for Paris.
Ten years later, Summer returns to Erinsborough as part of a protest to keep Erinsborough High open. Susan is unaware of this until Summer informs her.
Reception
While played by Siketa, a writer for the BBC said Summer's most notable moment was "Rescuing Ben." The actress earned two nominations for Best Young Actor at the Inside Soap Awards in 2004 and 2005 for her portrayal of Summer. Michael Idato of The Sydney Morning Herald branded Summer "precociously slappable". Following the character's recast, the Daily Record said "The last time we saw her, she was a cute little blonde-haired poppet. Now she's got a completely different head – and nobody on Ramsay Street seems to have noticed." TV Week writer Carolyn Stewart said that she is not normally a fan of recasts, but Summer's has been "great". Holy Soap describe Summer's most memorable moment as "When she burst back into Erinsborough looking for Steph, and was mistaken for a burglar". Anthony D. Langford from gay website, AfterElton said he liked Summer and found her role during Chris's coming out storyline "just as interesting as Chris's problems." Langford added "Her boyfriend coming out of the closet has clearly put her on the edge, and given her temper, once she unloads on Chris, it's not going to be pretty." In December 2010, a reporter for The Sun-Herald said the "romantic tension" between Summer and Andrew had been simmering for a while and they wondered if they would make their feelings known to each other in the season finale.
Jim Schembri of The Age was positive towards Summer and Andrew's relationship and he was surprised with the quality of the storyline's direction. He said "To wit: the romantic tension between hot-as teens Andrew (Jordan Smith) and Summer (Jordy Lucas) is so thick the cafe is now using it as a sandwich spread. They want to get it on with each other but while Andrew wants to start up again, Summer doesn't. They both reconsider their relationship prospects and come the big moment she's willing to give it a go. But before she can get a word out, he says he's reversed his policy and agrees with the advice he's been getting that it'd be a bad idea. It's a subtly played scene, with the standard of direction frankly outdoing what long-suffering film critics often see in Australian feature films." In March 2011, Holy Soap ran a poll on who Andrew should be with and 16,000 votes were cast, with 92% of viewers choosing Summer. Of Summer, Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun said "Wowsers. Reformed bad girl Summer (Jordy Lucas) has bloomed. Even as she struggles to get a journalism cadetship, she looks like a Hollywood starlet."
References
^ "Actor: Marisa Siketa". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ a b "A new 'Summer' to return to Neighbours". Whats on TV. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ "Summer Returns to Ramsay Street". Neighbours.com. Network Ten. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
^ a b c Rowe, Darren (8 October 2009). "Summer Hoyland returns to Ramsay Street". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
^ Herbison, Jason (18–24 September 2010). "Inside Soap meets the producers – Neighbours". Inside Soap: 39.
^ a b c "A quick chat with Neighbours' Jordy Lucas". What's on TV. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
^ a b c d Jordy Lucas (2007). Neighbours BTS Summer's Back! (FLV) (Television production). Network Ten. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
^ Kilkelly, Daniel (3 February 2010). "'Neighbours' Summer reveals return details". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^ a b c Kilkelly, Daniel (9 February 2010). "'Neighbours' star feeling role pressure". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^ "Beauties to make good Neighbours". Herald Sun. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ a b "Cast – Summer Hoyland". Neighbours.com. Network Ten. 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ a b c d e "Character: Summer Hoyland". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 January 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
^ "Actor: Marisa Siketa". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
^ a b Martin, Will (18 March 2010). "Jordy Lucas (Neighbours' Summer Hoyland) interview". Last Broadcast. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Neighbours icon for 6000th". Holy Soap. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ a b c d e f g "Jordy Lucas (Summer Hoyland)". Digital Spy. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
^ "Jordy Lucas is doing time for Break Out". Herald Sun. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
^ a b Brygel, Jackie (7–13 August 2010). "Chris comes out". TV Week: 9.
^ a b Clarke, Alice (7 January 2012). "Neighbours as best friends". Herald Sun. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
^ "Interview: James Mason, who plays Chris Pappas". ATV Network. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ a b "Summer to get a wingman". Channel 5. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ a b c d "Teen Love Triangle". Neighbours.com. Network Ten. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ a b c "Luc who Jordy's backing". Holy Soap. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 11 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ a b c d e f g Brygel, Jackie (11–17 December 2010). "Ramsay Street Inferno!". TV Week: 16–17.
^ "Team Summer vs Team Tash". Holy Soap. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
^ a b c d e f "Jordy and Jordan reveal all". Holy Soap. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
^ a b "Fake pregnancy exposed!". TV Week: 14. 19–25 March 2011.
^ Kilkelly, Daniel (15 March 2011). "'Neighbours' star teases baby lie reveal". Digital Spy. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
^ a b c "Summer of love?". Inside Soap (24): 29. 18–24 June 2011.
^ a b c d e Kilkelly, Daniel (21 January 2012). "'Neighbours' Jordy Lucas teases new Summer plots: Interview". Digital Spy. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kilkelly, Daniel (1 December 2011). "'Neighbours' star Jordy Lucas on Summer's exam shock: Interview". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
^ a b c d "Michael collapses!". TV Week (45): 42. 5–11 November 2011.
^ a b c Kilkelly, Daniel (6 February 2012). "'Neighbours' Summer Hoyland cheating secret to spread". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ a b c McWhirter, Erin (8–14 September 2012). "Jordy leaves the neighbourhood". TV Week (36): 22.
^ a b "Lucas moves on to next big thing in LA". Herald Sun. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via Gale.
^ "Summer star Jordy Lucas to leave Neighbours". Channel 5. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
^ a b Devlyn, Darren (11 September 2012). "Aaron's fire in the Underbelly". news.com.au. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ Brygel, Jackie (5–11 January 2013). "Soap Diary". TV Week (1): 38.
^ a b c d Sarrubba, Stefania (20 November 2023). "Neighbours star Jordy Lucas confirms Summer Hoyland return". Digital Spy. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
^ "Character: Summer Hoyland". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ "2004 Inside Soap Awards". Inside Soap (33): 50–52. 14–20 August 2004.
^ "Support your favourite stars!". Inside Soap (31): 44. 6–12 August 2005.
^ Idato, Michael (27 January 2003). "TV previews". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ "Soap stories". Daily Record. Glasgow. 27 March 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ Stewart, Carolyn (June 2010). "Carolyn's Weekly Wrap-Up". TV Week. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
^ "Cast – Summer Hoyland". Holy Soap. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
^ a b Langford, Anthony D (24 August 2010). "Gays of Our Lives: Phillip's Surprising Return to "The Young and the Restless"". AfterElton. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
^ "Friday". The Sun-Herald. 12 December 2010. p. 16. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
^ a b Schembri, Jim; Brady, Nicole (17 March 2011). "Critic's view - Thursday, March 24". The Age. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
^ "Your views: Summer vs Tash". Holy Soap. 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Adams, Cameron (24 February 2012). "TV: Luther's back for more mischief". Herald Sun. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
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2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neighbours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbours"},{"link_name":"Marisa Siketa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Siketa"},{"link_name":"Dolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(magazine)"}],"text":"Soap opera characterSummer Hoyland is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Jordy Lucas. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 May 2002. The character was originally played by Marisa Siketa from her arrival to her departure in 2005 and her subsequent returns in 2006 and 2007. In October 2009, it was announced that the character was to return to the show. Siketa auditioned for her previous role, but producers felt the character had evolved too much. They decided to cast Lucas instead after she came to their attention during Dolly magazine's \"Neighbours Next Big Stars\" competition. Summer returned on 11 February 2010. Lucas announced her departure from Neighbours in September 2012 and Summer departed on 10 January 2013. Lucas reprised the role on 30 November 2023.","title":"Summer Hoyland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANewSum-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANewSum-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Susan Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Bower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-4"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-4"},{"link_name":"Dolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickChat-6"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsv-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsv-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-9"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Marisa Siketa had previously completed three years of acting training before she auditioned for the role of Summer on Neighbours.[1] Siketa played the role for four years, before she chose to quit the show and concentrate on her studies.[2] She made brief appearances in 2006 and 2007.[2] In October 2009, it was revealed that the character would be returning to Neighbours the following year.[3] Executive producer, Susan Bower had decided to bring the character back, but announced that Siketa would not be reprising the role.[4] In an interview with Inside Soap, Bower revealed that they had auditioned Siketa, but felt the character had evolved too much and decided against casting her again.[5] Jordy Lucas was chosen for the role instead.[4] Lucas came to the attention of the producers when she came second in Dolly magazine's \"Neighbours Next Big Stars\" competition.[4] She then successfully auditioned for the role of Summer.[6]During an interview with Network Ten Lucas said of her casting, \"I would have never of thought that this would be happening, I would have never ever-ever imagined in a million years that I would be playing a role that I used to watch on TV years ago, it's really surreal.\"[7] She also added \"There was a lot of pressure taking on a role that was already played by Marisa Siketa, I watched footage back and she did a really good job establishing the character and she obviously had a big following\".[7] In a different interview Lucas said that the return would bring a whole new mystery to the character.[8] She added her worries of playing a character that was already established with viewers stating \"There is a bit of added pressure – people already have an idea of how they want her to be. I did a lot of research into the role, but Summer has come back as a young woman after leaving as a child, so it's only fair that people should expect a change\".[9] In December 2011, a reporter for the Herald Sun announced Lucas had extended her contract with Neighbours until late 2013.[10]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CastSummer-11"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SumBBC-12"},{"link_name":"Mrs Mangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Mangel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SumBBC-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SumBBC-12"},{"link_name":"Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Hoyland"},{"link_name":"Kyal Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyal_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CastSummer-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SumBBC-12"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Scully"},{"link_name":"Carla Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bonner"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SumBBC-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsv-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsv-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last-14"},{"link_name":"Natasha Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Williams_(Neighbours)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickChat-6"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Characterisation","text":"During her early days in the series Summer was known for being naughty and the \"resident trouble-maker.\"[11] A writer for the BBC's Neighbours website described her as having \"The face of angel and the mind of a career criminal.\"[12] Summer was also very good at wrapping people around her finger. The BBC writer called Summer a \"mini-Mrs Mangel in the making\" as she often overheard things she should not and gossiped about them afterwards.[12] Siketa described Summer as \"Funny, Mischievous, Bubbly.\"[13] Summer did have another side to her personality, in which she was \"delightful, kind and considerate.\"[12] She developed close relationships with older women following her mother's death and she loved her brother, Boyd (Kyal Marsh).[11][12] When her father started dating Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner), Summer accepted the relationship and was more mature about it than Boyd.[12]Upon her return in 2010, Summer had changed her attitude.[9] Of this, Lucas stated \"She's more feisty than anything. She has her own moral code and set of rules that she wants to stick by, and she's not afraid to bend the rules at school. But when it comes down to it, she's a sensitive girl and she's very kind. She wants to look after people.\"[9] Lucas also described the character on another occasion stating that Summer was now smart and feisty, and she stands up for the things she believes in.[7] Of her dramatic change in personality she said: \"I think at the same time she's gone away, she's matured into a young woman, she has changed, so there are things that are going to be different about her, so as much as people are going to miss Marisa playing her hopefully they can embrace the new Summer.\"[7]Summer is expelled from her music school and she comes to Ramsay Street to see Steph and prove to her father that she can get things sorted out.[14] Summer has grown up, but Lucas said there is a \"crazy, reckless side to her.\"[14] Susan Bower said that Summer and Natasha Williams (Valentina Novakovic) spark because Summer is \"a feminist, and she fights for causes and sticks up for the underdog\".[15] Lucas explained that when Summer and Natasha are friends, the storylines tend to be lighter. However, when they are at each other, Lucas said it is fun as she and Novakovic are not like that in real life, so it is something different for them.[16] When asked if she was similar to Summer, Lucas revealed \"I certainly have an opinion about lots of different subjects, but I don't go to the lengths that Summer does.\"[6] Lucas told the Herald Sun in May 2011 that she would like to see Summer \"go off the rails a bit more\" and start hanging out with a bad crowd as she is \"such a goody two shoes.\"[17]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Pappas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pappas_(Neighbours)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComesOut-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComesOut-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AClarke-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AClarke-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wingman-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wingman-21"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"}],"sub_title":"Chris Pappas","text":"Summer begins a relationship with Chris Pappas (James Mason) in May 2010. They date for three months before Chris reveals that he is gay.[18] Summer initially takes the news well. She plays it down and explains that she is dealing with it.[18] The Herald Sun's Alice Clarke said Summer dealt with the news that Chris was gay \"extremely well.\"[19] When asked if she would react in the same way as Summer, Lucas told Clarke \"There's no denying that it would be a really difficult thing to go through, but you have to respect that it's an even harder thing that they're going through.\"[19] Chris and Summer become good friends and Mason said \"Chris is determined to help Summer through whatever comes in the future, and really just stick by her. It's a good friendship that evolves even though it's been such an ordeal.\"[20] Chris later tries to prove to Summer that he is a good friend by playing Cupid for her.[21] Chris becomes a wingman for Summer and helps her to find someone else to date as he feels guilty for hurting her.[21] Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy said Summer's friendship with Chris has been nice to watch and when he asked Lucas if she was happy that Mason is staying in the show, she said, \"I think it's fantastic that the Chris character is staying on and will evolve over time – he provides a voice of reason for the other characters who all fire up so quickly. And I love working with James [Mason], he is one of the nicest people you'll ever meet.\"[16]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Robinson_(Neighbours)"},{"link_name":"Jordan Patrick Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Patrick_Smith"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeenLove-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeenLove-22"},{"link_name":"Lyn Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Scully"},{"link_name":"Janet Andrewartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Andrewartha"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeenLove-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeenLove-22"},{"link_name":"Holy Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Soap"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luc-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luc-23"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luc-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"Tomas Bersky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Bersky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inferno-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeamSummer-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJReveal-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJReveal-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exposed-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJReveal-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exposed-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LieReveal-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJReveal-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJReveal-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJReveal-26"},{"link_name":"What's on TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_on_TV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickChat-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"},{"link_name":"Lisa Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Devine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LucasDS-16"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SummerOfLove-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SummerOfLove-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SummerOfLove-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewSummerPlots-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewSummerPlots-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewSummerPlots-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewSummerPlots-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewSummerPlots-30"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with Andrew Robinson","text":"Summer becomes involved in a love triangle with Andrew Robinson (Jordan Patrick Smith) and Natasha Williams.[22] Summer likes Andrew, but he breaks her heart by dating Natasha.[22] Andrew thinks he is doing the right thing, as Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha) warned him to stay away and Summer is dealing with her stepmother being sent to jail.[22] Andrew and Natasha organise a party and Andrew is surprised at his feelings when Summer turns up. He later expresses concern for her when she collapses, which makes Natasha realise she needs to get rid of Summer. Natasha warns Summer to stay away from Andrew, while she is in the hospital.[22] Lucas told Holy Soap that she was backing the pairing of Summer and Andrew and wanted things between them to move along.[23] She said \"It's a lot of fun to play the tortured teenager in love, but it's been going on for about a year and half now so it would be nice for Summer to just have something that really makes her happy in her life. Every time she gets something that makes her happy, something happens to destroy it.\"[23] Lucas revealed that fans had sent her videos of Summer and Andrew they had made on YouTube and she commented that \"Everyone seems to love Andrew and Summer.\"[23]In December 2010, it was revealed that Summer and Andrew would give into their feelings for each other before they become trapped in a house fire.[24] The storyline begins when Andrew becomes jealous of Summer going on a date with his business partner, Tomas Bersky (Tim Munley).[24] Andrew tries to warn Summer off Tomas, which makes Summer happy as this means he likes her.[24] While Tomas is \"charming\", Andrew is the one Summer wants and she would not consider being with anyone else.[24] Lucas explained that Andrew believed Summer was too good for him, but seeing her with Tomas is a wake-up call.[24] Summer tells Andrew that she has wanted to be with him since the day they met and Lucas said \"Summer has desperately wanted to say this to Andrew for so long, but she's been scared of getting hurt. Andrew also knows that if he doesn't act now and let Summer know how he feels, it'll be too late.\"[24] While they are together, a fire breaks out and Natasha goes in to save Summer, not knowing Andrew is there too.[24] Summer and Lyn move in with the Williams family and Summer is forced to watch Andrew carry on his relationship with Natasha.[25]Summer is devastated when Andrew tells her Natasha is pregnant and she believes they are back at square one.[26] When she was asked if Summer would try to win Andrew back, Lucas said \"No, because she feels she has to respect the fact that Andrew has this responsibility of having a child. I don't think this is something she wants to get involved with.\"[26] Summer becomes suspicious about Natasha's pregnancy as she knows that Natasha likes to play games.[27] Though she knows she does not want to come across as a jealous ex-girlfriend.[26] Summer discovers that Natasha's ultrasound scan photos are fake and she realises Natasha has been lying about being pregnant. Summer then reveals the truth to Andrew.[27][28] Summer later tells Andrew that they cannot be together and Lucas explained that Summer feels that the situation with Natasha never would have happened if they had not cheated on her. She added \"And I guess she feels that the whole situation is way too messy and that Andrew has a whole lot of baggage to sort out, and this is not the right time to start a relationship.\"[26] Lucas admitted that Summer and Andrew deserve to be together as they have been through a lot and they have a good chemistry.[26] When asked if Summer and Natasha would be friends again, Lucas said \"They have both done the wrong thing. Summer cheated with her boyfriend, Tash with the fake pregnancy; they have both been guilty of doing the wrong thing.\"[26]Lucas told What's on TV that Summer and Andrew \"have a lot to resolve\" after the conclusion to the love triangle storyline.[6] Natasha decides to get Summer and Andrew back together, making Summer suspicious of her motives.[16] Natasha tries to get Andrew and Summer to talk through their issues, but when they get together they argue and Andrew claims Summer is always judging him.[16] When asked if Summer is aware of this, Lucas said \"Not initially. Summer does have a tendency to take the high moral ground on issues and is very head-strong. Admitting she is wrong or overreacting doesn't come easily to her!\"[16] Andrew then kisses Lisa Devine (Sophie Tilson) in front of Summer, leaving her gutted.[16] Lucas said that while it would be nice for Summer and Andrew to end up together, she believes they are more interesting when their relationship is strained.[16] When Lyn announces the family is relocating to Bendigo, Summer is devastated at the thought of leaving Andrew.[29] However, just as Lyn is driving out of Ramsay Street, Andrew runs after the car and declares his love for Summer.[29] Summer decides to stay in Erinsborough to be with Andrew and they finally begin a relationship.[29]In January 2012, it was confirmed Summer and Andrew would break up during the year.[30] Lucas told Digital Spy's Daniel Kilkelly that Summer is going to be heartbroken when she realises her relationship with Andrew is not working out as well as it was.[30] The actress explained \"Summer absolutely loves Andrew and she doesn't want to break up with him, but the pressure of their relationship and them going in different directions definitely takes a toll on them.\"[30] Lucas believed the couple would be over for good, but stated they could reunite in the future as they love each other so much.[30] Lucas revealed there could be a potential love interest for Summer, but she realises that she still hurts over Andrew and decides to focus on herself a bit more.[30]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"Kate Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"VCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collapses-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collapses-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collapses-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collapses-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExamShock-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CheatingSecret-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CheatingSecret-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CheatingSecret-33"}],"sub_title":"Cheating","text":"Summer decides to pursue a career in journalism and has to put together a portfolio for the university course she wants to get on to.[31] She decides to use camera footage of the Erinsborough History Wall being completed as the subject of her portfolio. However, Summer is devastated when Andrew tells her he has accidentally deleted the footage.[31] Lucas said the project meant a lot to Summer, but she is more upset about Andrew's casual attitude to the accident.[31] Viewers were aware that Andrew deleted the footage on purpose to protect his cousin, Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer), a student teacher who was captured on tape kissing a pupil.[31] When asked what Summer would have done if she had seen the footage, Lucas said \"Summer always tries to do the right thing and I'm not sure she would have thought making it public would have been the right thing to do, so I'm leaning toward protecting Kate.\"[31] Losing the footage puts Summer's portfolio in jeopardy, so she is determined to do well in her English VCE exam. However, her study plans have been derailed in the process and she decides to cheat.[31] Lucas told Digital Spy's Daniel Kilkelly that Summer photographs some of the verses she needs for the exam with her phone, before hiding it in the bathroom.[31] When she becomes stuck on a question, she elects to go ahead with her plan to cheat, without thinking she could be caught.[31] Summer goes to the bathroom to check her phone and Michael enters asking what is taking so long. Summer's phone starts to ring and Michael realises what is going on.[31] He and Summer then fight over the phone.[32]During the argument, Michael collapses and Summer blames herself.[32] Lucas told a writer for TV Week \"She knows Michael's been going through a lot of stress with Tash and her finding out about her mum's death, but at that moment, Summer feels like, 'I'm the straw that broke the camel's back'.\"[32] Summer calls an ambulance and she feels even more guilty when she is branded a hero.[32] When Michael recovers, Summer is surprised to discover that he does not remember their encounter.[31] Summer's secret starts to eat away at her and she confides in Chris and Andrew, who have two different views on the situation. Andrew encourages Summer to keep quiet and she does.[31] In February 2012, Kilkelly reported the storyline would be picked up again when Michael remembers what happened.[33] Michael's memories of that day return and he threatens to report Summer for cheating.[33] Andrew intervenes and begs Michael to keep quiet, while Natasha is \"furious\" to learn about Summer's lies.[33] Summer owns up to cheating in her exam and she is forced to go back to school and repeat Year 12.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaves-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaves-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"news.com.au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au"},{"link_name":"Bradley Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Fox"},{"link_name":"Aaron Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AaronsFire-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaves-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AaronsFire-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Jackie Woodburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Woodburne"},{"link_name":"Susan Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return2023-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return2023-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return2023-39"},{"link_name":"Erinsborough High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinsborough#Erinsborough_High_School"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return2023-39"}],"sub_title":"Departure","text":"In early September 2012, Lucas announced her departure from Neighbours.[34] Of her decision to leave, she stated \"I've had a fantastic three years at Neighbours and I am really looking forward to what my future has to offer.\"[34] Lucas filmed her final scenes during the week beginning 17 September.[35] A Channel 5 website writer said the character's exit storyline would \"raise a few eyebrows, with Summer finding herself embroiled in a romance that will test her moral compass.\"[36] On 11 September, Darren Devlyn from news.com.au reported that Summer would develop a relationship with older journalist Bradley Fox (Aaron Jeffery).[37] The relationship sees Summer leave \"amid controversy.\"[35] Her departure aired on 10 January 2013.[34][37][38]On 20 November 2023, Lucas announced on social media that she would be returning to the serial for a short stint by posting a photo with Jackie Woodburne (who plays Susan Kennedy).[39] Of her return, she stated, \"So special to head back to the place that changed my life forever.\"[39] Lucas had previously explained that she would be open to returning to Neighbours, telling a reporter for Digital Spy: \"I have nothing but fond memories of my time on the show, and if they were to ask me back, I would jump at the chance.\"[39] Lucas returned as part of a storyline that sees past students protesting against the closure of Erinsborough High School.[39]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsay Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Street"},{"link_name":"Rosie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Hoyland"},{"link_name":"Maggie Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Millar"},{"link_name":"Lou Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Tom Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Harold Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Ian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Drew Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Dan Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Paris"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Long QT syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hoyland"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lovatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lovatt"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Scully"},{"link_name":"Carla Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bonner"},{"link_name":"Eliza Taylor-Cotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Taylor-Cotter"},{"link_name":"Izzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy_Hoyland"},{"link_name":"Natalie Bassingthwaighte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Bassingthwaighte"},{"link_name":"Declan Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Sands"},{"link_name":"Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Rhiannon Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhiannon_Fish"},{"link_name":"Caleb Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Wilson_(Neighbours)"},{"link_name":"Bree Timmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bree_Timmins"},{"link_name":"Sianoa Smit-McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sianoa_Smit-McPhee"},{"link_name":"Rachel Kinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Kinski"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Stasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Stasey"},{"link_name":"Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hoyland"},{"link_name":"Zeke Kinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeke_Kinski"},{"link_name":"Matthew Werkmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Werkmeister"},{"link_name":"Janae Timmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janae_Timmins"}],"sub_title":"2002–2007","text":"Summer arrives in Ramsay Street selling boxes of stale chocolates, while claiming the money would be going to charity. Her grandmother Rosie (Maggie Millar) introduces her to the neighbours and Summer later exposes Rosie's relationship with Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver) to Harold Bishop (Ian Smith). Summer's brother, Boyd also arrives and they both realise that Number 32 would make a great home. Summer develops a crush on Drew Kirk (Dan Paris). She later breaks into his house and saves his baby son, Ben (Noah Sutherland), from a termite extermination. Summer begins suffering from fainting spells and she is diagnosed with Long QT syndrome. She later has an operation to improve her condition. Summer's father, Max (Stephen Lovatt), returns from working on the Oil rigs and the family move into Number 32.As a result of having lost her mother at an early age, when Summer grows close to Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner), she begins to see her as a substitute mother and a potential love interest for Max. Summer is threatened by Jacinta Martin (Eliza Taylor-Cotter) who wants her to give up her paper round. Boyd's girlfriend later tells Jacinta to back off. Summer is happy when Steph and Max begin dating and that her aunt Izzy (Natalie Bassingthwaighte) comes to stay. Summer goes on her first date with Declan Sands (Lewis Reed) and she experiences a bad first kiss with him. She breaks up with him and he starts dating her best friend, Lisa (Rhiannon Fish). Summer then dates Caleb Wilson (Joss Kasper), the son of a billionaire, but he breaks up with her as he meets someone else. He later returns and they start dating again until Caleb wants to take things further and Summer dumps him. Summer becomes friends with new neighbour Bree Timmins (Sianoa Smit-McPhee) when she moves into the street.Summer is put forward for a scholarship to the Gillard School of Performance and Music in Wangaratta, by her music teacher. Summer passes the exam and she moves to the school. At the end of term, she returns home and finds that Bree has become friends with Rachel Kinski (Caitlin Stasey). Summer feels left out by Bree and Rachel, but she and Rachel eventually make friends. A few months later, Max brings Summer home to recover after she contracts Dengue fever in Fiji following a visit to Rosie. Steph gives birth to Charlie and Summer is happy to have a baby brother. Summer catches up with Bree, Rachel and Zeke Kinski (Matthew Werkmeister) before going back to school. Summer returns briefly to see Boyd marry Janae Timmins (Eliza Taylor-Cotter). Max and Steph's marriage ends and Summer thinks about returning home, but Lyn Scully tells her to stay at her school for her father. Steph tells Summer that she would always be welcome to visit her and Charlie.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robinson_(Neighbours)"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Williams_(Neighbours)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Winton"},{"link_name":"Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Alan Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fletcher_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dane Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Canning"},{"link_name":"Luke Pegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Pegler"},{"link_name":"Toadfish Rebecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toadfish_Rebecchi"},{"link_name":"Ryan Moloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Moloney"},{"link_name":"Kate Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Priya Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Belinda Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Griffin O'Donahue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Sophie Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Kaiya Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiya_Jones"},{"link_name":"crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Street_crash"}],"sub_title":"2010–2023","text":"Summer is expelled from Gillard and she returns to Erinsborough to stay with Lyn and Steph. She captures the attentions of Harry Ramsay (Will Moore) and Andrew Robinson. Summer decides to host a small party, but it is ruined when Andrew posts the details on Facebook. Although she is angry with Andrew, she convinces him to stay in Erinsborough when he tries to leave. Summer immediately clashes with Natasha Williams. Harry and Summer kiss, but their relationship is ruined when Natasha tells Summer that Harry and Andrew had a competition to win her. Summer then begins dating Chris Pappas (James Mason). When Natasha breaks up with Andrew, Summer helps her get revenge on him. Chris comes out as gay and although shocked, Summer supports him. Summer tells everyone that she is fine, but she later breaks down in front of Chris. Summer tries to help Andrew find out who pushed his father, Paul (Stefan Dennis), from the Lassiter's Hotel mezzanine. Chris realises that Summer has feelings for Andrew and he encourages her to tell him.Andrew and Summer organise the entertainment for the school social and they attend a meeting with Tomas Bersky. Summer becomes uncomfortable with Tomas' flirting and Andrew kisses her to put Tomas off. Summer later learns Andrew has got back together with Natasha. She collapses at a party, due to drinking too much caffeine which affected her heart condition. Natasha warns Summer to stay away from Andrew and Summer goes on a date with Tomas. Andrew comes to see her and they have sex, unaware a fire has broken out in the next room. Summer and Andrew wake up and realise they and Michael (Sandy Winton) and Natasha are trapped. The firefighters rescue them all and Summer only suffers smoke inhalation. Andrew and Summer agree to date in secret, but Andrew reveals that Natasha is pregnant and ends the relationship. Summer becomes suspicious about Natasha's pregnancy and after learning that Natasha's ultrasound scan photos are fake, she exposes the lie. Summer then tells Andrew that they cannot be together after everything that has happened.Summer and Natasha apologise to each other. After she discovers that Andrew covered up Tomas's drug dealing, Summer tells him that she no longer respects him. While attending Lisa Devine's party, Summer and Andrew argue and he kisses Lisa. Lyn tells Summer that they are moving to Bendigo to be nearer to Steph. As they are leaving the street, Andrew chases after the car and tells Summer that he loves her. Summer chooses to stay in Ramsay Street and she moves in with Karl (Alan Fletcher) and Susan Kennedy. Summer convinces Andrew to attend university after he leaves high school, which annoys Paul, as he wanted Andrew to take over the family businesses. Paul offers Summer an internship at the Erinsborough News and she accepts. She submits an article about the community gardens, but Paul publishes an edited version. Summer is not pleased with the result and posts her original article on the newspaper's website. Paul then fires her.Dane Canning (Luke Pegler) tells Summer that the local council is corrupt and she decides to use the story for her journalism portfolio and her PirateNet radio show. Summer is delighted when she passes her journalism entry exam. Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney) explains to Summer that the council is not corrupt nor have they taken bribes to rush through a proposed development. He asks her to retract her story, but before she can, the council shut PirateNet down. Summer organises a protest, but it clashes with an exam and eventually everyone leaves. Summer decides to use time lapse camera footage of the History Wall project for her portfolio instead. However, she is devastated when Andrew tells her he deleted the video. Summer has trouble studying for her English exam and she decides to take pictures of her notes and look at them during the exam. Michael Williams catches her cheating and Summer begs him not to fail her. During the argument, Michael collapses and Summer calls an ambulance. She is relieved when he does not remember their fight.Andrew admits he deleted the History Wall footage to protect his cousin, Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer), who was caught on the camera kissing a student. Summer forgives him and he encourages her to retake her exam. Summer gets the results she needs for university. Michael informs Summer that he has recalled what happened on the day he collapsed and gives her the chance to own up to cheating. Summer tells Priya Kapoor (Menik Gooneratne), the principal of Erinsborough High, about what she did and her place at university is revoked. Summer decides to repeat Year 12, but after being bullied on her first day back, she quits. Summer tries to persuade Paul to give her a job with the paper and when she increases sales through online content, Paul hires her. Summer and Andrew argue and decide to take a break from their relationship. Andrew tells Summer that he hates being on a break, but she refuses to end it. However, she realises that she has made a mistake and goes to talk to Andrew. Summer finds him kissing Belinda Ferry (Rachel Jessica Tan) and she ends their relationship.Paul fires Summer, after she and Susan expose his sabotage of Natasha's party. However, Susan reinstates her when she becomes editor. Susan gives Summer an official warning after she allows another reporter to see the password to her email account. Summer begins dating Red Cotton's lead singer, Griffin O'Donahue (William Ewing), which causes problems between him and Andrew. Summer later discovers Griffin is seeing other girls and she breaks up with him. Susan gives Summer the task of writing the relationship advice column for the paper. She initially struggles with piece, but enlists Chris' help. Summer wins a journalism award and after a celebration dinner, she and Andrew have a one-night stand. Summer accuses Andrew of sending her mixed messages and she insults Natasha, when she thinks they have been flirting. Summer falls out with Chris when he accuses her of being self-absorbed. She realises that she has been selfish and apologises to Chris.While they are on the way to a gig for Andrew's birthday, Summer and the other teens find Sophie Ramsay (Kaiya Jones) hiding in the boot of the car. Chris is persuaded into letting Sophie sit on Summer's lap. An argument breaks out between Andrew and Natasha, causing Chris to lose control of the car and crash. Summer crawls out of the wreckage uninjured, but suffering from shock. Karl becomes worried about Summer's behaviour and realises she has been traumatised by the crash. He helps her to express her feelings and encourages her to get in a car and drive it. Bradley Fox becomes the deputy editor of the Erinsborough News and Summer develops a crush on him. When he gives an idea she pitched to another journalist, Summer gets him into trouble with Susan, but later regrets her actions. Bradley agrees to mentor Summer at the paper and after they attend a quiz night at Charlie's together, they kiss. Summer and Bradley arrange a proper date and Susan voices her concerns about the age difference between them. Summer takes Bradley to the newspaper office to have sex, but they set the alarm off causing Susan to come down and sort it out. Summer hides under a desk to avoid her, but Susan later finds her belt and calls her in for a talk. Bradley is offered a job in Perth and Summer decides to go with him. She hands Susan her resignation and they fall out when Susan questions how much she knows about Bradley. Summer is devastated to learn that Bradley has left for Perth without her. She apologises to Susan, but decides not to take her job back. Summer then decides to apply for a scholarship in Paris and is later offered a place. Before she goes, Natasha tries to tell her that she and Andrew are together. However, Summer reveals that she already knows and is fine with it. She then says goodbye to her friends and leaves for Paris.Ten years later, Summer returns to Erinsborough as part of a protest to keep Erinsborough High open. Susan is unaware of this until Summer informs her.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Daily Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"TV Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"AfterElton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfterEllen.com_and_AfterElton.com#AfterElton.com"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprising-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprising-47"},{"link_name":"The Sun-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun-Herald"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critics-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critics-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"While played by Siketa, a writer for the BBC said Summer's most notable moment was \"Rescuing Ben.\"[40] The actress earned two nominations for Best Young Actor at the Inside Soap Awards in 2004 and 2005 for her portrayal of Summer.[41][42] Michael Idato of The Sydney Morning Herald branded Summer \"precociously slappable\".[43] Following the character's recast, the Daily Record said \"The last time we saw her, she was a cute little blonde-haired poppet. Now she's got a completely different head – and nobody on Ramsay Street seems to have noticed.\"[44] TV Week writer Carolyn Stewart said that she is not normally a fan of recasts, but Summer's has been \"great\".[45] Holy Soap describe Summer's most memorable moment as \"When she burst back into Erinsborough looking for Steph, and was mistaken for a burglar\".[46] Anthony D. Langford from gay website, AfterElton said he liked Summer and found her role during Chris's coming out storyline \"just as interesting as Chris's problems.\"[47] Langford added \"Her boyfriend coming out of the closet has clearly put her on the edge, and given her temper, once she unloads on Chris, it's not going to be pretty.\"[47] In December 2010, a reporter for The Sun-Herald said the \"romantic tension\" between Summer and Andrew had been simmering for a while and they wondered if they would make their feelings known to each other in the season finale.[48]Jim Schembri of The Age was positive towards Summer and Andrew's relationship and he was surprised with the quality of the storyline's direction.[49] He said \"To wit: the romantic tension between hot-as teens Andrew (Jordan Smith) and Summer (Jordy Lucas) is so thick the cafe is now using it as a sandwich spread. They want to get it on with each other but while Andrew wants to start up again, Summer doesn't. They both reconsider their relationship prospects and come the big moment she's willing to give it a go. But before she can get a word out, he says he's reversed his policy and agrees with the advice he's been getting that it'd be a bad idea. It's a subtly played scene, with the standard of direction frankly outdoing what long-suffering film critics often see in Australian feature films.\"[49] In March 2011, Holy Soap ran a poll on who Andrew should be with and 16,000 votes were cast, with 92% of viewers choosing Summer.[50] Of Summer, Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun said \"Wowsers. Reformed bad girl Summer (Jordy Lucas) has bloomed. Even as she struggles to get a journalism cadetship, she looks like a Hollywood starlet.\"[51]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Actor: Marisa Siketa\". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050420063429/http://www0.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?%2Fneighbours%2Fwhoswho%2Fcharacterbiogs%2Fcontent%2F_summer%2Fpage5","url_text":"\"Actor: Marisa Siketa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"http://www0.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/content/_summer/page5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A new 'Summer' to return to Neighbours\". Whats on TV. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120830025949/http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/soaps/neighbours/news/a-new-summer-to-return-to-neighbours/7156","url_text":"\"A new 'Summer' to return to Neighbours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whats_on_TV","url_text":"Whats on TV"},{"url":"http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/soaps/neighbours/news/a-new-summer-to-return-to-neighbours/7156","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Summer Returns to Ramsay Street\". Neighbours.com. Network Ten. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbours.com.au/Summer-Returns-to-Ramsay-Street.htm","url_text":"\"Summer Returns to Ramsay Street\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten","url_text":"Network Ten"}]},{"reference":"Rowe, Darren (8 October 2009). \"Summer Hoyland returns to Ramsay Street\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a181096/summer-hoyland-returns-to-ramsay-street.html","url_text":"\"Summer Hoyland returns to Ramsay Street\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Herbison, Jason (18–24 September 2010). \"Inside Soap meets the producers – Neighbours\". Inside Soap: 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap","url_text":"Inside Soap"}]},{"reference":"\"A quick chat with Neighbours' Jordy Lucas\". What's on TV. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/soaps/neighbours/interviews/a-quick-chat-with-neighbours-jordy-lucas/12492","url_text":"\"A quick chat with Neighbours' Jordy Lucas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_on_TV","url_text":"What's on TV"}]},{"reference":"Jordy Lucas (2007). Neighbours BTS Summer's Back! (FLV) (Television production). Network Ten. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUAxuE5Euio","url_text":"Neighbours BTS Summer's Back!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten","url_text":"Network Ten"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/yUAxuE5Euio","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (3 February 2010). \"'Neighbours' Summer reveals return details\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a201266/neighbours-summer-reveals-return-details.html","url_text":"\"'Neighbours' Summer reveals return details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (9 February 2010). \"'Neighbours' star feeling role pressure\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a202272/neighbours-star-feeling-role-pressure.html","url_text":"\"'Neighbours' star feeling role pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Beauties to make good Neighbours\". Herald Sun. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/beauties-to-make-good-neighbours/story-e6frf96x-1226231405050","url_text":"\"Beauties to make good Neighbours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Cast – Summer Hoyland\". Neighbours.com. Network Ten. 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbours.com.au/5551.htm","url_text":"\"Cast – Summer Hoyland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten","url_text":"Network Ten"}]},{"reference":"\"Character: Summer Hoyland\". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 January 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050118093828/http://www.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?content%2F_summer%2Fpage2","url_text":"\"Character: Summer Hoyland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?content/_summer/page2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Actor: Marisa Siketa\". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050420090041/http://www0.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?%2Fneighbours%2Fwhoswho%2Fcharacterbiogs%2Fcontent%2F_summer%2Fpage6","url_text":"\"Actor: Marisa Siketa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"http://www0.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/content/_summer/page6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Will (18 March 2010). \"Jordy Lucas (Neighbours' Summer Hoyland) interview\". Last Broadcast. Retrieved 8 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastbroadcast.co.uk/soaps/interviews/v/10836-jordy-lucas-neighbours-summer-hoyland-interview.html","url_text":"\"Jordy Lucas (Neighbours' Summer Hoyland) interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neighbours icon for 6000th\". Holy Soap. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626114510/http://holysoap.five.tv/neighbours/news/neighbours-icon-for-6000th-7935","url_text":"\"Neighbours icon for 6000th\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Soap","url_text":"Holy Soap"},{"url":"http://holysoap.five.tv/neighbours/news/neighbours-icon-for-6000th-7935","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordy Lucas (Summer Hoyland)\". Digital Spy. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a319639/jordy-lucas-summer-hoyland-neighbours.html","url_text":"\"Jordy Lucas (Summer Hoyland)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordy Lucas is doing time for Break Out\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 19 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/jordy-lucas-is-doing-time-for-break-out/story-e6frf96o-1226058506453","url_text":"\"Jordy Lucas is doing time for Break Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"Brygel, Jackie (7–13 August 2010). \"Chris comes out\". TV Week: 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week","url_text":"TV Week"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Alice (7 January 2012). \"Neighbours as best friends\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/sunday-heraldsun/neighbours-as-best-friends/story-e6frf92f-1226238932688","url_text":"\"Neighbours as best friends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: James Mason, who plays Chris Pappas\". ATV Network. 20 October 2010. 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Retrieved 21 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110313032445/http://holysoap.channel5.com/neighbours/news/team-summer-vs-team-tash-12795","url_text":"\"Team Summer vs Team Tash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Soap","url_text":"Holy Soap"},{"url":"http://holysoap.channel5.com/neighbours/news/team-summer-vs-team-tash-12795","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordy and Jordan reveal all\". Holy Soap. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110415075935/http://holysoap.channel5.com/neighbours/news/jordy-and-jordan-reveal-all-13455","url_text":"\"Jordy and Jordan reveal all\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Soap","url_text":"Holy Soap"},{"url":"http://holysoap.channel5.com/neighbours/news/jordy-and-jordan-reveal-all-13455","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fake pregnancy exposed!\". TV Week: 14. 19–25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week","url_text":"TV Week"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (15 March 2011). \"'Neighbours' star teases baby lie reveal\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 21 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a309052/neighbours-star-teases-baby-lie-reveal.html","url_text":"\"'Neighbours' star teases baby lie reveal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Summer of love?\". Inside Soap (24): 29. 18–24 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap","url_text":"Inside Soap"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (21 January 2012). \"'Neighbours' Jordy Lucas teases new Summer plots: Interview\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 23 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a361367/neighbours-jordy-lucas-teases-new-summer-plots-interview.html","url_text":"\"'Neighbours' Jordy Lucas teases new Summer plots: Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (1 December 2011). \"'Neighbours' star Jordy Lucas on Summer's exam shock: Interview\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a353905/neighbours-star-jordy-lucas-on-summers-exam-shock-interview.html","url_text":"\"'Neighbours' star Jordy Lucas on Summer's exam shock: Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael collapses!\". TV Week (45): 42. 5–11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week","url_text":"TV Week"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (6 February 2012). \"'Neighbours' Summer Hoyland cheating secret to spread\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a364219/neighbours-summer-hoyland-cheating-secret-to-spread.html","url_text":"\"'Neighbours' Summer Hoyland cheating secret to spread\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"McWhirter, Erin (8–14 September 2012). \"Jordy leaves the neighbourhood\". TV Week (36): 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week","url_text":"TV Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucas moves on to next big thing in LA\". Herald Sun. 12 September 2012. 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Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040913054337/http://www.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?content%2F_summer%2Fpage1","url_text":"\"Character: Summer Hoyland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?content/_summer/page1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Inside Soap Awards\". Inside Soap (33): 50–52. 14–20 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap","url_text":"Inside Soap"}]},{"reference":"\"Support your favourite stars!\". Inside Soap (31): 44. 6–12 August 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap","url_text":"Inside Soap"}]},{"reference":"Idato, Michael (27 January 2003). \"TV previews\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 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Retrieved 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/tv-luthers-back-for-more-mischief/story-fn6bn9st-1226279920567","url_text":"\"TV: Luther's back for more mischief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050420063429/http://www0.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?%2Fneighbours%2Fwhoswho%2Fcharacterbiogs%2Fcontent%2F_summer%2Fpage5","external_links_name":"\"Actor: Marisa Siketa\""},{"Link":"http://www0.bbc.co.uk/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/index.shtml?/neighbours/whoswho/characterbiogs/content/_summer/page5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120830025949/http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/soaps/neighbours/news/a-new-summer-to-return-to-neighbours/7156","external_links_name":"\"A new 'Summer' to return to 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Griggs | Ted Griggs | ["1 Career","2 Awards","3 Education and personal life","4 References"] | Ted Griggs (born October 24, 1960) was President, Group Leader and Strategic Production and Programming, NBC Regional Sports Network, overseeing CSN New England, CSN Philadelphia, TCN, and CSN Mid-Atlantic. Prior to that position, Griggs worked as President of Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and Comcast SportsNet California. Comcast SportsNet Bay Area is the regional sports network that broadcasts across Northern California and Nevada and televises live sporting events, including San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, Golden State Warriors, San Jose Sharks, San Jose Earthquakes, and San Jose SaberCats. As president, Griggs oversees the daily operation of the network, including affiliate relations, advertising sales, programming, production, marketing and public relations.
Griggs joined the network in 1998. He served as vice president of production and operations, and, in 2007, became vice president and general manager. Also in 2007, under Griggs’ leadership, the network relocated to new, high-definition television studios in downtown San Francisco.
Career
From 1982 to 1997, Griggs served as a producer, senior producer (1982–1994), vice president, and executive producer (1994–1997) at Golden Gate Productions. During his tenure at Golden Gate Productions, he worked on Sports Illustrated for Kids Olympics Special for NBC, World Cup Soccer Preview for ABC, MCI Downhill Replays for NBC and CBS, Stanford University Football, and World Cup Downhill Skiing. Griggs also worked on a total of eleven years of NFL Super Bowl Specials and twelve years of national and international Pre-Olympic programming.
At Trans World International, Griggs served as a senior producer, from 1997 to 1998, and produced several ski series, for multiple networks. In addition, he also directed several events for WNBC and ESPN. Griggs was a sports producer for San Francisco's KRON-TV’s Sports Final, from 1981 to 1982.
In 2021, Gravity Media appointed Griggs as managing director of its North American operation.
Awards
The San Jose Mercury News ranked Griggs number one in "Bay Area’s 25 Most Powerful Sports People," in 2008. Since then, he has remained in the top five each year. In 2010, Griggs served as the executive producer for the show, "Out. The Glenn Burke Story," which explored the life of the first openly gay Major League Baseball player. The show earned a nomination for Outstanding Documentary at the national GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) Media Awards, as well as a nomination from the Northern California Emmy Awards.
While Griggs served as vice president, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area won a total of 60 local Emmy Awards and three Beacon Awards, cable television's award for public affairs excellence.
Education and personal life
Griggs is a native of Hayward, California. His father was a car mechanic. Griggs graduated from Moreau Catholic High School, and attended California State University, East Bay where he majored in Biology and then Theatre Arts. He transferred to San Francisco State University where he became the news director of KSFS, the campus radio station. By his second semester at SF State he had become an intern at KRON-TV (San Francisco channel 4). He received his B.A., cum laude, in Radio & Television in 1984. He was a recipient of the Bob Brown Memorial Scholarship, which is given to the top student in Broadcast Journalism.
Griggs has been closely involved in social justice causes; he has developed and produced documentaries on the subjects of mental health, equity, alcoholism, and inclusion of youth in sports. Documentary titles include HeadStrong: Mental Health and Sports, TOMBOY, Split End: The Curious Case of Warren Wells, and Fair Play: Youth Sports in America.
He currently lives in Novato, California with his wife, Amy. He has three adult children, Jace, Griffin, Sydney, and a beloved dog Blue. Griggs has served as president of the Novato Lacrosse Club, a non-profit that provides opportunities to youth to play lacrosse, as well as a board member to Coaching Corps, an organization that seeks to use sports and the power of coaches as vehicles for transformative change for youth in underserved communities
References
^ a b c d dela Cruz, Jay (July 26, 2012). "Ted Griggs Promoted to President of Comcast SportsNet Bay Area". Business Wire. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
^ "Gravity Media appoints Ted Griggs". InBroadcast. November 1, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
^ "Comcast SportsNet Bay Area's 'Out. The Glenn Burke Story' honored with GLAAD Media Awards Nomination". Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia. January 20, 2013.
^ Staff, S. V. G. (December 18, 2007). "FSN Bay Area promotes Ted Griggs to VP and GM". Sports Video Group. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ a b Griggs, Ted (Fall–Winter 2012). "Calling the Shots". SF State Magazine (Interview). Interviewed by Bruce Jenkins. San Francisco State University. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
^ Griggs, Ted (May 22, 2014). "Comcast SportsNet President shares his journey". The Pioneer (Interview). Interviewed by Chris George. Hayward, California: California State University, East Bay. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
^ Griggs, Ted (April 25, 2007). "GSoM Q&A with Ted Griggs- Acting GM, FSN Bay Area". SB Nation (Interview). Interviewed by Jen Franklin. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
^ Williams, Jim (November 8, 2019). "On Sports Media: HeadStrong is a must-see sports documentary". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
^ Ourand, John (March 13, 2017). "How NBC RSNs got on same page for 'Tomboy'". Sports Business Journal. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
^ "'Tomboy' Documentary Explores Conversation of Gender in Sports". Chicago: WMAQ-TV. March 8, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
^ Jenkins, Bruce (January 5, 2019). "Whatever happened to Raiders great Warren Wells? A documentary tells the tale". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
^ "Split End: The Curious Case of Warren Wells". IMDb. 2019.
^ "NBC Sports Regional Networks Present "Fair Play: Youth Sports in America" an Inside Look at the Multi-Faceted World of Organized Sports". NBC Sports Group. Stamford, Connecticut. May 31, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
^ "Ted Griggs: Managing Director, Gravity Media USA National Board of Directors". Positive Coaching Alliance. 2022. three adult children | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessWire-1"},{"link_name":"high-definition television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessWire-1"}],"text":"Griggs joined the network in 1998. He served as vice president of production and operations, and, in 2007, became vice president and general manager.[1] Also in 2007, under Griggs’ leadership, the network relocated to new, high-definition television studios in downtown San Francisco.[1]","title":"Ted Griggs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football"},{"link_name":"Trans World International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_International"},{"link_name":"WNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"KRON-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRON-TV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newton-2"}],"text":"From 1982 to 1997, Griggs served as a producer, senior producer (1982–1994), vice president, and executive producer (1994–1997) at Golden Gate Productions. During his tenure at Golden Gate Productions, he worked on Sports Illustrated for Kids Olympics Special for NBC, World Cup Soccer Preview for ABC, MCI Downhill Replays for NBC and CBS, Stanford University Football, and World Cup Downhill Skiing. Griggs also worked on a total of eleven years of NFL Super Bowl Specials and twelve years of national and international Pre-Olympic programming.At Trans World International, Griggs served as a senior producer, from 1997 to 1998, and produced several ski series, for multiple networks. In addition, he also directed several events for WNBC and ESPN. Griggs was a sports producer for San Francisco's KRON-TV’s Sports Final, from 1981 to 1982.In 2021, Gravity Media appointed Griggs as managing director of its North American operation.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jose Mercury News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_News"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"GLAAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessWire-1"},{"link_name":"Comcast SportsNet Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_SportsNet_Bay_Area"}],"text":"The San Jose Mercury News ranked Griggs number one in \"Bay Area’s 25 Most Powerful Sports People,\" in 2008. Since then, he has remained in the top five each year. In 2010, Griggs served as the executive producer for the show, \"Out. The Glenn Burke Story,\" which explored the life of the first openly gay Major League Baseball player. The show earned a nomination for Outstanding Documentary at the national GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) Media Awards,[3] as well as a nomination from the Northern California Emmy Awards.[1]While Griggs served as vice president, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area won a total of 60 local Emmy Awards and three Beacon Awards, cable television's award for public affairs excellence.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hayward, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenkins-5"},{"link_name":"Moreau Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreau_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"California State University, East Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_East_Bay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenkins-5"},{"link_name":"KRON-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRON-TV"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Novato, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novato,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Coaching Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessWire-1"}],"text":"Griggs is a native of Hayward, California.[4] His father was a car mechanic.[5] Griggs graduated from Moreau Catholic High School, and attended California State University, East Bay where he majored in Biology and then Theatre Arts.[6] He transferred to San Francisco State University where he became the news director of KSFS, the campus radio station.[5] By his second semester at SF State he had become an intern at KRON-TV (San Francisco channel 4). He received his B.A., cum laude, in Radio & Television in 1984. He was a recipient of the Bob Brown Memorial Scholarship, which is given to the top student in Broadcast Journalism.[7]Griggs has been closely involved in social justice causes; he has developed and produced documentaries on the subjects of mental health, equity, alcoholism, and inclusion of youth in sports. Documentary titles include HeadStrong: Mental Health and Sports,[8] TOMBOY,[9][10] Split End: The Curious Case of Warren Wells,[11][12] and Fair Play: Youth Sports in America.[13]He currently lives in Novato, California with his wife, Amy. He has three adult children,[14] Jace, Griffin, Sydney, and a beloved dog Blue. Griggs has served as president of the Novato Lacrosse Club, a non-profit that provides opportunities to youth to play lacrosse, as well as a board member to Coaching Corps, an organization that seeks to use sports and the power of coaches as vehicles for transformative change for youth in underserved communities[1]","title":"Education and personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"dela Cruz, Jay (July 26, 2012). \"Ted Griggs Promoted to President of Comcast SportsNet Bay Area\". Business Wire. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh | Caretaker government of Bangladesh | ["1 History","2 2008 Election","3 Reforms","4 Reactions","5 Chief Advisers since 1991","6 Abolishment of CTG","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The caretaker government of Bangladeshবাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকারFlag of Chief Advisor of BangladeshStyleHis Excellency (Diplomatic) Honourable Chief Advisor (Informal)Honourable (Official)StatusExtinctMember ofCabinetResidencePrime Minister's OfficeAppointerStatutory: President of BangladeshTerm lengthwithin 3 monthsFormation26 March 1996; 28 years ago (1996-03-26)First holderShahabuddin Ahmed(1991)Final holderFakhruddin Ahmed(2007)Abolished10 May 2011
The caretaker government of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার) was a form of government in which Bangladesh used to be ruled by a selected government for an interim period during the transition from one elected government to another, after the completion of tenure of the former, during the period between 1996 and 2008. The outgoing elected government used to hand over its power to the nonelected nonpartisan caretaker government (CTG).
Top members of the caretaker government did not represent any political party; nor were they allowed to contest the elections. The main objective of the caretaker government was to create a level playing field environment in which an election could be held in a free and fair manner without any political influence by the outgoing government.
It was not empowered to take any policy decisions unless it was necessary. The head of the caretaker government was called the Chief Adviser (in place of the Prime Minister) and was selected by the President. The Chief Adviser selected the other advisers. The top positions of the administration were generally distributed among the advisers. The Chief Adviser and the other advisers were committed for their activities to the President of Bangladesh.
History
In 1990 three party alliances discussed creating a better environment for elections. They jointly made a demand for it, and a caretaker government (CTG) ruled for the period of 1990 to 1991. After the forced resignation of General Hussain Muhammad Ershad, the three alliances nominated Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed as the Chief Adviser. The caretaker government was headed by a Chief Adviser, who enjoyed the same power as the regular prime minister of the country except in defence matters. The advisers functioned as ministers.
Later, CTGs were formed within the constitutional framework to manage the elections and transitions of 1996, 2001 and 2006. Although the first caretaker government (CTG) was intended to help the transition from authoritarianism to democracy, this system was adopted as the 13th amendment to the Constitution in 1996 by the Sixth Parliament, formalising this arrangement. That parliament was dominated by Bangladesh Nationalist Party, which yielded to opposition pressure.
In addition, an extra-constitutional military-backed CTG was installed in 2007; it governed the country without legitimacy, but ultimately handed over power to the elected political party following 29 December 2008 parliamentary election. They were under pressure internationally to yield to a democratically elected government.
According to the provision (before abolishment) of CTG in the Bangladesh Constitution, there were six options to appoint a Chief Advisor (CA). The last option of CA is the President. The CTG had to hold an election within 90 days and in 120 days could hand over power to the duly elected political party. The daily operations of government, routine duties, and holding parliamentary election are the mandated responsibilities of the CTG.
The caretaker government was very popular in Bangladesh although it was initially a contradiction with constitution. Recently Pakistan and Greece have also adopted this model to hold elections and overcome political stalemate.
2008 Election
A cartoon from the caretaker government period of Bangladesh in 2007 that describes the massive arrest of corrupt politicians. Cartoon by Arifur Rahman
The national election of Bangladesh was held on 29 December 2008 under the Caretaker government formed with Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed as the Chief Adviser on 13 January 2007. This was the third Caretaker government formed after the tenure of the government of prime minister Khaleda Zia ended in October 2006. The Caretaker government of Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed functioned without legislative authority as it continued to function after its scheduled tenure of 120 days ended on 12 May 2007. All decisions taken after this date must be ratified by the parliament for the sake of legitimacy.
The caretaker government of Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed was a military controlled and has made extensive use of the military to stymie the chaos that preceded 11 January 2007 (popularly known as 1/11, like 9/11). From the very outset however, the government made it clear that they were there not only to arrange a free and fair election, but also to make sure that all aspects that are connected to it are reviewed properly. This meant major reforms in the election system, but also making sure that corrupt candidates could not take part in the election.
The task was however an enormous one, since Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most corrupt nations in the world. Therefore, the government had exceeded its mandated term, which according to the constitution allows it to stay only for 90 days.
Reforms
The caretaker government introduced Voter ID cards (with photograph) for the first time just before 2008 Bangladeshi general election. The Bangladesh Army, including members of other military forces, were deployed throughout the nation prior to the elections, including the remotest areas, to assist with voter registration and issuance of the new IDs. They were equipped with laptops and small digital cameras in an effort that would result in the most orderly voters' registration list in Bangladesh's history.
Reactions
Initial reactions of the public were welcoming. The arrests of corrupt prominent politicians in 2007 led many to believe that a new political age was imminent. No new major parties came into the scene. In some cases, former political leaders had been released from prison in 2008 and appeared to be returning to former positions and displacing reformers.
The televisions and print media had reported events throughout the term (2007 to 2008). There had been little questioning of the leaders who had been charged with an array of corruption charges, and who were now on the verge of returning to power. Almost all of the television channels are now owned by members from one of the two major parties.
Chief Advisers since 1991
Shahabuddin Ahmed – Election of 1991
Muhammad Habibur Rahman – Election of 1996
Latifur Rahman – Election of 2001
Iajuddin Ahmed – Had to resign by a military coup on 11 January 2007
Fakhruddin Ahmed – Appointed on 12 January 2007 by an army group followed by a coup – Election of 2008
Abolishment of CTG
In 2011 the Bangladesh Awami League led government abolished the caretaker government through passage of the 15th amendment of the constitution with its majority in Parliament.
Opposition parties, including the BNP, have protested passage of the amendment. People are worried about next elections since the CTG was abolished. Sheikh Hasina has assured the public that parliament will be dissolved if the Court so decides.
See also
Chief Justice of Bangladesh
References
^ 'টাইমস অব ইন্ডিয়া'কে এরশাদ, পাঁচ বছর অন্তর জনগণ সরকারের পরিবর্তন চায় . Daily Manab Zamin (in Bengali). 23 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
^ সংসদ বহাল রেখে নির্বাচন হবে না: প্রধানমন্ত্রী . BanglaNews24.com (in Bengali). 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012.
^ Shamim Ashraf (23 August 2007). "Curfew causes people immense sufferings, journalists assaulted". Spectator (Blog).
^ "Bangladesh emergency declared, president quits as interim leader". USA Today. Associated Press. 11 January 2007.
^ Liton, Shakhawat; Hasan, Rashidul (1 July 2011). "Caretaker system abolished". The Daily Star.
^ "Running Elections in Bangladesh", The Economist, August 2012
^ সংসদ রেখে নির্বাচন হবে না . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012.
External links
"List of advisers and portfolios". Bangladesh Government. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007.
Hasanuzzaman, Al Masud (2012). "Caretaker Government". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
"Khairul Haque made CJ". New Age. Dhaka. 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"caretaker government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government"},{"link_name":"Chief Adviser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Adviser_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh"}],"text":"The caretaker government of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার) was a form of government in which Bangladesh used to be ruled by a selected government for an interim period during the transition from one elected government to another, after the completion of tenure of the former, during the period between 1996 and 2008. The outgoing elected government used to hand over its power to the nonelected nonpartisan caretaker government (CTG).Top members of the caretaker government did not represent any political party; nor were they allowed to contest the elections. The main objective of the caretaker government was to create a level playing field environment in which an election could be held in a free and fair manner without any political influence by the outgoing government.It was not empowered to take any policy decisions unless it was necessary. The head of the caretaker government was called the Chief Adviser (in place of the Prime Minister) and was selected by the President. The Chief Adviser selected the other advisers. The top positions of the administration were generally distributed among the advisers. The Chief Adviser and the other advisers were committed for their activities to the President of Bangladesh.","title":"Caretaker government of Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caretaker government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government"},{"link_name":"Hussain Muhammad Ershad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad"},{"link_name":"Shahabuddin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahabuddin_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Chief Adviser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Adviser_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1990 three party alliances discussed creating a better environment for elections. They jointly made a demand for it, and a caretaker government (CTG) ruled for the period of 1990 to 1991. After the forced resignation of General Hussain Muhammad Ershad, the three alliances nominated Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed as the Chief Adviser. The caretaker government was headed by a Chief Adviser, who enjoyed the same power as the regular prime minister of the country except in defence matters. The advisers functioned as ministers.Later, CTGs were formed within the constitutional framework to manage the elections and transitions of 1996, 2001 and 2006. Although the first caretaker government (CTG) was intended to help the transition from authoritarianism to democracy, this system was adopted as the 13th amendment to the Constitution in 1996 by the Sixth Parliament, formalising this arrangement. That parliament was dominated by Bangladesh Nationalist Party, which yielded to opposition pressure.In addition, an extra-constitutional military-backed CTG was installed in 2007; it governed the country without legitimacy, but ultimately handed over power to the elected political party following 29 December 2008 parliamentary election. They were under pressure internationally to yield to a democratically elected government.According to the provision (before abolishment) of CTG in the Bangladesh Constitution, there were six options to appoint a Chief Advisor (CA). The last option of CA is the President. The CTG had to hold an election within 90 days and in 120 days could hand over power to the duly elected political party. The daily operations of government, routine duties, and holding parliamentary election are the mandated responsibilities of the CTG.The caretaker government was very popular in Bangladesh although it was initially a contradiction with constitution. Recently Pakistan and Greece have also adopted this model to hold elections and overcome political stalemate.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Award-winning_Anti-corruption_cartoon_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arifur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"national election of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Bangladeshi_general_election"},{"link_name":"Fakhruddin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Khaleda Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A cartoon from the caretaker government period of Bangladesh in 2007 that describes the massive arrest of corrupt politicians. Cartoon by Arifur RahmanThe national election of Bangladesh was held on 29 December 2008 under the Caretaker government formed with Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed as the Chief Adviser on 13 January 2007. This was the third Caretaker government formed after the tenure of the government of prime minister Khaleda Zia ended in October 2006. The Caretaker government of Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed functioned without legislative authority as it continued to function after its scheduled tenure of 120 days ended on 12 May 2007. All decisions taken after this date must be ratified by the parliament for the sake of legitimacy.The caretaker government of Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed was a military controlled and has made extensive use of the military to stymie the chaos that preceded 11 January 2007 (popularly known as 1/11, like 9/11). From the very outset however, the government made it clear that they were there not only to arrange a free and fair election, but also to make sure that all aspects that are connected to it are reviewed properly. This meant major reforms in the election system, but also making sure that corrupt candidates could not take part in the election.The task was however an enormous one, since Bangladesh is regarded as one of the most corrupt nations in the world. Therefore, the government had exceeded its mandated term, which according to the constitution allows it to stay only for 90 days.[2]","title":"2008 Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 Bangladeshi general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Bangladeshi_general_election"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"}],"text":"The caretaker government introduced Voter ID cards (with photograph) for the first time just before 2008 Bangladeshi general election. The Bangladesh Army, including members of other military forces, were deployed throughout the nation prior to the elections, including the remotest areas, to assist with voter registration and issuance of the new IDs. 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Almost all of the television channels are now owned by members from one of the two major parties.[4]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shahabuddin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahabuddin_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Habibur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Habibur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Latifur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Iajuddin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iajuddin_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Fakhruddin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ahmed"}],"text":"Shahabuddin Ahmed – Election of 1991\nMuhammad Habibur Rahman – Election of 1996\nLatifur Rahman – Election of 2001\nIajuddin Ahmed – Had to resign by a military coup on 11 January 2007\nFakhruddin Ahmed – Appointed on 12 January 2007 by an army group followed by a coup – Election of 2008","title":"Chief Advisers since 1991"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh Awami League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2011 the Bangladesh Awami League led government abolished the caretaker government through passage of the 15th amendment of the constitution with its majority in Parliament.[5]Opposition parties, including the BNP, have protested passage of the amendment.[6] People are worried about next elections since the CTG was abolished. Sheikh Hasina has assured the public that parliament will be dissolved if the Court so decides.[7]","title":"Abolishment of CTG"}] | [{"image_text":"A cartoon from the caretaker government period of Bangladesh in 2007 that describes the massive arrest of corrupt politicians. Cartoon by Arifur Rahman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Award-winning_Anti-corruption_cartoon_2007.jpg/220px-Award-winning_Anti-corruption_cartoon_2007.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Chief Justice of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh"}] | [{"reference":"'টাইমস অব ইন্ডিয়া'কে এরশাদ, পাঁচ বছর অন্তর জনগণ সরকারের পরিবর্তন চায় ['Times of India' Who says, wants to change the government's five-year intervals]. Daily Manab Zamin (in Bengali). 23 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102033503/http://www.mzamin.com/details.php?nid=MTg4NzI%3D&ty=MA%3D%3D&s=MTg%3D&c=MQ%3D%3D","url_text":"'টাইমস অব ইন্ডিয়া'কে এরশাদ, পাঁচ বছর অন্তর জনগণ সরকারের পরিবর্তন চায়"},{"url":"http://www.mzamin.com/details.php?nid=MTg4NzI=&ty=MA==&s=MTg=&c=MQ==","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"সংসদ বহাল রেখে নির্বাচন হবে না: প্রধানমন্ত্রী [Parliamentary elections will be maintained: PM]. BanglaNews24.com (in Bengali). 19 September 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Yano_(mathematician) | Kentaro Yano (mathematician) | ["1 Publications","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese mathematician
Kentaro Yano矢野健太郎Born(1912-03-01)March 1, 1912DiedDecember 25, 1993(1993-12-25) (aged 81)Tokyo, JapanNationalityJapaneseCitizenshipJapanAlma materUniversity of Tokyo, JapanScientific careerFieldsDifferential geometry, Riemannian GeometryInstitutionsUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyThesis] (1938)Doctoral advisorElie CartanDoctoral studentsTadashi NaganoOther notable studentsShoshichi Kobayashi
Kentaro Yano (1 March 1912 in Tokyo, Japan – 25 December 1993) was a mathematician working on differential geometry who introduced the Bochner–Yano theorem.
He also published a classical book about geometric objects (i.e., sections of natural fiber bundles) and Lie derivatives of these objects.
Publications
Les espaces à connexion projective et la géométrie projective des paths, Iasi, 1938
Geometry of Structural Forms (Japanese), 1947
Groups of Transformations in Generalized Spaces, Tokyo, Akademeia Press, 1949
with Salomon Bochner: Curvature and Betti Numbers, Princeton University Press, Annals of Mathematical Studies, 1953
The Theory of Lie Derivatives and its Applications. North-Holland. 1957. ISBN 978-0-7204-2104-0. 2020 reprint
Differential geometry on complex and almost complex spaces, Macmillan, New York 1965
Integral formulas in Riemannian Geometry, Marcel Dekker, New York 1970
with Shigeru Ishihara: Tangent and cotangent bundles: differential geometry, New York, M. Dekker 1973
with Masahiro Kon: Anti-invariant submanifolds, Marcel Dekker, New York 1976
Morio Obata (ed.): Selected papers of Kentaro Yano, North Holland 1982
with Masahiro Kon: CR Submanifolds of Kählerian and Sasakian Manifolds, Birkhäuser 1983 2012 reprint
with Masahiro Kon: Structures on Manifolds, World Scientific 1984
References
^ Kentaro Yano at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ Suceavă, Bogdan D. (2021). "The Cartan connection: sketches for a portrait of Kentaro Yano". Creative Mathematics and Informatics. 29 (2): 237–242. doi:10.37193/cmi.2020.02.15.
^ Boothby, William B. (1954). "Review: Curvature and Betti numbers, by K. Yano and S. Bochner". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 60 (4): 404–405. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1954-09834-8.
^ Reilly, Robert C. (1979). "Review: Anti-invariant subspaces, by K. Yano and M. Kon". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1 (4): 627–632. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1979-14642-1.
^ Chen, Bang-Yen (1983). "Review: CR submanifolds of Kaehlerian and Sasakian manifolds, by K. Yano and M. Kon". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 9 (3): 361–364. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1983-15209-6.
External links
Kentaro Yano at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Kentaro Yano", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bochner–Yano theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner%E2%80%93Yano_theorem"},{"link_name":"natural fiber bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_bundle"},{"link_name":"Lie derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_derivative"}],"text":"Kentaro Yano (1 March 1912 in Tokyo, Japan – 25 December 1993) was a mathematician working on differential geometry[2] who introduced the Bochner–Yano theorem.He also published a classical book about geometric objects (i.e., sections of natural fiber bundles) and Lie derivatives of these objects.","title":"Kentaro Yano (mathematician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curvature and Betti Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ykEZ5z5-5x8C"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7204-2104-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-2104-0"},{"link_name":"2020 reprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V97YDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Selected papers of Kentaro Yano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5MV0Yrx4dHYC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2012 reprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uK7bBwAAQBAJ"}],"text":"Les espaces à connexion projective et la géométrie projective des paths, Iasi, 1938\nGeometry of Structural Forms (Japanese), 1947\nGroups of Transformations in Generalized Spaces, Tokyo, Akademeia Press, 1949\nwith Salomon Bochner: Curvature and Betti Numbers, Princeton University Press, Annals of Mathematical Studies, 1953[3]\nThe Theory of Lie Derivatives and its Applications. North-Holland. 1957. ISBN 978-0-7204-2104-0. 2020 reprint\nDifferential geometry on complex and almost complex spaces, Macmillan, New York 1965\nIntegral formulas in Riemannian Geometry, Marcel Dekker, New York 1970\nwith Shigeru Ishihara: Tangent and cotangent bundles: differential geometry, New York, M. Dekker 1973\nwith Masahiro Kon: Anti-invariant submanifolds, Marcel Dekker, New York 1976[4]\nMorio Obata (ed.): Selected papers of Kentaro Yano, North Holland 1982\nwith Masahiro Kon: CR Submanifolds of Kählerian and Sasakian Manifolds, Birkhäuser 1983[5] 2012 reprint\nwith Masahiro Kon: Structures on Manifolds, World Scientific 1984","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The Theory of Lie Derivatives and its Applications. North-Holland. 1957. ISBN 978-0-7204-2104-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7204-2104-0","url_text":"978-0-7204-2104-0"}]},{"reference":"Suceavă, Bogdan D. (2021). \"The Cartan connection: sketches for a portrait of Kentaro Yano\". Creative Mathematics and Informatics. 29 (2): 237–242. doi:10.37193/cmi.2020.02.15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.creative-mathematics.cunbm.utcluj.ro/article/the-cartan-connection-sketches-for-a-portrait-of-kentaro-yano/","url_text":"\"The Cartan connection: sketches for a portrait of Kentaro Yano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.37193%2Fcmi.2020.02.15","url_text":"10.37193/cmi.2020.02.15"}]},{"reference":"Boothby, William B. (1954). \"Review: Curvature and Betti numbers, by K. Yano and S. Bochner\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 60 (4): 404–405. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1954-09834-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1954-60-04/S0002-9904-1954-09834-8/","url_text":"\"Review: Curvature and Betti numbers, by K. Yano and S. Bochner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1954-09834-8","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1954-09834-8"}]},{"reference":"Reilly, Robert C. (1979). \"Review: Anti-invariant subspaces, by K. Yano and M. Kon\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1 (4): 627–632. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1979-14642-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1979-01-04/S0273-0979-1979-14642-1/","url_text":"\"Review: Anti-invariant subspaces, by K. Yano and M. Kon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1979-14642-1","url_text":"10.1090/s0273-0979-1979-14642-1"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Bang-Yen (1983). \"Review: CR submanifolds of Kaehlerian and Sasakian manifolds, by K. Yano and M. Kon\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 9 (3): 361–364. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1983-15209-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1983-09-03/S0273-0979-1983-15209-6/","url_text":"\"Review: CR submanifolds of Kaehlerian and Sasakian manifolds, by K. Yano and M. Kon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0273-0979-1983-15209-6","url_text":"10.1090/s0273-0979-1983-15209-6"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Kentaro Yano\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Yano.html","url_text":"\"Kentaro Yano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykEZ5z5-5x8C","external_links_name":"Curvature and Betti Numbers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V97YDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"2020 reprint"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5MV0Yrx4dHYC","external_links_name":"Selected papers of Kentaro Yano"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uK7bBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"2012 reprint"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=25127","external_links_name":"Kentaro Yano"},{"Link":"https://www.creative-mathematics.cunbm.utcluj.ro/article/the-cartan-connection-sketches-for-a-portrait-of-kentaro-yano/","external_links_name":"\"The Cartan connection: sketches for a portrait of Kentaro Yano\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.37193%2Fcmi.2020.02.15","external_links_name":"10.37193/cmi.2020.02.15"},{"Link":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1954-60-04/S0002-9904-1954-09834-8/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Curvature and Betti numbers, by K. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%27s_lorikeet | Stephen's lorikeet | ["1 Description","2 Behavior and ecology","2.1 Diet","2.2 Reproduction","2.3 Threats","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"] | Species of bird
Stephen's lorikeet
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Family:
Psittaculidae
Genus:
Vini
Species:
V. stepheni
Binomial name
Vini stepheni(North, 1908)
Stephen's lorikeet (Vini stepheni), also known as the Henderson lorikeet or the Henderson Island Lorikeet, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands of the South Pacific.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss and the accidental introduction of predators to the island.
Description
The lorikeets are 19 cm (7.5 in) in length and weigh 42–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz).
Adults are green on the upper side, with a green occiput and crown. The green color turns into a yellow-green at the base and tail. They have a green underwings, with a green band across the chest that varies in appearance. Their breast is red in color, and turns purple towards their abdomen and thighs. They have a deep orange beak with yellow or orange eyes.
Juvenile Stephen's lorikeets have green underparts with purple or red marks on their throats and abdomens. Their tail tends to be a dark green. They have brown beaks and eyes.
The calls emitted while feeding are soft and twittering. The call made while in flight are louder.
Behavior and ecology
The lorikeets are hard to spot in dense foliage. They are generally found in small groups or flocks. They are known to travel between the inland foliage and coastal palms to feed on coconuts.
Diet
The diet of the birds is composed of nectar, pollen, fruits, and butterfly and moth larvae. The majority of nectar eaten by the lorikeets comes from the flowers of Scaevola sericea and Timonius polygamus.
Reproduction
Their breeding season is thought to be around April or the start of May.
Threats
The lorikeets are assessed as vulnerable by the IUCN. They are thought to have a stable population of 720-1820 individuals. Due to their extremely limited range, the main threat to the survival of the lorikeets is the accidental introduction of predators to Henderson Island and habitat loss due to deforestation or natural disasters. They, however, seem to have adjusted to the introduction of at least one invasive predator, the Polynesian rat. There has been an unsuccessful attempt to eradicate invasive rodents from Henderson Island.
Distribution and habitat
The lorikeet is endemic to Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands. It inhabits coconut palms as well as the dense forest on the interior of the island.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Vini stepheni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684636A93038560. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684636A93038560.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Henderson Lorikeet". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h "Parrots.org Stephens-lorikeet".
^ "The feeding ecology of Stephen's lory and nectar availability in its food plants". ResearchGate. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
^ "Population status of four endemic land bird species after an unsuccessful rodent eradication on Henderson Island | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
vteLories and lorikeets (Tribe: Loriini)GenusSpecies (taxonomy note: * indicates taxa that may classified as a subspecies of the rainbow lorikeet or a separate species)(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)Chalcopsitta
Black lory
Brown lory (or Duyvenbode's lory)
Yellow-streaked lory
Eos
Black-winged lory
Violet-necked lory
Blue-streaked lory
Red-and-blue lory
Red lory
Blue-eared lory
Pseudeos
Dusky lory
Cardinal lory
Trichoglossus
Pohnpei lorikeet
Rainbow lorikeet
Sunset Lorikeet (or scarlet-breasted lorikeet) *
Leaf lorikeet (also Flores lorikeet or Weber's lorikeet) *
Marigold lorikeet *
Red-collared lorikeet *
Scaly-breasted lorikeet
Olive-headed lorikeet
Coconut lorikeet
Biak lorikeet
Saudareos
Mindanao lorikeet (or Johnstone's lorikeet)
Sula lorikeet
Yellow-cheeked lorikeet
Ornate lorikeet
Iris lorikeet
Psitteuteles
Varied lorikeet
Glossoptilus
Goldie's lorikeet
Lorius
Purple-bellied lory
Black-capped lory (or Stresemann's lory)
White-naped lory
Yellow-bibbed lory
Purple-naped lory
Chattering lory
Vini
Blue-crowned lorikeet
Kuhl's lorikeet (or Rimatara lorikeet)
Stephen's lorikeet (or Henderson lorikeet)
Violet lorikeet (blue lorikeet or Tahitian lory)
Ultramarine lorikeet
Palm lorikeet
Red-chinned lorikeet
Meek's lorikeet
New Caledonian lorikeet
Red-throated lorikeet
Collared lory
Sinoto's lorikeet † ₴
Conquered lorikeet † ₴
Glossopsitta
Musk lorikeet
Parvipsitta
Little lorikeet
Purple-crowned lorikeet
Charmosyna
Josephine's lorikeet
Papuan lorikeet
Stella's lorikeet
Charminetta
Pygmy lorikeet
Hypocharmosyna
Red-fronted lorikeet
Red-flanked lorikeet
Charmosynopsis
Blue-fronted lorikeet
Fairy lorikeet
Synorhacma
Striated lorikeet
Charmosynoides
Duchess lorikeet
Neopsittacus
Yellow-billed lorikeet (or Musschenbroek's lorikeet)
Orange-billed lorikeet (or emerald lorikeet)
Taxon identifiersVini stepheni
Wikidata: Q1265361
Wikispecies: Vini stepheni
ADW: Vini_stepheni
ARKive: vini-stepheni
Avibase: 2438DF74F42AE650
BirdLife: 22684636
BOW: stelor1
CoL: 7FS3J
eBird: stelor1
GBIF: 2480019
iNaturalist: 19131
IRMNG: 11164661
ITIS: 554817
IUCN: 22684636
NCBI: 2267888
Open Tree of Life: 3600296
Paleobiology Database: 371097
Species+: 4568
Xeno-canto: Vini-stepheni | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"Psittaculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Henderson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_or_tropical_moist_lowland_forest"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stephen's lorikeet (Vini stepheni), also known as the Henderson lorikeet or the Henderson Island Lorikeet, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands of the South Pacific.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss and the accidental introduction of predators to the island.[2]","title":"Stephen's lorikeet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occiput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occiput"},{"link_name":"beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The lorikeets are 19 cm (7.5 in) in length and weigh 42–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz).Adults are green on the upper side, with a green occiput and crown. The green color turns into a yellow-green at the base and tail. They have a green underwings, with a green band across the chest that varies in appearance. Their breast is red in color, and turns purple towards their abdomen and thighs. They have a deep orange beak with yellow or orange eyes.[3]Juvenile Stephen's lorikeets have green underparts with purple or red marks on their throats and abdomens. Their tail tends to be a dark green. They have brown beaks and eyes.[3]The calls emitted while feeding are soft and twittering. The call made while in flight are louder.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flock_(birds)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The lorikeets are hard to spot in dense foliage. They are generally found in small groups or flocks. They are known to travel between the inland foliage and coastal palms to feed on coconuts.[3]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"Scaevola sericea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaevola_sericea"},{"link_name":"Timonius polygamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timonius_polygamus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"The diet of the birds is composed of nectar, pollen, fruits, and butterfly and moth larvae. The majority of nectar eaten by the lorikeets comes from the flowers of Scaevola sericea and Timonius polygamus.[3][4]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"Their breeding season is thought to be around April or the start of May.[3]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"invasive predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"Polynesian rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_rat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Threats","text":"The lorikeets are assessed as vulnerable by the IUCN. They are thought to have a stable population of 720-1820 individuals. Due to their extremely limited range, the main threat to the survival of the lorikeets is the accidental introduction of predators to Henderson Island and habitat loss due to deforestation or natural disasters. They, however, seem to have adjusted to the introduction of at least one invasive predator, the Polynesian rat. There has been an unsuccessful attempt to eradicate invasive rodents from Henderson Island.[3][5]","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The lorikeet is endemic to Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Islands. It inhabits coconut palms as well as the dense forest on the interior of the island.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Vini stepheni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684636A93038560. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684636A93038560.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22684636/93038560","url_text":"\"Vini stepheni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684636A93038560.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684636A93038560.en"}]},{"reference":"International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). \"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Henderson Lorikeet\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 7 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/en","url_text":"\"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Henderson Lorikeet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parrots.org Stephens-lorikeet\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia/stephens-lorikeet","url_text":"\"Parrots.org Stephens-lorikeet\""}]},{"reference":"\"The feeding ecology of Stephen's lory and nectar availability in its food plants\". ResearchGate. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229457960","url_text":"\"The feeding ecology of Stephen's lory and nectar availability in its food plants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population status of four endemic land bird species after an unsuccessful rodent eradication on Henderson Island | Request PDF\". ResearchGate. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_condiments | List of Pakistani condiments | ["1 Achars","2 Chutneys","3 Sauces","4 See also"] | The following is a partial list of condiments used in Pakistani cuisine:
Achars
Achar are made from certain varieties of vegetables and fruits that are finely chopped and marinated in brine or edible oils along with various spices. Some varieties of fruits and vegetables are small enough to be used whole. Some regions also specialize in pickling meats and fish.
Carrot achar
Cauliflower achar
Garlic achar
Gongura achar
Green chilli achar
Hyderabadi pickle
Lemon achar
Mango achar
Chutneys
See also: List of chutneys
Chutney is a family of condiments associated with South Asian cuisine made from a highly variable mixture of spices, vegetables, or fruit.
Cilantro chutney (coriander leaves)
Coconut chutney
Garlic chutney (made from fresh garlic, coconut and groundnut)
Lime chutney (made from whole, unripe limes)
Mango (keri) chutney (made from unripe, green mangoes)
Mentha chutney
Onion chutney
Tamarind chutney (Imli chutney)
Tomato chutney
Sauces
Raita (a cucumber yogurt dip)
See also
Food portalPakistan portal
List of condiments
List of Pakistani spices
vteCondiments
List of condiments
List of common dips
List of syrups
Sauces
Agre dulce
Agrodolce
Aioli
Barbecue sauce
Bigarade sauce
Brown sauce
Buffalo sauce
Cheese sauce
Alfredo sauce
Caruso sauce
Cheddar sauce
Cheez Whiz
Fondue
Mornay sauce
Nacho cheese
Chili sauce
Chimichurri
Cocktail sauce
Colo-colo
Crema
Caruru
Dabu-dabu
Fish sauce
Fritessaus
Fry sauce
Garum
Gastrique
Gravy
Hot sauce
Latik
Kaymak
Khrenovina
Lechon sauce
Marie Rose sauce
Mayonnaise
Kewpie
Kielecki
Miracle Whip
Mignonette sauce
Mild sauce
Monkey gland sauce
Mumbo sauce
Oyster sauce
Peanut sauce
Pearà
Pesto
Pistou
Remoulade
Salsa roja
Salsa golf
Salsa verde
Satsivi
Steak sauce
Tartar sauce
Tatbila
Teriyaki sauce
Tiparos
Tkemali
Tomato sauce
Vincotto
XO sauce
Zingara sauce
Dips
Ajika
Baba ghanoush
Chile con queso
Duck sauce
Duqqa
Garlic chive flower sauce
Guacamole
Hogao
Honey dill
Hummus
Muhammara
Nam chim
Nam phrik
Nước chấm
Skyronnes
Sweet chili sauce
Toum
Tzatziki
Zhug
Pickles and preserves
Amba
Atchara
Cheong
Chutney
Green mango chutney
Curtido
Encurtido
Fruit preserves
Gari
Horseradish
Ljutenica
Pepper jelly
Piccalilli
Pickled cucumber
Pickled fruit
Relish
Chicago-style relish
Sauerkraut
Sumbala
Taba ng talangka
Tomato jam
Watermelon rind preserves
Spreads and pastes
Ajvar
Anchovy paste
Bagoong
Biber salçası
Beurre Maître d'Hôtel
Chili paste
Chrain
Coconut jam
Fish paste
Gochujang
Harif
Liver spread
Kyopolou
Maafe
Malidzano
Meat extract
Bovril
Murri
Nut butter
Palapa
Pindjur
Roe
Caviar
Tapai
Wasabi
Yeast extract
Marmite
Vegemite
Zacuscă
Oils and liquids
Chili oil
Halford Leicestershire Table Sauce
Mustard oil
Olive oil
Patis
Perilla oil
Ponzu
Salmoriglio
Sesame oil
Soy sauce
Soup soy sauce
Sweet soy sauce
Toyomansi
Syrup
Worcestershire sauce
Tonkatsu sauce
Spices and powders
Asín tibuok
Chipotle
Crushed red pepper
Gomashio
MSG
Nutritional yeast
Paprika
Popcorn seasoning
Salt and pepper
Tekka
Za'atar
Salads
Carolina style
Coleslaw
Kachumbari
Kachumber
Salsa
Pico de gallo
Salsa criolla
Dressings
Blue cheese dressing
French dressing
Ginger dressing
Green goddess dressing
Italian dressing
Louis dressing
Mayfair salad dressing
Ranch dressing
Russian dressing
Salad cream
Tahini
Thousand Island
Vinaigrette
Wafu dressing
Ketchups
Banana ketchup
Curry ketchup
Fruit ketchup
Mushroom ketchup
Mustards
Dijon mustard
Honey mustard
Karashi
Kasundi
Mostarda
Spicy brown mustard
Creole mustard
Sweet mustard
Tecuci mustard
Tewkesbury mustard
Turun sinappi
Yellow mustard
Vinegars
Apple cider vinegar
Balsamic vinegar
Balsamic vinegar of Modena
Black vinegar
Kaong palm vinegar
Malt vinegar
Nipa palm vinegar
List articles
Accompaniments to french fries
Brand name condiments
Chutneys
Fish pastes
Fish sauces
Indian condiments
Indonesian condiments
Japanese condiments
Mayonnaises
Mustard brands
Hot sauces
Pakistani condiments
Philippine condiments
Pickled foods
Accoutrements
Cruet-stand
Sachet
Salt and pepper shakers
Squeeze bottle | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Pakistani condiments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaar_(pickle)"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"brine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine"},{"link_name":"edible oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_oil"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices"},{"link_name":"Hyderabadi pickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabadi_pickle"}],"text":"Achar are made from certain varieties of vegetables and fruits that are finely chopped and marinated in brine or edible oils along with various spices. Some varieties of fruits and vegetables are small enough to be used whole. Some regions also specialize in pickling meats and fish.Carrot achar\nCauliflower achar\nGarlic achar\nGongura achar\nGreen chilli achar\nHyderabadi pickle\nLemon achar\nMango achar","title":"Achars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of chutneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chutneys"},{"link_name":"Chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney"},{"link_name":"condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment"},{"link_name":"South Asian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"Cilantro chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cilantro_chutney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coconut chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_chutney"},{"link_name":"Garlic chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic_chutney"},{"link_name":"Lime chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lime_chutney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mango (keri) chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_chutney"},{"link_name":"Mentha chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mentha_chutney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onion chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_chutney"},{"link_name":"Tamarind chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind_chutney"},{"link_name":"Tomato chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_chutney"}],"text":"See also: List of chutneysChutney is a family of condiments associated with South Asian cuisine made from a highly variable mixture of spices, vegetables, or fruit.Cilantro chutney (coriander leaves)\nCoconut chutney\nGarlic chutney (made from fresh garlic, coconut and groundnut)\nLime chutney (made from whole, unripe limes)\nMango (keri) chutney (made from unripe, green mangoes)\nMentha chutney \nOnion chutney\nTamarind chutney (Imli chutney)\nTomato chutney","title":"Chutneys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raita_(condiment)"}],"text":"Raita (a cucumber yogurt dip)","title":"Sauces"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"title":"List of condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_condiments"},{"title":"List of Pakistani 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sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarade_sauce"},{"title":"Brown sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sauce"},{"title":"Buffalo sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_sauce"},{"title":"Cheese sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_sauce"},{"title":"Alfredo sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_sauce"},{"title":"Caruso sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruso_sauce"},{"title":"Cheddar sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_sauce"},{"title":"Cheez Whiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheez_Whiz"},{"title":"Fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"title":"Mornay sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornay_sauce"},{"title":"Nacho cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacho_cheese"},{"title":"Chili sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_sauce_and_paste"},{"title":"Chimichurri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimichurri"},{"title":"Cocktail sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_sauce"},{"title":"Colo-colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colo-colo_(condiment)"},{"title":"Crema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crema_(dairy_product)"},{"title":"Caruru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruru_(food)"},{"title":"Dabu-dabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabu-dabu"},{"title":"Fish sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce"},{"title":"Fritessaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritessaus"},{"title":"Fry sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_sauce"},{"title":"Garum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garum"},{"title":"Gastrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrique"},{"title":"Gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy"},{"title":"Hot sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_sauce"},{"title":"Latik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latik"},{"title":"Kaymak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaymak"},{"title":"Khrenovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrenovina_sauce"},{"title":"Lechon sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_sauce"},{"title":"Marie Rose sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Rose_sauce"},{"title":"Mayonnaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaise"},{"title":"Kewpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewpie_(mayonnaise)"},{"title":"Kielecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielecki_Mayonnaise"},{"title":"Miracle Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Whip"},{"title":"Mignonette sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mignonette_sauce"},{"title":"Mild sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_sauce"},{"title":"Monkey gland sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_gland_sauce"},{"title":"Mumbo sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbo_sauce"},{"title":"Oyster sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_sauce"},{"title":"Peanut sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_sauce"},{"title":"Pearà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear%C3%A0"},{"title":"Pesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto"},{"title":"Pistou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistou"},{"title":"Remoulade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoulade"},{"title":"Salsa roja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_roja"},{"title":"Salsa golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_golf"},{"title":"Salsa verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_verde"},{"title":"Satsivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsivi"},{"title":"Steak sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_sauce"},{"title":"Tartar sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar_sauce"},{"title":"Tatbila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatbila"},{"title":"Teriyaki sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teriyaki"},{"title":"Tiparos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiparos"},{"title":"Tkemali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkemali"},{"title":"Tomato sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_sauce"},{"title":"Vincotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincotto"},{"title":"XO sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XO_sauce"},{"title":"Zingara sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_zingara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Different_ketchup_in_a_plate_122425.jpg"},{"title":"Dips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipping_sauce"},{"title":"Ajika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajika"},{"title":"Baba ghanoush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_ghanoush"},{"title":"Chile con queso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_con_queso"},{"title":"Duck sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_sauce"},{"title":"Duqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqqa"},{"title":"Garlic chive flower sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic_chive_flower_sauce"},{"title":"Guacamole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole"},{"title":"Hogao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogao"},{"title":"Honey dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_dill"},{"title":"Hummus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus"},{"title":"Muhammara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammara"},{"title":"Nam chim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_chim"},{"title":"Nam phrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_phrik"},{"title":"Nước chấm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_ch%E1%BA%A5m"},{"title":"Skyronnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyronnes"},{"title":"Sweet chili sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce"},{"title":"Toum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toum"},{"title":"Tzatziki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzatziki"},{"title":"Zhug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhug"},{"title":"Amba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amba_(condiment)"},{"title":"Atchara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchara"},{"title":"Cheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheong_(food)"},{"title":"Chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney"},{"title":"Green mango chutney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_mango_chutney"},{"title":"Curtido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtido"},{"title":"Encurtido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encurtido"},{"title":"Fruit preserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_preserves"},{"title":"Gari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gari_(ginger)"},{"title":"Horseradish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish"},{"title":"Ljutenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljutenica"},{"title":"Pepper jelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_jelly"},{"title":"Piccalilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccalilli"},{"title":"Pickled cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_cucumber"},{"title":"Pickled fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_fruit"},{"title":"Relish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relish"},{"title":"Chicago-style relish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago-style_relish"},{"title":"Sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"title":"Sumbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbala"},{"title":"Taba ng talangka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_ng_talangka"},{"title":"Tomato jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_jam"},{"title":"Watermelon rind preserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon_rind_preserves"},{"title":"Ajvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajvar"},{"title":"Anchovy paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy_paste"},{"title":"Bagoong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong"},{"title":"Biber salçası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A7a"},{"title":"Beurre Maître d'Hôtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurre_Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27H%C3%B4tel"},{"title":"Chili paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_paste"},{"title":"Chrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrain"},{"title":"Coconut jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_jam"},{"title":"Fish paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_paste"},{"title":"Gochujang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gochujang"},{"title":"Harif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harif"},{"title":"Liver spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_spread"},{"title":"Kyopolou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyopolou"},{"title":"Maafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maafe"},{"title":"Malidzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malidzano"},{"title":"Meat extract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_extract"},{"title":"Bovril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovril"},{"title":"Murri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murri_(condiment)"},{"title":"Nut butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_butter"},{"title":"Palapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa_(condiment)"},{"title":"Pindjur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindjur"},{"title":"Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe"},{"title":"Caviar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar"},{"title":"Tapai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai"},{"title":"Wasabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi"},{"title":"Yeast extract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_extract"},{"title":"Marmite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmite"},{"title":"Vegemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegemite"},{"title":"Zacuscă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacusc%C4%83"},{"title":"Chili oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_oil"},{"title":"Halford Leicestershire Table Sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_Leicestershire_Table_Sauce"},{"title":"Mustard oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_oil"},{"title":"Olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"title":"Patis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patis_(sauce)"},{"title":"Perilla oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_oil"},{"title":"Ponzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzu"},{"title":"Salmoriglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmoriglio"},{"title":"Sesame oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil"},{"title":"Soy sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce"},{"title":"Soup soy sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_soy_sauce"},{"title":"Sweet soy sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce"},{"title":"Toyomansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyomansi"},{"title":"Syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup"},{"title":"Worcestershire sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce"},{"title":"Tonkatsu sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkatsu_sauce"},{"title":"Asín tibuok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok"},{"title":"Chipotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipotle"},{"title":"Crushed red pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper"},{"title":"Gomashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomashio"},{"title":"MSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSG"},{"title":"Nutritional yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_yeast"},{"title":"Paprika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprika"},{"title":"Popcorn seasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn_seasoning"},{"title":"Salt and pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_and_pepper"},{"title":"Tekka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekka"},{"title":"Za'atar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%27atar"},{"title":"Carolina style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_style"},{"title":"Coleslaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleslaw"},{"title":"Kachumbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachumbari"},{"title":"Kachumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachumber"},{"title":"Salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(Mexican_cuisine)"},{"title":"Pico de gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_de_gallo"},{"title":"Salsa criolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_criolla"},{"title":"Dressings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_dressing"},{"title":"Blue cheese dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese_dressing"},{"title":"French dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_dressing"},{"title":"Ginger dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_dressing"},{"title":"Green goddess dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_goddess_dressing"},{"title":"Italian dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_dressing"},{"title":"Louis dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_dressing"},{"title":"Mayfair salad dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair_salad_dressing"},{"title":"Ranch dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_dressing"},{"title":"Russian dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_dressing"},{"title":"Salad cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_cream"},{"title":"Tahini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahini_sauce"},{"title":"Thousand Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Island_dressing"},{"title":"Vinaigrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaigrette"},{"title":"Wafu dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafu_dressing"},{"title":"Ketchups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchup"},{"title":"Banana ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_ketchup"},{"title":"Curry ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_ketchup"},{"title":"Fruit ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_ketchup"},{"title":"Mushroom ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_ketchup"},{"title":"Mustards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)"},{"title":"Dijon mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon_mustard"},{"title":"Honey mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_mustard"},{"title":"Karashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karashi"},{"title":"Kasundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasundi"},{"title":"Mostarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostarda"},{"title":"Spicy brown mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)#Spicy_brown/deli-style_mustard"},{"title":"Creole mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_mustard"},{"title":"Sweet mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)#Sweet_mustard"},{"title":"Tecuci mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecuci"},{"title":"Tewkesbury mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury_mustard"},{"title":"Turun sinappi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun_sinappi"},{"title":"Yellow mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)#American/yellow_mustard"},{"title":"Vinegars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar"},{"title":"Apple cider vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar"},{"title":"Balsamic vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamic_vinegar"},{"title":"Balsamic vinegar of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamic_vinegar_of_Modena"},{"title":"Black vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_vinegar"},{"title":"Kaong palm vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaong_palm_vinegar"},{"title":"Malt vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt_vinegar"},{"title":"Nipa palm vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipa_palm_vinegar"},{"title":"Accompaniments to french fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accompaniments_to_french_fries"},{"title":"Brand name condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brand_name_condiments"},{"title":"Chutneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chutneys"},{"title":"Fish pastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_paste#Traditional_pastes"},{"title":"Fish sauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fish_sauces"},{"title":"Indian condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_condiments"},{"title":"Indonesian condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_condiments"},{"title":"Japanese condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_condiments"},{"title":"Mayonnaises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayonnaises"},{"title":"Mustard brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mustard_brands"},{"title":"Hot sauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_sauces"},{"title":"Pakistani condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Philippine condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments"},{"title":"Pickled foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pickled_foods"},{"title":"Cruet-stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruet-stand"},{"title":"Sachet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachet_(scented_bag)"},{"title":"Salt and pepper shakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_and_pepper_shakers"},{"title":"Squeeze bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_bottle"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Tajikistan | Economy of Tajikistan | ["1 Economic history","2 Gross domestic product","3 Industries","3.1 Agriculture","3.2 Forestry","3.3 Fishing","3.4 Mining and minerals","3.5 Industry and manufacturing","3.6 Energy","3.7 Services","3.8 Tourism","4 Labour","5 Currency, exchange rate, and inflation","6 Government budget","7 Foreign economic relations","7.1 WTO","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Economy of TajikistanDushanbeCurrencySomoni (ISO code: TJSabbreviation: SM)Fiscal yearcalendar yearTrade organisationsIMF, World Bank, CIS, SCO, WTO, CISFTACountry group
Developing/Emerging
Lower-middle income economy
StatisticsGDP
$11.816 billion (nominal, 2023 est.)
$53.679 billion (PPP, 2023 est.)
GDP rank
149th (nominal, 2023)
122th (PPP, 2023)
GDP growth
7.6% (2018) 7.4% (2019)
4.4% (2020) 9.4% (2021)
GDP per capita
$1,180 (nominal, 2023 est.)
$5,361 (PPP, 2023 est.)
GDP per capita rank
172nd (nominal, 2023)
153th (PPP, 2023)
GDP by sectoragriculture: 23.3%, industry: 22.8%, services: 53.9% (2012 est.)Inflation (CPI)7.1% (2020 est.)Population below poverty line
27.4% (2018)
2.7% on less than $1.90/day (2020f)
Gini coefficient34.0 medium (2015)Human Development Index
0.685 medium (2021) (122th)
0.599 medium IHDI (2021)
Labour force2.1 million (2012)Labour force by occupationagriculture: 47.9%, industry: 10.9%, services: 41.2% (2012 est.)Unemployment2.5% (2012 est.)Main industriesaluminium, cement, vegetable oilExternalExports$1.753 billion (2022 est.)Export goodsaluminium, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textilesMain export partners
Switzerland 25.6%
Kazakhstan 17.1%
Turkey 11.4%
China 7.5%
Uzbekistan 6.1%
Hong Kong 6.04%
Belgium 4.2%
Afghanistan 3.9%
Italy 3.7%
Russia 3.4% (2021)
Imports$5.182 billion (2022 est.)Import goodspetroleum products, aluminium oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffsMain import partners
China 31.8%
Russia 22.7%
Kazakhstan 14.2%
Uzbekistan 6.7%
Turkey 5.3%
India 2.1%
United Arab Emirates 1.7%
Iran 1.4%
Sweden 1.3%
Germany 1.2% (2021)
Public financesGovernment debtUS$2.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.)RevenuesUS$2.046 billion (2012 est.)ExpensesUS$2.066 billion (2012 est.)Economic aidrecipient: US$67 million from US (2005) All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
The economy of Tajikistan is dependent upon agriculture and services. Since independence, Tajikistan has gradually followed the path of transition economy, reforming its economic policies. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon exports of cotton and aluminium, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. Tajikistan's economy also incorporates a massive black market, primarily focused on the drug trade with Afghanistan. Heroin trafficking in Tajikistan is estimated to be equivalent to 30-50% of national GDP as of 2012.
In the fiscal year (FY) 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former combatants of the Tajikistani Civil War into the civilian economy, thus helping maintain the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000-2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which have degraded economically ever since. As of August 2009, an estimated 60% of Tajikistani citizens live below the poverty line. The 2008 global financial crisis has hit Tajikistan hard, both domestically and internationally. Tajikistan has been hit harder than many countries because it already has a high poverty rate and because many of its citizens depend on remittances from expatriate Tajikistanis.
Economic history
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Tajikistan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of ruling currency.
Year
Gross Domestic Product
US Dollar Exchange
1995
65,000
123.33 Tajik roubles
2000
1,807
1.82 somoni
2005
7,201
3.11 somoni
For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at SM 0.82 only.
The Tajikistani economy has been gravely weakened by six years of civil conflict and loss of markets for its products. Tajikistan thus depends on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs. Even if the peace agreement of June 1997 is honoured, the country faces major problems in integrating refugees and former combatants into the economy. The future of Tajikistan's economy and the potential for attracting foreign investment depend upon stability and continued progress in the peace process.
In 2006 GDP per capita of Tajikistan was 85% of 1990s level. While population has increased from 5.3 million in 1991 to 7.3 million in 2009.
Despite resistance from vested interests, the Government of Tajikistan continued to pursue macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform in FY 2000. In December 1999, the government announced that small-enterprise privatization had been successfully completed, and the privatization of medium-sized and large-owned enterprises (SOEs) continued incrementally. The continued privatization of medium-sized and large SOEs, land reform, and banking reform and restructuring remain top priorities. Shortly after the end of FY 2000, the Board of the International Monetary Fund gave its vote of confidence to the government's recent performance by approving the third annual Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Loan for Tajikistan. Improved fiscal discipline by the Government of Tajikistan has supported the return to positive economic growth. The government budget was nearly in balance in 2001 and the government's 2002 budget targets a fiscal deficit of 0.3% of GDP, including recent increases in social sector spending.
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1997–2017.
Year
GDP
(in bil. US$ PPP)
GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
GDP
(in bil. US$ nominal)
GDP growth(real)
Inflation(in Percent)
Gov. debt(Percentage of GDP)
1993
6.61
1,186
0.7
−11.1 %
2,000.6 %
...
1995
4.73
836
0.6
−12.5 %
612.5 %
...
2000
5.92
945
1.0
8.3 %
32.9 %
111 %
2005
10.41
1,504
2.3
6.7 %
7.3 %
46 %
2006
11.48
1,625
2.8
7.0 %
10.0 %
37 %
2007
12.70
1,760
3.7
7.8 %
13.2 %
34 %
2008
13.97
1,895
5.1
7.9 %
20.4 %
30 %
2009
14.62
1,943
5.0
3.9 %
6.4 %
37 %
2010
15.77
2,070
5.6
6.5 %
6.4 %
37 %
2011
17.29
2,216
6.5
7.4 %
12.4 %
36 %
2012
18.93
2,376
7.6
7.5 %
5.8 %
32 %
2013
20.65
2,540
8.5
7.4 %
5.0 %
29 %
2014
22.43
2,702
9.2
6.7 %
6.1 %
28 %
2015
24.04
2,836
7.9
6.0 %
5.8 %
34 %
2016
26.02
3,008
7.0
6.9 %
5.9 %
42 %
2017
28.38
3,212
7.5
7.1 %
7.3 %
48 %
Gross domestic product
Real GPD per capita development of Tajikistan
In 2005 Tajikistan's GDP grew by 6.7%, to about US$1.89 billion, and growth for 2006 was about 8%, marking the fifth consecutive year of annual growth exceeding 6%. The official forecast for GDP growth in 2007 is 7.5%. Per capita GDP in 2005 was US$258, lowest among the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. In 2005 services contributed 48%, agriculture 23.4%, and industry 28.6% to GDP. The recent global recession has reduced Tajikistan's GDP growth rate to 2.8% in the first half of 2009. Remittances from expatriate Tajikistanis is estimated to account for 30-50% of Tajikistan's GDP.
Industries
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Tajikistan
Although the government has announced an expedited land reform program, many Soviet-era state farms still existed in 2006, and the state retains control of production and harvesting on privatized farms. Privatization of cotton farms has been especially slow, and unresolved debts of cotton farmers remained a problem in 2006. In the early 2000s, the major crops were cotton (which occupied one-third of arable land in 2004 but decreased after that date), cereals (mainly wheat), potatoes, vegetables (mainly onions and tomatoes), fruits, and rice. Cotton makes an important contribution to both the agricultural sector and the national economy. Cotton accounts for 60 percent of agricultural output, supports 75 percent of the rural population, and uses 45 percent of irrigated arable land. More than 80% of the 8,800 square kilometers of land in use for agriculture depends on irrigation. Tajikistan must import grain from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
Tajikistan produced in 2018:
964 thousand tons of potato;
778 thousand tons of wheat;
680 thousand tons of onion;
641 thousand tons of watermelon;
443 thousand tons of tomato;
356 thousand tons of carrot;
308 thousand tons of vegetable;
300 thousand tons of cotton;
241 thousand tons of grape;
238 thousand tons of apple;
237 thousand tons of maize;
211 thousand tons of cucumber;
116 thousand tons of cabbage;
108 thousand tons of barley;
90 thousand tons of rice;
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like apricot (31 thousand tons).
Forestry
3% of Tajikistan is forested, mainly at elevations between 1,000 and 3,000 meters. No forest region is classified as commercially usable; most are under state protection. Wood production is negligible, but local inhabitants harvest non-wood forest products.
Fishing
Streams and lakes produce a limited amount of fish, and some fish is produced by aquaculture. In 2003 some 158 tons of fish were caught and 167 tons raised on fish farms.
Mining and minerals
Main article: Mining in Tajikistan
Tajikistan has rich deposits of gold, silver, and antimony. The largest silver deposits are in Sughd Province, where Tajikistan's largest gold mining operation is also located. Russia's Norilsk nickel company has explored a large new silver deposit at Bolshoy Kanimansur. Tajikistan also produces strontium, salt, lead, zinc, fluorspar, and mercury. Uranium, an important mineral in the Soviet era, remains in some quantity but is no longer extracted. Fossil fuel deposits are limited to coal, of which about 30,000 tons are mined annually. Tajikistan's extensive aluminium processing industry depends entirely on imported ore.
Industry and manufacturing
The output of most industries declined sharply during the mid-1990s; despite widespread privatization, in the early 2000s industry rallied very slowly. In 2006 an estimated one-third of Tajikistan's 700 major industrial enterprises were completely idle, and the remainder were operating at 20 or 25% of capacity. The causes are outmoded equipment, low investment levels, and lack of markets. To revitalize the sector, in 2006 the government was considering renationalizing some enterprises. Tajikistan's only major heavy industries are aluminium processing and chemical production. The former, which provided 40% of industrial production in 2005, is centered at the Tursunzoda processing plant, the latter in Dushanbe, Qurghonteppa, and Yavan. Aluminium production increased by 6% in 2005. Some small light industrial plants produce textiles and processed foods, using mainly domestic agricultural products. The textile industry processes about 20% of domestically grown cotton. The expansion of light industry output contributed significantly to GDP growth in 2005. The construction industry, about half of which is state-owned, has suffered from low investment in capital projects and from shoddy workmanship that has discouraged international contracts. However, new infrastructure projects and increased housing construction brought a 60% increase in output from 2004 to 2005. As of 2009, one third of industrial plants and factories are inactive, according to Tajikistan's Institute of Economic Studies. Industrial output has fallen by 13% in the first six months of 2009, leading to a fall in export revenues of 48%.
Energy
See also: List of power stations in Tajikistan
The rivers of Tajikistan, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the hydroelectric power station Nurek, the second highest dam in the world. Sangtuda 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant of 670 megawatts (MW) capacity, operated by Russian Inter RAO UES, commenced operations on 18 January 2008 and was officially commissioned on 31 July 2009. Other projects at the development stage include Sangduta 2 by Iran, Zerafshan by Chinese SinoHydro and Rogun power plant, which, at 335 metres (1,099 ft), is projected to supersede the Nurek Dam as tallest in the world if completed. The Rogun Dam was originally planned to be built by Russia's Inter RAO UES, but following disagreements, Russia pulled out. In 2010, production resumed with Iranian investment and Chinese assistance. Besides hydropower, other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum. In December 2010, Russian Gazprom announced discovery of significant natural gas reserves in Sarykamish field with 60 bcm of natural gas, enough for 50 years of Tajikistan's domestic consumption. The national power company is Barqi Tojik.
Tajikistan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.
Services
Throughout the early 2000s, the overall output of the services sector has increased steadily. The banking system has improved significantly because of strengthened oversight by the National Bank of Tajikistan, relaxed restrictions on participation by foreign institutions, and regulatory reform. The system includes 16 commercial banks and the central bank, or National Bank. The state controls the system, although in principle most banks have been privatized. An internationally assisted restructuring program was completed in 2003. Banks provide a narrow range of services, concentrating on providing credit to state-owned enterprises. Only an estimated 10% of the capital in Tajikistan moves through the banking system, and small businesses rarely borrow from banks.
Abdujabbor Shirinov, Chairman of the National Bank of Tajikistan announced 142 credit organizations, including 16 banks and 299 their branches, two non-bank financial institutions and 124 microfinance organizations functioned in Tajikistan at the first of 2013.
Tourism
The tourism industry of Tajikistan was eliminated by the civil war, but has begun to re-establish itself in recent years. In 2018, the British Backpacker Society ranked Tajikistan as the 7th best adventure travel destination on earth. The Tajik Committee on Tourism Development responded to this accolade by stating that "the inclusion of Tajikistan in the British Backpacker Society’s top 20 adventure travel destinations testifies the development of tourism in country."
Labour
In 2003 Tajikistan's active labour force was estimated at 3.4 million, of whom 64% were employed in agriculture, 24% in services, and 10% in industry and construction. After declining in the early 2000s, the real wages of state employees were raised in 2004 and 2005. Because of the continued dominance of state farms, the majority of workers are government employees, although only a small number rely completely on wages. Driven by high unemployment, in 2006 an estimated 700,000 workers found seasonal or permanent employment in Russia and other countries. Their remittances, estimated at US$600 million in 2005, are an important economic resource in Tajikistan; in 2004 an estimated 15% of households depended mainly on those payments. In May 2009 remittances to Tajiks had fallen to $525 million, a 34% decline from the previous year. Immediately before the 2008 financial crisis there were an estimated 1.5 million foreign workers sending remittances back to Tajikistan. In 2006 the average wage was US$27 per month. The national unemployment rate was estimated unofficially as high as 40% in 2006, but in rural areas, unemployment has exceeded 60%. Unemployment has been higher in the southern Khatlon Province than in the northern Soghd Province. Mean wages were $0.66 per man-hour in 2009.
Tajikistan's informal employment sector has been reported to use both child labour and forced labour in the country's cotton industry according to the U.S. Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.
Currency, exchange rate, and inflation
The somoni (SM) was introduced in 2000 to replace the Tajikistani rouble, which had been the currency since 1995. In December 2015, some 7 somoni equaled US$1. Throughout the post-Soviet era, inflation has been a serious obstacle to economic growth and improvement of the standard of living. For the years 2001–3, Tajikistan's inflation rates were 33%, 12.2%, and 16.3%, respectively, but in 2004 the rate fell to 6.8%, and the rate for 2005 was 7.1%. In late 2006, inflation approached the 10% level. The official forecast for 2007 is 7%.
Government budget
The year 2004 was the first year of budget deficit after three consecutive years of budget surpluses, which in turn had followed four years of deficits between 1997 and 2000. In 2005 revenues totalled US$442 million (aided by improvements in tax collection), and expenditures were US$542 million, a deficit of US$100 million. The approved 2007 state budget calls for revenues of US$926 million and expenditures of US$954 million, leaving a deficit of US$28 million.
Foreign economic relations
Tajikistani exports in 2006
In the post-Soviet era, Tajikistan has substantially shifted its markets away from the former Soviet republics; in 2005, more than 80% of total exports went to customers outside the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including more than 70% to countries of the European Union (EU) and Turkey. However, because most of Tajikistan's food and energy are imported from CIS countries, in 2005 only about 53% of total trade activity was outside the CIS. In 2005, the top overall buyers of Tajikistan's exports, in order of value, were the Netherlands, Turkey, Russia, Uzbekistan, Latvia, and Iran. Besides aluminium, which accounts for more than half of export value, the main export commodities are cotton, electric power, fruits, vegetable oils, and textiles. In 2005 the largest suppliers of Tajikistan's imports, in order of value, were Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, China, and Ukraine. Those import rankings are determined largely by the high value of fuels and electric power that Tajikistan buys from its neighbours. Another significant import is alumina (aluminium oxide) to supply the aluminium industry. The major suppliers of alumina are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.
Tajikistan has suffered trade deficits throughout the post-Soviet era. In 2003, the deficit was US$97 million, based on exports of US$705 million and imports of US$802 million. In 2004, exports were worth US$736 million and imports, US$958 billion, creating a trade deficit of US$222 million. The deficit increased again in 2005, to US$339 million, mainly because cotton exports decreased and domestic demand for goods increased.
In 2005, the current account deficit was US$86 million, having shown a general downward trend since the late 1990s. The estimated current account deficit for both 2006 and 2007 is 4.5% of GDP, or about US$90 million in 2006. In 2005 the overall balance of payments was US$14 million. The estimated overall balance of payments for 2006 is US$8 million.
At the end of 2006, Tajikistan's external debt was estimated at US$830 million, most of which was long-term international debt. This amount grew steadily through the 1990s and early 2000s because of state borrowing policy. In 2004 Tajikistan eliminated about 20% of its external debt by exchanging debt to Russia for Russian ownership of the Nurek space tracking station, and by 2006, rescheduling negotiations had reduced the debt by about two-thirds as a percentage of gross domestic product.
In the early 2000s, foreign direct investment has remained low because of political and economic instability, corruption, the poor domestic financial system, and Tajikistan's geographic isolation. The establishment of businesses nearly always requires bribing officials and often encounters resistance from entrepreneurs with government connections. To attract foreign investment and technology, Tajikistan has offered to establish free economic zones in which firms receive advantages on taxes, fees, and customs. In 2004, the parliament passed a law on free economic zones and in 2008 passed a decree creating two zones: the Panj Free Economic Zone and the Sughd Free Economic Zone. In 2003 foreign direct investment totaled US$41 million; it increased to US$272 million in 2004 because of the debt-reduction transaction with Russia. In the first half of 2005, the figure was US$16 million. Beginning in 2005, the Russian Rusal aluminium company resumed operations to complete the hydroelectric station at Rogun on the Vakhsh River and expand aluminium production at the Tursunzade plant. That plant was scheduled for possible sale to Rusal in 2007. Also in 2005, Russia and Iran resumed work on the Vakhsh River Sangtuda hydroelectric project. Gazprom, the Russian natural gas monopoly, allocated US$12 million for oil and gas exploration in Tajikistan in 2007 after spending US$7 million in 2006. In 2005 the Russian telecommunications company VimpelCom bought a controlling share of Tajikistan's Tacom mobile telephone company. As of 2006, Turkey tentatively planned to invest in a luxury hotel and a cotton processing plant.
WTO
Tajikistan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 2 March 2013, becoming the 159th country to join the organization. The Working Party on the accession of Tajikistan was established by the General Council on 18 July 2001. Tajikistan completed its membership negotiations on 26 October 2012, when the Working Party adopted the accession package. The General Council approved the accession on 10 December 2012. The Working Party held its sixth meeting in July 2011 to continue the examination of Tajikistan's foreign trade regime. As part of bilateral market access negotiations, Tajikistan agreed to lower tariffs on cooking equipment, refrigerators, ovens and water heaters in discussions to gain Thailand's backing. Earlier, the government of Tajikistan confirmed that it had concluded negotiations with Japan, and had received support from the nation for its accession in an agreement signed on July 31, 2012.
See also
Tajikistan portal
Visa policy of Tajikistan
References
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
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Habib Borjian, Economy of Tajikistan, Encyclopædia Iranica. (mostly about its economic history)
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Asia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-14"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"transition economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_economy"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"Tajikistani Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POVERTY-17"},{"link_name":"2008 global financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"remittances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittances"}],"text":"The economy of Tajikistan is dependent upon agriculture and services.[14] Since independence, Tajikistan has gradually followed the path of transition economy, reforming its economic policies. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon exports of cotton and aluminium, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. Tajikistan's economy also incorporates a massive black market, primarily focused on the drug trade with Afghanistan. Heroin trafficking in Tajikistan is estimated to be equivalent to 30-50% of national GDP as of 2012.[15]In the fiscal year (FY) 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former combatants of the Tajikistani Civil War into the civilian economy, thus helping maintain the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000-2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which have degraded economically ever since.[16] As of August 2009, an estimated 60% of Tajikistani citizens live below the poverty line.[17] The 2008 global financial crisis has hit Tajikistan hard, both domestically and internationally. Tajikistan has been hit harder than many countries because it already has a high poverty rate and because many of its citizens depend on remittances from expatriate Tajikistanis.","title":"Economy of Tajikistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"estimated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001"},{"link_name":"SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somoni"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees"},{"link_name":"GDP per capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Tajikistan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of ruling currency.For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at SM 0.82 only.The Tajikistani economy has been gravely weakened by six years of civil conflict and loss of markets for its products. Tajikistan thus depends on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs. Even if the peace agreement of June 1997 is honoured, the country faces major problems in integrating refugees and former combatants into the economy. The future of Tajikistan's economy and the potential for attracting foreign investment depend upon stability and continued progress in the peace process.In 2006 GDP per capita of Tajikistan was 85% of 1990s level.[18] While population has increased from 5.3 million in 1991 to 7.3 million in 2009.Despite resistance from vested interests, the Government of Tajikistan continued to pursue macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform in FY 2000. In December 1999, the government announced that small-enterprise privatization had been successfully completed, and the privatization of medium-sized and large-owned enterprises (SOEs) continued incrementally. The continued privatization of medium-sized and large SOEs, land reform, and banking reform and restructuring remain top priorities. Shortly after the end of FY 2000, the Board of the International Monetary Fund gave its vote of confidence to the government's recent performance by approving the third annual Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Loan for Tajikistan. Improved fiscal discipline by the Government of Tajikistan has supported the return to positive economic growth. The government budget was nearly in balance in 2001 and the government's 2002 budget targets a fiscal deficit of 0.3% of GDP, including recent increases in social sector spending.The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1997–2017.[19]","title":"Economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GPD_per_capita_development_of_Tajikistan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"text":"Real GPD per capita development of TajikistanIn 2005 Tajikistan's GDP grew by 6.7%, to about US$1.89 billion, and growth for 2006 was about 8%, marking the fifth consecutive year of annual growth exceeding 6%. The official forecast for GDP growth in 2007 is 7.5%. Per capita GDP in 2005 was US$258, lowest among the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. In 2005 services contributed 48%, agriculture 23.4%, and industry 28.6% to GDP.[20] The recent global recession has reduced Tajikistan's GDP growth rate to 2.8% in the first half of 2009. Remittances from expatriate Tajikistanis is estimated to account for 30-50% of Tajikistan's GDP.","title":"Gross domestic product"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"cereals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"watermelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon"},{"link_name":"tomato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"carrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot"},{"link_name":"vegetable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber"},{"link_name":"cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"apricot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Although the government has announced an expedited land reform program, many Soviet-era state farms still existed in 2006, and the state retains control of production and harvesting on privatized farms. Privatization of cotton farms has been especially slow, and unresolved debts of cotton farmers remained a problem in 2006. In the early 2000s, the major crops were cotton (which occupied one-third of arable land in 2004 but decreased after that date), cereals (mainly wheat), potatoes, vegetables (mainly onions and tomatoes), fruits, and rice. Cotton makes an important contribution to both the agricultural sector and the national economy. Cotton accounts for 60 percent of agricultural output, supports 75 percent of the rural population, and uses 45 percent of irrigated arable land.[21] More than 80% of the 8,800 square kilometers of land in use for agriculture depends on irrigation. Tajikistan must import grain from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.[20]Tajikistan produced in 2018:964 thousand tons of potato;\n778 thousand tons of wheat;\n680 thousand tons of onion;\n641 thousand tons of watermelon;\n443 thousand tons of tomato;\n356 thousand tons of carrot;\n308 thousand tons of vegetable;\n300 thousand tons of cotton;\n241 thousand tons of grape;\n238 thousand tons of apple;\n237 thousand tons of maize;\n211 thousand tons of cucumber;\n116 thousand tons of cabbage;\n108 thousand tons of barley;\n90 thousand tons of rice;In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like apricot (31 thousand tons).[22]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Forestry","text":"3% of Tajikistan is forested, mainly at elevations between 1,000 and 3,000 meters. No forest region is classified as commercially usable; most are under state protection. Wood production is negligible, but local inhabitants harvest non-wood forest products.[20]\n[23]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"sub_title":"Fishing","text":"Streams and lakes produce a limited amount of fish, and some fish is produced by aquaculture. In 2003 some 158 tons of fish were caught and 167 tons raised on fish farms.[20]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"Sughd Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sughd_Province"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"strontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"fluorspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorspar"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"Uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"Fossil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"sub_title":"Mining and minerals","text":"Tajikistan has rich deposits of gold, silver, and antimony. The largest silver deposits are in Sughd Province, where Tajikistan's largest gold mining operation is also located. Russia's Norilsk nickel company has explored a large new silver deposit at Bolshoy Kanimansur. Tajikistan also produces strontium, salt, lead, zinc, fluorspar, and mercury. Uranium, an important mineral in the Soviet era, remains in some quantity but is no longer extracted. Fossil fuel deposits are limited to coal, of which about 30,000 tons are mined annually. Tajikistan's extensive aluminium processing industry depends entirely on imported ore.[20]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(economics)"},{"link_name":"aluminium processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_processing"},{"link_name":"chemical production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"processed foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"sub_title":"Industry and manufacturing","text":"The output of most industries declined sharply during the mid-1990s; despite widespread privatization, in the early 2000s industry rallied very slowly. In 2006 an estimated one-third of Tajikistan's 700 major industrial enterprises were completely idle, and the remainder were operating at 20 or 25% of capacity. The causes are outmoded equipment, low investment levels, and lack of markets. To revitalize the sector, in 2006 the government was considering renationalizing some enterprises. Tajikistan's only major heavy industries are aluminium processing and chemical production. The former, which provided 40% of industrial production in 2005, is centered at the Tursunzoda processing plant, the latter in Dushanbe, Qurghonteppa, and Yavan. Aluminium production increased by 6% in 2005. Some small light industrial plants produce textiles and processed foods, using mainly domestic agricultural products. The textile industry processes about 20% of domestically grown cotton. The expansion of light industry output contributed significantly to GDP growth in 2005. The construction industry, about half of which is state-owned, has suffered from low investment in capital projects and from shoddy workmanship that has discouraged international contracts. However, new infrastructure projects and increased housing construction brought a 60% increase in output from 2004 to 2005.[20] As of 2009, one third of industrial plants and factories are inactive, according to Tajikistan's Institute of Economic Studies. Industrial output has fallen by 13% in the first six months of 2009, leading to a fall in export revenues of 48%.","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of power stations in Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Vakhsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhsh_River"},{"link_name":"Panj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_River"},{"link_name":"hydropower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower"},{"link_name":"Nurek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurek_Dam"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dams-24"},{"link_name":"Sangtuda 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangtuda_1_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Inter RAO UES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_RAO_UES"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vesti-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todayenergy-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters310709-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-market-28"},{"link_name":"Sangduta 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangtuda_2_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"SinoHydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SinoHydro"},{"link_name":"Rogun power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogun_Dam"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irna-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rferl1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-energyland-32"},{"link_name":"Barqi Tojik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barqi_Tojik"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"INOGATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INOGATE"},{"link_name":"energy security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security"},{"link_name":"convergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence"},{"link_name":"energy markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_market"},{"link_name":"EU internal energy market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy_market"},{"link_name":"sustainable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Energy","text":"See also: List of power stations in TajikistanThe rivers of Tajikistan, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the hydroelectric power station Nurek, the second highest dam in the world.[24] Sangtuda 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant of 670 megawatts (MW) capacity, operated by Russian Inter RAO UES, commenced operations on 18 January 2008 and was officially commissioned on 31 July 2009.[25][26][27][28] Other projects at the development stage include Sangduta 2 by Iran, Zerafshan by Chinese SinoHydro and Rogun power plant, which, at 335 metres (1,099 ft), is projected to supersede the Nurek Dam as tallest in the world if completed.[29] The Rogun Dam was originally planned to be built by Russia's Inter RAO UES, but following disagreements, Russia pulled out. In 2010, production resumed with Iranian investment and Chinese assistance.[30][31][32] Besides hydropower, other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum. In December 2010, Russian Gazprom announced discovery of significant natural gas reserves in Sarykamish field with 60 bcm of natural gas, enough for 50 years of Tajikistan's domestic consumption. The national power company is Barqi Tojik.[33]Tajikistan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.[34]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Bank of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Services","text":"Throughout the early 2000s, the overall output of the services sector has increased steadily. The banking system has improved significantly because of strengthened oversight by the National Bank of Tajikistan, relaxed restrictions on participation by foreign institutions, and regulatory reform. The system includes 16 commercial banks and the central bank, or National Bank. The state controls the system, although in principle most banks have been privatized. An internationally assisted restructuring program was completed in 2003. Banks provide a narrow range of services, concentrating on providing credit to state-owned enterprises. Only an estimated 10% of the capital in Tajikistan moves through the banking system, and small businesses rarely borrow from banks.Abdujabbor Shirinov, Chairman of the National Bank of Tajikistan announced 142 credit organizations, including 16 banks and 299 their branches, two non-bank financial institutions and 124 microfinance organizations functioned in Tajikistan at the first of 2013.[35]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tourism industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_industry"},{"link_name":"British Backpacker Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Backpacker_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"adventure travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_travel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"British Backpacker Society’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Backpacker_Society%E2%80%99s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"The tourism industry of Tajikistan was eliminated by the civil war, but has begun to re-establish itself in recent years. In 2018, the British Backpacker Society ranked Tajikistan as the 7th best adventure travel destination on earth.[36] The Tajik Committee on Tourism Development responded to this accolade by stating that \"the inclusion of Tajikistan in the British Backpacker Society’s top 20 adventure travel destinations testifies the development of tourism in [the] country.\"[37]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"man-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-hour"},{"link_name":"child labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor"}],"text":"In 2003 Tajikistan's active labour force was estimated at 3.4 million, of whom 64% were employed in agriculture, 24% in services, and 10% in industry and construction. After declining in the early 2000s, the real wages of state employees were raised in 2004 and 2005. Because of the continued dominance of state farms, the majority of workers are government employees, although only a small number rely completely on wages. Driven by high unemployment, in 2006 an estimated 700,000 workers found seasonal or permanent employment in Russia and other countries. Their remittances, estimated at US$600 million in 2005, are an important economic resource in Tajikistan; in 2004 an estimated 15% of households depended mainly on those payments. In May 2009 remittances to Tajiks had fallen to $525 million, a 34% decline from the previous year. Immediately before the 2008 financial crisis there were an estimated 1.5 million foreign workers sending remittances back to Tajikistan. In 2006 the average wage was US$27 per month. The national unemployment rate was estimated unofficially as high as 40% in 2006, but in rural areas, unemployment has exceeded 60%. Unemployment has been higher in the southern Khatlon Province than in the northern Soghd Province.[20] Mean wages were $0.66 per man-hour in 2009.\nTajikistan's informal employment sector has been reported to use both child labour and forced labour in the country's cotton industry according to the U.S. Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.","title":"Labour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"somoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somoni"},{"link_name":"Tajikistani rouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_rouble"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"text":"The somoni (SM) was introduced in 2000 to replace the Tajikistani rouble, which had been the currency since 1995. In December 2015, some 7 somoni equaled US$1.[20] Throughout the post-Soviet era, inflation has been a serious obstacle to economic growth and improvement of the standard of living. For the years 2001–3, Tajikistan's inflation rates were 33%, 12.2%, and 16.3%, respectively, but in 2004 the rate fell to 6.8%, and the rate for 2005 was 7.1%. In late 2006, inflation approached the 10% level. The official forecast for 2007 is 7%.[20]","title":"Currency, exchange rate, and inflation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"text":"The year 2004 was the first year of budget deficit after three consecutive years of budget surpluses, which in turn had followed four years of deficits between 1997 and 2000. In 2005 revenues totalled US$442 million (aided by improvements in tax collection), and expenditures were US$542 million, a deficit of US$100 million. The approved 2007 state budget calls for revenues of US$926 million and expenditures of US$954 million, leaving a deficit of US$28 million.[20]","title":"Government budget"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006Tajikistani_exports.PNG"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"Nurek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurak"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"},{"link_name":"bribing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribe"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Panj Free Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Free_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Sughd Free Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sughd_Free_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Rusal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusal"},{"link_name":"Rogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogun"},{"link_name":"Vakhsh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhsh_River"},{"link_name":"Tursunzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tursunzade"},{"link_name":"Gazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"link_name":"VimpelCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VimpelCom"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-20"}],"text":"Tajikistani exports in 2006In the post-Soviet era, Tajikistan has substantially shifted its markets away from the former Soviet republics; in 2005, more than 80% of total exports went to customers outside the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including more than 70% to countries of the European Union (EU) and Turkey. However, because most of Tajikistan's food and energy are imported from CIS countries, in 2005 only about 53% of total trade activity was outside the CIS. In 2005, the top overall buyers of Tajikistan's exports, in order of value, were the Netherlands, Turkey, Russia, Uzbekistan, Latvia, and Iran. Besides aluminium, which accounts for more than half of export value, the main export commodities are cotton, electric power, fruits, vegetable oils, and textiles. In 2005 the largest suppliers of Tajikistan's imports, in order of value, were Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, China, and Ukraine. Those import rankings are determined largely by the high value of fuels and electric power that Tajikistan buys from its neighbours. Another significant import is alumina (aluminium oxide) to supply the aluminium industry. The major suppliers of alumina are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.[20]Tajikistan has suffered trade deficits throughout the post-Soviet era. In 2003, the deficit was US$97 million, based on exports of US$705 million and imports of US$802 million. In 2004, exports were worth US$736 million and imports, US$958 billion, creating a trade deficit of US$222 million. The deficit increased again in 2005, to US$339 million, mainly because cotton exports decreased and domestic demand for goods increased.[20]In 2005, the current account deficit was US$86 million, having shown a general downward trend since the late 1990s. The estimated current account deficit for both 2006 and 2007 is 4.5% of GDP, or about US$90 million in 2006. In 2005 the overall balance of payments was US$14 million. The estimated overall balance of payments for 2006 is US$8 million.[20]At the end of 2006, Tajikistan's external debt was estimated at US$830 million, most of which was long-term international debt. This amount grew steadily through the 1990s and early 2000s because of state borrowing policy. In 2004 Tajikistan eliminated about 20% of its external debt by exchanging debt to Russia for Russian ownership of the Nurek space tracking station, and by 2006, rescheduling negotiations had reduced the debt by about two-thirds as a percentage of gross domestic product.[20]In the early 2000s, foreign direct investment has remained low because of political and economic instability, corruption, the poor domestic financial system, and Tajikistan's geographic isolation. The establishment of businesses nearly always requires bribing officials and often encounters resistance from entrepreneurs with government connections. To attract foreign investment and technology, Tajikistan has offered to establish free economic zones in which firms receive advantages on taxes, fees, and customs. In 2004, the parliament passed a law on free economic zones[38] and in 2008 passed a decree creating two zones: the Panj Free Economic Zone and the Sughd Free Economic Zone.[39] In 2003 foreign direct investment totaled US$41 million; it increased to US$272 million in 2004 because of the debt-reduction transaction with Russia. In the first half of 2005, the figure was US$16 million. Beginning in 2005, the Russian Rusal aluminium company resumed operations to complete the hydroelectric station at Rogun on the Vakhsh River and expand aluminium production at the Tursunzade plant. That plant was scheduled for possible sale to Rusal in 2007. Also in 2005, Russia and Iran resumed work on the Vakhsh River Sangtuda hydroelectric project. Gazprom, the Russian natural gas monopoly, allocated US$12 million for oil and gas exploration in Tajikistan in 2007 after spending US$7 million in 2006. In 2005 the Russian telecommunications company VimpelCom bought a controlling share of Tajikistan's Tacom mobile telephone company. As of 2006, Turkey tentatively planned to invest in a luxury hotel and a cotton processing plant.[20]","title":"Foreign economic relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"WTO","text":"Tajikistan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 2 March 2013, becoming the 159th country to join the organization. The Working Party on the accession of Tajikistan was established by the General Council on 18 July 2001. Tajikistan completed its membership negotiations on 26 October 2012, when the Working Party adopted the accession package. The General Council approved the accession on 10 December 2012. The Working Party held its sixth meeting in July 2011 to continue the examination of Tajikistan's foreign trade regime. As part of bilateral market access negotiations, Tajikistan agreed to lower tariffs on cooking equipment, refrigerators, ovens and water heaters in discussions to gain Thailand's backing. Earlier, the government of Tajikistan confirmed that it had concluded negotiations with Japan, and had received support from the nation for its accession in an agreement signed on July 31, 2012.[40]","title":"Foreign economic relations"}] | [{"image_text":"Real GPD per capita development of Tajikistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Tajikistan.jpg/300px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Tajikistan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tajikistani exports in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2006Tajikistani_exports.PNG/220px-2006Tajikistani_exports.PNG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Tajikistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan"},{"title":"Visa policy of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Tajikistan"}] | [{"reference":"\"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019\". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies","url_text":"\"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund","url_text":"International Monetary Fund"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001529/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Bank Country and Lending Groups\". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","url_text":"\"World Bank Country and Lending Groups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank","url_text":"World Bank"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023\". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2023/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=57&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=923&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=","url_text":"\"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund","url_text":"International Monetary Fund"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Economic Prospects, June 2020\". openknowledge.worldbank.org. World Bank. p. 80. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33748","url_text":"\"Global Economic Prospects, June 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank","url_text":"World Bank"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144143/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33748","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Tajikistan\". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=TJ","url_text":"\"Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Tajikistan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200321163047/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=TJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Europe Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2020 : Fighting COVID-19\". openknowledge.worldbank.org. World Bank: 73, 74. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33476","url_text":"\"Europe Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2020 : Fighting COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank","url_text":"World Bank"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201228053712/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33476","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Tajikistan\". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TJ","url_text":"\"GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Tajikistan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125192209/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Human Development Index (HDI)\". hdr.undp.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miltern | John Miltern | ["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | American actor
Miltern in the film Experience (1921)
John Miltern (1870 – January 16, 1937) was an actor in theater and films in the United States. He was in the Broadway play Yellow Jack. He was also in Channing Pollock's play Roads of Destiny. Another of his stage performances was described as manly and always sympathetic.
In 1927, he was one of the actors arrested for performing in theater productions determined to be indecent by authorities.
Miltern was struck by a car in January 1937, dying at the scene.
Filmography
New York (1916) as Oliver King
Her Final Reckoning (1918) as Prince Zilah
Innocent (1918) as John Wyndham
Let's Get a Divorce (1918) as Henri de Prunelles
The Profiteers (1919)
On with the Dance (1920)
Experience (1921) as Experience
The Kentuckians (1921) as Colton
The Hands of Nara (1922)
Kick In (1922)
Love's Boomerang (1922)
Manslaughter (1922)
The Man Who Saw Tomorrow (1922)
Three Live Ghosts (1922)
The Ne'er-Do-Well (1923) as Stephen Courtlandt
Tongues of Flame (1924) as Scanlon
Coming Through (1925) as John Rand
Fine Manners (1926)
East Side, West Side (1927)
The Love of Sunya (1927)
Big Town (1932)
Social Register (1934) as Mr. Henry Breene
Ring Around the Moon (1936) as Mr. Endicott
Parole! (1936) as Governor Slade
Sins of Man (1936) as Mr. Hall
Murder on a Bridle Path (1936)
Everybody's Old Man (1936)
References
^ Thorold, W. J.; Hornblow, Arthur; Maxwell, Perriton; Beach, Stewart (September 30, 1919). "Theatre Magazine". Theatre Magazine Company – via Google Books.
^ "The Theatre". Meyer Bros. & Company. September 30, 1916 – via Google Books.
^ "Stage Actor Killed". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. January 18, 1937. p. 2. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
External links
John Miltern at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Experience_(1921)_-_John_Miltern.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yellow Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Jack_(play)"},{"link_name":"Channing Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing_Pollock_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"American actorMiltern in the film Experience (1921)John Miltern (1870 – January 16, 1937) was an actor in theater and films in the United States. He was in the Broadway play Yellow Jack. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Larson_(art_director) | Ron Larson | ["1 Personal life","2 Education","3 Academic career","4 Books","5 Company founder","6 Research","7 Awards","8 Published books","9 Translations","10 Notes","11 References","12 Sources"] | American mathematician
For the artist, see Ron Larson (artist).
Ron LarsonBornRoland Edwin Larson (1941-10-31) October 31, 1941 (age 82)Fort Lewis, Washington, U.S.OccupationProfessor, author, mathematicianCitizenshipAmericanEducationA.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.D.Alma materClark CollegeLewis & Clark CollegeUniversity of ColoradoSpouse
Deanna Sue Gilbert (m. 1960)Children2Websitewww.ronlarson.com
Roland "Ron" Edwin Larson (born October 31, 1941) is a professor of mathematics at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Pennsylvania. He is best known for being the author of a series of widely used mathematics textbooks ranging from middle school through the second year of college.
Personal life
Ron Larson was born in Fort Lewis near Tacoma, Washington, the second of four children of Mederith John Larson and Harriet Eleanor Larson. Mederith Larson was an officer in the 321st Engineer Battalion of the United States Army. Mederith Larson served in active duty during World War II, where he was awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart, and the Korean War, where he was awarded an Oak Leaf Cluster and a Silver Star. During the years that Ron was growing up, his father was stationed in several military bases, including Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan and Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. While in Chitose, Ron attended a small DoDDS school, where he was one of only three students in the sixth grade. When Mederith Larson retired from the Army in 1957, he moved with his family to Vancouver, Washington, where he lived until he died (at the age of 89) in 2005. Harriet Larson died (at the age of 95) in the fall of 2009.
Larson spent his first two years of high school at Leilehua High School in Wahiawa, Hawaii. In 1957, when his family moved to Vancouver, Washington, Larson enrolled in Battle Ground High School, where he graduated in 1959. On October 29, 1960, at the age of 18, he married Deanna Sue Gilbert, also of Vancouver, Washington. Deanna Gilbert was the second child of Herbert and Dorothy Gilbert. Ron and Deanna Larson have two children, Timothy Roland Larson and Jill Deanna Larson Im, five living grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. Their first grandchild, Timothy Roland Larson II, died at birth on summer solstice, June 21, 1983.
Larson is the third generation of Norwegian and Swedish immigrants who left Scandinavia to homestead in Minnesota in the late 1800s. The surnames and immigration dates of his great-grandparents are Bangen (1866, Norway), Berg (1867, Norway), Larson (1868, Norway), and Watterburg (1879, Sweden).
Larson has contributed several thousand dollars to Republican politicians, including Rand Paul, Marco Rubio, Mitt Romney, and Scott Brown.
Education
From 1959 until 1962, Ron and Deanna Larson started and operated a small business, called Larson's Custom Quilting. In 1962, they sold the business and Ron began attending Clark College in Vancouver, Washington. In 1964, he obtained his associate degree from Clark. Upon graduation from Clark College, Larson was awarded a scholarship from the Alcoa Foundation, which he used to attend Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon. He graduated, with honors, from Lewis & Clark in 1966. During the four years from 1962 through 1966, Ron worked full-time, first at a restaurant and then at a grocery store, in Vancouver and Deanna worked full-time as the secretary to the president of Roberts Motor Company in Portland, Oregon.
From 1966 to 1970, Larson attended graduate school at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He received his master's degree in 1968 and his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1970. While at the University of Colorado, Larson was the recipient of an NDEA scholarship and an NSF fellowship. He also served as a teaching assistant. His Ph.D. dissertation "On the Lattice of Topologies" was written under Wolfgang J. Thron. Larson's Ph.D. lineage, as listed by the North Dakota State University, traces back through George David Birkhoff, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Leonhard Euler, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the co-developer of calculus.
Academic career
Larson and Hostetler signing first contract, 1976
In 1970, Larson accepted a position of assistant professor at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College in Erie, Pennsylvania. At the time, Behrend College was a 2-year branch campus of the university. In 1971, the Board of Trustees of the University met with the Behrend Advisory Board to announce Behrend College would become the first location outside University Park with the authority to develop baccalaureate program and confer degrees locally. During his first several years at the college, Larson was instrumental in developing a mathematics major at the college. He served as a member of the University Faculty Senate and also as Behrend College's representative on the University Faculty Council. Larson was promoted to associate professor in 1976 and professor in 1983. Early in his career at Penn State, Larson started writing manuscripts for textbooks. He completed and submitted three manuscripts for calculus texts in 1973, 1974, and 1975, only to be rejected by several publishers. Larson relates his determination to continue writing in an essay titled A Single Dream. "When Marilyn Monroe was asked if she had been lucky in her career, she said 'When you have a single dream it is more than likely to come true---because you keep working toward it without getting mixed up.' Anyone who has been in my office knows that I am a Marilyn fan. But not just a Marilyn fan---I am a fan of the American Dream." Finally, in 1976 he and his co-author, Robert P. Hostetler, obtained a contract from D. C. Heath and Company. The first edition of their calculus book was published in December, 1978. In 1995, Hostetler left the authorship team and was replaced by Bruce A. Edwards of the University of Florida. Calculus by Larson and Edwards is now in its eleventh edition. It is used worldwide and has been translated in several languages.
During the academic year of 1983–84, Larson served as the acting division head for the Division of Science at Penn State Erie.
In 1998 Larson was given the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon.
Books
Counting different editions, Larson has written over 400 titles. They are used by several million students each year in the United States, as well as by students in other countries. Larson's books have received many awards – for pedagogy, innovation, and design. One of these awards was for developing the first completely interactive calculus textbook online. The work on this text was spearheaded by Larson's son, Timothy Larson. The online text, titled Interactive Calculus was posted in 1995. Another award was for innovation in page design. Beginning in 1990, Larson has written all of his mathematics texts to design, so that concepts and examples never break from page to page. The eighth edition of Calculus won the 2005 Benny Award for the best cover in all categories of printing. The middle school series, Big Ideas Math, won the TAA Textbook Excellence Award ("Texty") in 2010 for excellence in secondary mathematics textbook publishing. Larson's textbooks have won awards from the Textbook Authors' Association (TAA) multiple times, including the McGuffey Longevity Award, the TAA Textbook Excellence Award, and the Most Promising New Textbook Excellence Award.
Up until 1995, most of Larson's books were published by D. C. Heath, which was owned by Raytheon. In 1995, Raytheon sold D. C. Heath to Houghton Miffin. By 1999, Larson's titles had become a major component of Houghton Mifflin's publications. In that year, he was listed in the company's annual report as one of Houghton Mifflin's major authors. In 2008, the College Division of Houghton Mifflin was sold to Cengage Learning.
Larson's textbooks have been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and French.
Company founder
In 1984, Larson formed a small company that he called Larson Texts, starting with four employees in an old cottage on the campus of Behrend College. The cottage had been part of the original estate of Ernst Behrend, founder of Hamermill Paper Company.
In 1992, Larson Texts formed a software division called Meridian Creative Group, later renamed as Larson Learning. The division developed and sold tutorial mathematics software for grades K through 8. In 2005, Larson Learning was sold to Houghton Mifflin for $7 million.
Larson, Ron; Robyn Silbey (1998). "Larson's Middle School Math, Grades 6, 7, and 8". Larson Learning
Larson, Ron (2000). "Larson's Intermediate Math, Grades 3, 4, 5, and 6". Larson Learning
Larson, Ron (2002). "Larson's Elementary Math, Grades Kindergarten, 1, and 2". Larson Learning
Research
During his first few years as an assistant professor at Penn State Erie, Larson continued to do research in the area of his dissertation. His research resulted in the publication of several articles, mostly dealing with the lattice of topologies. By the mid-1970s, however, he switched his writing efforts to textbooks.
Larson, R. E., R. P. Hostetler and B. A. Edwards (June 1994, July 1994). "CD-ROM Textbook and Calculus". FOCUS: Mathematics Association of America.
Until 2008, all of Larson's textbooks were published by D. C. Heath, McGraw Hill, Houghton Mifflin, Prentice Hall, and McDougal Littell. In 2008, Larson was unable to find a publisher for a new series for middle school to follow the 2006 "Focal Point" recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. He then started a new company to publish the books, Big Ideas Learning, LLC.
Larson (right) Accepting Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1998
According to his acceptance speech for the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1998, Ron's interest in writing mathematics textbooks started the summer after his sophomore year in college. "In my sophomore year I decided to switch to math. I wasn't prepared for it. I had forgotten my high school algebra and trig, and I had to spend my sophomore year taking those courses over again. After I was accepted to Lewis & Clark, I made an appointment to talk with the math department chair, Elvy Fredrickson. That was in June 1964. I asked Elvy if she would let me squeeze four years of math into my junior and senior years at Lewis & Clark. To imagine her thoughts, you have to remember that I had not even taken a course in freshman calculus. I didn't then know what Elvy was thinking. I only knew what she said and what she did. She went to a bookshelf in her office in the old math building, scanned the titles, took down a calculus text, handed it to me, and said, 'Study this book during the summer. The week before classes start in the fall, I will give you a test. If you pass, I will let you take your sophomore and junior mathematics courses concurrently. By the time you reach your senior year, you will be on track.' Years later, Elvy told me that she had no idea I would actually do it. But, I had no idea that she had no idea—and so I took her up on her offer. I read the calculus book, passed the test, and started taking third-semester calculus and linear algebra in the fall of 1964."
Awards
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Roland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 1996, Calculus, 7th Edition (Houghton Mifflin)
Roland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 1996, Interactive Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, (Houghton Mifflin)
Roland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 1997, Interactive College Algebra, (Houghton Mifflin)
Roland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 1997, Larson's Leapfrog Math, (Meridian Creative Group)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 1998, Larson's Leapfrog Math, (Meridian Creative Group)
Ron Larson, Lewis and Clark College Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1998
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2004, Calculus, 7th Edition, (Houghton Mifflin)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2004, Precalculus, 6th Edition, (Houghton Mifflin)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2006, Calculus, 8th Edition, (Houghton Mifflin)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2010, Big Ideas Math, 1st Edition, (Big Ideas Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2011, Precalculus: Real Math, Real People, 6th Edition, (Cengage Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2012, Calculus: An Applied Approach, 9th Edition, (Cengage Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2012, Big Ideas Math: A Common Core Curriculum, 1st Edition, (Big Ideas Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2013, Calculus, 10th Edition, (Cengage Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Most Promising New Textbook Award, 2013, Math & You: The Power & Use of Mathematics, 1st Edition, (Larson Texts)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Most Promising New Textbook Award, 2013, Big Ideas Math: A Common Core Curriculum Algebra 1, 1st Edition, (Big Ideas Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2014, Precalculus, 9th Edition, (Cengage Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2014, Big Ideas Math: A Common Core Curriculum, 7 Book Series, 2nd Edition, (Big Ideas Learning Learning)
Ron Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2014, Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, 6th Edition, (Cengage Learning)
Published books
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1979), Calculus with Analytic Geometry, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1982), Mathematics for Everyday Living, Saunders
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1983), Calculus An Applied Approach, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), College Algebra, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), Algebra and Trigonometry, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), Trigonometry, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), Precalculus, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Bruce H. Edwards (1988), Elementary Linear Algebra, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Bruce H. Edwards (1991), Finite Mathematics, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Bruce H. Edwards (1991), Finite Mathematics with Calculus, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1992), Elementary Algebra, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1992), Intermediate Algebra, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler; Anne V. Munn (1992), College Algebra Concepts and Models, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1993), College Algebra A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1993), Algebra and Trigonometry A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1993), Precalculus A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1993), Algebra 1, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1993), Algebra 2, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (1994), Geometry, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Carolyn F. Neptune (1994), Intermediate Algebra Graphs and Functions, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Carolyn F. Neptune (1994), Algebra for College Students: Graphs and Functions, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Precalculus with Limits: A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Calculus Early Transcendental Functions, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Trigonometry A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1996), Passport to Algebra and Geometry, D. C. Heath, McDougal Littell
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1996), Windows to Algebra and Geometry, D. C. Heath
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (1997), Passport to Mathematics Book 1, D. C. Heath, McDougal Littell
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (1997), Passport to Mathematics Book 2, D. C. Heath, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Betsy Farber (2000), Elementary Statistics Picturing the World, Prentice Hall
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2000), College Algebra: An Internet Approach, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2000), Precalculus: An Internet Approach, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2001), Mathematics Concepts and Skills Course 1, McDougal Littell
Larson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2001), Mathematics Concepts and Skills Course 2, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2001), Algebra 1 Concepts and Skills, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Calculus 1 with Precalculus, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (2003), Geometry Concepts and Skills, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2004), Math Course 1, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2004), Math Course 2, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2004), Math Course 3, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2005), Prealgebra, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler (2005), Algebra for College Students, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Robert Hostetler, Anne V. Hodgkins (2006), College Algebra: A Concise Course, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Robert Hostetler (2007), Precalculus: A Concise Course, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Robert Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2008), Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2008), Algebra 2 Concepts and Skills, McDougal Littell
Larson, Ron (2009), Applied Calculus for the Life and Social Sciences, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron (2009), Calculus An Applied Approach, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Anne V. Hodgkins (2009) College Algebra with Applications for Business and the Life Sciences, Houghton Mifflin
Larson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2010), Calculus, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2010) Elementary Algebra, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2010) Intermediate Algebra, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Anne V. Hodgkins (2010), College Algebra and Calclulus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2010), Big Ideas Math 1, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2010), Big Ideas Math 2, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2010), Big Ideas Math 3, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron (2011), Precalculus, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2011), Precalculus with Limits, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2011), Precalculus: A Concise Course, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2011), College Algebra, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2011), Trigonometry, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2011), Algebra and Trigonometry, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2012), Algebra and Trigonometry: Real Mathematics, Real People, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2012), Pecalculus: Real Mathematics, Real People, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2012), College Algebra: Real Mathematics, Real People, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2012), Precalculus with Limits: A Graphing Approach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Bruce Edwards (2012), Calculus 1 with Precalculus, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron(2013), Calculus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2013), Brief Calculus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Anne Hodgkins (2013), College Algebra with Applications for Business and Life Sciences, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Anne Hodgkins (2013), College Algebra and Calculus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2013), Elementary Linear Algebra, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2013), Math & YOU: The Power & Use of Mathematics, andYOU.com
Larson, Ron; Bruce Edwards(2014), Calculus, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Precalculus, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Precalculus with Limits, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Precalculus: A Concise Course, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), College Algebra, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Trigonometry, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Algebra and Trigonometry, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Elementary Algebra within Reach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Intermediate Algebra within Reach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), Elementary and Intermediate Algebra within Reach, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron (2014), College Prep Algebra, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math 1, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math 2, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math 3, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math Accelerated, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Algebra 1, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Advanced 1, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Advanced 2, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Bruce Edwards (2015), Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, Cengage Learning
Larson, Ron; Besty Farber (2015), Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, Pearson
Larson, Ron; Robyn Silbey (2015), Mathematical Practices: Mathematics for Teachers
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2015), Big Ideas Math Algebra 1, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2015), Big Ideas Math Geometry, Big Ideas Learning
Larson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2015), Big Ideas Math Algebra 2, Big Ideas Learning
Translations
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol I, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1768-9 (Spanish)
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol II, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1769-7 (Spanish)
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1998), Cálculo com Applicações, LTC-Livros Técnicos e Ciêntificos, ISBN 85-216-1144-7 (Portuguese)
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol I, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1768-9 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol II, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1769-7 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Calculus 微积分, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 957-29080-4-9 (Chinese)
Larson, Roland E; Bruce H. Edwards, David C. Falvo; (2004), Álgebra Lineal, Pirámide, ISBN 84-368-1878-4 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Betsy Farber (2004), Estatísticas Applicada, Prentice Hall, ISBN 85-87918-59-1 (Portuguese)
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2005), Cálculo, Vol I, Pirámide, ISBN 84-368-1707-9 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2005), Cálculo, Vol II, Pirámide, ISBN 84-368-1756-7 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2006), Calculus An Applied Approach 微积分一种应用的方法, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 986-82003-1-8 (Chinese)
Larson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2006), Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 微积分一种应用的方法, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 986-82003-2-6 (Chinese)
Larson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2006), Calculus 微积分, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 986-82003-3-4 (Chinese)
Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (2008), Precalculo, Reverte, ISBN 84-291-5168-0 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2009), Matematicas I Cálculo Differencial, McGraw Hill, ISBN 970-10-7289-8 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2009), Matematicas II Cálculo Integral, McGraw Hill, ISBN 970-10-7290-1 (Spanish)
Larson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2009), Matematicas III Cálculo de Varias Variables, McGraw Hill, ISBN 970-10-7291-X (Spanish)
Notes
^ Some sources give the spelling as "Meredith".
References
^ Mathematics Faculty at Penn State Erie
^ "U.S. Army Awards of the Silver Star for Conspicuous Gallantry in Action During the Korean War". Archived from the original on 25 January 2013.
^ "OBITS: MEDERITH LARSON". Archived from the original on 9 May 2006.
^ a b Timothy R. Larson
^ Norwegian Immigration, Minnesota State University
^ "Browse Individual contributions". FEC.gov. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ Ron Larson Professor
^ Jones, William B., Ellen E. Reed, and Fred W. Stevenson (Volume 33, Number 2, 2003, 395-403. "Biography of Wolfgang J. Thron". Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics.
^ Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ "Behrend College Timeline". Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
^ A Single Dream
^ Cengage Learning
^ Lewis & Clark College Distinguished Alumnus Award
^ Library of Congress
^ Library of Congress
^ Text and Academic Authors Association
^ Text and Academic Authors Association
^ Benny Awards, 2005 (Calculus Houghton Mifflin)
^ Texty Awards, 2010
^ Spanish Translation of Calculus
^ Chinese Translation of Calculus An Applied Approach
^ Portuguese Translation of Statistics
^ (July 10, 2008) "Penn State Behrend Unveils Archives at Open House". Penn State Behrend Archives.
^ Parent's Choice Awards. "Larson's Elementary Math Activities", Spring 2003.
^ (September 21, 2005). "Houghton Mifflin Acquires Many Larson Learning, Inc. K–12 Products, Including Award-Winning Mathematics Materials". Red Orbit
^ (Volume 5 Number 2 (Spring 1975). "Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics"
^ National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Focal Points
^ Big Ideas Learning, LLC
^ Acceptance Speech at Lewis & Clark College
Sources
(November 7, 1976, Page 18-A). "2 Behrend Professors Author Text on Calculus". Erie Times News
(March 1, 1981). "Book on Handling Money Penned by Behrend Profs". Erie Times News
Craig, Cindy (February 1, 1982, Volume 37, Number 9, Page 7). "Behrend Profs Achieve Publishing Success". The Collegian, Penn State Erie's Weekly Newspaper
Dile, Robin (May 20, 1984). "Professor Invents the 'Perfect' Dice". Erie Times News
Ross, Michael (March 1, 1985, Volume 33, Number 10, Page 1). "Larson and Hostetler Offer Precalculus Series". The Collegian, Penn State Erie's Weekly Newspaper
Center Spread (March, 1985, Volume 6, Number 1, Page 17). "Dice Game". Physical Science and Engineering, Research Penn State.
Howard, Pat (July 25, 1985, Page 1B). "Textbook Authors Still Get Thrill of Writing". Erie Daily Times
(March 22, 1985). "Penn State Behrend Honors Faculty Authors at Book Day". Erie Times News
(December 13, 1987). "Behrend Honors Philanthropists". Erie Times News
Pellegrini, Mike (August 5, 1991, Page 5). "He Writes Best Sellers for Math Students". Pittsburgh Post Gazette
(Fall, 1991, pages 4–5). "Read Any Good Math Books Lately?". The Behrend Quarterly
(August 15, 1995, Page 12C). "Interactive Computer Companion Developed for Behrend Prof's Text". Erie Times News
(August 20, 1995). "Behrend Professor Offers High Tech Instruction in Math". Erie Times-News
Pawlak, Kim (Notable Author Series, 1997). "Ron Larson: Author and Publisher", Text and Academic Authors, Online Information for TAA Members
Pawlak, Kim (Notable Author Series, 1997). "Instilling a Love for Math", Text and Academic Authors, Online Information for TAA Members
Pawlak, Kim (Notable Author Series, 1997). "Obsessed with Writing", Text and Academic Authors, Online Information for TAA Members
Alumni News (Fall, 1998, Volume 8, Number 1, Page 8). "Three Outstanding Alumni Honored". The Lewis & Clark Chronicle
(April 23, 1998, Page 12C). "Profile Ron Larson, Meridian Creative Group". Morning News, Erie
McQuaid, Deborah (February 10, 1999). "Firm May Move into Former School". Erie Times-News
New Ways to Know (1999), Houghton Mifflin Annual Report
Martin, Jim (March 9, 2003). "At Larson Texts, Success is Academic". Erie Times News
Savory, Jon (November 26, 2003, Part 1). "Numbing the Mind with Numbers: Inside the Head of Mathematics Author Ron Larson". County College of Morris Student Newspaper, The Youngstown Edition
Savory, Jon (December 10, 2003, Part 1). "Does Two Plus Two Really Equal Four". County College of Morris Student Newspaper, The Youngstown Edition
Editorial Review
Cengage Learning Biography of Ron Larson
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Academics
CiNii
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Larson (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Larson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Penn State Erie, The Behrend College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Erie,_The_Behrend_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the artist, see Ron Larson (artist).Roland \"Ron\" Edwin Larson (born October 31, 1941) is a professor of mathematics at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Pennsylvania.[1] He is best known for being the author of a series of widely used mathematics textbooks ranging from middle school through the second year of college.","title":"Ron Larson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"321st Engineer Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/321st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Oak Leaf Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Leaf_Cluster"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chitose, Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitose,_Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Schofield Barracks, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield_Barracks,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"DoDDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Dependent_Schools"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leilehua High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leilehua_High_School"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Battle Ground High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Ground_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timothy_R._Larson-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Rand Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul"},{"link_name":"Marco Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Scott Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ron Larson was born in Fort Lewis near Tacoma, Washington, the second of four children of Mederith[a] John Larson and Harriet Eleanor Larson. Mederith Larson was an officer in the 321st Engineer Battalion of the United States Army. Mederith Larson served in active duty during World War II, where he was awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart, and the Korean War, where he was awarded an Oak Leaf Cluster and a Silver Star.[2] During the years that Ron was growing up, his father was stationed in several military bases, including Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan and Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. While in Chitose, Ron attended a small DoDDS school, where he was one of only three students in the sixth grade. When Mederith Larson retired from the Army in 1957, he moved with his family to Vancouver, Washington, where he lived until he died (at the age of 89) in 2005.[3] Harriet Larson died (at the age of 95) in the fall of 2009.Larson spent his first two years of high school at Leilehua High School in Wahiawa, Hawaii. In 1957, when his family moved to Vancouver, Washington, Larson enrolled in Battle Ground High School, where he graduated in 1959. On October 29, 1960, at the age of 18, he married Deanna Sue Gilbert, also of Vancouver, Washington. Deanna Gilbert was the second child of Herbert and Dorothy Gilbert. Ron and Deanna Larson have two children, Timothy Roland Larson [4] and Jill Deanna Larson Im, five living grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. Their first grandchild, Timothy Roland Larson II, died at birth on summer solstice, June 21, 1983.Larson is the third generation of Norwegian and Swedish immigrants who left Scandinavia to homestead in Minnesota in the late 1800s.[5] The surnames and immigration dates of his great-grandparents are Bangen (1866, Norway), Berg (1867, Norway), Larson (1868, Norway), and Watterburg (1879, Sweden).Larson has contributed several thousand dollars to Republican politicians, including Rand Paul, Marco Rubio, Mitt Romney, and Scott Brown.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_College_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Alcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa"},{"link_name":"Lewis & Clark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_College"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado at Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"NDEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"NSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Lattice of Topologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_topologies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"North Dakota State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University"},{"link_name":"George David Birkhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff"},{"link_name":"Joseph Louis Lagrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Lagrange"},{"link_name":"Leonhard Euler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"From 1959 until 1962, Ron and Deanna Larson started and operated a small business, called Larson's Custom Quilting. In 1962, they sold the business and Ron began attending Clark College in Vancouver, Washington. In 1964, he obtained his associate degree from Clark. Upon graduation from Clark College, Larson was awarded a scholarship from the Alcoa Foundation, which he used to attend Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon. He graduated, with honors, from Lewis & Clark in 1966. During the four years from 1962 through 1966, Ron worked full-time, first at a restaurant and then at a grocery store, in Vancouver and Deanna worked full-time as the secretary to the president of Roberts Motor Company in Portland, Oregon.[7]From 1966 to 1970, Larson attended graduate school at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He received his master's degree in 1968 and his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1970. While at the University of Colorado, Larson was the recipient of an NDEA scholarship and an NSF fellowship. He also served as a teaching assistant. His Ph.D. dissertation \"On the Lattice of Topologies\" was written under Wolfgang J. Thron.[8] Larson's Ph.D. lineage, as listed by the North Dakota State University, traces back through George David Birkhoff, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Leonhard Euler, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the co-developer of calculus.[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ron_Larson_Bob_Hostetler_1976.jpg"},{"link_name":"Penn State Erie, The Behrend College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Erie,_The_Behrend_College"},{"link_name":"Erie, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"},{"link_name":"American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream"},{"link_name":"D. C. Heath and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._C._Heath_and_Company"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Larson and Hostetler signing first contract, 1976In 1970, Larson accepted a position of assistant professor at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College in Erie, Pennsylvania. At the time, Behrend College was a 2-year branch campus of the university. In 1971, the Board of Trustees of the University met with the Behrend Advisory Board to announce Behrend College would become the first location outside University Park with the authority to develop baccalaureate program and confer degrees locally.[10] During his first several years at the college, Larson was instrumental in developing a mathematics major at the college. He served as a member of the University Faculty Senate and also as Behrend College's representative on the University Faculty Council. Larson was promoted to associate professor in 1976 and professor in 1983. Early in his career at Penn State, Larson started writing manuscripts for textbooks. He completed and submitted three manuscripts for calculus texts in 1973, 1974, and 1975, only to be rejected by several publishers. Larson relates his determination to continue writing in an essay titled A Single Dream.[11] \"When Marilyn Monroe was asked if she had been lucky in her career, she said 'When you have a single dream it is more than likely to come true---because you keep working toward it without getting mixed up.' Anyone who has been in my office knows that I am a Marilyn fan. But not just a Marilyn fan---I am a fan of the American Dream.\" Finally, in 1976 he and his co-author, Robert P. Hostetler, obtained a contract from D. C. Heath and Company. The first edition of their calculus book was published in December, 1978. In 1995, Hostetler left the authorship team and was replaced by Bruce A. Edwards of the University of Florida. Calculus by Larson and Edwards is now in its eleventh edition. It is used worldwide and has been translated in several languages.[12]During the academic year of 1983–84, Larson served as the acting division head for the Division of Science at Penn State Erie.In 1998 Larson was given the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon.[13]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Textbook Excellence Award (\"Texty\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textbook_Excellence_Award_(%22Texty%22)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"Cengage Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Counting different editions, Larson has written over 400 titles.[14][15] They are used by several million students each year in the United States, as well as by students in other countries. Larson's books have received many awards – for pedagogy, innovation, and design.[16][17] One of these awards was for developing the first completely interactive calculus textbook online. The work on this text was spearheaded by Larson's son, Timothy Larson. The online text, titled Interactive Calculus was posted in 1995. Another award was for innovation in page design. Beginning in 1990, Larson has written all of his mathematics texts to design, so that concepts and examples never break from page to page. The eighth edition of Calculus won the 2005 Benny Award for the best cover in all categories of printing.[18] The middle school series, Big Ideas Math, won the TAA Textbook Excellence Award (\"Texty\") in 2010 for excellence in secondary mathematics textbook publishing.[19] Larson's textbooks have won awards from the Textbook Authors' Association (TAA) multiple times, including the McGuffey Longevity Award, the TAA Textbook Excellence Award, and the Most Promising New Textbook Excellence Award.Up until 1995, most of Larson's books were published by D. C. Heath, which was owned by Raytheon. In 1995, Raytheon sold D. C. Heath to Houghton Miffin. By 1999, Larson's titles had become a major component of Houghton Mifflin's publications. In that year, he was listed in the company's annual report as one of Houghton Mifflin's major authors. In 2008, the College Division of Houghton Mifflin was sold to Cengage Learning.Larson's textbooks have been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and French.[20][21][22]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timothy_R._Larson-5"},{"link_name":"Hamermill Paper Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paper"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 1984, Larson formed a small company that he called Larson Texts,[4] starting with four employees in an old cottage on the campus of Behrend College. The cottage had been part of the original estate of Ernst Behrend, founder of Hamermill Paper Company.[23]In 1992, Larson Texts formed a software division called Meridian Creative Group, later renamed as Larson Learning. The division developed and sold tutorial mathematics software for grades K through 8.[24] In 2005, Larson Learning was sold to Houghton Mifflin for $7 million.[25]Larson, Ron; Robyn Silbey (1998). \"Larson's Middle School Math, Grades 6, 7, and 8\". Larson Learning\nLarson, Ron (2000). \"Larson's Intermediate Math, Grades 3, 4, 5, and 6\". Larson Learning\nLarson, Ron (2002). \"Larson's Elementary Math, Grades Kindergarten, 1, and 2\". Larson Learning","title":"Company founder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"D. C. Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._C._Heath_and_Company"},{"link_name":"McGraw Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"Prentice Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall"},{"link_name":"National Council of Teachers of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Big Ideas Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ideas_Learning"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larson_at_Lewis_and_Clark.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"During his first few years as an assistant professor at Penn State Erie, Larson continued to do research in the area of his dissertation. His research resulted in the publication of several articles, mostly dealing with the lattice of topologies.[26] By the mid-1970s, however, he switched his writing efforts to textbooks.Larson, R. E., R. P. Hostetler and B. A. Edwards (June 1994, July 1994). \"CD-ROM Textbook and Calculus\". FOCUS: Mathematics Association of America.Until 2008, all of Larson's textbooks were published by D. C. Heath, McGraw Hill, Houghton Mifflin, Prentice Hall, and McDougal Littell. In 2008, Larson was unable to find a publisher for a new series for middle school to follow the 2006 \"Focal Point\" recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.[27] He then started a new company to publish the books, Big Ideas Learning, LLC.[28]Larson (right) Accepting Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1998According to his acceptance speech for the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1998, Ron's interest in writing mathematics textbooks started the summer after his sophomore year in college. \"In my sophomore year I decided to switch to math. I wasn't prepared for it. I had forgotten my high school algebra and trig, and I had to spend my sophomore year taking those courses over again. After I was accepted to Lewis & Clark, I made an appointment to talk with the math department chair, Elvy Fredrickson. That was in June 1964. I asked Elvy if she would let me squeeze four years of math into my junior and senior years at Lewis & Clark. To imagine her thoughts, you have to remember that I had not even taken a course in freshman calculus. I didn't then know what Elvy was thinking. I only knew what she said and what she did. She went to a bookshelf in her office in the old math building, scanned the titles, took down a calculus text, handed it to me, and said, 'Study this book during the summer. The week before classes start in the fall, I will give you a test. If you pass, I will let you take your sophomore and junior mathematics courses concurrently. By the time you reach your senior year, you will be on track.' Years later, Elvy told me that she had no idea I would actually do it. But, I had no idea that she had no idea—and so I took her up on her offer. I read the calculus book, passed the test, and started taking third-semester calculus and linear algebra in the fall of 1964.\"[29]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 1996, Calculus, 7th Edition (Houghton Mifflin)\nRoland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 1996, Interactive Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, (Houghton Mifflin)\nRoland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 1997, Interactive College Algebra, (Houghton Mifflin)\nRoland E. Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 1997, Larson's Leapfrog Math, (Meridian Creative Group)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 1998, Larson's Leapfrog Math, (Meridian Creative Group)\nRon Larson, Lewis and Clark College Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1998\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2004, Calculus, 7th Edition, (Houghton Mifflin)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2004, Precalculus, 6th Edition, (Houghton Mifflin)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2006, Calculus, 8th Edition, (Houghton Mifflin)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2010, Big Ideas Math, 1st Edition, (Big Ideas Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2011, Precalculus: Real Math, Real People, 6th Edition, (Cengage Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2012, Calculus: An Applied Approach, 9th Edition, (Cengage Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2012, Big Ideas Math: A Common Core Curriculum, 1st Edition, (Big Ideas Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2013, Calculus, 10th Edition, (Cengage Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Most Promising New Textbook Award, 2013, Math & You: The Power & Use of Mathematics, 1st Edition, (Larson Texts)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Most Promising New Textbook Award, 2013, Big Ideas Math: A Common Core Curriculum Algebra 1, 1st Edition, (Big Ideas Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2014, Precalculus, 9th Edition, (Cengage Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association Textbook Excellence Award, 2014, Big Ideas Math: A Common Core Curriculum, 7 Book Series, 2nd Edition, (Big Ideas Learning Learning)\nRon Larson, Text and Academic Authors Association McGuffey Longevity Award, 2014, Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, 6th Edition, (Cengage Learning)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy D. Kanold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Kanold"},{"link_name":"Lee Stiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Stiff"}],"text":"Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1979), Calculus with Analytic Geometry, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1982), Mathematics for Everyday Living, Saunders\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1983), Calculus An Applied Approach, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), College Algebra, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), Algebra and Trigonometry, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), Trigonometry, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1985), Precalculus, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Bruce H. Edwards (1988), Elementary Linear Algebra, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Bruce H. Edwards (1991), Finite Mathematics, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Bruce H. Edwards (1991), Finite Mathematics with Calculus, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1992), Elementary Algebra, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1992), Intermediate Algebra, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler; Anne V. Munn (1992), College Algebra Concepts and Models, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1993), College Algebra A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1993), Algebra and Trigonometry A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (1993), Precalculus A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1993), Algebra 1, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1993), Algebra 2, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (1994), Geometry, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Carolyn F. Neptune (1994), Intermediate Algebra Graphs and Functions, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Carolyn F. Neptune (1994), Algebra for College Students: Graphs and Functions, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Precalculus with Limits: A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Calculus Early Transcendental Functions, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Trigonometry A Graphing Approach, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1996), Passport to Algebra and Geometry, D. C. Heath, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (1996), Windows to Algebra and Geometry, D. C. Heath\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (1997), Passport to Mathematics Book 1, D. C. Heath, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (1997), Passport to Mathematics Book 2, D. C. Heath, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Betsy Farber (2000), Elementary Statistics Picturing the World, Prentice Hall\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2000), College Algebra: An Internet Approach, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2000), Precalculus: An Internet Approach, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2001), Mathematics Concepts and Skills Course 1, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Roland E.; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2001), Mathematics Concepts and Skills Course 2, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2001), Algebra 1 Concepts and Skills, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Calculus 1 with Precalculus, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Lee Stiff (2003), Geometry Concepts and Skills, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2004), Math Course 1, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2004), Math Course 2, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2004), Math Course 3, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy Kanold, Lee Stiff (2005), Prealgebra, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler (2005), Algebra for College Students, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Robert Hostetler, Anne V. Hodgkins (2006), College Algebra: A Concise Course, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Robert Hostetler (2007), Precalculus: A Concise Course, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Robert Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2008), Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanold, Lee Stiff (2008), Algebra 2 Concepts and Skills, McDougal Littell\nLarson, Ron (2009), Applied Calculus for the Life and Social Sciences, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron (2009), Calculus An Applied Approach, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Anne V. Hodgkins (2009) College Algebra with Applications for Business and the Life Sciences, Houghton Mifflin\nLarson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2010), Calculus, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2010) Elementary Algebra, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2010) Intermediate Algebra, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Anne V. Hodgkins (2010), College Algebra and Calclulus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2010), Big Ideas Math 1, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2010), Big Ideas Math 2, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2010), Big Ideas Math 3, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron (2011), Precalculus, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2011), Precalculus with Limits, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2011), Precalculus: A Concise Course, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2011), College Algebra, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2011), Trigonometry, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2011), Algebra and Trigonometry, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2012), Algebra and Trigonometry: Real Mathematics, Real People, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2012), Pecalculus: Real Mathematics, Real People, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2012), College Algebra: Real Mathematics, Real People, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2012), Precalculus with Limits: A Graphing Approach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Bruce Edwards (2012), Calculus 1 with Precalculus, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron(2013), Calculus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2013), Brief Calculus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Anne Hodgkins (2013), College Algebra with Applications for Business and Life Sciences, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Anne Hodgkins (2013), College Algebra and Calculus: An Applied Approach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2013), Elementary Linear Algebra, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2013), Math & YOU: The Power & Use of Mathematics, andYOU.com\nLarson, Ron; Bruce Edwards(2014), Calculus, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Precalculus, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Precalculus with Limits, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Precalculus: A Concise Course, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), College Algebra, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Trigonometry, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Algebra and Trigonometry, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Elementary Algebra within Reach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Intermediate Algebra within Reach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), Elementary and Intermediate Algebra within Reach, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron (2014), College Prep Algebra, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math 1, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math 2, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math 3, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Math Accelerated, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Algebra 1, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Advanced 1, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2014), Big Ideas Advanced 2, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Bruce Edwards (2015), Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions, Cengage Learning\nLarson, Ron; Besty Farber (2015), Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, Pearson\nLarson, Ron; Robyn Silbey (2015), Mathematical Practices: Mathematics for Teachers\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2015), Big Ideas Math Algebra 1, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2015), Big Ideas Math Geometry, Big Ideas Learning\nLarson, Ron; Laurie Boswell (2015), Big Ideas Math Algebra 2, Big Ideas Learning","title":"Published books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-481-1768-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-481-1768-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-481-1769-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-481-1769-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85-216-1144-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-216-1144-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-481-1768-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-481-1768-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-481-1769-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-481-1769-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"957-29080-4-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-29080-4-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-368-1878-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-368-1878-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85-87918-59-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-87918-59-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-368-1707-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-368-1707-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-368-1756-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-368-1756-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"986-82003-1-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-82003-1-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"986-82003-2-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-82003-2-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"986-82003-3-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-82003-3-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-291-5168-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-291-5168-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"970-10-7289-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-10-7289-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"970-10-7290-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-10-7290-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"970-10-7291-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-10-7291-X"}],"text":"Larson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol I, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1768-9 (Spanish)\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1995), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol II, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1769-7 (Spanish)\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (1998), Cálculo com Applicações, LTC-Livros Técnicos e Ciêntificos, ISBN 85-216-1144-7 (Portuguese)\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol I, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1768-9 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Cálculo y Geometria Analitica, Vol II, McGraw Hill, ISBN 84-481-1769-7 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2002), Calculus 微积分, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 957-29080-4-9 (Chinese)\nLarson, Roland E; Bruce H. Edwards, David C. Falvo; (2004), Álgebra Lineal, Pirámide, ISBN 84-368-1878-4 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Betsy Farber (2004), Estatísticas Applicada, Prentice Hall, ISBN 85-87918-59-1 (Portuguese)\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2005), Cálculo, Vol I, Pirámide, ISBN 84-368-1707-9 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2005), Cálculo, Vol II, Pirámide, ISBN 84-368-1756-7 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2006), Calculus An Applied Approach 微积分一种应用的方法, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 986-82003-1-8 (Chinese)\nLarson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2006), Brief Calculus An Applied Approach 微积分一种应用的方法, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 986-82003-2-6 (Chinese)\nLarson, Ron; Robert P. Hostetler, Bruce H. Edwards (2006), Calculus 微积分, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 986-82003-3-4 (Chinese)\nLarson, Roland E.; Robert P. Hostetler (2008), Precalculo, Reverte, ISBN 84-291-5168-0 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2009), Matematicas I Cálculo Differencial, McGraw Hill, ISBN 970-10-7289-8 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2009), Matematicas II Cálculo Integral, McGraw Hill, ISBN 970-10-7290-1 (Spanish)\nLarson, Ron; Bruce H. Edwards (2009), Matematicas III Cálculo de Varias Variables, McGraw Hill, ISBN 970-10-7291-X (Spanish)","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Some sources give the spelling as \"Meredith\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Calculus-Single-Variable-Transcendental-Functions/dp/0618606254"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cengage.com/cengage/instructor.do?product_isbn=9780547167022&codeid=2B76&disciplinenumber=1&courseid=MA03&sortby=copy&type=all_radio&codeFlag=true&maintab=About_the_Book&subtab=About_the_Author"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7364062#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000123216304"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/117879413"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4bXD9y6yKF9PFJjkMT3"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1522183"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515439006706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/172235790"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007326131705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n82049586"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=utb2014816343&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08646829?l=en"},{"link_name":"MathSciNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/300753"},{"link_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=12344"},{"link_name":"zbMATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:larson.roland-e"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/060359668"}],"text":"(November 7, 1976, Page 18-A). \"2 Behrend Professors Author Text on Calculus\". Erie Times News\n(March 1, 1981). \"Book on Handling Money Penned by Behrend Profs\". Erie Times News\nCraig, Cindy (February 1, 1982, Volume 37, Number 9, Page 7). \"Behrend Profs Achieve Publishing Success\". The Collegian, Penn State Erie's Weekly Newspaper\nDile, Robin (May 20, 1984). \"Professor Invents the 'Perfect' Dice\". Erie Times News\nRoss, Michael (March 1, 1985, Volume 33, Number 10, Page 1). \"Larson and Hostetler Offer Precalculus Series\". The Collegian, Penn State Erie's Weekly Newspaper\nCenter Spread (March, 1985, Volume 6, Number 1, Page 17). \"Dice Game\". Physical Science and Engineering, Research Penn State.\nHoward, Pat (July 25, 1985, Page 1B). \"Textbook Authors Still Get Thrill of Writing\". Erie Daily Times\n(March 22, 1985). \"Penn State Behrend Honors Faculty Authors at Book Day\". Erie Times News\n(December 13, 1987). \"Behrend Honors Philanthropists\". Erie Times News\nPellegrini, Mike (August 5, 1991, Page 5). \"He Writes Best Sellers for Math Students\". Pittsburgh Post Gazette\n(Fall, 1991, pages 4–5). \"Read Any Good Math Books Lately?\". The Behrend Quarterly\n(August 15, 1995, Page 12C). \"Interactive Computer Companion Developed for Behrend Prof's Text\". Erie Times News\n(August 20, 1995). \"Behrend Professor Offers High Tech Instruction in Math\". Erie Times-News\nPawlak, Kim (Notable Author Series, 1997). \"Ron Larson: Author and Publisher\", Text and Academic Authors, Online Information for TAA Members\nPawlak, Kim (Notable Author Series, 1997). \"Instilling a Love for Math\", Text and Academic Authors, Online Information for TAA Members\nPawlak, Kim (Notable Author Series, 1997). \"Obsessed with Writing\", Text and Academic Authors, Online Information for TAA Members\nAlumni News (Fall, 1998, Volume 8, Number 1, Page 8). \"Three Outstanding Alumni Honored\". The Lewis & Clark Chronicle\n(April 23, 1998, Page 12C). \"Profile Ron Larson, Meridian Creative Group\". Morning News, Erie\nMcQuaid, Deborah (February 10, 1999). \"Firm May Move into Former School\". Erie Times-News\nNew Ways to Know (1999), Houghton Mifflin Annual Report\nMartin, Jim (March 9, 2003). \"At Larson Texts, Success is Academic\". Erie Times News\nSavory, Jon (November 26, 2003, Part 1). \"Numbing the Mind with Numbers: Inside the Head of Mathematics Author Ron Larson\". County College of Morris Student Newspaper, The Youngstown Edition\nSavory, Jon (December 10, 2003, Part 1). \"Does Two Plus Two Really Equal Four\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(comic) | Jackpot | ["1 Comics","2 Film","3 Literature","4 Music","5 Television","6 Other uses","7 See also"] | Look up jackpot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Jackpot or Jackpot! may refer to:
Comics
Jackpot (character), a series of three Marvel Comics superheroes
Jackpot (British comics), a 1979–1982 British comic book
Jackpot Comics, a 1941 American comic book from MLJ Publications
Film
The Jackpot, a 1950 comedy
Jackpot (1960 film), a British crime film
Jackpot (unfinished film), an unfinished film, filmed in 1974 and 1975, directed by Terence Young, starring Richard Burton
Jackpot (1992 film), an Italian sci-fi-adventure film directed by Mario Orfini
Jackpot (1993 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Jomon
Jackpot (2001 film), an American comedy-drama directed by Michael Polish
Jackpot (2006 film), an Indian Kannada-language romantic-drama film directed by Niranjan
Jackpot (2009 film), an Indian Bengali-language film directed by Kaushik Ganguly
Jackpot (2011 film), a Norwegian film of the 2010s
Jackpot (2013 film), an Indian Hindi-language comedy thriller directed by Kaizad Gustad
Jackpot (2015 film), a Vietnamese film
Jackpot (2018 film), a Pakistani romantic comedy film
Jackpot (2019 film), an Indian Tamil comedy film directed by Kalyaan
Jackpot (2020 film), a German thriller film directed by Emily Atef
Literature
Jackpot, a 1990 novel by Bill Pronzini
Jackpot!, a 1995 novel by Alan Hunter
The Jackpot, an apocalyptic event in William Gibson's 2014 novel The Peripheral
Music
Jackpot (musical), a 1944 American musical
Jackpot (Chingy album), 2003
Jackpot! (Dave Brubeck album) or the title track, 1968
Jackpot (Donna Ares album) or the title song, 2004
Jackpot (Pietro Lombardi album), 2011
Jackpot! The Best Bette, an album by Bette Midler, 2008
Jackpot, an album by Jack the Lad, 1976
"Jackpot" (song), by Boyfriend, 2016
"Jackpot", a song by the Beat from I Just Can't Stop It
"Jackpot", a song by Tocotronic
"Jackpot", a song by Nikki Lane from Highway Queen
Television
Jackpot (game show), an American and Canadian game show, in three different runs 1974–1990
Jackpot (Irish TV series), a general knowledge quiz show 1962–1965
Jackpot (1960 TV series), an Australian game show
Jackpot (2016 TV series), a South Korean drama series
"Jackpot" (CSI), an episode
Other uses
A prize, such as a progressive jackpot
Gardena jackpots, a poker variant
Jackpot, Nevada, a community on the Nevada–Idaho state border
See also
Operation Jackpot (drug investigation), a federal task force during President Ronald Reagan's War on Drugs
Operation Jackpot, several military operations
Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999, a 1969 Indian spy thriller film
Jackpotting, the hacking of an ATM to release all its cash
Jackpocket, Lottery app
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jackpot.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jackpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jackpot"}],"text":"Look up jackpot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Jackpot or Jackpot! may refer to:","title":"Jackpot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackpot (character)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(character)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (British comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(British_comics)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_Comics"}],"text":"Jackpot (character), a series of three Marvel Comics superheroes\nJackpot (British comics), a 1979–1982 British comic book\nJackpot Comics, a 1941 American comic book from MLJ Publications","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jackpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackpot"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (1960 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (unfinished film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(unfinished_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (1992 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (1993 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2001 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2006 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2009 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2011 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackpot_(2011_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norwegian film of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_films_of_the_2010s"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2013 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2015 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2018 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2019 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (2020 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2020)"},{"link_name":"Emily Atef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Atef"}],"text":"The Jackpot, a 1950 comedy\nJackpot (1960 film), a British crime film\nJackpot (unfinished film), an unfinished film, filmed in 1974 and 1975, directed by Terence Young, starring Richard Burton\nJackpot (1992 film), an Italian sci-fi-adventure film directed by Mario Orfini\nJackpot (1993 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Jomon\nJackpot (2001 film), an American comedy-drama directed by Michael Polish\nJackpot (2006 film), an Indian Kannada-language romantic-drama film directed by Niranjan\nJackpot (2009 film), an Indian Bengali-language film directed by Kaushik Ganguly\nJackpot (2011 film), a Norwegian film of the 2010s\nJackpot (2013 film), an Indian Hindi-language comedy thriller directed by Kaizad Gustad\nJackpot (2015 film), a Vietnamese film\nJackpot (2018 film), a Pakistani romantic comedy film\nJackpot (2019 film), an Indian Tamil comedy film directed by Kalyaan\nJackpot (2020 film), a German thriller film directed by Emily Atef","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Pronzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pronzini_bibliography"},{"link_name":"Alan Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hunter_(author)"},{"link_name":"The Peripheral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peripheral"}],"text":"Jackpot, a 1990 novel by Bill Pronzini\nJackpot!, a 1995 novel by Alan Hunter\nThe Jackpot, an apocalyptic event in William Gibson's 2014 novel The Peripheral","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackpot (musical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot (Chingy album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(Chingy_album)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot! 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(Dave Brubeck album) or the title track, 1968\nJackpot (Donna Ares album) or the title song, 2004\nJackpot (Pietro Lombardi album), 2011\nJackpot! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feresa | Pygmy killer whale | ["1 Description","1.1 Distinguishing features","1.2 Early records","2 Echolocation and hearing","3 Population and distribution","4 Conservation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Species of mammal
Pygmy killer whale
Pod of pygmy killer whales off of Guam
Size compared to an average human
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Artiodactyla
Infraorder:
Cetacea
Family:
Delphinidae
Genus:
FeresaJ. E. Gray, 1870
Species:
F. attenuata
Binomial name
Feresa attenuata(J. E. Gray, 1874)
Range of the pygmy killer whale
The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) is a poorly known and rarely seen oceanic dolphin. It is the only species in the genus Feresa. It derives its common name from sharing some physical characteristics with the orca, also known as the killer whale. It is the smallest cetacean species that has the word "whale" in its common name. Although the species has been known to be extremely aggressive in captivity, this aggressive behavior has not been observed in the wild.
The species had been described by John Gray in 1874, based on two skulls identified in 1827 and 1874. The next recorded sighting was in 1952 which led to its formal naming by Japanese cetologist Munesato Yamada in 1954.
Description
Skeleton of a pygmy killer whale
Distinguishing features
The pygmy killer whale is dark gray to black on the cape and has a sharp change to lighter gray on the sides. The flesh around their lips and on the end of their snout is white while pinkish white skin surrounds the genitals. The average length is just over two meters (6.5 ft.). Upon reaching 2 meters in length, males are considered sexually mature. They have approximately 48 teeth, with 22 teeth on the top jaw and 26 on the lower jaw.
They travel approximately 3 km/hour (2 miles/hour) and are predominately found in deeper waters ranging from 500 m to 2000 m (1600–6500 ft.) in depth.
Pygmy killer whales are most commonly confused with melon-headed whales and false killer whales. For instance, a published paper describing an encounter with a school of pygmy killer whales was later determined to be either a mixture of pygmy and false killer whales or solely false killer whales.
The three species can be differentiated by physical differences between them. One defining difference is, although both species have white around the mouth, on pygmy killer whales the white extends back onto the face. Pygmy killer whales also have rounded-tipped dorsal fins, as opposed to pointed tips. When compared to false killer whales, pygmy killer whales have a larger dorsal fin. Finally, pygmy killer whales have a more clearly defined line where the dark dorsal color changes to the lighter lateral color than either of the other two species.
Behavioral differences can also be used to differentiate pygmy killer whales from false killer whales. Pygmy killer whales usually move slowly when at the surface whereas false killer whales are highly energetic. Pygmy killer whales rarely bow ride but it is common in false killer whales.
The small size of this species also causes confusion with other dolphins especially where the frontal head shape of the animals encountered remains unseen. Unlike the melon-headed whale, pygmy killer whales do not normally lift the full face above the water as they surface to breathe so it is not easy to confirm the lack of a bottle. Furthermore, in calmer waters the small bow wave pushed in front of the face looks like a bottle from a distance.
Early records
Prior to the 1950s, the only record of pygmy killer whales was from two skulls identified in 1827 and 1874. In 1952, a specimen was caught and killed in Taiji, Japan which is known for its annual dolphin hunts. Six years later, in 1958, an individual was killed off the coast of Senegal. In 1963, there were two recorded events involving pygmy killer whales. The first was in Japan, where 14 individuals were caught and brought into captivity; all 14 animals were dead within 22 days. The second was off the coast of Hawaii where an individual animal was caught and successfully brought into captivity. In 1967, a single pygmy killer whale off of Costa Rica died after becoming entangled in a purse seine net. Finally, in 1969, a pygmy killer whale was killed off the coast of St. Vincent and a group of individuals was recorded in the Indian Ocean.
Echolocation and hearing
Necropsy of two pygmy killer whales by NOAA scientists.
Like other oceanic dolphins, pygmy killer whales use echolocation. The centroid of echolocation frequencies is between 70–85 kHz and can range from 32 to 100 kHz. This is similar to the range of other odontocetes such as the bottlenose dolphin but is slightly higher than false killer whales. While echolocating, they produce 8-20 clicks per second with a 197-223 decibel sound level at the production source. The linear directionality of sound production in pygmy killer whales is better than in porpoises but lower than is found in bottlenose dolphins; higher directionality results in sounds that are easier to discern from background noise. Based on similarities to the acoustic parameters of other odontocetes, it is presumed that they use a similar mechanism for producing echolocation clicks.
The anatomy for auditory reception is similar to other odontocetes, with a hollow mandible and a mandibular fat body composed of a low density outer layer and a denser inner core. The inner core comes into direct contact with the tympanoperiotic complex (functionally similar to the auditory bulla in other species - see Cetacea). Hearing tests performed on two live individuals brought in for rehabilitation exhibited frequency response range and temporal resolution similar to that found in other echolocating dolphins. During those tests, one individual exhibited low frequency hearing loss that might have been related to treatment with the antibiotic amikacin although the researchers believed the more likely cause was slight differences in testing setup.
Population and distribution
Pygmy killer whales have been observed in groups ranging from 4 to 30 or more individual animals. The only population estimate is of 38,900 individuals in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean; however, this estimate had a large coefficient of variation meaning the true population size could be much lower or much higher.
The species has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. They are sighted regularly off Hawaii and Japan. Appearances in bycatch suggest a year-round presence in the Indian Ocean near Sri Lanka and the Lesser Antilles. The species has also been found in the south-west Indian Ocean in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands off Europa Island, Mozambique and South Africa but not yet recorded off East Africa. In the Atlantic, individuals have been observed as far north as South Carolina on the west and Senegal on the east. On May 2023, a sailor named Bryant Irawan, spotted a pod much further north off the coast of Portugal, which was confirmed by scientists at happywhale.com. They have been observed along the coast of South America and as far north as the Gulf of Mexico where they have been known to breed during the spring season.
A resident population of pygmy killer whales lives in the waters around Hawaii. Most sightings have been around the main island, however there are occasional sightings around several of the other islands. The population has a tightly connected social structure with affiliations between individuals that can last up to 15 years. Despite the existence of this resident population, sightings of pygmy killer whales around Hawaii are still quite rare; they accounted for less than 1.5% of all cetaceans sighted in a study lasting from 1985 to 2007. This population has been observed associating with false killer whales, short-finned pilot whales, and bottlenose dolphins.
Conservation
Pygmy killer whales have been incidental bycatch in fishing operations. They represent as much as 4% of the cetacean bycatch in drift gill nets used by commercial fisheries in Sri Lanka.
Like other cetaceans, they are hosts to parasitic worms such as cestodes and nematodes. The cestode species, Trigonocotyle sexitesticulae, was first discovered in the corpse of a pygmy killer whale. A pygmy killer whale found stranded on the coast of New Caledonia died from parasitic encephalitis caused by nematodes. They are also victims of opportunistic cookie cutter sharks.
Pygmy killer whales are occasionally involved in mass strandings. As seen in other cetaceans, these strandings often involve a sick or injured individual; even when pushed back out to the sea by rescuers, the healthy individuals will often strand again and refuse to leave until the death of the individual in declining health.
The pygmy killer whale is classified as least concern by the IUCN. They are covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS). The species is further included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU).
See also
Cetaceans portalMammals portalMarine life portal
List of cetaceans
Marine biology
References
^ a b Braulik, G. (2018). "Feresa attenuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8551A50354433. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ a b c d McSweeney, Daniel J.; Baird, Robin W.; Mahaffy, Sabre D.; Webster, Daniel L.; Schorr, Gregory S. (July 1, 2009). "Site fidelity and association patterns of a rare species: Pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the main Hawaiian Islands". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 557–572. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00267.x. ISSN 1748-7692.
^ Masa Ushioda, “Pygmy Killer Whale”, ”Cool Water Photo”, March 11, 2015
^ a b c Castro, Cristina (2004). "Encounter with a school of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in Ecuador, southeast tropical Pacific". Aquatic Mammals. 30 (3): 441–444. doi:10.1578/AM.30.3.2004.441.
^ a b "Cascadia Research Collective pygmy killer whales in Hawai'i". www.cascadiaresearch.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
^ a b c Clua, Eric (2014). "Biological Data of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) from a Mass Stranding in New Caledonia (South Pacific) Associated with Hurricane Jim in 2006". Aquatic Mammals. 40 (2): 162–172. doi:10.1578/am.40.2.2014.162.
^ Baird, Robin W.; Schorr, Gregory S.; Webster, Daniel L.; McSweeney, Dan J.; Hanson, M. Bradley; Andrews, Russel D. (October 1, 2011). "Movements of two satellite-tagged pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) off the island of Hawai'i". Marine Mammal Science. 27 (4): E332–E337. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00458.x. ISSN 1748-7692. S2CID 14549941.
^ a b c Baird, Robin W. (2010). "Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata) or False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)? Identification of a Group of Small Cetaceans Seen off Ecuador in 2003". Aquatic Mammals. 36 (3): 326–327. doi:10.1578/am.36.3.2010.326.
^ Allport, Gary A.; Curtis, Christopher; Pampulim Simões, Tiago; Rodrigues, Maria J. (June 8, 2017). "The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; has it been previously overlooked?". Marine Biodiversity Records. 10: 17. doi:10.1186/s41200-017-0119-9. ISSN 1755-2672.
^ Madsen, P. T.; Kerr, I.; Payne, R. (2004). "Source parameter estimates of echolocation clicks from wild pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) (L)". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 116 (4): 1909–1912. doi:10.1121/1.1788726. PMID 15532623.
^ Montie, Eric W.; Manire, Charlie A.; Mann, David A. (March 15, 2011). "Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata". Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (6): 945–955. doi:10.1242/jeb.051599. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 21346122.
^ Wade, P. R.; Gerrodette, T. (1993). "Estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the eastern tropical Pacific". Forty-Third Report of the International Whaling Commission. 43: 477–493.
^ Author name,“Pygmy Killer Whale”, ”EOL, Encyclopedia of Life”, March 13th, 2015
^ Allport, Gary A.; Curtis, Christopher; Pampulim Simões, Tiago; Rodrigues, Maria J. (June 8, 2017). "The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; has it been previously overlooked?". Marine Biodiversity Records. 10: 17. doi:10.1186/s41200-017-0119-9. ISSN 1755-2672.
^ Findlay, K. P.; Best, P. B.; Ross, G. J. B.; Cockcroft, V. G. (June 1, 1992). "The distribution of small odontocete cetaceans off the coasts of South Africa and Namibia". South African Journal of Marine Science. 12 (1): 237–270. doi:10.2989/02577619209504706. ISSN 0257-7615.
^ Author name, “”, ”Grzimek Mammals IVAnimal Life Encyclopedia”, March 13th 2015
^ "Check out Bryant Irawan's sighting on Happywhale!". happywhale.com. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Alling, Abigail (1998). "A Preliminary Report of the Incidental Trapping of Odontocetes by Sri Lanka's Coastal Driftnet Fishery". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 85 (3).
^ Hoberg, Eric (July 11, 1989). "Trigonocotyle sexitesticulae sp.nov. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae): a parasite of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68 (9): 1835–1838. doi:10.1139/z90-263.
^ "Species". ASCOBANS. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
External links
Official website of the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas
Official website of the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area
Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia
Official webpage of the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region
vteExtant Cetacea species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Superorder Laurasiatheria
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Whippomorpha
Parvorder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)BalaenidaeBalaena
Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus)
Eubalaena(Right whales)
Southern right whale (E. australis)
North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis)
North Pacific right whale (E. japonica)
Balaenopteridae(Rorquals)Balaenoptera
Common minke whale (B. acutorostrata)
Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis)
Sei whale (B. borealis)
Bryde's whale (B. brydei)
Pygmy Bryde's whale (B. edeni)
Blue whale (B. musculus)
Omura's whale (B. omurai)
Fin whale (B. physalus)
Rice's whale (B. ricei)
Eschrichtius
Gray whale (E. robustus)
Megaptera
Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae)
CetotheriidaeCaperea
Pygmy right whale (C. marginata)
Parvorder Odontoceti (Toothed whales)Delphinidae(Oceanic dolphins)Cephalorhynchus
Commerson's dolphin (C. commersonii)
Chilean dolphin (C. eutropia)
Heaviside's dolphin (C. heavisidii)
Hector's dolphin (C. hectori)
Delphinus
Common dolphin (D. delphis)
Feresa
Pygmy killer whale (F. attenuata)
Globicephala(Pilot whales)
Short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus)
Long-finned pilot whale (G. melas)
Grampus
Risso's dolphin (G. griseus)
Lagenodelphis
Fraser's dolphin (L. hosei)
Lagenorhynchus
White-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (L. acutus)
Peale's dolphin (L. australis)
Hourglass dolphin (L. cruciger)
Pacific white-sided dolphin (L. obliquidens)
Dusky dolphin (L. obscurus)
Lissodelphis(Right whale dolphins)
Northern right whale dolphin (L. borealis)
Southern right whale dolphin (L. peronii)
Orcaella
Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris)
Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni)
Orcinus
Orca or killer whale (O. orca)
Peponocephala
Melon-headed whale (P. electra)
Pseudorca
False killer whale (P. crassidens)
Sotalia
Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis)
Guiana dolphin (S. guianensis)
Sousa(Humpback dolphins)
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (S. chinensis)
Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (S. plumbea)
Australian humpback dolphin (S. sahulensis)
Atlantic humpback dolphin (S. teuszii)
Stenella
Pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata)
Clymene dolphin (S. clymene)
Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba)
Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis)
Spinner dolphin (S. longirostris)
Steno
Rough-toothed dolphin (S. bredanensis)
Tursiops(Bottlenose dolphins)
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus)
Burrunan dolphin (T. australis)
Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin (T. erebennus)
Common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus)
MonodontidaeDelphinapterus
Beluga whale (D. leucas)
Monodon
Narwhal (M. monoceros)
Phocoenidae(Porpoises)Neophocoena(Finless porpoises)
Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (N. phocaenoides)
Yangtze finless porpoise (N. asiaeorientalis)
Phocoena
Spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica)
Harbour porpoise (P. phocoena)
Vaquita (P. sinus)
Burmeister's porpoise (P. spinipinnis)
Phocoenoides
Dall's porpoise (P. dalli)
PhyseteridaePhyseter
Sperm whale (P. macrocephalus)
KogiidaeKogia
Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps)
Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus)
IniidaeInia
Araguaian river dolphin (I. araguaiaensis)
Bolivian river dolphin (I. boliviensis)
Amazon river dolphin (I. geoffrensis)
LipotidaeLipotes
Baiji (L. vexillifer)
PlatanistidaePlatanista
Ganges river dolphin (P. gangetica)
Indus river dolphin (P. minor)
PontoporiidaePontoporia
La Plata dolphin (P. blainvillei)
Ziphiidae(Beaked whales)Berardius
Arnoux's beaked whale (B. arnuxii)
Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii)
Sato's beaked whale (B. minimus)
Hyperoodon(Bottlenose whales)
Northern bottlenose whale (H. ampullatus)
Southern bottlenose whale (H. planifrons)
Indopacetus
Tropical bottlenose whale (I. pacificus)
Mesoplodon(Mesoplodont whales)
Sowerby's beaked whale (M. bidens)
Andrews' beaked whale (M. bowdoini)
Hubbs' beaked whale (M. carlhubbsi)
Blainville's beaked whale (M. densirostris)
Ramari's beaked whale (M. eueu)
Gervais's beaked whale (M. europaeus)
Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (M. ginkgodens)
Gray's beaked whale (M. grayi)
Hector's beaked whale (M. hectori)
Deraniyagala's beaked whale (M. hotaula)
Strap-toothed whale (M. layardii)
True's beaked whale (M. mirus)
Perrin's beaked whale (M. perrini)
Pygmy beaked whale (M. peruvianus)
Stejneger's beaked whale (M. stejnegeri)
Spade-toothed whale (M. traversii)
Tasmacetus
Shepherd's beaked whale (T. shepherdi)
Ziphius
Cuvier's beaked whale (Z. cavirostris)
vteOdontocete genera
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
OdontocetiOdontoceti
†Agorophius
†Ankylorhiza
†Archaeodelphis
†Argyrocetus
†Ashleycetus
†Caolodelphis
†Chilcacetus
†Enigmatocetus
†Eoplatanista
†Inticetus
†Macrodelphinus
†Microcetus
†Mirocetus
†Neosqualodon
†Olympicetus
†Papahu
†Patriocetus
†Phoberodon
†Phococetus
†Prosqualodon
†Sachalinocetus
†Simocetus
†Sulakocetus
†Tangaroasaurus
†Xenorophidae
Albertocetus
Cotylocara
Echovenator
Inermorostrum
Xenorophus
†Waipatiidae
Awamokoa
Ediscetus
Nihohae
Nihoroa
Otekaikea
Urkudelphis
Waipatia
†Squalodontidae
Eosqualodon
Squalodon
†Squaloziphiidae
Crisocetus?
Squaloziphius
Yaquinacetus
†Eurhinodelphinidae
Ceterhinops
Eurhinodelphis
Iniopsis
Mycteriacetus
Phocaenopsis
Schizodelphis
Vanbreenia
Xiphiacetus
Ziphiodelphis
Crown-Odontoceti
see below↓
Crown-OdontocetiPhyseteroidea
†Acrophyseter
†Albicetus
†Brygmophyseter
†Eudelphis
†Hoplocetus
†Livyatan
†Miophyseter
†Rhaphicetus
†Scaldicetus
†Zygophyseter
Kogiidae
†Aprixokogia
Kogia
†Koristocetus
†Nanokogia
†Platyscaphokogia
†Pliokogia
†Praekogia
†Scaphokogia
†Thalassocetus?
Physeteridae
†Aulophyseter
†Cozzuoliphyseter
†Diaphorocetus
†Idiophyseter
†Idiorophus
†Orycterocetus
Physeter
†Physeterula
†Placoziphius
†Thalassocetus?
Platanistoidea
†Aondelphis
†Dolgopolis
†Ensidelphis
†Perditicetus
†Eurhinodelphinidae?
†Squalodontidae?
†Waipatiidae?
†Allodelphinidae?
Allodelphis
Arktocara
Goedertius
Ninjadelphis
Zarhinocetus
†Squalodelphinidae?
Furcacetus
Huaridelphis
Macrosqualodelphis
Medocinia
Notocetus
Phocageneus
Squalodelphis
Platanistidae
†Araeodelphis
†Dilophodelphis
†Grimadelphis
†Pachyacanthus?
†Pebanista
Platanista
†Pomatodelphis
†Prepomatodelphis
†Zarhachis?
Ziphiidae
†Aporotus
†Beneziphius
†Caviziphius
†Chavinziphius
†Chimuziphius
†Choneziphius
†Dagonodum
†Globicetus
†Imocetus
†Messapicetus
†Nazcacetus
†Nenga
†Ninoziphius
†Notoziphius
†Pterocetus
Tasmacetus
†Tusciziphius
†Xhosacetus
†Ziphirostrum
Berardiinae
†Archaeoziphius
Berardius
†Microberardius
Ziphiinae
†Izikoziphius
Ziphius
Hyperoodontinae
†Africanacetus
Hyperoodon
†Ihlengesi
Indopacetus
Mesoplodon
Delphinida
see below↓
DelphinidaDelphinida
†Albireo
†Atocetus
†Brevirostrodelphis
†Cammackacetus
†Delphinodon
†Hadrodelphis
†Herbeinodelphis
†Liolithax
†Lophocetus
†Macrokentriodon
†Miminiacetus
†Odobenocetops
†Pictodelphis
†Pithanodelphis
†Tagicetus
†Westmorelandelphis
†Kentriodontidae
Belonodelphis?
Kampholophos
Kentriodon
Platysvercus
Sophianacetus
Rudicetus
Wimahl
Lipotidae
Lipotes
†Parapontoporia
†Prolipotes
Inioidea
†Awadelphis
Iniidae
†Brujadelphis
†Goniodelphis
Inia
†Ischyrorhynchus
†Isoninia?
†Isthminia
†Kwanzacetus
†Meherrinia
†Plicodontinia
†Saurocetes
Pontoporiidae
†Atocetus?
†Auroracetus
†Brachydelphis
†Piscorhynchus
†Pliopontos
†Pontistes
†Protophocaena
†Samaydelphis
†Scaldiporia
†Stenasodelphis
Pontoporia
DelphinoideaMonodontidae
†Bohaskaia
†Casatia
Delphinapterus
†Denebola
†Haborodelphis
Monodon
Phocoenidae
†Archaeophocaena
†Australithax
†Haborophocoena
†Lomacetus
†Miophocaena
Neophocaena
†Numataphocoena
Phocoena
Phocoenoides
†Piscolithax
†Pterophocaena?
†Semirostrum
†Septemtriocetus
Delphinidae
†Arimidelphis
†Australodelphis
†Eodelphinus
†Etruridelphis
†Hemisyntrachelus
Lagenorhynchus
†Norisdelphis
Orcinus
†Platalearostrum
†Pliodelphis
†Pterophocaena?
Lissodelphininae
Cephalorhynchus
Lissodelphis
Delphininae
Delphinus
Lagenodelphis
Sotalia
Sousa
Stenella
Tursiops
Globicephalinae
Feresa
Globicephala
Grampus
Orcaella
Peponocephala
Pseudorca
Steno
Taxon identifiersFeresa attenuata
Wikidata: Q244172
Wikispecies: Feresa attenuata
ADW: Feresa
AFD: Feresa_attenuata
ARKive: feresa-attenuata
BioLib: 20825
BOLD: 454465
CoL: 3DYJD
CMS: feresa-attenuata
EoL: 46559253
EUNIS: 15699
GBIF: 2440530
iNaturalist: 41534
IRMNG: 10193878
ITIS: 180461
IUCN: 8551
MDD: 1006412
MSW: 14300049
NatureServe: 2.105880
NBN: NHMSYS0020774286
NCBI: 103592
NOAA: pygmy-killer-whale
Observation.org: 80598
OBIS: 137095
Open Tree of Life: 336240
Paleobiology Database: 63583
SeaLifeBase: 69397
Species+: 3327
WoRMS: 137095
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"only species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"orca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"John Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Gray"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"}],"text":"The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) is a poorly known and rarely seen oceanic dolphin.[3] It is the only species in the genus Feresa. It derives its common name from sharing some physical characteristics with the orca, also known as the killer whale. It is the smallest cetacean species that has the word \"whale\" in its common name.[4] Although the species has been known to be extremely aggressive in captivity, this aggressive behavior has not been observed in the wild.[5]The species had been described by John Gray in 1874, based on two skulls identified in 1827 and 1874. The next recorded sighting was in 1952 which led to its formal naming by Japanese cetologist Munesato Yamada in 1954.[6]","title":"Pygmy killer whale"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feresa_attenuata_by_OpenCage.jpg"}],"text":"Skeleton of a pygmy killer whale","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"melon-headed whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon-headed_whale"},{"link_name":"false killer whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_killer_whale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Distinguishing features","text":"The pygmy killer whale is dark gray to black on the cape and has a sharp change to lighter gray on the sides. The flesh around their lips and on the end of their snout is white while pinkish white skin surrounds the genitals. The average length is just over two meters (6.5 ft.). Upon reaching 2 meters in length, males are considered sexually mature. They have approximately 48 teeth, with 22 teeth on the top jaw and 26 on the lower jaw.[7]They travel approximately 3 km/hour (2 miles/hour)[8] and are predominately found in deeper waters ranging from 500 m to 2000 m (1600–6500 ft.) in depth.[3]Pygmy killer whales are most commonly confused with melon-headed whales and false killer whales. For instance, a published paper describing an encounter with a school of pygmy killer whales[5] was later determined to be either a mixture of pygmy and false killer whales or solely false killer whales.[9]The three species can be differentiated by physical differences between them. One defining difference is, although both species have white around the mouth, on pygmy killer whales the white extends back onto the face. Pygmy killer whales also have rounded-tipped dorsal fins, as opposed to pointed tips. When compared to false killer whales, pygmy killer whales have a larger dorsal fin. Finally, pygmy killer whales have a more clearly defined line where the dark dorsal color changes to the lighter lateral color than either of the other two species.[9]Behavioral differences can also be used to differentiate pygmy killer whales from false killer whales. Pygmy killer whales usually move slowly when at the surface whereas false killer whales are highly energetic. Pygmy killer whales rarely bow ride but it is common in false killer whales.[9]The small size of this species also causes confusion with other dolphins especially where the frontal head shape of the animals encountered remains unseen. Unlike the melon-headed whale, pygmy killer whales do not normally lift the full face above the water as they surface to breathe so it is not easy to confirm the lack of a bottle. Furthermore, in calmer waters the small bow wave pushed in front of the face looks like a bottle from a distance.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama"},{"link_name":"annual dolphin hunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiji_dolphin_drive_hunt"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"}],"sub_title":"Early records","text":"Prior to the 1950s, the only record of pygmy killer whales was from two skulls identified in 1827 and 1874. In 1952, a specimen was caught and killed in Taiji, Japan which is known for its annual dolphin hunts. Six years later, in 1958, an individual was killed off the coast of Senegal. In 1963, there were two recorded events involving pygmy killer whales. The first was in Japan, where 14 individuals were caught and brought into captivity; all 14 animals were dead within 22 days. The second was off the coast of Hawaii where an individual animal was caught and successfully brought into captivity. In 1967, a single pygmy killer whale off of Costa Rica died after becoming entangled in a purse seine net. Finally, in 1969, a pygmy killer whale was killed off the coast of St. Vincent and a group of individuals was recorded in the Indian Ocean.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pygmy_killer_whale_necropsy.jpg"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"echolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation"},{"link_name":"centroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_centroid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"auditory bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone"},{"link_name":"Cetacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea#Ears"},{"link_name":"amikacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikacin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Necropsy of two pygmy killer whales by NOAA scientists.Like other oceanic dolphins, pygmy killer whales use echolocation. The centroid of echolocation frequencies is between 70–85 kHz and can range from 32 to 100 kHz. This is similar to the range of other odontocetes such as the bottlenose dolphin but is slightly higher than false killer whales. While echolocating, they produce 8-20 clicks per second with a 197-223 decibel sound level at the production source. The linear directionality of sound production in pygmy killer whales is better than in porpoises but lower than is found in bottlenose dolphins; higher directionality results in sounds that are easier to discern from background noise. Based on similarities to the acoustic parameters of other odontocetes, it is presumed that they use a similar mechanism for producing echolocation clicks.[11]The anatomy for auditory reception is similar to other odontocetes, with a hollow mandible and a mandibular fat body composed of a low density outer layer and a denser inner core. The inner core comes into direct contact with the tympanoperiotic complex (functionally similar to the auditory bulla in other species - see Cetacea). Hearing tests performed on two live individuals brought in for rehabilitation exhibited frequency response range and temporal resolution similar to that found in other echolocating dolphins. During those tests, one individual exhibited low frequency hearing loss that might have been related to treatment with the antibiotic amikacin although the researchers believed the more likely cause was slight differences in testing setup.[12]","title":"Echolocation and hearing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"coefficient of variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bycatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"French Southern and Antarctic Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands"},{"link_name":"Europa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Island"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"happywhale.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//happywhale.com/home"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"}],"text":"Pygmy killer whales have been observed in groups ranging from 4 to 30 or more individual animals.[3] The only population estimate is of 38,900 individuals in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean; however, this estimate had a large coefficient of variation meaning the true population size could be much lower or much higher.[13]The species has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. They are sighted regularly off Hawaii and Japan.[14] Appearances in bycatch suggest a year-round presence in the Indian Ocean near Sri Lanka and the Lesser Antilles. The species has also been found in the south-west Indian Ocean in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands off Europa Island, Mozambique[15] and South Africa[16] but not yet recorded off East Africa. In the Atlantic, individuals have been observed as far north as South Carolina on the west and Senegal on the east.[17] On May 2023, a sailor named Bryant Irawan, spotted a pod much further north off the coast of Portugal, which was confirmed by scientists at happywhale.com.[18] They have been observed along the coast of South America and as far north as the Gulf of Mexico where they have been known to breed during the spring season.[5]A resident population of pygmy killer whales lives in the waters around Hawaii. Most sightings have been around the main island, however there are occasional sightings around several of the other islands. The population has a tightly connected social structure with affiliations between individuals that can last up to 15 years. Despite the existence of this resident population, sightings of pygmy killer whales around Hawaii are still quite rare; they accounted for less than 1.5% of all cetaceans sighted in a study lasting from 1985 to 2007. This population has been observed associating with false killer whales, short-finned pilot whales, and bottlenose dolphins.[3]","title":"Population and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bycatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch"},{"link_name":"drift gill nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnetting"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"cestodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestoda"},{"link_name":"nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis"},{"link_name":"cookie cutter sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookiecutter_shark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"mass strandings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean_stranding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"ASCOBANS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCOBANS"},{"link_name":"ACCOBAMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCOBAMS"},{"link_name":"Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cms.int/species/waam/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Pacific Cetaceans MoU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Cetaceans_Memorandum_of_Understanding"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Pygmy killer whales have been incidental bycatch in fishing operations. They represent as much as 4% of the cetacean bycatch in drift gill nets used by commercial fisheries in Sri Lanka.[19]Like other cetaceans, they are hosts to parasitic worms such as cestodes and nematodes. The cestode species, Trigonocotyle sexitesticulae, was first discovered in the corpse of a pygmy killer whale.[20] A pygmy killer whale found stranded on the coast of New Caledonia died from parasitic encephalitis caused by nematodes. They are also victims of opportunistic cookie cutter sharks.[7]Pygmy killer whales are occasionally involved in mass strandings. As seen in other cetaceans, these strandings often involve a sick or injured individual; even when pushed back out to the sea by rescuers, the healthy individuals will often strand again and refuse to leave until the death of the individual in declining health.[7]The pygmy killer whale is classified as least concern by the IUCN.[1] They are covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS). The species is further included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU).[21]","title":"Conservation"}] | [{"image_text":"Skeleton of a pygmy killer whale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Feresa_attenuata_by_OpenCage.jpg/220px-Feresa_attenuata_by_OpenCage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Necropsy of two pygmy killer whales by NOAA scientists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pygmy_killer_whale_necropsy.jpg/220px-Pygmy_killer_whale_necropsy.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cetaceans portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cetaceans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg"},{"title":"Mammals portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mammals"},{"title":"Marine life portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Marine_life"},{"title":"List of cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cetaceans"},{"title":"Marine biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"}] | [{"reference":"Braulik, G. (2018). \"Feresa attenuata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T8551A50354433. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8551/50354433","url_text":"\"Feresa attenuata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved January 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"McSweeney, Daniel J.; Baird, Robin W.; Mahaffy, Sabre D.; Webster, Daniel L.; Schorr, Gregory S. (July 1, 2009). \"Site fidelity and association patterns of a rare species: Pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the main Hawaiian Islands\". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 557–572. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00267.x. ISSN 1748-7692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2008.00267.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00267.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-7692","url_text":"1748-7692"}]},{"reference":"Castro, Cristina (2004). \"Encounter with a school of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in Ecuador, southeast tropical Pacific\". Aquatic Mammals. 30 (3): 441–444. doi:10.1578/AM.30.3.2004.441.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1578%2FAM.30.3.2004.441","url_text":"10.1578/AM.30.3.2004.441"}]},{"reference":"\"Cascadia Research Collective pygmy killer whales in Hawai'i\". www.cascadiaresearch.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006061729/http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/Hawaii/pygmykillerwhale.htm","url_text":"\"Cascadia Research Collective pygmy killer whales in Hawai'i\""},{"url":"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/Hawaii/pygmykillerwhale.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clua, Eric (2014). \"Biological Data of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) from a Mass Stranding in New Caledonia (South Pacific) Associated with Hurricane Jim in 2006\". Aquatic Mammals. 40 (2): 162–172. doi:10.1578/am.40.2.2014.162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1578%2Fam.40.2.2014.162","url_text":"10.1578/am.40.2.2014.162"}]},{"reference":"Baird, Robin W.; Schorr, Gregory S.; Webster, Daniel L.; McSweeney, Dan J.; Hanson, M. Bradley; Andrews, Russel D. (October 1, 2011). \"Movements of two satellite-tagged pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) off the island of Hawai'i\". Marine Mammal Science. 27 (4): E332–E337. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00458.x. ISSN 1748-7692. S2CID 14549941.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=usdeptcommercepub","url_text":"\"Movements of two satellite-tagged pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) off the island of Hawai'i\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2010.00458.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00458.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-7692","url_text":"1748-7692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14549941","url_text":"14549941"}]},{"reference":"Baird, Robin W. (2010). \"Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata) or False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)? Identification of a Group of Small Cetaceans Seen off Ecuador in 2003\". Aquatic Mammals. 36 (3): 326–327. doi:10.1578/am.36.3.2010.326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1578%2Fam.36.3.2010.326","url_text":"10.1578/am.36.3.2010.326"}]},{"reference":"Allport, Gary A.; Curtis, Christopher; Pampulim Simões, Tiago; Rodrigues, Maria J. (June 8, 2017). \"The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; has it been previously overlooked?\". Marine Biodiversity Records. 10: 17. doi:10.1186/s41200-017-0119-9. ISSN 1755-2672.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41200-017-0119-9","url_text":"\"The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; has it been previously overlooked?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41200-017-0119-9","url_text":"10.1186/s41200-017-0119-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1755-2672","url_text":"1755-2672"}]},{"reference":"Madsen, P. T.; Kerr, I.; Payne, R. (2004). \"Source parameter estimates of echolocation clicks from wild pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) (L)\". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 116 (4): 1909–1912. doi:10.1121/1.1788726. PMID 15532623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1788726","url_text":"10.1121/1.1788726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15532623","url_text":"15532623"}]},{"reference":"Montie, Eric W.; Manire, Charlie A.; Mann, David A. (March 15, 2011). \"Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (6): 945–955. doi:10.1242/jeb.051599. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 21346122.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.051599","url_text":"\"Live CT imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.051599","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.051599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0949","url_text":"0022-0949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21346122","url_text":"21346122"}]},{"reference":"Wade, P. R.; Gerrodette, T. (1993). \"Estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the eastern tropical Pacific\". Forty-Third Report of the International Whaling Commission. 43: 477–493.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Allport, Gary A.; Curtis, Christopher; Pampulim Simões, Tiago; Rodrigues, Maria J. (June 8, 2017). \"The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; has it been previously overlooked?\". Marine Biodiversity Records. 10: 17. doi:10.1186/s41200-017-0119-9. ISSN 1755-2672.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41200-017-0119-9","url_text":"\"The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; has it been previously overlooked?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41200-017-0119-9","url_text":"10.1186/s41200-017-0119-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1755-2672","url_text":"1755-2672"}]},{"reference":"Findlay, K. P.; Best, P. B.; Ross, G. J. B.; Cockcroft, V. G. (June 1, 1992). \"The distribution of small odontocete cetaceans off the coasts of South Africa and Namibia\". South African Journal of Marine Science. 12 (1): 237–270. doi:10.2989/02577619209504706. ISSN 0257-7615.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F02577619209504706","url_text":"\"The distribution of small odontocete cetaceans off the coasts of South Africa and Namibia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F02577619209504706","url_text":"10.2989/02577619209504706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0257-7615","url_text":"0257-7615"}]},{"reference":"\"Check out Bryant Irawan's sighting on Happywhale!\". happywhale.com. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://happywhale.com/user/19463;enc=372967","url_text":"\"Check out Bryant Irawan's sighting on Happywhale!\""}]},{"reference":"Alling, Abigail (1998). \"A Preliminary Report of the Incidental Trapping of Odontocetes by Sri Lanka's Coastal Driftnet Fishery\". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 85 (3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hoberg, Eric (July 11, 1989). \"Trigonocotyle sexitesticulae sp.nov. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae): a parasite of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata)\". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68 (9): 1835–1838. doi:10.1139/z90-263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz90-263","url_text":"10.1139/z90-263"}]},{"reference":"\"Species\". ASCOBANS. Retrieved March 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ascobans.org/en/species","url_text":"\"Species\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://happywhale.com/home","external_links_name":"happywhale.com"},{"Link":"http://www.cms.int/species/waam/index.htm","external_links_name":"Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8551/50354433","external_links_name":"\"Feresa attenuata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8551A50354433.en"},{"Link":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","external_links_name":"\"Appendices | CITES\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2008.00267.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00267.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-7692","external_links_name":"1748-7692"},{"Link":"http://coolwaterphoto.photoshelter.com/gallery/Pygmy-Killer-Whale/G0000DiNxKjwh0og/C00009wjSx5xhBUs","external_links_name":"“Pygmy Killer Whale”"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1578%2FAM.30.3.2004.441","external_links_name":"10.1578/AM.30.3.2004.441"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006061729/http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/Hawaii/pygmykillerwhale.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cascadia Research Collective pygmy killer whales in Hawai'i\""},{"Link":"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/Hawaii/pygmykillerwhale.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1578%2Fam.40.2.2014.162","external_links_name":"10.1578/am.40.2.2014.162"},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1228&context=usdeptcommercepub","external_links_name":"\"Movements of two satellite-tagged pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) off the island of Hawai'i\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2010.00458.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00458.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-7692","external_links_name":"1748-7692"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14549941","external_links_name":"14549941"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1578%2Fam.36.3.2010.326","external_links_name":"10.1578/am.36.3.2010.326"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41200-017-0119-9","external_links_name":"\"The first authenticated record of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata Gray 1874) in Mozambique; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_O_class | NZR O class | ["1 External links","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography"] | Class of steam locomotives in New Zealand
NZR O classO Class 2-8-0 steam locomotive NZR number 99Type and originPower typeSteamBuilderBaldwin Locomotive WorksSerial number7565–7569, 7572(not in engine number order)Build date1885SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte2-8-0Gauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)Driver dia.36.25 in (0.921 m)Length46 ft 3 in (14.10 m)Adhesive weight25.2 long tons (25.6 tonnes; 28.2 short tons)Total weight45.5 long tons (46.2 t; 51.0 short tons)Firebox: • Grate area15.2 sq ft (1.41 m2)Boiler pressure130 lbf/in2 (896 kPa)Heating surface908 sq ft (84.4 m2)CylindersTwo, outsideCylinder size15 in × 18 in (381 mm × 457 mm)Performance figuresTractive effort10,055 lbf (44.73 kN)CareerOperatorsNew Zealand Government RailwaysNumber in class6Numbers31, 54, 59, 98-100RetiredMay 1922
The NZR O class consisted of six steam locomotives that operated on New Zealand's national rail network. Ordered from the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Pennsylvania in 1885, three arrived in time to begin work in December 1885, while two more were placed in service in January 1886 and the sixth in February 1886. After almost four decades of service, all six were withdrawn in May 1922. None survived to be preserved, although two engine frames and 5 tenders from O class locomotives are known to exist near Summit on the former Rimutaka Incline.
The Baldwin and Rogers locomotives reflected the styling adopted in the 1870s by American builders with elements from the Renaissance Revival and Neo Baroque architectural styles, and with Islamic e.g. Moorish (from Alhambra) influences. Bold colours and painted decorations were used. Many Baldwin locomotives were in Olive Green ground colour, although the Baldwin N and O classes of the 1880s had Tuscan Red ground colour.
External links
Baldwin Steam Trust statistics on the O class
Plan of an O class locomotive by Derek Brown
References
Citations
^ Palmer & Stewart 1965, p. 56.
^ New Zealand's Early American Locomotives: The Design, Art and Architecture of the K, T and O Class Locomotives Part 2 by David Fletcher: "New Zealand Railfan", March 2015 pages 33-49: Volume 21 No 2
Bibliography
Millar, Sean (2011). The NZR Steam Locomotive. Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISBN 978-0-908573-89-9.
Palmer, A. N.; Stewart, W. W. (1965). Cavalcade of New Zealand Locomotives. Wellington: A H. & A W. Reed. ISBN 978-0-207-94500-7.
Stewart, W. W. (1974). When Steam was King. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed Ltd. ISBN 978-0-589-00382-1.
vteRail vehicles of New Zealand Diesel locomotivesMainline
DA (inc. DAA, DAR)
DB (inc. DBR)
DC (inc. DCP)
DF (English Electric)
DF (General Motors) inc. DFT, DFB, DFM
DG (inc. DH of 1956)
DI
DJ
DL
DM (on order)
DQ and QR
DX (inc. DXB, DXC, DXR)
Shunt
DE
DH of 1978
DS
DSA
DSB
DSC
DSG
DSJ
TR
Electric locomotives1500 V DC
EA (later EO of 1968)
EC
ED
EO of 1923
EW
25 kV AC
EF
Battery
E
EB
Diesel multiple units
ADK/ADB class diesel multiple unit
ADL/ADC class diesel multiple unit
Electric multiple units1500 V DC (Wellington)
"English Electric" DM (inc. D trailers)
"Ganz Mavag" EM (inc. ET trailers)
"Matangi" FP (inc. FT trailers)
25 kV AC (Auckland)
AM (inc. AMP, AMT, AMA)
RailcarsRM class
88 seater (also known as Fiats or twinsets)
Clayton steam railcar
Edison battery-electric railcar
Red Terror railcar
Midland railcar
Leyland experimental petrol railcar
McEwan Pratt petrol railcar
Model T Ford railcar
Sentinel-Cammell steam railcar
Silver Fern railcar
Standard railcar
Thomas Transmission railcar
Vulcan railcar
Wairarapa railcar
Westinghouse railcar
Others
A 88 Buckhurst petrol carriage
Steam locomotives
A of 1873
A of 1906 (inc. AD)
AA
AB
B of 1874
B of 1899
BA
BB
BC
C of 1873
C of 1930
D of 1874
D of 1929
E of 1872 & 1875
E of 1906
F
FA (inc. FB)
G of 1874
G Garratt of 1928 (inc. Pacific rebuild)
H
J of 1874
J of 1939
JA
JB
K of 1877
K of 1932
KA
KB
L
LA
M
N
NA
NC
O
OA
OB
OC
P of 1876
P of 1885
Q of 1878
Q of 1901
R
S
T
U
UA
UB
UC
UD
V
W
WA
WAB
WB
WD
WE
WF
WG
WH
WJ
WS
WW
X
Y
Locomotive hauled carriages
50-foot carriage
56-foot carriage
AC class (Grassgrubs)
ex-British Rail Mark 2 carriage
AK carriage
FM class guards van
SX carriages
Track evaluation, cranes, and maintenance
ETM class track evaluation car
EL class rail cranes
ETM class rail maintenance equipment
Locomotives of New Zealand
Rail transport in New Zealand
Railway preservation in New Zealand.
This New Zealand rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive#Steam"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"national rail network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rimutaka Incline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimutaka_Incline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerStewart196556-1"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival"},{"link_name":"Neo Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Baroque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The NZR O class consisted of six steam locomotives that operated on New Zealand's national rail network. Ordered from the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Pennsylvania in 1885, three arrived in time to begin work in December 1885, while two more were placed in service in January 1886 and the sixth in February 1886. After almost four decades of service, all six were withdrawn in May 1922. None survived to be preserved, although two engine frames and 5 tenders from O class locomotives are known to exist near Summit on the former Rimutaka Incline.[1]The Baldwin and Rogers locomotives reflected the styling adopted in the 1870s by American builders with elements from the Renaissance Revival and Neo Baroque architectural styles, and with Islamic e.g. Moorish (from Alhambra) influences. Bold colours and painted decorations were used. Many Baldwin locomotives were in Olive Green ground colour, although the Baldwin N and O classes of the 1880s had Tuscan Red ground colour. [2]","title":"NZR O class"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Millar, Sean (2011). The NZR Steam Locomotive. Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISBN 978-0-908573-89-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908573-89-9","url_text":"978-0-908573-89-9"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, A. N.; Stewart, W. W. (1965). Cavalcade of New Zealand Locomotives. Wellington: A H. & A W. Reed. ISBN 978-0-207-94500-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Publishing","url_text":"A H. & A W. Reed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-207-94500-7","url_text":"978-0-207-94500-7"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, W. W. (1974). When Steam was King. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed Ltd. ISBN 978-0-589-00382-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Publishing","url_text":"A. H. & A. W. Reed Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-589-00382-1","url_text":"978-0-589-00382-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.baldwin-steam.org.nz/loco/classes.html","external_links_name":"Baldwin Steam Trust statistics on the O class"},{"Link":"http://nzrplans.orcon.net.nz/images/O.jpg","external_links_name":"Plan of an O class locomotive by Derek Brown"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NZR_O_class&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpengeist | Alpengeist | ["1 History","2 Characteristics","3 Ride experience","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°13′58″N 76°38′51″W / 37.2328°N 76.6476°W / 37.2328; -76.6476Roller coaster
AlpengeistAlpengeist's ImmelmannBusch Gardens WilliamsburgLocationBusch Gardens WilliamsburgPark sectionRhinefeldCoordinates37°13′58″N 76°38′51″W / 37.2328°N 76.6476°W / 37.2328; -76.6476StatusOperatingOpening dateMarch 22, 1997Cost$20 millionGeneral statisticsTypeSteel – InvertedManufacturerBolliger & MabillardDesignerWerner StengelModelInverted CoasterTrack layoutTerrainLift/launch systemChain lift hillHeight195 ft (59 m)Drop170 ft (52 m)Length3,828 ft (1,167 m)Speed67 mph (108 km/h)Inversions6Duration3:10Max vertical angle79°Capacity1820 riders per hourG-force4.5Height restriction54 in (137 cm)Trains2 trains with 8 cars. Riders are arranged 4 across in a single row, with no seats in the first car, for a total of 32 riders per train. Quick Queue availableAlpengeist at RCDB
Alpengeist /ˈælpənˈɡaɪst/ is an inverted roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, Alpengeist has an Alpine mountain region theme and opened in 1997 as the tallest inverted coaster in the world. The name "Alpengeist" is German for "Ghost of the Alps" or "Alpine Spirit", and the ride is themed to a runaway ski lift. It has the records for the tallest complete circuit inverted coaster in the world, tallest inverted roller coaster in the United States, and the longest complete circuit coaster drop in the world.
History
On August 30, 1996, Busch Gardens Williamsburg announced the addition of Alpengeist for the 1997 season. It would break the record for height and speed among inverted roller coasters, and it would feature the tallest vertical loop on an inverted coaster. The ride would be the park's second new roller coaster in two years after Wild Maus. It would be built in the deepest ravine, with much of it hidden by trees. Park experts had worked on state-of-the-art devices to keep the noise lower, including switching from nylon wheels to quieter polyurethane wheels and pointing the major drop away from residential neighborhoods in Kingsmill.
Construction of Alpengeist began two months before the announcement in June 1996. The coaster would be made out of 106 track pieces, with seven for the lift hill, ten for the station and 89 for the rest of the layout.
Alpengeist officially opened on March 22, 1997. It held the record for tallest inverted coaster until the opening of Cedar Point's Wicked Twister in 2002. However, Alpengeist remained the world's tallest among complete-circuit inverted coasters. In 2021, it was surpassed again by Legendary Twin Dragon, an inverted shuttle coaster in China. Wicked Twister closed at the end of the 2021 season making Alpengeist the tallest inverted coaster in North America. Additionally, Alpengeist would hold the record for being the fastest inverted coaster until Volcano: The Blast Coaster at the nearby Kings Dominion surpassed it in 1998.
In 2022, Alpengeist was repainted with light blue supports.
Characteristics
The ride contains three trains, although only two are in use at any time. Three mechanics maintain the ride and spend four months each year completely reconstructing each of the trains. The trains each contain eight cars, each with a single row seating four riders, for a total of 32 riders per train. The trains feature a zero car at the front of the train which contains 680 kg (1,499 lb) of weight which allows the trains to complete larger elements. The trains also feature skis on the side of each seat support beam which adds to the theming of the ride. The trains' wheel protectors are also painted to resemble ski helmets, each having a unique design, and further adding to the theming.
Ride experience
Upon exiting the station, the floor drops beneath the riders' feet and the train climbs the 167 ft (51 m) tall chain lift after hearing the send-off recording "Thank you and enjoy your avalanche of adventure on Alpengeist!" The top of the lift reaches 195 ft (59 m) above the river below. The track turns right while dropping down a 170 ft (52 m) spiral drop, going past The Land of The Dragons, with the train hitting 67 mph (108 km/h). Following the drop, the train passes through a 120 ft (37 m) Immelmann loop, followed by a 106 ft (32 m) vertical loop. The track then races through a wooden tunnel before passing through a cobra roll over the Rhine River, adjacent to the Loch Ness Monster. Out of the cobra roll, the track crosses over the entrance to the cobra roll, passes by Griffon, then rises into the midcourse brake run. After the midcourse brakes, the track crosses over the exit from the Immelmann loop and then into another tunnel and down a drop before entering a zero-g roll, alongside the Le Scoot log flume. After a short section of straight track close to ground level, the track goes through a corkscrew followed by a clockwise upward helix, before making a left turn to the final brake run.
Awards
Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021
2022
Ranking
2
3
8
10
13
19
19
17
17
18
22
19
23
27
24
25
23
26
30
36
32
32
21
36
Alpengeist's loop
Alpengeist's cobra roll
Alpengeist's Heartline Spin (zero-g roll)
References
^ a b c "RCDB - Inverted Height Record Holders". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
^ "RCDB - Inverted Speed Record Holders". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
^ "ALPENGEIST WILL THRILL AND CHILL".
^ "Alps (April 11, 1997)". Daily Press. April 11, 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "End of the line at Busch Gardens". Daily Press. December 6, 1996. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ Curran, Colleen (February 10, 2019). "Kings Dominion Will Remove Volcano: The Blast Coaster". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
^ "January 2022 Photo Update - BGWFans".
^ Black, Jonathan (February 25, 2017). "Busch Gardens offseason anything but quiet". Daily Press. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ a b "Alpengeist". Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
^ "Alpengeist at Busch Gardens Williamsburg - COASTER-net".
^ "Alpengeist (On-Ride) Busch Gardens Williamsburg". Sharp Productions. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2019 – via YouTube.
^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. August 1998. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. August 1999. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. August 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 14–15B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 18–19B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 26–27B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 26–27B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 11 (6.2): 36–37. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 12 (6.2): 36–37. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 13 (6.2): 32–33. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 14 (6.2): 34–35. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 38–39. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 36–37. September 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 34–35. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 18 (6.2): 46–47. September 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 19 (6.2): 49–50. September 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2016 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2017 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2018 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2019 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2021 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alpengeist.
Alpengeist at the Roller Coaster DataBase
Preceded byMontu
World's tallest inverted roller coaster March 1997–May 2002
Succeeded byWicked Twister
Preceded byMontu
World's fastest inverted roller coaster March 1997–August 1998
Succeeded byVolcano, The Blast Coaster
vteBusch Gardens WilliamsburgRoller coasters
Alpengeist
Apollo's Chariot
DarKoaster: Escape The Storm
Griffon
Grover's Alpine Express
InvadR
Loch Ness Monster
Pantheon
Tempesto
Verbolten
Other rides
Busch Gardens Railway
Escape from Pompeii
Le Scoot Log Flume
Roman Rapids
Former attractions
Big Bad Wolf
Drachen Fire
Europe in the Air
Glissade
Mäch Tower
Pirates 4-D
Wild Maus
Curse of DarKastle | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈælpənˈɡaɪst/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"inverted roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Busch Gardens Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bolliger & Mabillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lift"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDBlist-height-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Roller coasterAlpengeist /ˈælpənˈɡaɪst/ is an inverted roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, Alpengeist has an Alpine mountain region theme and opened in 1997 as the tallest inverted coaster in the world. The name \"Alpengeist\" is German for \"Ghost of the Alps\" or \"Alpine Spirit\", and the ride is themed to a runaway ski lift. It has the records for the tallest complete circuit inverted coaster in the world, tallest inverted roller coaster in the United States, and the longest complete circuit coaster drop in the world.[1][2]","title":"Alpengeist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Busch Gardens Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"inverted roller coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Wild Maus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Serpent"},{"link_name":"Kingsmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmill,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-6"},{"link_name":"Cedar Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Point"},{"link_name":"Wicked Twister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Twister"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDBlist-height-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDBlist-height-1"},{"link_name":"Volcano: The Blast Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Blast_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Kings Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Dominion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On August 30, 1996, Busch Gardens Williamsburg announced the addition of Alpengeist for the 1997 season. It would break the record for height and speed among inverted roller coasters, and it would feature the tallest vertical loop on an inverted coaster. The ride would be the park's second new roller coaster in two years after Wild Maus. It would be built in the deepest ravine, with much of it hidden by trees. Park experts had worked on state-of-the-art devices to keep the noise lower, including switching from nylon wheels to quieter polyurethane wheels and pointing the major drop away from residential neighborhoods in Kingsmill.[3]Construction of Alpengeist began two months before the announcement in June 1996.[4] The coaster would be made out of 106 track pieces, with seven for the lift hill, ten for the station and 89 for the rest of the layout.[5]Alpengeist officially opened on March 22, 1997.[6] It held the record for tallest inverted coaster until the opening of Cedar Point's Wicked Twister in 2002. However, Alpengeist remained the world's tallest among complete-circuit inverted coasters.[1] In 2021, it was surpassed again by Legendary Twin Dragon, an inverted shuttle coaster in China. Wicked Twister closed at the end of the 2021 season making Alpengeist the tallest inverted coaster in North America.[1] Additionally, Alpengeist would hold the record for being the fastest inverted coaster until Volcano: The Blast Coaster at the nearby Kings Dominion surpassed it in 1998.[7]In 2022, Alpengeist was repainted with light blue supports.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_2017-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB-6"}],"text":"The ride contains three trains, although only two are in use at any time. Three mechanics maintain the ride and spend four months each year completely reconstructing each of the trains.[9] The trains each contain eight cars, each with a single row seating four riders, for a total of 32 riders per train.[6] The trains feature a zero car at the front of the train which contains 680 kg (1,499 lb) of weight which allows the trains to complete larger elements. The trains also feature skis on the side of each seat support beam which adds to the theming of the ride. The trains' wheel protectors are also painted to resemble ski helmets, each having a unique design, and further adding to the theming.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buschgardens.com-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buschgardens.com-10"},{"link_name":"Immelmann loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immelmann_loop"},{"link_name":"vertical loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_loop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COASTER-net-11"},{"link_name":"cobra roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_roll"},{"link_name":"Loch Ness Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Griffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"zero-g roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-g_roll"},{"link_name":"Le Scoot log flume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Scoot_Log_Flume"},{"link_name":"corkscrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corkscrew_(roller_coaster_element)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Upon exiting the station, the floor drops beneath the riders' feet and the train climbs the 167 ft (51 m) tall chain lift[10] after hearing the send-off recording \"Thank you and enjoy your avalanche of adventure on Alpengeist!\" The top of the lift reaches 195 ft (59 m) above the river below. The track turns right while dropping down a 170 ft (52 m) spiral drop, going past The Land of The Dragons, with the train hitting 67 mph (108 km/h).[10] Following the drop, the train passes through a 120 ft (37 m) Immelmann loop, followed by a 106 ft (32 m) vertical loop.[11] The track then races through a wooden tunnel before passing through a cobra roll over the Rhine River, adjacent to the Loch Ness Monster. Out of the cobra roll, the track crosses over the entrance to the cobra roll, passes by Griffon, then rises into the midcourse brake run. After the midcourse brakes, the track crosses over the exit from the Immelmann loop and then into another tunnel and down a drop before entering a zero-g roll, alongside the Le Scoot log flume. After a short section of straight track close to ground level, the track goes through a corkscrew followed by a clockwise upward helix, before making a left turn to the final brake run.[12]","title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpengeist_(Busch_Gardens_Europe)_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(roller_coaster)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpengeist_(Busch_Gardens_Europe)_04.JPG"},{"link_name":"cobra roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_roll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpengeist_(Zero-G_Roll).JPG"},{"link_name":"zero-g roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_g_roll"}],"text":"Alpengeist's loop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlpengeist's cobra roll\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlpengeist's Heartline Spin (zero-g roll)","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"RCDB - Inverted Height Record Holders\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rcdb.com/rhr.htm?m=1&d=5","url_text":"\"RCDB - Inverted Height Record Holders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"}]},{"reference":"\"RCDB - Inverted Speed Record Holders\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rcdb.com/rhr.htm?d=5","url_text":"\"RCDB - Inverted Speed Record Holders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"}]},{"reference":"\"ALPENGEIST WILL THRILL AND CHILL\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19960831-1996-08-31-9608310029-story,amp.html","url_text":"\"ALPENGEIST WILL THRILL AND CHILL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alps (April 11, 1997)\". Daily Press. April 11, 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85598646/alps-april-11-1997/","url_text":"\"Alps (April 11, 1997)\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of the line at Busch Gardens\". Daily Press. December 6, 1996. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85598556/end-of-the-line-at-busch-gardens/","url_text":"\"End of the line at Busch Gardens\""}]},{"reference":"Marden, Duane. \"Alpengeist (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcdb.com/277.htm","url_text":"\"Alpengeist (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"}]},{"reference":"Curran, Colleen (February 10, 2019). \"Kings Dominion Will Remove Volcano: The Blast Coaster\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved October 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://richmond.com/entertainment/kings-dominion-will-remove-volcano-the-blast-coaster/article_d55ff792-0e41-5e7a-960f-f29dbddbba75.html","url_text":"\"Kings Dominion Will Remove Volcano: The Blast Coaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"January 2022 Photo Update - BGWFans\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bgwfans.com/2022/january-2022-photo-update/","url_text":"\"January 2022 Photo Update - BGWFans\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Jonathan (February 25, 2017). \"Busch Gardens offseason anything but quiet\". Daily Press. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypress.com/life/home-garden/dp-fea-busch-gardens-offseason-0226-20170225-story.html","url_text":"\"Busch Gardens offseason anything but quiet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpengeist\". Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. 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Retrieved July 5, 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbFqRxpUiu8","url_text":"\"Alpengeist (On-Ride) Busch Gardens Williamsburg\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/MbFqRxpUiu8","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 steel Roller Coasters\" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. August 1998. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://goldenticketawards.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/AT_Golden_Ticket_1998.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 25 steel Roller Coasters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today","url_text":"Amusement Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 steel Roller Coasters\" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. August 1999. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%9E-groupoid | ∞-groupoid | ["1 Globular Groupoids","2 Examples","2.1 Fundamental ∞-groupoid","2.2 Abelian globular groupoids","3 Applications","3.1 Higher local systems","3.2 Higher gerbes","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Research articles","5.2 Applications in algebraic geometry","6 External links"] | Abstract homotopical model for topological spaces
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, an ∞-groupoid is an abstract homotopical model for topological spaces. One model uses Kan complexes which are fibrant objects in the category of simplicial sets (with the standard model structure). It is an ∞-category generalization of a groupoid, a category in which every morphism is an isomorphism.
The homotopy hypothesis states that ∞-groupoids are equivalent to spaces up to homotopy.: 2–3
Globular Groupoids
Alexander Grothendieck suggested in Pursuing Stacks: 3–4, 201 that there should be an extraordinarily simple model of ∞-groupoids using globular sets, originally called hemispherical complexes. These sets are constructed as presheaves on the globular category
G
{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} }
. This is defined as the category whose objects are finite ordinals
[
n
]
{\displaystyle }
and morphisms are given by
σ
n
:
[
n
]
→
[
n
+
1
]
τ
n
:
[
n
]
→
[
n
+
1
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{n}:\to \\\tau _{n}:\to \end{aligned}}}
such that the globular relations hold
σ
n
+
1
∘
σ
n
=
τ
n
+
1
∘
σ
n
σ
n
+
1
∘
τ
n
=
τ
n
+
1
∘
τ
n
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{n+1}\circ \sigma _{n}&=\tau _{n+1}\circ \sigma _{n}\\\sigma _{n+1}\circ \tau _{n}&=\tau _{n+1}\circ \tau _{n}\end{aligned}}}
These encode the fact that n-morphisms should not be able to see (n + 1)-morphisms. When writing these down as a globular set
X
∙
:
G
o
p
→
Sets
{\displaystyle X_{\bullet }:\mathbb {G} ^{op}\to {\text{Sets}}}
, the source and target maps are then written as
s
n
=
X
∙
(
σ
n
)
t
n
=
X
∙
(
τ
n
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s_{n}=X_{\bullet }(\sigma _{n})\\t_{n}=X_{\bullet }(\tau _{n})\end{aligned}}}
We can also consider globular objects in a category
C
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}
as functors
X
∙
:
G
o
p
→
C
.
{\displaystyle X_{\bullet }\colon \mathbb {G} ^{op}\to {\mathcal {C}}.}
There was hope originally that such a strict model would be sufficient for homotopy theory, but there is evidence suggesting otherwise. It turns out for
S
2
{\displaystyle S^{2}}
its associated homotopy
n
{\displaystyle n}
-type
π
≤
n
(
S
2
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{\leq n}(S^{2})}
can never be modeled as a strict globular groupoid for
n
≥
3
{\displaystyle n\geq 3}
.: 445 This is because strict ∞-groupoids only model spaces with a trivial Whitehead product.
Examples
Fundamental ∞-groupoid
Given a topological space
X
{\displaystyle X}
there should be an associated fundamental ∞-groupoid
Π
∞
X
{\displaystyle \Pi _{\infty }X}
where the objects are points
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
, 1-morphisms
f
:
x
→
y
{\displaystyle f:x\to y}
are represented as paths, 2-morphisms are homotopies of paths, 3-morphisms are homotopies of homotopies, and so on. From this ∞-groupoid we can find an
n
{\displaystyle n}
-groupoid called the fundamental
n
{\displaystyle n}
-groupoid
Π
n
X
{\displaystyle \Pi _{n}X}
whose homotopy type is that of
π
≤
n
X
{\displaystyle \pi _{\leq n}X}
.
Note that taking the fundamental ∞-groupoid of a space
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
such that
π
>
n
Y
=
0
{\displaystyle \pi _{>n}Y=0}
is equivalent to the fundamental n-groupoid
Π
n
Y
{\displaystyle \Pi _{n}Y}
. Such a space can be found using the Whitehead tower.
Abelian globular groupoids
One useful case of globular groupoids comes from a chain complex which is bounded above, hence let's consider a chain complex
C
∙
∈
Ch
≤
0
(
Ab
)
{\displaystyle C_{\bullet }\in {\text{Ch}}_{\leq 0}({\text{Ab}})}
. There is an associated globular groupoid. Intuitively, the objects are the elements in
C
0
{\displaystyle C_{0}}
, morphisms come from
C
0
{\displaystyle C_{0}}
through the chain complex map
d
1
:
C
1
→
C
0
{\displaystyle d_{1}:C_{1}\to C_{0}}
, and higher
n
{\displaystyle n}
-morphisms can be found from the higher chain complex maps
d
n
:
C
n
→
C
n
−
1
{\displaystyle d_{n}:C_{n}\to C_{n-1}}
. We can form a globular set
C
∙
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} _{\bullet }}
with
C
0
=
C
0
C
1
=
C
0
⊕
C
1
⋯
C
n
=
⨁
k
=
0
n
C
k
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbb {C} _{0}=&C_{0}\\\mathbb {C} _{1}=&C_{0}\oplus C_{1}\\&\cdots \\\mathbb {C} _{n}=&\bigoplus _{k=0}^{n}C_{k}\end{matrix}}}
and the source morphism
s
n
:
C
n
→
C
n
−
1
{\displaystyle s_{n}:\mathbb {C} _{n}\to \mathbb {C} _{n-1}}
is the projection map
p
r
:
⨁
k
=
0
n
C
k
→
⨁
k
=
0
n
−
1
C
k
{\displaystyle pr:\bigoplus _{k=0}^{n}C_{k}\to \bigoplus _{k=0}^{n-1}C_{k}}
and the target morphism
t
n
:
C
n
→
C
n
−
1
{\displaystyle t_{n}:C_{n}\to C_{n-1}}
is the addition of the chain complex map
d
n
:
C
n
→
C
n
−
1
{\displaystyle d_{n}:C_{n}\to C_{n-1}}
together with the projection map. This forms a globular groupoid giving a wide class of examples of strict globular groupoids. Moreover, because strict groupoids embed inside weak groupoids, they can act as weak groupoids as well.
Applications
Higher local systems
One of the basic theorems about local systems is that they can be equivalently described as a functor from the fundamental groupoid
Π
X
=
Π
≤
1
X
{\displaystyle \Pi X=\Pi _{\leq 1}X}
to the category of abelian groups, the category of
R
{\displaystyle R}
-modules, or some other abelian category. That is, a local system is equivalent to giving a functor
L
:
Π
X
→
Ab
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}:\Pi X\to {\text{Ab}}}
generalizing such a definition requires us to consider not only an abelian category, but also its derived category. A higher local system is then an ∞-functor
L
∙
:
Π
∞
X
→
D
(
Ab
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\bullet }:\Pi _{\infty }X\to D({\text{Ab}})}
with values in some derived category. This has the advantage of letting the higher homotopy groups
π
n
X
{\displaystyle \pi _{n}X}
to act on the higher local system, from a series of truncations. A toy example to study comes from the Eilenberg–MacLane spaces
K
(
A
,
n
)
{\displaystyle K(A,n)}
, or by looking at the terms from the Whitehead tower of a space. Ideally, there should be some way to recover the categories of functors
L
∙
:
Π
∞
X
→
D
(
Ab
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\bullet }:\Pi _{\infty }X\to D({\text{Ab}})}
from their truncations
Π
n
X
{\displaystyle \Pi _{n}X}
and the maps
τ
≤
n
−
1
:
Π
n
X
→
Π
n
−
1
X
{\displaystyle \tau _{\leq n-1}:\Pi _{n}X\to \Pi _{n-1}X}
whose fibers should be the categories of
n
{\displaystyle n}
-functors
Π
n
(
K
(
π
n
X
,
n
)
)
→
D
(
Ab
)
{\displaystyle \Pi _{n}(K(\pi _{n}X,n))\to D({\text{Ab}})}
Another advantage of this formalism is it allows for constructing higher forms of
ℓ
{\displaystyle \ell }
-adic representations by using the etale homotopy type
π
^
(
X
)
{\displaystyle {\hat {\pi }}(X)}
of a scheme
X
{\displaystyle X}
and construct higher representations of this space, since they are given by functors
L
:
π
(
X
)
^
→
D
(
Q
¯
ℓ
)
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}:{\hat {\pi (X)}}\to D({\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}_{\ell })}
Higher gerbes
Another application of ∞-groupoids is giving constructions of n-gerbes and ∞-gerbes. Over a space
X
{\displaystyle X}
an n-gerbe should be an object
G
→
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\to X}
such that when restricted to a small enough subset
U
⊂
X
{\displaystyle U\subset X}
,
G
|
U
→
U
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}|_{U}\to U}
is represented by an n-groupoid, and on overlaps there is an agreement up to some weak equivalence. Assuming the homotopy hypothesis is correct, this is equivalent to constructing an object
G
→
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\to X}
such that over any open subset
G
|
U
→
U
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}|_{U}\to U}
is an n-group, or a homotopy n-type. Because the nerve of a category can be used to construct an arbitrary homotopy type, a functor over a site
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {X}}}
, e.g.
p
:
C
→
X
{\displaystyle p:{\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {X}}}
will give an example of a higher gerbe if the category
C
U
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}_{U}}
lying over any point
U
∈
Ob
X
{\displaystyle U\in \operatorname {Ob} {\mathcal {X}}}
is a non-empty category. In addition, it would be expected this category would satisfy some sort of descent condition.
See also
Mathematics portal
Pursuing Stacks
n-group
Groupoid
Homotopy type theory
References
^ "Kan complex in nLab".
^ a b c Grothendieck. "Pursuing Stacks". thescrivener.github.io. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 Jul 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-17.
^ Maltsiniotis, Georges (2010), Grothendieck infinity groupoids and still another definition of infinity categories, arXiv:1009.2331, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.397.2664
^ Simpson, Carlos (1998-10-09). "Homotopy types of strict 3-groupoids". arXiv:math/9810059.
^ Brown, Ronald; Higgins, Philip J. (1981). "The equivalence of $\infty $-groupoids and crossed complexes". Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques. 22 (4): 371–386.
^ Ara, Dimitri (2010). Sur les ∞-groupoïdes de Grothendieck et une variante ∞-catégorique (PDF) (PhD). Université Paris Diderot. Section 1.4.3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Aug 2020.
Research articles
Henry, Simon; Lanari, Edoardo (2019). "On the homotopy hypothesis in dimension 3". arXiv:1905.05625 .
Bourke, John (2016). "Note on the construction of globular weak omega-groupoids from types, topological spaces etc". arXiv:1602.07962 .
Polesello, Pietro; Waschkies, Ingo (2004). "Higher Monodromy". arXiv:math/0407507.
Hoyois, Marc (2015). "Higher Galois theory". arXiv:1506.07155 .
Applications in algebraic geometry
Toën, Bertrand. "Homotopy types of algebraic varieties" (PDF). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.607.9789.
External links
infinity-groupoid at the nLab
Maltsiniotis, Georges (2010), "Grothendieck ∞-groupoids, and still another definition of ∞-categories", arXiv:1009.2331
Zawadowski, Marek, Introduction to Test Categories (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-26
Lovering, Tom (2012), Etale cohomology and Galois Representations, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.394.9850
vteCategory theoryKey conceptsKey concepts
Category
Abelian
Additive
Concrete
Pre-abelian
Preadditive
Bicategory
Adjoint functors
CCC
Commutative diagram
End
Exponential
Functor
Kan extension
Morphism
Natural transformation
Universal property
Universal constructionsLimits
Terminal objects
Products
Equalizers
Kernels
Pullbacks
Inverse limit
Colimits
Initial objects
Coproducts
Coequalizers
Cokernels and quotients
Pushout
Direct limit
Algebraic categories
Sets
Relations
Magmas
Groups
Abelian groups
Rings (Fields)
Modules (Vector spaces)
Constructions on categories
Free category
Functor category
Kleisli category
Opposite category
Quotient category
Product category
Comma category
Subcategory
Higher category theory
Key concepts
Categorification
Enriched category
Higher-dimensional algebra
Homotopy hypothesis
Model category
Simplex category
String diagram
Topos
n-categoriesWeak n-categories
Bicategory (pseudofunctor)
Tricategory
Tetracategory
Kan complex
∞-groupoid
∞-topos
Strict n-categories
2-category (2-functor)
3-category
Categorified concepts
2-group
2-ring
En-ring
(Traced)(Symmetric) monoidal category
n-group
n-monoid
Category
Outline
Glossary
vteMajor topics in Foundations of MathematicsMathematical logic
Peano axioms
Mathematical induction
Formal system
Axiomatic system
Hilbert system
Natural deduction
Mathematical proof
Model theory
Mathematical constructivism
Modal logic
List of mathematical logic topics
Set theory
Set
Naive set theory
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Type theory
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Simple type theory
Dependent type theory
Intuitionistic type theory
Homotopy type theory
Univalent foundations
Girard's paradox
Category theory
Category
Topos theory
Category of sets
Higher category theory
∞-groupoid
∞-topos theory
Mathematical structuralism
Glossary of category theory
List of category theory topics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"homotopical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopical"},{"link_name":"topological spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"Kan complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_complex"},{"link_name":"fibrant objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrant_object"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"simplicial sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_set"},{"link_name":"model structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_category"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"∞-category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%9E-category"},{"link_name":"groupoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupoid"},{"link_name":"morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism"},{"link_name":"isomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism"},{"link_name":"homotopy hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"up to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In category theory, a branch of mathematics, an ∞-groupoid is an abstract homotopical model for topological spaces. One model uses Kan complexes which are fibrant objects in the category of simplicial sets (with the standard model structure).[1] It is an ∞-category generalization of a groupoid, a category in which every morphism is an isomorphism.The homotopy hypothesis states that ∞-groupoids are equivalent to spaces up to homotopy.[2]: 2–3 [3]","title":"∞-groupoid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Grothendieck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck"},{"link_name":"Pursuing Stacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuing_Stacks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"globular sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_set"},{"link_name":"presheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)#Presheaves"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Alexander Grothendieck suggested in Pursuing Stacks[2]: 3–4, 201 that there should be an extraordinarily simple model of ∞-groupoids using globular sets, originally called hemispherical complexes. These sets are constructed as presheaves on the globular category \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {G} }\n \n. This is defined as the category whose objects are finite ordinals \n \n \n \n [\n n\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [n]}\n \n and morphisms are given byσ\n \n n\n \n \n :\n [\n n\n ]\n →\n [\n n\n +\n 1\n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n τ\n \n n\n \n \n :\n [\n n\n ]\n →\n [\n n\n +\n 1\n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\sigma _{n}:[n]\\to [n+1]\\\\\\tau _{n}:[n]\\to [n+1]\\end{aligned}}}σ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∘\n \n σ\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n τ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∘\n \n σ\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∘\n \n τ\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n τ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∘\n \n τ\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\sigma _{n+1}\\circ \\sigma _{n}&=\\tau _{n+1}\\circ \\sigma _{n}\\\\\\sigma _{n+1}\\circ \\tau _{n}&=\\tau _{n+1}\\circ \\tau _{n}\\end{aligned}}}nseenX\n \n ∙\n \n \n :\n \n \n G\n \n \n o\n p\n \n \n →\n \n Sets\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\bullet }:\\mathbb {G} ^{op}\\to {\\text{Sets}}}s\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n X\n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n \n σ\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n X\n \n ∙\n \n \n (\n \n τ\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}s_{n}=X_{\\bullet }(\\sigma _{n})\\\\t_{n}=X_{\\bullet }(\\tau _{n})\\end{aligned}}}C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {C}}}functorsX\n \n ∙\n \n \n :\n \n \n G\n \n \n o\n p\n \n \n →\n \n \n C\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{\\bullet }\\colon \\mathbb {G} ^{op}\\to {\\mathcal {C}}.}strictS\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{2}}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}π\n \n ≤\n n\n \n \n (\n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{\\leq n}(S^{2})}n\n ≥\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 3}[2]: 445[4]Whitehead product[5]","title":"Globular Groupoids"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(topology)"},{"link_name":"Whitehead tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_tower"}],"sub_title":"Fundamental ∞-groupoid","text":"Given a topological space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n there should be an associated fundamental ∞-groupoid \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n ∞\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{\\infty }X}\n \n where the objects are points \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X}\n \n, 1-morphisms \n \n \n \n f\n :\n x\n →\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:x\\to y}\n \n are represented as paths, 2-morphisms are homotopies of paths, 3-morphisms are homotopies of homotopies, and so on. From this ∞-groupoid we can find an \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-groupoid called the fundamental \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-groupoid \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n n\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{n}X}\n \n whose homotopy type is that of \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n ≤\n n\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{\\leq n}X}\n \n.Note that taking the fundamental ∞-groupoid of a space \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n >\n n\n \n \n Y\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{>n}Y=0}\n \n is equivalent to the fundamental n-groupoid \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n n\n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{n}Y}\n \n. Such a space can be found using the Whitehead tower.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chain complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_complex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Abelian globular groupoids","text":"One useful case of globular groupoids comes from a chain complex which is bounded above, hence let's consider a chain complex \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∙\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n Ch\n \n \n ≤\n 0\n \n \n (\n \n Ab\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{\\bullet }\\in {\\text{Ch}}_{\\leq 0}({\\text{Ab}})}\n \n.[6] There is an associated globular groupoid. Intuitively, the objects are the elements in \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{0}}\n \n, morphisms come from \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{0}}\n \n through the chain complex map \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n →\n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{1}:C_{1}\\to C_{0}}\n \n, and higher \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-morphisms can be found from the higher chain complex maps \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n n\n \n \n :\n \n C\n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n C\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{n}:C_{n}\\to C_{n-1}}\n \n. We can form a globular set \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n ∙\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} _{\\bullet }}\n \n withC\n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n C\n \n 0\n \n \n ⊕\n \n C\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ⨁\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n C\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{matrix}\\mathbb {C} _{0}=&C_{0}\\\\\\mathbb {C} _{1}=&C_{0}\\oplus C_{1}\\\\&\\cdots \\\\\\mathbb {C} _{n}=&\\bigoplus _{k=0}^{n}C_{k}\\end{matrix}}}s\n \n n\n \n \n :\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{n}:\\mathbb {C} _{n}\\to \\mathbb {C} _{n-1}}p\n r\n :\n \n ⨁\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n C\n \n k\n \n \n →\n \n ⨁\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n C\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle pr:\\bigoplus _{k=0}^{n}C_{k}\\to \\bigoplus _{k=0}^{n-1}C_{k}}t\n \n n\n \n \n :\n \n C\n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n C\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{n}:C_{n}\\to C_{n-1}}d\n \n n\n \n \n :\n \n C\n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n C\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{n}:C_{n}\\to C_{n-1}}","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_system"},{"link_name":"fundamental groupoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_groupoid"},{"link_name":"category of abelian groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_abelian_groups"},{"link_name":"category of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n-modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_category"},{"link_name":"abelian category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_category"}],"sub_title":"Higher local systems","text":"One of the basic theorems about local systems is that they can be equivalently described as a functor from the fundamental groupoid \n \n \n \n Π\n X\n =\n \n Π\n \n ≤\n 1\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi X=\\Pi _{\\leq 1}X}\n \n to the category of abelian groups, the category of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n-modules, or some other abelian category. That is, a local system is equivalent to giving a functorL\n \n \n :\n Π\n X\n →\n \n Ab\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {L}}:\\Pi X\\to {\\text{Ab}}}derived category∞-functorL\n \n \n \n ∙\n \n \n :\n \n Π\n \n ∞\n \n \n X\n →\n D\n (\n \n Ab\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {L}}_{\\bullet }:\\Pi _{\\infty }X\\to D({\\text{Ab}})}homotopy groupsπ\n \n n\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{n}X}Eilenberg–MacLane spacesK\n (\n A\n ,\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(A,n)}Whitehead towerL\n \n \n \n ∙\n \n \n :\n \n Π\n \n ∞\n \n \n X\n →\n D\n (\n \n Ab\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {L}}_{\\bullet }:\\Pi _{\\infty }X\\to D({\\text{Ab}})}Π\n \n n\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{n}X}τ\n \n ≤\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n :\n \n Π\n \n n\n \n \n X\n →\n \n Π\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{\\leq n-1}:\\Pi _{n}X\\to \\Pi _{n-1}X}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}Π\n \n n\n \n \n (\n K\n (\n \n π\n \n n\n \n \n X\n ,\n n\n )\n )\n →\n D\n (\n \n Ab\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi _{n}(K(\\pi _{n}X,n))\\to D({\\text{Ab}})}ℓ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell }etale homotopy typeπ\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\pi }}(X)}X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}L\n \n \n :\n \n \n \n \n π\n (\n X\n )\n \n ^\n \n \n \n →\n D\n (\n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n ¯\n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {L}}:{\\hat {\\pi (X)}}\\to D({\\overline {\\mathbb {Q} }}_{\\ell })}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Higher gerbes","text":"Another application of ∞-groupoids is giving constructions of n-gerbes and ∞-gerbes. Over a space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n an n-gerbe should be an object \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n →\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}\\to X}\n \n such that when restricted to a small enough subset \n \n \n \n U\n ⊂\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U\\subset X}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n U\n \n \n →\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}|_{U}\\to U}\n \n is represented by an n-groupoid, and on overlaps there is an agreement up to some weak equivalence. Assuming the homotopy hypothesis is correct, this is equivalent to constructing an object \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n →\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}\\to X}\n \n such that over any open subsetG\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n U\n \n \n →\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {G}}|_{U}\\to U}n-grouphomotopy n-typeX\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {X}}}p\n :\n \n \n C\n \n \n →\n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p:{\\mathcal {C}}\\to {\\mathcal {X}}}C\n \n \n \n U\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {C}}_{U}}U\n ∈\n Ob\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U\\in \\operatorname {Ob} {\\mathcal {X}}}","title":"Applications"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Pursuing Stacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuing_Stacks"},{"title":"n-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-group_(category_theory)"},{"title":"Groupoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupoid"},{"title":"Homotopy type theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_type_theory"}] | [{"reference":"\"Kan complex in nLab\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Kan+complex#AsGrpds","url_text":"\"Kan complex in nLab\""}]},{"reference":"Grothendieck. \"Pursuing Stacks\". thescrivener.github.io. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 Jul 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://thescrivener.github.io/PursuingStacks/","url_text":"\"Pursuing Stacks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730015735/https://thescrivener.github.io/PursuingStacks/ps-online.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maltsiniotis, Georges (2010), Grothendieck infinity groupoids and still another definition of infinity categories, arXiv:1009.2331, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.397.2664","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2331","url_text":"1009.2331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.397.2664","url_text":"10.1.1.397.2664"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Carlos (1998-10-09). \"Homotopy types of strict 3-groupoids\". arXiv:math/9810059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9810059","url_text":"math/9810059"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Ronald; Higgins, Philip J. (1981). \"The equivalence of $\\infty $-groupoids and crossed complexes\". Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques. 22 (4): 371–386.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.numdam.org/item/CTGDC_1981__22_4_371_0/","url_text":"\"The equivalence of $\\infty $-groupoids and crossed complexes\""}]},{"reference":"Ara, Dimitri (2010). Sur les ∞-groupoïdes de Grothendieck et une variante ∞-catégorique (PDF) (PhD). Université Paris Diderot. Section 1.4.3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Aug 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.normalesup.org/~ara/files/these.pdf","url_text":"Sur les ∞-groupoïdes de Grothendieck et une variante ∞-catégorique"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200819191139/http://www.normalesup.org/~ara/files/these.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Simon; Lanari, Edoardo (2019). \"On the homotopy hypothesis in dimension 3\". arXiv:1905.05625 [math.CT].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05625","url_text":"1905.05625"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","url_text":"math.CT"}]},{"reference":"Bourke, John (2016). \"Note on the construction of globular weak omega-groupoids from types, topological spaces etc\". arXiv:1602.07962 [math.CT].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07962","url_text":"1602.07962"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","url_text":"math.CT"}]},{"reference":"Polesello, Pietro; Waschkies, Ingo (2004). \"Higher Monodromy\". arXiv:math/0407507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0407507","url_text":"math/0407507"}]},{"reference":"Hoyois, Marc (2015). \"Higher Galois theory\". arXiv:1506.07155 [math.CT].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07155","url_text":"1506.07155"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","url_text":"math.CT"}]},{"reference":"Toën, Bertrand. \"Homotopy types of algebraic varieties\" (PDF). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.607.9789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_To%C3%ABn","url_text":"Toën, Bertrand"},{"url":"https://www.aimath.org/WWN/motivesdessins/Toen.pdf","url_text":"\"Homotopy types of algebraic varieties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.607.9789","url_text":"10.1.1.607.9789"}]},{"reference":"Maltsiniotis, Georges (2010), \"Grothendieck ∞-groupoids, and still another definition of ∞-categories\", arXiv:1009.2331 [math.CT]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2331","url_text":"1009.2331"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","url_text":"math.CT"}]},{"reference":"Zawadowski, Marek, Introduction to Test Categories (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-26","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150326182023/http://www-home.math.uwo.ca/~kkapulki/notes/test_categories.pdf","url_text":"Introduction to Test Categories"},{"url":"http://www-home.math.uwo.ca/~kkapulki/notes/test_categories.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lovering, Tom (2012), Etale cohomology and Galois Representations, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.394.9850","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.394.9850","url_text":"10.1.1.394.9850"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Kan+complex#AsGrpds","external_links_name":"\"Kan complex in nLab\""},{"Link":"https://thescrivener.github.io/PursuingStacks/","external_links_name":"\"Pursuing Stacks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730015735/https://thescrivener.github.io/PursuingStacks/ps-online.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2331","external_links_name":"1009.2331"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.397.2664","external_links_name":"10.1.1.397.2664"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9810059","external_links_name":"math/9810059"},{"Link":"http://www.numdam.org/item/CTGDC_1981__22_4_371_0/","external_links_name":"\"The equivalence of $\\infty $-groupoids and crossed complexes\""},{"Link":"http://www.normalesup.org/~ara/files/these.pdf","external_links_name":"Sur les ∞-groupoïdes de Grothendieck et une variante ∞-catégorique"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200819191139/http://www.normalesup.org/~ara/files/these.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05625","external_links_name":"1905.05625"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","external_links_name":"math.CT"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07962","external_links_name":"1602.07962"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","external_links_name":"math.CT"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0407507","external_links_name":"math/0407507"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07155","external_links_name":"1506.07155"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","external_links_name":"math.CT"},{"Link":"https://www.aimath.org/WWN/motivesdessins/Toen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Homotopy types of algebraic varieties\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.607.9789","external_links_name":"10.1.1.607.9789"},{"Link":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/infinity-groupoid","external_links_name":"infinity-groupoid"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2331","external_links_name":"1009.2331"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CT","external_links_name":"math.CT"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150326182023/http://www-home.math.uwo.ca/~kkapulki/notes/test_categories.pdf","external_links_name":"Introduction to Test Categories"},{"Link":"http://www-home.math.uwo.ca/~kkapulki/notes/test_categories.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.394.9850","external_links_name":"10.1.1.394.9850"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_115 | UFC 115 | ["1 Background","2 Results","3 Bonus awards","4 Reported payout","5 References","6 See also"] | Mixed martial arts event in 2010
UFC 115: Liddell vs. FranklinThe poster for UFC 115: Liddell vs. FranklinInformationPromotionUltimate Fighting ChampionshipDateJune 12, 2010VenueGeneral Motors PlaceCityVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaAttendance17,669Total gate$4,221,787Buyrate520,000Event chronology
UFC 114: Rampage vs. Evans
UFC 115: Liddell vs. Franklin
The Ultimate Fighter: Team Liddell vs. Team Ortiz Finale
UFC 115: Liddell vs. Franklin was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on June 12, 2010 at General Motors Place (now Rogers Arena) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Background
Rich Franklin against Chuck Liddell in the main event of UFC 115.
This was the fourth UFC event to be held in Canada, following UFC 83, UFC 97 and UFC 113 and the first UFC event held in British Columbia since they passed a bill to sanction MMA, on December 17, 2009. For a few days, this event location was in jeopardy because there were still no regulations in place to promote the sport professionally within Vancouver and Cincinnati was rumoured to be a possible location for moving this event. However, the problems were resolved and Dana White confirmed that the show will be going ahead in Vancouver on the scheduled date.
The main event was tentatively set to be a third bout featuring Ultimate Fighter coaches and former Light Heavyweight Champions Chuck Liddell and Tito Ortiz. In March, rumours began to circulate that Rich Franklin would replace Ortiz as Liddell's opponent, after Ortiz had supposedly withdrawn from the fight. However, Dana White denied this via his Twitter account on March 13, 2010, noting that Liddell vs. Ortiz was still set to be at the main event. Then, after the announcement, Ortiz had to withdraw from the match due to neck surgery.
Despite confirming Liddell/Ortiz III would in fact be at the main event for the card, the main event was confirmed on April 12 as Liddell vs. Franklin due to a neck injury suffered by Ortiz.
The on-again, off-again rematch between Thiago Alves and Jon Fitch, first scheduled for UFC 107 then UFC 111 and then UFC 115 was moved again, to UFC 117.
The Ben Rothwell vs. Gilbert Yvel fight replaced Tyson Griffin vs. Evan Dunham on the main card. Griffin vs. Dunham was shown on the preliminaries aired on Spike TV.
Just like UFC 111 in March, UFC 115 was shown in movie theaters around the United States by NCM Fathom.
Results
Main Card
Weight class
Method
Round
Time
Notes
Light Heavyweight
Rich Franklin
def.
Chuck Liddell
KO (punch)
1
4:55
Heavyweight
Mirko Cro Cop
def.
Pat Barry
Submission (rear-naked choke)
3
4:30
Welterweight
Martin Kampmann
def.
Paulo Thiago
Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 30–27)
3
5:00
Heavyweight
Ben Rothwell
def.
Gilbert Yvel
Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 29–28, 29–28)
3
5:00
Welterweight
Carlos Condit
def.
Rory MacDonald
TKO (punches)
3
4:53
Preliminary card (Spike TV)
Lightweight
Evan Dunham
def.
Tyson Griffin
Decision (split) (30–27, 28–29, 29–28)
3
5:00
Lightweight
Matt Wiman
def.
Mac Danzig
Technical Submission (guillotine choke)
1
1:45
Preliminary card
Middleweight
Mario Miranda
def.
David Loiseau
TKO (punches)
2
4:07
Welterweight
James Wilks
def.
Peter Sobotta
Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–28, 30–27)
3
5:00
Welterweight
Claude Patrick
def.
Ricardo Funch
Submission (guillotine choke)
2
1:48
Welterweight
Mike Pyle
def.
Jesse Lennox
Submission (triangle choke)
3
4:44
^ Referee Yves Lavigne controversially stopped the fight as Danzig did not appear to tap and was not left unconscious by the choke.
Bonus awards
Fighters were awarded $85,000 bonuses.
Fight of the Night: Carlos Condit vs. Rory MacDonald
Knockout of the Night: Rich Franklin
Submission of the Night: Mirko Cro Cop
Reported payout
The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Vancouver Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money or "locker room" bonuses often given by the UFC and also do not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses.
Rich Franklin $140,000 ($70,000 win bonus) def. Chuck Liddell ($500,000)
Mirko Cro Cop $150,000 ($75,000 win bonus) def. Pat Barry ($11,000)
Martin Kampman $50,000 ($25,000 win bonus) def. Paulo Thiago ($18,000)
Ben Rothwell $100,000 ($50,000 win bonus) def. Gilbert Yvel ($30,000)
Carlos Condit $52,000 ($26,000 win bonus) def. Rory MacDonald ($8,000)
Evan Dunham $26,000 ($13,000 win bonus) def. Tyson Griffin ($28,000)
Matt Wiman $28,000 ($14,000 win bonus) def. Mac Danzig ($24,000)
Mario Miranda $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. David Loiseau ($12,000)
James Wilks $30,000 ($15,000 win bonus) def. Peter Sobotta ($4,000)
Claude Patrick $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. Ricardo Funch ($5,000)
Mike Pyle $38,000 ($19,000 win bonus) def. Jesse Lennox ($7,000)
References
^ a b "UFC 115 officially draws 17,669 attendance for $4.2 million live gate".
^ "With Preliminary Estimates for UFC 118 Showing Weak Pay Per View Numbers, How Will They Market Frankie Edgar vs Gray Maynard?". 2 September 2010.
^ "UFC 115". ufc.com. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
^ Mike Chiappetta (17 December 2009). "Vancouver to Regulate MMA for Two-Year Testing Period".
^ Jesse Holland (3 March 2010). "Report: UFC 115 from Vancouver could be in jeopardy".
^ "Source: UFC 115 will not happen in Vancouver". I.tsn.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
^ "UFC sorts out differences with Vancouver, UFC 115 is a go". Tsn.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
^ "Ultimate Fighting Championship". Ufc.com. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
^ "Thiago Alves-Jon Fitch Rematch Pushed Back to UFC 117 in August". mmafrenzy.com. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
^ Nate Wilcox (12 June 2010). "UFC 115 Results: Matt Wiman Chokes Out Mac Danzig, or Did Ref Yves Lavigne Blow the Call?".
^ "UFC 115 bonuses: Franklin, "Cro Cop," Condit and MacDonald earn $85K awards". mmajunkie.com. 2010-06-13.
^ "UFC 115 Salaries: Chuck Liddell Collects $500,000". MMAFighting.com. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
See also
Ultimate Fighting Championship
List of UFC champions
List of UFC events
2010 in UFC
vteUltimate Fighting Championship eventsList of UFC eventsUpcoming events are in italicsFlagship events
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Fight Nights(on Spike TV)
UFN 1
UFN 2
UFN 3
UFN 4
UFN 5
UFN 6
Ortiz vs. Shamrock 3
Sanchez vs. Riggs
Evans vs. Salmon
Stevenson vs. Guillard
Stout vs. Fisher
Thomas vs. Florian
Swick vs. Burkman
Florian vs. Lauzon
Silva vs. Irvin
Diaz vs. Neer
Fight for the Troops
Lauzon vs. Stephens
Condit vs. Kampmann
Diaz vs. Guillard
Maynard vs. Diaz
Florian vs. Gomi
Marquardt vs. Palhares
Fight for the Troops 2
Nogueira vs. Davis
Shields vs. Ellenberger
UFC on Versus/UFC Live
Vera vs. Jones
Jones vs. Matyushenko
Sanchez vs. Kampmann
Kongo vs. Barry
Hardy vs. Lytle
Cruz vs. Johnson
UFC on Fox
Velasquez vs. dos Santos
Evans vs. Davis
Diaz vs. Miller
Shogun vs. Vera
Henderson vs. Diaz
Johnson vs. Dodson
Henderson vs. Melendez
Johnson vs. Moraga
Johnson vs. Benavidez 2
Henderson vs. Thomson
Werdum vs. Browne
Lawler vs. Brown
dos Santos vs. Miocic
Gustafsson vs. Johnson
Machida vs. Rockhold
Dillashaw vs. Barão 2
dos Anjos vs. Cowboy 2
Johnson vs. Bader
Teixeira vs. Evans
Holm vs. Shevchenko
Maia vs. Condit
VanZant vs. Waterson
Shevchenko vs. Peña
Johnson vs. Reis
Weidman vs. Gastelum
Lawler vs. dos Anjos
Jacaré vs. Brunson 2
Emmett vs. Stephens
Poirier vs. Gaethje
Alvarez vs. Poirier 2
Lee vs. Iaquinta 2
UFC on FX
Guillard vs. Miller
Alves vs. Kampmann
Johnson vs. McCall
Maynard vs. Guida
Browne vs. Bigfoot
Sotiropoulos vs. Pearson
Belfort vs. Bisping
Belfort vs. Rockhold
UFC on Fuel TV
Sanchez vs. Ellenberger
Gustafsson vs. Silva
The Korean Zombie vs. Poirier
Muñoz vs. Weidman
Struve vs. Miocic
Franklin vs. Le
Barão vs. McDonald
Silva vs. Stann
Mousasi vs. Latifi
Nogueira vs. Werdum
Fight Nights(on FS1, FS2, FXX, or UFC Fight Pass)
Shogun vs. Sonnen
Condit vs. Kampmann 2
Teixeira vs. Bader
Maia vs. Shields
Machida vs. Muñoz
Fight for the Troops 3
Belfort vs. Henderson 2
Hunt vs. Bigfoot
Saffiedine vs. Lim
Rockhold vs. Philippou
Machida vs. Mousasi
Kim vs. Hathaway
Gustafsson vs. Manuwa
Shogun vs. Henderson 2
Nogueira vs. Nelson
Bisping vs. Kennedy
Brown vs. Silva
Muñoz vs. Mousasi
Miocic vs. Maldonado
Henderson vs. Khabilov
Te Huna vs. Marquardt
Swanson vs. Stephens
Cowboy vs. Miller
McGregor vs. Brandão
Bader vs. Saint Preux
Bisping vs. Le
Henderson vs. dos Anjos
Jacaré vs. Mousasi
Bigfoot vs. Arlovski
Hunt vs. Nelson
Nelson vs. Story
MacDonald vs. Saffiedine
Rockhold vs. Bisping
Shogun vs. Saint Preux
Edgar vs. Swanson
Machida vs. Dollaway
McGregor vs. Siver
Henderson vs. Thatch
Bigfoot vs. Mir
Maia vs. LaFlare
Mendes vs. Lamas
Gonzaga vs. Cro Cop 2
Miocic vs. Hunt
Edgar vs. Faber
Condit vs. Alves
Boetsch vs. Henderson
Jędrzejczyk vs. Penne
Machida vs. Romero
Mir vs. Duffee
Bisping vs. Leites
Teixeira vs. Saint Preux
Holloway vs. Oliveira
Barnett vs. Nelson
Holohan vs. Smolka
Belfort vs. Henderson 3
Magny vs. Gastelum
Henderson vs. Masvidal
Namajunas vs. VanZant
Dillashaw vs. Cruz
Hendricks vs. Thompson
Cowboy vs. Cowboy
Silva vs. Bisping
Hunt vs. Mir
Rothwell vs. dos Santos
Overeem vs. Arlovski
Almeida vs. Garbrandt
MacDonald vs. Thompson
dos Anjos vs. Alvarez
McDonald vs. Lineker
Rodríguez vs. Caceres
Arlovski vs. Barnett
Poirier vs. Johnson
Cyborg vs. Länsberg
Lineker vs. Dodson
Lamas vs. Penn
dos Anjos vs. Ferguson
Mousasi vs. Hall 2
Bader vs. Nogueira 2
Whittaker vs. Brunson
Lewis vs. Abdurakhimov
Rodríguez vs. Penn
Bermudez vs. The Korean Zombie
Lewis vs. Browne
Belfort vs. Gastelum
Manuwa vs. Anderson
Swanson vs. Lobov
Gustafsson vs. Teixeira
Lewis vs. Hunt
Holm vs. Correia
Chiesa vs. Lee
Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio
Pettis vs. Moreno
Volkov vs. Struve
Rockhold vs. Branch
Saint Preux vs. Okami
Cowboy vs. Till
Brunson vs. Machida
Poirier vs. Pettis
Werdum vs. Tybura
Bisping vs. Gastelum
Swanson vs. Ortega
Stephens vs. Choi
Machida vs. Anders
Cowboy vs. Medeiros
Werdum vs. Volkov
Barboza vs. Lee
Maia vs. Usman
Thompson vs. Till
Rivera vs. Moraes
Cowboy vs. Edwards
dos Santos vs. Ivanov
Shogun vs. Smith
Gaethje vs. Vick
Hunt vs. Oleinik
Santos vs. Anders
Volkan vs. Smith
The Korean Zombie vs. Rodríguez
Magny vs. Ponzinibbio
Blaydes vs. Ngannou 2
dos Santos vs. Tuivasa
UFC on ESPN(or ESPN2)
Ngannou vs. Velasquez
Barboza vs. Gaethje
Ngannou vs. dos Santos
dos Anjos vs. Edwards
Covington vs. Lawler
Reyes vs. Weidman
Overeem vs. Rozenstruik
Ngannou vs. Rozenstruik
Overeem vs. Harris
Woodley vs. Burns
Eye vs. Calvillo
Blaydes vs. Volkov
Poirier vs. Hooker
Kattar vs. Ige
Whittaker vs. Till
Munhoz vs. Edgar
Holm vs. Aldana
Santos vs. Teixeira
Smith vs. Clark
Hermansson vs. Vettori
Chiesa vs. Magny
Brunson vs. Holland
Whittaker vs. Gastelum
Reyes vs. Procházka
Rodriguez vs. Waterson
The Korean Zombie vs. Ige
Makhachev vs. Moisés
Sandhagen vs. Dillashaw
Hall vs. Strickland
Cannonier vs. Gastelum
Barboza vs. Chikadze
Font vs. Aldo
Kattar vs. Chikadze
Blaydes vs. Daukaus
Luque vs. Muhammad 2
Font vs. Vera
Błachowicz vs. Rakić
Kattar vs. Emmett
Tsarukyan vs. Gamrot
dos Anjos vs. Fiziev
Santos vs. Hill
Vera vs. Cruz
Thompson vs. Holland
Vera vs. Sandhagen
Holloway vs. Allen
Song vs. Simón
Kara-France vs. Albazi
Vettori vs. Cannonier
Strickland vs. Magomedov
Holm vs. Bueno Silva
Sandhagen vs. Font
Luque vs. dos Anjos
Dariush vs. Tsarukyan
Ribas vs. Namajunas
Blanchfield vs. Fiorot
Nicolau vs. Perez
Lewis vs. Nascimento
Cannonier vs. Imavov
Perez vs. Taira
Barber vs. Namajunas
60
Fight Nights(on ESPN+)
Cejudo vs. Dillashaw
Assunção vs. Moraes 2
Błachowicz vs. Santos
Lewis vs. dos Santos
Till vs. Masvidal
Thompson vs. Pettis
Overeem vs. Oleinik
Jacaré vs. Hermansson
Iaquinta vs. Cowboy
dos Anjos vs. Lee
Gustafsson vs. Smith
Moicano vs. The Korean Zombie
de Randamie vs. Ladd
Shevchenko vs. Carmouche 2
Andrade vs. Zhang
Cowboy vs. Gaethje
Rodríguez vs. Stephens
Hermansson vs. Cannonier
Joanna vs. Waterson
Maia vs. Askren
Magomedsharipov vs. Kattar
Błachowicz vs. Jacaré
Edgar vs. The Korean Zombie
Blaydes vs. dos Santos
Anderson vs. Błachowicz 2
Felder vs. Hooker
Benavidez vs. Figueiredo
Lee vs. Oliveira
Woodley vs. Edwards
Overeem vs. Harris
Smith vs. Teixeira
Hermansson vs. Weidman
Smith vs. Teixeira
Figueiredo vs. Benavidez 2
Brunson vs. Shahbazyan
Lewis vs. Oleinik
Smith vs. Rakić
Overeem vs. Sakai
Waterson vs. Hill
Covington vs. Woodley
Moraes vs. Sandhagen
Ortega vs. The Korean Zombie
Hall vs. Silva
Felder vs. dos Anjos
Thompson vs. Neal
Overeem vs. Volkov
Blaydes vs. Lewis
Rozenstruik vs. Gane
Edwards vs. Muhammad
Font vs. Garbrandt
Rozenstruik vs. Sakai
Gane vs. Volkov
Brunson vs. Till
Smith vs. Spann
Santos vs. Walker
Dern vs. Rodriguez
Ladd vs. Dumont
Costa vs. Vettori
Holloway vs. Rodríguez
Vieira vs. Tate
Lewis vs. Daukaus
Hermansson vs. Strickland
Walker vs. Hill
Makhachev vs. Green
Santos vs. Ankalaev
Volkov vs. Aspinall
Lemos vs. Andrade
Holm vs. Vieira
Volkov vs. Rozenstruik
Blaydes vs. Aspinall
Gane vs. Tuivasa
Sandhagen vs. Song
Dern vs. Yan
Grasso vs. Araújo
Kattar vs. Allen
Rodriguez vs. Lemos
Nzechukwu vs. Cuțelaba
Cannonier vs. Strickland
Strickland vs. Imavov
Lewis vs. Spivak
Andrade vs. Blanchfield
Muniz vs. Allen
Yan vs. Dvalishvili
Holloway vs. Allen
Pavlovich vs. Blaydes
Dern vs. Hill
Aspinall vs. Tybura
Holloway vs. The Korean Zombie
Gane vs. Spivak
Grasso vs. Shevchenko 2
Fiziev vs. Gamrot
Dawson vs. Green
Yusuff vs. Barboza
Almeida vs. Lewis
Allen vs. Craig
Song vs. Gutiérrez
Ankalaev vs. Walker 2
Dolidze vs. Imavov
Hermansson vs. Pyfer
Moreno vs. Royval 2
Rozenstruik vs. Gaziev
Tuivasa vs. Tybura
Allen vs. Curtis 2
Barboza vs. Murphy
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244
UFC on ABC
Holloway vs. Kattar
Vettori vs. Holland
Ortega vs. Rodríguez
Rozenstruik vs. Almeida
Emmett vs. Topuria
Whittaker vs. Aliskerov
Sandhagen vs. Nurmagomedov
The Ultimate FighterFinales
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Category:UFC
WikiProject:MMA
UFC multimedia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"General Motors Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Place"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFC_115-3"}],"text":"UFC 115: Liddell vs. Franklin was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on June 12, 2010 at General Motors Place (now Rogers Arena) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[3]","title":"UFC 115"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuck_Liddell_vs._Rich_Franklin_UFC_115.jpg"},{"link_name":"UFC 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_83"},{"link_name":"UFC 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_97"},{"link_name":"UFC 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_113"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dana White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_White"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighter coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter:_Team_Liddell_vs._Team_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Light Heavyweight Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Light_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Chuck Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Tito Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Rich Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thiago Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiago_Alves_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Jon Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Fitch"},{"link_name":"UFC 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_107"},{"link_name":"UFC 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_111"},{"link_name":"UFC 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_117"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ben Rothwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rothwell"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Yvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Yvel"},{"link_name":"Tyson Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Evan Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Dunham"},{"link_name":"UFC 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_111"},{"link_name":"NCM Fathom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_CineMedia"}],"text":"Rich Franklin against Chuck Liddell in the main event of UFC 115.This was the fourth UFC event to be held in Canada, following UFC 83, UFC 97 and UFC 113 and the first UFC event held in British Columbia since they passed a bill to sanction MMA, on December 17, 2009.[4] For a few days, this event location was in jeopardy because there were still no regulations in place to promote the sport professionally within Vancouver[5] and Cincinnati was rumoured to be a possible location for moving this event.[6] However, the problems were resolved and Dana White confirmed that the show will be going ahead in Vancouver on the scheduled date.[7]The main event was tentatively set to be a third bout featuring Ultimate Fighter coaches and former Light Heavyweight Champions Chuck Liddell and Tito Ortiz. In March, rumours began to circulate that Rich Franklin would replace Ortiz as Liddell's opponent, after Ortiz had supposedly withdrawn from the fight. However, Dana White denied this via his Twitter account on March 13, 2010, noting that Liddell vs. Ortiz was still set to be at the main event. Then, after the announcement, Ortiz had to withdraw from the match due to neck surgery.Despite confirming Liddell/Ortiz III would in fact be at the main event for the card, the main event was confirmed on April 12 as Liddell vs. Franklin due to a neck injury suffered by Ortiz.[8]The on-again, off-again rematch between Thiago Alves and Jon Fitch, first scheduled for UFC 107 then UFC 111 and then UFC 115 was moved again, to UFC 117.[9]The Ben Rothwell vs. Gilbert Yvel fight replaced Tyson Griffin vs. Evan Dunham on the main card. Griffin vs. Dunham was shown on the preliminaries aired on Spike TV.Just like UFC 111 in March, UFC 115 was shown in movie theaters around the United States by NCM Fathom.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ Referee Yves Lavigne controversially stopped the fight as Danzig did not appear to tap and was not left unconscious by the choke.[10]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Fighters were awarded $85,000 bonuses.[11]Fight of the Night: Carlos Condit vs. Rory MacDonald\nKnockout of the Night: Rich Franklin\nSubmission of the Night: Mirko Cro Cop","title":"Bonus awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Vancouver Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money or \"locker room\" bonuses often given by the UFC and also do not include the UFC's traditional \"fight night\" bonuses.[12]Rich Franklin $140,000 ($70,000 win bonus) def. Chuck Liddell ($500,000)\nMirko Cro Cop $150,000 ($75,000 win bonus) def. Pat Barry ($11,000)\nMartin Kampman $50,000 ($25,000 win bonus) def. Paulo Thiago ($18,000)\nBen Rothwell $100,000 ($50,000 win bonus) def. Gilbert Yvel ($30,000)\nCarlos Condit $52,000 ($26,000 win bonus) def. Rory MacDonald ($8,000)\nEvan Dunham $26,000 ($13,000 win bonus) def. Tyson Griffin ($28,000)\nMatt Wiman $28,000 ($14,000 win bonus) def. Mac Danzig ($24,000)\nMario Miranda $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. David Loiseau ($12,000)\nJames Wilks $30,000 ($15,000 win bonus) def. Peter Sobotta ($4,000)\nClaude Patrick $12,000 ($6,000 win bonus) def. Ricardo Funch ($5,000)\nMike Pyle $38,000 ($19,000 win bonus) def. Jesse Lennox ($7,000)","title":"Reported payout"}] | [{"image_text":"Rich Franklin against Chuck Liddell in the main event of UFC 115.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chuck_Liddell_vs._Rich_Franklin_UFC_115.jpg/250px-Chuck_Liddell_vs._Rich_Franklin_UFC_115.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"title":"List of UFC champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_champions"},{"title":"List of UFC events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_events"},{"title":"2010 in UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_UFC"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UFC_Events"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UFC_Events"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFC_Events"},{"title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"title":"List of UFC events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFC_events"},{"title":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_1"},{"title":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_2"},{"title":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_3"},{"title":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_4"},{"title":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_5"},{"title":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_6"},{"title":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_7"},{"title":"UU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Ultimate_1995"},{"title":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_8"},{"title":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_9"},{"title":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_10"},{"title":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_11"},{"title":"UU 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Regional_Transit | Ozark Regional Transit | ["1 History","1.1 Fire","2 Routes","3 Fixed route ridership","4 See also","5 References"] | Ozark Regional TransitParentArkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT)Founded1982Headquarters2423 East Robinson AveLocaleSpringdale, ArkansasService areaWashington County, ArkansasBenton County, ArkansasService typeBus serviceRoutes13Stations1Daily ridership1,157 (2014)Annual ridership202,060 (2022)Fuel typeDieselWebsiteOzark Regional Transit
Ozark Regional Transit is the provider of mass transportation in the Northwest Arkansas region, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, and Bentonville.
History
The roots of the organization are in a 1974 project by the Economic Opportunity Agency of Washington County to provide rural transportation. By 1978, two fixed routes had been established and, in 1982, after being designated as an urban area, northwestern Arkansas formed Ozark Regional Transit and acquired federal funding. Currently, 5 local routes serve the interconnected Fayetteville and Springdale communities and two routes travel through the Rogers-Bentonville area. A commuter route travels once per day in each direction to provide a peak connection between Fayetteville and rural Washington County, while another commuter route travels all day between the four major cities.
Fire
In January 2017, an explosion and subsequent fire destroyed 20 ORT buses, leaving only six functional buses in the fleet. In the subsequent weeks, transit services from around the country donated buses to ORT to restore their fleet, including Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Key West Transit, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Razorback Transit, and Rural Transit Enterprises Coordinated, with many other lending buses until the fleet could be restored.
ORT Bus
Routes
Route 1 - Fayetteville
Route 2 - Fayetteville
Route 3 - Fayetteville/Johnson
Route 4 - Fayetteville
Route 11 - Bentonville
Route 51 - Rogers
Route 52 - Rogers
Route 61 - Springdale
Route 62 - Springdale
Route 63 - Springdale/Johnson
Route 64 - Springdale
Route 490 - I-49 Express
Commuter Express - Arkansas Archaeological Survey to Walmart Home Office, Bentonville, Arkansas
Fixed route ridership
The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response services.
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
See also
List of bus transit systems in the United States
Razorback Transit
References
Arkansas portal
^ "Route Summary 2014" (PDF). www.ozark.org/. Ozark Regional Transit. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
^ "Ozark Regional Transit 2022 Agency Profile" (PDF). Retrieved April 24, 2024.
^ Gill, Todd (January 10, 2017). "Fire destroys 20 Ozark Regional Transit buses". Fayetteville Flyer. Bear State Media. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ "The National Transit Database (NTD)". Retrieved April 24, 2024.
vtePublic transit in ArkansasStatewide
Amtrak
Texas Eagle
Flixbus
Greyhound Lines
Jefferson Lines
List of intercity bus stops in Arkansas
North
Eureka Springs Transit
Fort Smith Transit
Jonesboro Economical Transit
Memphis Area Transit Authority
Ozark Regional Transit
Razorback Transit
South
Hot Springs Intracity Transit
Pine Bluff Transit
Rock Region Metro
Metro Streetcar
Texarkana Urban Transit District
Transportation in Arkansas
vteSpringdale, ArkansasNeighborhoods
Bethel Heights
Shiloh Historic District
Springdale Poultry Industry Historic District
Education
Springdale Public Schools
Har-Ber HS
Springdale HS
Old Springdale HS/District HQ
Bentonville School District
Rogers Public Schools
Shiloh Christian School Springdale Campus
Northwest Arkansas Community College Washington County Campus
Ecclesia College
Landmarks
Arvest Ballpark
Fitzgerald Station and Farmstead
Shiloh Museum of Ozark History
Transportation
Ozark Regional Transit
Springdale Municipal Airport
Northwest Arkansas National Airport (in Highfill, for commercial flights)
Media
Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette (consolidation of the Springdale Morning News)
Society andculture
Arts Center of the Ozarks
Marshallese people
Northwest Arkansas Naturals
This list is incomplete.
This article related to bus transportation in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about transportation in Arkansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transportation"},{"link_name":"Northwest Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Springdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springdale,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas"}],"text":"Ozark Regional Transit is the provider of mass transportation in the Northwest Arkansas region, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, and Bentonville.","title":"Ozark Regional Transit"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The roots of the organization are in a 1974 project by the Economic Opportunity Agency of Washington County to provide rural transportation. By 1978, two fixed routes had been established and, in 1982, after being designated as an urban area, northwestern Arkansas formed Ozark Regional Transit and acquired federal funding. Currently, 5 local routes serve the interconnected Fayetteville and Springdale communities and two routes travel through the Rogers-Bentonville area. A commuter route travels once per day in each direction to provide a peak connection between Fayetteville and rural Washington County, while another commuter route travels all day between the four major cities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dallas Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Key West Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Key_West_Transit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Authority of Allegheny County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County"},{"link_name":"Razorback Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorback_Transit"},{"link_name":"Rural Transit Enterprises Coordinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_Transit_Enterprises_Coordinated&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ozark_Regional_Transit_bus.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Fire","text":"In January 2017, an explosion and subsequent fire destroyed 20 ORT buses, leaving only six functional buses in the fleet.[3] In the subsequent weeks, transit services from around the country donated buses to ORT to restore their fleet, including Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Key West Transit, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Razorback Transit, and Rural Transit Enterprises Coordinated, with many other lending buses until the fleet could be restored.ORT Bus","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Route 1 - Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/245-rt1"},{"link_name":"Route 2 - Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/246-route-2"},{"link_name":"Route 3 - Fayetteville/Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/247-route-3"},{"link_name":"Route 4 - Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/248-route-4"},{"link_name":"Route 11 - Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/249-route-11"},{"link_name":"Route 51 - Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/250-route-51"},{"link_name":"Route 52 - Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/251-route-52"},{"link_name":"Route 61 - Springdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/252-route-61"},{"link_name":"Route 62 - Springdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/253-route-62"},{"link_name":"Route 63 - Springdale/Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/254-route-63"},{"link_name":"Route 64 - Springdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/255-route-64"},{"link_name":"Route 490 - I-49 Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/schedules-maps/schedules-maps/25-main-page-content/257-route-490"},{"link_name":"Commuter Express - Arkansas Archaeological Survey to Walmart Home Office, Bentonville, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ozark.org/cx"}],"text":"Route 1 - Fayetteville\nRoute 2 - Fayetteville\nRoute 3 - Fayetteville/Johnson\nRoute 4 - Fayetteville\nRoute 11 - Bentonville\nRoute 51 - Rogers\nRoute 52 - Rogers\nRoute 61 - Springdale\nRoute 62 - Springdale\nRoute 63 - Springdale/Johnson\nRoute 64 - Springdale\nRoute 490 - I-49 Express\nCommuter Express - Arkansas Archaeological Survey to Walmart Home Office, Bentonville, Arkansas","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response services.[4]50,000\n\n100,000\n\n150,000\n\n200,000\n\n250,000\n\n300,000\n\n\n\n2013\n\n2014\n\n2015\n\n2016\n\n2017\n\n2018\n\n2019\n\n2020\n\n2021\n\n2022","title":"Fixed route ridership"}] | [{"image_text":"ORT Bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ozark_Regional_Transit_bus.jpg/220px-Ozark_Regional_Transit_bus.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of bus transit systems in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Razorback Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorback_Transit"}] | [{"reference":"\"Route Summary 2014\" (PDF). www.ozark.org/. Ozark Regional Transit. Retrieved 4 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ozark.org/images/PDF/2014_Reports/Route_Summary_2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Summary 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ozark Regional Transit 2022 Agency Profile\" (PDF). Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2022/60072.pdf","url_text":"\"Ozark Regional Transit 2022 Agency Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Todd (January 10, 2017). \"Fire destroys 20 Ozark Regional Transit buses\". Fayetteville Flyer. Bear State Media. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fayettevilleflyer.com/2017/01/10/fire-destroys-20-ozark-regional-transit-buses/","url_text":"\"Fire destroys 20 Ozark Regional Transit buses\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Transit Database (NTD)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Plate | W. S. Cox Plate | ["1 History","2 1938 and 1948 racebooks","3 Notable winners","4 Past winners","5 Favourites record","6 Attendance[5]","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Horse race
W. S. Cox PlateGroup One raceRogilla, 1933 winner and Darby MunroLocationMoonee Valley Racecourse, Melbourne, AustraliaInaugurated1922; 102 years ago (1922)List of Cox Plate winnersRace typeThoroughbred – Flat racingSponsorLadbrokes (2022)WebsiteMoonee Valley Racing ClubRace informationDistance2,040 metresSurfaceTurfTrackLeft-handedQualificationHorses three years old and olderWeightWeight for agePurseA$5,000,000 (2022)BonusesWinner ballot exemption from the Melbourne Cup
Amounis, 1927 Cox Plate winner
Ajax, 1938 winner
Flight, 1945 & 1946 winner
Beau Vite, 1940 & 1941 winner
Rising Fast, 1954 winner
Delta,1949 winner
Tranquil Star, 1942 & 1944 winner
The W. S. Cox Plate is a Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three years old and over under Weight for age conditions, over a distance of 2040 metres (approximately 1m 2f), that is held by the Moonee Valley Racing Club at Moonee Valley Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in late October. The race has a purse of A$5,000,000.
History
The race is named in honour of William Samuel (W. S.) Cox, the racing club's founder.
It was first run on Saturday 28 October 1922 with a purse of £1,000.
Between 1999–2005 the event was included in the Emirates World Series Racing Championship, a global "grand prix" of horse racing. The series included the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot, the Japan Cup, the Dubai World Cup, the Arlington Million, the Hong Kong Cup, the Canadian International Stakes, the Grosser Preis von Baden, the Irish Champion Stakes, the Breeders' Cup Turf and the Breeders' Cup Classic.
1938 and 1948 racebooks
Front cover of the 1938 W S Cox Plate racebook
Inside cover showing raceday officials
Starters and results of the 1938 W S Cox Plate showing the winner, Ajax
Starters and results of the 1938 W S Cox Plate
Front cover of the 1948 W. S. Cox Plate racebook
Inside cover showing raceday officials
Starters and results of the 1948 W. S. Cox Plate showing the winner, Carbon Copy
Back cover showing admission charges & transport arrangements
Notable winners
Past winners of the Cox Plate include many of the champion racehorses of Australia and New Zealand. Winx has been the most successful, winning four years in a row (2015–2018) and Kingston Town won the race three times. Many horses have won the race twice, including Phar Lap, Flight, Tobin Bronze, Sunline, Northerly, Fields of Omagh, and So You Think.
Only one horse has ever won the race in the same year as winning the Melbourne and Caulfield cups, Rising Fast (1954), considered by many to be the greatest-ever horse from New Zealand. One other horse, Might & Power, has won all 3 races but the Cox Plate win was in the next year.
The double with the Melbourne Cup has only been achieved by seven horses: Makybe Diva, Might and Power, Saintly, Nightmarch, Phar Lap, Delta and Rising Fast.
Only three horses have ever won the Melbourne Cup and then gone on to win the Cox Plate the following year: Phar Lap, Might and Power and Makybe Diva.
The first Cox Plate was run in 1922 and won by the English horse Violoncello, who also won his next three starts during the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival.
The 1925 race was taken out by three-year-old Manfred, who went on to win the VRC Derby and ran second to Windbag in the Melbourne Cup.
The class gallopers Heroic (21 wins from 51 races) and Amounis (33 wins from 78 races) were successful in 1926 and 1927.
Champion New Zealand-bred Nightmarch won in 1929 before Phar Lap took out the race in 1930 and 1931. Another dual winner of the race was Chatham in 1932 and 1934, as was Young Idea in 1936 and 1937.
The 1938 race was won by Ajax (36 wins from 46 races) in race record time. Outstanding New Zealand champion Beau Vite, a winner of 31 races, won in 1940 and 1941.
Due to restrictions on interstate travel due to World War II, the race was only contested by local horses from 1942 to 1944.
In 1946, the Cox Plate was run in two divisions with the mare Flight winning the stronger division. She became a dual winner following her victory a year earlier. Hydrogen became the seventh dual winner of the race with victories in 1952 and 1953. The dual Caulfield Cup and Melbourne Cup winner Rising Fast won in 1954. Redcraze, a 32-race winner and New Zealand champion, took out the Plate in 1957 as a seven-year-old, ridden by George Moore. Noholme took nearly a second off the race record in a front-running display to win in 1959.
Tulloch, who is often compared to Phar Lap and Carbine, won the following year and again set a new race record. Tobin Bronze became a dual winner of the race with victories in 1966 and 1967. The 1969 Cox Plate was won by the New Zealand three-year-old colt Daryl's Joy, who went on to race successfully in the USA. The popular Goondiwindi grey, Gunsynd, was trainer Tommy Smith's third winner of the Cox Plate in 1972, and the New Zealand Derby winner Fury's Order staggered to victory on a bog track in 1975. Surround became the first three-year-old filly to win the race in 1976, when she defeated the VRC Derby winner Unaware.
The ill-fated Dulcify strode away to win by seven lengths in 1979. He later started favourite in the Melbourne Cup but was put down after breaking a pelvis during the race. One of only two triple winners of the Cox Plate, Kingston Town, won in 1980, 1981 and 1982. On each occasion he was ridden by a different jockey: Malcolm Johnston in 1980, Ron Quinton in 1981, and Peter Cook in 1982. After winning in 1983, Strawberry Road raced in Europe and the US, where he ran fifth in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp and third to Seattle Song in the 1984 Washington, D.C. International at Laurel. In 1984, Red Anchor became trainer T.J. Smith's seventh Cox Plate winner. The 1986 Cox Plate was a two-horse war over the final 800 metres before Bonecrusher triumphed over Our Waverley Star by a neck. This encounter became known as the Race of the Century.
Rubiton, the winner in 1987, went on to a successful stud career where he sired a future Cox Plate winner in Fields of Omagh. Better Loosen Up was 30 lengths from the lead, with 1000 metres to run, before winning the 1990 Plate in record time. He later became the first – and remains the only – Australian horse to win the Japan Cup. The eight-year-old Super Impose won in 1992 and defeated a top-class field which included Better Loosen Up, Let's Elope and favourite Naturalism, who lost his rider. Naturalism went on to run second in the Japan Cup. Australian Horse of the Year Octagonal defeated Mahogany in 1995, while Saintly gave Bart Cummings his second winner of the race in 1996 and Dane Ripper his third winner the following year. The 'People's Champion' Might and Power led throughout to win in 1998, setting a new track record not to be broken for 17 years.
In a front-running display, Sunline won the 1999 Cox Plate and returned in 2000 to win again by seven lengths (equalling Dulcify's winning margin), before West Australian champion Northerly defeated her in 2001 and 2002. In 2004, Savabeel became the first 3-year-old to win since Octagonal. In 2005, Makybe Diva triumphed and became one of the most popular horses in Australian racing history with an unprecedented third Melbourne Cup win 10 days later.
Fields of Omagh won his second Cox Plate in 2006, having already won in 2003, then finished second in 2004 and third behind Makybe Diva in 2005. In 2007, El Segundo won the Cox Plate, avenging his close defeat to Fields of Omagh the year before. In 2008, Maldivian led all the way to claim victory, while So You Think, at just his fifth career start, was an easy winner in 2009, giving Bart Cummings his fourth training victory in the race.
In 2013, Shamus Award recorded his first career win in the Cox Plate, a unique achievement for a WFA race of such high standing. He gained a start only due to the scratching of dominant favourite Atlantic Jewel.
Winx won in 2015 as a 4-year-old mare and in doing so set a new track record. She returned in 2016 when the race boasted a stellar field including the high class Godolphin star Hartnell. Winx and Hartnell looked set for a dream showdown approaching the home bend before Hugh Bowman flicked the switch on Winx, who accelerated away to score by a record breaking margin of eight lengths. In 2017, the champion mare started the Cox Plate as the shortest priced favourite since Phar Lap at $1.10 aiming for her 22nd successive win. After receiving a scare down the straight in the final 200m from Humidor, Winx pulled off an incredible victory to join Kingston Town in becoming just the second triple winner of the title. Winx completed the course in a time of 2 min 2.94 and in doing so broke the track record she previously set in 2015. In 2018 Winx launched herself into true equine legend status winning an unprecedented fourth Cox Plate.
Past winners
For a list of Cox Plate winning horses, see List of Cox Plate winners.
Favourites record
The favourite in the Cox Plate has an overall win rate of 41%. Favourites starting at less than $2.00 (Even money – 1/1) have a win rate of 70%. Phar Lap has the record of shortest favourite at $1.07 (1/14 on) in 1931. More recently Winx started favourite at $1.10 (1/10 on) in 2017 on her way to winning her record-equalling third Cox Plate and in 2018 at her record-breaking fourth win she started at 1.20.
Year
Favourite
Price
Finish
2023
Romantic Warrior
3.70
1
2022
Anamoe
2.40
1
2021
Verry Elleegant
3.60
3
2020
Russian Camelot
3.50
3
2019
Lys Gracieux
2.50
1
2018
Winx
1.20
1
2017
Winx
1.10
1
2016
Winx
1.70
1
2015
Winx
4.60
1
2014
Fawkner
4.50
2
2013
Dundeel
4.00
8
2012
Green Moon
5.00
7
2011
Helmet
3.30
8
2010
So You Think
1.50
1
2009
Whobegotyou
2.80
6
2008
Samantha Miss
4.50
3
2007
Miss Finland
4.00
4
2006
Racing To Win
3.75
11
2005
Makybe Diva
2.00
1
2004
Elvstroem
4.20
8
2003
Lonhro
1.60
3
2002
Northerly
4.00*
1
2002
Lonhro
4.00*
6
2001
Sunline
2.75
2
2000
Sunline
2.38
1
1999
Redoute's Choice
4.50
5
1998
Might and Power
1.73
1
1997
Filante
2.38
2
1996
Filante
3.25*
2
1996
Juggler
3.25*
4
1995
Danewin
4.50*
9
1995
Our Maizcay
4.50*
14
1994
Jeune
4.00
13
1993
Naturalism
3.00
4
1992
Naturalism
2.00
LR
1991
Shaftesbury Avenue
2.50
12
1990
Better Loosen Up
3.00
1
1989
Almaarad
3.75
1
1988
Our Poetic Prince
2.25
1
1987
Rubiton
2.75
1
1986
Bonecrusher
1.90
1
1985
Drawn
4.50
3
1984
Red Anchor
1.73
1
1983
Sir Dapper
4.50*
5
1983
Strawberry Road
6.50
11
1982
Kingston Town
2.75
1
1981
Kingston Town
1.67
1
1980
Kingston Town
2.50
1
1979
Dulcify
2.75
1
1978
La Mer
2.75
6
1977
Luskin Star
2.75
9
1976
How Now
2.75
4
1975
Wave King
7.00
5
1974
Taras Bulba
3.50
2
1973
Young Ida
5.00
7
1972
Gunsynd
2.50
1
1971
Igloo
3.75
2
1970
Gay Poss
2.75
6
1969
Ben Lomond
2.75
2
1968
Rajah Sahib
2.75
1
Year
Favourite
Price
Finish
1967
Tobin Bronze
1.17
1
1966
Tobin Bronze
1.90
1
1965
Winfreux
2.38
2
1964
Strauss
3.50
5
1963
Sometime
2.25
3
1962
Aquanita
1.80
1
1961
Sky High
1.44
3
1960
Tulloch
3.00
1
1959
Travel Boy
3.50
6
1958
Prince Darius
3.00
4
1957
Prince Darius
2.11
2
1956
Rising Fast
2.75
2
1955
Rising Fast
2.50
6
1954
Rising Fast
2.38
1
1953
Carioca
3.25
5
1952
Hydrogen
2.38
1
1951
Hydrogen
2.25
2
1950
Delta
2.38
5
1949
Comic Court
2.25
2
1948
Phoibos
2.50
2
1947
Royal Gem
2.75
4
1946
Flying Duke
3.50
5
1946
St. Fairy
3.00
7
1945
Lawrence
1.90
4
1944
Lawrence
1.50
2
1943
Amana
3.50
1
1942
Great Britain
3.25
13
1941
Beau Vite
1.33
1
1940
Beau Vite
2.75
1
1939
High Caste
1.90
5
1938
Ajax
1.50
1
1937
Young Idea
3.00
1
1936
Mala
4.00
2
1935
Hall Mark
3.00
2
1934
Chatham
3.00
1
1933
Chatham
1.53
4
1932
Chatham
2.11
1
1931
Phar Lap
1.07
1
1930
Phar Lap
1.14
1
1929
Nightmarch
2.25
1
1928
Ramulus
4.00*
2
1928
Amounis
4.00*
7
1927
Amounis
4.00*
1
1927
Gothic
4.00*
3
1926
Heroic
1.80
1
1925
Manfred
1.80
1
1924
Whittier
2.50
2
1923
Easingwold
2.50
1
1922
Tangalooma
2.50
6
Price: * indicates equal favourite.
Attendance
2023 – 21,000
2022 – 19,000
2021 – 0 (no public attendance due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions)
2020 – 0 (no public attendance due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions)
2019 – 24,648
2018 – 38,035
2017 – 32,617
2016 – 26,000
2015 – 27,620
2014 – 28,216
2013 – 30,986
2011 – 30,000
2010 – 31,546
2009 – 31,000
2008 – 34,000
2007 – 34,561
2006 – 34,256
2005 – 44,189
2004 – 32,187
2003 – 30,109
See also
Australian horse-racing
List of Australian Group races
Group races
Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival
References
^ "Winners and Past Results for the Cox Plate". Pro Group Racing Australia. 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ "Prize Money for the Cox Plate". Just Horse Racing. 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ Andrew Lemon (7 April 2011). "Developer Proposes Housing Plan For Moonee Valley Racecourse". The Age. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ Cox Plate Favourites
^ "Moonee Valley Racecourse Crowds". Austadiums. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ "2021 Ladbrokes Cox Plate Carnival to proceed without crowds". Moonee Valley Racing Club. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
^ Ractliffe, Damien. "No crowds at this year's Melbourne Cup carnival". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
^ MVRC News Archive – Moonee Valley Racing Club
^ Economic Benefits Summary
External links
Moonee Valley Racing Club
coxplate.racingandsports.com.au (Official) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amounis_1930_VATC_Futurity_Stakes_Jockey_Harold_Jones_Trainer_Frank_McGrath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amounis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amounis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ajax_McCarten_up_at_Rosehill,_18_September_1937.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flight_1946_VRC_LKS_Mackinnon_Stakes_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Jack_O%27Sullivan_Trainer_Frank_Nowland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(horse)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beau_Vite_1940_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Jockey_Ted_McMenamin_Trainer_Frank_McGrath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beau Vite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Vite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rising_Fast_(NZ).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rising Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Fast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_1950_VRC_St_Leger_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Neville_Sellwood_Trainer_Maurice_McCarten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(horse)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tranquil_Star_1946_Olympic_Park_Melbourne_Farewell_Jockey_Scobie_Breasley_Trainer_Ron_Cameron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tranquil Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquil_Star"},{"link_name":"Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_race"},{"link_name":"Weight for age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_for_age"},{"link_name":"Moonee Valley Racing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonee_Valley_Racing_Club"},{"link_name":"Moonee Valley Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonee_Valley_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-1"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A$"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox_Plate-2"}],"text":"Horse raceAmounis, 1927 Cox Plate winnerAjax, 1938 winnerFlight, 1945 & 1946 winnerBeau Vite, 1940 & 1941 winnerRising Fast, 1954 winnerDelta,1949 winnerTranquil Star, 1942 & 1944 winnerThe W. S. Cox Plate is a Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three years old and over under Weight for age conditions, over a distance of 2040 metres (approximately 1m 2f), that is held by the Moonee Valley Racing Club at Moonee Valley Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in late October.[1] The race has a purse of A$5,000,000.[2]","title":"W. S. Cox Plate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Samuel (W. S.) 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S.) Cox, the racing club's founder.[3]It was first run on Saturday 28 October 1922 with a purse of £1,000.Between 1999–2005 the event was included in the Emirates World Series Racing Championship, a global \"grand prix\" of horse racing. The series included the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot, the Japan Cup, the Dubai World Cup, the Arlington Million, the Hong Kong Cup, the Canadian International Stakes, the Grosser Preis von Baden, the Irish Champion Stakes, the Breeders' Cup Turf and the Breeders' Cup Classic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_MVRC_W_S_Cox_Plate_Racebook_P1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_MVRC_W_S_Cox_Plate_Racebook_P2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_MVRC_W_S_Cox_Plate_Racebook_P3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_MVRC_W_S_Cox_Plate_Racebook_P4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Racebook_P1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Racebook_P2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Racebook_P3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carbon Copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Copy_(horse)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Racebook_P4.jpg"}],"text":"Front cover of the 1938 W S Cox Plate racebook\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside cover showing raceday officials\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStarters and results of the 1938 W S Cox Plate showing the winner, Ajax\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStarters and results of the 1938 W S Cox Plate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFront cover of the 1948 W. S. Cox Plate racebook\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside cover showing raceday officials\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStarters and results of the 1948 W. S. Cox Plate showing the winner, Carbon Copy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBack cover showing admission charges & transport arrangements","title":"1938 and 1948 racebooks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Past winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cox_Plate_winners"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Winx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winx_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Kingston Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Town_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Phar Lap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phar_Lap"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Tobin Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_Bronze"},{"link_name":"Sunline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunline"},{"link_name":"Northerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northerly"},{"link_name":"Fields of Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Omagh"},{"link_name":"So You Think","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think"},{"link_name":"Rising Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Fast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Makybe Diva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makybe_Diva"},{"link_name":"Might and Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Might_and_Power"},{"link_name":"Saintly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintly"},{"link_name":"Nightmarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmarch"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Spring_Racing_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Manfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Heroic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Amounis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amounis"},{"link_name":"Nightmarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmarch"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Young Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Idea_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_II"},{"link_name":"Beau Vite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Vite"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Caulfield Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rising Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Fast"},{"link_name":"Redcraze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcraze"},{"link_name":"George Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_T._D._Moore"},{"link_name":"Noholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noholme"},{"link_name":"Tulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulloch_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbine_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Tobin Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_Bronze"},{"link_name":"Daryl's Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl%27s_Joy"},{"link_name":"Gunsynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsynd"},{"link_name":"Fury's Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury%27s_Order"},{"link_name":"Surround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Dulcify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcify"},{"link_name":"put down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_euthanasia"},{"link_name":"Kingston Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Town_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Johnston_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Peter Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cook_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Road"},{"link_name":"Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe"},{"link_name":"Longchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Longchamp"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C. International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C._International_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Park_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Red Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Anchor"},{"link_name":"T.J. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.J._Smith"},{"link_name":"Bonecrusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonecrusher_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Our Waverley Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Star"},{"link_name":"Race of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_of_the_Century_(Horse_Racing)"},{"link_name":"Rubiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiton"},{"link_name":"Fields of Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Omagh"},{"link_name":"Better Loosen Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Loosen_Up"},{"link_name":"Japan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Super Impose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Impose"},{"link_name":"Better Loosen Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Loosen_Up"},{"link_name":"Let's Elope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Elope"},{"link_name":"Naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Japan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Octagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagonal_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Saintly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintly"},{"link_name":"Bart Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Dane Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Might and Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Might_and_Power"},{"link_name":"Sunline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunline"},{"link_name":"Northerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northerly"},{"link_name":"Savabeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savabeel"},{"link_name":"Makybe Diva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makybe_Diva"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fields of Omagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Omagh"},{"link_name":"So You Think","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think"},{"link_name":"Shamus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamus_Award_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Winx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winx_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_(racing)"},{"link_name":"Hartnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartnell_(horse)"}],"text":"Past winners of the Cox Plate include many of the champion racehorses of Australia and New Zealand. Winx has been the most successful, winning four years in a row (2015–2018) and Kingston Town won the race three times. Many horses have won the race twice, including Phar Lap, Flight, Tobin Bronze, Sunline, Northerly, Fields of Omagh, and So You Think.Only one horse has ever won the race in the same year as winning the Melbourne and Caulfield cups, Rising Fast (1954), considered by many to be the greatest-ever horse from New Zealand. One other horse, Might & Power, has won all 3 races but the Cox Plate win was in the next year.[citation needed]The double with the Melbourne Cup has only been achieved by seven horses: Makybe Diva, Might and Power, Saintly, Nightmarch, Phar Lap, Delta and Rising Fast.Only three horses have ever won the Melbourne Cup and then gone on to win the Cox Plate the following year: Phar Lap, Might and Power and Makybe Diva.The first Cox Plate was run in 1922 and won by the English horse Violoncello, who also won his next three starts during the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival.The 1925 race was taken out by three-year-old Manfred, who went on to win the VRC Derby and ran second to Windbag in the Melbourne Cup.The class gallopers Heroic (21 wins from 51 races) and Amounis (33 wins from 78 races) were successful in 1926 and 1927.Champion New Zealand-bred Nightmarch won in 1929 before Phar Lap took out the race in 1930 and 1931. Another dual winner of the race was Chatham in 1932 and 1934, as was Young Idea in 1936 and 1937.The 1938 race was won by Ajax (36 wins from 46 races) in race record time. Outstanding New Zealand champion Beau Vite, a winner of 31 races, won in 1940 and 1941.Due to restrictions on interstate travel due to World War II, the race was only contested by local horses from 1942 to 1944.In 1946, the Cox Plate was run in two divisions with the mare Flight winning the stronger division. She became a dual winner following her victory a year earlier. Hydrogen became the seventh dual winner of the race with victories in 1952 and 1953. The dual Caulfield Cup and Melbourne Cup winner Rising Fast won in 1954. Redcraze, a 32-race winner and New Zealand champion, took out the Plate in 1957 as a seven-year-old, ridden by George Moore. Noholme took nearly a second off the race record in a front-running display to win in 1959.Tulloch, who is often compared to Phar Lap and Carbine, won the following year and again set a new race record. Tobin Bronze became a dual winner of the race with victories in 1966 and 1967. The 1969 Cox Plate was won by the New Zealand three-year-old colt Daryl's Joy, who went on to race successfully in the USA. The popular Goondiwindi grey, Gunsynd, was trainer Tommy Smith's third winner of the Cox Plate in 1972, and the New Zealand Derby winner Fury's Order staggered to victory on a bog track in 1975. Surround became the first three-year-old filly to win the race in 1976, when she defeated the VRC Derby winner Unaware.The ill-fated Dulcify strode away to win by seven lengths in 1979. He later started favourite in the Melbourne Cup but was put down after breaking a pelvis during the race. One of only two triple winners of the Cox Plate, Kingston Town, won in 1980, 1981 and 1982. On each occasion he was ridden by a different jockey: Malcolm Johnston in 1980, Ron Quinton in 1981, and Peter Cook in 1982. After winning in 1983, Strawberry Road raced in Europe and the US, where he ran fifth in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp and third to Seattle Song in the 1984 Washington, D.C. International at Laurel. In 1984, Red Anchor became trainer T.J. Smith's seventh Cox Plate winner. The 1986 Cox Plate was a two-horse war over the final 800 metres before Bonecrusher triumphed over Our Waverley Star by a neck. This encounter became known as the Race of the Century.Rubiton, the winner in 1987, went on to a successful stud career where he sired a future Cox Plate winner in Fields of Omagh. Better Loosen Up was 30 lengths from the lead, with 1000 metres to run, before winning the 1990 Plate in record time. He later became the first – and remains the only – Australian horse to win the Japan Cup. The eight-year-old Super Impose won in 1992 and defeated a top-class field which included Better Loosen Up, Let's Elope and favourite Naturalism, who lost his rider. Naturalism went on to run second in the Japan Cup. Australian Horse of the Year Octagonal defeated Mahogany in 1995, while Saintly gave Bart Cummings his second winner of the race in 1996 and Dane Ripper his third winner the following year. The 'People's Champion' Might and Power led throughout to win in 1998, setting a new track record not to be broken for 17 years.In a front-running display, Sunline won the 1999 Cox Plate and returned in 2000 to win again by seven lengths (equalling Dulcify's winning margin), before West Australian champion Northerly defeated her in 2001 and 2002. In 2004, Savabeel became the first 3-year-old to win since Octagonal. In 2005, Makybe Diva triumphed and became one of the most popular horses in Australian racing history with an unprecedented third Melbourne Cup win 10 days later.Fields of Omagh won his second Cox Plate in 2006, having already won in 2003, then finished second in 2004 and third behind Makybe Diva in 2005. In 2007, El Segundo won the Cox Plate, avenging his close defeat to Fields of Omagh the year before. In 2008, Maldivian led all the way to claim victory, while So You Think, at just his fifth career start, was an easy winner in 2009, giving Bart Cummings his fourth training victory in the race.In 2013, Shamus Award recorded his first career win in the Cox Plate, a unique achievement for a WFA race of such high standing. He gained a start only due to the scratching of dominant favourite Atlantic Jewel.Winx won in 2015 as a 4-year-old mare and in doing so set a new track record. She returned in 2016 when the race boasted a stellar field including the high class Godolphin star Hartnell. Winx and Hartnell looked set for a dream showdown approaching the home bend before Hugh Bowman flicked the switch on Winx, who accelerated away to score by a record breaking margin of eight lengths. In 2017, the champion mare started the Cox Plate as the shortest priced favourite since Phar Lap at $1.10 aiming for her 22nd successive win. After receiving a scare down the straight in the final 200m from Humidor, Winx pulled off an incredible victory to join Kingston Town in becoming just the second triple winner of the title. Winx completed the course in a time of 2 min 2.94 and in doing so broke the track record she previously set in 2015. In 2018 Winx launched herself into true equine legend status winning an unprecedented fourth Cox Plate.","title":"Notable winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Cox Plate winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cox_Plate_winners"}],"text":"For a list of Cox Plate winning horses, see List of Cox Plate winners.","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The favourite in the Cox Plate[4] has an overall win rate of 41%. Favourites starting at less than $2.00 (Even money – 1/1) have a win rate of 70%. Phar Lap has the record of shortest favourite at $1.07 (1/14 on) in 1931. More recently Winx started favourite at $1.10 (1/10 on) in 2017 on her way to winning her record-equalling third Cox Plate and in 2018 at her record-breaking fourth win she started at 1.20.Price: * indicates equal favourite.","title":"Favourites record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"2023 – 21,000\n2022 – 19,000\n2021 – 0 (no public attendance due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions)[6]\n2020 – 0 (no public attendance due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions)[7]\n2019 – 24,648\n2018 – 38,035\n2017 – 32,617\n2016 – 26,000\n2015 – 27,620\n2014 – 28,216\n2013 – 30,986\n2011 – 30,000\n2010 – 31,546\n2009 – 31,000\n2008 – 34,000\n2007 – 34,561\n2006 – 34,256[8]\n2005 – 44,189[9]\n2004 – 32,187\n2003 – 30,109","title":"Attendance"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rogilla_1933_VRC_Melbourne_Stakes_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Darby_Munro_Trainer_Les_Haigh.jpg/260px-Rogilla_1933_VRC_Melbourne_Stakes_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Darby_Munro_Trainer_Les_Haigh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amounis, 1927 Cox Plate winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Amounis_1930_VATC_Futurity_Stakes_Jockey_Harold_Jones_Trainer_Frank_McGrath.jpg/260px-Amounis_1930_VATC_Futurity_Stakes_Jockey_Harold_Jones_Trainer_Frank_McGrath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ajax, 1938 winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ajax_McCarten_up_at_Rosehill%2C_18_September_1937.jpg/260px-Ajax_McCarten_up_at_Rosehill%2C_18_September_1937.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flight, 1945 & 1946 winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flight_1946_VRC_LKS_Mackinnon_Stakes_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Jack_O%27Sullivan_Trainer_Frank_Nowland.jpg/260px-Flight_1946_VRC_LKS_Mackinnon_Stakes_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Jack_O%27Sullivan_Trainer_Frank_Nowland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beau Vite, 1940 & 1941 winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beau_Vite_1940_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Jockey_Ted_McMenamin_Trainer_Frank_McGrath.jpg/260px-Beau_Vite_1940_MVRC_W._S._Cox_Plate_Jockey_Ted_McMenamin_Trainer_Frank_McGrath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rising Fast, 1954 winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rising_Fast_%28NZ%29.jpg/260px-Rising_Fast_%28NZ%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Delta,1949 winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Delta_1950_VRC_St_Leger_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Neville_Sellwood_Trainer_Maurice_McCarten.jpg/260px-Delta_1950_VRC_St_Leger_Flemington_Racecourse_Jockey_Neville_Sellwood_Trainer_Maurice_McCarten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tranquil Star, 1942 & 1944 winner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tranquil_Star_1946_Olympic_Park_Melbourne_Farewell_Jockey_Scobie_Breasley_Trainer_Ron_Cameron.jpg/260px-Tranquil_Star_1946_Olympic_Park_Melbourne_Farewell_Jockey_Scobie_Breasley_Trainer_Ron_Cameron.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Australian horse-racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_horse-racing"},{"title":"List of Australian Group races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Group_races"},{"title":"Group races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"title":"Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Spring_Racing_Carnival"}] | [{"reference":"\"Winners and Past Results for the Cox Plate\". Pro Group Racing Australia. 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.progroupracing.com.au/group-races/moonee-valley-racing-club/cox-plate-race","url_text":"\"Winners and Past Results for the Cox Plate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prize Money for the Cox Plate\". Just Horse Racing. 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justhorseracing.com.au/news/australian-racing/cox-plate-prizemoney-increased-to-5million/453668","url_text":"\"Prize Money for the Cox Plate\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Lemon (7 April 2011). \"Developer Proposes Housing Plan For Moonee Valley Racecourse\". The Age. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/moonee-valley-signing-its-death-warrant-20110406-1d4eg.html","url_text":"\"Developer Proposes Housing Plan For Moonee Valley Racecourse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moonee Valley Racecourse Crowds\". Austadiums. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/moonee-valley/crowds","url_text":"\"Moonee Valley Racecourse Crowds\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Ladbrokes Cox Plate Carnival to proceed without crowds\". Moonee Valley Racing Club. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thevalley.com.au/news/2021-09-21/2021-ladbrokes-cox-plate-carnival-to-proceed-without-crowds","url_text":"\"2021 Ladbrokes Cox Plate Carnival to proceed without crowds\""}]},{"reference":"Ractliffe, Damien. \"No crowds at this year's Melbourne Cup carnival\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/racing/no-crowds-at-this-year-s-melbourne-cup-carnival-20201025-p568ea.html","url_text":"\"No crowds at this year's Melbourne Cup carnival\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mvrc.com.au/","external_links_name":"Moonee Valley Racing Club"},{"Link":"https://www.progroupracing.com.au/group-races/moonee-valley-racing-club/cox-plate-race","external_links_name":"\"Winners and Past Results for the Cox Plate\""},{"Link":"https://www.justhorseracing.com.au/news/australian-racing/cox-plate-prizemoney-increased-to-5million/453668","external_links_name":"\"Prize Money for the Cox Plate\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/moonee-valley-signing-its-death-warrant-20110406-1d4eg.html","external_links_name":"\"Developer Proposes Housing Plan For Moonee Valley Racecourse\""},{"Link":"http://www.ozeform.com/Racing/CoxPlate/CupFavourites.aspx","external_links_name":"Cox Plate Favourites"},{"Link":"https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/moonee-valley/crowds","external_links_name":"\"Moonee Valley Racecourse Crowds\""},{"Link":"https://www.thevalley.com.au/news/2021-09-21/2021-ladbrokes-cox-plate-carnival-to-proceed-without-crowds","external_links_name":"\"2021 Ladbrokes Cox Plate Carnival to proceed without crowds\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/racing/no-crowds-at-this-year-s-melbourne-cup-carnival-20201025-p568ea.html","external_links_name":"\"No crowds at this year's Melbourne Cup carnival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060114141936/http://www.mvrc.net.au/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory§ionid=1&id=70&Itemid=180","external_links_name":"MVRC News Archive – Moonee Valley Racing Club"},{"Link":"http://www.racingvictoria.net.au/asset/cms/Annual%20Reports/SRC%2006%20Ecomonic%20Benefits%20Summary.pdf","external_links_name":"Economic Benefits Summary"},{"Link":"http://www.mvrc.com.au/","external_links_name":"Moonee Valley Racing Club"},{"Link":"http://coxplate.racingandsports.com.au/","external_links_name":"coxplate.racingandsports.com.au (Official)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Muhammad_Abdel_Moneim | Muhammad Abdel Moneim | ["1 Early life","2 Regency","3 Death","4 Family","5 References"] | Crown Prince of Egypt and Sudan (1899-1979)
Not to be confused with Mohamed Abdel Monem.
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Muhammad Abdel MoneimCrown Prince of Egypt and SudanHeirdom20 February 1899 – 19 December 1914PredecessorMohammed Ali TewfikSuccessorFuad I of EgyptRegent of Egypt and SudanRegency26 July 1952 – 18 June 1953Born(1899-02-20)20 February 1899Montaza Palace, Alexandria, EgyptDied1 December 1979(1979-12-01) (aged 80)Ortaköy, Istanbul, TurkeyBurialCairo, EgyptSpouseNeslişah SultanIssuePrince Abbas HilmiPrincess IkbalDynastyMuhammad AliFatherAbbas II of EgyptMotherIkbal Hanim
Damat Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Beyefendi (20 February 1899 – 1 December 1979) was an Egyptian prince and heir apparent to the throne of Egypt and Sudan from 1899 to 1914. Upon the abdication of King Farouk following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, he served as Regent for King Ahmed Fuad II until the declaration of the Republic of Egypt and abolition of the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy in 1953.
Early life
Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim was born at the Montaza Palace, near Alexandria. His father Abbas II was the reigning Khedive and so Muhammad Abdul Moneim became heir apparent upon his birth and was given the title of Hereditary Prince. He was educated at Fribourg, Switzerland. Following the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I, Muhammad Abdul Moneim's father Abbas II was deposed by Britain on 18 December 1914 for supporting the Ottomans in the War. His father was replaced on the throne by his uncle Hussein Kamel, bypassing Muhammad Abdul Moneim who was now demoted in the line of succession. He was created His Highness in 1922.
In 1927 he returned to Egypt. In 1933 he and his cousin Prince Youssouf Kamal visited the United States and Canada. He served as President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee from 1934 until 1938. In 1938 he reportedly asked King Farouk for permission to marry Myzejen Zogu, sister of King Zog I of Albania.
In 1939 he was appointed President of the Arab delegation to the Palestine Conference in London.
Regency
Following the abdication of King Farouk, Muhammad Abdul Moneim served as Chairman of the Council of Egyptian Regency from 26 July 1952 to 18 June 1953 for the infant King Fuad II, being created Royal Highness in 1952. The regency came to an end when Major General Muhammad Naguib took power and declared Egypt a republic, ending the rule of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty.
In December 1957, he was arrested for attempting to overthrow Nasser and return the monarchy.
Death
He died in Ortaköy, Istanbul, and was buried in Cairo.
Family
Muhammad Abdul Moneim married his third cousin Princess Fatma Neslişah Osmanoğlu Sultan (4 February 1921 – 2 April 2012) at the Heliopolis Palace, Cairo, on 26 September 1940. She was a daughter of Prince Şehzade Omer Faruk (1898–1969/1971) and his first wife and cousin, Princess Rukiye Sabiha Sultan (1894–1971). Fatma Neslişah was also paternal granddaughter of the last Ottoman Caliph Abdülmecid II by his first wife and maternal granddaughter of the last Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Mehmed VI by his first wife.
Muhammad Abdul Moneim and Fatma Neslişah had two children:
Prince Sultanzade Abbas Hilmi (b. 16 October 1941 in Cairo), married in Istanbul on 1 June 1969 to Mediha Momtaz (b. 12 May 1945 in Cairo), and has one daughter and one son:
Princess HGlory Nabila Sabiha Fatima Hilmi Hanım (b. 28 September 1974 in London)
Prince HGlory Nabil Daoud Abdelmoneim Hilmi Bey (b. 23 July 1979 in Paddington, London)
Princess İkbal Hilmi Abdulmunim Hanımsultan (b. 22 December 1944), unmarried and without issue
References
^ a b "Sister of King Zog Wooed by Egyptian". New York Times. 19 July 1938. p. 14.
^ "Two Egyptian Princes Here". New York Times. 13 June 1933. p. 16.
^ "Mufti's Men Only Will Go to London". New York Times. 22 January 1939. p. 29.
^ "Farouk's Cousin Jailed In Cairo Plot Charges". New York Times. 25 December 1957. p. 17.
^ "Egypt Investigates 'Anti-Nasser Plot'". New York Times. 28 December 1957. p. 5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim.
vteMuhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1953)Family treeMonarchs
Muhammad Ali
Ibrahim
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Sa'id
Isma'il
Tewfik
Abbas Hilmi II
Hussein Kamel
Ahmed Fuad I
Farouk
Ahmed Fuad II
Consorts
Amina Hanem
Ayn al-Hayat Qadin
Hoshiyar Qadin
Mahivech Hanim
Inji Hanim
Melekber Hanim
Jananiyar Hanim
Jeshm Afet Hanim
Shehret Feza Hanim
Shafaq Nur Hanim
Nur Felek Qadin
Jamal Nur Qadin
Neshedil Qadin
Ferial Qadin
Emina Ilhamy
Ikbal Hanim
Javidan Hanim
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Ibrahim
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Farouk
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Youssef Kamal
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Kamal el Dine Hussein
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Muhammad Ali Hassan
Hassan Aziz Hassan
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Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohamed Abdel Monem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdel_Monem"},{"link_name":"Damat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damat"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"King Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution of 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952"},{"link_name":"Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Fuad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Mohamed Abdel Monem.Damat Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Beyefendi (20 February 1899 – 1 December 1979) was an Egyptian prince and heir apparent to the throne of Egypt and Sudan from 1899 to 1914. Upon the abdication of King Farouk following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, he served as Regent for King Ahmed Fuad II until the declaration of the Republic of Egypt and abolition of the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy in 1953.","title":"Muhammad Abdel Moneim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montaza Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaza_Palace"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Abbas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Khedive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Fribourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fribourg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Hussein Kamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sister-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Myzejen Zogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myzejen_Zogu"},{"link_name":"Zog I of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sister-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim was born at the Montaza Palace, near Alexandria. His father Abbas II was the reigning Khedive and so Muhammad Abdul Moneim became heir apparent upon his birth and was given the title of Hereditary Prince. He was educated at Fribourg, Switzerland. Following the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I, Muhammad Abdul Moneim's father Abbas II was deposed by Britain on 18 December 1914 for supporting the Ottomans in the War. His father was replaced on the throne by his uncle Hussein Kamel, bypassing Muhammad Abdul Moneim who was now demoted in the line of succession. He was created His Highness in 1922.In 1927 he returned to Egypt.[1] In 1933 he and his cousin Prince Youssouf Kamal visited the United States and Canada.[2] He served as President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee from 1934 until 1938. In 1938 he reportedly asked King Farouk for permission to marry Myzejen Zogu, sister of King Zog I of Albania.[1]In 1939 he was appointed President of the Arab delegation to the Palestine Conference in London.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Fuad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Naguib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Following the abdication of King Farouk, Muhammad Abdul Moneim served as Chairman of the Council of Egyptian Regency from 26 July 1952 to 18 June 1953 for the infant King Fuad II, being created Royal Highness in 1952. The regency came to an end when Major General Muhammad Naguib took power and declared Egypt a republic, ending the rule of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty.In December 1957, he was arrested for attempting to overthrow Nasser and return the monarchy.[4][5]","title":"Regency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ortaköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"text":"He died in Ortaköy, Istanbul, and was buried in Cairo.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatma Neslişah Osmanoğlu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesli%C5%9Fah_Sultan_(daughter_of_%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Faruk)"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_Palace"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Rukiye Sabiha Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukiye_Sabiha_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Abdülmecid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_II"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Mehmed VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_VI"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultanzade Abbas Hilmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Abbas_Hilmi"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Nabila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Nabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Muhammad Abdul Moneim married his third cousin Princess Fatma Neslişah Osmanoğlu Sultan (4 February 1921 – 2 April 2012) at the Heliopolis Palace, Cairo, on 26 September 1940. She was a daughter of Prince Şehzade Omer Faruk (1898–1969/1971) and his first wife and cousin, Princess Rukiye Sabiha Sultan (1894–1971). Fatma Neslişah was also paternal granddaughter of the last Ottoman Caliph Abdülmecid II by his first wife and maternal granddaughter of the last Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Mehmed VI by his first wife.Muhammad Abdul Moneim and Fatma Neslişah had two children:Prince Sultanzade Abbas Hilmi (b. 16 October 1941 in Cairo), married in Istanbul on 1 June 1969 to Mediha Momtaz (b. 12 May 1945 in Cairo), and has one daughter and one son:\nPrincess HGlory Nabila Sabiha Fatima Hilmi Hanım (b. 28 September 1974 in London)\nPrince HGlory Nabil Daoud Abdelmoneim Hilmi Bey (b. 23 July 1979 in Paddington, London)\nPrincess İkbal Hilmi Abdulmunim Hanımsultan (b. 22 December 1944), unmarried and without issue","title":"Family"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sister of King Zog Wooed by Egyptian\". 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New York Times. 28 December 1957. p. 5.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Muhammad+Abdel+Moneim%22","external_links_name":"\"Muhammad Abdel Moneim\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Muhammad+Abdel+Moneim%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Muhammad+Abdel+Moneim%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Muhammad+Abdel+Moneim%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Muhammad+Abdel+Moneim%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Muhammad+Abdel+Moneim%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Dudish | Andy Dudish | ["1 References"] | American football player (1918–2001)
American football player
Andy DudishPersonal informationBorn:(1918-10-13)October 13, 1918Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.Died:January 19, 2001(2001-01-19) (aged 82)Lawrenceville, Georgia, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:182 lb (83 kg)Career informationCollege:GeorgiaPosition:HalfbackCareer history
Buffalo Bisons (1946)
Baltimore Colts (1947)
Detroit Lions (1948)
Player stats at PFR
Andrew Charles Dudish (October 13, 1918 – January 19, 2001) was an American football halfback.
Dudish was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1918 and attended Hanover High School in Hanover, Pennsylvania. He played college football for Georgia from 1940 to 1942. He was a member of the undefeated 1942 Georgia Bulldogs football team that won a national championship. He played in Georgia's backfield with Frank Sinkwich and earned a reputation as "a vicious, savage tackler" and "one of the most outstanding defensive backs Georgia has ever known."
Dudish served in the Army from 1943 to 1945 during World War II. He suffered a fractured vertebrae in 1944 during a football game at Fort Benning.
Dudish played professional football in the All-America Football Conference for the Buffalo Bisons in 1946 and Baltimore Colts in 1947 and in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions in 1948. He appeared in 29 professional football games, six of them as a starter, and totaled 141 rushing yards, 163 receiving yards, 622 punt and kick return yards, and two touchdowns.
After retiring as a player, Dudish worked for a life insurance company and coached youth football in Georgia. With his wife, Lugenia, he had two sons and three daughters. He died in 2001 in Lawrenceville, Georgia, of complications from pneumonia.
References
^ a b "Andy Dudish Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
^ "Hanover Boy in Line for All-America". The Wilkes-Barre Times-Leader. October 20, 1942. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Andy Dudish Earns Bars at Fort Benning". The Charlotte News. September 8, 1943. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Andy Dudish Patient At Lawson General". The Atlanta Constitution. March 4, 1944. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Andrew Dudish, used football skills as a guide to life". The Atlanta Constitution. January 21, 2001 – via Newspapers.com. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"halfback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hanover, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFR-1"},{"link_name":"1942 Georgia Bulldogs football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinkwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinkwich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"All-America Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons_(AAFC)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Colts"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFR-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrenceville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"American football playerAndrew Charles Dudish (October 13, 1918 – January 19, 2001) was an American football halfback.Dudish was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1918 and attended Hanover High School in Hanover, Pennsylvania. He played college football for Georgia from 1940 to 1942.[1] He was a member of the undefeated 1942 Georgia Bulldogs football team that won a national championship. He played in Georgia's backfield with Frank Sinkwich and earned a reputation as \"a vicious, savage tackler\" and \"one of the most outstanding defensive backs Georgia has ever known.\"[2]Dudish served in the Army from 1943 to 1945 during World War II.[3] He suffered a fractured vertebrae in 1944 during a football game at Fort Benning.[4]Dudish played professional football in the All-America Football Conference for the Buffalo Bisons in 1946 and Baltimore Colts in 1947 and in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions in 1948. He appeared in 29 professional football games, six of them as a starter, and totaled 141 rushing yards, 163 receiving yards, 622 punt and kick return yards, and two touchdowns.[1]After retiring as a player, Dudish worked for a life insurance company and coached youth football in Georgia. With his wife, Lugenia, he had two sons and three daughters. He died in 2001 in Lawrenceville, Georgia, of complications from pneumonia.[5]","title":"Andy Dudish"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Andy Dudish Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DudiAn20.htm","url_text":"\"Andy Dudish Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hanover Boy in Line for All-America\". The Wilkes-Barre Times-Leader. October 20, 1942. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46095848/hanover-boy-in-line-for-all-america/","url_text":"\"Hanover Boy in Line for All-America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Dudish Earns Bars at Fort Benning\". The Charlotte News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium_sarawakanum | Canarium sarawakanum | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 References"] | Species of tree
Canarium sarawakanum
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Burseraceae
Genus:
Canarium
Species:
C. sarawakanum
Binomial name
Canarium sarawakanumKochummen
Canarium sarawakanum is a tree of Borneo in the incense tree family Burseraceae. The specific epithet sarawakanum is from the Latin, referring to the species being native to Sarawak.
Description
Canarium sarawakanum grows as a small tree up to 8 metres (30 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 10 cm (4 in). Its twigs are reddish brown. The ellipsoid fruits measure up to 5.5 cm (2 in) long.
Distribution and habitat
Canarium sarawakanum is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak. Its habitat is lowland to submontane forests from sea-level to 900 m (3,000 ft) elevation.
References
^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Canarium sarawakanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37694A10067774. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37694A10067774.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^
"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen". The Plant List. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
^ a b c Kochummen, K. M. (1995). "Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen". In Soepadmo, E.; Wong, K. M. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions). Vol. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. p. 64. ISBN 983-9592-34-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Taxon identifiersCanarium sarawakanum
Wikidata: Q5031178
CoL: QJQM
EoL: 5615850
GBIF: 5635900
iNaturalist: 190254
IPNI: 982213-1
IUCN: 37694
NCBI: 1737617
Open Tree of Life: 5922671
Plant List: kew-2696072
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:982213-1
Tropicos: 100304710
WFO: wfo-0000583733
This Sapindales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This rosid tree article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burseraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burseraceae"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-3"}],"text":"Canarium sarawakanum is a tree of Borneo in the incense tree family Burseraceae. The specific epithet sarawakanum is from the Latin, referring to the species being native to Sarawak.[3]","title":"Canarium sarawakanum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ellipsoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#ellipsoid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-3"}],"text":"Canarium sarawakanum grows as a small tree up to 8 metres (30 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 10 cm (4 in). Its twigs are reddish brown. The ellipsoid fruits measure up to 5.5 cm (2 in) long.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"lowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"submontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/submontane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-3"}],"text":"Canarium sarawakanum is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak. Its habitat is lowland to submontane forests from sea-level to 900 m (3,000 ft) elevation.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). \"Canarium sarawakanum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37694A10067774. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37694A10067774.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/37694/10067774","url_text":"\"Canarium sarawakanum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37694A10067774.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37694A10067774.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen\". The Plant List. Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2696072","url_text":"\"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List","url_text":"The Plant List"}]},{"reference":"Kochummen, K. M. (1995). \"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen\". In Soepadmo, E.; Wong, K. M. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions). Vol. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. p. 64. ISBN 983-9592-34-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074942/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","url_text":"\"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen\""},{"url":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","url_text":"Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Research_Institute_Malaysia","url_text":"Forest Research Institute Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9592-34-3","url_text":"983-9592-34-3"},{"url":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSSvol1_3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/37694/10067774","external_links_name":"\"Canarium sarawakanum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37694A10067774.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37694A10067774.en"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2696072","external_links_name":"\"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074942/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen\""},{"Link":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","external_links_name":"Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak"},{"Link":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSSvol1_3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QJQM","external_links_name":"QJQM"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5615850","external_links_name":"5615850"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5635900","external_links_name":"5635900"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/190254","external_links_name":"190254"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/982213-1","external_links_name":"982213-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/37694","external_links_name":"37694"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1737617","external_links_name":"1737617"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5922671","external_links_name":"5922671"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2696072","external_links_name":"kew-2696072"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A982213-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:982213-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100304710","external_links_name":"100304710"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000583733","external_links_name":"wfo-0000583733"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canarium_sarawakanum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canarium_sarawakanum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Wolf | SMS Wolf | [] | Several warships of the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) have been named SMS Wolf:
SMS Wolf (1860), a gunboat of the Jäger class
SMS Wolf (1878), a gunboat of the Wolf class
SMS Wolf (1906), an auxiliary cruiser
SMS Wolf (1913), an auxiliary cruiser
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMS Wolf (1860)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_Wolf_(1860)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"Jäger class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4ger-class_gunboat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SMS Wolf (1878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_Wolf_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wolf class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf-class_gunboat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SMS Wolf (1906)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_Wolf_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"auxiliary cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser"},{"link_name":"SMS Wolf (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Wolf_(1913)"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/SMS_Wolf&namespace=0"}],"text":"SMS Wolf (1860), a gunboat of the Jäger class\nSMS Wolf (1878), a gunboat of the Wolf class\nSMS Wolf (1906), an auxiliary cruiser\nSMS Wolf (1913), an auxiliary cruiserList of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"SMS Wolf"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/SMS_Wolf&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Doillon | Lola Doillon | ["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | French director and screenwriter
Lola DoillonLola Doillon in 2013.Born (1975-01-09) 9 January 1975 (age 49)Charenton-le-Pont, FranceOccupation(s)Director, screenwriter, actressYears active1979–presentSpouseCédric KlapischChildren1ParentsJacques Doillon (father)Noëlle Boisson (mother)RelativesLou Doillon (half-sister)
Lola Doillon (born 9 January 1975) is a French director and screenwriter.
Personal life
Doillon is the daughter of director Jacques Doillon and film editor Noëlle Boisson.
She is married to director Cédric Klapisch. They have a son, Émile, born in 2007.
Filmography
Year
Title
Credited as
Notes
Director
Screenwriter
Other
1979
The Crying Woman
Yes
Actress
1983
Monsieur Abel
Yes
Telefilm; actress
1994
3000 scénarios contre un virus
Yes
Actress
1994
Du fond du cœur
Yes
Still photographer
1995
Noir comme le souvenir
Yes
Editor
1996
Le Vide dedans moi
Yes
Yes
Yes
Short film; also editor and actress
1996
Tout va mal
Yes
Short; still photographer
1996
Mieux vaut s'en aller la tête basse que les pieds devant
Yes
Short; still photographer
1996
Ponette
Yes
Casting director
1998
Jacques Doillon - Les mots, l'émotion
Yes
TV documentary; still photographer
1999
Petits Frères
Yes
First assistant director and casting director
1999
La Fatigue
Yes
Short film; actress
2001
Carrément à l'Ouest
Yes
First assistant director and casting director
2002
L'Auberge Espagnole
Yes
First assistant director
2003
Raja
Yes
First assistant director
2003
Not For, or Against (Quite the Contrary)
Yes
First assistant director
2005
Une majorette peut en cacher une autre
Yes
Yes
Short film
2005
L'Habit ne fait pas la majorette
Yes
Yes
Yes
Short film; also editor
2005
Faire contre mauvaise fortune, bonne majorette
Yes
Yes
Short film
2006
2 filles
Yes
Yes
Short film
2007
Et toi, t'es sur qui ?
Yes
Yes
Ljubljana International Film Festival - FIPRESCI PrizeNominated—Cannes Film Festival - Prix Un Certain RegardNominated—Cannes Film Festival - Caméra d'OrNominated—César Award for Best First Feature Film
2008
X Femmes
Yes
Yes
TV series; episode "Se faire prendre au jeu"
2010
In Your Hands
Yes
Yes
2015
Dix pour cent
Yes
TV mini-series; 2 episodes
2016
Fanny's Journey
Yes
Yes
2023
Greek Salad
Yes
Yes
TV mini-series
References
^ "Lola Doillon". Canal+.
^ "Lola Doillon : mère, épouse et réalisatrice heureuse". La Nouvelle République.
^ "Lou Doillon : en fourrure pour soutenir le film de sa soeur Lola". Pure Trend.
External links
Lola Doillon at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
This article about a French film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lola Doillon (born 9 January 1975) is a French director and screenwriter.","title":"Lola Doillon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Doillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doillon"},{"link_name":"Noëlle Boisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABlle_Boisson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cédric Klapisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Klapisch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Doillon is the daughter of director Jacques Doillon and film editor Noëlle Boisson.[1]She is married to director Cédric Klapisch. They have a son, Émile, born in 2007.[2][3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lola Doillon\". Canal+.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canalplus.fr/c-cinema/cid407979-lola-doillon.html","url_text":"\"Lola Doillon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)","url_text":"Canal+"}]},{"reference":"\"Lola Doillon : mère, épouse et réalisatrice heureuse\". La Nouvelle République.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/France-Monde/Loisirs/Cinema/n/Contenus/Articles/2016/05/15/Lola-Doillon-mere-epouse-et-realisatrice-heureuse-2716167","url_text":"\"Lola Doillon : mère, épouse et réalisatrice heureuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lou Doillon : en fourrure pour soutenir le film de sa soeur Lola\". Pure Trend.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.puretrend.com/article/lou-doillon-en-fourrure-pour-soutenir-le-film-de-sa-soeur-lola_a159443/1","url_text":"\"Lou Doillon : en fourrure pour soutenir le film de sa soeur Lola\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.canalplus.fr/c-cinema/cid407979-lola-doillon.html","external_links_name":"\"Lola Doillon\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/France-Monde/Loisirs/Cinema/n/Contenus/Articles/2016/05/15/Lola-Doillon-mere-epouse-et-realisatrice-heureuse-2716167","external_links_name":"\"Lola Doillon : mère, épouse et réalisatrice heureuse\""},{"Link":"http://www.puretrend.com/article/lou-doillon-en-fourrure-pour-soutenir-le-film-de-sa-soeur-lola_a159443/1","external_links_name":"\"Lou Doillon : en fourrure pour soutenir le film de sa soeur Lola\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0230696/","external_links_name":"Lola Doillon"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118779647","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87573513","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1785503","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15615785f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15615785f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/143939955","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008145051","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p334077915","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/143113631","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lola_Doillon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Rugby | Princeton Rugby | ["1 History","1.1 Men's team","1.2 Women's team","2 Facilities","2.1 Rickerson Field at West Windsor Fields","2.2 Haaga House","2.3 The Dickey-Larrimer Rugby Porch","3 Cups and competitions","3.1 Ivy League regular season","3.2 Ivy Rugby 7s Championship","3.3 The Koranda Cup","3.4 New Jersey State Championship","3.5 Other competitions","4 Awards","5 International tours","6 Titles","7 Individual accomplishments","8 Notable people","9 In art and popular culture","10 Sponsorship","11 References","12 External links"] | Rugby teamPrincetonPrinceton University RFC LogoFull namePrinceton University Rugby Football ClubUnionIvy LeagueNickname(s)TigersFounded1876; 148 years ago (1876)LocationPrinceton, New JerseyGround(s)West Windsor FieldsDirector of RugbyJosephine ZilucaCoach(es)Rich BeckLeague(s)Ivy Rugby Conference
Team kit
Official websitewww.princetonrugby.com
The Princeton University Rugby Football Club (or PURFC) is the college rugby team of Princeton University. The team currently competes in the Ivy Rugby Conference, an annual rugby union competition played among the eight member schools of the Ivy League.
History
See also: Rugby union in the United States
Men's team
Princeton played Rutgers University in 1869 the first United States intercollegiate game, which, according to U.S. Soccer, used rules that resembled rugby union and association football and had little resemblance to gridiron American football as the teams were able to pick up and run with the ball but were not able to make a forward pass nor was there a line of scrimmage where a center snapped the ball but rather a scrum where players battled to gain possession.
Princeton Tigers Rugby Team (photo circa 1879)
The men's team agreed to only play using rugby union code rules on November 23, 1876 when Princeton Yale, Harvard, and Columbia met at the Massasoit House in Springfield, Massachusetts and formed the Intercollegiate Football Association. Among Princeton's first games using a rugby code closer to rugby union was a game (employing rules similar to rugby union but with twenty players) less than two weeks earlier against the University of Pennsylvania rugby football team in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876. This game against Penn and other games Princeton played in 1876 make Princeton one of the oldest rugby clubs in North America. Princeton played in the very first Thanksgiving rugby football game against Yale on November 30, 1876.
Depiction of the 1879 Princeton v Yale game by Arthur B. Frost From 1877 until at least 1903, Princeton played football using rugby rules.
Indeed by 1893, forty thousand (40,000) spectators showed up to watch Princeton play Yale on Thanksgiving in New York’s Manhattan Field. The game they played on Thanksgiving of 1893 was much closer to rugby than American football as there were no forward passes (as such rule was not established for another dozen or so years when Walter Camp, a Yale Alumnus and rugby player, worked with University of Pennsylvania alumnus and rugby player John Heisman to change the rules of 19th century college rugby to create American Football).
Princeton continued to have its alumni play rugby in first decade of 20th century as demonstrated by the experience of Donald Grant “Heff” Herring Sr., Princeton class of 1907, who as a senior, won Princeton’s first Rhodes scholarship for graduate study at Merton College, Oxford University where he became the first American to play on the Oxford University rugby team that beat arch-rival Cambridge University by the then-record score of 35 to 3.
A letter to the Varsity, a sports paper in Oxford, reviewed Herring’s stellar career at Princeton and Oxford, reported that he was caricatured in a cartoon in The Tatler, an English sporting magazine, and detailed that he created a sensation in America by stating in a 1910 letter to The Daily Princetonian that British rugby football was a better game than the American Football game. In 1910 "Heff" Herring was hired by Woodrow Wilson just months before Wilson was elected Governor of New Jersey, but is better known for his military service in both world wars and acquiring one of the finest arts and crafts homes near campus, the Donald Grant Herring Estate
Princeton rugby team displaying 1932 record against Harvard and Yale
Princeton rugby was reorganized in 1931 under the leadership of Monte Barak, Hugh Sloan H.F. Langenberg, and coach John Boardman Whitton. It has been playing continuously ever since. Over 5,000 people attended the inaugural Harvard - Princeton game in 1931.
The club competes in the Ivy Rugby Conference. Princeton won the Ivy League Rugby Tournament (the tournament that crowned the Ivy Champion prior to the formation of Ivy Rugby Conference) in 2004, 1979, 1973, 1971, and 1969. The team also qualified for the Division I-AA Sweet 16 in 2014. The men's current coach is Richard Beck.
Women's team
Princeton University Women's Rugby Football Club (PUWRFC), is the women's rugby union club of Princeton. PUWRFC was established in 1979 by Catherine Chute. The new team aspired to compete in the young world of U.S. women's rugby, which was established only eight years earlier by the creation of four women's teams in 1972. Since then, the sport has grown quickly across America and PUWRFC has continually found itself at the top levels of Division I competition. Currently, the Princeton women compete in Division I of the Ivy League. PUWRFC is coached by Josie Ziluca.
PUWRFC won back-to-back national championships in 1995 and 1996. Princeton women advanced to the Final Four in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004 and 2005. Throughout the team's history, PUWRFC has often won the MARFU Championship, the Ivy League Tournament, and has secured several bids to the Sweet Sixteen. More than 35 Princeton women have been named All-Americans, many of whom have received honors for multiple years. In 2011 and 2012, the women placed 3rd in the USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships.
In the first year of regular season Ivy League play, the Princeton women won the 2013 Ivy League Championships.
The Women have also seen success with their rugby sevens squad, winning the shield final at the USA Rugby College 7s National Championship.
PUWRFC will become Princeton's 19th women's varsity program starting in the 2022–23 academic year.
Facilities
Rickerson Field at West Windsor Fields
Princeton v. Yale at Rickerson Field, October 2009
Princeton Rugby has its club house, three game fields, two practice fields and a scrummage machine located at West Windsor Fields. The pitches are across Lake Carnegie and are accessible from campus by the Washington Road bridge.
Princeton University’s West Windsor fields were the site of a week-long USA Rugby Collegiate All-Star selection camp in 2009.
Princeton plays its home games on Rickerson Field located at West Windsor Fields. The field is named after Stu Rickerson, Class of 1971, and his Princeton varsity soccer playing spouse, Nancy Jones Rickerson, Class of 1987.
Haaga House
Opened in 2013, Princeton Rugby has a home in Haaga House located at West Windsor Fields. Haaga House was named after alumnus Paul G. Haaga Jr. following a donation to build the clubhouse. It includes Men's and Women's team rooms, visiting team changing rooms, bathroom facilities, storage rooms, and a large gathering space for events and spectators. Princeton is one of the few universities in America to have a dedicated rugby facility.
The Dickey-Larrimer Rugby Porch
The porch at the Princeton eating club Tiger Inn has been named "The Dickey-Larrimer Rugby Porch" in honor of Will Dickey, 68' and Terry Larrimer, 69', two former Princeton Rugby Captains. The porch also has a permanent installation called the "Rugby Wall" that lists all previous men's and women's Rugby Captains on bronze plaques. The rugby club holds gatherings on the porch, such as post-game socials and alumni events, and utilizes the Inn's boardroom for executive meetings.
Cups and competitions
Ivy League regular season
Main article: Ivy Rugby Conference
The first Ivy League Rugby Championship was played in 1969 and won by Princeton. In 2009, the men joined a newly established Ivy Rugby Conference that was formed to foster better competition among rugby teams from the Ivy League schools and to raise the quality of play. Ivy Rugby formed committees to manage the league independently of the Territorial Area Unions. The Ivy Rugby Conference, and specifically its sevens tournament, has enabled the Ivy schools to tap into existing rivalries and fan bases. The women began a full season of Ivy League play in the fall of 2011.
Ivy Rugby 7s Championship
In addition to their traditional 15-a-side rugby union teams, the men and women each field a rugby sevens squad. Every year Princeton and the other Ivy Conference teams compete for the Ivy Rugby 7s Championship. The winner of the Ivy Championship qualifies for the College 7s National Championship.
The Koranda Cup
The Yale vs. Princeton rugby rivalry has strong historic roots dating back to the 1870s. The first game between the schools in the modern era occurred in 1931, which resulted in a Princeton win. In 2002, after many years of not playing Yale regularly, Princeton decided to re-establish the tradition and challenge Yale to an annual match each spring. The following year, Yale accepted Princeton's request by creating a trophy in memory of Rob Koranda. Rob died in a Chicago porch collapse in June 2003, a tragedy that claimed 12 other young lives.
New Jersey State Championship
The New Jersey State Intercollegiate Championship is hosted at West Windsor Fields every spring. The sport of rugby has been played in New Jersey for more than 135 years, yet it has only been since 2007 that the colleges of The Garden State have competed for the intercollegiate state championship. It is a knock-out tournament for the 1st and 2nd XV Men's rugby sides from every college in New Jersey. The tournament includes the selection of an All-New Jersey XV and MVP. Participants have included Drew, Fairleigh Dickinson, Montclair, NJIT, Princeton, Rowan, Rutgers, Seton Hall, TCNJ, and William Patterson.
Since the 2010 tournament, the players have helped raise awareness and call for more research funding for pancreatic cancer organizations. This intercollegiate rugby initiative has raised over $140,000 for The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network.
The winner of The New Jersey State Intercollegiate Championship is awarded "The Rickerson Cup." The trophy is named for Princeton alumnus and New Jersey native Stuart Rickerson, for his 40 plus years of support for the sport of rugby in New Jersey.
Rickerson Cup
Year
Champion
Score
Runner Up
2016
Princeton
Seton Hall
2015
Princeton
80-5
Seton Hall
2014
Rowan
38-31
Rutgers
2013
Princeton
17-6
Rowan
2012
Princeton
33-0
William Patterson
2011
Princeton
36-0
William Patterson
2010
Princeton
10-3
William Patterson
2009
Princeton
63-5
Seton Hall
2008
Rutgers
22-12
Princeton
2007
Princeton
60-3
Seton Hall
Other competitions
The Doc Whitton Cup is contested annually between current undergraduate players and returning alumni during reunions. The first match was played in 1970 and has been played every year since.
Princeton competed in and won a number of times the now defunct Bermuda Intercollegiate Cup. The competition was held during Bermuda Rugby Week from the 1930s to the 1950s. The Cup was offered by the Bermuda Trade Development Board but was dropped in 1958 because of complaints about off-pitch behavior.
Awards
Rob Koranda MVP Award:
Princeton Men's Rugby Most Valuable Player Award, granted annually.
Phil Rogers' 79 Memorial Prize:
A winner will be recognized annually for his or her unique leadership and sportsmanship qualities, both on and off the rugby field. These qualities are well captured in Rudyard Kipling’s poem “IF”. They include courage, tenacity, composure, action and fairness. It is against these criteria that each candidate is measured.
Chris Mello Award:
Given annually to the Men's player who best demonstrates loyalty to the team on and off the field.
Harry Langenberg Award:
Awarded for outstanding dedication and service to the Princeton Rugby Football Club.
International tours
Princeton Rugby goes on tour each spring. Past tours have included travel to Bermuda, England, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, Ireland, Barbados, and the Cayman Islands. These tours have often resulted in wins over the local National XV.
Princeton Rugby, along with the Harvard and Yale Rugby teams, began the tradition of U.S. college students going on Spring Break to the Caribbean.
In 1940, the team traveled over spring break to Nassau and played before the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.
Alumni Tours, where former players travel abroad to compete and reconnect with their teammates, have been popular events since Princeton Rugby's early days. Recently, the "Flying Tigers" have had great success, beating the Curaçao, BVI, and USVI National Teams in 2013. In 2010, the alumni players visited Martinique with similar success.
Titles
Ivy Rugby Championship (5): 1969, 1971, 1973, 1979, 2004
Individual accomplishments
More than 35 Princeton women have been named All-Americans. Below is an incomplete list.
Jessica Lu, Class of 2018
Dorothy Mittow, Class of 2014
Lauren Rhode, Class of 2012
Notable people
James Baker – Chief of Staff for Ronald Reagan; Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of State for George H. W. Bush
Robbie Bordley – Captain of the 1976 USA Eagles and Member of the US Rugby Hall of Fame
William Clay Ford Jr. – Executive Chairman of the Ford Motor Company, Vice Chairman of the Detroit Lions
Paul G. Haaga Jr. – Lawyer, financier, and philanthropist
James S. Harlan – Attorney General of Puerto Rico, Chairman of the United States Interstate Commerce Commission
Blair Lee I – United States Senator from Maryland
Claiborne Pell – United States Senator from Rhode Island
Richard Riordan – 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California
Emil Signes – Former Coach of US Men’s 7s Team, US Women’s 15s Team, US Women’s 7s Team and US U-23 Women’s 7s Team.
Woodrow Wilson – 28th President of the United States
In art and popular culture
Elegant Violence – Photography by Amy Elkins exploring masculine identity featuring Princeton Rugby players.
The Princeton Rugby Guy – Novella by David Kennedy Polanco.
Sponsorship
Princeton Rugby's official kit provider is Nike.
Former kit sponsors have included KooGa and Barbarian Rugby wear, and Boathouse Sports.
References
^ "U.S. Soccer Timeline". www.ussoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ "History".
^ Rottenberg, Dan (1985) "Fight On, Pennsylvania" Trustees of University of Pennsylvania pg. 25, 28, 33, 34.
^ Baltzell, E. Digby (1994). "Goodbye to all that". Society. 31 (2): 62–71. doi:10.1007/BF02693217. S2CID 145414488.
^ Presbrey, Frank and Moffatt, James Hugh. Athletics at Princeton: A History. New York: Frank Presbrey Co., 1901.
^ "The Sunday Morning Star - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
^ a b "WOODROW WILSON COACHED PRINCETON'S FIRST FOOTBALL TEAM, SAYS HISTORIAN". thecrimson.com.
^ "Penn Football in the 1800s, Varsity Team History: University of Pennsylvania University Archives". upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
^ Daily Princetonian, Volume 28, Number 119, 16 November 1903 https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/?a=d&d=Princetonian19031116-01.2.12&srpos=3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-Football+rugby+1903------
^ "Football, the American intercollegiate game". archive.org. New York, c. Scribner's sons.
^ "Forty Years of Football - by Donald Grant Herring Sr. (Heff Herring) by HERRING SR., DONALD GRANT - HEFF HERRING: (1940) Signed by Author(s) | James Pepper Rare Books, Inc., ABAA".
^ "Old trunk opened belonging to the Donald Grant Herring Family of Princeton, New Jersey". 20 September 2019.
^ Greiff, Constance. "Donald Grant Herring Estate". National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet. National Park Service.
^ "Princeton University Rugby Football Club :: Ivy League Championship Series :: The Ivy League Rugby Conference". Archived from the original on 2010-03-25. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
^ "PRINCETON RUGBY XV CLASHES WITH HARVARD TODAY". thecrimson.com.
^ "Ivy Rugby Tournament Results 1969-2009". ivyrugby.com. 2013-01-24.
^ "Tough West Virginia side awaits men's rugby in Sweet 16 matchup". dailyprincetonian.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
^ "Untitled Document". erugbynews.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ As Parents Squirm, Women Happily Scrum
^ Team Honors: All Americans Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine (1995-present). Princetonrugby.org. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
^ "Princeton Women Place Third in USA Rugby Collegiate 7s Championships". epru.org.
^ "Princeton Women Win Shield Final at USA College 7s". ivyrugby.com.
^ "Women's rugby to become a varsity sport in 2022–2023". Daily Princetonian. May 3, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
^ "Account Suspended". princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-05-03. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
^ "Princeton Rugby Dedicates a New Field House". ivyrugby.com. 2013-06-06.
^ "Princeton Celebrates Rugby". USA Rugby.
^ "Princeton Rugby Captain's Memorial". constantcontact.com.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "AmericanRugbyNews.com Ivy League Championships". Archived from the original on 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
^ a b "About Ivy Rugby". ivyrugby.com. 2017-08-17.
^ "7s tournament points to resurgence of invitationals". Gainline.us.
^ "AmericanRugbyNews.com Ivy League teams split from NERFU". Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
^ "Ivy 7s Set for Weekend". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^ "Field set for College 7s National Championship". usacollege7s.com.
^ Daily Princetonian, Volume 56, Number 57, 20 April 1931
^ "Yale Men at Princeton Men - Ivy Rugby Conference". ivyrugby.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
^ Mike Mensah, "Tigers win inaugural NJ tournament" The Daily Princetonian, April 3, 2007.
^ "NJ State Rugby Championship". ivyrugby.com. 2013-03-27.
^ "Rugby". princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
^ "Ruggers Find Bermuda A Mid-Ocean Paradise". thecrimson.com.
^ Richards, Chapter 10 Not-So Swinging '60s, p184
^ "The Philip Alan Rogers '79 Memorial Rugby Fund".
^ New York Times, "PRINCETON RUGBY VICTOR; Scores Over Harvard by 14-8 for Second Bermuda Triumph," April 2, 1948.
^ "News". epru.org.
^ "Princeton University Plays Rugby in Ireland - Tour with Irish Rugby Tours". Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
^ David Mauskop, "Ruggers top Barbados national team over break," The Daily Princetonian, March 20, 2010.
^ Canadian and US teams heading to Cayman.
^ Sports Illustrated, "Bermuda College Week," March 26, 1956.
^ Life Magazine, "Collegians in Bermuda," April 26, 1948.
^ "Princeton Alumni Weekly: From the Archives". princeton.edu.
^ "Ivy League School to visit BVI for a clash of Rugby - BVI Rugby Club - The Official Website of the British Virgin Islands Rugby Team". bvirugby.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
^ "- News". usvirugby.org.
^ "Fifty-five student-athletes named as 2014-15 Women's Collegiate All-Americans". USA Rugby. Archived from the original on 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
^ "USA Rugby Women's Junior All-Americans". USA Rugby.
^ Chad Wise (24 September 2013). "USA Rugby announces 2013 Women's Collegiate All-Americans". USA Rugby. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ "Rugby players photographed by Amy Elkins". Feature Shoot.
^ "The Princeton Rugby Guy". stagecenterproductions.com.
^ "David Kennedy Polanco: Books, biography, latest update". Amazon.
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Defunct sports clubs and teams in New Jersey | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rugby"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Ivy Rugby Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference"}],"text":"The Princeton University Rugby Football Club (or PURFC) is the college rugby team of Princeton University. The team currently competes in the Ivy Rugby Conference, an annual rugby union competition played among the eight member schools of the Ivy League.","title":"Princeton Rugby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby union in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"See also: Rugby union in the United States","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football"},{"link_name":"the first United States intercollegiate game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Princeton_vs._Rutgers_football_game"},{"link_name":"U.S. Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Soccer"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1879_Princeton_Tigers_(team_picture).jpg"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fight_song-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecrimson.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princeton_vs_yale_1879_game_arthurfrost.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Field"},{"link_name":"Walter Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Heisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heisman"},{"link_name":"American Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rhodes scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Merton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Daily Princetonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Princetonian"},{"link_name":"American Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Donald Grant Herring Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Grant_Herring_Estate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princeton_rugby_team_1932.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ivy Rugby Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Men's team","text":"Princeton played Rutgers University in 1869 the first United States intercollegiate game, which, according to U.S. Soccer, used rules that resembled rugby union and association football and had little resemblance to gridiron American football[1] as the teams were able to pick up and run with the ball but were not able to make a forward pass nor was there a line of scrimmage where a center snapped the ball but rather a scrum where players battled to gain possession.[2]Princeton Tigers Rugby Team (photo circa 1879)The men's team agreed to only play using rugby union code rules on November 23, 1876 when Princeton Yale, Harvard, and Columbia met at the Massasoit House in Springfield, Massachusetts and formed the Intercollegiate Football Association. Among Princeton's first games using a rugby code closer to rugby union was a game (employing rules similar to rugby union but with twenty players) less than two weeks earlier against the University of Pennsylvania rugby football team in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876.[3] This game against Penn and other games Princeton played in 1876 make Princeton one of the oldest rugby clubs in North America.[4][5][6][7][8] Princeton played in the very first Thanksgiving rugby football game against Yale on November 30, 1876.Depiction of the 1879 Princeton v Yale game by Arthur B. FrostFrom 1877 until at least 1903, Princeton played football using rugby rules.[9]Indeed by 1893, forty thousand (40,000) spectators showed up to watch Princeton play Yale on Thanksgiving in New York’s Manhattan Field. The game they played on Thanksgiving of 1893 was much closer to rugby than American football as there were no forward passes (as such rule was not established for another dozen or so years when Walter Camp, a Yale Alumnus and rugby player, worked with University of Pennsylvania alumnus and rugby player John Heisman to change the rules of 19th century college rugby to create American Football). \n[10]Princeton continued to have its alumni play rugby in first decade of 20th century as demonstrated by the experience of Donald Grant “Heff” Herring Sr., Princeton class of 1907, who as a senior, won Princeton’s first Rhodes scholarship for graduate study at Merton College, Oxford University where he became the first American to play on the Oxford University rugby team that beat arch-rival Cambridge University by the then-record score of 35 to 3.[11]A letter to the Varsity, a sports paper in Oxford, reviewed Herring’s stellar career at Princeton and Oxford, reported that he was caricatured in a cartoon in The Tatler, an English sporting magazine, and detailed that he created a sensation in America by stating in a 1910 letter to The Daily Princetonian that British rugby football was a better game than the American Football game.[12] In 1910 \"Heff\" Herring was hired by Woodrow Wilson just months before Wilson was elected Governor of New Jersey, but is better known for his military service in both world wars and acquiring one of the finest arts and crafts homes near campus, the Donald Grant Herring Estate[13]Princeton rugby team displaying 1932 record against Harvard and YalePrinceton rugby was reorganized in 1931 under the leadership of Monte Barak, Hugh Sloan H.F. Langenberg, and coach John Boardman Whitton. It has been playing continuously ever since.[14] Over 5,000 people attended the inaugural Harvard - Princeton game in 1931.[15]The club competes in the Ivy Rugby Conference. Princeton won the Ivy League Rugby Tournament (the tournament that crowned the Ivy Champion prior to the formation of Ivy Rugby Conference) in 2004, 1979, 1973, 1971, and 1969.[16] The team also qualified for the Division I-AA Sweet 16 in 2014.[17] The men's current coach is Richard Beck.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Rugby_Sevens_Collegiate_National_Championships"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Princeton's 19th women's varsity program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Women's team","text":"Princeton University Women's Rugby Football Club (PUWRFC), is the women's rugby union club of Princeton. PUWRFC was established in 1979 by Catherine Chute.[citation needed] The new team aspired to compete in the young world of U.S. women's rugby, which was established only eight years earlier by the creation of four women's teams in 1972.[citation needed] Since then, the sport has grown quickly across America and PUWRFC has continually found itself at the top levels of Division I competition.[citation needed] Currently, the Princeton women compete in Division I of the Ivy League. PUWRFC is coached by Josie Ziluca.PUWRFC won back-to-back national championships in 1995 and 1996.[18][19] Princeton women advanced to the Final Four in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004 and 2005. Throughout the team's history, PUWRFC has often won the MARFU Championship, the Ivy League Tournament, and has secured several bids to the Sweet Sixteen. More than 35 Princeton women have been named All-Americans, many of whom have received honors for multiple years.[20] In 2011 and 2012, the women placed 3rd in the USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships.[21]In the first year of regular season Ivy League play, the Princeton women won the 2013 Ivy League Championships.The Women have also seen success with their rugby sevens squad, winning the shield final at the USA Rugby College 7s National Championship.[22]PUWRFC will become Princeton's 19th women's varsity program starting in the 2022–23 academic year.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princeton_v_yale_rugby_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"USA Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Rickerson Field at West Windsor Fields","text":"Princeton v. Yale at Rickerson Field, October 2009Princeton Rugby has its club house, three game fields, two practice fields and a scrummage machine located at West Windsor Fields. The pitches are across Lake Carnegie and are accessible from campus by the Washington Road bridge.Princeton University’s West Windsor fields were the site of a week-long USA Rugby Collegiate All-Star selection camp in 2009.Princeton plays its home games on Rickerson Field located at West Windsor Fields. The field is named after Stu Rickerson, Class of 1971, and his Princeton varsity soccer playing spouse, Nancy Jones Rickerson, Class of 1987.[24]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul G. Haaga Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_G._Haaga_Jr."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Haaga House","text":"Opened in 2013, Princeton Rugby has a home in Haaga House located at West Windsor Fields. Haaga House was named after alumnus Paul G. Haaga Jr. following a donation to build the clubhouse. It includes Men's and Women's team rooms, visiting team changing rooms, bathroom facilities, storage rooms, and a large gathering space for events and spectators. Princeton is one of the few universities in America to have a dedicated rugby facility.[25][26]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eating club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_club"},{"link_name":"Tiger Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Inn"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"The Dickey-Larrimer Rugby Porch","text":"The porch at the Princeton eating club Tiger Inn has been named \"The Dickey-Larrimer Rugby Porch\" in honor of Will Dickey, 68' and Terry Larrimer, 69', two former Princeton Rugby Captains. The porch also has a permanent installation called the \"Rugby Wall\" that lists all previous men's and women's Rugby Captains on bronze plaques. The rugby club holds gatherings on the porch, such as post-game socials and alumni events, and utilizes the Inn's boardroom for executive meetings.[27][28]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cups and competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivyrugby.com-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivyrugby.com-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Ivy League regular season","text":"The first Ivy League Rugby Championship was played in 1969 and won by Princeton.[29] In 2009, the men joined a newly established Ivy Rugby Conference that was formed to foster better competition among rugby teams from the Ivy League schools and to raise the quality of play.[30] Ivy Rugby formed committees to manage the league independently of the Territorial Area Unions.[30] The Ivy Rugby Conference, and specifically its sevens tournament, has enabled the Ivy schools to tap into existing rivalries and fan bases.[31] The women began a full season of Ivy League play in the fall of 2011.[32]","title":"Cups and competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"College 7s National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Rugby_Sevens_Collegiate_National_Championships"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Ivy Rugby 7s Championship","text":"In addition to their traditional 15-a-side rugby union teams, the men and women each field a rugby sevens squad. Every year Princeton and the other Ivy Conference teams compete for the Ivy Rugby 7s Championship.[33] The winner of the Ivy Championship qualifies for the College 7s National Championship.[34]","title":"Cups and competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Chicago porch collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Chicago_balcony_collapse"}],"sub_title":"The Koranda Cup","text":"The Yale vs. Princeton rugby rivalry has strong historic roots dating back to the 1870s. The first game between the schools in the modern era occurred in 1931, which resulted in a Princeton win.[35] In 2002, after many years of not playing Yale regularly, Princeton decided to re-establish the tradition and challenge Yale to an annual match each spring. The following year, Yale accepted Princeton's request by creating a trophy in memory of Rob Koranda.[36] Rob died in a Chicago porch collapse in June 2003, a tragedy that claimed 12 other young lives.","title":"Cups and competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Garden State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_University"},{"link_name":"Fairleigh Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University"},{"link_name":"Montclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_State_University"},{"link_name":"NJIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_University"},{"link_name":"Rutgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"Seton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University"},{"link_name":"TCNJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"William Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_University"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"New Jersey State Championship","text":"The New Jersey State Intercollegiate Championship is hosted at West Windsor Fields every spring. The sport of rugby has been played in New Jersey for more than 135 years, yet it has only been since 2007 that the colleges of The Garden State have competed for the intercollegiate state championship.[37] It is a knock-out tournament for the 1st and 2nd XV Men's rugby sides from every college in New Jersey. The tournament includes the selection of an All-New Jersey XV and MVP. Participants have included Drew, Fairleigh Dickinson, Montclair, NJIT, Princeton, Rowan, Rutgers, Seton Hall, TCNJ, and William Patterson.Since the 2010 tournament, the players have helped raise awareness and call for more research funding for pancreatic cancer organizations. This intercollegiate rugby initiative has raised over $140,000 for The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network.[38]The winner of The New Jersey State Intercollegiate Championship is awarded \"The Rickerson Cup.\" The trophy is named for Princeton alumnus and New Jersey native Stuart Rickerson, for his 40 plus years of support for the sport of rugby in New Jersey.","title":"Cups and competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards1-41"}],"sub_title":"Other competitions","text":"The Doc Whitton Cup is contested annually between current undergraduate players and returning alumni during reunions. The first match was played in 1970 and has been played every year since.[39]Princeton competed in and won a number of times the now defunct Bermuda Intercollegiate Cup.[40] The competition was held during Bermuda Rugby Week from the 1930s to the 1950s. The Cup was offered by the Bermuda Trade Development Board but was dropped in 1958 because of complaints about off-pitch behavior.[41]","title":"Cups and competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Rob Koranda MVP Award: \nPrinceton Men's Rugby Most Valuable Player Award, granted annually.Phil Rogers' 79 Memorial Prize: \nA winner will be recognized annually for his or her unique leadership and sportsmanship qualities, both on and off the rugby field.[42] These qualities are well captured in Rudyard Kipling’s poem “IF”. They include courage, tenacity, composure, action and fairness. It is against these criteria that each candidate is measured.Chris Mello Award: \nGiven annually to the Men's player who best demonstrates loyalty to the team on and off the field.Harry Langenberg Award: \nAwarded for outstanding dedication and service to the Princeton Rugby Football Club.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Spring Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Break"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Princeton Rugby goes on tour each spring. Past tours have included travel to Bermuda,[43] England, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina,[44] Ireland,[45] Barbados,[46] and the Cayman Islands.[47] These tours have often resulted in wins over the local National XV.Princeton Rugby, along with the Harvard and Yale Rugby teams, began the tradition of U.S. college students going on Spring Break to the Caribbean.[48][49]In 1940, the team traveled over spring break to Nassau and played before the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.[50]Alumni Tours, where former players travel abroad to compete and reconnect with their teammates, have been popular events since Princeton Rugby's early days. Recently, the \"Flying Tigers\" have had great success, beating the Curaçao, BVI, and USVI National Teams in 2013.[51] In 2010, the alumni players visited Martinique with similar success.[52]","title":"International tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivy Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference"}],"text":"Ivy Rugby Championship (5): 1969, 1971, 1973, 1979, 2004","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"More than 35 Princeton women have been named All-Americans. Below is an incomplete list.Jessica Lu, Class of 2018[53]\nDorothy Mittow, Class of 2014[54]\nLauren Rhode, Class of 2012[55]","title":"Individual accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baker"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Robbie Bordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_national_rugby_union_players"},{"link_name":"USA Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"William Clay Ford Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clay_Ford_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Paul G. Haaga Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_G._Haaga_Jr."},{"link_name":"James S. Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Harlan"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"United States Interstate Commerce Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission"},{"link_name":"Blair Lee I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Lee_I"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Claiborne Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Richard Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Riordan"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Emil Signes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Signes"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecrimson.com-7"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"James Baker – Chief of Staff for Ronald Reagan; Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of State for George H. W. Bush\nRobbie Bordley – Captain of the 1976 USA Eagles and Member of the US Rugby Hall of Fame\nWilliam Clay Ford Jr. – Executive Chairman of the Ford Motor Company, Vice Chairman of the Detroit Lions\nPaul G. Haaga Jr. – Lawyer, financier, and philanthropist\nJames S. Harlan – Attorney General of Puerto Rico, Chairman of the United States Interstate Commerce Commission\nBlair Lee I – United States Senator from Maryland\nClaiborne Pell – United States Senator from Rhode Island\nRichard Riordan – 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California\nEmil Signes – Former Coach of US Men’s 7s Team, US Women’s 15s Team, US Women’s 7s Team and US U-23 Women’s 7s Team.\nWoodrow Wilson[7] – 28th President of the United States","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Elegant Violence – Photography by Amy Elkins exploring masculine identity featuring Princeton Rugby players.[56]\nThe Princeton Rugby Guy – Novella by David Kennedy Polanco.[57][58]","title":"In art and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"KooGa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KooGa"}],"text":"Princeton Rugby's official kit provider is Nike.Former kit sponsors have included KooGa and Barbarian Rugby wear, and Boathouse Sports.","title":"Sponsorship"}] | [{"image_text":"Princeton Tigers Rugby Team (photo circa 1879)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1879_Princeton_Tigers_%28team_picture%29.jpg/220px-1879_Princeton_Tigers_%28team_picture%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depiction of the 1879 Princeton v Yale game by Arthur B. Frost","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Princeton_vs_yale_1879_game_arthurfrost.jpg/220px-Princeton_vs_yale_1879_game_arthurfrost.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princeton rugby team displaying 1932 record against Harvard and Yale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Princeton_rugby_team_1932.jpg/220px-Princeton_rugby_team_1932.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princeton v. Yale at Rickerson Field, October 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Princeton_v_yale_rugby_game.jpg/220px-Princeton_v_yale_rugby_game.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"U.S. Soccer Timeline\". www.ussoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussoccer.com/about/history/timeline","url_text":"\"U.S. Soccer Timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation","url_text":"United States Soccer Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://princetonrugby.com/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Baltzell, E. Digby (1994). \"Goodbye to all that\". Society. 31 (2): 62–71. doi:10.1007/BF02693217. S2CID 145414488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02693217","url_text":"10.1007/BF02693217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145414488","url_text":"145414488"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sunday Morning Star - Google News Archive Search\". google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2293&dat=19121020&id=wAknAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5wIGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1077,6738508","url_text":"\"The Sunday Morning Star - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"WOODROW WILSON COACHED PRINCETON'S FIRST FOOTBALL TEAM, SAYS HISTORIAN\". thecrimson.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1924/11/8/woodrow-wilson-coached-princetons-first-football/","url_text":"\"WOODROW WILSON COACHED PRINCETON'S FIRST FOOTBALL TEAM, SAYS HISTORIAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penn Football in the 1800s, Varsity Team History: University of Pennsylvania University Archives\". upenn.edu. 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National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet. National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/91001927_text","url_text":"\"Donald Grant Herring Estate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Princeton University Rugby Football Club :: Ivy League Championship Series :: The Ivy League Rugby Conference\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-25. 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Retrieved 2014-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502164655/http://dailyprincetonian.com/sports/2014/04/tough-west-virginia-side-awaits-mens-rugby-in-sweet-16-matchup/","url_text":"\"Tough West Virginia side awaits men's rugby in Sweet 16 matchup\""},{"url":"http://dailyprincetonian.com/sports/2014/04/tough-west-virginia-side-awaits-mens-rugby-in-sweet-16-matchup/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Document\". erugbynews.com. 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Retrieved September 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2021/05/princeton-womens-rugby-promoted-to-varsity-status","url_text":"\"Women's rugby to become a varsity sport in 2022–2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Account Suspended\". princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-05-03. Retrieved 2014-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140503002056/http://purfc.mycpanel.princeton.edu/","url_text":"\"Account Suspended\""},{"url":"http://purfc.mycpanel.princeton.edu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Princeton Rugby Dedicates a New Field House\". ivyrugby.com. 2013-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ivyrugby.com/news/princeton-rugby-dedicates-new-field-house","url_text":"\"Princeton Rugby Dedicates a New Field House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Princeton Celebrates Rugby\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Street | S. M. Street | ["1 History","2 About the name","3 Renovation of S. M. Street","4 In popular culture","5 Image gallery","6 References"] | S. M. StreetThe S.K. Pottekkatt statue facing S.M. Street in KozhikodeNative nameമിഠായി തെരുവ് (Malayalam)Length1.3 mi (2.1 km)LocationKozhikode, Kerala, IndiaOtherKnown forHalva, Textile, Sweets
S.M. Street, abbreviation for Sweetmeat Street, also known as Mittai Theruvu, is a shopping street located in Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India. The street is a pedestrian zone. It also has a 160 year old fire temple amidst shopping places.
History
The history of S. M. Street dates back to time of the Zamorin when the ruler invited Gujarati sweetmeat makers to set up shop in the city and accommodated their shops just outside the palace walls.
About the name
S. M. Street Street derives its name from the time it was lined with sweetmeat and halvah stalls. Its Malayalam name is Mittai Theruvu.
Renovation of S. M. Street
In May 2017, as part of the first phase of the S. M. Street beautification project, an amount of Rs. 3.64 crore was allocated. As part of the renovation, overhead power supply lines were removed and lamp posts were placed across the sides of the street. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan formally opened the renovated S. M. Street on 23 December 2017.
In popular culture
S. M. Street is the subject of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award-winning book Oru Theruvinte Katha by S. K. Pottekkatt. The statue of S. K. Pottekkatt, stands facing the street.
Image gallery
References
^ "Story of the streets". The Hindu.
^ "S.M. Street beautification work begins". The Hindu.
^ "S.M. Street Kozhikode After Renovation". Verfasor.
vteCities and towns in Kozhikode districtKozhikode
Atholi
Beypore
Balussery
Calicut
Chorode
Edacheri
Chathamangalam
Chathangottunada
Cheruvannur
Elathur
Eramala
Feroke
Karaparamba
Kadalundi
Kappad
Karuvanthuruthy
Koduvally
Kunnamangalam
Kuttiyadi
Maniyur
Mavoor
Meppayur
Mukkam
Nadapuram
Njeliyanparambu
Olavanna
Orkkatteri
Pantheeramkavu
Payyoli
Perambra
Purameri
Quilandy
Ramanattukara
Thamarassery
Thiruvambadi
Vatakara
Villiappally
This Indian road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"pedestrian zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_zone"},{"link_name":"fire temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_temple"}],"text":"S.M. Street, abbreviation for Sweetmeat Street, also known as Mittai Theruvu, is a shopping street located in Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India. The street is a pedestrian zone. It also has a 160 year old fire temple amidst shopping places.","title":"S. M. Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The history of S. M. Street dates back to time of the Zamorin when the ruler invited Gujarati sweetmeat makers to set up shop in the city and accommodated their shops just outside the palace walls.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sweetmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetmeat"},{"link_name":"halvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvah"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"}],"text":"S. M. Street Street derives its name from the time it was lined with sweetmeat and halvah stalls. Its Malayalam name is Mittai Theruvu.","title":"About the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pinarayi Vijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In May 2017, as part of the first phase of the S. M. Street beautification project, an amount of Rs. 3.64 crore was allocated. As part of the renovation, overhead power supply lines were removed and lamp posts were placed across the sides of the street.[2] Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan formally opened the renovated S. M. Street on 23 December 2017.[3]","title":"Renovation of S. M. Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"Oru Theruvinte Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_Theruvinte_Katha"},{"link_name":"S. K. Pottekkatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._K._Pottekkatt"}],"text":"S. M. Street is the subject of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award-winning book Oru Theruvinte Katha by S. K. Pottekkatt. The statue of S. K. Pottekkatt, stands facing the street.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mittayitheruv,_S.M.Street,_Kozhikode,_India.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S_M_Street1.jpg"}],"title":"Image gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Story of the streets\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kozhikode-street-names/article6621905.ece","url_text":"\"Story of the streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.M. Street beautification work begins\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/sm-street-beautification-work-begins/article18393740.ece","url_text":"\"S.M. Street beautification work begins\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.M. Street Kozhikode After Renovation\". Verfasor.","urls":[{"url":"https://verfasor.com/sm-street-kozhikode-after-renovation/","url_text":"\"S.M. Street Kozhikode After Renovation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kozhikode-street-names/article6621905.ece","external_links_name":"\"Story of the streets\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/sm-street-beautification-work-begins/article18393740.ece","external_links_name":"\"S.M. Street beautification work begins\""},{"Link":"https://verfasor.com/sm-street-kozhikode-after-renovation/","external_links_name":"\"S.M. Street Kozhikode After Renovation\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._M._Street&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkenci_Ku%C5%9F | Erkenci Kuş | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | Turkish television series (2018–2019)
Erkenci KuşGenreRomantic comedyWritten by
Aslı Zengin
Banu Zengin Tak
Ayşe Kutlu
Directed byÇağrı BayrakStarring
Demet Özdemir
Can Yaman
Özlem Tokaslan
Cihan Ercan
Öznur Serçeler
Birand Tunca
Berat Yenilmez
ComposerCem ÖgetCountry of originTurkeyOriginal languageTurkishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes51ProductionExecutive producerFaruk TurgutProduction companyGold FilmOriginal releaseNetworkStar TVReleaseJune 26, 2018 (2018-06-26) –August 6, 2019 (2019-08-06)
Erkenci Kuş (English title: Daydreamer) is a Turkish television series that aired on Star TV from June 26, 2018 to August 6, 2019. The series stars Demet Özdemir and Can Yaman.
Plot
Sanem is a young woman who aspires to be a writer and live on the Galápagos Islands. Despite working at her father's grocery store, she is forced by her parents to choose between an arranged marriage with her neighbor Muzaffer and finding a suitable job. Sanem lands a job at Fikri Harika, one of Turkey's leading advertising agencies, where Leyla, her sister, is an executive assistant. The owner of the advertising agency, Azizi, has two sons, Emre and Can. Emre wants to take over the company, but his father believes Can is a better fit for the job and he is appointed manager. Can has what his father wants for the company, but he prefers to take photos in remote locations. Upon learning of his father's health problems, Can eventually agrees to run the company. Aziz also tells Can to find the spy in the company who is helping their rival, Aylin. Emre doesn't like the idea of his brother being the manager, and believes that he should have the position. Emre's plan is to make him fail, as well as becoming the spy himself. Sanem bumps into Can on a dark balcony at an opera party celebrating the company's 40th anniversary. Can thinks she is his girlfriend Polen, so he kisses her. Sanem realizes that she loves the stranger who kissed her, and gives him the codename Albatross, but hates Can, and Emre makes her believe that Can only wants to increase the value of the company so that it can be sold. Can soon falls in love with Sanem, and finds out that he kissed her that day at the opera, which begins the inevitable story of love.
Cast
Demet Özdemir as Sanem Aydın: Intern and scriptwriter at Fikri Harika. She is Nihat and Mevkibe Aydın's daughter, Leyla's younger sister.
Can Yaman as Can Divit: General manager, director and head of Fikri Harika agency, Emre's elder brother, Aziz and Hüma's son
Özlem Tokaslan as Mevkibe Aydın: Sanem and Leyla's mother, Nihat Aydın's wife
Cihan Ercan as Muzaffer "Zebercet" Kaya: Fellow resident of the Aydın's community. He seems to have one-sided love interest in Sanem.
Öznur Serçeler as Leyla Aydın: Finance assistant at the Fikri Harika agency. Nihat and Mevkibe Aydın's daughter, Sanem's elder sister.
Berat Yenilmez as Nihat Aydın: Mevkibe Aydın's husband, Sanem and Leyla's father
Birand Tunca as Emre Divit: Finance Manager of Fikri Harika agency, Can's younger brother, Aziz and Hüma's son.
Sevcan Yaşar as Aylin Yükselen: Ex-fiancé of Emre Divit
Anıl Çelik as Cengiz "Ceycey" Özdemir: Employee at Fikri Harika, Sanem's best friend
Tuğçe Kumral as Deren Keskin: Creative Director of Fikri Harika
Ceren Taşçı as Ayhan Işık: Sanem's best friend, younger sister of Osman Işık, fellow resident of the Aydın's community
Sibel Şişman as Güliz Yıldırım: Ex-Assistant of Aziz Divit, employee at Fikri Harika
Tuana Tunalı as Metin Avukat: One of Can's best friends, lawyer of Fikri Harika
Ali Yağcı as Osman Işık: Elder brother of Ayhan Işık, fellow resident of the Aydın's community
Tolga Bayraklı as Akif: One of Can's best friends, owner of a printing company
Asuman Çakır as Aysun Kaya: Fellow resident of Aydın's community, Muzaffer Kaya's mother
Oğuz Okul as Rıfat
Feri Baycu Güler as Melahat: Fellow residents of Aydın's community, owner of a salon
Ahmet Somers as Aziz Divit: Can and Emre's father, ex-head and general director/manager of Fikri Harika
Kimya Gökçe Aytaç as Polen: Can's ex-girlfriend, physicist in Europe
Ayşe Akın as Arzu Taş: Model
Baki Çiftçi as Levent Divit
Aslı Melisa Uzun as Gamze: Employee at Compass Sports, Can's university friend
İpek Tenolcay as Hüma Divit Erdamar: Can's and Emre's mother, Aziz Divit's ex-wife
Dilek Serbest as Ayça
Utku Ateş as Yiğit: Polen's brother, head of a writing and publishing company
Tufan Günaçan as Samet Hoca
Gamze Topuz as Ceyda: CEO of Compass Sports
Özgür Özberk as Enzo Fabri: Head of a perfume manufacturing company
References
^ a b "Yeni dizi Erkenci Kuş yakında başlıyor! İşte Erkenci Kuş'un konusu ve oyuncuları…". sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
^ a b "Erkenci Kuş final yapıyor". hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
^ a b "TV's Top Leading Man 2019 Responds! Congratulations to Erkenci Kus Star Can Yaman". eonline.com. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
^ "Daydreamer - Global Agency". www.theglobalagency.tv. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
^ "Daydreamer (Erkenci Kus) (Demet Ozdemir & Can Yaman)". Turkish Drama. 2018-11-05. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
External links
Erkenci Kuş at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_TV_(Turkish_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Demet Özdemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demet_%C3%96zdemir"},{"link_name":"Can Yaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Yaman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Erkenci Kuş (English title: Daydreamer) is a Turkish television series that aired on Star TV from June 26, 2018 to August 6, 2019.[1][2] The series stars Demet Özdemir and Can Yaman.[3]","title":"Erkenci Kuş"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sanem is a young woman who aspires to be a writer and live on the Galápagos Islands.[1] Despite working at her father's grocery store, she is forced by her parents to choose between an arranged marriage with her neighbor Muzaffer and finding a suitable job. Sanem lands a job at Fikri Harika, one of Turkey's leading advertising agencies, where Leyla, her sister, is an executive assistant. The owner of the advertising agency, Azizi, has two sons, Emre and Can. Emre wants to take over the company, but his father believes Can is a better fit for the job and he is appointed manager. Can has what his father wants for the company, but he prefers to take photos in remote locations. Upon learning of his father's health problems, Can eventually agrees to run the company.[3][2] Aziz also tells Can to find the spy in the company who is helping their rival, Aylin. Emre doesn't like the idea of his brother being the manager, and believes that he should have the position. Emre's plan is to make him fail, as well as becoming the spy himself. Sanem bumps into Can on a dark balcony at an opera party celebrating the company's 40th anniversary. Can thinks she is his girlfriend Polen, so he kisses her. Sanem realizes that she loves the stranger who kissed her, and gives him the codename Albatross, but hates Can, and Emre makes her believe that Can only wants to increase the value of the company so that it can be sold. Can soon falls in love with Sanem, and finds out that he kissed her that day at the opera, which begins the inevitable story of love.[4][5]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demet Özdemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demet_%C3%96zdemir"},{"link_name":"Can Yaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Yaman"},{"link_name":"Öznur Serçeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96znur_Ser%C3%A7eler"},{"link_name":"Birand Tunca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birand_Tunca"},{"link_name":"Aslı Melisa Uzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_Melisa_Uzun"},{"link_name":"Dilek Serbest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilek_Serbest"}],"text":"Demet Özdemir as Sanem Aydın: Intern and scriptwriter at Fikri Harika. She is Nihat and Mevkibe Aydın's daughter, Leyla's younger sister.\nCan Yaman as Can Divit: General manager, director and head of Fikri Harika agency, Emre's elder brother, Aziz and Hüma's son\nÖzlem Tokaslan as Mevkibe Aydın: Sanem and Leyla's mother, Nihat Aydın's wife\nCihan Ercan as Muzaffer \"Zebercet\" Kaya: Fellow resident of the Aydın's community. He seems to have one-sided love interest in Sanem.\nÖznur Serçeler as Leyla Aydın: Finance assistant at the Fikri Harika agency. Nihat and Mevkibe Aydın's daughter, Sanem's elder sister.\nBerat Yenilmez as Nihat Aydın: Mevkibe Aydın's husband, Sanem and Leyla's father\nBirand Tunca as Emre Divit: Finance Manager of Fikri Harika agency, Can's younger brother, Aziz and Hüma's son.\nSevcan Yaşar as Aylin Yükselen: Ex-fiancé of Emre Divit\nAnıl Çelik as Cengiz \"Ceycey\" Özdemir: Employee at Fikri Harika, Sanem's best friend\nTuğçe Kumral as Deren Keskin: Creative Director of Fikri Harika\nCeren Taşçı as Ayhan Işık: Sanem's best friend, younger sister of Osman Işık, fellow resident of the Aydın's community\nSibel Şişman as Güliz Yıldırım: Ex-Assistant of Aziz Divit, employee at Fikri Harika\nTuana Tunalı as Metin Avukat: One of Can's best friends, lawyer of Fikri Harika\nAli Yağcı as Osman Işık: Elder brother of Ayhan Işık, fellow resident of the Aydın's community\nTolga Bayraklı as Akif: One of Can's best friends, owner of a printing company\nAsuman Çakır as Aysun Kaya: Fellow resident of Aydın's community, Muzaffer Kaya's mother\nOğuz Okul as Rıfat\nFeri Baycu Güler as Melahat: Fellow residents of Aydın's community, owner of a salon\nAhmet Somers as Aziz Divit: Can and Emre's father, ex-head and general director/manager of Fikri Harika\nKimya Gökçe Aytaç as Polen: Can's ex-girlfriend, physicist in Europe\nAyşe Akın as Arzu Taş: Model\nBaki Çiftçi as Levent Divit\nAslı Melisa Uzun as Gamze: Employee at Compass Sports, Can's university friend\nİpek Tenolcay as Hüma Divit Erdamar: Can's and Emre's mother, Aziz Divit's ex-wife\nDilek Serbest as Ayça\nUtku Ateş as Yiğit: Polen's brother, head of a writing and publishing company\nTufan Günaçan as Samet Hoca\nGamze Topuz as Ceyda: CEO of Compass Sports\nÖzgür Özberk as Enzo Fabri: Head of a perfume manufacturing company","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Yeni dizi Erkenci Kuş yakında başlıyor! İşte Erkenci Kuş'un konusu ve oyuncuları…\". sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/magazin-haberleri/yeni-dizi-erkenci-kus-yakinda-basliyor-iste-erkenci-kusun-konusu-ve-oyunculari/","url_text":"\"Yeni dizi Erkenci Kuş yakında başlıyor! İşte Erkenci Kuş'un konusu ve oyuncuları…\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601070930/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/magazin-haberleri/yeni-dizi-erkenci-kus-yakinda-basliyor-iste-erkenci-kusun-konusu-ve-oyunculari/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Erkenci Kuş final yapıyor\". hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/televizyon/erkenci-kus-final-yapiyor-41277412","url_text":"\"Erkenci Kuş final yapıyor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601071157/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/televizyon/erkenci-kus-final-yapiyor-41277412","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TV's Top Leading Man 2019 Responds! Congratulations to Erkenci Kus Star Can Yaman\". eonline.com. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/ap/news/1070023/tv-s-top-leading-man-2019-responds-congratulations-to-erkenci-kus-star-can-yaman","url_text":"\"TV's Top Leading Man 2019 Responds! Congratulations to Erkenci Kus Star Can Yaman\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220131083451/https://www.eonline.com/news/1069422/tv-s-top-leading-man-2019-responds-congratulations-to-erkenci-kus-star-can-yaman","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Daydreamer - Global Agency\". www.theglobalagency.tv. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobalagency.tv/daydreamer","url_text":"\"Daydreamer - Global Agency\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601070016/https://www.theglobalagency.tv/daydreamer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Daydreamer (Erkenci Kus) (Demet Ozdemir & Can Yaman)\". Turkish Drama. 2018-11-05. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turkishdrama.com/daydreamer-erkenci-kus.html","url_text":"\"Daydreamer (Erkenci Kus) (Demet Ozdemir & Can Yaman)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601071839/https://www.turkishdrama.com/daydreamer-erkenci-kus.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/magazin-haberleri/yeni-dizi-erkenci-kus-yakinda-basliyor-iste-erkenci-kusun-konusu-ve-oyunculari/","external_links_name":"\"Yeni dizi Erkenci Kuş yakında başlıyor! İşte Erkenci Kuş'un konusu ve oyuncuları…\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601070930/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/magazin-haberleri/yeni-dizi-erkenci-kus-yakinda-basliyor-iste-erkenci-kusun-konusu-ve-oyunculari/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/televizyon/erkenci-kus-final-yapiyor-41277412","external_links_name":"\"Erkenci Kuş final yapıyor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601071157/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/televizyon/erkenci-kus-final-yapiyor-41277412","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eonline.com/ap/news/1070023/tv-s-top-leading-man-2019-responds-congratulations-to-erkenci-kus-star-can-yaman","external_links_name":"\"TV's Top Leading Man 2019 Responds! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houilles | Houilles | ["1 History","2 Population","3 Transport","4 Education","5 International relations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°55′34″N 2°11′21″E / 48.9261°N 2.1892°E / 48.9261; 2.1892Commune in Île-de-France, FranceHouillesCommuneTown hall
Coat of armsLocation (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbsLocation of Houilles
HouillesShow map of FranceHouillesShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°55′34″N 2°11′21″E / 48.9261°N 2.1892°E / 48.9261; 2.1892CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentYvelinesArrondissementSaint-Germain-en-LayeCantonHouillesIntercommunalityCA Saint Germain Boucles SeineGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Julien ChambonArea14.43 km2 (1.71 sq mi)Population (2021)33,449 • Density7,600/km2 (20,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code78311 /78800Elevation27–57 m (89–187 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Houilles (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is a northwestern suburb of Paris, located 14.2 km (8.8 mi) from the center of Paris.
History
Until 2000, the command post of the French Navy's Ballistic Missile Submarine Force was based at Houilles.
Victor Schœlcher, a French abolitionist writer in the 19th century and the main spokesman for a group from Paris who worked for the abolition of slavery died in Houilles on 25 December 1893. A nursery school, a street and a statue carry his name. The house in which he died in 1893 is at 26 Avenue Schœlcher. The commune of Houilles acquired the house in 2011.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 1,651— 1800 1,290−3.46%1806 1,144−1.98%1821 1,227+0.47%1831 1,265+0.31%1836 1,191−1.20%1841 1,156−0.59%1846 1,230+1.25%1851 1,185−0.74%1856 1,203+0.30%1861 1,275+1.17%1866 1,433+2.36%1872 1,256−2.17%1876 1,407+2.88%1881 1,737+4.30%1886 1,961+2.46%1891 2,331+3.52%1896 2,780+3.59%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 3,824+6.58%1906 4,946+5.28%1911 7,092+7.47%1921 10,274+3.78%1926 15,153+8.08%1931 19,078+4.71%1936 19,799+0.74%1946 20,610+0.40%1954 22,974+1.37%1962 26,370+1.74%1968 29,338+1.79%1975 30,345+0.48%1982 29,537−0.38%1990 29,650+0.05%1999 29,634−0.01%2007 30,973+0.55%2012 32,399+0.90%2017 32,151−0.15%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)
Transport
Houilles is served by Houilles–Carrières-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
Education
Houilles has fifteen preschool and elementary schools and three junior high schools.
Junior high schools:
Collège Alphonse-de-Lamartine
Collège Guy-de-Maupassant
Collège Sainte-Thérèse
Nearby senior high schools/sixth form colleges:
Lycée Les-Pierres-Vives (Carrières-sur-Seine)
Lycée Jules-Verne (Sartrouville)
Lycée Évariste-Galois (Sartrouville)
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France
Houilles is twinned with:
Celorico de Basto, Portugal
Chesham, England, United Kingdom
Friedrichsdorf, Germany
Schœlcher, Martinique, France
See also
Communes of the Yvelines department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Houilles, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ a b "Liste des établissements scolaires." Houilles. Retrieved on September 2, 2016.
^ "Comité de Jumelage de Houilles". jumelage-houilles.com (in French). Comité de Jumelage de Houilles. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houilles.
Official website (in French)
vte Communes in the Paris metropolitan areaPopulation over 2 million
Paris
Population over 100,000
Argenteuil
Boulogne-Billancourt
Montreuil
Saint-Denis
Population over 75,000
Asnières-sur-Seine
Aubervilliers
Aulnay-sous-Bois
Champigny-sur-Marne
Colombes
Courbevoie
Créteil
Nanterre
Rueil-Malmaison
Versailles
Vitry-sur-Seine
Population over 50,000
Antony
Le Blanc-Mesnil
Bobigny
Bondy
Cergy
Chelles
Clamart
Clichy
Corbeil-Essonnes
Drancy
Épinay-sur-Seine
Évry-Courcouronnes
Fontenay-sous-Bois
Issy-les-Moulineaux
Ivry-sur-Seine
Levallois-Perret
Maisons-Alfort
Massy
Meaux
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Noisy-le-Grand
Pantin
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine
Sarcelles
Sartrouville
Sevran
Villejuif
Population over 25,000
Alfortville
Athis-Mons
Bagneux
Bagnolet
Bezons
Bois-Colombes
Brétigny-sur-Orge
Brunoy
Bussy-Saint-Georges
Cachan
Champs-sur-Marne
Charenton-le-Pont
Châtenay-Malabry
Châtillon
Chatou
Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt
Choisy-le-Roi
Clichy-sous-Bois
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Cormeilles-en-Parisis
La Courneuve
Creil
Draveil
Dreux
Eaubonne
Élancourt
Ermont
Étampes
Fontenay-aux-Roses
Franconville
Fresnes
Gagny
La Garenne-Colombes
Garges-lès-Gonesse
Gennevilliers
Gonesse
Goussainville
Grigny
Guyancourt
L'Haÿ-les-Roses
Herblay-sur-Seine
Houilles
Limeil-Brévannes
Livry-Gargan
Malakoff
Mantes-la-Jolie
Melun
Meudon
Montfermeil
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Montrouge
Les Mureaux
Neuilly-sur-Marne
Nogent-sur-Marne
Noisy-le-Sec
Palaiseau
Le Perreux-sur-Marne
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
Plaisir
Le Plessis-Robinson
Poissy
Pontault-Combault
Pontoise
Puteaux
Rambouillet
Ris-Orangis
Romainville
Rosny-sous-Bois
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois
Sannois
Savigny-sur-Orge
Savigny-le-Temple
Stains
Sucy-en-Brie
Suresnes
Taverny
Thiais
Trappes
Tremblay-en-France
Les Ulis
Vanves
Vigneux-sur-Seine
Villemomble
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
Villeparisis
Villepinte
Villiers-le-Bel
Villiers-sur-Marne
Vincennes
Viry-Châtillon
Yerres
Population under 25,000
1,792 other communes
vteCommunes of the Yvelines department
Ablis
Achères
Adainville
Aigremont
Allainville
Les Alluets-le-Roi
Andelu
Andrésy
Arnouville-lès-Mantes
Aubergenville
Auffargis
Auffreville-Brasseuil
Aulnay-sur-Mauldre
Auteuil
Autouillet
Bailly
Bazainville
Bazemont
Bazoches-sur-Guyonne
Béhoust
Bennecourt
Beynes
Blaru
Boinville-en-Mantois
Boinville-le-Gaillard
Boinvilliers
Bois-d'Arcy
Boissets
La Boissière-École
Boissy-Mauvoisin
Boissy-sans-Avoir
Bonnelles
Bonnières-sur-Seine
Bouafle
Bougival
Bourdonné
Breuil-Bois-Robert
Bréval
Les Bréviaires
Brueil-en-Vexin
Buc
Buchelay
Bullion
Carrières-sous-Poissy
Carrières-sur-Seine
La Celle-les-Bordes
La Celle-Saint-Cloud
Cernay-la-Ville
Chambourcy
Chanteloup-les-Vignes
Chapet
Châteaufort
Chatou
Chaufour-lès-Bonnières
Chavenay
Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt
Chevreuse
Choisel
Civry-la-Forêt
Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines
Les Clayes-sous-Bois
Coignières
Condé-sur-Vesgre
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Courgent
Cravent
Crespières
Croissy-sur-Seine
Dammartin-en-Serve
Dampierre-en-Yvelines
Dannemarie
Davron
Drocourt
Ecquevilly
Élancourt
Émancé
Épône
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This Yvelines geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[uj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"center of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre_Zero"}],"text":"Commune in Île-de-France, FranceHouilles (French pronunciation: [uj]) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is a northwestern suburb of Paris, located 14.2 km (8.8 mi) from the center of Paris.","title":"Houilles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Navy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ballistic Missile Submarine Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_oc%C3%A9anique_strat%C3%A9gique"},{"link_name":"Victor Schœlcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher"}],"text":"Until 2000, the command post of the French Navy's Ballistic Missile Submarine Force was based at Houilles.Victor Schœlcher, a French abolitionist writer in the 19th century and the main spokesman for a group from Paris who worked for the abolition of slavery died in Houilles on 25 December 1893. A nursery school, a street and a statue carry his name. The house in which he died in 1893 is at 26 Avenue Schœlcher. The commune of Houilles acquired the house in 2011.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houilles–Carrières-sur-Seine station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houilles%E2%80%93Carri%C3%A8res-sur-Seine_station"},{"link_name":"RER line A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RER_A"},{"link_name":"Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilien_Paris-Saint-Lazare"}],"text":"Houilles is served by Houilles–Carrières-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools-5"},{"link_name":"Lycée Les-Pierres-Vives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Les-Pierres-Vives"},{"link_name":"Carrières-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carri%C3%A8res-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Lycée Jules-Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Jules-Verne_(Sartrouville)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sartrouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartrouville"},{"link_name":"Lycée Évariste-Galois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_%C3%89variste-Galois_(Sartrouville)"}],"text":"Houilles has fifteen preschool and elementary schools and three junior high schools.[5]Junior high schools:Collège Alphonse-de-Lamartine\nCollège Guy-de-Maupassant\nCollège Sainte-ThérèseNearby senior high schools/sixth form colleges:[5]Lycée Les-Pierres-Vives (Carrières-sur-Seine)\nLycée Jules-Verne (Sartrouville)\nLycée Évariste-Galois (Sartrouville)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Celorico de Basto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celorico_de_Basto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Friedrichsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsdorf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Schœlcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C5%93lcher"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in FranceHouilles is twinned with:[6]Celorico de Basto, Portugal\n Chesham, England, United Kingdom\n Friedrichsdorf, Germany\n Schœlcher, Martinique, France","title":"International relations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Yvelines department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Yvelines_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-78311","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Comité de Jumelage de Houilles\". jumelage-houilles.com (in French). Comité de Jumelage de Houilles. Retrieved 2019-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://jumelage-houilles.com/","url_text":"\"Comité de Jumelage de Houilles\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houilles¶ms=48.9261_N_2.1892_E_type:city(33449)_region:FR-IDF","external_links_name":"48°55′34″N 2°11′21″E / 48.9261°N 2.1892°E / 48.9261; 2.1892"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houilles¶ms=48.9261_N_2.1892_E_type:city(33449)_region:FR-IDF","external_links_name":"48°55′34″N 2°11′21″E / 48.9261°N 2.1892°E / 48.9261; 2.1892"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-78311","external_links_name":"78311"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-78311","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=17315","external_links_name":"Commune data sheet Houilles"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-78311#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"http://www.ville-houilles.fr/Vie-quotidienne/Enfance-Vie-scolaire-et-periscolaire/Vie-scolaire/Liste-des-etablissements-scolaires","external_links_name":"Liste des établissements scolaires"},{"Link":"https://jumelage-houilles.com/","external_links_name":"\"Comité de Jumelage de Houilles\""},{"Link":"http://www.ville-houilles.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/160448869","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8hXDJtd34hYh7t6w6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119436660","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119436660","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4499359-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557591705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85307970","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/f424f939-cbbb-496f-a258-ba5fca3fa985","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houilles&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_shot_length | Shot (filmmaking) | ["1 Etymology","2 Categories of shots","2.1 By field size","2.2 By camera placement","2.3 By other criteria","3 Film editing","4 Duration","5 See also","6 References"] | Series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time
This article is about a technique used in filmmaking. For other usages, see Shot.
In filmmaking and video production, a shot is a series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time. Film shots are an essential aspect of a movie where angles, transitions and cuts are used to further express emotion, ideas and movement. The term "shot" can refer to two different parts of the filmmaking process:
In production, a shot is the moment that the camera starts rolling until the moment it stops.
In film editing, a shot is the continuous footage or sequence between two edits or cuts.
Etymology
The term "shot" is derived from the early days of film production when cameras were hand-cranked, and operated similarly to the hand-cranked machine guns of the time. That is, a cameraman would "shoot" film the way someone would "shoot" bullets from a machine gun.
Categories of shots
Shots can be categorized in a number of ways.
By field size
The field size explains how much of the subject and its surrounding area is visible within the camera's field of view, and is determined by two factors: the distance of the subject from the camera ("camera-subject distance") and the focal length of the lens. Note that the shorter a lens's focal length, the wider its angle of view (the 'angle' in wide-angle lens, for instance, which is "how much you see"), so the same idea can also be expressed as that the lens's angle of view plus camera-subject distance is the camera's field of view.
the long shot or wide shot (often used as an establishing shot), that shows the environment around the subjects,
the full shot, where the entirety of the subject is just visible within the frame,
the medium-long shot, where the frame ends near the knees,
the medium shot, where the frame stops either just above or just below the waist,
the medium close-up, where more of the shoulder is visible than in the close-up,
the close-up, where the shoulder line is visible,
the extreme close-up, where the frame stops at the subject's chin and forehead.
Three less often used field sizes are:
the extreme long shot (used for epic views and panoramas),
the American shot (also 3/4 shot), a slight variation of the medium-long shot to also include outside the waistband handgun holsters in Western movies, a characterization from French film criticism for a type of shot in certain American films of the 1930s and 1940s also referred to as a "Cowboy shot" in reference to the gun holster being just above the bottom frame line,
the "Italian shot", where only a person's eyes are visible, named after the genre of Italo-Westerns, particularly the Dollars Trilogy by Sergio Leone, that established this particular field size.
Field size shots comparison (* = "basic" shots)
Extreme long shot
*Long shot
*Full shot (figure shot, complete view, medium long shot)
American shot (3/4 shot)
*Medium shot
*Close-up
Italian shot (extreme close-up)
By camera placement
"Shots" referring to camera placement and angle rather than field size include:
Camera angles:
the aerial shot,
the bird's-eye shot (sometimes performed as a crane shot),
the low-angle shot,
the over the shoulder shot,
the point of view shot,
the reverse shot is defined as a 180-degree camera turn to the preceding image, common in point of view and over the shoulder (in the latter, care must be applied to avoid a continuity error by violating the 180 degree rule),
the two shot where two people are in the picture.
By other criteria
the establishing shot is defined by giving an establishing "broad overview" over a scene, whether performed by a wide shot with a fixed camera, a zoom, a series of different close-ups achieved by camera motion, or a sequence of independent close-angle shots edited right after each other,
the master shot is a scene done in one single take, with no editing
the freeze frame shot is created in editing by displaying a single frame for an elongated duration of time
the insert shot is created in editing by replacing a picture with another while the audio stays the same
the dolly shot, also known as a tracking or trolley shot, in which the camera moves toward or away from its subject while filming. Traditionally dolly shots are filmed from a camera dolly but the same motion may also be performed with a Steadicam or gimbal. A dolly shot is generally described in terms of "dollying in" or "dollying out".
Film editing
A film editor at work in 1946
Main article: Film editing
Cutting between shots taken at different times or from different perspectives is known as film editing, and is one of the central arts of filmmaking.
Duration
See also: Long take
The length of shots is an important consideration that can greatly affect a film. The purpose of editing any given scene is to create a representation of the way the scene might be perceived by the "story teller." Shots with a longer duration can make a scene seem more relaxed and slower-paced whereas shots with a shorter duration can make a scene seem urgent and faster-paced.
The average shot length (ASL) of a film is one of its cinemetrical measures. For example, The Mist has a length of 117 minutes and consists of 1292 shots, so the ASL is 5.4 seconds, while Russian Ark is a single 96-minute long take, so an ASL of 96 minutes or about 5,760 seconds, a factor of 1,000 difference.
Shots with extremely long durations are difficult to do because any error in the shot would force the filmmaker to restart from scratch, and are thus only occasionally used. Films famous for their long cuts include Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather in which the entire first scene is a long take featuring Bonasera describing the assault on his daughter, and Alfred Hitchcock's Rope, which only cuts at the end of each reel, and does so surreptitiously so that it seems as if the whole film is one take. Orson Welles's Touch of Evil opens with a long tracking crane shot, as does Robert Altman's The Player.
In addition to Russian Ark, which was made in 2002 using digital recording technology, other films known for their extremely long takes include Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey and the works of Andrei Tarkovsky starting with Solaris. Béla Tarr is also known for using very long takes consistently in his films. Joss Whedon's feature film Serenity introduces the main characters with a long take. Although Fish & Cat is a single 134-minute long take, the narrator succeeded in playing with time and including several flashbacks.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camera shot types.
Camera angle
Film frame
Filmmaking
Take
List of one-shot music videos
References
^ Sklar, Robert. Film: An International History of the Medium. : Thames and Hudson, . p. 526.
^ a b c Ascher, Steven, and Edward Pincus. The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age. New York: Plume, 1999. p. 214.
^ "Movie Speak; Scissorhands Revisited". Archived from the original on 2018-09-13. Podcast. "KCRW's The Business." KCRW 89.9 FM. 10 August 2009.
^ Bowen, Christopher J. (2018). Grammar of the Shot (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781351803526. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
^ Ascher, 214-218
^ Ascher, 346
vteCinematic techniquesLighting
Background
Cameo
Fill
Flood
High-key
Key
Lens flare
Low-key
Mood
Rembrandt
Stage
Soft
Sound
Diegetic
Non-diegetic
Narration
Film score
Sound effects
ShootingField size
Wide / Long / Full
American
Medium
Close-up
Italian
Two shot
Camera placement
Perspective
Over-the-shoulder
Point-of-view (POV)
Reverse
Trunk
Single / multiple-camera setup
Camera angle
Tilt
Aerial
High-angle
Bird's-eye
Crane shot
Jib shot
Low-angle
Worm's-eye view
Dutch angle
Camera movement
Unchained camera technique
Tilting
Panning
Whip pan
Hand-held
Shaky
Tracking
Dolly
Steadicam
SnorriCam
Walk and talk
Follow
Dolly zoom
Lens effects
Focus
Racking
Depth of field
Shallow
Deep
Zooming
Other techniques
Establishing shot
Master shot
B-roll
Freeze-frame shot
Long take
One-shot
Insert
vteSpecial effectsPractical
Aerial rigging (wire-flying)
Air bladder effect
Animatronics
Bullet hit squib
Costumed character
Creature suit
Dead-character costume
Kitbashing
Miniature effect (hanging)
Prosthetic makeup
Puppetry
Pyrotechnics
Matte painting
Sugar glass
Theatrical blood
In-camera
Bipacks
Bullet time
Dolly zoom
Forced perspective
Front projection
Infrared photography
Lens flares
Lighting effects
Multiple exposure
Filtration
Rear projection
Reverse motion
Schüfftan process
Shutter effects
Slit-scan
Tilted plane focus
Time-lapse
Fast motion
Slow motion
Speed ramping
Stop motion
Visual
Bullet time
Chroma key
Compositing (digital)
Computer-generated imagery
Go motion
Introvision
Match moving
Optical printing
Smallgantics
Split screen
Stop motion | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"video production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_production"},{"link_name":"frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_frame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_angle"},{"link_name":"transitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_transition"},{"link_name":"cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(transition)"},{"link_name":"film editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pincus-2"}],"text":"This article is about a technique used in filmmaking. For other usages, see Shot.In filmmaking and video production, a shot is a series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time.[1] Film shots are an essential aspect of a movie where angles, transitions and cuts are used to further express emotion, ideas and movement. The term \"shot\" can refer to two different parts of the filmmaking process:In production, a shot is the moment that the camera starts rolling until the moment it stops.\nIn film editing, a shot is the continuous footage or sequence between two edits or cuts.[2]","title":"Shot (filmmaking)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_guns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The term \"shot\" is derived from the early days of film production when cameras were hand-cranked, and operated similarly to the hand-cranked machine guns of the time. That is, a cameraman would \"shoot\" film the way someone would \"shoot\" bullets from a machine gun.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pincus-2"}],"text":"Shots can be categorized in a number of ways.[2]","title":"Categories of shots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"},{"link_name":"focal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length"},{"link_name":"angle of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view"},{"link_name":"wide-angle lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-angle_lens"},{"link_name":"long shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_shot"},{"link_name":"establishing shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishing_shot"},{"link_name":"full shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_shot"},{"link_name":"medium shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_shot"},{"link_name":"close-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up"},{"link_name":"extreme long shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_long_shot"},{"link_name":"American shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_shot"},{"link_name":"outside the waistband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_the_waistband"},{"link_name":"handgun holsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun_holster"},{"link_name":"Western movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"film criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_criticism"},{"link_name":"1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1930s_in_film"},{"link_name":"1940s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1940s_in_film"},{"link_name":"Italo-Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Dollars Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollars_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen_Page_21-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_WeiteTotale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_Totale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_Halbtotale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_Halbnah.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_Nah.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_Gro%C3%9F.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eg_Detail.jpg"}],"sub_title":"By field size","text":"The field size explains how much of the subject and its surrounding area is visible within the camera's field of view, and is determined by two factors: the distance of the subject from the camera (\"camera-subject distance\") and the focal length of the lens. Note that the shorter a lens's focal length, the wider its angle of view (the 'angle' in wide-angle lens, for instance, which is \"how much you see\"), so the same idea can also be expressed as that the lens's angle of view plus camera-subject distance is the camera's field of view.the long shot or wide shot (often used as an establishing shot), that shows the environment around the subjects,\nthe full shot, where the entirety of the subject is just visible within the frame,\nthe medium-long shot, where the frame ends near the knees,\nthe medium shot, where the frame stops either just above or just below the waist,\nthe medium close-up, where more of the shoulder is visible than in the close-up,\nthe close-up, where the shoulder line is visible,\nthe extreme close-up, where the frame stops at the subject's chin and forehead.Three less often used field sizes are:the extreme long shot (used for epic views and panoramas),\nthe American shot (also 3/4 shot), a slight variation of the medium-long shot to also include outside the waistband handgun holsters in Western movies, a characterization from French film criticism for a type of shot in certain American films of the 1930s and 1940s also referred to as a \"Cowboy shot\" in reference to the gun holster being just above the bottom frame line,\nthe \"Italian shot\", where only a person's eyes are visible, named after the genre of Italo-Westerns, particularly the Dollars Trilogy by Sergio Leone, that established this particular field size.[4]Field size shots comparison (* = \"basic\" shots)\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExtreme long shot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t*Long shot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t*Full shot (figure shot, complete view, medium long shot)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmerican shot (3/4 shot)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t*Medium shot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t*Close-up\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tItalian shot (extreme close-up)","title":"Categories of shots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Camera angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_angle"},{"link_name":"aerial shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_shot"},{"link_name":"bird's-eye shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_shot"},{"link_name":"crane shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_shot"},{"link_name":"low-angle shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-angle_shot"},{"link_name":"over the shoulder shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_shoulder_shot"},{"link_name":"point of view shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_view_shot"},{"link_name":"reverse shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_reverse_shot"},{"link_name":"180 degree rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180_degree_rule"},{"link_name":"two shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_shot"}],"sub_title":"By camera placement","text":"\"Shots\" referring to camera placement and angle rather than field size include:[5]Camera angles:\nthe aerial shot,\nthe bird's-eye shot (sometimes performed as a crane shot),\nthe low-angle shot,\nthe over the shoulder shot,\nthe point of view shot,\nthe reverse shot is defined as a 180-degree camera turn to the preceding image, common in point of view and over the shoulder (in the latter, care must be applied to avoid a continuity error by violating the 180 degree rule),\nthe two shot where two people are in the picture.","title":"Categories of shots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"establishing shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishing_shot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pincus-2"},{"link_name":"master shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_shot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"freeze frame shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_frame_shot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"insert shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"camera dolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_dolly"},{"link_name":"Steadicam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steadicam"},{"link_name":"gimbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"By other criteria","text":"the establishing shot is defined by giving an establishing \"broad overview\" over a scene, whether performed by a wide shot with a fixed camera, a zoom, a series of different close-ups achieved by camera motion, or a sequence of independent close-angle shots edited right after each other,[2]\nthe master shot is a scene done in one single take, with no editing[citation needed]\nthe freeze frame shot is created in editing by displaying a single frame for an elongated duration of time[citation needed]\nthe insert shot is created in editing by replacing a picture with another while the audio stays the same[citation needed]\nthe dolly shot, also known as a tracking or trolley shot, in which the camera moves toward or away from its subject while filming. Traditionally dolly shots are filmed from a camera dolly but the same motion may also be performed with a Steadicam or gimbal. A dolly shot is generally described in terms of \"dollying in\" or \"dollying out\".[citation needed]","title":"Categories of shots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_pk_0000165_012.jpg"},{"link_name":"film editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A film editor at work in 1946Cutting between shots taken at different times or from different perspectives is known as film editing, and is one of the central arts of filmmaking.[6]","title":"Film editing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"link_name":"The Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mist_(film)"},{"link_name":"Russian Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ark"},{"link_name":"long take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"link_name":"long cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"link_name":"Francis Ford Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_(film)"},{"link_name":"reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Touch of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"The Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Player_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andrei Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Béla Tarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Tarr"},{"link_name":"Serenity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Fish & Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%26_Cat"},{"link_name":"flashbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"}],"text":"See also: Long takeThe length of shots is an important consideration that can greatly affect a film. The purpose of editing any given scene is to create a representation of the way the scene might be perceived by the \"story teller.\" Shots with a longer duration can make a scene seem more relaxed and slower-paced whereas shots with a shorter duration can make a scene seem urgent and faster-paced.The average shot length (ASL) of a film is one of its cinemetrical measures. For example, The Mist has a length of 117 minutes and consists of 1292 shots, so the ASL is 5.4 seconds, while Russian Ark is a single 96-minute long take, so an ASL of 96 minutes or about 5,760 seconds, a factor of 1,000 difference.Shots with extremely long durations are difficult to do because any error in the shot would force the filmmaker to restart from scratch, and are thus only occasionally used. Films famous for their long cuts include Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather in which the entire first scene is a long take featuring Bonasera describing the assault on his daughter, and Alfred Hitchcock's Rope, which only cuts at the end of each reel, and does so surreptitiously so that it seems as if the whole film is one take. Orson Welles's Touch of Evil opens with a long tracking crane shot, as does Robert Altman's The Player.In addition to Russian Ark, which was made in 2002 using digital recording technology, other films known for their extremely long takes include Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey and the works of Andrei Tarkovsky starting with Solaris. Béla Tarr is also known for using very long takes consistently in his films. Joss Whedon's feature film Serenity introduces the main characters with a long take. Although Fish & Cat is a single 134-minute long take, the narrator succeeded in playing with time and including several flashbacks.","title":"Duration"}] | [{"image_text":"A film editor at work in 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fotothek_df_pk_0000165_012.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_pk_0000165_012.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Camera shot types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Camera_shot_types"},{"title":"Camera angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_angle"},{"title":"Film frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_frame"},{"title":"Filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"title":"Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take"},{"title":"List of one-shot music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-shot_music_videos"}] | [{"reference":"\"Movie Speak; Scissorhands Revisited\". Archived from the original on 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/the-business/movie-speak-scissorhands-revisited","url_text":"\"Movie Speak; Scissorhands Revisited\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002348/https://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/the-business/movie-speak-scissorhands-revisited","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Christopher J. (2018). Grammar of the Shot (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781351803526. Retrieved August 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IT1PEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","url_text":"Grammar of the Shot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351803526","url_text":"9781351803526"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/the-business/movie-speak-scissorhands-revisited","external_links_name":"\"Movie Speak; Scissorhands Revisited\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002348/https://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/the-business/movie-speak-scissorhands-revisited","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IT1PEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Grammar of the Shot"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Craggs | Charlie Craggs | ["1 Early and personal life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Audio","4 References"] | British transgender actress, activist and author
Charlie CraggsBorn1992 (age 31–32)London, EnglandNationalityBritishEducationLondon College of FashionOccupation(s)Actress, AuthorKnown forTransgender activism
Charlie Craggs (born 1992) is a British transgender actress, activist, and author from London.
Early and personal life
Craggs was born on a council estate in Ladbroke Grove, West London. She later attended the London College of Fashion. Growing up, Craggs struggled with gender dysphoria, but seeing Nadia Almada win the fifth series of Big Brother in 2004 helped her understand that it was possible to transition.
Career
In 2013, Craggs launched her "Nail Transphobia" campaign which provided free manicures to people, allowing them to chat with a trans person about their experiences, in an attempt to reduce transphobia. The campaign began as a university project and grew to become a pop-up salon that appeared at different events and locations. The impact of the campaign was recognized in 2015 when Craggs was number 40 in The Independent newspaper's 2015 "Rainbow List" of the 101 most Influential LGBTI people in the UK and again in 2016 when she led the 2016 "New Radicals" list compiled by Nesta and The Observer newspaper.
In 2017, Craggs published her first book, To My Trans Sisters, a collection of letters by successful trans women. In 2018 the book was a finalist in the 30th Lambda Literary Awards.
Craggs began a campaign in 2018 for inclusion of a transgender rainbow flag emoji in Unicode, which was subsequently included in 2020.
In 2021, Craggs fronted the BBC Three documentary Transitioning Teens about transgender teenagers waiting to be seen by the NHS regarding their transitions. The doc was released on BBC iPlayer.
In 2022, Craggs landed one of the leading roles in the Doctor Who spin-off podcast Doctor Who: Redacted, making her the second transgender companion in the show's history. The BBC Sounds podcast was created and written by Juno Dawson and features Jodie Whittaker in her role as the Thirteenth Doctor.
Filmography
Audio
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2022–2023
Doctor Who: Redacted
Cleo
Leading role
References
^ Craggs, Charlie (2020). "A Brief History of My Womanhood". In Curtis, Scarlett (ed.). Feminists Don't Wear Pink (And Other Lies): Amazing Women on What the F-Word Means to Them. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-41836-9. OCLC 1152567412.
^ Fashion, London College of (28 January 2019). "LCF Alum Charlie Craggs publishes first book To My Trans Sisters". London College of Fashion.
^ a b "Review of the year: the female groundbreakers of 2017". The Independent. 25 December 2017.
^ "Trans myths debunked: 'They're not just handing out vaginas in the street!'". BBC Radio 5 Live.
^ "How Charlie Craggs Is Fighting Transphobia One Manicure At A Time". The Fader.
^
"Girl On A Mission: Charlie Craggs". British Vogue. 19 October 2017.
Wareham, Jamie. "Dr Ranj's Personal Reason For Supporting LGBT+ Inclusive Education". Forbes.
"Charlie Craggs". Stonewall. 14 June 2016.
"V&A · Charlie Craggs – Trans activist". Victoria and Albert Museum.
"Charlie Craggs: As a transgender female I shouldn't be afraid to be myself". ITV News. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ Clark, Susan (20 November 2022). "Trans woman reveals surgery that made the biggest difference to her wellbeing". The Independent. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ a b "Nail Transphobia: 'I'm just trying to be everyone's trans friend'". the Guardian. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ "How I'm Fighting Transphobia By Doing People's Nails". HuffPost UK. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ "Rainbow List 2015: 1 to 101". The Independent. 15 November 2015.
^ "Charlie Craggs: Nail Transphobia". Nesta.
^ To My Trans Sisters. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2017. ISBN 978-1785923432.
^ "30th Annual Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced". Lambda Literary Foundation. 6 March 2018.
^
"Trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji for an important reason". The Independent. 2 August 2018.
Gilmour, Paisley (1 August 2018). "Why these trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji". Cosmopolitan.
^ Curtis, Cara (30 January 2020). "Unicode Consortium finally added a transgender flag emoji and more gender-inclusive designs". The Next Web.
^ "Transitioning Teens". BBC iPlayer. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ a b New audio drama spin-off Doctor Who: Redacted
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Charlie Craggs (born 1992) is a British transgender actress, activist, and author from London.[6]","title":"Charlie Craggs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"council estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_estate"},{"link_name":"Ladbroke Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbroke_Grove"},{"link_name":"West London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London"},{"link_name":"London College of Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion"},{"link_name":"gender dysphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria"},{"link_name":"Nadia Almada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Almada"},{"link_name":"fifth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(UK_series_5)"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Craggs was born on a council estate in Ladbroke Grove, West London. She later attended the London College of Fashion. Growing up, Craggs struggled with gender dysphoria, but seeing Nadia Almada win the fifth series of Big Brother in 2004 helped her understand that it was possible to transition.[7]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-8"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groundbreakers-3"},{"link_name":"30th Lambda Literary Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Lambda_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"emoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BBC Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Three"},{"link_name":"BBC iPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_iPlayer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"BBC Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Juno Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Jodie Whittaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Whittaker"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-17"}],"text":"In 2013, Craggs launched her \"Nail Transphobia\" campaign which provided free manicures to people, allowing them to chat with a trans person about their experiences, in an attempt to reduce transphobia.[8] The campaign began as a university project and grew to become a pop-up salon that appeared at different events and locations.[9][8] The impact of the campaign was recognized in 2015 when Craggs was number 40 in The Independent newspaper's 2015 \"Rainbow List\" of the 101 most Influential LGBTI people in the UK[10] and again in 2016 when she led the 2016 \"New Radicals\" list compiled by Nesta and The Observer newspaper.[11]In 2017, Craggs published her first book, To My Trans Sisters,[12] a collection of letters by successful trans women.[3] In 2018 the book was a finalist in the 30th Lambda Literary Awards.[13]Craggs began a campaign in 2018 for inclusion of a transgender rainbow flag emoji in Unicode,[14] which was subsequently included in 2020.[15]In 2021, Craggs fronted the BBC Three documentary Transitioning Teens about transgender teenagers waiting to be seen by the NHS regarding their transitions. The doc was released on BBC iPlayer.[16]In 2022, Craggs landed one of the leading roles in the Doctor Who spin-off podcast Doctor Who: Redacted, making her the second transgender companion in the show's history. The BBC Sounds podcast was created and written by Juno Dawson and features Jodie Whittaker in her role as the Thirteenth Doctor.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Audio","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Craggs, Charlie (2020). \"A Brief History of My Womanhood\". In Curtis, Scarlett (ed.). Feminists Don't Wear Pink (And Other Lies): Amazing Women on What the F-Word Means to Them. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-41836-9. OCLC 1152567412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-41836-9","url_text":"978-0-241-41836-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1152567412","url_text":"1152567412"}]},{"reference":"Fashion, London College of (28 January 2019). \"LCF Alum Charlie Craggs publishes first book To My Trans Sisters\". London College of Fashion.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/london-college-of-fashion/stories/lcf-alum-charlie-craggs-publishes-first-book-to-my-trans-sisters","url_text":"\"LCF Alum Charlie Craggs publishes first book To My Trans Sisters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion","url_text":"London College of Fashion"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of the year: the female groundbreakers of 2017\". The Independent. 25 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/review-of-the-year/review-of-the-year-extraordinary-women-2017-female-groundbreakers-sexism-me-too-feminism-sheroes-a8103171.html","url_text":"\"Review of the year: the female groundbreakers of 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Trans myths debunked: 'They're not just handing out vaginas in the street!'\". BBC Radio 5 Live.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3hF36gfHbfXXcYzgfdNTB5N/trans-myths-debunked-theyre-not-just-handing-out-vaginas-in-the-street","url_text":"\"Trans myths debunked: 'They're not just handing out vaginas in the street!'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live","url_text":"BBC Radio 5 Live"}]},{"reference":"\"How Charlie Craggs Is Fighting Transphobia One Manicure At A Time\". The Fader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2016/07/01/charlie-craggs-nail-transphobia","url_text":"\"How Charlie Craggs Is Fighting Transphobia One Manicure At A Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"}]},{"reference":"\"Girl On A Mission: Charlie Craggs\". British Vogue. 19 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/charlie-craggs-nail-transphobia-book-2017","url_text":"\"Girl On A Mission: Charlie Craggs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Vogue","url_text":"British Vogue"}]},{"reference":"Wareham, Jamie. \"Dr Ranj's Personal Reason For Supporting LGBT+ Inclusive Education\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/02/22/dr-ranj-lgbt-inclusive-sex-relationship-education/","url_text":"\"Dr Ranj's Personal Reason For Supporting LGBT+ Inclusive Education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Craggs\". Stonewall. 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stonewall.org.uk/people/charlie-craggs","url_text":"\"Charlie Craggs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)","url_text":"Stonewall"}]},{"reference":"\"V&A · Charlie Craggs – Trans activist\". Victoria and Albert Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/charlie-craggs","url_text":"\"V&A · Charlie Craggs – Trans activist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum","url_text":"Victoria and Albert Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Craggs: As a transgender female I shouldn't be afraid to be myself\". ITV News. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/2016-01-14/charlie-craggs-as-a-transgender-female-i-shouldnt-be-afraid-to-be-myself/","url_text":"\"Charlie Craggs: As a transgender female I shouldn't be afraid to be myself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News","url_text":"ITV News"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Susan (20 November 2022). \"Trans woman reveals surgery that made the biggest difference to her wellbeing\". The Independent. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/charlie-craggs-trans-woman-surgery-b2229285.html","url_text":"\"Trans woman reveals surgery that made the biggest difference to her wellbeing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nail Transphobia: 'I'm just trying to be everyone's trans friend'\". the Guardian. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2016/jul/10/new-radicals-2016-nail-transphobia","url_text":"\"Nail Transphobia: 'I'm just trying to be everyone's trans friend'\""}]},{"reference":"\"How I'm Fighting Transphobia By Doing People's Nails\". HuffPost UK. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/charlie-craggs/nail-transphobia-charlie-craggs_b_8782650.html","url_text":"\"How I'm Fighting Transphobia By Doing People's Nails\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rainbow List 2015: 1 to 101\". The Independent. 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/therainbowlist/rainbow-list-2015-1-to-101-a6731391.html","url_text":"\"Rainbow List 2015: 1 to 101\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Craggs: Nail Transphobia\". Nesta.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesta.org.uk/feature/new-radicals-2016/charlie-craggs-nail-transphobia/","url_text":"\"Charlie Craggs: Nail Transphobia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesta_(charity)","url_text":"Nesta"}]},{"reference":"To My Trans Sisters. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2017. ISBN 978-1785923432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers","url_text":"Jessica Kingsley Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785923432","url_text":"978-1785923432"}]},{"reference":"\"30th Annual Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced\". Lambda Literary Foundation. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2018/03/lambda-literary-award-finalists/","url_text":"\"30th Annual Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Foundation","url_text":"Lambda Literary Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji for an important reason\". The Independent. 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/trans-activists-lobster-emoji-flag-charlie-craggs-unicode-nail-it-a8474476.html","url_text":"\"Trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji for an important reason\""}]},{"reference":"Gilmour, Paisley (1 August 2018). \"Why these trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji\". Cosmopolitan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/a22611190/trans-emoji-campaign/","url_text":"\"Why these trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Cara (30 January 2020). \"Unicode Consortium finally added a transgender flag emoji and more gender-inclusive designs\". The Next Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/tech/2020/01/30/unicode-consortium-added-transgender-flag-emoji-gender-inclusive-designs/","url_text":"\"Unicode Consortium finally added a transgender flag emoji and more gender-inclusive designs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Web","url_text":"The Next Web"}]},{"reference":"\"Transitioning Teens\". BBC iPlayer. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p093wyx7/transitioning-teens","url_text":"\"Transitioning Teens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_iPlayer","url_text":"BBC iPlayer"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1152567412","external_links_name":"1152567412"},{"Link":"https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/london-college-of-fashion/stories/lcf-alum-charlie-craggs-publishes-first-book-to-my-trans-sisters","external_links_name":"\"LCF Alum Charlie Craggs publishes first book To My Trans Sisters\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/review-of-the-year/review-of-the-year-extraordinary-women-2017-female-groundbreakers-sexism-me-too-feminism-sheroes-a8103171.html","external_links_name":"\"Review of the year: the female groundbreakers of 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3hF36gfHbfXXcYzgfdNTB5N/trans-myths-debunked-theyre-not-just-handing-out-vaginas-in-the-street","external_links_name":"\"Trans myths debunked: 'They're not just handing out vaginas in the street!'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2016/07/01/charlie-craggs-nail-transphobia","external_links_name":"\"How Charlie Craggs Is Fighting Transphobia One Manicure At A Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/charlie-craggs-nail-transphobia-book-2017","external_links_name":"\"Girl On A Mission: Charlie Craggs\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/02/22/dr-ranj-lgbt-inclusive-sex-relationship-education/","external_links_name":"\"Dr Ranj's Personal Reason For Supporting LGBT+ Inclusive Education\""},{"Link":"https://www.stonewall.org.uk/people/charlie-craggs","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Craggs\""},{"Link":"https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/charlie-craggs","external_links_name":"\"V&A · Charlie Craggs – Trans activist\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/2016-01-14/charlie-craggs-as-a-transgender-female-i-shouldnt-be-afraid-to-be-myself/","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Craggs: As a transgender female I shouldn't be afraid to be myself\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/charlie-craggs-trans-woman-surgery-b2229285.html","external_links_name":"\"Trans woman reveals surgery that made the biggest difference to her wellbeing\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2016/jul/10/new-radicals-2016-nail-transphobia","external_links_name":"\"Nail Transphobia: 'I'm just trying to be everyone's trans friend'\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/charlie-craggs/nail-transphobia-charlie-craggs_b_8782650.html","external_links_name":"\"How I'm Fighting Transphobia By Doing People's Nails\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/therainbowlist/rainbow-list-2015-1-to-101-a6731391.html","external_links_name":"\"Rainbow List 2015: 1 to 101\""},{"Link":"https://www.nesta.org.uk/feature/new-radicals-2016/charlie-craggs-nail-transphobia/","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Craggs: Nail Transphobia\""},{"Link":"https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2018/03/lambda-literary-award-finalists/","external_links_name":"\"30th Annual Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/trans-activists-lobster-emoji-flag-charlie-craggs-unicode-nail-it-a8474476.html","external_links_name":"\"Trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji for an important reason\""},{"Link":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/a22611190/trans-emoji-campaign/","external_links_name":"\"Why these trans activists are hijacking the lobster emoji\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/tech/2020/01/30/unicode-consortium-added-transgender-flag-emoji-gender-inclusive-designs/","external_links_name":"\"Unicode Consortium finally added a transgender flag emoji and more gender-inclusive designs\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p093wyx7/transitioning-teens","external_links_name":"\"Transitioning Teens\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/jodie-whittaker-doctor-who-redacted-audio-drama-newsupdate/amp","external_links_name":"New audio drama spin-off Doctor Who: Redacted"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/32caef48-230b-48d6-96e2-6cf210df22e6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroramphosus | Macroramphosus | ["1 Species","2 References"] | Genus of fishes
Macroramphosus
Macroramphosus gracilis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Syngnathiformes
Suborder:
Aulostomoidei
Superfamily:
Centriscoidea
Family:
Macroramphosidae
Genus:
MacroramphosusLacepède, 1803
Type species
Silurus cornutusForsskål, 1775
Species
See text
Macroramphosus, snipefishes or bellowfishes, is a genus of fishes found in tropical and subtropical oceans at depths down to 600 metres (2,000 ft). According to FishBase, they are part of the family Centriscidae, but Nelson (2016) split that family, in which case the genus Macroramphosus is in the family Macroramphosidae. They have long second spines on their dorsal fins and tiny mouths at the tip of their greatly elongated snouts. The bodies of snipefish are more streamlined than in the related bellowfishes. They reach a maximum length of about 20 cm (7.9 in), and are silvery or reddish in colour. They are sometimes found in large schools. This is the only genus on the monogeneric family Macroranphosidae but some authorities include the genera Centriscops and Notopogon in this family too.
Species
Currently, two recognized species are placed in this genus:
Macroramphosus gracilis (R. T. Lowe, 1839) (slender snipefish)
Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758) (longspine snipefish)
References
^ a b Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). "Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition" (PDF). Retrieved 10 June 2018.
^ "Bellowfishes, MACRORAMPHOSIDAE". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Macroramphosus in FishBase. October 2012 version.
Taxon identifiersMacroramphosus
Wikidata: Q2791764
Wikispecies: Macroramphosus
AFD: Macroramphosus
BOLD: 2969
EPPO: 1MRAMG
GBIF: 2333512
iNaturalist: 47246
IRMNG: 1110605
ITIS: 551495
NBN: NHMSYS0001745633
NCBI: 206123
NZOR: fcab9b4a-36b0-416f-9178-22192177f572
Plazi: B5621CC9-1C1D-355F-EC08-FCCEDCA079F4
WoRMS: 126222
This Syngnathiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"FishBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishBase"},{"link_name":"Centriscidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriscidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson5-1"},{"link_name":"dorsal fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"bellowfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellowfish"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_(fish)"},{"link_name":"monogeneric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogeneric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson5-1"},{"link_name":"Centriscops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriscops"},{"link_name":"Notopogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notopogon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoA-2"}],"text":"Macroramphosus, snipefishes or bellowfishes, is a genus of fishes found in tropical and subtropical oceans at depths down to 600 metres (2,000 ft). According to FishBase, they are part of the family Centriscidae, but Nelson (2016) split that family, in which case the genus Macroramphosus is in the family Macroramphosidae.[1] They have long second spines on their dorsal fins and tiny mouths at the tip of their greatly elongated snouts. The bodies of snipefish are more streamlined than in the related bellowfishes. They reach a maximum length of about 20 cm (7.9 in), and are silvery or reddish in colour. They are sometimes found in large schools. This is the only genus on the monogeneric family Macroranphosidae[1] but some authorities include the genera Centriscops and Notopogon in this family too.[2]","title":"Macroramphosus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Macroramphosus gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroramphosus_gracilis"},{"link_name":"R. T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell | Carroll A. Campbell Jr. | ["1 Early life","2 Early political career","3 Governor of South Carolina (1987–1995)","4 Subsequent career","5 Personal life","6 Election history","7 References","8 External links and general sources"] | American politician (1940–2005)
This article is about the American politician. For other uses, see Carol Campbell.
Carroll A. Campbell Jr.Campbell, c. 1987112th Governor of South CarolinaIn officeJanuary 14, 1987 – January 11, 1995LieutenantNick TheodorePreceded byRichard RileySucceeded byDavid BeasleyChair of the National Governors AssociationIn officeAugust 17, 1993 – July 19, 1994Preceded byRoy RomerSucceeded byHoward DeanMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 4th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1979 – January 3, 1987Preceded byJames MannSucceeded byLiz J. PattersonMember of the South Carolina Senatefrom the 2nd districtIn officeJanuary 11, 1977 – November 6, 1978Preceded byRichard RileySucceeded byJeff RichardsonMember of the South Carolina House of Representativesfrom Greenville CountyIn officeDecember 1970 – December 1974Preceded byThomas Wesley GreeneSucceeded byNone (district eliminated)
Personal detailsBornCarroll Ashmore Campbell Jr.(1940-07-24)July 24, 1940Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.DiedDecember 7, 2005(2005-12-07) (aged 65)West Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse
Iris Rhodes (m. 1959)Children2EducationUniversity of South Carolina, ColumbiaAmerican University (MA)
Campbell at a 1986 campaign rally, with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Senator Strom Thurmond
Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. (July 24, 1940 – December 7, 2005), was an American Republican politician who served as the 112th governor of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995. Prior to this, he served as a member of the South Carolina Senate representing the 2nd district from 1977 to 1978 and as a congressman representing South Carolina's 4th district from 1979 to 1987.
Early life
Campbell was born in Greenville, South Carolina, the oldest of six children. His father, Carroll A. Campbell Sr. worked in the textile mills and the furniture business, and later owned a motel in Garden City, South Carolina.
Campbell grew up in Greenville and the nearby cities of Liberty and Simpsonville. He attended Greenville Senior High School, dropping out during a period that The Greenville News characterized as an "unsettled adolescence amid a disintegrating family"; his uncle then enrolled him at the private McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He attended the University of South Carolina at Columbia but withdrew because of financial concerns and later graduated with a Master of Arts degree from American University. While a student at South Carolina, he became a member of the Sigma chapter of the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity.
Early political career
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In 1970, Campbell took a leading role opposing the racial integration of public schools in Greenville. He spoke to a crowd of thousands in front of Parker High School against integration, and on January 25 he led a motorcade of 800 vehicles to the state capitol in Columbia to protest "forced busing" of students to integrated schools.
Campbell served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1970 to 1974 during the administration of Governor John C. West, who defeated Republican nominee Albert Watson, the choice of U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, in the 1970 South Carolina gubernatorial election. With Lee Atwater as a key political strategist, he made an unsuccessful bid for lieutenant governor in 1974 on the ticket headed by Republican James B. Edwards of Charleston. While Edwards was elected, Campbell lost to the Democrat Brantley Harvey; despite the loss Campbell would continue to seek Atwater's counsel throughout his career.
From 1976 to 1978, during the Edwards administration, he served in the South Carolina Senate. In between his two stints in the General Assembly, he served as executive assistant to Governor Edwards. In 1978, Campbell won election to the United States House of Representatives from the Greenville-based South Carolina's 4th congressional district; he defeated Max M. Heller, the Democratic mayor of Greenville and an emigrant from Austria, to fill the seat vacated by the retiring James Mann. Campbell hence became the first Republican to hold the 4th district seat since Reconstruction.
Campbell served as state campaign chairman for Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign in 1980 and 1984, and as southern regional chairman for George H. W. Bush's presidential campaign in 1988.
Governor of South Carolina (1987–1995)
Portrait of Campbell
Gov. Campbell tours the wreckage after Hurricane Hugo
As governor, Campbell coordinated the state's response to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Campbell was also known for his role in luring BMW to build its first U.S. manufacturing facility in Greer, South Carolina. In recognition of his role, in 2002 it was announced that BMW had donated $10 million for a facility at the site of Clemson University's International Center for Automotive Research. Like nearly all such large donations, it came with naming rights: the company chose to call the new facility the Carroll A. Campbell Jr. Graduate Engineering Center.
When Campbell was governor, the state was confronted with two major controversies shaking taxpayers' confidence in the trustworthiness of public officials. Allegations of financial mismanagement at the University of South Carolina led to university president James B. Holderman's resignation. Operation Lost Trust, a federal investigation of bribery and drug use allegations against members of the South Carolina General Assembly, led to convictions of twenty-seven legislators, lobbyists and others in a vote-buying scandal.
During 1993–1994, Campbell was the chairman of the National Governors Association.
Term limits prevented him from seeking a third term in the 1994 election. He left office with an unprecedented job approval rating of 72 percent.
Subsequent career
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From 1995 to 2001, Campbell was a Washington, D.C. lobbyist, serving as president and CEO of the American Council of Life Insurers. Campbell briefly considered running for President of the United States in 1996, but concluded that the fundraising hurdles were too high.
Following his decision not to run for president that year, Campbell was mentioned as a possible vice presidential running mate for Bob Dole but was ultimately passed over in favor of Jack Kemp, the former U.S. Representative from New York's 31st congressional district and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President George H. W. Bush.
In 1998, Campbell and former South Carolina First Lady Lois Rhame West became the co-chairs of Winthrop University's first capital campaign. Under Campbell and West, the campaign raised more than $30 million.
Personal life
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Campbell during his time in Congress
Campbell eloped with Iris Faye Rhodes in 1959. They had two sons, Carroll Campbell III, and Mike Campbell, the former of whom unsuccessfully sought the 2010 Republican nomination for South Carolina's 1st congressional district to succeed Representative Henry Brown; and the latter of whom was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 2006. The family owns franchises for Wendy's restaurants in South Carolina.
In October 2001, at the age of 61, Campbell was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. The revelation forced him to abandon plans to run for governor again in 2002. He was admitted to a long-term residential treatment facility for Alzheimer's patients in August 2005. He died of a heart attack on December 7 of that year at Lexington Medical Center in West Columbia. After lying in state at the State House, he was eulogized at memorial services at Trinity Episcopal Cathedral in Columbia and at All Saints Episcopal Church in Pawleys Island. He was buried in the church cemetery of All Saints Episcopal Church.
Upon Campbell's death, David Wilkins, U.S. Ambassador to Canada and former Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives, described him as "the master architect" of the South Carolina Republican Party's speedy rise to dominance.
Election history
1986 South Carolina Governor
Carroll Campbell (Republican), 51%
Michael R. Daniel (Democrat), 47%
1990 South Carolina Governor
Carroll Campbell (Republican), 69%
Theo Mitchell (Democrat), 27%
References
Notes
^ "How Greenville County's public schools integrated peacefully in 1970". Judith Bainbridge. Greenville News. November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
^ Graham, Cole Blease (Spring 1998). "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: South Carolina's Republican Presidential Primary". Southern Cultures. 4 (1): 48. doi:10.1353/scu.1998.0091. JSTOR 26235530. S2CID 145306010.
^ a b c "Carroll A. Campbell". National Governors Association. January 12, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ O'Mara, Dan (May 6, 2014). "Winthrop alum Lois Rhame West, former SC first lady and 'bright light', dies". The Herald (Rock Hill). Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
^ Campbell, Carroll (October 5, 2001). "Letter from Carroll Campbell". The State. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ O'Connor, John (December 9, 2005). "Public Can Pay Respects Today". The State. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ "South Carolina Governor Carroll Campbell Funeral | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
Sources
^ "Former Gov. Carroll Campbell dead at 65". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2006.
^ The Once and Future King?, from a June 2000 column in National Review
^ The Carroll A. Campbell Jr. Graduate Engineering Center at Clemson University
^ Nomination of Carroll A. Campbell Jr., To Be a Member of the Board of Trustees of the James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation at the Wayback Machine (archived November 14, 2004)
External links and general sources
Carroll Campbell Bio, Education, Occupations, Timeline of Major Events and Accomplishments, Election Results, SCIway.net; accessed August 4, 2017.
Biography from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress; accessed August 4, 2017.
Former S.C. governor has Alzheimer's, an October 2001 USA Today article; accessed August 4, 2017.
"It's been a really bad day". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2005., a December 7, 2005 blog entry from Campbell's former Chief of Staff
Biography of Carroll A. Campbell Jr., National Governors Association website; accessed August 4, 2017.
Appearances on C-SPAN
Carroll Ashmore Campbell, Jr. Papers at South Carolina Political Collections (University of South Carolina)
Carroll Campbell Papers (Mss. 0087) at Clemson University
Governor Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. Papers (RG 555000) at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History
1987 Carroll Campbell Swearing in Ceremony on South Carolina Educational Television
1991 Carroll Campbell Swearing in Ceremony on South Carolina Educational Television
Party political offices
Preceded byJames M. Henderson
Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina 1974
Succeeded byJohn Stroud
Preceded byW. D. Workman
Republican nominee for Governor of South Carolina 1986, 1990
Succeeded byDavid Beasley
Preceded byJohn Ashcroft
Chair of the Republican Governors Association 1990–1991
Succeeded byTommy Thompson
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJames Mann
Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 4th congressional district 1979–1987
Succeeded byLiz J. Patterson
Political offices
Preceded byRichard Riley
Governor of South Carolina 1987–1995
Succeeded byDavid Beasley
Preceded byRoy Romer
Chair of the National Governors Association 1993–1994
Succeeded byHoward Dean
vteGovernors of South Carolina
J. Rutledge
Lowndes
J. Rutledge
Mathews
Guerard
Moultrie
T. Pinckney
C. Pinckney
Moultrie
Vanderhorst
C. Pinckney
E. Rutledge
Drayton
J. Richardson
P. Hamilton
C. Pinckney
Drayton
Middleton
Alston
D. Williams
A. Pickens
Geddes
Bennett
Wilson
Manning I
Taylor
Miller
J. Hamilton
Hayne
McDuffie
Butler
Noble
Henagan
Richardson II
Hammond
Aiken
Johnson
Seabrook
Means
J. Manning
Adams
Allston
Gist
F. Pickens
Bonham
Magrath
Perry
Orr
Scott
Moses
Chamberlain
Hampton
Simpson
Jeter
Hagood
Thompson
Sheppard
Richardson III
Tillman
Evans
Ellerbe
McSweeney
Heyward
Ansel
Blease
Smith
Manning III
Cooper
Harvey
McLeod
Richards
Blackwood
Johnston
Maybank
Harley
Jefferies
Johnston
R. Williams
Thurmond
Byrnes
Timmerman
Hollings
Russell
McNair
West
Edwards
Riley
Campbell
Beasley
Hodges
Sanford
Haley
McMaster
vteChairs of the National Governors Association
Willson
McGovern
Walsh
Spry
Capper
Harrington
Allen
Sproul
Cox
Trinkle
Brewster
McMullen
Dern
Case
Pollard
Rolph
McNutt
Peery
Cochran
Stark
Vanderbilt
Stassen
O'Conor
Saltonstall
Maw
Martin
Caldwell
Hildreth
Hunt
Lane
Carlson
Lausche
Peterson
Shivers
Thornton
Kennon
Langlie
Stanley
Stratton
Collins
Boggs
McNichols
Powell
Rosellini
Anderson
Sawyer
Reed
Guy
Volpe
Ellington
Love
Hearnes
Moore
Mandel
Evans
Rampton
Ray
Andrus
Askew
Milliken
Carroll
Bowen
Busbee
Snelling
Matheson
J. Thompson
Carlin
Alexander
Clinton
Sununu
Baliles
Branstad
Gardner
Ashcroft
Romer
Campbell
Dean
T. Thompson
Miller
Voinovich
Carper
Leavitt
Glendening
Engler
Patton
Kempthorne
Warner
Huckabee
Napolitano
Pawlenty
Rendell
Douglas
Manchin
Gregoire
Heineman
Markell
Fallin
Hickenlooper
Herbert
McAuliffe
Sandoval
Bullock
Hogan
Cuomo
Hutchinson
Murphy
Cox
vteSouth Carolina's delegation(s) to the 96th–99th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)
96th
Senate:
▌S. Thurmond (R)
▌F. Hollings (D)
House:
▌M. Davis (D)
▌F. Spence (R)
▌B. Derrick (D)
▌K. Holland (D)
▌J. Jenrette (D)
▌C. Campbell (R)
97th
Senate:
▌S. Thurmond (R)
▌F. Hollings (D)
House:
▌F. Spence (R)
▌B. Derrick (D)
▌K. Holland (D)
▌C. Campbell (R)
▌T. Hartnett (R)
▌J. Napier (R)
98th
Senate:
▌S. Thurmond (R)
▌F. Hollings (D)
House:
▌F. Spence (R)
▌B. Derrick (D)
▌C. Campbell (R)
▌T. Hartnett (R)
▌J. Spratt (D)
▌R. Tallon (D)
99th
Senate:
▌S. Thurmond (R)
▌F. Hollings (D)
House:
▌F. Spence (R)
▌B. Derrick (D)
▌C. Campbell (R)
▌T. Hartnett (R)
▌J. Spratt (D)
▌R. Tallon (D)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
US Congress
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carroll A. Campbell. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carol Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Campbell_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campbell,_Carroll_1986_campaign_rally_with_V-P_GHW_Bush_and_Strom_Thurmond.jpg"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"112th governor of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"South Carolina's 4th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_4th_congressional_district"}],"text":"This article is about the American politician. For other uses, see Carol Campbell.Campbell at a 1986 campaign rally, with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Senator Strom ThurmondCarroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. (July 24, 1940 – December 7, 2005), was an American Republican politician who served as the 112th governor of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995. Prior to this, he served as a member of the South Carolina Senate representing the 2nd district from 1977 to 1978 and as a congressman representing South Carolina's 4th district from 1979 to 1987.","title":"Carroll A. Campbell Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Garden City, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Simpsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpsonville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"The Greenville News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greenville_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"McCallie School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCallie_School"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_GBPL"},{"link_name":"Pi Kappa Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi"},{"link_name":"fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity"}],"text":"Campbell was born in Greenville, South Carolina, the oldest of six children. His father, Carroll A. Campbell Sr. worked in the textile mills and the furniture business, and later owned a motel in Garden City, South Carolina.Campbell grew up in Greenville and the nearby cities of Liberty and Simpsonville. He attended Greenville Senior High School, dropping out during a period that The Greenville News characterized as an \"unsettled adolescence amid a disintegrating family\";[1] his uncle then enrolled him at the private McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He attended the University of South Carolina at Columbia but withdrew because of financial concerns[2] and later graduated with a Master of Arts degree from American University.[3] While a student at South Carolina, he became a member of the Sigma chapter of the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John C. West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._West"},{"link_name":"Albert Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"1970 South Carolina gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lee Atwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Atwater"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_(election)"},{"link_name":"James B. Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Edwards"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Brantley Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Brantley_Harvey,_Jr."},{"link_name":"South Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"South Carolina's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Max M. Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Heller"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"James Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign in 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign in 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"}],"text":"In 1970, Campbell took a leading role opposing the racial integration of public schools in Greenville. He spoke to a crowd of thousands in front of Parker High School against integration, and on January 25 he led a motorcade of 800 vehicles to the state capitol in Columbia to protest \"forced busing\" of students to integrated schools.[1]Campbell served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1970 to 1974 during the administration of Governor John C. West, who defeated Republican nominee Albert Watson, the choice of U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, in the 1970 South Carolina gubernatorial election. With Lee Atwater as a key political strategist, he made an unsuccessful bid for lieutenant governor in 1974 on the ticket headed by Republican James B. Edwards of Charleston. While Edwards was elected, Campbell lost to the Democrat Brantley Harvey; despite the loss Campbell would continue to seek Atwater's counsel throughout his career.From 1976 to 1978, during the Edwards administration, he served in the South Carolina Senate. In between his two stints in the General Assembly, he served as executive assistant to Governor Edwards. In 1978, Campbell won election to the United States House of Representatives from the Greenville-based South Carolina's 4th congressional district; he defeated Max M. Heller, the Democratic mayor of Greenville and an emigrant from Austria, to fill the seat vacated by the retiring James Mann.[2] Campbell hence became the first Republican to hold the 4th district seat since Reconstruction.\nCampbell served as state campaign chairman for Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign in 1980 and 1984, and as southern regional chairman for George H. W. Bush's presidential campaign in 1988.","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC-Governor-Carroll-Campbell.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campbell,_Carroll_post-hurricane_Hugo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW#Production_outside_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greer, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greer,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Clemson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_BMW"},{"link_name":"naming rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"James B. Holderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Holderman"},{"link_name":"Operation Lost Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lost_Trust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_losttrust"},{"link_name":"National Governors Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Governors_Association"},{"link_name":"Term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1994 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Portrait of CampbellGov. Campbell tours the wreckage after Hurricane HugoAs governor, Campbell coordinated the state's response to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Campbell was also known for his role in luring BMW to build its first U.S. manufacturing facility in Greer, South Carolina.[3] In recognition of his role, in 2002 it was announced that BMW had donated $10 million for a facility at the site of Clemson University's International Center for Automotive Research.[4] Like nearly all such large donations, it came with naming rights: the company chose to call the new facility the Carroll A. Campbell Jr. Graduate Engineering Center.When Campbell was governor, the state was confronted with two major controversies shaking taxpayers' confidence in the trustworthiness of public officials. Allegations of financial mismanagement at the University of South Carolina led to university president James B. Holderman's resignation. Operation Lost Trust, a federal investigation of bribery and drug use allegations against members of the South Carolina General Assembly, led to convictions of twenty-seven legislators, lobbyists and others in a vote-buying scandal.[5]During 1993–1994, Campbell was the chairman of the National Governors Association.Term limits prevented him from seeking a third term in the 1994 election.[3] He left office with an unprecedented job approval rating of 72 percent.[citation needed]","title":"Governor of South Carolina (1987–1995)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lobbyist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"American Council of Life Insurers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_of_Life_Insurers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"Jack Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp"},{"link_name":"New York's 31st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_31st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_nationalreview"},{"link_name":"Lois Rhame West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Rhame_West"},{"link_name":"Winthrop University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_University"},{"link_name":"capital campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_campaign"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald-4"}],"text":"From 1995 to 2001, Campbell was a Washington, D.C. lobbyist, serving as president and CEO of the American Council of Life Insurers.[3] Campbell briefly considered running for President of the United States in 1996, but concluded that the fundraising hurdles were too high.Following his decision not to run for president that year, Campbell was mentioned as a possible vice presidential running mate for Bob Dole but was ultimately passed over in favor of Jack Kemp, the former U.S. Representative from New York's 31st congressional district and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President George H. W. Bush.[6]In 1998, Campbell and former South Carolina First Lady Lois Rhame West became the co-chairs of Winthrop University's first capital campaign. Under Campbell and West, the campaign raised more than $30 million.[4]","title":"Subsequent career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carroll_A_Campbell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iris Faye Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit"},{"link_name":"South Carolina's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Brown,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Wendy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%27s"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"West Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"lying in state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_state"},{"link_name":"State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House"},{"link_name":"Trinity Episcopal Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Episcopal_Cathedral_(Columbia,_South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Pawleys Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawleys_Island,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit"},{"link_name":"David Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit"}],"text":"Campbell during his time in CongressCampbell eloped with Iris Faye Rhodes in 1959.[7] They had two sons, Carroll Campbell III, and Mike Campbell, the former of whom unsuccessfully sought the 2010 Republican nomination for South Carolina's 1st congressional district to succeed Representative Henry Brown; and the latter of whom was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 2006. The family owns franchises for Wendy's restaurants in South Carolina.In October 2001, at the age of 61, Campbell was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.[5] The revelation forced him to abandon plans to run for governor again in 2002. He was admitted to a long-term residential treatment facility for Alzheimer's patients in August 2005. He died of a heart attack on December 7 of that year at Lexington Medical Center in West Columbia. After lying in state at the State House, he was eulogized at memorial services at Trinity Episcopal Cathedral in Columbia and at All Saints Episcopal Church in Pawleys Island.[6][7] He was buried in the church cemetery of All Saints Episcopal Church.[8]Upon Campbell's death, David Wilkins, U.S. Ambassador to Canada and former Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives, described him as \"the master architect\" of the South Carolina Republican Party's speedy rise to dominance.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1986 South Carolina Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Michael R. Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Daniel"},{"link_name":"1990 South Carolina Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Theo Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Mitchell"}],"text":"1986 South Carolina GovernorCarroll Campbell (Republican), 51%\nMichael R. Daniel (Democrat), 47%1990 South Carolina GovernorCarroll Campbell (Republican), 69%\nTheo Mitchell (Democrat), 27%","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carroll Campbell Bio, Education, Occupations, Timeline of Major Events and Accomplishments, Election Results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciway.net//hist/governors/campbell.html"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000079"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Former S.C. governor has Alzheimer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2001-10-05-campbell.htm"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"\"It's been a really bad day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310120540/http://bobmcalister.thecolumbiarecord.com/default.asp?item=116511"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bobmcalister.thecolumbiarecord.com/default.asp?item=116511"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Biography of Carroll A. 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Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"F. Hollings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"F. Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Spence"},{"link_name":"B. Derrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Derrick"},{"link_name":"C. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"T. Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett"},{"link_name":"J. Spratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spratt"},{"link_name":"R. Tallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Tallon"},{"link_name":"99th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"S. Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"F. Hollings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"F. Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Spence"},{"link_name":"B. Derrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Derrick"},{"link_name":"C. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"T. Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett"},{"link_name":"J. Spratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spratt"},{"link_name":"R. Tallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Tallon"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11672#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/5058154983546667860008"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXgMtYtwwF83RKrHgHYP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1177152207"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000079"},{"link_name":"Carroll A. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carroll_A._Campbell"}],"text":"Carroll Campbell Bio, Education, Occupations, Timeline of Major Events and Accomplishments, Election Results, SCIway.net; accessed August 4, 2017.\nBiography from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress; accessed August 4, 2017.\nFormer S.C. governor has Alzheimer's, an October 2001 USA Today article; accessed August 4, 2017.\n\"It's been a really bad day\". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2005., a December 7, 2005 blog entry from Campbell's former Chief of Staff\nBiography of Carroll A. Campbell Jr., National Governors Association website; accessed August 4, 2017.\nAppearances on C-SPAN\nCarroll Ashmore Campbell, Jr. Papers at South Carolina Political Collections (University of South Carolina)\nCarroll Campbell Papers (Mss. 0087) at Clemson University\nGovernor Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. Papers (RG 555000) at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History\n1987 Carroll Campbell Swearing in Ceremony on South Carolina Educational Television\n1991 Carroll Campbell Swearing in Ceremony on South Carolina Educational TelevisionvteGovernors of South Carolina\nJ. Rutledge\nLowndes\nJ. Rutledge\nMathews\nGuerard\nMoultrie\nT. Pinckney\nC. Pinckney\nMoultrie\nVanderhorst\nC. Pinckney\nE. Rutledge\nDrayton\nJ. Richardson\nP. Hamilton\nC. Pinckney\nDrayton\nMiddleton\nAlston\nD. Williams\nA. Pickens\nGeddes\nBennett\nWilson\nManning I\nTaylor\nMiller\nJ. Hamilton\nHayne\nMcDuffie\nButler\nNoble\nHenagan\nRichardson II\nHammond\nAiken\nJohnson\nSeabrook\nMeans\nJ. Manning\nAdams\nAllston\nGist\nF. Pickens\nBonham\nMagrath\nPerry\nOrr\nScott\nMoses\nChamberlain\nHampton\nSimpson\nJeter\nHagood\nThompson\nSheppard\nRichardson III\nTillman\nEvans\nEllerbe\nMcSweeney\nHeyward\nAnsel\nBlease\nSmith\nManning III\nCooper\nHarvey\nMcLeod\nRichards\nBlackwood\nJohnston\nMaybank\nHarley\nJefferies\nJohnston\nR. Williams\nThurmond\nByrnes\nTimmerman\nHollings\nRussell\nMcNair\nWest\nEdwards\nRiley\nCampbell\nBeasley\nHodges\nSanford\nHaley\nMcMastervteChairs of the National Governors Association\nWillson\nMcGovern\nWalsh\nSpry\nCapper\nHarrington\nAllen\nSproul\nCox\nTrinkle\nBrewster\nMcMullen\nDern\nCase\nPollard\nRolph\nMcNutt\nPeery\nCochran\nStark\nVanderbilt\nStassen\nO'Conor\nSaltonstall\nMaw\nMartin\nCaldwell\nHildreth\nHunt\nLane\nCarlson\nLausche\nPeterson\nShivers\nThornton\nKennon\nLanglie\nStanley\nStratton\nCollins\nBoggs\nMcNichols\nPowell\nRosellini\nAnderson\nSawyer\nReed\nGuy\nVolpe\nEllington\nLove\nHearnes\nMoore\nMandel\nEvans\nRampton\nRay\nAndrus\nAskew\nMilliken\nCarroll\nBowen\nBusbee\nSnelling\nMatheson\nJ. Thompson\nCarlin\nAlexander\nClinton\nSununu\nBaliles\nBranstad\nGardner\nAshcroft\nRomer\nCampbell\nDean\nT. Thompson\nMiller\nVoinovich\nCarper\nLeavitt\nGlendening\nEngler\nPatton\nKempthorne\nWarner\nHuckabee\nNapolitano\nPawlenty\nRendell\nDouglas\nManchin\nGregoire\nHeineman\nMarkell\nFallin\nHickenlooper\nHerbert\nMcAuliffe\nSandoval\nBullock\nHogan\nCuomo\nHutchinson\nMurphy\nCoxvteSouth Carolina's delegation(s) to the 96th–99th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)\n\n\n\n\n96th\n\nSenate: \n▌S. Thurmond (R)\n▌F. Hollings (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌M. Davis (D)\n▌F. Spence (R)\n▌B. Derrick (D)\n▌K. Holland (D)\n▌J. Jenrette (D)\n▌C. Campbell (R)\n\n\n\n97th\n\nSenate: \n▌S. Thurmond (R)\n▌F. Hollings (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌F. Spence (R)\n▌B. Derrick (D)\n▌K. Holland (D)\n▌C. Campbell (R)\n▌T. Hartnett (R)\n▌J. Napier (R)\n\n\n\n98th\n\nSenate: \n▌S. Thurmond (R)\n▌F. Hollings (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌F. Spence (R)\n▌B. Derrick (D)\n▌C. Campbell (R)\n▌T. Hartnett (R)\n▌J. Spratt (D)\n▌R. Tallon (D)\n\n\n\n99th\n\nSenate: \n▌S. Thurmond (R)\n▌F. Hollings (D)\n\n\nHouse: \n▌F. Spence (R)\n▌B. Derrick (D)\n▌C. Campbell (R)\n▌T. Hartnett (R)\n▌J. Spratt (D)\n▌R. Tallon (D)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nUS CongressWikimedia Commons has media related to Carroll A. Campbell.","title":"External links and general sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Campbell at a 1986 campaign rally, with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Senator Strom Thurmond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Campbell%2C_Carroll_1986_campaign_rally_with_V-P_GHW_Bush_and_Strom_Thurmond.jpg/220px-Campbell%2C_Carroll_1986_campaign_rally_with_V-P_GHW_Bush_and_Strom_Thurmond.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Campbell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SC-Governor-Carroll-Campbell.jpg/220px-SC-Governor-Carroll-Campbell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gov. Campbell tours the wreckage after Hurricane Hugo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Campbell%2C_Carroll_post-hurricane_Hugo.jpg/220px-Campbell%2C_Carroll_post-hurricane_Hugo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Campbell during his time in Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Carroll_A_Campbell.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"How Greenville County's public schools integrated peacefully in 1970\". Judith Bainbridge. Greenville News. November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/opinion/2019/11/02/how-greenville-integrated-schools-peacefully-1970/2483407001/","url_text":"\"How Greenville County's public schools integrated peacefully in 1970\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Cole Blease (Spring 1998). \"Between a Rock and a Hard Place: South Carolina's Republican Presidential Primary\". Southern Cultures. 4 (1): 48. doi:10.1353/scu.1998.0091. JSTOR 26235530. S2CID 145306010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscu.1998.0091","url_text":"10.1353/scu.1998.0091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235530","url_text":"26235530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145306010","url_text":"145306010"}]},{"reference":"\"Carroll A. Campbell\". National Governors Association. January 12, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nga.org/governor/carroll-a-campbell/","url_text":"\"Carroll A. Campbell\""}]},{"reference":"O'Mara, Dan (May 6, 2014). \"Winthrop alum Lois Rhame West, former SC first lady and 'bright light', dies\". The Herald (Rock Hill). Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164016/http://www.heraldonline.com/2014/05/06/5936413/winthrop-alum-lois-rhame-west.html","url_text":"\"Winthrop alum Lois Rhame West, former SC first lady and 'bright light', dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Rock_Hill)","url_text":"The Herald (Rock Hill)"},{"url":"http://www.heraldonline.com/2014/05/06/5936413/winthrop-alum-lois-rhame-west.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Carroll (October 5, 2001). \"Letter from Carroll Campbell\". The State. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/0EEFADD6230D8226","url_text":"\"Letter from Carroll Campbell\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John (December 9, 2005). \"Public Can Pay Respects Today\". The State. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb-newsbank-com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&t=custom%3ACustBucket1%21South%2BCarolina%2BNewspapers/decade%3A2000%212000%2B-%2B2009&sort=YMD_date%3AD&page=1&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=Carroll%20Campbell%20lying%20in%20state&docref=news/10E6A4E2B05B3238","url_text":"\"Public Can Pay Respects Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Carolina Governor Carroll Campbell Funeral | C-SPAN.org\". www.c-span.org. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?190284-1/south-carolina-governor-carroll-campbell-funeral","url_text":"\"South Carolina Governor Carroll Campbell Funeral | C-SPAN.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Gov. Carroll Campbell dead at 65\". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060901212837/http://www.greenvillenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051207%2FNEWS03%2F51207003%2F1004%2FNEWS01","url_text":"\"Former Gov. Carroll Campbell dead at 65\""},{"url":"http://www.greenvillenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051207/NEWS03/51207003/1004/NEWS01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"It's been a really bad day\". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310120540/http://bobmcalister.thecolumbiarecord.com/default.asp?item=116511","url_text":"\"It's been a really bad day\""},{"url":"http://bobmcalister.thecolumbiarecord.com/default.asp?item=116511","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_obit","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_GBPL","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_BMW","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr.#endnote_losttrust","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Carroll+A.+Campbell+Jr.%22","external_links_name":"\"Carroll A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_Fairy_Tales | X-Men Fairy Tales | ["1 Release information","2 Part 1","2.1 Specs","2.2 Description","3 Part 2","3.1 Specs","3.2 Description","4 Part 3","4.1 Specs","4.2 Description","5 Part 4","5.1 Specs","5.2 Description","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | 2006 Marvel mini-series
X-Men Fairy TalesCover to X-Men Fairy Tales #1 (July 2006). Art by Sana Takeda.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsSchedulemonthlyFormatLimited seriesPublication dateJuly 2006-October 2006No. of issues4Creative teamWritten byC. B. CebulskiArtist(s)Sana TakedaLetterer(s)Tom Valente
The X-Men Fairy Tales is a 4-part mini-series that was created by ex-editor C. B. Cebulski, with art by Sana Takeda. It was published by Marvel Comics in 2006.
The 4-part mini-series seeks to re-enact the adventures told throughout the original X-Men comics, just through folk lore and fairy tales instead. It was the first of the Marvel Fairy Tales which went to tell similar stories for other Marvel titles.
Release information
When X-Men Fairy Tales Volume 1 came out, it was sold out by May 2006. Shortly thereafter Volume 2 hit the shelves on June 21, 2006.
Part 1
Specs
Release Date
Written By
Art By
# of Pages
May 17, 2006
C.B.Cebulski
Sana Takeda
32 Full Color Pages
Description
This volume re-enacts the old tale of Momotarō. It sets the X-Men into this story to play out the traditional roles of the characters within the original. Within the story, Momotaro has the abilities of the X-Man Cyclops, allowing him to shoot beams from his eyes. Because of this ability he remains in seclusion, until a great monk comes to him (symbolism as Professor X came to him during the original X-Men series) and convinces him to use his power for good. From this, they go off to defeat a horde of demons.
Part 2
Specs
Release Date
Written By
Art By
# of Pages
June 21, 2006
C.B.Cebulski
Kyle Baker
32 Full Color Pages
Description
This volume retells the ancient story called "The Friendship of the Tortoise and the Eagle". It replays the old story of how Magneto and Professor Xavier originally met, but it's played through as the story of the fairy tale.
Part 3
Specs
Release Date
Written By
Art By
# of Pages
July 7, 2006
C.B.Cebulski
Bill Sienkiewicz
32 Full Color Pages
Description
A blind Cyclops awakens the princess (Jean Grey) from her sleep, only to find that Wolverine is determined to keep her under her spell, or worse, dead.
Part 4
Specs
Release Date
Written By
Art By
# of Pages
October, 2006
C.B.Cebulski
Kei Kobayashi
32 Full Color Pages
Description
Pulling upon some fairy tales that originated in New Orleans, the love between Gambit and Rogue is re-created, though the roles are reversed, with Rogue/Anna as the ghost-communicating thief and Gambit on the side of the law with his partner, Bishop. Mystique takes the form of the voodoo witch that sells Rogue's talent, along with her other daughter, Irene. Coming home after closing, Rogue is surprised to have a customer, Emma Frost asking for her services. It is then that Emma's intent is not to communicate with the dead, but to control them, and she, along with the members of Hellfire will stop at nothing do so.
Notes
^ Overview Archived October 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine- Overview
^ fairy tales- Fairy Tales
^ Sellout Date-Sellout Date
^ Number 2 Release- Number 2 Release
^ Volume One- Volume One
^ Number 2- Number 2
^ Part 3- Part 3
^ Part 3 - 2nd ref- 2nd Ref
References
X-Men Fairy Tales at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
External links
Cover Art - The cover art for the 4 comics.
vteX-Men comic booksCurrent titles
Alpha Flight
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Storylines
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"X of Swords"
"Hellfire Gala"
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"X Lives of Wolverine and X Deaths of Wolverine"
"Judgment Day"
"Dark Web"
"Sins of Sinister"
"Contest of Chaos"
New X-Men story arcs
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"Imperial"
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Relaunches
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Storylines | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. B. Cebulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._Cebulski"},{"link_name":"Sana Takeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_Takeda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_comics"},{"link_name":"mini-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marvel Fairy Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Fairy_Tales"}],"text":"The X-Men Fairy Tales is a 4-part mini-series that was created by ex-editor C. B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimorese | Baltimore accent | ["1 Pronunciation","1.1 Vowels","1.2 Consonants","2 Lexicon","3 African-American variations","4 Notable examples of native speakers","4.1 Lifelong speakers","5 In popular culture","5.1 Films","5.2 Television","5.3 Music","5.4 Podcasts","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"] | Regional dialect of American English
A Baltimore accent, also known as Baltimorese and sometimes humorously spelled Bawlmerese or Ballimorese, is an accent or sub-variety of Delaware Valley English (a dialect whose largest hub is Philadelphia) that originates among blue-collar residents of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It extends into the Baltimore metropolitan area and northeastern Maryland.
At the same time, there is considerable linguistic diversity within Baltimore, which complicates the notion of a singular "Baltimore accent". According to linguists, the accent of white blue-collar Baltimoreans is different than the African-American Vernacular English accent of black Baltimoreans. White working-class families who migrated out of Baltimore to the northwestern suburbs brought local pronunciations with them.
Pronunciation
This section contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
The Baltimore accent that originated among white blue-collar residents closely resembles blue-collar Philadelphia-area English pronunciation in many ways. These two cities are the only major ports on the Eastern Seaboard never to have developed non-rhotic speech among European American speakers; they were greatly influenced in their early development by Hiberno-English, Scottish English, and West Country English. Due to the significant similarity between the speeches of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Delaware and southern New Jersey, sociolinguists refer to them collectively as the Mid-Atlantic regional dialect. In Baltimore accents, sounds around /r/ are often "smoothed" or elided. For example, a word like bureau is commonly pronounced /ˈbiroʊ/ (e.g., Federal Beer-o of Investigation) and mirror is commonly pronounced /mir/ ("mere"); the related mare–mayor merger also exists.
Vowels
Several vowels undergo fronting. /aʊ/ fronts to or . /uː/ fronts to . Similarly, /oʊ/ shifts to or even . When word-final and spelled as -ow, it is pronounced like /ə/, resulting in colloquial or humorous spellings like pilla for pillow and winda for window.
No cot–caught merger: The words cot /ɑ/ and caught /ɔ/ do not rhyme, with the latter vowel maintaining a raised position. Likewise, the word on rhymes with dawn and not don.
As in Philadelphia, the word water is often pronounced as wooder or, more uniquely, warter .
As in most Mid-Atlantic cities, short a is pronounced with a phonemic split: for example, the word sad /sæd/ does not rhyme with the word mad /meəd/. Pronunciation is dependent upon a complex system of rules that differ from city to city. Baltimore follows the Philadelphia pattern. For more details on the Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore systems see /æ/ raising.
vte /æ/ raising in North American English
Following consonant
Example words
New York City,New Orleans
Baltimore, Philadelphia
Midland US, New England, Pittsburgh,Western US
Southern US
Canada, Northern Mountain US
Minnesota, Wisconsin
Great Lakes US
Non-prevocalic /m, n/
fan, lamb, stand
Prevocalic /m, n/
animal, planet, Spanish
/ŋ/
frank, language
Non-prevocalic /ɡ/
bag, drag
Prevocalic /ɡ/
dragon, magazine
Non-prevocalic /b, d, ʃ/
grab, flash, sad
Non-prevocalic /f, θ, s/
ask, bath, half, glass
Otherwise
as, back, happy, locality
^ a b c d In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (alas, carafe, lad, etc.) have .
^ In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, and swam have .
^ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this context have .
^ a b The untensed /æ/ may be lowered and retracted as much as in varieties affected by the Low Back Merger Shift, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.
^ In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like avenue being tense) and variability is common before /dʒ/ and /z/ as in imagine, magic, and jazz. In New Orleans, additionally occurs before /v/ and /z/.
The /ɑr/ vowel in words like start is often raised and backed, resulting in a vowel close to /ɔ/. Likewise, /ɔr/ as in bore can shift as high as /ʊr/ as in boor. This pattern has also been noted to occur in Philadelphia and New York.
Canadian raising occurs for /aɪ/ before voiceless consonants, as in Philadelphia; for instance, the word like begins with a higher nucleus than live .
On the other hand, /aɪ/ may undergo smoothing before liquids, becoming before /r/ and /l/; e.g., fire is pronounced as , in which a popular Baltimore Christmas joke: "Why were the Three Wise Men covered with soot?" "Because they came from afar."
is often eliminated entirely from a word when before a consonant; e.g. Annapolis = Naplis, cigarette = cigrette, company = compny, Italy = Itly.
Consonants
Th–stopping occurs, where the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ may be realized as stops (/t, d/ respectively); for instance, this may sound more like diss.
L–vocalization is common at the end of a word. The sound /l/ is often replaced by the semivowel or glide and/or or . Pronunciation of words like middle and college become and respectively.
Epenthetic /r/ often occurs; notably, wash is pronounced as , popularly written as warsh, and Washington is pronounced as Warshington.
As is common in many US dialects, /t/ is frequently elided after /n/, thus hunter is pronounced .
Lexicon
The following is a list of words and phrases used in the Baltimore area that are used much less or differently in other American English dialects.
down the ocean – (eye-dialect spellings include dayown the ocean or downy ocean) "down to/on/at the ocean", often Ocean City, Maryland.
hon – a popular term of endearment, short for honey, often used at the end of a sentence. This word has been a popular marker of Baltimore culture, as represented in the annual Honfest summer festival and in landmarks such as the Hontown store and the Café Hon restaurant.
natty boh – local slang for the beer originally brewed in Baltimore, National Bohemian.
pavement (commonly pronounced "payment") – means "sidewalk" (which is used rarely).
went up (shortened from "went up to heaven") – commonly used when an appliance dies; e.g., our refrigerator went up
yo – as a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun
African-American Baltimore English includes the words lor for "little", rey for ready (associated with Baltimore users of Black Twitter), and woe for a close friend.
African-American variations
According to linguists, the "hon" dialect that is popularized in the media and that derives historically from the speech of by white blue-collar residents of South and Southeast Baltimore is not the only accent spoken in the region. There is also a particular Baltimore accent found among Black Baltimoreans: a sub-type of African-American Vernacular English.
For example, among Black speakers, Baltimore is pronounced more like "Baldamore" /ˌbɔldəˈmɔr/, as compared to "Bawlmer" /ˈbɔlmər/. Other notable phonological characteristics include vowel centralization before /r/ (such that words such as "carry" and "parents" are often pronounced as "curry" or "purrents", and "Aaron earned an iron urn" might sound like "Urrun urned an urn urn") and the mid-centralization of /ɑ/, particularly in the word "dog," often pronounced like "dug," and "frog" as "frug."
The African-American Baltimore accent, or a variation thereof, is also shared by many African Americans throughout Maryland and the Washington metropolitan area.
Although the white Baltimore accent has historically been analyzed and popularized in media more than the African-American Baltimore accent, the latter has since gained fame on the internet through internet memes spread through social media, such as the "Baltimore accent challenge" and a video of a Baltimorean barber speaking and singing in an exaggerated Baltimore accent that has become popular as a meme on YouTube.
Notable examples of native speakers
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Lifelong speakers
Ben Cardin – Maryland U.S. Senator (2007–present)
Mary Pat Clarke – Baltimore City Councilwoman (1975–2020)
Divine – actor
Charley Eckman – NBA coach and referee, sportscaster
Mel Kiper Jr. – Football analyst for ESPN
Barbara Mikulski – Maryland U.S. Senator (1987– 2017)
Felicia Pearson – actress on The Wire
Babe Ruth – Baseball Hall of Famer
John Waters – filmmaker
Nancy Pelosi – former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Stavros Halkias – Stand-up Comedian
In popular culture
Films
The films of John Waters, many of which have been filmed in and around Baltimore, often attempt to capture the Baltimore accent, particularly the early films. For example, John Waters uses his own Baltimore accent in the commentary during his film Pink Flamingos. John Travolta's character in the 2007 version of John Waters's Hairspray spoke with an exaggerated Baltimore accent. Likewise, several of the films of Barry Levinson are set in and around Baltimore during the 1940s-1960s, and employ the Baltimore accent. Michael Tucker who was born and raised in Baltimore, speaks with a West Baltimore accent.
Television
Television drama series Homicide: Life on the Street and The Wire are both set in Baltimore and in some cases include actors who are native white and black Baltimoreans. In the early Homicide: Life on the Street episode "Three Men and Adena", a suspect, Risley Tucker, describes how he can tell whereabouts in or around the city a person comes from simply by whether they pronounce the city's name as "Balti-maw", "Balti-moh", or "Bawl-mer".
In Season 4, Episode 7 of The Tracey Ullman Show, Baltimore actor Michael Tucker portrays the father of Ullman's character JoJo. The skit is set in a Baltimore row house. Tucker advises Ullman to "take a Liverpool accent and Americanize it." The episode called "The Stoops" begins with Tracey washing her marble stoops, which are the most common small porches attached to most Baltimore town homes (called row houses in Baltimore).
In the 30 Rock episode, "I Do Do", Elizabeth Banks parodies the accent by portraying Avery Jessup, the spokesperson for the fictional Overshoppe.com in a flashback scene.
Kathy Bates' character on the "Freak Show" season of American Horror Story was inspired by a Baltimore accent.
Whether it was on his ESPN Radio show or SportsCenter at Night, Scott Van Pelt always ended his segments with Tim Kurkjian by mentioning names in a Baltimore accent featuring at least one fronted 'o'.
Music
Singer-songwriter Mary Prankster uses several examples of Baltimore slang in her song, "Blue Skies Over Dundalk," from the album of the same name, including, "There'll be O's fans going downy ocean, hon."
Podcasts
Jason La Canfora, host of the B-More Opinionated podcast with Jerry Coleman and resident of Dundalk, regularly discussed events of the National Football League for The Tony Kornheiser Show podcast and will end the segment plugging his own podcast in a heavy Baltimore accent. The accent is so distinct that his dog, Copper, will react to it, barking constantly because he knows it is time for a walk.
See also
Baltimore portal
Culture of Baltimore
List of people from Baltimore
Regional vocabularies of American English
References
^ a b c d "Hold up, 'Hon': Baltimore's black vernacular youthful, dynamic if less recognized than 'Bawlmerese'".
^ Leggett, Debbie A. (2016) "Drinking Natty Boh and speaking Ballimorese ‘Hon." Tipsy Linguist. Tipsy Linguist.
^ Labov, William (2007) "Transmission and Diffusion", Language June 2007 p. 64
^ Malady, Matthew J.X. (2014-04-29). "Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country". The Slate Group. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
^ "The Relevatory Power of Language". Maryland Humanities Council. April 14, 2017.
^ Jones, Taylor (2020). Variation in African American English: The great migration and regional differentiation (Doctoral dissertation), University of Pennsylvania, pp. 158, 239.
^ "Phonological Atlas of North America". www.ling.upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ "Dew as you dew: Baltimore Accent and The Wire". Word. The Online Journal on African American English. 2012-08-15. Archived from the original on 2013-07-08.
^ New York City and the Mid-Atlantic States
^ Ash, Sharon. 2002. “The Distribution of a Phonemic Split in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Yet More on Short a.” In “Selected Papers from NWAV 30,” edited by Sudha Arunachalam, Elsi Kaiser, Daniel Ezra Johnson, Tara Sanchez, and Alexander Williams. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 8.3: 1–15. http:// repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol8/iss3/2.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 260–261.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 238–239.
^ a b c Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2.
^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 173.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 238.
^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 178, 180.
^ a b Boberg (2008), p. 145.
^ Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2; Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–177.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 183.
^ Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008).
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–182.
^ Boberg (2008), pp. 130, 136–137.
^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
^ Labov (2007), p. 359.
^ Labov (2007), p. 373.
^ a b Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2005). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-020683-8.
^ Rizzo, M. (2010). Hon-ouring the past: play-publics and gender at Baltimore's HonFest. International Journal Of Heritage Studies, 16(4-5), 337-351.
^ Stotko, E. M., & Troyer, M. (2007). A new gender-neutral pronoun in Baltimore, Maryland: A preliminary study. American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage, 82(3), 262.
^ "How Baltimore talks". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
^ Jones, T. (2015) Toward a description of African American Vernacular English dialect regions using “Black Twitter.” American Speech, 90(4): 403-440. doi:10.1215/00031283-3442117
^ a b DeShields, Inte'a (17 May 2011). "Baldamor, Curry, and Dug': Language Variation, Culture, and Identity among African American Baltimoreans". Podcast. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ "Pink Flamingos/Fun Facts - The Grindhouse Cinema Database". www.grindhousedatabase.com. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ Kaltenbach, Chris. "21 actors who appeared on both 'Homicide' and 'The Wire'". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
^ Manas Burna (2016-02-27), Homicide S01E05 Three Men and Adena, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2017-12-02
^ "The Stoops". The Tracey Ullman Show. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
^ "I Do Do". 30 Rock. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
^ Bartel, Jordan (October 15, 2014). "'American Horror Story': The curious case of Kathy Bates' Baltimore-ish accent". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^ Schremph, Kelly (October 8, 2014). "Kathy Bates' Accent on 'AHS: Freak Show' Is an Enigma That Needs to Be Unraveled". Bustle. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^ Bates, Kathy (October 9, 2014). "@gliattoT People online. Just to clear up the mystery, my accent is Baltimore not "broad Canadian." :-)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Kathy Bates's accent is the strangest on TV. So we asked a linguist to place it". Vox. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
^ "Scott Van Pelt uses his Baltimore accent to turn Tim Kurkjian into a giggling child". For The Win. 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ "B-More Opinionated! – B-More Opinionated Podcast". 2019-02-03. Archived from the original on 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
Bibliography
Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2.
Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506.
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
External links
Baltimore Hon (A through dictionary of Baltimorese)
Baltimorese (with some audio)
"The Mid-Atlantic Dialects", Evolution Publishing
In March 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute feature on Bawlmerese, written and voiced by longtime VOA Special English announcer, photographer, voice-over artist, and Baltimore native Steve Ember. A transcript and MP3 of the program – intended for those want to learn American English – can be found at An Extended Lesson in Bawlmerese
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Sign languages
American Sign Language
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"Delaware Valley English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_English"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"blue-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"African-American Vernacular English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A Baltimore accent, also known as Baltimorese and sometimes humorously spelled Bawlmerese[1] or Ballimorese,[2] is an accent or sub-variety of Delaware Valley English (a dialect whose largest hub is Philadelphia) that originates among blue-collar residents of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It extends into the Baltimore metropolitan area and northeastern Maryland.[3][4][5]At the same time, there is considerable linguistic diversity within Baltimore, which complicates the notion of a singular \"Baltimore accent\".[1] According to linguists, the accent of white blue-collar Baltimoreans is different than the African-American Vernacular English accent of black Baltimoreans.[6] White working-class families who migrated out of Baltimore to the northwestern suburbs brought local pronunciations with them.","title":"Baltimore accent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phonetic transcriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Help:IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"blue-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia-area English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_accent"},{"link_name":"Eastern Seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"non-rhotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents"},{"link_name":"Hiberno-English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English"},{"link_name":"Scottish English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English"},{"link_name":"West Country English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialects"},{"link_name":"sociolinguists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"elided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision"},{"link_name":"Federal Beer-o of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"mare–mayor merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare%E2%80%93mayor_merger"}],"text":"This section contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.The Baltimore accent that originated among white blue-collar residents closely resembles blue-collar Philadelphia-area English pronunciation in many ways. These two cities are the only major ports on the Eastern Seaboard never to have developed non-rhotic speech among European American speakers; they were greatly influenced in their early development by Hiberno-English, Scottish English, and West Country English. Due to the significant similarity between the speeches of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Delaware and southern New Jersey, sociolinguists refer to them collectively as the Mid-Atlantic regional dialect.[7] In Baltimore accents, sounds around /r/ are often \"smoothed\" or elided. For example, a word like bureau is commonly pronounced /ˈbiroʊ/ (e.g., Federal Beer-o of Investigation) and mirror is commonly pronounced /mir/ (\"mere\"); the related mare–mayor merger also exists.","title":"Pronunciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fronting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel"},{"link_name":"/aʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/uː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"/oʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"cot–caught merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger"},{"link_name":"short a is pronounced with a phonemic split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"/æ/ raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Baltimore_accent#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labov-33"},{"link_name":"Canadian raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising"},{"link_name":"/aɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labov-33"},{"link_name":"/aɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"smoothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthongization#Smoothing"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Several vowels undergo fronting. /aʊ/ fronts to [ɛɔ] or [æɔ]. /uː/ fronts to [ʉu].[8] Similarly, /oʊ/ shifts to [əʊ] or even [eʊ]. When word-final and spelled as -ow, it is pronounced like /ə/, resulting in colloquial or humorous spellings like pilla for pillow and winda for window.\nNo cot–caught merger: The words cot /ɑ/ and caught /ɔ/ do not rhyme, with the latter vowel maintaining a raised position. Likewise, the word on rhymes with dawn and not don.\nAs in Philadelphia, the word water is often pronounced as wooder [ˈwʊɾɚ] or, more uniquely, warter [ˈwɔɻɾɚ].\nAs in most Mid-Atlantic cities, short a is pronounced with a phonemic split: for example, the word sad /sæd/ does not rhyme with the word mad /meəd/. Pronunciation is dependent upon a complex system of rules that differ from city to city.[9] Baltimore follows the Philadelphia pattern.[10] For more details on the Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore systems see /æ/ raising.The /ɑr/ vowel in words like start is often raised and backed, resulting in a vowel close to /ɔ/. Likewise, /ɔr/ as in bore[dubious – discuss] can shift as high as /ʊr/ as in boor. This pattern has also been noted to occur in Philadelphia and New York.[28]\nCanadian raising occurs for /aɪ/ before voiceless consonants, as in Philadelphia; for instance, the word like [ɫʌɪk] begins with a higher nucleus than live [ɫaɪv].[28]\nOn the other hand, /aɪ/ may undergo smoothing before liquids, becoming [ɑ] before /r/ and /l/; e.g., fire is pronounced as [fɑɻ], in which a popular Baltimore Christmas joke: \"Why were the Three Wise Men covered with soot?\" \"Because they came from afar.\"\n[ə] is often eliminated entirely from a word when before a consonant; e.g. Annapolis = Naplis, cigarette = cigrette, company = compny, Italy = Itly.","title":"Pronunciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Th–stopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th-stopping"},{"link_name":"L–vocalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-vocalization"},{"link_name":"Epenthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Th–stopping occurs, where the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ may be realized as stops (/t, d/ respectively); for instance, this may sound more like diss.\nL–vocalization is common at the end of a word. The sound /l/ is often replaced by the semivowel or glide [w] and/or [o] or [ʊ]. Pronunciation of words like middle and college become [ˈmɪdo] and [ˈkɑwɪdʒ] respectively.\nEpenthetic /r/ often occurs; notably, wash is pronounced as [wɑɻʃ], popularly written as warsh, and Washington is pronounced as Warshington.\nAs is common in many US dialects, /t/ is frequently elided after /n/, thus hunter is pronounced [ˈhʌnɚ].","title":"Pronunciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocean City, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Honfest summer festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//honfest.net/"},{"link_name":"Café Hon restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe_Hon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"National Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bohemian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Black Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Twitter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"}],"text":"The following is a list of words and phrases used in the Baltimore area that are used much less or differently in other American English dialects.down the ocean – (eye-dialect spellings include dayown the ocean or downy ocean) \"down to/on/at the ocean\", often Ocean City, Maryland.\nhon – a popular term of endearment, short for honey, often used at the end of a sentence. This word has been a popular marker of Baltimore culture, as represented in the annual Honfest summer festival and in landmarks such as the Hontown store and the Café Hon restaurant.[29]\nnatty boh – local slang for the beer originally brewed in Baltimore, National Bohemian.\npavement (commonly pronounced \"payment\") – means \"sidewalk\" (which is used rarely).\nwent up (shortened from \"went up to heaven\") – commonly used when an appliance dies; e.g., our refrigerator went up\nyo – as a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun[1][30]African-American Baltimore English includes the words lor for \"little\",[31] rey for ready (associated with Baltimore users of Black Twitter),[32] and woe for a close friend.","title":"Lexicon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"blue-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"African-American Vernacular English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-38"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-38"},{"link_name":"Washington metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"internet memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to linguists, the \"hon\" dialect that is popularized in the media and that derives historically from the speech of by white blue-collar residents of South and Southeast Baltimore is not the only accent spoken in the region. There is also a particular Baltimore accent found among Black Baltimoreans: a sub-type of African-American Vernacular English.[33]For example, among Black speakers, Baltimore is pronounced more like \"Baldamore\" /ˌbɔldəˈmɔr/, as compared to \"Bawlmer\" /ˈbɔlmər/. Other notable phonological characteristics include vowel centralization before /r/ (such that words such as \"carry\" and \"parents\" are often pronounced as \"curry\" or \"purrents\", and \"Aaron earned an iron urn\" might sound like \"Urrun urned an urn urn\") and the mid-centralization of /ɑ/, particularly in the word \"dog,\" often pronounced like \"dug,\" and \"frog\" as \"frug.\"[1][33]\nThe African-American Baltimore accent, or a variation thereof, is also shared by many African Americans throughout Maryland and the Washington metropolitan area.Although the white Baltimore accent has historically been analyzed and popularized in media more than the African-American Baltimore accent, the latter has since gained fame on the internet through internet memes spread through social media, such as the \"Baltimore accent challenge\" and a video of a Baltimorean barber speaking and singing in an exaggerated Baltimore accent that has become popular as a meme on YouTube.[citation needed]","title":"African-American variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable examples of native speakers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Cardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cardin"},{"link_name":"Mary Pat Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pat_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Charley Eckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Eckman"},{"link_name":"Mel Kiper Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Kiper_Jr."},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mikulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski"},{"link_name":"Felicia Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Pearson"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"John Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters"},{"link_name":"Nancy Pelosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Stavros Halkias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Halkias"}],"sub_title":"Lifelong speakers","text":"Ben Cardin – Maryland U.S. Senator (2007–present)\nMary Pat Clarke – Baltimore City Councilwoman (1975–2020)\nDivine – actor\nCharley Eckman – NBA coach and referee, sportscaster\nMel Kiper Jr. – Football analyst for ESPN\nBarbara Mikulski – Maryland U.S. Senator (1987– 2017)\nFelicia Pearson – actress on The Wire\nBabe Ruth – Baseball Hall of Famer\nJohn Waters – filmmaker\nNancy Pelosi – former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\nStavros Halkias – Stand-up Comedian","title":"Notable examples of native speakers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Pink Flamingos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Flamingos"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Hairspray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairspray_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Barry Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Michael Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tucker_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"The films of John Waters, many of which have been filmed in and around Baltimore, often attempt to capture the Baltimore accent, particularly the early films. For example, John Waters uses his own Baltimore accent in the commentary during his film Pink Flamingos.[34] John Travolta's character in the 2007 version of John Waters's Hairspray spoke with an exaggerated Baltimore accent. Likewise, several of the films of Barry Levinson are set in and around Baltimore during the 1940s-1960s, and employ the Baltimore accent. Michael Tucker who was born and raised in Baltimore, speaks with a West Baltimore accent.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Tracey Ullman Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show"},{"link_name":"Michael Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tucker_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Ullman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"30 Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Rock"},{"link_name":"I Do Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Do_Do"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks"},{"link_name":"flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Kathy Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Bates"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"his ESPN Radio show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russillo_and_Kanell"},{"link_name":"SportsCenter at Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsCenter"},{"link_name":"Scott Van Pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Van_Pelt"},{"link_name":"Tim Kurkjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kurkjian"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Television drama series Homicide: Life on the Street and The Wire are both set in Baltimore and in some cases include actors who are native white and black Baltimoreans.[35] In the early Homicide: Life on the Street episode \"Three Men and Adena\", a suspect, Risley Tucker, describes how he can tell whereabouts in or around the city a person comes from simply by whether they pronounce the city's name as \"Balti-maw\", \"Balti-moh\", or \"Bawl-mer\".[36]In Season 4, Episode 7 of The Tracey Ullman Show, Baltimore actor Michael Tucker portrays the father of Ullman's character JoJo. The skit is set in a Baltimore row house. Tucker advises Ullman to \"take a Liverpool accent and Americanize it.\" The episode called \"The Stoops\" begins with Tracey washing her marble stoops, which are the most common small porches attached to most Baltimore town homes (called row houses in Baltimore).[37]In the 30 Rock episode, \"I Do Do\", Elizabeth Banks parodies the accent by portraying Avery Jessup, the spokesperson for the fictional Overshoppe.com in a flashback scene.[38]Kathy Bates' character on the \"Freak Show\" season of American Horror Story was inspired by a Baltimore accent.[39][40][41][42]Whether it was on his ESPN Radio show or SportsCenter at Night, Scott Van Pelt always ended his segments with Tim Kurkjian by mentioning names in a Baltimore accent featuring at least one fronted 'o'.[43]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Prankster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Prankster"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Singer-songwriter Mary Prankster uses several examples of Baltimore slang in her song, \"Blue Skies Over Dundalk,\" from the album of the same name, including, \"There'll be O's fans going downy ocean, hon.\"","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason La Canfora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_La_Canfora"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"The Tony Kornheiser Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tony_Kornheiser_Show"}],"sub_title":"Podcasts","text":"Jason La Canfora, host of the B-More Opinionated[44] podcast with Jerry Coleman and resident of Dundalk, regularly discussed events of the National Football League for The Tony Kornheiser Show podcast and will end the segment plugging his own podcast in a heavy Baltimore accent. The accent is so distinct that his dog, Copper, will react to it, barking constantly because he knows it is time for a walk.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/26/paper1656.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57473-423-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57473-423-2"},{"link_name":"\"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/7683591"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0075424208316648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0075424208316648"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"146478485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146478485"},{"link_name":"\"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/article/viewFile/3653/3370"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3765%2Famp.v3i0.3653"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"\"Transmission and Diffusion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/TD.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/lan.2007.0082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2007.0082"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40070845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40070845"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6255506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6255506"},{"link_name":"The Atlas of North American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-016746-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7"}],"text":"Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). \"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization\" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2.\nBoberg, Charles (2008). \"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English\". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.\nDuncan, Daniel (2016). \"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study\" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)\nLabov, William (2007). \"Transmission and Diffusion\" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506.\nLabov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Baltimore portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baltimore"},{"title":"Culture of Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Baltimore"},{"title":"List of people from Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Baltimore"},{"title":"Regional vocabularies of American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_vocabularies_of_American_English#The_Mid-Atlantic"}] | [{"reference":"Malady, Matthew J.X. (2014-04-29). \"Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country\". The Slate Group. Retrieved 2015-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_good_word/2014/04/pennsylvania_dialects_from_pittsburghese_to_philadelphia_speak_the_keystone.html","url_text":"\"Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slate_Group","url_text":"The Slate Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Phonological Atlas of North America\". www.ling.upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html","url_text":"\"Phonological Atlas of North America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dew as you dew: Baltimore Accent and The Wire\". Word. The Online Journal on African American English. 2012-08-15. Archived from the original on 2013-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130708100803/https://africanamericanenglish.com/2012/08/15/dew-as-you-dew-baltimore-accent-and-the-wire","url_text":"\"Dew as you dew: Baltimore Accent and The Wire\""},{"url":"https://africanamericanenglish.com/2012/08/15/dew-as-you-dew-baltimore-accent-and-the-wire/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2005). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-020683-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Labov","url_text":"Labov, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020683-8","url_text":"978-3-11-020683-8"}]},{"reference":"\"How Baltimore talks\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2022-08-07. 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Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grindhousedatabase.com/index.php/Pink_Flamingos/Fun_Facts","url_text":"\"Pink Flamingos/Fun Facts - The Grindhouse Cinema Database\""}]},{"reference":"Kaltenbach, Chris. \"21 actors who appeared on both 'Homicide' and 'The Wire'\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2017-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/bal-18-actors-who-appeared-on-both-homicide-and-the-wire-20160105-photogallery.html","url_text":"\"21 actors who appeared on both 'Homicide' and 'The Wire'\""}]},{"reference":"Manas Burna (2016-02-27), Homicide S01E05 Three Men and Adena, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2017-12-02","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gan5ZcHctlI","url_text":"Homicide S01E05 Three Men and Adena"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Gan5ZcHctlI","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Stoops\". The Tracey Ullman Show. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHOOYntGgxA&t=28s","url_text":"\"The Stoops\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/NHOOYntGgxA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I Do Do\". 30 Rock. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKaHuLMg9tY","url_text":"\"I Do Do\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/HKaHuLMg9tY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bartel, Jordan (October 15, 2014). \"'American Horror Story': The curious case of Kathy Bates' Baltimore-ish accent\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 25 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/tv-lust/bal-american-horror-story-the-curious-case-of-kathy-bates-baltimoreish-accent-20141015-story.html","url_text":"\"'American Horror Story': The curious case of Kathy Bates' Baltimore-ish accent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Schremph, Kelly (October 8, 2014). \"Kathy Bates' Accent on 'AHS: Freak Show' Is an Enigma That Needs to Be Unraveled\". Bustle. Retrieved 25 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bustle.com/articles/43372-kathy-bates-accent-on-ahs-freak-show-is-an-enigma-that-needs-to-be-unraveled","url_text":"\"Kathy Bates' Accent on 'AHS: Freak Show' Is an Enigma That Needs to Be Unraveled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)","url_text":"Bustle"}]},{"reference":"Bates, Kathy [@MsKathyBates] (October 9, 2014). \"@gliattoT People online. Just to clear up the mystery, my accent is Baltimore not \"broad Canadian.\" :-)\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/MsKathyBates/status/520085081298186241","url_text":"\"@gliattoT People online. Just to clear up the mystery, my accent is Baltimore not \"broad Canadian.\" :-)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathy Bates's accent is the strangest on TV. So we asked a linguist to place it\". Vox. Retrieved 2017-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2014/10/22/7031005/kathy-bates-american-horror-story-accent-baltimore","url_text":"\"Kathy Bates's accent is the strangest on TV. So we asked a linguist to place it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Van Pelt uses his Baltimore accent to turn Tim Kurkjian into a giggling child\". For The Win. 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2017-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/09/scott-van-pelt-tim-kurkjian-baltimore-accent-giggling-video","url_text":"\"Scott Van Pelt uses his Baltimore accent to turn Tim Kurkjian into a giggling child\""}]},{"reference":"\"B-More Opinionated! – B-More Opinionated Podcast\". 2019-02-03. Archived from the original on 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2020-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190203073153/http://bmoshow.com/","url_text":"\"B-More Opinionated! – B-More Opinionated Podcast\""},{"url":"http://bmoshow.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). \"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization\" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/26/paper1656.pdf","url_text":"\"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57473-423-2","url_text":"978-1-57473-423-2"}]},{"reference":"Boberg, Charles (2008). \"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English\". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/7683591","url_text":"\"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0075424208316648","url_text":"10.1177/0075424208316648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146478485","url_text":"146478485"}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Daniel (2016). \"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study\" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/article/viewFile/3653/3370","url_text":"\"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3765%2Famp.v3i0.3653","url_text":"10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653"}]},{"reference":"Labov, William (2007). \"Transmission and Diffusion\" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/TD.pdf","url_text":"\"Transmission and Diffusion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2007.0082","url_text":"10.1353/lan.2007.0082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40070845","url_text":"40070845"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6255506","url_text":"6255506"}]},{"reference":"Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English","url_text":"The Atlas of North American English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7","url_text":"978-3-11-016746-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://honfest.net/","external_links_name":"Honfest summer festival"},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/bs-lt-baltimore-slang-20170209-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Hold up, 'Hon': Baltimore's black vernacular youthful, dynamic if less recognized than 'Bawlmerese'\""},{"Link":"https://tipsylinguist.com/2016/06/12/drinking-natty-boh-and-speaking-ballimorese-hon/","external_links_name":"Drinking Natty Boh and speaking Ballimorese ‘Hon."},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_good_word/2014/04/pennsylvania_dialects_from_pittsburghese_to_philadelphia_speak_the_keystone.html","external_links_name":"\"Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country\""},{"Link":"https://mdhumanities.podbean.com/e/the-revelatory-power-of-language/","external_links_name":"\"The Relevatory Power of Language\""},{"Link":"https://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html","external_links_name":"\"Phonological Atlas of North America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130708100803/https://africanamericanenglish.com/2012/08/15/dew-as-you-dew-baltimore-accent-and-the-wire","external_links_name":"\"Dew as you dew: Baltimore Accent and The Wire\""},{"Link":"https://africanamericanenglish.com/2012/08/15/dew-as-you-dew-baltimore-accent-and-the-wire/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch17_2nd.rev.pdf","external_links_name":"New York City and the Mid-Atlantic States"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200217/http://data.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-dictionary/","external_links_name":"\"How Baltimore talks\""},{"Link":"http://data.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-dictionary/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://baltimorelanguage.com/baldamor-curry-and-dug-podcast/","external_links_name":"\"Baldamor, Curry, and Dug': Language Variation, Culture, and Identity among African American Baltimoreans\""},{"Link":"https://www.grindhousedatabase.com/index.php/Pink_Flamingos/Fun_Facts","external_links_name":"\"Pink Flamingos/Fun Facts - The Grindhouse Cinema Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/bal-18-actors-who-appeared-on-both-homicide-and-the-wire-20160105-photogallery.html","external_links_name":"\"21 actors who appeared on both 'Homicide' and 'The Wire'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gan5ZcHctlI","external_links_name":"Homicide S01E05 Three Men and Adena"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Gan5ZcHctlI","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHOOYntGgxA&t=28s","external_links_name":"\"The Stoops\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/NHOOYntGgxA","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKaHuLMg9tY","external_links_name":"\"I Do Do\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/HKaHuLMg9tY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/tv-lust/bal-american-horror-story-the-curious-case-of-kathy-bates-baltimoreish-accent-20141015-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'American Horror Story': The curious case of Kathy Bates' Baltimore-ish accent\""},{"Link":"http://www.bustle.com/articles/43372-kathy-bates-accent-on-ahs-freak-show-is-an-enigma-that-needs-to-be-unraveled","external_links_name":"\"Kathy Bates' Accent on 'AHS: Freak Show' Is an Enigma That Needs to Be Unraveled\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/MsKathyBates/status/520085081298186241","external_links_name":"\"@gliattoT People online. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Palisson | Alexis Palisson | ["1 Career","2 Controversy","3 International tries","4 References","5 External links"] | Rugby playerAlexis PalissonPalisson in 2014Birth nameAlexis PalissonDate of birth (1987-09-09) 9 September 1987 (age 36)Place of birthMontauban, FranceHeight1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight83 kg (13 st 1 lb; 183 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s)
FullbackCurrent team
ColomiersSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2005–20112011–20142014–20172017–202020202020–
BriveToulonToulouseLyonStade FrançaisColomiers
91 58 3941145
(278)(75)(55)(56)(0)(45)
Correct as of 27 March 2023International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2008–2012
France
21
(10)National sevens teamYears
Team
Comps2017–
France 7s
10 (2t)
Alexis Palisson (born 9 September 1987) is a French rugby union footballer. He plays as a fullback and wing. He is 1.76 metres (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 83 kilograms (183 lb).
Career
He currently plays for Colomiers in the French Pro D2. He made his international debut for France on 28 June 2008 against the Wallabies. He also represented France in an U19 competition in Dubai.
He played as France reached the 2011 Rugby World Cup final in New Zealand. In May 2013 he started as Toulon beat Clermont Auvergne 16–15 in the 2013 Heineken Cup final.
Controversy
In July 2011, Palisson featured shirtless in LGBTQ+ magazine Têtu wearing a fake moko and holding a taiaha. This caused controversy in New Zealand, with some Māori people saying that Palisson was being disrespectful to their culture and that permission should have been sought from a particular iwi as the moko usually represents iwi affiliation. Palisson was eventually forced to apologise for any offence caused and stressed that he respects tattoo traditions.
International tries
#
Date
Venue
Opponent
Result (France-...)
Competition
1.
28 June 2008
ANZ Stadium, Sydney, Australia
Australia
13–34
Test Match
2.
26 February 2010
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales
Wales
26–20
Six Nations Championship
References
^ "Toulon claim Heineken Cup glory". ESPN. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "French fake moko photoshoot creates online debate". Television New Zealand. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ "France fullback displays fake moko for gay magazine". Television New Zealand. 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
External links
Profile at ESPNscrum
Fiche d'Alexis Palisson, sur cabrive-rugby.com
"rugbyrama profile". Archived from the original on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Alexis Palisson at the World Rugby Men's Sevens Series (archived)
vteColomiers – current squadForwards
Romain Bezian
Clément Chartier
Karl Château
Anthony Coletta
Jorick Dastugue
Victor Delmas
Hugo Djehi
Thomas Dubois
Hika Elliot
Maxime Granouillet
Thomas Larrieu
Aldric Lescure
Mihai Macovei
Pierre-Samuel Pacheco
Kane Palma-Newport
Yann Peysson
Hugo Pirlet
Wael Ponpon
Alexandre Ricard
Lilian Rousset
Youssef Saaidia
Beka Sheklashvili
Guillaume Tartas
Jean Thomas
Backs
Michele Campagnaro
Simon Delas
Johan Deysel
Thomas Girard
Edoardo Gori
Maxime Javaux
Rodrigo Marta
Grégoire Maurino
Victor Moro
Florian Nicot
Alexis Palisson
Fabien Perrin
Paul Pimienta
Peni Rokoduguni
Valentin Saurs
Ugo Seguela
Romuald Séguy
Coach
Julien Sarraute
vteFrance squad – 2011 Rugby World Cup runners-upForwards
Barcella
Bonnaire
Ducalcon
Dusautoir (c)
Guirado
Harinordoquy
Lakafia
Mas
Millo-Chluski
Nallet (vc)
Ouedraogo
Papé
Picamoles
Pierre
Poux
Servat
Szarzewski
Backs
Clerc
Estebanez
Heymans
Marty
Médard
Mermoz
Palisson
Parra
Rougerie
Skrela (injured)
Traille
Trinh-Duc
Yachvili
Doussain (injury replacement)
Head coach: Lièvremont | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)"}],"text":"Alexis Palisson (born 9 September 1987) is a French rugby union footballer. He plays as a fullback and wing. He is 1.76 metres (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 83 kilograms (183 lb).","title":"Alexis Palisson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Colomiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Colomiers"},{"link_name":"Pro D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Pro_D2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wallabies"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"2011 Rugby World Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Toulonnais"},{"link_name":"Clermont Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASM_Clermont_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"2013 Heineken Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Heineken_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He currently[when?] plays for Colomiers in the French Pro D2. He made his international debut for France on 28 June 2008 against the Wallabies. He also represented France in an U19 competition in Dubai.He played as France reached the 2011 Rugby World Cup final in New Zealand. In May 2013 he started as Toulon beat Clermont Auvergne 16–15 in the 2013 Heineken Cup final.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Têtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAtu"},{"link_name":"moko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81_moko"},{"link_name":"taiaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiaha"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"iwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVNZ_4308364-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVNZ_4307785-3"}],"text":"In July 2011, Palisson featured shirtless in LGBTQ+ magazine Têtu wearing a fake moko and holding a taiaha. This caused controversy in New Zealand, with some Māori people saying that Palisson was being disrespectful to their culture and that permission should have been sought from a particular iwi as the moko usually represents iwi affiliation. Palisson was eventually forced to apologise for any offence caused and stressed that he respects tattoo traditions.[2][3]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International tries"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Toulon claim Heineken Cup glory\". ESPN. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.co.uk/heineken-cup-2012-13/rugby/story/182967.html","url_text":"\"Toulon claim Heineken Cup glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"French fake moko photoshoot creates online debate\". Television New Zealand. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/french-fake-moko-photoshoot-creates-online-debate-4308364","url_text":"\"French fake moko photoshoot creates online debate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_New_Zealand","url_text":"Television New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"France fullback displays fake moko for gay magazine\". Television New Zealand. 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/france-fullback-displays-fake-moko-gay-magazine-4307785","url_text":"\"France fullback displays fake moko for gay magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_New_Zealand","url_text":"Television New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"rugbyrama profile\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081029223535/http://www.rugbyrama.fr/rugby/personnews_prs87946.shtml","url_text":"\"rugbyrama profile\""},{"url":"https://www.rugbyrama.fr/rugby/personnews_prs87946.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.espn.co.uk/heineken-cup-2012-13/rugby/story/182967.html","external_links_name":"\"Toulon claim Heineken Cup glory\""},{"Link":"http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/french-fake-moko-photoshoot-creates-online-debate-4308364","external_links_name":"\"French fake moko photoshoot creates online debate\""},{"Link":"http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/france-fullback-displays-fake-moko-gay-magazine-4307785","external_links_name":"\"France fullback displays fake moko for gay magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/1200_1205.php?=33348&includeref=dynamic","external_links_name":"Profile at ESPNscrum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081015021159/http://www.cabrive-rugby.com/home.php?v_lang=FR&page=2","external_links_name":"Fiche d'Alexis Palisson"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081029223535/http://www.rugbyrama.fr/rugby/personnews_prs87946.shtml","external_links_name":"\"rugbyrama profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbyrama.fr/rugby/personnews_prs87946.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101/https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/player/mens/29043","external_links_name":"Alexis Palisson"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Ottman_Neville | Kris Ottman Neville | ["1 Critical reception","2 Bibliography","2.1 Novels","2.2 Collections","2.3 Short stories","3 References","4 External links"] | American novelist
Kris Ottman NevilleKris Neville c. 1952BornMay 9, 1925St. LouisDiedDecember 23, 1980(1980-12-23) (aged 55)Pen nameHenderson StarkeOccupation
Novelist
short story writer
journalist
NationalityAmericanPeriod1949–1976GenreScience fiction
Neville's novella "Special Delivery" was the cover story for the January 1951 issue of Imagination
Neville's novella "Earth Alert" was cover-featured on the February 1952 issue of Imagination
Kris Ottman Neville (May 9, 1925 – December 23, 1980) was an American science fiction writer from California.
He was born in St. Louis. His first science fiction work was published in 1949. His most famous work, the novella Bettyann, is considered a classic of science fiction.
Critical reception
Well known science fiction writer and critic Barry N. Malzberg wrote the following biographical note about Kris Neville in his introduction to Neville's story Ballenger's People in the 1979 Doubleday collection Neglected Visions:
Kris Neville could have been among the ten most honored science fiction writers of his generation; instead, he virtually abandoned the field after conquering it early on and made himself the leading lay authority in the world on epoxy resins, collaborating on a series of specialized texts that have become the basic works in their field. I can hardly blame him for this decision, and it was in any case carefully thought out. Neville, who sold his first story in 1949 and another fifteen by 1952, concluded early on that the perimeters of the field in the 1950s were simply too close to contain the kind of work he would have to do if he wanted to grow as a writer, and accordingly he quit. A scattering of stories has appeared over the last quarter of a century, and a couple of novels, but except for one abortive attempt to write full-time in the mid-1960s (the field simply could not absorb the kind of work he was doing), Neville has been in a state of diminished production for a long time. Nowadays a short-short story shows up once a year or so in a magazine or original anthology; sometimes written in collaboration with his second wife, Lil, and always so astonishingly above the run of material surrounding it as to constitute an embarrassment to the other writers. Neville, whom I do not claim to know well at all but with whom I did correspond prolifically some years ago, may be among the most intelligent of science fiction writers (only A. J. Budrys seems to have his eclecticism and his breadth) and strikes me as among the few contented people I have ever known. ... Neville has done some extraordinary political satire – The Price of Simeryl, published way back in 1966, is an early, savage anti-Vietnam piece – and in work like New Apples in the Garden manifests an extraordinary range of subject and character.
Shortly after Neville's death in 1980, a remembrance by Malzberg was published in Locus Magazine, and later re-published in The Science Fiction of Kris Neville (Southern Illinois University Press, 1984.) It includes these additional observations:
"I never met Kris Neville. I collaborated with him on three short stories and an abortive novel and spoke to him on the telephone five to ten times. What I did was correspond with him for over a decade starting in 1969 and there must exist in my files somewhere at least 200,000 words of Nevilliliana .... I could not divest myself of any of these letters because what they are the lucid and balanced evidence of a powerful mind focused by a powerful soul who inch by inch had worked his way through to a purifying and terrible clarity of vision ... that a serious literary career was impossible in science fiction (impossible out of it too because there was simply no audience left for 'serious' fiction in this country.) The limitations of the audience and the limitations of editing made no writer capable of doing an ambitious and improving body of work which would reach an audience and take that audience along. Neville ascribed virtually every failure in the modern history of the genre to meretricious, debased, or cowardly editors, not to the writers ... Neville by his own testimony had to leave science fiction in the early fifties. He began publishing in 1949, he found that he could very easily sell to the Bouchers, Golds, or Campbells of his time and quickly satisfied his original ambitions. What he could not do was to continue to follow the course of his vision. Quickly he ran up against the imposed borders of the field and almost as quickly he quit. There was a decade of near-total silence. In the mid-sixties as a fortieth birthday present to himself he financed a two-year attempt to establish a real position in science fiction but although many strange and wonderful stories appeared, ... rotten agenting, the limitations of the field, and a certain powerful revulsion in Neville himself that made him unable to push for entrance into something which he knew had wrecked his spirit, drove him away again and in the last dozen years of his life he produced only a scattering of short stories for the magazines and the original anthologies, none of them longer than a few thousand words. Collaboration on important texts in the field of epoxy resins – on which he knew more than any layman – and employment in the chemical industry kept him busy, well remunerated, and content. By the late seventies he had achieved enough equivolcal peace to be able to come back to science fiction with a scholar's interest, a scholar's contribution. ... He liked wine, hated Nixon, deplored the mass media, missed Tony Boucher, had grudging and deep respect for the memory of John W. Campbell, loved his children, had a deep suspicion of American industry and its products but no particular reverence for his Volvo, found conventions, finally, wearying and had a deep and abiding love for the science fiction community.
Bibliography
Novels
The Unearth People (1964)
The Mutants (1966)
Special Delivery (1967)
Bettyann (1970)
Invaders on the Moon (1970)
Bettyann's Children (1973)
Collections
Mission: Manstop (1971)
The Science Fiction of Kris Neville (1984)
Short stories
"Cold War" (1949)
"Dumb Supper" (1950) (writing as Henderson Starke)
"Seeds of Futurity" (1951)
"Franchise" (1951)
"Hunt the Hunter" (1951)
"Old Man Henderson" (1951)
"Casting Office" (1951) (writing as Henderson Starke)
"Bettyann" (1951) (original short story in "New Tales of Space and Time" ed. Raymond J. Healy, 1951)
"Underground Movement" (1952)
"The Man with the Fine Mind" (1953)
"Worship Night" (1953)
"Overture" (1954)
"Moral Equivalent" (1957)
"General Max Shorter" (1962)
"Voyage to Far N'Jurd" (1963)
"New Apples In the Garden" (1963)
"Shamar's War" (1964)
"The Price of Simeryl" (1966)
"Ballenger's People" (1967)
"The Forest of Zil" (1967)
"From the Government Printing Office" (1967)
"The Night of the Nickel Beer" (1967)
"Thyre Planet" (1968)
"Survival Problems" (1974)
"Take Two Quiggies"
"Closing Time"
References
^ Introduction to Bettyann by Robert Silverberg in Strange Gifts.
External links
Works by Kris Neville at Project Gutenberg
Works by Kris Ottman Neville at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Kris Neville at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Israel
Belgium
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imagination_195201.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_(magazine)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imagination_195302.jpg"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Neville's novella \"Special Delivery\" was the cover story for the January 1951 issue of ImaginationNeville's novella \"Earth Alert\" was cover-featured on the February 1952 issue of ImaginationKris Ottman Neville (May 9, 1925 – December 23, 1980) was an American science fiction writer from California.He was born in St. Louis. His first science fiction work was published in 1949. 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Malzberg wrote the following biographical note about Kris Neville in his introduction to Neville's story Ballenger's People in the 1979 Doubleday collection Neglected Visions:Kris Neville could have been among the ten most honored science fiction writers of his generation; instead, he virtually abandoned the field after conquering it early on and made himself the leading lay authority in the world on epoxy resins, collaborating on a series of specialized texts that have become the basic works in their field. I can hardly blame him for this decision, and it was in any case carefully thought out. Neville, who sold his first story in 1949 and another fifteen by 1952, concluded early on that the perimeters of the field in the 1950s were simply too close to contain the kind of work he would have to do if he wanted to grow as a writer, and accordingly he quit. 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Neville has done some extraordinary political satire – The Price of Simeryl, published way back in 1966, is an early, savage anti-Vietnam piece – and in work like New Apples in the Garden manifests an extraordinary range of subject and character.Shortly after Neville's death in 1980, a remembrance by Malzberg was published in Locus Magazine, and later re-published in The Science Fiction of Kris Neville (Southern Illinois University Press, 1984.) It includes these additional observations:\"I never met Kris Neville. I collaborated with him on three short stories and an abortive novel and spoke to him on the telephone five to ten times. What I did was correspond with him for over a decade starting in 1969 and there must exist in my files somewhere at least 200,000 words of Nevilliliana .... I could not divest myself of any of these letters because what they are the lucid and balanced evidence of a powerful mind focused by a powerful soul who inch by inch had worked his way through to a purifying and terrible clarity of vision ... that a serious literary career was impossible in science fiction (impossible out of it too because there was simply no audience left for 'serious' fiction in this country.) The limitations of the audience and the limitations of editing made no writer capable of doing an ambitious and improving body of work which would reach an audience and take that audience along. Neville ascribed virtually every failure in the modern history of the genre to meretricious, debased, or cowardly editors, not to the writers ... Neville by his own testimony had to leave science fiction in the early fifties. He began publishing in 1949, he found that he could very easily sell to the Bouchers, Golds, or Campbells of his time and quickly satisfied his original ambitions. What he could not do was to continue to follow the course of his vision. Quickly he ran up against the imposed borders of the field and almost as quickly he quit. There was a decade of near-total silence. In the mid-sixties as a fortieth birthday present to himself he financed a two-year attempt to establish a real position in science fiction but although many strange and wonderful stories appeared, ... rotten agenting, the limitations of the field, and a certain powerful revulsion in Neville himself that made him unable to push for entrance into something which he knew had wrecked his spirit, drove him away again and in the last dozen years of his life he produced only a scattering of short stories for the magazines and the original anthologies, none of them longer than a few thousand words. Collaboration on important texts in the field of epoxy resins – on which he knew more than any layman – and employment in the chemical industry kept him busy, well remunerated, and content. By the late seventies he had achieved enough equivolcal peace to be able to come back to science fiction with a scholar's interest, a scholar's contribution. ... He liked wine, hated Nixon, deplored the mass media, missed Tony Boucher, had grudging and deep respect for the memory of John W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Emsland | Emsland | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat of arms","4 Cities and municipalities","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°40′N 7°15′E / 52.67°N 7.25°E / 52.67; 7.25This article is about the German Landkreis. For the Emsland valley region, see Emsland (region).
District in Lower Saxony, Germany
District in Lower Saxony, GermanyEmslandDistrict
FlagCoat of armsCountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyCapitalMeppenGovernment • District admin.Marc-André Burgdorf (CDU)Area • Total2,881 km2 (1,112 sq mi)Population (31 December 2022) • Total338,052 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Vehicle registrationELWebsitehttp://www.emsland.de
Landkreis Emsland (German: ⓘ) is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany named after the river Ems. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Leer, Cloppenburg and Osnabrück, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (district of Steinfurt), the district of Bentheim in Lower Saxony, and the Netherlands (provinces of Drenthe and Groningen).
History
For a long time the region of the Emsland was extremely sparsely populated, due to the fens on both sides of the river. Small villages were established in medieval times along the river and on the Hümmling. In the 13th century the bishops of Münster gained control over the region; the Emsland remained property of the bishop until 1803, when the clerical states were dissolved. It came under rule of Prussia and Arenberg, but after the Napoleonic Wars the Congress of Vienna decided to hand the territory over to the Kingdom of Hanover. The Duchy of Arenberg continued to exist as a fief of the Hanoverian kings. When Hanover was annexed by Prussia (1866), the dukes were deposed soon after (1875).
The now Prussian Province of Hanover was subdivided into districts in 1885; four districts were established on the territory of what is now the Landkreis Emsland. The districts were merged in 1977 to form the present district.
Memorial at the site of the entrance to the former Börgermoor concentration camp
Under Nazi rule, labour camps known as the Emslandlager ("Emsland camps") held thousands of political opponents of the Nazi Party, located outside Börgermoor, now part of the commune Surwold, not far from Papenburg. A memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager, is located at Papenburg. The well known resistance song "Peat Bog Soldiers" was composed by political prisoners at one of these camps.
In 1950 a governmental plan for the development of Emsland was adopted. Its aim was to turn the region into an industrial location. This was accomplished by draining the fens and establishing projects like the test track of the maglev "Transrapid" and several large shipyards such as the Meyer-Werft in Papenburg. Although the Landkreis Emsland lost much of its original character, some areas retain their natural character, for example the Hümmling.
Transrapid test track
1977 district reforms in Lower Saxony unite the former districts of Lingen, Meppen and Aschendorf-Hümmling in the district of Emsland, with Meppen as administrative seat. The Emsland remains a very Roman Catholic region compared to other parts of Lower Saxony.
Geography
The district is located on the Dutch border. It is named after the Ems river, which crosses the region from south to north. It is an absolutely plain countryside, which was once full of fens. The only elevations are in the Hümmling, which is a hilly forest area east of the Ems.
Although the Emsland region is nowadays primarily a county among many others in Lower Saxony, its locals have what could be called a distinct sense of regional pride which will unlikely be found elsewhere in this state.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays:
a megalithic grave, typical for the Hümmling area
the roses from the arms of the Duchy of Arenberg
the anchor from the arms of the County of Lingen
The wavy line symbolises the river Ems.
Cities and municipalities
Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the district
(Population 2005)
Free municipalities and towns
Emsbüren (9,749)
Geeste (11,279)
Haren, town (22,754)
Haselünne, town (12,549)
Lingen, town (51,318)
Meppen, town (34,196)
Papenburg, town (34,519)
Rhede (4,228)
Salzbergen (7,436)
Twist (9,640)
Samtgemeinden
Dörpen (15,446)
Freren (10,834)
Herzlake (9,821)
Lathen (10,815)
Lengerich (9,083)
Nordhümmling (12,149)
Sögel (15,484)
Spelle (12,653)
Werlte (15,660)
Dörpen
Dersum
Dörpen1
Heede
Kluse
Lehe
Neubörger
Neulehe
Walchum
Wippingen
Freren
Andervenne
Beesten
Freren1, 2
Messingen
Thuine
Herzlake
Dohren
Herzlake1
Lähden
Lathen
Fresenburg
Lathen1
Niederlangen
Oberlangen
Renkenberge
Sustrum
Lengerich
Bawinkel
Gersten
Handrup
Langen
Lengerich1
Wettrup
Nordhümmling
Bockhorst
Breddenberg
Esterwegen1
Hilkenbrook
Surwold
Sögel
Börger
Groß Berßen
Hüven
Klein Berßen
Sögel1
Spahnharrenstätte
Stavern
Werpeloh
Spelle
Lünne
Schapen
Spelle1
Werlte
Lahn
Lorup
Rastdorf
Vrees
Werlte1, 2
1seat of the Samtgemeinde; 2town
See also
Exhibition Centre for the Archaeology of the Emsland, Meppen
References
^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.
^ "Esterwegen Labor Camp". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Landkreis Emsland.
Official website (German)
Emslandmarkt Businessguide (German)
tourist website (German, English, Dutch)
vte Urban and rural districts in the state of Lower Saxony in GermanyRegion
Hanover
Urban districts
Braunschweig
Delmenhorst
Emden
Oldenburg
Osnabrück
Salzgitter
Wilhelmshaven
Wolfsburg
Rural districts
Ammerland
Aurich
Bentheim
Celle
Cloppenburg
Cuxhaven
Diepholz
Emsland
Friesland
Gifhorn
Goslar
Göttingen
Hameln-Pyrmont
Harburg
Heidekreis
Helmstedt
Hildesheim
Holzminden
Leer
Lüchow-Dannenberg
Lüneburg
Nienburg
Northeim
Oldenburg
Osnabrück
Osterholz
Peine
Rotenburg
Schaumburg
Stade
Uelzen
Vechta
Verden
Wesermarsch
Wittmund
Wolfenbüttel
Districts of German states (Full list)
Baden-Württemberg
Bavaria
Brandenburg
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North Rhine-Westphalia
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Saarland
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Saxony-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringia
52°40′N 7°15′E / 52.67°N 7.25°E / 52.67; 7.25
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emsland (region)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland_(region)"},{"link_name":"[ˈɛmsˌlant]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/De-Emsland.ogg/De-Emsland.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Emsland.ogg"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"},{"link_name":"Leer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_(district)"},{"link_name":"Cloppenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_(district)"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Steinfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinfurt_(district)"},{"link_name":"Bentheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenthe"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(province)"}],"text":"This article is about the German Landkreis. For the Emsland valley region, see Emsland (region).District in Lower Saxony, GermanyDistrict in Lower Saxony, GermanyLandkreis Emsland (German: [ˈɛmsˌlant] ⓘ) is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany named after the river Ems. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Leer, Cloppenburg and Osnabrück, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (district of Steinfurt), the district of Bentheim in Lower Saxony, and the Netherlands (provinces of Drenthe and Groningen).","title":"Emsland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen"},{"link_name":"Hümmling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling"},{"link_name":"Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenberg"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boergermoor_KZ-Gedenkstein_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nazi rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"labour camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Börgermoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rgermoor"},{"link_name":"Surwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surwold"},{"link_name":"Papenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papenburg"},{"link_name":"Peat Bog Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_Bog_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"maglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_(transport)"},{"link_name":"Transrapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transrapid"},{"link_name":"shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Meyer-Werft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer-Werft"},{"link_name":"Papenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tr_noerdliche_kurve02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingen_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meppen_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aschendorf-Hümmling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aschendorf-H%C3%BCmmling_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"}],"text":"For a long time the region of the Emsland was extremely sparsely populated, due to the fens on both sides of the river. Small villages were established in medieval times along the river and on the Hümmling. In the 13th century the bishops of Münster gained control over the region; the Emsland remained property of the bishop until 1803, when the clerical states were dissolved. It came under rule of Prussia and Arenberg, but after the Napoleonic Wars the Congress of Vienna decided to hand the territory over to the Kingdom of Hanover. The Duchy of Arenberg continued to exist as a fief of the Hanoverian kings. When Hanover was annexed by Prussia (1866), the dukes were deposed soon after (1875).The now Prussian Province of Hanover was subdivided into districts in 1885; four districts were established on the territory of what is now the Landkreis Emsland. The districts were merged in 1977 to form the present district.Memorial at the site of the entrance to the former Börgermoor concentration campUnder Nazi rule, labour camps known as the Emslandlager[2] (\"Emsland camps\") held thousands of political opponents of the Nazi Party, located outside Börgermoor, now part of the commune Surwold, not far from Papenburg. A memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager, is located at Papenburg. The well known resistance song \"Peat Bog Soldiers\" was composed by political prisoners at one of these camps.In 1950 a governmental plan for the development of Emsland was adopted. Its aim was to turn the region into an industrial location. This was accomplished by draining the fens and establishing projects like the test track of the maglev \"Transrapid\" and several large shipyards such as the Meyer-Werft in Papenburg. Although the Landkreis Emsland lost much of its original character, some areas retain their natural character, for example the Hümmling.Transrapid test track1977 district reforms in Lower Saxony unite the former districts of Lingen, Meppen and Aschendorf-Hümmling in the district of Emsland, with Meppen as administrative seat. The Emsland remains a very Roman Catholic region compared to other parts of Lower Saxony.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_border"},{"link_name":"Ems river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"}],"text":"The district is located on the Dutch border. It is named after the Ems river, which crosses the region from south to north. It is an absolutely plain countryside, which was once full of fens. The only elevations are in the Hümmling, which is a hilly forest area east of the Ems.Although the Emsland region is nowadays primarily a county among many others in Lower Saxony, its locals have what could be called a distinct sense of regional pride which will unlikely be found elsewhere in this state.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenberg"},{"link_name":"County of Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Lingen"}],"text":"The coat of arms displays:a megalithic grave, typical for the Hümmling area\nthe roses from the arms of the Duchy of Arenberg\nthe anchor from the arms of the County of LingenThe wavy line symbolises the river Ems.","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free municipalities and towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Emsbüren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsb%C3%BCren"},{"link_name":"Geeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeste,_Emsland"},{"link_name":"Haren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haren,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Haselünne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasel%C3%BCnne"},{"link_name":"Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingen"},{"link_name":"Meppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meppen,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Papenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papenburg"},{"link_name":"Rhede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhede,_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Salzbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzbergen"},{"link_name":"Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Samtgemeinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amt_(political_division)"},{"link_name":"Dörpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rpen_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Freren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freren_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Herzlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzlake_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Lathen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathen_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Lengerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengerich_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Nordhümmling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordh%C3%BCmmling"},{"link_name":"Sögel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6gel_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Spelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelle_(Samtgemeinde)"},{"link_name":"Werlte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werlte_(Samtgemeinde)"}],"text":"Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the district(Population 2005)Free municipalities and townsEmsbüren (9,749)\nGeeste (11,279)\nHaren, town (22,754)\nHaselünne, town (12,549)\nLingen, town (51,318)\nMeppen, town (34,196)\nPapenburg, town (34,519)\nRhede (4,228)\nSalzbergen (7,436)\nTwist (9,640)SamtgemeindenDörpen (15,446)\nFreren (10,834)\nHerzlake (9,821)\nLathen (10,815)\nLengerich (9,083)\nNordhümmling (12,149)\nSögel (15,484)\nSpelle (12,653)\nWerlte (15,660)","title":"Cities and municipalities"}] | [{"image_text":"Memorial at the site of the entrance to the former Börgermoor concentration camp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boergermoor_KZ-Gedenkstein_01.jpg/220px-Boergermoor_KZ-Gedenkstein_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transrapid test track","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tr_noerdliche_kurve02.jpg/180px-Tr_noerdliche_kurve02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Municipalities_in_EL.svg/300px-Municipalities_in_EL.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Exhibition Centre for the Archaeology of the Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_Centre_for_the_Archaeology_of_the_Emsland"}] | [{"reference":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","url_text":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen","url_text":"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"}]},{"reference":"\"Esterwegen Labor Camp\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 17 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Esterwegen.html","url_text":"\"Esterwegen Labor Camp\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emsland¶ms=52.67_N_7.25_E_","external_links_name":"52°40′N 7°15′E / 52.67°N 7.25°E / 52.67; 7.25"},{"Link":"http://www.emsland.de/","external_links_name":"http://www.emsland.de"},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","external_links_name":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Esterwegen.html","external_links_name":"\"Esterwegen Labor Camp\""},{"Link":"http://www.emsland.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426023013/http://emslandmarkt.de/","external_links_name":"Emslandmarkt Businessguide"},{"Link":"http://www.emsland-touristik.de/","external_links_name":"tourist website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Emsland¶ms=52.67_N_7.25_E_","external_links_name":"52°40′N 7°15′E / 52.67°N 7.25°E / 52.67; 7.25"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106574265","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125491736","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014622-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007309488105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123610","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebi_Sefa | Nebi Sefa | ["1 References"] | Albanian politician
Nebi Sefa (1861 Lushnjë, Ottoman Empire - 2 November 1942) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence. His descendant is Fatjon Sefa (born 23 July 1984) an Albanian professional footballer who played as a forward for Lushnja in the Albanian Superliga.
References
^ "History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.ISBN 99927-1-623-1
This biographical article relating to Albania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lushnjë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushnj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Albanian Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fatjon Sefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatjon_Sefa"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lushnja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Lushnja"},{"link_name":"Albanian Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Superliga"}],"text":"Nebi Sefa (1861 Lushnjë, Ottoman Empire - 2 November 1942) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.[1] His descendant is Fatjon Sefa (born 23 July 1984) an Albanian professional footballer who played as a forward for Lushnja in the Albanian Superliga.","title":"Nebi Sefa"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebi_Sefa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegen | Tegen | ["1 References","1.1 Notes"] | Coordinates: 61°01′N 119°12′E / 61.017°N 119.200°E / 61.017; 119.200For the publisher, see Katherine Tegen Books.
Selo in Sakha Republic, RussiaTegen
ТэгэнSeloLocation of Tegen
TegenLocation of TegenShow map of RussiaTegenTegen (Sakha Republic)Show map of Sakha RepublicCoordinates: 61°01′N 119°12′E / 61.017°N 119.200°E / 61.017; 119.200CountryRussiaFederal subjectSakha RepublicAdministrative districtOlyokminsky DistrictRural okrugKyachchinsky Rural OkrugPopulation • Estimate (2002)20Municipal status • Municipal districtOlyokminsky Municipal District • Rural settlementKyachchinsky Rural SettlementTime zoneUTC+9 (MSK+6 )Postal code(s)678108OKTMO ID98641434116
Tegen (Russian: Тэгэн; Yakut: Төгүөн, Tögüön) is a rural locality (a selo), one of four settlements, in addition to Kyachchi, Kilier and Olom, in Kyachchinsky Rural Okrug of Olyokminsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 150 kilometers (93 mi) from Olyokminsk, the administrative center of the district and 150 kilometers (93 mi) from Kyachchi. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 20.
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f g Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic
^ a b Law #173-Z 353-III
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
vteRural localities in Olyokminsky District
Abaga tsentralnaya
Abaga
Alexeyevka
Aviaport
Balagannakh
Berdinka
Biryuk
Byas-Kyuyol
Chapayevo
Cherendey
Daban
Dapparay
Delgey
Dikimdya
Innyakh
Kharyyalakh
Khating-Tumul
Kholgo
Khorintsy
Kiliyer
Kochegarovo
Kudu-Byas
Kudu-Kyuyol
Kuranda
Kyachchi
Kyllakh
Macha
Malykan
Markha
Mekimdya
Neftebaza
Neryuktyayinsk 1-y
Neryuktyayinsk 2-y
Olom
Olyokminsky
Sanyyakhtakh
Selivanovo
Solyanka
Tas-Anna
Tegen
Tinnaya
Tokko
Troitsk
Tyanya
Tyubya
Ulakhan-Mungku
Uolbut
Uritskoye
Yunkyur
Zarechny
Zaton LORPa
Zharkhan
This Sakha Republic location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katherine Tegen Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Tegen_Books"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Kyachchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyachchi"},{"link_name":"Kilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilier"},{"link_name":"Olom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olom"},{"link_name":"Kyachchinsky Rural Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyachchinsky_Rural_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olyokminsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olyokminsky_District"},{"link_name":"Sakha Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Olyokminsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olyokminsk"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SakhaR_admlist-1"}],"text":"For the publisher, see Katherine Tegen Books.Selo in Sakha Republic, RussiaTegen (Russian: Тэгэн; Yakut: Төгүөн, Tögüön) is a rural locality (a selo), one of four settlements, in addition to Kyachchi, Kilier and Olom, in Kyachchinsky Rural Okrug of Olyokminsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located 150 kilometers (93 mi) from Olyokminsk, the administrative center of the district and 150 kilometers (93 mi) from Kyachchi. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 20.[1]","title":"Tegen"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tegen¶ms=61_01_N_119_12_E_type:city_region:RU","external_links_name":"61°01′N 119°12′E / 61.017°N 119.200°E / 61.017; 119.200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tegen¶ms=61_01_N_119_12_E_type:city_region:RU","external_links_name":"61°01′N 119°12′E / 61.017°N 119.200°E / 61.017; 119.200"},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tegen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus_Edmonton_Open | Edmonton Open | ["1 Winners","2 Notes","3 References"] | Golf tournament
Edmonton OpenTournament informationLocationAlberta, CanadaEstablished1993Tour(s)Canadian TourFormatStroke playFinal year2009Tournament record scoreAggregate264 Aaron Barber (2001)To par−21 Matt Daniel (2002)Final champion James Hahn
The Edmonton Open was a golf tournament on the Canadian Tour that was held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1993 as the Klondike Golf Klassic and was held during the week leading up to the Klondike Days summer fair. In 1996 Telus become the tournament's main sponsor and it was re-titled as the ED TEL PLAnet Open, before becoming the Telus Edmonton Open the following year.
The Edmonton Open came to an end after the 2009 edition when it was merged with the ATB Financial Classic, which was played in Edmonton in 2010 and 2012. Edmonton's PGA Tour Canada event since 2016 is the 1932byBateman Open (previously known as the Syncrude Oil Country Championship).
Winners
Year
Venue
Winner
Score
Ref
Telus Edmonton Open
2009
Glendale
James Hahn
272 (−16)
2008
Windermere
John Ellis
266 (−18)
2007
Edmonton
Dustin Risdon
265 (−19)
2006
Glendale
Stephen Gangluff
272 (−16)
2005
Edmonton
Matt McQuillan
267 (−17)
2004
Derrick
Steve Woodward
272 (−12)
2003
Windermere
Rob Johnson
273 (−11)
2002
Glendale
Matt Daniel
267 (−21)
2001
Edmonton
Aaron Barber
264 (−20)
2000
Derrick
Paul Devenport
270 (−14)
1999
Mayfair
Ray Stewart
267 (−17)
1998
Glendale
Brian Kontak
208 (−8)
1997
Windermere
Manny Zerman
274 (−10)
ED TEL PLAnet Open
1996
The Ranch
Trevor Dodds
265 (−15)
Klondike Golf Klassic
1995
The Ranch
Ray Freeman
265 (−15)
1994
The Ranch
Ian Hutchings
275 (−5)
1993
The Ranch
Tod Power
271 (−9)
Notes
^ Hahn won with a par on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Gangluff won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Woodward won on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Daniel won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Tournament reduced to 54 holes due to rain; Kontak won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Zerman won on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Hutchings won with a birdie on the fourth hole of a sudden-death playoff.
^ Power won with a par on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.
References
^ "Canadian Tour to add event in Edmonton". Calgary Herald. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. April 30, 1992. p. 49. Retrieved March 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Future of tour events a question of "optics"". The Province. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. December 4, 2009. p. 64. Retrieved March 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ McCormack, Mark H. (1997). The World of Professional Golf 1997. IMG Publishing. p. 418. ISBN 1878843176.
^ "Klassic battle | S.African captures Klondike playoff". Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. July 4, 1994. p. 29. Retrieved March 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Aussie Powers way to Klondike crown". Times Colonist. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. July 5, 1993. p. 14. Retrieved March 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Canadian Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tour"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Klondike Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Days"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Telus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus"},{"link_name":"ATB Financial Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATB_Financial_Classic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1932byBateman Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1932byBateman_Open&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syncrude Oil Country Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syncrude_Oil_Country_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Golf tournamentThe Edmonton Open was a golf tournament on the Canadian Tour that was held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1993 as the Klondike Golf Klassic and was held during the week leading up to the Klondike Days summer fair.[1] In 1996 Telus become the tournament's main sponsor and it was re-titled as the ED TEL PLAnet Open, before becoming the Telus Edmonton Open the following year.The Edmonton Open came to an end after the 2009 edition when it was merged with the ATB Financial Classic, which was played in Edmonton in 2010 and 2012.[2] Edmonton's PGA Tour Canada event since 2016 is the 1932byBateman Open (previously known as the Syncrude Oil Country Championship).","title":"Edmonton Open"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Hahn won with a par on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Gangluff won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Woodward won on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Daniel won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Tournament reduced to 54 holes due to rain; Kontak won on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Zerman won on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Hutchings won with a birdie on the fourth hole of a sudden-death playoff.\n\n^ Power won with a par on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Canadian Tour to add event in Edmonton\". Calgary Herald. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. April 30, 1992. p. 49. Retrieved March 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46896938/","url_text":"\"Canadian Tour to add event in Edmonton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Future of tour events a question of \"optics\"\". The Province. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. December 4, 2009. p. 64. Retrieved March 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46516324/","url_text":"\"Future of tour events a question of \"optics\"\""}]},{"reference":"McCormack, Mark H. (1997). The World of Professional Golf 1997. IMG Publishing. p. 418. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Thai_general_election | 1983 Thai general election | ["1 Results","2 References"] | 1983 Thai general election
← 1979
18 April 1983
1986 →
All 324 seats in the House of Representatives163 seats needed for a majorityTurnout50.76%
Party
Leader
%
Seats
+/–
Social Action
Kukrit Pramoj
26.78
92
+10
Chart Thai
Pramarn Adireksarn
23.81
73
+35
Democrat
Bhichai Rattakul
15.63
56
+23
Thai Citizen
Samak Sundaravej
9.03
36
+4
National Democrat
Kriangsak Chamanan
8.06
15
New
Siam Democrat
3.17
18
New
Free People Party
1.79
1
New
Progress
Uthai Pimjaichon
1.28
3
New
Social Democratic
Suthep Sutchakhun
1.12
2
+2
Thai People
0.68
4
New
Independents
–
7.54
24
−39
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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vte
General elections were held in Thailand on 18 April 1983. The result was a victory for the Social Action Party, which won 92 of the 324 seats. Voter turnout was 50.8%.
Results
PartyVotes%Seats+/–Social Action Party7,103,17726.7892+10Thai Nation Party6,315,56823.8173+35Democrat Party4,144,41415.6356+23Thai Citizen Party2,395,7959.0336+4National Democrat Party2,137,7808.0615NewSiam Democrat Party839,9153.1718NewFree People Party474,4021.791NewProgress Party338,1401.283NewSocial Democratic Party297,3321.122+2New Force Party195,3400.740–8Thai People Party180,3640.684NewUnited Nation Party14,8660.060NewLabour Democrat Party1,4930.010NewOther parties81,8450.310–Independents2,000,2907.5424–39Total26,520,721100.00324+23Valid votes11,797,21295.95Invalid/blank votes498,1274.05Total votes12,295,339100.00Registered voters/turnout24,224,47050.76Source: Nohlen et al.
References
^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p285 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
vte Elections and referendums in ThailandGeneral elections
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See also: Election Commission of Thailand | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Social Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"General elections were held in Thailand on 18 April 1983. The result was a victory for the Social Action Party, which won 92 of the 324 seats. Voter turnout was 50.8%.[1]","title":"1983 Thai general election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Fomin | Dmitry Fomin | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Russian volleyball player
Dmitry FominPersonal informationNationalityRussianBorn (1968-01-21) 21 January 1968 (age 56)Sevastopol, UkraineHeight200 cm (6 ft 7 in)Weight94 kg (207 lb)Volleyball informationPositionOppositeNumber8 (national team)Career
YearsTeams
1989–19921992–19961996–20022002–20032003–2006CSKA MoskvaPorto Ravenna VolleyVolley TrevisoToray ArrowsZenit KazanNational team
1989–199119921993–1998 Soviet Union CIS Russia
Honours
Men's volleyball
Representing Soviet Union
World Championship
1990 Brazil
Team
FIVB World Cup
1991 Japan
European Championship
1991 Germany
Men's volleyball
Representing Russia
European Championship
1993 Finland
Dmitry Fomin or Dmitri Fomine (Russian: Дмитрий Фомин; born 21 January 1968) is a Russian former volleyball player. He was part of the Soviet Union men's national volleyball team that won the bronze medal at the 1990 FIVB World Championship in Brazil. He was part of the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and the Russian team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
While representing the Soviet Union, Fomin won a gold medal and the MVP award at the 1991 FIVB World Cup in Japan. Fomin also competed at the 1994 FIVB World Championship in Greece while representing Russia. He then won the MVP award at the 1995 FIVB World League in Brazil while playing with Russia.
References
^ "Dmitry Fomin". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Dmitry Fomin". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
^ Bondy, Filip (6 August 1992). "Barcelona: Volleyball; Hush Comes Over the Court As U.S. Squad Moves On". The New York Times. p. 14. Retrieved 12 October 2023. (subscription required)
^ a b "Individual awards". Volleybox.net. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Krastev, Todor. "Men Volleyball XIII World Championship 1994 Athens (GRE) – Teams Composition. – Russia". Todor66.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
External links
Dmitry Fomin at the European Volleyball Confederation
Dmitry Fomin at Olympedia
Dmitri Fomin at Olympics.com
Volleybox.net Profile
vteSoviet Union squad – 1991 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup – Gold medal
Yuri Cherednik
Dmitry Fomin
Sergey Gorbunov
Yuri Koroviansky
Evgeni Krasilnikov
Sergey Kukartsev
Ruslan Olikhver
Oleksandr Shadchyn
Oleg Shatunov
Konstantin Ushakov
Coach: Viacheslav Platonov
vteRussia men's volleyball squad – 1996 Summer Olympics – 4th place
1 Shatunov
2 Khamuttskikh
3 Orlenko
4 Olikhver
7 Kazakov
8 Fomin (C)
9 Tetyukhin
10 Shishkin
11 Ushakov
12 Dineykin
13 Shulepov
17 Goryushev
Coach: Platonov | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union men's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1990 FIVB World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympedia-1"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russian team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"},{"link_name":"1991 FIVB World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-4"},{"link_name":"1994 FIVB World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1995 FIVB World League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-4"}],"text":"Dmitry Fomin or Dmitri Fomine (Russian: Дмитрий Фомин; born 21 January 1968) is a Russian former volleyball player. He was part of the Soviet Union men's national volleyball team that won the bronze medal at the 1990 FIVB World Championship in Brazil.[1] He was part of the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and the Russian team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[2][3]While representing the Soviet Union, Fomin won a gold medal and the MVP award at the 1991 FIVB World Cup in Japan.[4] Fomin also competed at the 1994 FIVB World Championship in Greece while representing Russia.[5] He then won the MVP award at the 1995 FIVB World League in Brazil while playing with Russia.[4]","title":"Dmitry Fomin"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dmitry Fomin\". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_School_for_the_Deaf | Iowa School for the Deaf | ["1 History","2 Admissions","3 Academics","4 Boarding program","5 Graduation","6 Transition","7 Extracurricular activities","8 Athletics","9 Alumni","10 Faculty","11 Accreditation","12 References","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°13′29″N 95°49′14″W / 41.22464°N 95.82056°W / 41.22464; -95.82056This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Iowa School for the Deaf" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
State deaf school in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United StatesIowa School for the DeafAddress3501 Harry Langdon Blvd.Council Bluffs, IowaUnited StatesInformationTypeState deaf schoolEstablished1855School districtIowa Board of RegentsGradesPre-K-12Number of students110Color(s)Maroon and Gold MascotBobcatsWebsitehttp://www.iowaschoolforthedeaf.org
Iowa School for the Deaf is a pre-K to 12th grade school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students located in Council Bluffs, Iowa. It serves students who live in Iowa and Nebraska.
History
The founders of Iowa School for the Deaf were Edmund Booth and William E. Ijams (1830–1893). In 1854 Ijams opened a private school for the deaf in Iowa City. Following political activity by both men, a public institution was established on January 24, 1855, with the passage of Senate File No. 51. It was known as the Iowa Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Twenty-one students, ranging from 12 to 28 years old, were the first pupils.
Due to lack of space, the school relocated to Council Bluffs in 1870. Council Bluffs was chosen because a large tract of land was obtained at a discounted price. The city had been declared the eastern terminus for the country's railroad system by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 and it was thought the railroad hub would provide accessible transportation for students across the state. The name Iowa School for the Deaf was adopted in 1892.
In 1998 ISD began admitting deaf students from Nebraska due to the closure of the Nebraska School for the Deaf.
Iowa School for the Deaf moved to Council Bluffs in 1870.
Admissions
ISD is a referral-based school. Families, school districts and area education agencies are involved in the decision to educate a child at Iowa School for the Deaf. Deaf or hard-of-hearing children, residing in Iowa or Nebraska, who are at least 18 months old, may enroll. No tuition, room or board is charged. Most of Iowa School for the Deaf's appropriations are provided through state taxes. The Board of Regents, State of Iowa governs the school.
Preschool students may enroll at 18 months to aid language development. The elementary school consists of kindergarten through fourth grades; the middle school contains fifth through eighth grades; and the high school includes ninth through twelfth grades.
Its enrollment averages 110 local and boarding students from across the states of Iowa and Nebraska. Each year, ISD's itinerant faculty provides supplemental education to several dozen students who are deaf or hard of hearing but do not attend Iowa School for the Deaf.
Academics
Preschool student enrollment begins at 18 months to aid in language development. The elementary school consists of kindergarten through fourth grades. The middle school contains fifth through eighth grades. The high school includes ninth through twelfth grades. Curriculum follows that of public schools, with a language emphasis in every class. The school year begins in August, ends in May, and has extended winter and spring breaks. Students travel to their homes every weekend on school-provided transportation.
Boarding program
Boarding programs provide language immersion opportunities for students, many of whom are behind their hearing peers in vocabulary. Eighty percent of deaf or hard-of-hearing students are born to hearing families who aren't users of American Sign Language. Therefore, language-rich environments found in dormitories help offset gaps in students' language acquisition.
Students who are transported home daily are offered language programs after school. Preschool students do not stay overnight in ISD dorms.
Students living close by may return home every day after school or choose to stay in the dorms.
Graduation
Students earn and are awarded diplomas by the Board of Regents, State of Iowa. Graduates meet the same academic requirements as hearing peers, as required by the Iowa Department of Education. Most students meet the requirements by the end of their senior year. In some circumstances, students may attend ISD until reaching 18 years of age. After graduation, most students pursue competitive work or post-secondary education at local, state, and national colleges and universities.
Transition
A program providing support to students who complete graduate requirements is offered. Individuals enrolled into the 4PLUS program pursue college, work, or both. Students may take up to 12 credits per semester. 4PLUS students may work up to 30 hours weekly. There is no charge for the services; one-on-one tutoring and employment assistance, life skill instruction, room, board and transportation are provided without charge. Local school districts initially pay for tuition then are reimbursed. Students are responsible for purchasing college textbooks. Iowa's deaf and hard-of-hearing students from mainstreamed schools are also accepted into 4PLUS.
Extracurricular activities
Students at Iowa School for the Deaf have dozens of activities in which they are encouraged to participate. Athletics, yearbook, honor society, service clubs are some structured activities. Field trips to United States Space Camp in Huntsville, Alabama and participation in Close Up in Washington, D.C., enhance the learning experiences. Leadership camps, dances, guest lecturers, bell choir, boys' and girls' clubs are others.
Athletics
The Iowa School for the Deaf Bobcats participate in several sports, such as football, cheerleading, volleyball, basketball, track and Special Olympics. The Bobcats play against hearing teams which are typically junior varsity or private school teams, more closely matching school size. They also participate in the Great Plains Schools for the Deaf conference, which involves eight neighboring state schools for the deaf. GPSD - Iowa School for the Deaf - ISD, Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf - MSAD, Missouri School for the Deaf - MSD, Kansas School for the Deaf - KSD, Wisconsin School for the Deaf - WSD, Arkansas School for the Deaf - ASD, New Mexico School for the Deaf - NMSD, and Oklahoma School for the Deaf - OSD. Great Plains School for the Deaf's athletic conference was established in 1990.
Alumni
J. Schuyler Long, an ISD graduate and teacher, published the first sign language dictionary in 1909, A Manual of Signs. This is the first known text to instruct teachers on teaching sign language.
Andrew Clemens (1857–1894) exited Iowa School for the Deaf in 1878. His sand art, made meticulously by inserting one grain of sand at a time in upside-down bottles, are sought by collectors.
Faculty
Henry Rothert, superintendent from 1887 to 1919
Accreditation
ISD is accredited by the Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and programs for the Deaf and holds accreditation from the North Central Association.
References
^ Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 31-32 (PDF Archived 2012-03-28 at the Wayback Machine)(PDF Archived 2012-03-28 at the Wayback Machine)
^ "Council Bluffs". Archived from the original on 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
^ "Iowa School for the Deaf". Archived from the original on 2010-10-10. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
^ "History". Iowa School for the Deaf. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
^ "FAQ - Board of Regents State of Iowa". Iowaregents.edu. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ "American Sign Language". Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
^ "Space Camp". Spacecamp.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ "Home Page". Closeup.org. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ "Mss5b". Archived from the original on 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
External links
Iowa School for the Deaf Timeline
vteSchools for the deaf in the United StatesPublicStatewide
AL Inst f/t Deaf and Blind
AK St Sch f/t Deaf & Hard of Hearing
AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind
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Deaf programended
Governor Morehead School (NC)
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47 The American Sign Language & Eng Sec Sch (New York City)
Alexander Graham Bell K-8 deaf program (Chicago)
Horace Mann Sch f/t Deaf & Hard of Hearing (Boston)
Marlton (Los Angeles)
Milby HS HS deaf program (Houston)
Mockingbird ES (former Stonewall Jackson) elem. deaf program (Dallas)
Closed
Detroit Day Sch f/t Deaf
Barbara Jordan HS for Careers Deaf program (Houston) (converted into other purpose)
Deaf program closed
T. H. Rogers K-8 deaf program (Houston)
Charter
Metro Deaf School (Minnesota North Star Academy merged into Metro Deaf)
Private
American Sch f/t Deaf
Beverly Sch f/t Deaf
Clarke Schs for Hearing & Speech
Christian School and Chapel f/t Deaf (PR)
Kendall Demo ES (DC)
The Learning Ctr f/t Deaf
Lexington Sch & Ctr f/t Deaf (NY)
Tucker Maxon
Model Sec Sch f/t Deaf (DC)
Moog Ctr for Deaf Ed
NY Sch f/t Deaf
PA Sch f/t Deaf
Rochester Sch f/t Deaf
Willie Ross Sch f/t Deaf
Scranton Sch f/t Deaf & Hard-of-Hearing Children (PA)
St. Rita Sch f/t Deaf
Western PA Sch f/t Deaf
Closed
Austine School
Tertiary schools
Gallaudet University
National Technical Institute for the Deaf
National Center on Deafness
Ungraded schools
Central Institute for the Deaf
Summit Speech School
Wright-Humason School for the Deaf
List of schools for the deaf
vtePublic boarding schools in the United StatesSchools forblind & deaf
AL Inst f/t Deaf & Blind
AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind
AR Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
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CA Sch f/t Blind
CA Sch f/t Deaf, Fremont
CA Sch f/t Deaf, Riverside
CO Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
DE Sch f/t Deaf
FL Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
GA Acad f/t Blind
GA Sch f/t Deaf
HI Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind
ID Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind
IL Sch f/t Deaf
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IN Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp
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IA Sch f/t Deaf
KS Sch f/t Deaf
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KY Sch f/t Blind
KY Sch f/t Deaf
LA Sch f/t Deaf
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MD Sch f/t Deaf
MI Sch f/t Deaf
MN St Acad f/t Blind
MN St Acad f/t Deaf
MO Sch f/t Blind
MO Sch f/t Deaf
MS Sch f/t Blind
MS Sch f/t Deaf
MT Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
NC Sch f/t Deaf
E NC Sch f/t Deaf
Gov Morehead Sch (NC) f/t Blind
ND Sch f/t Deaf
ND Vision Services/Sch f/t Blind
NE Ctr f/t Ed of Children who are Blind or Vis Imp
Katzenbach (NJ) Sch f/t Deaf
NM Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp
NM Sch f/t Deaf
NY St Sch f/t Blind
NY St Sch f/t Deaf
OH St Sch f/t Blind
OH Sch f/t Deaf
OK Sch f/t Blind
OK Sch f/t Deaf
OR Sch f/t Deaf
SC Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind
SD Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
TN Sch f/t Blind
TN Sch f/t Deaf
W TN Sch f/t Deaf
TX Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
TX Sch f/t Deaf
UT Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind
VA Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
WA St Sch f/t Blind
WA Sch f/t Deaf
WI Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
WI Sch f/t Deaf
WV Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind
Closed
IA Braille & Sight Saving Sch
MI Sch f/t Blind
Ctrl NC Sch f/t Deaf K-8
NE Sch f/t Deaf
OR Sch f/t Blind
Scranton State Sch f/t Deaf (PA)
SD Sch f/t Deaf (dorms closed in 2005, later closed entirely)
TX Blind, Deaf & Orphan Sch
VA Sch f/t Deaf, Blind, & Multi-Disabled
WY Sch f/t Deaf
Dorms closed
Gov Baxter Sch f/t Deaf (ME)
RI Sch f/t Deaf
Schools forgifted &talented
AL Sch of Fine Arts
AL Sch of Math & Sci
AR Sch for Math, Sci & Arts
IL Math & Sci Acad
IN Acad for Sci, Math & Humanities
KS Acad of Math & Sci
Craft Acad for Exc in Sci & Math (KY)
Carol Martin Gatton Acad of Math & Sci in KY
LA Sch for Math, Sci, & Arts
ME Sch of Sci & Math
MS Sch of the Arts
MS Sch for Math & Sci
MO Acad of Sci, Math & Comp
NC Sch of Sci & Math
U. of NC Sch of the Arts
NM Sch f/t Arts
OK Sch of Sci & Math
SC Gov's Sch for the Arts & Humanities
SC Gov's Sch for Sci & Math
TX Acad of Leadership in the Humanities
TX Acad of Math & Sci
Tribal/Bureau ofIndian Education
Chemawa Indian (OR)
Cheyenne-Eagle Butte (SD)
Choctaw Tribal School System (MS)
Circle of Nations (ND)
Crow Creek Tribal (SD)
Flandreau Indian (SD)
Greyhills Academy HS (AZ)
Hunters Point Boarding (AZ)
Jones Acad (OK)
Kaibeto Boarding (AZ)
Lummi Nation (WA)
Many Farms Community (former Chinle Boarding) (AZ)
Many Farms HS (AZ)
Marty Indian (SD)
Navajo Prep (NM)
Pierre Indian Learning Center (SD)
Pine Hill Schs (Ramah Navajo) (NM)
Pine Ridge School (SD)
Riverside Indian (OK)
Rough Rock Community (AZ)
Santa Fe Indian (NM)
Sequoyah HS (OK)
Sherman Indian HS (CA)
Shiprock Associated Schools, Inc. (NM)
Shonto Prep HS (AZ)
Tuba City Boarding (AZ)
Wingate HS (NM)
Closed
Albuquerque Indian School (NM)
Carlisle Indian Industrial School (PA)
Phoenix Indian School (AZ)
Dorms closed
Havasupai Boarding and Day School (AZ)
Rock Point Community School (AZ)
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Other
Alaska
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California Academy of Mathematics and Science (as of 1993)
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Michigan
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New York
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Oregon
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Authority control databases International
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United States
41°13′29″N 95°49′14″W / 41.22464°N 95.82056°W / 41.22464; -95.82056 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council Bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Bluffs"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"}],"text":"State deaf school in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United StatesIowa School for the Deaf is a pre-K to 12th grade school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students located in Council Bluffs, Iowa. It serves students who live in Iowa and Nebraska.","title":"Iowa School for the Deaf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Booth"},{"link_name":"William E. Ijams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_E._Ijams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iowa City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deaf-3"},{"link_name":"Nebraska School for the Deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_School_for_the_Deaf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISD_Campus_Buildings.jpg"}],"text":"The founders of Iowa School for the Deaf were Edmund Booth and William E. Ijams (1830–1893). In 1854 Ijams opened a private school for the deaf in Iowa City. Following political activity by both men, a public institution was established on January 24, 1855, with the passage of Senate File No. 51. It was known as the Iowa Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Twenty-one students, ranging from 12 to 28 years old, were the first pupils.[1]Due to lack of space, the school relocated to Council Bluffs in 1870. Council Bluffs was chosen because a large tract of land was obtained at a discounted price. The city had been declared the eastern terminus for the country's railroad system by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 and it was thought the railroad hub would provide accessible transportation for students across the state.[2] The name Iowa School for the Deaf was adopted in 1892.[3]In 1998 ISD began admitting deaf students from Nebraska due to the closure of the Nebraska School for the Deaf.[4]Iowa School for the Deaf moved to Council Bluffs in 1870.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Regents, State of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Regents,_State_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"ISD is a referral-based school. Families, school districts and area education agencies are involved in the decision to educate a child at Iowa School for the Deaf. Deaf or hard-of-hearing children, residing in Iowa or Nebraska, who are at least 18 months old, may enroll. No tuition, room or board is charged. Most of Iowa School for the Deaf's appropriations are provided through state taxes. The Board of Regents, State of Iowa governs the school.[5]Preschool students may enroll at 18 months to aid language development. The elementary school consists of kindergarten through fourth grades; the middle school contains fifth through eighth grades; and the high school includes ninth through twelfth grades.Its enrollment averages 110 local and boarding students from across the states of Iowa and Nebraska. Each year, ISD's itinerant faculty provides supplemental education to several dozen students who are deaf or hard of hearing but do not attend Iowa School for the Deaf.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Preschool student enrollment begins at 18 months to aid in language development. The elementary school consists of kindergarten through fourth grades. The middle school contains fifth through eighth grades. The high school includes ninth through twelfth grades. Curriculum follows that of public schools, with a language emphasis in every class. The school year begins in August, ends in May, and has extended winter and spring breaks. Students travel to their homes every weekend on school-provided transportation.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Boarding programs provide language immersion opportunities for students, many of whom are behind their hearing peers in vocabulary. Eighty percent of deaf or hard-of-hearing students are born to hearing families who aren't users of American Sign Language.[6] Therefore, language-rich environments found in dormitories help offset gaps in students' language acquisition.Students who are transported home daily are offered language programs after school. Preschool students do not stay overnight in ISD dorms.Students living close by may return home every day after school or choose to stay in the dorms.","title":"Boarding program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Regents, State of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Regents,_State_of_Iowa"}],"text":"Students earn and are awarded diplomas by the Board of Regents, State of Iowa. Graduates meet the same academic requirements as hearing peers, as required by the Iowa Department of Education. Most students meet the requirements by the end of their senior year. In some circumstances, students may attend ISD until reaching 18 years of age. After graduation, most students pursue competitive work or post-secondary education at local, state, and national colleges and universities.","title":"Graduation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4PLUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4PLUS&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A program providing support to students who complete graduate requirements is offered. Individuals enrolled into the 4PLUS program pursue college, work, or both. Students may take up to 12 credits per semester. 4PLUS students may work up to 30 hours weekly. There is no charge for the services; one-on-one tutoring and employment assistance, life skill instruction, room, board and transportation are provided without charge. Local school districts initially pay for tuition then are reimbursed. Students are responsible for purchasing college textbooks. Iowa's deaf and hard-of-hearing students from mainstreamed schools are also accepted into 4PLUS.","title":"Transition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Space Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Camp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Close Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Up_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Students at Iowa School for the Deaf have dozens of activities in which they are encouraged to participate. Athletics, yearbook, honor society, service clubs are some structured activities. Field trips to United States Space Camp in Huntsville, Alabama[7] and participation in Close Up in Washington, D.C.,[8] enhance the learning experiences. Leadership camps, dances, guest lecturers, bell choir, boys' and girls' clubs are others.","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Plains Schools for the Deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Plains_Schools_for_the_Deaf&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Iowa School for the Deaf Bobcats participate in several sports, such as football, cheerleading, volleyball, basketball, track and Special Olympics. The Bobcats play against hearing teams which are typically junior varsity or private school teams, more closely matching school size. They also participate in the Great Plains Schools for the Deaf conference, which involves eight neighboring state schools for the deaf. GPSD - Iowa School for the Deaf - ISD, Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf - MSAD, Missouri School for the Deaf - MSD, Kansas School for the Deaf - KSD, Wisconsin School for the Deaf - WSD, Arkansas School for the Deaf - ASD, New Mexico School for the Deaf - NMSD, and Oklahoma School for the Deaf - OSD. Great Plains School for the Deaf's athletic conference was established in 1990.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Schuyler Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Schuyler_Long"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Andrew Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Clemens"}],"text":"J. Schuyler Long, an ISD graduate and teacher, published the first sign language dictionary in 1909, A Manual of Signs.[9] This is the first known text to instruct teachers on teaching sign language.\nAndrew Clemens (1857–1894) exited Iowa School for the Deaf in 1878. His sand art, made meticulously by inserting one grain of sand at a time in upside-down bottles, are sought by collectors.","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Rothert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rothert"}],"text":"Henry Rothert, superintendent from 1887 to 1919","title":"Faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and programs for the Deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Educational_Administrators_of_Schools_and_programs_for_the_Deaf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Central Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Association"}],"text":"ISD is accredited by the Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and programs for the Deaf and holds accreditation from the North Central Association.","title":"Accreditation"}] | [{"image_text":"Iowa School for the Deaf moved to Council Bluffs in 1870.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/ISD_Campus_Buildings.jpg/220px-ISD_Campus_Buildings.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Council Bluffs\". 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Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/","url_text":"\"FAQ - Board of Regents State of Iowa\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Sign Language\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2014-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110902084005/http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/asl.asp","url_text":"\"American Sign Language\""},{"url":"http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/asl.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Camp\". Spacecamp.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacecamp.com/?cat=Deaf","url_text":"\"Space Camp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page\". Closeup.org. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.closeup.org/","url_text":"\"Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mss5b\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-16. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansy_(film) | Tansy (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1921 film
TansyDirected byCecil HepworthWritten byGeorge DewhurstBased onTansyby Tickner EdwardesProduced byCecil HepworthStarringAlma TaylorGerald AmesJames CarewCinematographyGeoffrey FaithfullProductioncompanyHepworth Picture PlaysRelease date
1921 (1921)
Running time5610 feetCountryUnited KingdomLanguagesSilent filmEnglish intertitles
Tansy is a 1921 British silent drama film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, Gerald Ames and James Carew. The film was based on a popular rural novel of the time by Tickner Edwardes, and was filmed largely on location on the Sussex Downs.
Tansy is a rare survival among Hepworth's feature-length films of the late 1910s and early 1920s, most of which are believed to have been irretrievably lost following Hepworth's bankruptcy in 1924, when his film stock was seized and melted down by administrators to release its saleable silver nitrate content. A full print of the film is held in the British Film Institute's National Archive.
Hepworth once remarked: "It was always in the back of my mind from the very beginning that I was to make English pictures with all the English countryside for background and with English idiom throughout." Critical assessment of Tansy tends to confirm the ability to capture beautiful English rural landscapes on film as Hepworth's greatest skill, albeit sometimes to the detriment of dramatic narrative when the scenery seems to command more of his attention than the actors or the plot.
Plot
George Firle (Rolf Leslie) is a shepherd, helped in his work by daughter Tansy (Taylor) who has learned shepherding skills from her father. One evening Tansy slips out of the house after her father has gone to the pub to meet up with farm labourer Clem (Ames). George returns, finds Tansy absent and goes to look for her. He finds her in Clem's caravan, trying to fight off unwanted advances, and rescues her. The owner of the farm hears about the incident and assumes that it shows Tansy's immorality and that she must have been leading Clem on to end up in such a compromising situation. He orders George and Tansy to leave the farm.
George and Tansy set out on foot for the nearest town. On the journey, George collapses. Local farmer's son Joad Wilverley (Carew) comes across the stricken pair while driving by and offers his help. Arriving at the Wilverley farm, they discover that George has died. The Wilverleys offer shelter to the distraught Tansy, and later she overhears Joad talking with his younger brother Will (Hugh Clifton) about their need for a shepherd. Tansy offers her services, initially to the brothers' amusement, but she proves her worth by expertly rounding up a flock of sheep and is given the job.
Tansy's skills give the farm one of its best ever lambing seasons. Meanwhile both brothers have fallen in love with her and begin to realise that they are rivals. Joad, as the elder brother, believes he should have first claim; however Tansy is more drawn to Will, and allows him to kiss her while they are walking together. The fraternal rivalry intensifies and Joad attempts to win over Tansy by buying her expensive gifts. Will finally offers to marry Tansy and she accepts the proposal. Will goes to break the news to Joad, who responds by provoking a fight during which he badly beats his brother. At the same time Clem appears back on the scene and again tries to force himself on Tansy. She manages to break free and flees in panic to the Wilverley house. However Joad has been stricken with remorse for his treatment of Will and orders Tansy to leave, saying she has been the cause of all the trouble between the two.
After Tansy has departed, a Wilverley servant tells Joad that Tansy has always loved Will and he must tell Will to go after her. Joad realises the truth that Will and Tansy should be free to marry. He sends Will off in pursuit. Clem has once again caught up with Tansy and is trying to accost her when Will catches up with them and deals appropriately with him. Will and Tansy embrace.
Cast
Alma Taylor as Tansy Firle
Rolf Leslie as George Firle
Gerald Ames as Clem Fordough
James Carew as Joad Wilverley
Hugh Clifton as Will Wilverley
Teddy Royce as Mark Wilverley
George Dewhurst as George Baston
References
^ Tansy (1921) Petley, Julian. BFI Screen Online. Retrieved 2 October 2010
External links
Tansy at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Cecil Hepworth
The Egg-Laying Man (1897)
The Beggar's Deceit (1900)
How It Feels to Be Run Over (1900)
Explosion of a Motor Car (1900)
Alice in Wonderland (1903)
A Day in the Hayfields (1904)
Rescued by Rover (1905)
Baby's Toilet (1905)
The Cloister and the Hearth (1913)
The Baby on the Barge (1915)
The Man Who Stayed at Home (1915)
Annie Laurie (1916)
Molly Bawn (1916)
The Marriage of William Ashe (1916)
Trelawny of the Wells (1916)
The Cobweb (1917)
The American Heiress (1917)
The Refugee (1918)
Broken in the Wars (1919)
The Forest on the Hill (1919)
The Nature of the Beast (1919)
Anna the Adventuress (1920)
Helen of Four Gates (1920)
The Narrow Valley (1921)
Tansy (1921)
The Tinted Venus (1921)
Wild Heather (1921)
Comin' Thro the Rye (1923)
Strangling Threads (1923)
Mist in the Valley (1923)
The House of Marney (1927) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cecil Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Alma Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ames"},{"link_name":"James Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carew"},{"link_name":"Tickner Edwardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickner_Edwardes"},{"link_name":"Sussex Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Downs"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"silver nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"National Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_National_Archive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tansy is a 1921 British silent drama film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, Gerald Ames and James Carew. The film was based on a popular rural novel of the time by Tickner Edwardes, and was filmed largely on location on the Sussex Downs.Tansy is a rare survival among Hepworth's feature-length films of the late 1910s and early 1920s, most of which are believed to have been irretrievably lost following Hepworth's bankruptcy in 1924, when his film stock was seized and melted down by administrators to release its saleable silver nitrate content. A full print of the film is held in the British Film Institute's National Archive.Hepworth once remarked: \"It was always in the back of my mind from the very beginning that I was to make English pictures with all the English countryside for background and with English idiom throughout.\" Critical assessment of Tansy tends to confirm the ability to capture beautiful English rural landscapes on film as Hepworth's greatest skill, albeit sometimes to the detriment of dramatic narrative when the scenery seems to command more of his attention than the actors or the plot.[1]","title":"Tansy (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"George Firle (Rolf Leslie) is a shepherd, helped in his work by daughter Tansy (Taylor) who has learned shepherding skills from her father. One evening Tansy slips out of the house after her father has gone to the pub to meet up with farm labourer Clem (Ames). George returns, finds Tansy absent and goes to look for her. He finds her in Clem's caravan, trying to fight off unwanted advances, and rescues her. The owner of the farm hears about the incident and assumes that it shows Tansy's immorality and that she must have been leading Clem on to end up in such a compromising situation. He orders George and Tansy to leave the farm.George and Tansy set out on foot for the nearest town. On the journey, George collapses. Local farmer's son Joad Wilverley (Carew) comes across the stricken pair while driving by and offers his help. Arriving at the Wilverley farm, they discover that George has died. The Wilverleys offer shelter to the distraught Tansy, and later she overhears Joad talking with his younger brother Will (Hugh Clifton) about their need for a shepherd. Tansy offers her services, initially to the brothers' amusement, but she proves her worth by expertly rounding up a flock of sheep and is given the job.Tansy's skills give the farm one of its best ever lambing seasons. Meanwhile both brothers have fallen in love with her and begin to realise that they are rivals. Joad, as the elder brother, believes he should have first claim; however Tansy is more drawn to Will, and allows him to kiss her while they are walking together. The fraternal rivalry intensifies and Joad attempts to win over Tansy by buying her expensive gifts. Will finally offers to marry Tansy and she accepts the proposal. Will goes to break the news to Joad, who responds by provoking a fight during which he badly beats his brother. At the same time Clem appears back on the scene and again tries to force himself on Tansy. She manages to break free and flees in panic to the Wilverley house. However Joad has been stricken with remorse for his treatment of Will and orders Tansy to leave, saying she has been the cause of all the trouble between the two.After Tansy has departed, a Wilverley servant tells Joad that Tansy has always loved Will and he must tell Will to go after her. Joad realises the truth that Will and Tansy should be free to marry. He sends Will off in pursuit. Clem has once again caught up with Tansy and is trying to accost her when Will catches up with them and deals appropriately with him. Will and Tansy embrace.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alma Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Rolf Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Leslie"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ames"},{"link_name":"James Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carew"},{"link_name":"Hugh Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clifton"},{"link_name":"Teddy Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Royce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Dewhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dewhurst_(director)"}],"text":"Alma Taylor as Tansy Firle\nRolf Leslie as George Firle\nGerald Ames as Clem Fordough\nJames Carew as Joad Wilverley\nHugh Clifton as Will Wilverley\nTeddy Royce as Mark Wilverley\nGeorge Dewhurst as George Baston","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/443335/index.html","external_links_name":"Tansy (1921)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0232766/","external_links_name":"Tansy"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutay | Sutay | ["1 Background","2 Career under Ghazan","3 Under Öljaitü","4 Under Abu Sa'id","5 Family","6 Notes","7 References"] | SutayViceroy of Diyar BakrIn office1312–1316MonarchÖljaitüPreceded byMulaySucceeded byIrinjinViceroy of AhlatIn office1316–1319Appointed byEmir SevinchMonarchAbu Sa'id Bahadur KhanViceroy of Diyar BakrIn office1319–1332Appointed byChupanPreceded byIrinjinSucceeded byAli Padshah
Personal detailsDied1332MosulRelationsSutayids
Sutay or Sutai (Mongolian: ᠰᠤᠲᠠᠶ, Persian: سوتای) (died 1332) was a Mongol emir and governor of Diyar Bakr. He was appointed by Öljaitü as viceroy. His descendants held Diyar Bakr in their hands following the dissolution of the Ilkhanate and made it hereditary.
Background
His tribal affiliation is not known. Turkish historian Faruk Sümer proposed that he was of the Sunud tribe and Sutai was just an abbreviation for Sunitai (Mongolian: Сөнөд + ай, lit. 'Belonging to Sunud'). Ishayahu Landa too believes that Sutay was a member of the Sunud. According to Mamluk historian Al-Safadi, he took part in Siege of Baghdad and was over 100 years old when he died in 1332. But Faruk Sümer doubted that and proposed that Mamluk historians mistook him for Chagatay the Younger otherwise known as Sunitai - an emir from the Sunud tribe and Hulagu's mingghan commander.
Career under Ghazan
He was an akhtachi (Mongolian: агтчин, lit. 'Groom or Stable master') and rose to prominence during Ghazan's viceroyalty in Khorasan. He served alongside Mulay, Qutlughshah and Nurin Aqa and fought in Ghazan's war against Nawruz from 1289 to 1294. He also commanded an army during Ghazan's war against Baydu in 1295. He was one of the executioners of vizier Sadr al-Din Zanjani with Qutlughshah on 30 April 1298. The next year he was sent with emir Qutlughshah to quell Sulamish's revolt in Anatolia. Sutai led a rear guard composed of 15,000 soldiers and won a victory after a decisive battle on 27 April 1299 near Akşehir (modern Suşehri). After quelling the rebellion, Sutay was continuously stationed in Anatolia as a commander of a Mongol garrison. He later took part in the Mongol raids into Palestine especially during 1300 to 1301.
Under Öljaitü
Sutay kept his position as emir in the army during the reign of Öljaitü and joined his campaigns. He commanded a tümen on the right wing during Öljaitü's campaign in Gilan in 1307. He plundered Lahijan with Esen Qutlugh and later was dispatched towards Tamijan. He returned to his fiefs in Anatolia after the campaign and raided the Turcomans dwelling near Rumkale in 1308. This raiding party was intercepted by the Mamluk governor of Aleppo - Shams al-Din Qara Sonqur later. He was reported to leave his post for Baghdad on 10 January 1310 for unspecified reasons in Tarikh-i Uljaytu.
He was appointed as viceroy of Diyar Bakr by Öljaitü in 1312 after the death of Emir Mulay; with his headquarters in Mosul. He commanded a part of the right flank during Öljaitü's campaign in Syria during 1312 and 1313, while his son Hajji Taghay was stationed in the center. He raided some of Al-Nasir's armies near Aleppo in 1313.
Under Abu Sa'id
He was relieved of viceroyalty in Diyar Bakr in 1316, upon the succession of Abu Sa'id by his chief commander Emir Sevinch. He was replaced by the Keraite emir Irinjin in Diyar Bakr while subsequently he was granted the viceroyalty of Ahlat. Sutai did not take part in Qurumshi and Irinjin's disastrous revolt in 1319, unlike his son Barambay, and was granted the viceroyalty of Diyar Bakr for a second time. Baranbay evaded persecution and fled to his father after 1319. After Sutai's return to Diyar Bakr, he granted Ahlat to his three sons as his subordinates, thus establishing a hereditary government. He was reconfirmed in his position after the Chupanid purge in 1327 and held this position until his death in 1332. His rule in Diyar Bakr was succeeded by Ali Padshah, the uncle of Abu Sa'id.
Family
He was married to Buyan Agha, daughter of Möngke Temür and had at least two sons with her:
Hajji Taghay (d. 1343)
Baranbay
Pulad
Sutay's descendants, known in literature as Sutayids continued to rule Diyar Bakr, Diyar Rabia and Ahlat until the rise of the Kara Koyunlu.
Notes
^ Sümer 1970, p. 77
^ a b 藍山雅, Ishayahu Landa (January 2016). "Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment". Mamluk Studies Review. 19: 149–191.
^ a b c d e Wing, Patrick (2018). "The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier (MSR XI.2, 2007)". The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC). doi:10.6082/M1SF2TBM. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Sümer 1970, p. 96
^ Howorth 1876, p. 381
^ Sağlam, Ahmet (2015-12-30). "Anadolu da Moğol-İlhanli Otoritesini Sarsan Bir Gelişme: Sülemiş İsyani" (PDF). Journal of International Social Research (in Turkish). 8 (41): 553. doi:10.17719/jisr.20154115040. ISSN 1307-9581.
^ Howorth 1876, p. 428
^ Woods, John E.; Tucker, Ernest (2006). History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-447-05278-8.
^ Kāshānī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAlī.; كاشانى، عبد الله بن على. (2005). Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū. Hambalī, Mahīn., همبلى، مهين. (Chāp-i 2 ed.). Tihrān: Shirkat Intishārat-i ʻIlmī va Farhangī. ISBN 964-445-718-8. OCLC 643519562.
^ Sinclair, Thomas (2019-12-06). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-75267-0.
^ Sümer 1970, p. 92
^ Vardanyan, Dr Aram (December 2013). "A contribution to the history of Oirat Mongols: Some coins of the Sutayid governors of al-Jazira and southern Armenia, AH 740-750s". Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society. 217: 9–15.
^ Peacock, A. C. S. (2019-10-17). Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-49936-1.
^ Wing, Patrick (2016-01-18). Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4744-0226-2.
References
Howorth, Henry (1876), History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century
Sümer, Faruk (1970), "Anadolu'da Moğollar" , Journal of Seljuk Studies (in Turkish), Selçuklu Tarih ve Medeniyeti Enstitüsü | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Diyar Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Öljaitü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC"}],"text":"Sutay or Sutai (Mongolian: ᠰᠤᠲᠠᠶ, Persian: سوتای) (died 1332) was a Mongol emir and governor of Diyar Bakr. He was appointed by Öljaitü as viceroy. His descendants held Diyar Bakr in their hands following the dissolution of the Ilkhanate and made it hereditary.","title":"Sutay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunud"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Sunud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Al-Safadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Safadi"},{"link_name":"Siege of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Hulagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan"},{"link_name":"mingghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingghan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"His tribal affiliation is not known. Turkish historian Faruk Sümer proposed that he was of the Sunud tribe and Sutai was just an abbreviation for Sunitai (Mongolian: Сөнөд + ай, lit. 'Belonging to Sunud').[1] Ishayahu Landa too believes that Sutay was a member of the Sunud.[2] According to Mamluk historian Al-Safadi, he took part in Siege of Baghdad and was over 100 years old when he died in 1332.[3] But Faruk Sümer doubted that and proposed that Mamluk historians mistook him for Chagatay the Younger otherwise known as Sunitai - an emir from the Sunud tribe and Hulagu's mingghan commander.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Mulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulay"},{"link_name":"Qutlughshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlushah"},{"link_name":"Nawruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawr%C5%ABz_(Mongol_emir)"},{"link_name":"Baydu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baydu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Suşehri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%9Fehri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mongol raids into Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He was an akhtachi (Mongolian: агтчин, lit. 'Groom or Stable master') and rose to prominence during Ghazan's viceroyalty in Khorasan. He served alongside Mulay, Qutlughshah and Nurin Aqa and fought in Ghazan's war against Nawruz from 1289 to 1294. He also commanded an army during Ghazan's war against Baydu in 1295.[5] He was one of the executioners of vizier Sadr al-Din Zanjani with Qutlughshah on 30 April 1298. The next year he was sent with emir Qutlughshah to quell Sulamish's revolt in Anatolia. Sutai led a rear guard composed of 15,000 soldiers[6] and won a victory after a decisive battle on 27 April 1299 near Akşehir (modern Suşehri).[7] After quelling the rebellion, Sutay was continuously stationed in Anatolia as a commander of a Mongol garrison. He later took part in the Mongol raids into Palestine especially during 1300 to 1301.[8]","title":"Career under Ghazan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Öljaitü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Gilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Lahijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahijan"},{"link_name":"Tamijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamijan"},{"link_name":"Turcomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"Rumkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumkale"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Öljaitü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Mulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"}],"text":"Sutay kept his position as emir in the army during the reign of Öljaitü and joined his campaigns. He commanded a tümen on the right wing during Öljaitü's campaign in Gilan in 1307. He plundered Lahijan with Esen Qutlugh and later was dispatched towards Tamijan. He returned to his fiefs in Anatolia after the campaign and raided the Turcomans dwelling near Rumkale in 1308. This raiding party was intercepted by the Mamluk governor of Aleppo - Shams al-Din Qara Sonqur later. He was reported to leave his post for Baghdad on 10 January 1310 for unspecified reasons in Tarikh-i Uljaytu.[9]He was appointed as viceroy of Diyar Bakr by Öljaitü in 1312 after the death of Emir Mulay;[3] with his headquarters in Mosul.[10] He commanded a part of the right flank during Öljaitü's campaign in Syria during 1312 and 1313, while his son Hajji Taghay was stationed in the center. He raided some of Al-Nasir's armies near Aleppo in 1313.","title":"Under Öljaitü"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Bahadur_Khan"},{"link_name":"Keraite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraites"},{"link_name":"Irinjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irinjin"},{"link_name":"viceroyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Ahlat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Bahadur_Khan"}],"text":"He was relieved of viceroyalty in Diyar Bakr in 1316, upon the succession of Abu Sa'id by his chief commander Emir Sevinch. He was replaced by the Keraite emir Irinjin in Diyar Bakr while subsequently he was granted the viceroyalty of Ahlat. Sutai did not take part in Qurumshi and Irinjin's disastrous revolt in 1319, unlike his son Barambay, and was granted the viceroyalty of Diyar Bakr for a second time. Baranbay evaded persecution and fled to his father after 1319. After Sutai's return to Diyar Bakr, he granted Ahlat to his three sons as his subordinates, thus establishing a hereditary government.[3] He was reconfirmed in his position after the Chupanid purge in 1327[11] and held this position until his death in 1332.[3] His rule in Diyar Bakr was succeeded by Ali Padshah, the uncle of Abu Sa'id.","title":"Under Abu Sa'id"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Möngke Temür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)"},{"link_name":"Sutayids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutayids"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Diyar Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Diyar Rabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Rabi%27a"},{"link_name":"Ahlat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlat"},{"link_name":"Kara Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"}],"text":"He was married to Buyan Agha, daughter of Möngke Temür and had at least two sons with her:Hajji Taghay (d. 1343)\nBaranbay\nPuladSutay's descendants, known in literature as Sutayids[2][3][12][13][14] continued to rule Diyar Bakr, Diyar Rabia and Ahlat until the rise of the Kara Koyunlu.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Sümer 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFS%C3%BCmer1970"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/30565458"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier (MSR XI.2, 2007)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1135"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.6082/M1SF2TBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.6082%2FM1SF2TBM"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Sümer 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFS%C3%BCmer1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Howorth 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoworth1876"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Anadolu da Moğol-İlhanli Otoritesini Sarsan Bir Gelişme: Sülemiş İsyani\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi41_pdf/2tarih_siyaset_uluslararasiiliskiler/saglam_ahmet.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.17719/jisr.20154115040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.17719%2Fjisr.20154115040"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1307-9581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1307-9581"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Howorth 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoworth1876"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4D9pO_4j9-4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-447-05278-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05278-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"964-445-718-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-445-718-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"643519562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643519562"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3kLBDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-000-75267-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-75267-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Sümer 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFS%C3%BCmer1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"A contribution to the history of Oirat Mongols: Some coins of the Sutayid governors of al-Jazira and southern Armenia, AH 740-750s\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/4237422"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-qCsDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-108-49936-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49936-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qjRWDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4744-0226-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0226-2"}],"text":"^ Sümer 1970, p. 77\n\n^ a b 藍山雅, Ishayahu Landa (January 2016). \"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment\". Mamluk Studies Review. 19: 149–191.\n\n^ a b c d e Wing, Patrick (2018). \"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier (MSR XI.2, 2007)\". The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC). doi:10.6082/M1SF2TBM. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ Sümer 1970, p. 96\n\n^ Howorth 1876, p. 381\n\n^ Sağlam, Ahmet (2015-12-30). \"Anadolu da Moğol-İlhanli Otoritesini Sarsan Bir Gelişme: Sülemiş İsyani\" [A DEVELOPMENT THAT SHOOK THE MONGOLIAN-ILKHANID AUTHORİTY IN THE ANOTOLIA: SÜLEMİŞ REBELLION] (PDF). Journal of International Social Research (in Turkish). 8 (41): 553. doi:10.17719/jisr.20154115040. ISSN 1307-9581.\n\n^ Howorth 1876, p. 428\n\n^ Woods, John E.; Tucker, Ernest (2006). History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-447-05278-8.\n\n^ Kāshānī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAlī.; كاشانى، عبد الله بن على. (2005). Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū. Hambalī, Mahīn., همبلى، مهين. (Chāp-i 2 ed.). Tihrān: Shirkat Intishārat-i ʻIlmī va Farhangī. ISBN 964-445-718-8. OCLC 643519562.\n\n^ Sinclair, Thomas (2019-12-06). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-75267-0.\n\n^ Sümer 1970, p. 92\n\n^ Vardanyan, Dr Aram (December 2013). \"A contribution to the history of Oirat Mongols: Some coins of the Sutayid governors of al-Jazira and southern Armenia, AH 740-750s\". Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society. 217: 9–15.\n\n^ Peacock, A. C. S. (2019-10-17). Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-49936-1.\n\n^ Wing, Patrick (2016-01-18). Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4744-0226-2.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"藍山雅, Ishayahu Landa (January 2016). \"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment\". Mamluk Studies Review. 19: 149–191.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/30565458","url_text":"\"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment\""}]},{"reference":"Wing, Patrick (2018). \"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier (MSR XI.2, 2007)\". The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC). doi:10.6082/M1SF2TBM.","urls":[{"url":"https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1135","url_text":"\"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier (MSR XI.2, 2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6082%2FM1SF2TBM","url_text":"10.6082/M1SF2TBM"}]},{"reference":"Sağlam, Ahmet (2015-12-30). \"Anadolu da Moğol-İlhanli Otoritesini Sarsan Bir Gelişme: Sülemiş İsyani\" [A DEVELOPMENT THAT SHOOK THE MONGOLIAN-ILKHANID AUTHORİTY IN THE ANOTOLIA: SÜLEMİŞ REBELLION] (PDF). Journal of International Social Research (in Turkish). 8 (41): 553. doi:10.17719/jisr.20154115040. ISSN 1307-9581.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi41_pdf/2tarih_siyaset_uluslararasiiliskiler/saglam_ahmet.pdf","url_text":"\"Anadolu da Moğol-İlhanli Otoritesini Sarsan Bir Gelişme: Sülemiş İsyani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17719%2Fjisr.20154115040","url_text":"10.17719/jisr.20154115040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1307-9581","url_text":"1307-9581"}]},{"reference":"Woods, John E.; Tucker, Ernest (2006). History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-447-05278-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4D9pO_4j9-4C","url_text":"History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05278-8","url_text":"978-3-447-05278-8"}]},{"reference":"Kāshānī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAlī.; كاشانى، عبد الله بن على. (2005). Tārīkh-i Ūljāytū. Hambalī, Mahīn., همبلى، مهين. (Chāp-i 2 ed.). Tihrān: Shirkat Intishārat-i ʻIlmī va Farhangī. ISBN 964-445-718-8. OCLC 643519562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-445-718-8","url_text":"964-445-718-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643519562","url_text":"643519562"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Thomas (2019-12-06). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-75267-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3kLBDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-75267-0","url_text":"978-1-000-75267-0"}]},{"reference":"Vardanyan, Dr Aram (December 2013). \"A contribution to the history of Oirat Mongols: Some coins of the Sutayid governors of al-Jazira and southern Armenia, AH 740-750s\". Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society. 217: 9–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4237422","url_text":"\"A contribution to the history of Oirat Mongols: Some coins of the Sutayid governors of al-Jazira and southern Armenia, AH 740-750s\""}]},{"reference":"Peacock, A. C. S. (2019-10-17). Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-49936-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-qCsDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49936-1","url_text":"978-1-108-49936-1"}]},{"reference":"Wing, Patrick (2016-01-18). Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4744-0226-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qjRWDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0226-2","url_text":"978-1-4744-0226-2"}]},{"reference":"Howorth, Henry (1876), History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmongols03howouoft/","url_text":"History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century"}]},{"reference":"Sümer, Faruk (1970), \"Anadolu'da Moğollar\" [Mongols in Anatolia], Journal of Seljuk Studies (in Turkish), Selçuklu Tarih ve Medeniyeti Enstitüsü","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/30565458","external_links_name":"\"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment\""},{"Link":"https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1135","external_links_name":"\"The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier (MSR XI.2, 2007)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.6082%2FM1SF2TBM","external_links_name":"10.6082/M1SF2TBM"},{"Link":"http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi41_pdf/2tarih_siyaset_uluslararasiiliskiler/saglam_ahmet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Anadolu da Moğol-İlhanli Otoritesini Sarsan Bir Gelişme: Sülemiş İsyani\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17719%2Fjisr.20154115040","external_links_name":"10.17719/jisr.20154115040"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1307-9581","external_links_name":"1307-9581"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4D9pO_4j9-4C","external_links_name":"History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643519562","external_links_name":"643519562"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3kLBDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/4237422","external_links_name":"\"A contribution to the history of Oirat Mongols: Some coins of the Sutayid governors of al-Jazira and southern Armenia, AH 740-750s\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-qCsDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qjRWDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmongols03howouoft/","external_links_name":"History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdstaffel_68 | Jagdstaffel 68 | ["1 History","2 Commanding officers (Staffelführer)","3 Duty stations","4 Notable personnel","5 References"] | Jasta 68Active1918CountryKingdom of Prussia, German EmpireBranchLuftstreitkräfteTypeFighter squadronEngagementsWorld War IMilitary unit
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 68, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 68, was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. The squadron would score over 40 aerial victories during the war, including ten observation balloons downed. The unit's victories came at the expense of nine killed in action, and two wounded in action.
History
On 1 February 1918, Jasta 68 was founded at Fliegerersatz-Abteilung ("Replacement Detachment") 3, Gotha, Germany. Nine days later, the new squadron went operational when it was posted to 18th Armee. CO Fritz Pütter scored the first aerial victory on 18 March 1918. Ten days later, Jasta 68 joined Jagdgruppe Nord. The Jasta was transferred to 1 Armee on 5 July 1918. On 13 September 1918, Jasta 68 was posted to 5 Armee. The squadron would serve until its disbandment on 6 December 1918.
Commanding officers (Staffelführer)
Fritz Pütter: 1 February 1918 – 22 June 1918
Paul Schwirzke: 22 June 1918 – 14 July 1918
Fritz Pütter: 14 July 1918 – 16 July 1918 (KIA)
Paul Schwirzke: 16 July 1918 – 9 August 1918
Rudolf Otto: 9 August 1918
Duty stations
Delinghe Ferme: 19 February 1918
Beauvais: France: 25 March 1918
Balatre, France: 28 March 1918
St-Remy-West: 5 July 1918
Semide, France: 13 September 1918
Prentin: 15 September 1918
Notable personnel
Fritz Pütter
Wilhelm Seitz
Wilhelm Stör
References
^ a b c d e Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993), p. 52.
Bibliography
Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. & Guest, Russell F. (1993). Above The Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service, and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.
vte Jastas of the Imperial German Army Air ServicePrussian
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
25
26
27
29
30
31
33
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
73
74
75
81
82
83
85
86
87
88
89
90
Bavarian
16
23
32
34
35
76
77
78
79
80
Saxon
21
22
24
40
44
54
72
Württembergian
28
47
64
84
vteAviation in World War IPeople and aircraft
Commanders
Aces
Aircraft of the Entente Powers
Aircraft of the Central Powers
Zeppelins
Campaignsand battles
Strategic bombing
German
Cuxhaven
Bombing of cities
Aerial reconnaissance
Fokker Scourge
Flight over Vienna
Bloody April
Battles
Entente Powersair services
British air services
Royal Flying Corps
Royal Naval Air Service
Royal Air Force
Australian Flying Corps
Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)
French Air Service
Imperial Russian Air Service
Royal Italian Air Corps
Romanian Air Corps
United States Army Air Service
Greek air services
Army Air Service
Naval Air Service
Central Powersair services
Imperial German Air Service
Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftstreitkräfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"including ten observation balloons downed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_buster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199352-1"}],"text":"Military unitRoyal Prussian Jagdstaffel 68, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 68, was a \"hunting group\" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. The squadron would score over 40 aerial victories during the war, including ten observation balloons downed. The unit's victories came at the expense of nine killed in action, and two wounded in action.[1]","title":"Jagdstaffel 68"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha"},{"link_name":"18th Armee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Pütter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_P%C3%BCtter"},{"link_name":"1 Armee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"5 Armee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199352-1"}],"text":"On 1 February 1918, Jasta 68 was founded at Fliegerersatz-Abteilung (\"Replacement Detachment\") 3, Gotha, Germany. Nine days later, the new squadron went operational when it was posted to 18th Armee. CO Fritz Pütter scored the first aerial victory on 18 March 1918. Ten days later, Jasta 68 joined Jagdgruppe Nord. The Jasta was transferred to 1 Armee on 5 July 1918. On 13 September 1918, Jasta 68 was posted to 5 Armee. The squadron would serve until its disbandment on 6 December 1918.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fritz Pütter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_P%C3%BCtter"},{"link_name":"(KIA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199352-1"}],"text":"Fritz Pütter: 1 February 1918 – 22 June 1918\nPaul Schwirzke: 22 June 1918 – 14 July 1918\nFritz Pütter: 14 July 1918 – 16 July 1918 (KIA)\nPaul Schwirzke: 16 July 1918 – 9 August 1918\nRudolf Otto: 9 August 1918[1]","title":"Commanding officers (Staffelführer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvais"},{"link_name":"Balatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balatre"},{"link_name":"Semide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199352-1"}],"text":"Delinghe Ferme: 19 February 1918\nBeauvais: France: 25 March 1918\nBalatre, France: 28 March 1918\nSt-Remy-West: 5 July 1918\nSemide, France: 13 September 1918\nPrentin: 15 September 1918[1]","title":"Duty stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Seitz"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Stör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_St%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksBaileyGuest199352-1"}],"text":"Fritz Pütter\nWilhelm Seitz\nWilhelm Stör[1]","title":"Notable personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. & Guest, Russell F. (1993). Above The Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service, and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Franks","url_text":"Franks, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948817-73-1","url_text":"978-0-948817-73-1"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-demicube | 7-demicube | ["1 Cartesian coordinates","2 Images","3 As a configuration","4 Related polytopes","5 References","6 External links"] | Uniform 7-polytope
Demihepteract(7-demicube)
Petrie polygon projection
Type
Uniform 7-polytope
Family
demihypercube
Coxeter symbol
141
Schläfli symbol
{3,34,1} = h{4,35}s{21,1,1,1,1,1}
Coxeter diagrams
=
6-faces
78
14 {31,3,1}64 {35}
5-faces
532
84 {31,2,1}448 {34}
4-faces
1624
280 {31,1,1}1344 {33}
Cells
2800
560 {31,0,1}2240 {3,3}
Faces
2240
{3}
Edges
672
Vertices
64
Vertex figure
Rectified 6-simplex
Symmetry group
D7, = +
Dual
?
Properties
convex
In geometry, a demihepteract or 7-demicube is a uniform 7-polytope, constructed from the 7-hypercube (hepteract) with alternated vertices removed. It is part of a dimensionally infinite family of uniform polytopes called demihypercubes.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as HM7 for a 7-dimensional half measure polytope.
Coxeter named this polytope as 141 from its Coxeter diagram, with a ring on one of the 1-length branches, and Schläfli symbol
{
3
3
,
3
,
3
,
3
3
}
{\displaystyle \left\{3{\begin{array}{l}3,3,3,3\\3\end{array}}\right\}}
or {3,34,1}.
Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a demihepteract centered at the origin are alternate halves of the hepteract:
(±1,±1,±1,±1,±1,±1,±1)
with an odd number of plus signs.
Images
orthographic projections
Coxeterplane
B7
D7
D6
Graph
Dihedralsymmetry
Coxeter plane
D5
D4
D3
Graph
Dihedralsymmetry
Coxeterplane
A5
A3
Graph
Dihedralsymmetry
As a configuration
This configuration matrix represents the 7-demicube. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, cells, 4-faces, 5-faces and 6-faces. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 7-demicube. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.
The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time.
D7
k-face
fk
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
k-figures
notes
A6
( )
f0
64
21
105
35
140
35
105
21
42
7
7
041
D7/A6 = 64*7!/7! = 64
A4A1A1
{ }
f1
2
672
10
5
20
10
20
10
10
5
2
{ }×{3,3,3}
D7/A4A1A1 = 64*7!/5!/2/2 = 672
A3A2
100
f2
3
3
2240
1
4
4
6
6
4
4
1
{3,3}v( )
D7/A3A2 = 64*7!/4!/3! = 2240
A3A3
101
f3
4
6
4
560
*
4
0
6
0
4
0
{3,3}
D7/A3A3 = 64*7!/4!/4! = 560
A3A2
110
4
6
4
*
2240
1
3
3
3
3
1
{3}v( )
D7/A3A2 = 64*7!/4!/3! = 2240
D4A2
111
f4
8
24
32
8
8
280
*
3
0
3
0
{3}
D7/D4A2 = 64*7!/8/4!/2 = 280
A4A1
120
5
10
10
0
5
*
1344
1
2
2
1
{ }v( )
D7/A4A1 = 64*7!/5!/2 = 1344
D5A1
121
f5
16
80
160
40
80
10
16
84
*
2
0
{ }
D7/D5A1 = 64*7!/16/5!/2 = 84
A5
130
6
15
20
0
15
0
6
*
448
1
1
D7/A5 = 64*7!/6! = 448
D6
131
f6
32
240
640
160
480
60
192
12
32
14
*
( )
D7/D6 = 64*7!/32/6! = 14
A6
140
7
21
35
0
35
0
21
0
7
*
64
D7/A6 = 64*7!/7! = 64
Related polytopes
There are 95 uniform polytopes with D6 symmetry, 63 are shared by the B6 symmetry, and 32 are unique:
D7 polytopes
t0(141)
t0,1(141)
t0,2(141)
t0,3(141)
t0,4(141)
t0,5(141)
t0,1,2(141)
t0,1,3(141)
t0,1,4(141)
t0,1,5(141)
t0,2,3(141)
t0,2,4(141)
t0,2,5(141)
t0,3,4(141)
t0,3,5(141)
t0,4,5(141)
t0,1,2,3(141)
t0,1,2,4(141)
t0,1,2,5(141)
t0,1,3,4(141)
t0,1,3,5(141)
t0,1,4,5(141)
t0,2,3,4(141)
t0,2,3,5(141)
t0,2,4,5(141)
t0,3,4,5(141)
t0,1,2,3,4(141)
t0,1,2,3,5(141)
t0,1,2,4,5(141)
t0,1,3,4,5(141)
t0,2,3,4,5(141)
t0,1,2,3,4,5(141)
References
^ Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, sec 1.8 Configurations
^ Coxeter, Complex Regular Polytopes, p.117
^ Klitzing, Richard. "x3o3o *b3o3o3o - hax".
H.S.M. Coxeter:
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8, p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973, p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I,
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II,
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III,
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 26. pp. 409: Hemicubes: 1n1)
Klitzing, Richard. "7D uniform polytopes (polyexa) x3o3o *b3o3o3o3o - hesa".
External links
Olshevsky, George. "Demihepteract". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
Multi-dimensional Glossary
vteFundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10
Family
An
Bn
I2(p) / Dn
E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2
Hn
Regular polygon
Triangle
Square
p-gon
Hexagon
Pentagon
Uniform polyhedron
Tetrahedron
Octahedron • Cube
Demicube
Dodecahedron • Icosahedron
Uniform polychoron
Pentachoron
16-cell • Tesseract
Demitesseract
24-cell
120-cell • 600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope
5-simplex
5-orthoplex • 5-cube
5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope
6-simplex
6-orthoplex • 6-cube
6-demicube
122 • 221
Uniform 7-polytope
7-simplex
7-orthoplex • 7-cube
7-demicube
132 • 231 • 321
Uniform 8-polytope
8-simplex
8-orthoplex • 8-cube
8-demicube
142 • 241 • 421
Uniform 9-polytope
9-simplex
9-orthoplex • 9-cube
9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope
10-simplex
10-orthoplex • 10-cube
10-demicube
Uniform n-polytope
n-simplex
n-orthoplex • n-cube
n-demicube
1k2 • 2k1 • k21
n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"7-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-polytope"},{"link_name":"hepteract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepteract"},{"link_name":"alternated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"uniform polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_polytope"},{"link_name":"demihypercubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demihypercube"},{"link_name":"E. L. Elte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lodewijk_Elte"},{"link_name":"Coxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter"},{"link_name":"Coxeter diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_diagram"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"}],"text":"In geometry, a demihepteract or 7-demicube is a uniform 7-polytope, constructed from the 7-hypercube (hepteract) with alternated vertices removed. It is part of a dimensionally infinite family of uniform polytopes called demihypercubes.E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as HM7 for a 7-dimensional half measure polytope.Coxeter named this polytope as 141 from its Coxeter diagram, with a ring on one of the 1-length branches, and Schläfli symbol \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n 3\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 3\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{3{\\begin{array}{l}3,3,3,3\\\\3\\end{array}}\\right\\}}\n \n or {3,34,1}.","title":"7-demicube"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinates"},{"link_name":"hepteract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepteract"}],"text":"Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a demihepteract centered at the origin are alternate halves of the hepteract:(±1,±1,±1,±1,±1,±1,±1)with an odd number of plus signs.","title":"Cartesian coordinates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"configuration matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_4-polytope#As_configurations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wythoff construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wythoff_construction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This configuration matrix represents the 7-demicube. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, cells, 4-faces, 5-faces and 6-faces. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 7-demicube. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.[1][2]The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time.[3]","title":"As a configuration"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are 95 uniform polytopes with D6 symmetry, 63 are shared by the B6 symmetry, and 32 are unique:","title":"Related polytopes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Klitzing, Richard. \"x3o3o *b3o3o3o - hax\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/hax.htm","url_text":"\"x3o3o *b3o3o3o - hax\""}]},{"reference":"Klitzing, Richard. \"7D uniform polytopes (polyexa) x3o3o *b3o3o3o3o - hesa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/dimensions/polyexa.htm","url_text":"\"7D uniform polytopes (polyexa) x3o3o *b3o3o3o3o - hesa\""}]},{"reference":"Olshevsky, George. \"Demihepteract\". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070204075028/members.aol.com/Polycell/glossary.html#half","url_text":"\"Demihepteract\""},{"url":"http://members.aol.com/Polycell/glossary.html#half","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/hax.htm","external_links_name":"\"x3o3o *b3o3o3o - hax\""},{"Link":"http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471010030.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/dimensions/polyexa.htm","external_links_name":"\"7D uniform polytopes (polyexa) x3o3o *b3o3o3o3o - hesa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070204075028/members.aol.com/Polycell/glossary.html#half","external_links_name":"\"Demihepteract\""},{"Link":"http://members.aol.com/Polycell/glossary.html#half","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://tetraspace.alkaline.org/glossary.htm","external_links_name":"Multi-dimensional Glossary"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tj | .tj | ["1 Second-level domains","2 External links"] | Internet country code top-level domain for Tajikistan.tjIntroduced11 December 1997TLD typeCountry code top-level domainStatusActiveRegistryInformation Technology CenterSponsorInformation Technology CenterIntended useEntities connected with TajikistanActual useGets some use in TajikistanRegistration restrictionsNone; however, residents of Tajikistan have priority in disputesStructureRegistrations are made directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath second-level namesDocumentsPolicyDispute policiesUDRPRegistry websitenic.tj
.tj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tajikistan. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.
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This Tajikistan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"country code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code"},{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"ccTLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CcTLD"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"registrars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registrar"}],"text":".tj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tajikistan. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.","title":".tj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan"}],"text":"The following second-level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:biz.tj, intended for commercial entities\nco.tj, intended for commercial entities\ncom.tj, intended for commercial entities\nedu.tj, reserved for educational institutions\ngo.tj, reserved for websites of the Government of Tajikistan and government departments/institutions\ngov.tj, reserved for websites of the Government of Tajikistan and government departments/institutions\ninfo.tj, intended for informational websites\nmil.tj, reserved for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan\nname.tj, intended for individuals and Tajik nationals\nnet.tj, intended for network providers/operators and organizations implementing projects related to the development of the Internet\nnic.tj, reserved for the Network Information Center and support for the ccTLD\norg.tj, intended for nonprofit organizations\nweb.tj, general public domain","title":"Second-level domains"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.domain.tj/Docs/rules.pdf","external_links_name":"Policy"},{"Link":"http://www.nic.tj/","external_links_name":"nic.tj"},{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/root-whois/tj.htm","external_links_name":"IANA .tj whois information"},{"Link":"http://www.nic.tj/","external_links_name":".tj domain registration website"},{"Link":"http://www.nic.tj/get.html","external_links_name":"List of .tj accredited registrars"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.tj&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.tj&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Court_de_G%C3%A9belin | Antoine Court de Gébelin | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 The tarot","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | 18th-century French historian
For his father, see Antoine Court.
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Antoine Court de Gébelin
Antoine Court, who named himself Antoine Court de Gébelin (Nîmes, 25 January 1725 – Paris, 10 May 1784), was a Protestant pastor, born in Nîmes, who initiated the interpretation of the Tarot as an arcane repository of timeless esoteric wisdom in 1781.
The New International Encyclopedia of 1914 reports that Court de Gébelin, who adopted the surname of his grandmother, was a literary man of recognized rank, and rendered excellent service, first as his father's amanuensis and assistant and afterward as a scholar at the capital. He is remembered in connection with the case of Jean Calas, by his work Les Toulousaines, ou lettres historiques et apologétiques en faveur de la religion réformée (Lausanne, 1763).
Early life
His father was Antoine Court, a famous religious leader of the Huguenots. Court de Gébelin had been ordained a pastor in 1754 before departing Switzerland and remained openly Protestant, a rational advocate for freedom of conscience in Enlightenment France. In Paris, he was initiated into Freemasonry at the lodge Les Amis Réunis, in 1771, and moved on to the lodge Les Neuf Sœurs where he welcomed Benjamin Franklin as a lodge-brother.
Career
He was a supporter of American Independence who contributed to the massive Affaires de l'Angleterre et de l'Amérique, of the new theories of economics, and of the "animal magnetism" of Mesmer.
In a letter from the Reverend James Madison to James Madison dated 15 June 1782 he is spoken of with the words, "Mr. Gibelin of Paris, who is said tho’ to have a very great Reputation."
He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781. In 1783, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.
His great project had for its goal to set out to reconstruct the high primeval civilization. Reinterpreting Classical and Renaissance evocation of the Golden Age in mankind's early history, Court de Gébelin asserted that the primitive worldwide civilization had been advanced and enlightened. He is the intellectual grandfather of much of modern occultism. His centers of focus are the familiar ones of universal origins of languages in deep time and the hermeneutics of symbolism. While his views on hermeneutics and religious matters were largely conservative, his original ideas and research on the origin of language earn him a place among pioneers of linguistics. Court de Gébelin presented dictionaries of etymology, what he called a universal grammar, and discourses on the origins of language. His volumes were so popular he republished them separately, as Histoire naturelle de la parole, ou Précis de l'Origine du Langage & de la Grammaire Universelle ("Natural History of Speech, or a Treatise on the Origins of Language and of Universal Grammar"), in Paris, 1776.
With regard to mythology and symbology, he discussed the origins of allegory in antiquity and recreated a history of the calendar from civil, religious, and mythological perspectives.
The tarot
De Gébelin wrote an essay included in his Le Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne ("The Primeval World, Analyzed and Compared to the Modern World"), volume viii, 1781. The chapter on Tarot with which his name is indelibly associated is a single section in his vast compendium that he published in series from 1773, to a distinguished list of subscribers, headed by Louis XVI of France.
It was his immediate perception, the first time he saw the Tarot deck, that it held the secrets of the Egyptians. Writing without the benefit of Champollion's deciphering of the Egyptian language, Court de Gébelin developed a reconstruction of Tarot history, without producing any historical evidence, which was that Egyptian priests had distilled the ancient Book of Thoth into these images. These they brought to Rome, where they were secretly known to the popes, who brought them to Avignon in the 14th century, whence they were introduced into France. An essay by the Comte de Mellet included in Court de Gebelin's Monde primitif is responsible for the mystical connection of the Tarot's 21 trumps and the fool with the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet. An essay appended to this gave suggestions for cartomancy; within two years the fortune-teller known as "Etteilla" published a technique for reading the tarot, and the practice of tarot reading was born.
Notes
^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1914). "Court, Antoine". New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 184. At Google Books.
^ a b Chisholm 1911.
^ Washington, George (15 June 1782). "To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison". Founders Online. National Archives.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
References
Ronald Decker, Thierry Depaulis, Michael Dummett, A Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot 1996
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Court de Gebelin, Antoine". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.
External links
Media related to Antoine Court de Gébelin at Wikimedia Commons
Egyptomania of Antoine Court de Gébelin
James W. Revak, "Biography of Antoine Court de Gébelin"
Short Biography
Du Jeu des Tarots. Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne vol. 8, tom. 1, Paris 1781 (original French)
Du Jeu des Tarots. Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne vol. 8, tom. 1, Paris 1781 (English translation) at the Wayback Machine (archived October 4, 2011)
Scholar cites Antoine Court de Gébelin as an important figure of the "Dark Enlightenment"
vteOccult tarotOccultists
Paul Foster Case
Antoine Court de Gébelin
Aleister Crowley
Gérard Encausse
Etteilla
Manly P. Hall
Lady Frieda Harris
Éliphas Lévi
G. O. Mebes
Mouni Sadhu
Pamela Colman Smith
Valentin Tomberg
Arthur Edward Waite
Oswald Wirth
Major Arcananumbered cards
O The Fool
I The Magician
II The High Priestess
III The Empress
IV The Emperor
V The Hierophant
VI The Lovers
VII The Chariot
VIII (XI) Justice
IX The Hermit
X Wheel of Fortune
XI (VIII) Strength
XII The Hanged Man
XIII Death
XIV Temperance
XV The Devil
XVI The Tower
XVII The Star
XVIII The Moon
XIX The Sun
XX Judgement
XXI The World
Minor Arcanasuit cardsCoins, disks, or pentacles
Ace
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Page
Knight
Queen
King
Wands, rods, staffs, or staves
Ace
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Page
Knight
Queen
King
Cups, goblets, or vessels
Ace
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Page
Knight
Queen
King
Swords or blades
Ace
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Page
Knight
Queen
King
Decks
B.O.T.A.
Marseilles
Motherpeace
Salvador Dali's Tarot
Sola Busca
Swiss 1JJ
Rider–Waite
The Pictorial Key to the Tarot
Thoth Tarot
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SNAC
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He is remembered in connection with the case of Jean Calas, by his work Les Toulousaines, ou lettres historiques et apologétiques en faveur de la religion réformée (Lausanne, 1763).[1]","title":"Antoine Court de Gébelin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoine Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Court"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Les Neuf Sœurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"His father was Antoine Court, a famous religious leader of the Huguenots. Court de Gébelin had been ordained a pastor in 1754 before departing Switzerland and remained openly Protestant, a rational advocate for freedom of conscience in Enlightenment France. In Paris, he was initiated into Freemasonry at the lodge Les Amis Réunis, in 1771, and moved on to the lodge Les Neuf Sœurs where he welcomed Benjamin Franklin as a lodge-brother.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"},{"link_name":"Mesmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer"},{"link_name":"Reverend James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-4"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"occultism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism"},{"link_name":"hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"link_name":"symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"}],"text":"He was a supporter of American Independence who contributed to the massive Affaires de l'Angleterre et de l'Amérique,[2] of the new theories of economics, and of the \"animal magnetism\" of Mesmer.In a letter from the Reverend James Madison to James Madison dated 15 June 1782 he is spoken of with the words, \"Mr. Gibelin of Paris, who is said tho’ to have a very great Reputation.\"[3]He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.[4] In 1783, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.[5]His great project had for its goal to set out to reconstruct the high primeval civilization. Reinterpreting Classical and Renaissance evocation of the Golden Age in mankind's early history, Court de Gébelin asserted that the primitive worldwide civilization had been advanced and enlightened. He is the intellectual grandfather of much of modern occultism. His centers of focus are the familiar ones of universal origins of languages in deep time and the hermeneutics of symbolism. While his views on hermeneutics and religious matters were largely conservative, his original ideas and research on the origin of language earn him a place among pioneers of linguistics. Court de Gébelin presented dictionaries of etymology, what he called a universal grammar, and discourses on the origins of language. His volumes were so popular he republished them separately, as Histoire naturelle de la parole, ou Précis de l'Origine du Langage & de la Grammaire Universelle (\"Natural History of Speech, or a Treatise on the Origins of Language and of Universal Grammar\"), in Paris, 1776.With regard to mythology and symbology, he discussed the origins of allegory in antiquity and recreated a history of the calendar from civil, religious, and mythological perspectives.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Champollion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champollion"},{"link_name":"cartomancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartomancy"},{"link_name":"Etteilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etteilla"},{"link_name":"tarot reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_reading"}],"text":"De Gébelin wrote an essay included in his Le Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne (\"The Primeval World, Analyzed and Compared to the Modern World\"), volume viii, 1781. The chapter on Tarot with which his name is indelibly associated is a single section in his vast compendium that he published in series from 1773, to a distinguished list of subscribers, headed by Louis XVI of France.[citation needed]It was his immediate perception, the first time he saw the Tarot deck, that it held the secrets of the Egyptians. Writing without the benefit of Champollion's deciphering of the Egyptian language, Court de Gébelin developed a reconstruction of Tarot history, without producing any historical evidence, which was that Egyptian priests had distilled the ancient Book of Thoth into these images. These they brought to Rome, where they were secretly known to the popes, who brought them to Avignon in the 14th century, whence they were introduced into France. An essay by the Comte de Mellet included in Court de Gebelin's Monde primitif is responsible for the mystical connection of the Tarot's 21 trumps and the fool with the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet. An essay appended to this gave suggestions for cartomancy; within two years the fortune-teller known as \"Etteilla\" published a technique for reading the tarot, and the practice of tarot reading was born.","title":"The tarot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NIE_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NIE_1-1"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Gilman, D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman"},{"link_name":"\"Court, Antoine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6hUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false"},{"link_name":"New International Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-04-02-0154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AAAS_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterC.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"APS Member History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=antoine+court+&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced"}],"text":"^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1914). \"Court, Antoine\". New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 184. At Google Books.\n\n^ a b Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ Washington, George (15 June 1782). \"To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison\". Founders Online. National Archives.\n\n^ \"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.\n\n^ \"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-08.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Antoine Court de Gébelin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/AntoineCourtdeGebelin.jpg/220px-AntoineCourtdeGebelin.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1914). \"Court, Antoine\". New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6hUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"\"Court, Antoine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Washington, George (15 June 1782). \"To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison\". Founders Online. National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-04-02-0154","url_text":"\"To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterC.pdf","url_text":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=antoine+court+&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Court de Gebelin, Antoine\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Court_de_Gebelin,_Antoine","url_text":"Court de Gebelin, Antoine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Antoine+Court+de+G%C3%A9belin%22","external_links_name":"\"Antoine Court de Gébelin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Antoine+Court+de+G%C3%A9belin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Antoine+Court+de+G%C3%A9belin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Antoine+Court+de+G%C3%A9belin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Antoine+Court+de+G%C3%A9belin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Antoine+Court+de+G%C3%A9belin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6hUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"\"Court, Antoine\""},{"Link":"https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-04-02-0154","external_links_name":"\"To James Madison from the Reverend James Madison\""},{"Link":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\""},{"Link":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=antoine+court+&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","external_links_name":"\"APS Member History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004232937/http://www.donaldtyson.com/gebelin.html","external_links_name":"Egyptomania of Antoine Court de Gébelin"},{"Link":"http://www.villarevak.org/bio/gebelin_1.html","external_links_name":"James W. Revak, \"Biography of Antoine Court de Gébelin\""},{"Link":"http://autorbis.net/tarot/biography/tarot-history-researchers/court-de-gebelin.html","external_links_name":"Short Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.tarock.info/gebelin.htm","external_links_name":"Du Jeu des Tarots. Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne vol. 8, tom. 1, Paris 1781 (original French)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004232937/http://www.donaldtyson.com/gebelin.html","external_links_name":"Du Jeu des Tarots. Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne vol. 8, tom. 1, Paris 1781 (English translation)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613202026/http://humanexperience.stanford.edu/supere","external_links_name":"Scholar cites Antoine Court de Gébelin as an important figure of the \"Dark Enlightenment\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174642/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118766811","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/59080775","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4967147484291249360004","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvvQVcJWxXvMbRX68kyHP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118979670","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118979670","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518256106706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117701157","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260103005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14036191","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86822839","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20061110018&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35911620","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record144214","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p124173543","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681760105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/687309","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/80041","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07327144?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117701157.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1142528","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d23p4f","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026802856","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemstitch | Hemstitch | ["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"] | Hemstitched handkerchief.
Ladder Hemstitch
Hemstitch or hem-stitch is a decorative drawn thread work or openwork hand-sewing technique for embellishing the hem of clothing or household linens. Unlike an ordinary hem, hemstitching can employ embroidery thread in a contrasting color so as to be noticeable.
In hemstitching, one or more threads are drawn out of the fabric parallel and next to the turned hem, and stitches bundle the remaining threads in a variety of decorative patterns while securing the hem in place. Multiple rows of drawn thread work may be used.
Hand hemstitching can be imitated by a hemstitching machine which has a piercer that pierces holes into the fabric and two separate needles that sew the hole open. There are also hemstitcher attachments for home sewing machines, and simple decorative stitches can be used over drawn threads to suggest hand-hemstitching.
Notes
^ Dillmont (1884), p. 24
^ Reader's Digest (1992), pp. 78–83
^ Reader's Digest (1992), p. 101
References
Dillmont, Thérèse de (1884). Encyclopedia of Needlework.
Reader's Digest (1992). Complete Guide to Needlework. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ISBN 0-89577-059-8.
External links
Media related to hemstitch at Wikimedia Commons
vteSewingTechniques
Basting
Cut
Darning
Ease
Embellishment
Fabric tube turning
Floating canvas
Gather
Godet
Gore (fabrics)
Gusset
Heirloom sewing
Pleat
Shirring
Stitches(list)
Backstitch
Bar tack
Blanket
Blind stitch
Buttonhole
Catch stitch
Chain stitch
Coverstitch
Cross-stitch
Embroidery stitch
Hemstitch
Lockstitch
Overlock
Pad stitch
Pick stitch
Rantering
Running
Sashiko
Stoating
Tack
Topstitch
Zigzag
Seams
Neckline
Felled seam
Seam allowance
Style line
NotionsTrim
Bias tape
Collar stay
Elastic
Galloon
Grommet/eyelet
Interfacing
Passementerie
Piping
Ruffle
Rickrack
Self-fabric
Soutache
Twill tape
Wrights
Closures
Buckle
Button
Buttonhole
Frog
Hook-and-eye
Hook-and-loop fastener
Shank
Snap
Zipper
Materials
Grain/bias
Selvage
Textile/fabric
Thread
Yarn
Tools
Bobbin
Dress form
Needlecase
Needle threader
Pattern notcher
Pin
Pincushion
Pinking shears
Scissors
Seam ripper
Sewing gauge
Sewing needle
Stitching awl
Tailor's ham
Tape measure
Thimble
Tracing paper
Tracing wheel
TradesSuppliers
Cloth merchant
Draper
Dressmaker
Haberdasher
Mercer
Silkwoman
Tailor
ManufacturersPatterns
Butterick
Burda
Clothkits
McCall's
Simplicity
Machines(list)
Barthélemy Thimonnier
Bernina
Brother
Elias Howe
Elna
Feiyue
Frister & Rossmann
Janome
Jones
Juki
Merrow
New Home
Pfaff
Sewmor
Singer
Tape edge machine
Viking/Husqvarna
White
Media related to Sewing at Wikimedia Commons
Clothing portal
Glossary of terms | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fig._57_Ladder_Hem-stitch.png"},{"link_name":"drawn thread work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawn_thread_work"},{"link_name":"openwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openwork"},{"link_name":"sewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing"},{"link_name":"hem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"linens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linens"},{"link_name":"embroidery thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery_thread"},{"link_name":"stitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RD78-2"},{"link_name":"sewing machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_machine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RD101-3"}],"text":"Ladder HemstitchHemstitch or hem-stitch is a decorative drawn thread work or openwork hand-sewing technique for embellishing the hem of clothing or household linens. Unlike an ordinary hem, hemstitching can employ embroidery thread in a contrasting color so as to be noticeable.In hemstitching, one or more threads are drawn out of the fabric parallel and next to the turned hem, and stitches bundle the remaining threads in a variety of decorative patterns while securing the hem in place. Multiple rows of drawn thread work may be used.[1][2]Hand hemstitching can be imitated by a hemstitching machine which has a piercer that pierces holes into the fabric and two separate needles that sew the hole open. There are also hemstitcher attachments for home sewing machines, and simple decorative stitches can be used over drawn threads to suggest hand-hemstitching.[3]","title":"Hemstitch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RD78_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RD101_3-0"}],"text":"^ Dillmont (1884), p. 24\n\n^ Reader's Digest (1992), pp. 78–83\n\n^ Reader's Digest (1992), p. 101","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Hemstitched handkerchief.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hemstitch.jpg/250px-Hemstitch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ladder Hemstitch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fig._57_Ladder_Hem-stitch.png/250px-Fig._57_Ladder_Hem-stitch.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dillmont, Thérèse de (1884). Encyclopedia of Needlework.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20776","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Needlework"}]},{"reference":"Reader's Digest (1992). Complete Guide to Needlework. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ISBN 0-89577-059-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readersdigestcom00colt","url_text":"Complete Guide to Needlework"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89577-059-8","url_text":"0-89577-059-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20776","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Needlework"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readersdigestcom00colt","external_links_name":"Complete Guide to Needlework"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_South_Korea | List of airlines of South Korea | ["1 Scheduled airlines","2 Cargo airlines","3 See also","4 References"] | This is a list of airlines currently operating in South Korea.
Scheduled airlines
Airline
Image
ICAO
IATA
Callsign
Base
Commenced operations
Alliance
Notes
Aero K
EOK
RF
AEROHANGUK
Cheongju International Airport
2021
None
Air Busan
ABL
BX
AIR BUSAN
Gimhae International Airport
2008
None
Asiana Airlines subsidiary
Air Premia
APZ
YP
AIRPREMIA
Incheon International Airport
2021
None
Air Seoul
ASV
RS
AIR SEOUL
Incheon International Airport
2016
None
Asiana Airlines subsidiary
Asiana Airlines
AAR
OZ
ASIANA
Gimpo International AirportIncheon International Airport
1988
Star Alliance
Eastar Jet
ESR
ZE
EASTARJET
Gimpo International Airport
2009
U-FLY Alliance
Jeju Air
JJA
7C
JEJU AIR
Jeju International Airport Incheon International Airport
2005
Value Alliance
Founding member of Value Alliance
Jin Air
JNA
LJ
JIN AIR
Gimpo International Airport Incheon International Airport
2008
None
Korean Air subsidiary
Korean Air
KAL
KE
KOREANAIR
Gimpo International AirportIncheon International Airport
1969
SkyTeam
Founding member of SkyTeam
T'way Air
TWB
TW
TEEWAY
Gimpo International Airport
2004
None
Former Hansung Air
Cargo airlines
Airline
Image
ICAO
IATA
Callsign
Base
Commencedoperations
Alliance
Notes
Air Incheon
AIH
KJ
AIR INCHEON
Incheon International Airport
2013
None
Asiana Airlines Cargo
AAR
OZ
ASIANA
Gimpo International AirportIncheon International Airport
1988
None
Korean Air Cargo
KAL
KE
KOREANAIR
Gimpo International AirportIncheon International Airport
1962
SkyTeam Cargo
Founding member of SkyTeam Cargo
See also
List of defunct airlines of South Korea
List of airports in South Korea
List of busiest airports in South Korea by passenger traffic
List of airlines
References
^ "Aero K Airline Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Aero K Fleet Details and History". Planespotters. Planespotters. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ Chua, Alfred (15 April 2021). "South Korea's Aero K launches operations". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Air Premia Airline Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com.
vteAirlines of South KoreaMajor carriers
Asiana Airlines
Korean Air
Hybrid carriers
Air Premia
Low cost carriers
Aero K
Air Busan (AAR)
Air Seoul (AAR)
Eastar Jet
Jeju Air
Jin Air (KAL)
T'way Air
Cargo airlines
Air Incheon
Asiana Cargo
Korean Air Cargo
Defunct airlines
Air Philip
Air Pohang
East Asia Airline
Fly Gangwon
Hi Air
Incheon Tiger Airways
Korea Express Air
Korean National Airlines
Yeongnam Air
List of airline holding companies
vteLists of airlinesBy airline codes
All
0-9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
By continent
Africa
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See also
List of airline holding companies
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List of charter airlines
List of defunct airlines
List of government-owned airlines
List of low-cost airlines
List of passenger airlines
List of regional airlines
vteList of airlines of Asia Sovereign states
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Category
Asia portal | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of airlines of South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scheduled airlines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cargo airlines"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of defunct airlines of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_South_Korea"},{"title":"List of airports in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_South_Korea"},{"title":"List of busiest airports in South Korea by passenger traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_in_South_Korea_by_passenger_traffic"},{"title":"List of airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines"}] | [{"reference":"\"Aero K Airline Profile | CAPA\". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/aero-k-rf","url_text":"\"Aero K Airline Profile | CAPA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aero K Fleet Details and History\". Planespotters. Planespotters. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Aero-K","url_text":"\"Aero K Fleet Details and History\""}]},{"reference":"Chua, Alfred (15 April 2021). \"South Korea's Aero K launches operations\". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/south-koreas-aero-k-launches-operations/143296.article","url_text":"\"South Korea's Aero K launches operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Premia Airline Profile | CAPA\". centreforaviation.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/air-premia-yp","url_text":"\"Air Premia Airline Profile | CAPA\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/aero-k-rf","external_links_name":"\"Aero K Airline Profile | CAPA\""},{"Link":"https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Aero-K","external_links_name":"\"Aero K Fleet Details and History\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/south-koreas-aero-k-launches-operations/143296.article","external_links_name":"\"South Korea's Aero K launches operations\""},{"Link":"https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/air-premia-yp","external_links_name":"\"Air Premia Airline Profile | CAPA\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Hughes_Memorial_Library | Robert M. Hughes Memorial Library | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°53′14.5″N 76°18′13.6″W / 37.887361°N 76.303778°W / 37.887361; -76.30377837°53′14.5″N 76°18′13.6″W / 37.887361°N 76.303778°W / 37.887361; -76.303778
Hughes Hall, the former Robert M. Hughes Memorial Library, is a notable building on the Old Dominion University campus in Norfolk, Virginia, designed by Edward Durell Stone in 1959. When the building was dedicated, it was the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary. In the book Architecture in Virginia, published by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, author William B. O'Neal writes that the building, completely encased in a solar block screen, has a glass interior. While it has practical energy saving benefits, O'Neal says the blocks give "a beautiful unity and a repose not always found in libraries today."
The building was named for Virginia lawyer Robert M. Hughes, who helped establish the Norfolk division of William & Mary in 1930 along with J. A. C. Chandler, Joseph Healy and Albert Foreman It was dedicated with speech on "The Place of the College Library" by historian Louis B. Wright, editor of the colonial diaries of William Byrd II of Westover.
It sits at the corner of Hampton Boulevard and 49th Street in Norfolk. Today it holds many of ODU's Computer Science faculty offices.
Beginning in 2009, the building – which had been renamed to Dragas Hall – was extensively renovated to unify the architectural character of Kaufmann Mall, bring the building into compliance with requirements of the Americans With Disabilities Act, and upgrade the interior for modern technological needs. This resulted in a complete reconfiguration of the building, including the removal of the solar screen, alteration of the roof line, and the addition of a rounded glass atrium. The building now looks significantly different. The new two-story glass atrium was dedicated as the Hughes Atrium in remembrance of Robert M. Hughes for whom the building was originally named.
References
Notes
^ "March 12, 1990". www.odu.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-09-07.
^ "Department of Computer Science".
External links
ODU Map
Hughes Papers and Biography
vteOld Dominion UniversityLocated in: Norfolk, VirginiaAcademics
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"37°53′14.5″N 76°18′13.6″W / 37.887361°N 76.303778°W / 37.887361; -76.303778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Robert_M._Hughes_Memorial_Library¶ms=37_53_14.5_N_76_18_13.6_W_"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Edward Durell Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Durell_Stone"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Virginia Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"William B. O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_B._O%27Neal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Womack | Floyd Womack | ["1 References"] | American football player (born 1978)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Floyd Womack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American football player
Floyd WomackWomack on November 2, 2008No. 77, 78Position:GuardPersonal informationBorn: (1978-11-15) November 15, 1978 (age 45)Cleveland, Mississippi, U.S.Height:6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Weight:330 lb (150 kg)Career informationHigh school:Cleveland (MS) East SideCollege:Mississippi StateNFL draft:2001 / Round: 4 / Pick: 128Career history
Seattle Seahawks (2001–2008)
Cleveland Browns (2009–2010)
Arizona Cardinals (2011)
Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-American (2000)
First-team All-SEC (2000)
Career NFL statisticsGames played:119Games started:71Kick return yards:11Player stats at PFR
Floyd "Pork Chop" Seneca Womack (born November 15, 1978) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at Mississippi State.
He also played for the Cleveland Browns. Womack has played both right tackle and right guard in his career and saw time at both during the Browns' 2009 season.
References
^ "2001 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
^ "Floyd Womack Stats | ESPN".
vteSeattle Seahawks 2001 NFL draft selections
Koren Robinson
Steve Hutchinson
Ken Lucas
Heath Evans
Orlando Huff
Curtis Fuller
Floyd Womack
Alex Bannister
Josh Booty
Harold Blackmon
Dennis Norman
Kris Kocurek
This biographical article relating to an American football player, coach, or other figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"2001 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"American football playerFloyd \"Pork Chop\" Seneca Womack (born November 15, 1978) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft.[1] He played college football at Mississippi State.He also played for the Cleveland Browns.[2] Womack has played both right tackle and right guard in his career and saw time at both during the Browns' 2009 season.","title":"Floyd Womack"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2001 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2001/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2001 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Floyd Womack Stats | ESPN\".","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?playerId=2677","url_text":"\"Floyd Womack Stats | ESPN\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Floyd+Womack%22","external_links_name":"\"Floyd Womack\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Floyd+Womack%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Floyd+Womack%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Floyd+Womack%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Floyd+Womack%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Floyd+Womack%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WomaFl20.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2001/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"2001 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?playerId=2677","external_links_name":"\"Floyd Womack Stats | ESPN\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floyd_Womack&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_court-martial | Summary (law) | ["1 See also","2 Notes"] | Summary, in law, forms many compounds as an adjective meaning "short, concise":
Summary abatement, the abatement of a nuisance without judicial proceeding, even without notice or hearing, often by a destruction of the offending thing or structure. 39 Am J1st Nuis § 183 et seq.
Summary contempt proceeding, a proceeding to adjudicate contempt in the immediate presence of the court, without pleading, affidavit, or formal charges—albeit the accused may be entitled to a hearing or at least opportunity to make an explanation of his conduct under oath. 17 Am J2d Contpt §§ 86–88.
Summary conviction, convicting an accused without giving him the benefit of a jury trial and/or indictment.
Summary court-martial, the lowest in the rank of courts-martial, conducted before one commissioned officer, limited in jurisdiction to offenses of a minor or petty nature of which enlisted men, not commissioned officers, stand accused.
Summary dismissal, a dismissal of a civil service employee without giving him opportunity to defend himself or a hearing of any kind. Anno: 131 ALR 396.
Summary forfeiture, a forfeiture to the state of property without giving the owner opportunity to be heard. Anno: 17 ALR 574.
Summary execution, an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and then immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial.
Summary judgment
A judgment in a summary proceeding, as one rendered pursuant to statute against the sureties on a bond furnished in an action. 50 Am J1st Suret § 209. A judgment in certain actions specified in the statute providing the remedy, rendered upon plaintiff's motion, usually with supporting affidavits, upon the failure of the defendant to controvert the motion by filing an affidavit of defense or his failure to file an affidavit of defense or affidavit of merits sufficient to show the existence of a genuine issue of fact. 41 Am J1st Pl § 340.
A motion for summary judgment is not a trial; on the contrary it assumes that scrutiny of the facts will disclose that the issues presented by the pleadings need not be tried because they are so patently insubstantial as not to be genuine issues at all. Consequently, as soon as it appears upon such a motion that there is really something to "try," the judge must at once deny it and let the cause take its course in the usual way. Cohen v Eleven West 42nd Street (CA2 NY) 115 F2d 531.
Summary jurisdiction, a jurisdiction exercised by summary proceedings, as in a bankruptcy court. 9 Am J2d Bankr § 68.
Summary jury trial, an alternative dispute resolution technique, increasingly being used in civil disputes in the United States
Summary offence, a crime in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded against summarily, without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment. Typically minor or petty offenses.
Summary order, a decision without an opinion explaining the decision.
Summary possessory proceeding (summary process), a proceeding, summary in character, to which a landlord may resort for the recovery or possession of leased premises when he becomes entitled to possession. 32 Am J1st L & T § 1016.
Summary proceeding.
A proceeding by which a controversy is settled, case disposed of, or trial conducted in a prompt, simple manner without the aid of a jury and without observance of requirements which prevail in a plenary action in reference to commencement of action, service of papers, etc. Western & A. R. Co. v Atlanta, 113 Ga 537, 38 SE 996. A proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court upon petition and answer at a day set for hearing upon notice or order to show cause against the relief proposed. 9 Am J2d Bankr § 69. A proceeding before an administrative body, requiring notice and hearing, but not requiring a full compliance with the rules governing trials of civil actions. Emerson v Hughes, 117 Vt 270, 90 A2d 910, 34 ALR2d 539.
Summary proceedings are not conducted without proper investigation of the facts, or without notice, or an opportunity to be heard by the person alleged to have committed the acts, or whose property is sought to be affected. The term summary proceedings is also applied to proceedings which are taken lawfully, but without resort to the courts, such as the physical abatement of a nuisance, or the recaption of goods. Western & Atlantic Railroad Co. v Atlanta, 113 Ga 537, 38 SE 996.
Summary trial, a trial of a person on a criminal charge, without a jury. A trial in a summary proceeding.
See also
Closing argument
List of legal terms
Notes | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summary conviction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_conviction"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"Summary dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_dismissal"},{"link_name":"Summary execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution"},{"link_name":"Summary judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_judgment"},{"link_name":"Summary jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Summary jury trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_jury_trial"},{"link_name":"dispute resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution"},{"link_name":"Summary offence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_offence"},{"link_name":"Summary order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_order"},{"link_name":"Summary possessory proceeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_possessory_proceeding"},{"link_name":"summary process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eviction"}],"text":"Summary abatement, the abatement of a nuisance without judicial proceeding, even without notice or hearing, often by a destruction of the offending thing or structure. 39 Am J1st Nuis § 183 et seq.\nSummary contempt proceeding, a proceeding to adjudicate contempt in the immediate presence of the court, without pleading, affidavit, or formal charges—albeit the accused may be entitled to a hearing or at least opportunity to make an explanation of his conduct under oath. 17 Am J2d Contpt §§ 86–88.\nSummary conviction, convicting an accused without giving him the benefit of a jury trial and/or indictment.\nSummary court-martial, the lowest in the rank of courts-martial, conducted before one commissioned officer, limited in jurisdiction to offenses of a minor or petty nature of which enlisted men, not commissioned officers, stand accused.\nSummary dismissal, a dismissal of a civil service employee without giving him opportunity to defend himself or a hearing of any kind. Anno: 131 ALR 396.\nSummary forfeiture, a forfeiture to the state of property without giving the owner opportunity to be heard. Anno: 17 ALR 574.\nSummary execution, an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and then immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial.\nSummary judgment\nA judgment in a summary proceeding, as one rendered pursuant to statute against the sureties on a bond furnished in an action. 50 Am J1st Suret § 209. A judgment in certain actions specified in the statute providing the remedy, rendered upon plaintiff's motion, usually with supporting affidavits, upon the failure of the defendant to controvert the motion by filing an affidavit of defense or his failure to file an affidavit of defense or affidavit of merits sufficient to show the existence of a genuine issue of fact. 41 Am J1st Pl § 340.\nA motion for summary judgment is not a trial; on the contrary it assumes that scrutiny of the facts will disclose that the issues presented by the pleadings need not be tried because they are so patently insubstantial as not to be genuine issues at all. Consequently, as soon as it appears upon such a motion that there is really something to \"try,\" the judge must at once deny it and let the cause take its course in the usual way. Cohen v Eleven West 42nd Street (CA2 NY) 115 F2d 531.\nSummary jurisdiction, a jurisdiction exercised by summary proceedings, as in a bankruptcy court. 9 Am J2d Bankr § 68.\nSummary jury trial, an alternative dispute resolution technique, increasingly being used in civil disputes in the United States\nSummary offence, a crime in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded against summarily, without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment. Typically minor or petty offenses.\nSummary order, a decision without an opinion explaining the decision.\nSummary possessory proceeding (summary process), a proceeding, summary in character, to which a landlord may resort for the recovery or possession of leased premises when he becomes entitled to possession. 32 Am J1st L & T § 1016.\nSummary proceeding.\nA proceeding by which a controversy is settled, case disposed of, or trial conducted in a prompt, simple manner without the aid of a jury and without observance of requirements which prevail in a plenary action in reference to commencement of action, service of papers, etc. Western & A. R. Co. v Atlanta, 113 Ga 537, 38 SE 996. A proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court upon petition and answer at a day set for hearing upon notice or order to show cause against the relief proposed. 9 Am J2d Bankr § 69. A proceeding before an administrative body, requiring notice and hearing, but not requiring a full compliance with the rules governing trials of civil actions. Emerson v Hughes, 117 Vt 270, 90 A2d 910, 34 ALR2d 539.\nSummary proceedings are not conducted without proper investigation of the facts, or without notice, or an opportunity to be heard by the person alleged to have committed the acts, or whose property is sought to be affected. The term summary proceedings is also applied to proceedings which are taken lawfully, but without resort to the courts, such as the physical abatement of a nuisance, or the recaption of goods. Western & Atlantic Railroad Co. v Atlanta, 113 Ga 537, 38 SE 996.\nSummary trial, a trial of a person on a criminal charge, without a jury. A trial in a summary proceeding.","title":"Summary (law)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Closing argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing_argument"},{"title":"List of legal terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legal_terms"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingtian | Qingtian County | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 Climate","3 Transportation","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 28°8′3″N 120°17′27″E / 28.13417°N 120.29083°E / 28.13417; 120.29083 28°07′23″N 120°16′59″E / 28.123°N 120.283°E / 28.123; 120.283County in Zhejiang, People's Republic of ChinaQingtian
青田县TsingtienCountyHecheng (seat of Qingtian), from the north-west, in 2011Nickname: Little Europe (小欧洲)QingtianLocation of the seat in ZhejiangCoordinates: 28°8′3″N 120°17′27″E / 28.13417°N 120.29083°E / 28.13417; 120.29083 28°07′23″N 120°16′59″E / 28.123°N 120.283°E / 28.123; 120.283CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceZhejiangPrefecture-level cityLishuiArea • County2,493 km2 (963 sq mi)Population (2022) • County568,800 • Urban168,500Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code323900Area code0578Websitehttps://www.qingtian.gov.cn/
Qingtian (Chinese: 青田; pinyin: Qīngtián; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing-t'ien; lit. 'azure field'), is a county in southeastern Zhejiang province. It is split in two by the Ou River, which flows 388 kilometers before finally reaching the city of Wenzhou and emptying into the East China Sea. Around 80% of all the Chinese people living in Spain come from this small area. The county is known from 711 AD, and it was named for its rich rice paddy fields. It has subtropical monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), and an annual rainfall of 1,747 mm (68.8 in). It has a hilly territory with many ravines. Its capital is Hecheng, also known as Qingtian City. The inhabitants speak Wenzhounese and Qingtianese, both Wu dialects.
The area is well known by its traditional stonecarving industry, that has been defined as "embroidery on stone" since the Northern and Southern dynasties period at least.
Administrative divisions
Towns:
Hecheng (鹤城镇), Wenxi (温溪镇), Dongyuan (东源镇), Chuanliao (船寮镇), Beishan (北山镇), Shankou (山口镇), Haikou (海口镇), Gaohu (高湖镇), Lakou (腊口镇), Renzhuang (仁庄镇)
Townships:
Zhangcun Township (章村乡), Shuqiao Township (舒桥乡), Gui'ao Township (贵岙乡), Shixi Township (石溪乡), Zhenbu Township (祯埠乡), Zhenwang Township (祯旺乡), Wanshan Township (万山乡), Huangyang Township (黄垟乡), Jizhai Township (季宅乡), Haixi Township (海溪乡), Gaoshi Township (高市乡), Jupu Township (巨浦乡), Wanfu Township (万阜乡), Tangyang Township (汤垟乡), Fangshan Township (方山乡), Wukeng Township (吴坑乡), Renguan Township (仁宫乡), Zhangdan Township (章旦乡), Fushan Township (阜山乡), Linggen Township (岭根乡), Xiaozhoushan Township (小舟山乡)
Climate
Climate data for Qingtian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
26.7(80.1)
30.6(87.1)
32.5(90.5)
35.3(95.5)
39.3(102.7)
39.4(102.9)
41.9(107.4)
40.6(105.1)
40.1(104.2)
36.7(98.1)
31.7(89.1)
26.4(79.5)
41.9(107.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
12.8(55.0)
14.9(58.8)
18.2(64.8)
23.6(74.5)
27.7(81.9)
30.5(86.9)
34.4(93.9)
33.9(93.0)
30.3(86.5)
26.0(78.8)
20.7(69.3)
15.3(59.5)
24.0(75.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
8.3(46.9)
9.9(49.8)
13.0(55.4)
18.1(64.6)
22.5(72.5)
25.7(78.3)
29.0(84.2)
28.6(83.5)
25.6(78.1)
20.9(69.6)
15.8(60.4)
10.3(50.5)
19.0(66.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
5.3(41.5)
6.6(43.9)
9.6(49.3)
14.3(57.7)
19.0(66.2)
22.6(72.7)
25.4(77.7)
25.2(77.4)
22.3(72.1)
17.3(63.1)
12.5(54.5)
6.9(44.4)
15.6(60.0)
Record low °C (°F)
−3.7(25.3)
−3.7(25.3)
−2.7(27.1)
3.4(38.1)
10.2(50.4)
13.3(55.9)
19.1(66.4)
19.9(67.8)
14.1(57.4)
6.5(43.7)
0.6(33.1)
−4.1(24.6)
−4.1(24.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
56.9(2.24)
76.2(3.00)
142.5(5.61)
142.4(5.61)
167.7(6.60)
283.7(11.17)
207.2(8.16)
266.4(10.49)
185.8(7.31)
81.6(3.21)
65.8(2.59)
53.6(2.11)
1,729.8(68.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
11.8
12.4
16.6
16.2
17.0
19.0
14.5
16.5
12.9
7.9
9.9
9.3
164
Average snowy days
1.5
1.4
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
3.7
Average relative humidity (%)
71
73
74
74
76
80
76
76
75
71
74
70
74
Mean monthly sunshine hours
97.2
97.1
107.4
128.7
132.7
116.8
203.4
189.5
152.3
156.7
115.1
118.6
1,615.5
Percent possible sunshine
30
31
29
33
32
28
48
47
42
44
36
37
36
Source: China Meteorological Administration
Transportation
Qingtian is served by the Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway.
Notable people
Chen Cheng, National Revolutionary Army commander, Vice President and Premier of Taiwan
Chen Li-an, electrical engineer, mathematician and Taiwanese politician
Chen Muhua, Communist revolutionary and People's Republic of China politician
Xia Chao, civil governor of Zhejiang 1924–1926
Zhang Naiqi, People's Republic of China politician
Shifuku Oh (Wang Shifu), chef, father of Japanese baseball player Sadaharu Oh
See also
Qingtian dialect
References
^ ""Embroidery on stone": Qingtian stone carving in east China". Xinhuanet. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ "Qingtian Stone Carving". chinaculture.org. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ "丽水市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
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This Zhejiang province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"28°07′23″N 120°16′59″E / 28.123°N 120.283°E / 28.123; 120.283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qingtian_County¶ms=28.123_N_120.283_E_source:kolossus-dewiki"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Ou River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_River_(Zhejiang)"},{"link_name":"Wenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou"},{"link_name":"Wenzhounese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhounese"},{"link_name":"Qingtianese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingtian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese"},{"link_name":"stonecarving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonecarving"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stone1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stone2-2"}],"text":"28°07′23″N 120°16′59″E / 28.123°N 120.283°E / 28.123; 120.283County in Zhejiang, People's Republic of ChinaQingtian (Chinese: 青田; pinyin: Qīngtián; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing-t'ien; lit. 'azure field'), is a county in southeastern Zhejiang province. It is split in two by the Ou River, which flows 388 kilometers before finally reaching the city of Wenzhou and emptying into the East China Sea. Around 80% of all the Chinese people living in Spain come from this small area. The county is known from 711 AD, and it was named for its rich rice paddy fields. It has subtropical monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), and an annual rainfall of 1,747 mm (68.8 in). It has a hilly territory with many ravines. Its capital is Hecheng, also known as Qingtian City. The inhabitants speak Wenzhounese and Qingtianese, both Wu dialects.\nThe area is well known by its traditional stonecarving industry, that has been defined as \"embroidery on stone\" since the Northern and Southern dynasties period at least.[1][2]","title":"Qingtian County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hecheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hecheng,_Zhejiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wenxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wenxi,_Zhejiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dongyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dongyuan,_Zhejiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chuanliao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuanliao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beishan,_Qingtian_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shankou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shankou,_Zhejiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haikou,_Zhejiang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaohu,_Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Lakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renzhuang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhangcun Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhangcun_Township,_Qingtian_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shuqiao Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuqiao_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gui'ao Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gui%27ao_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shixi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shixi_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhenbu Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhenbu_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhenwang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhenwang_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wanshan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huangyang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huangyang_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jizhai Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jizhai_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haixi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haixi_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaoshi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaoshi_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jupu Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupu_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wanfu Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wanfu_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tangyang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangyang_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fangshan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fangshan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wukeng Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wukeng_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renguan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renguan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhangdan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhangdan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fushan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fushan_Township,_Qingtian_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linggen Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linggen_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiaozhoushan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaozhoushan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Towns:[3]Hecheng (鹤城镇), Wenxi (温溪镇), Dongyuan (东源镇), Chuanliao (船寮镇), Beishan (北山镇), Shankou (山口镇), Haikou (海口镇), Gaohu (高湖镇), Lakou (腊口镇), Renzhuang (仁庄镇)Townships:Zhangcun Township (章村乡), Shuqiao Township (舒桥乡), Gui'ao Township (贵岙乡), Shixi Township (石溪乡), Zhenbu Township (祯埠乡), Zhenwang Township (祯旺乡), Wanshan Township (万山乡), Huangyang Township (黄垟乡), Jizhai Township (季宅乡), Haixi Township (海溪乡), Gaoshi Township (高市乡), Jupu Township (巨浦乡), Wanfu Township (万阜乡), Tangyang Township (汤垟乡), Fangshan Township (方山乡), Wukeng Township (吴坑乡), Renguan Township (仁宫乡), Zhangdan Township (章旦乡), Fushan Township (阜山乡), Linggen Township (岭根乡), Xiaozhoushan Township (小舟山乡)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Climate data for Qingtian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n39.3(102.7)\n\n39.4(102.9)\n\n41.9(107.4)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n41.9(107.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n34.4(93.9)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n15.6(60.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n−4.1(24.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n56.9(2.24)\n\n76.2(3.00)\n\n142.5(5.61)\n\n142.4(5.61)\n\n167.7(6.60)\n\n283.7(11.17)\n\n207.2(8.16)\n\n266.4(10.49)\n\n185.8(7.31)\n\n81.6(3.21)\n\n65.8(2.59)\n\n53.6(2.11)\n\n1,729.8(68.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n11.8\n\n12.4\n\n16.6\n\n16.2\n\n17.0\n\n19.0\n\n14.5\n\n16.5\n\n12.9\n\n7.9\n\n9.9\n\n9.3\n\n164\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n1.5\n\n1.4\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.6\n\n3.7\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n71\n\n73\n\n74\n\n74\n\n76\n\n80\n\n76\n\n76\n\n75\n\n71\n\n74\n\n70\n\n74\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n97.2\n\n97.1\n\n107.4\n\n128.7\n\n132.7\n\n116.8\n\n203.4\n\n189.5\n\n152.3\n\n156.7\n\n115.1\n\n118.6\n\n1,615.5\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n30\n\n31\n\n29\n\n33\n\n32\n\n28\n\n48\n\n47\n\n42\n\n44\n\n36\n\n37\n\n36\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[4][5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinhua%E2%80%93Wenzhou_high-speed_railway"}],"text":"Qingtian is served by the Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chen Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Cheng"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chen Li-an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Li-an"},{"link_name":"Chen Muhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Muhua"},{"link_name":"Xia Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Chao"},{"link_name":"Zhang Naiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Naiqi"},{"link_name":"Sadaharu Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaharu_Oh"}],"text":"Chen Cheng, National Revolutionary Army commander, Vice President and Premier of Taiwan\nChen Li-an, electrical engineer, mathematician and Taiwanese politician\nChen Muhua, Communist revolutionary and People's Republic of China politician\nXia Chao, civil governor of Zhejiang 1924–1926\nZhang Naiqi, People's Republic of China politician\nShifuku Oh (Wang Shifu), chef, father of Japanese baseball player Sadaharu Oh","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | [{"title":"Qingtian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingtian_dialect"}] | [{"reference":"\"\"Embroidery on stone\": Qingtian stone carving in east China\". Xinhuanet. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-11/21/c_139532845.htm","url_text":"\"\"Embroidery on stone\": Qingtian stone carving in east China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency","url_text":"Xinhuanet"}]},{"reference":"\"Qingtian Stone Carving\". chinaculture.org. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/22/content_38089.htm","url_text":"\"Qingtian Stone Carving\""}]},{"reference":"\"丽水市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org\" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/130.html","url_text":"\"丽水市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org\""}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qingtian_County¶ms=28_8_3_N_120_17_27_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-33","external_links_name":"28°8′3″N 120°17′27″E / 28.13417°N 120.29083°E / 28.13417; 120.29083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qingtian_County¶ms=28.123_N_120.283_E_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"28°07′23″N 120°16′59″E / 28.123°N 120.283°E / 28.123; 120.283"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qingtian_County¶ms=28_8_3_N_120_17_27_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-33","external_links_name":"28°8′3″N 120°17′27″E / 28.13417°N 120.29083°E / 28.13417; 120.29083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qingtian_County¶ms=28.123_N_120.283_E_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"28°07′23″N 120°16′59″E / 28.123°N 120.283°E / 28.123; 120.283"},{"Link":"https://www.qingtian.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"https://www.qingtian.gov.cn/"},{"Link":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-11/21/c_139532845.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Embroidery on stone\": Qingtian stone carving in east China\""},{"Link":"http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/22/content_38089.htm","external_links_name":"\"Qingtian Stone Carving\""},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/130.html","external_links_name":"\"丽水市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org\""},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1214046/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152454034","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7578989-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566851305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81072039","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00638765","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36605466","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qingtian_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Diagnosis | Copenhagen Diagnosis | ["1 References","2 External links"] | The Copenhagen Diagnosis is a climate change report written by 26 climate scientists from eight countries. It was published in 2009 and was a summary of the peer-reviewed literature to date. A media conference was held to present the major findings of the report at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Copenhagen, Denmark, chaired by the Copenhagen Diagnosis coordinating lead author, Matthew England.
The Copenhagen Diagnosis aimed to synthesize the most policy-relevant climate science published since the close-off of material for the previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Working Group 1 Report (AR4), thus serving as an interim evaluation of the evolving science midway through an IPCC cycle, with IPCC AR5 not due for completion until 2013.
The report also aimed to serve as a handbook of science updates that supplements the IPCC AR4 in time for the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in December 2009, and for any national or international climate change policy negotiations that followed.
The Copenhagen Diagnosis reached a number of conclusions, as set out in the executive summary, including:
Surging greenhouse gas emissions
Relative to 1990, the combined 2008 global emissions of carbon dioxide from various sources such as fossil fuel burning, cement production, and deforestation, has increased 27%.
Human-induced warming
Detection and attribution studies show that global warming can be unambiguously linked to anthropogenic interference in the climate system.
Acceleration of ice melt contributions to sea-level
Glaciers, ice sheets and melting ice caps show an accelerated rate of melt, contributing to ongoing global sea level rise.
Rapid Arctic sea-ice decline
Melting of Arctic sea-ice has also accelerated, exceeding the projections of climate models.
Underestimation of rising sea levels
The recent rate of sea level rise (3.4 mm/yr over the past 15 years) is around 80% faster than previously predicted.
The risk of irreversible damage
There are several components of the climate system that may undergo irreversible change if fossil fuel emissions continue unchecked, including ice-sheets, Amazon rainforest, and the West African monsoon.
Turning point must come soon
To limited global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, carbon emissions need to peak in the next decade and then decline rapidly.
The Future
To stop climate change and secure a safe climate future, the world needs to move to net-zero emissions of CO2.
To maximize global outreach, the major findings of the Copenhagen Diagnosis were translated into 12 languages.
The Copenhagen Diagnosis has been accessed online over a million times since its release, and was named an Outstanding Academic Title by the American Library Association's Choice publication in 2012.
References
^ "How the Copenhagen Diagnosis came to be written". The Copenhagen Diagnosis.
^ Lee, Mike (2009-11-24). "Climate scientists offer grim 'Diagnosis'". San Diego Union-Tribune.
^ Sale, Peter (2011). Our Dying Planet: An Ecologist's View of the Crisis We Face. University of California Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-520-26756-5.
^ "'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science". The Guardian. London. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
^ Science Media Centre (15 December 2009). "15 December update - Highlights from Copenhagen". Scoop News. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
^ a b "Copenhagen". Real Climate: Climate science from climate scientists. RealClimate.org. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ a b "'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science". Guardian Environment Network. London: The Guardian. 25 November 2009.
^ "The Copenhagen Diagnosis Executive Summary". www.copenhagendiagnosis.com. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
^ "The Copenhagen Diagnosis". www.copenhagendiagnosis.com. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
^ "The Copenhagen Diagnosis - 1st Edition". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
External links
"Copenhagen Diagnosis Report". (23.3 MB) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"AR4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copenhagen-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian-7"},{"link_name":"AR5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copenhagen-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"Glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers"},{"link_name":"sea level rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"Arctic sea-ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline"},{"link_name":"rising sea levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"climate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_system"},{"link_name":"ice-sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"Amazon rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"net-zero emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Copenhagen Diagnosis aimed to synthesize the most policy-relevant climate science published since the close-off of material for the previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Working Group 1 Report (AR4),[6][7] thus serving as an interim evaluation of the evolving science midway through an IPCC cycle, with IPCC AR5 not due for completion until 2013.[7]The report also aimed to serve as a handbook of science updates that supplements the IPCC AR4 in time for the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference[6] held in December 2009, and for any national or international climate change policy negotiations that followed.The Copenhagen Diagnosis reached a number of conclusions, as set out in the executive summary,[8] including:Surging greenhouse gas emissions\nRelative to 1990, the combined 2008 global emissions of carbon dioxide from various sources such as fossil fuel burning, cement production, and deforestation, has increased 27%.\nHuman-induced warming\nDetection and attribution studies show that global warming can be unambiguously linked to anthropogenic interference in the climate system.\nAcceleration of ice melt contributions to sea-level\nGlaciers, ice sheets and melting ice caps show an accelerated rate of melt, contributing to ongoing global sea level rise.\nRapid Arctic sea-ice decline\nMelting of Arctic sea-ice has also accelerated, exceeding the projections of climate models.\nUnderestimation of rising sea levels\nThe recent rate of sea level rise (3.4 mm/yr over the past 15 years) is around 80% faster than previously predicted.\nThe risk of irreversible damage\nThere are several components of the climate system that may undergo irreversible change if fossil fuel emissions continue unchecked, including ice-sheets, Amazon rainforest, and the West African monsoon.\nTurning point must come soon\nTo limited global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, carbon emissions need to peak in the next decade and then decline rapidly.\nThe Future\nTo stop climate change and secure a safe climate future, the world needs to move to net-zero emissions of CO2.To maximize global outreach, the major findings of the Copenhagen Diagnosis were translated into 12 languages.[9]The Copenhagen Diagnosis has been accessed online over a million times since its release, and was named an Outstanding Academic Title by the American Library Association's Choice publication in 2012.[10]","title":"Copenhagen Diagnosis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"How the Copenhagen Diagnosis came to be written\". The Copenhagen Diagnosis.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/about.html","url_text":"\"How the Copenhagen Diagnosis came to be written\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Mike (2009-11-24). \"Climate scientists offer grim 'Diagnosis'\". San Diego Union-Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/nov/24/warmings-impact-worse-expected-analysis-shows/","url_text":"\"Climate scientists offer grim 'Diagnosis'\""}]},{"reference":"Sale, Peter (2011). Our Dying Planet: An Ecologist's View of the Crisis We Face. University of California Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-520-26756-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26756-5","url_text":"978-0-520-26756-5"}]},{"reference":"\"'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science\". The Guardian. London. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/25/copenhagen-diagnosis-ipcc-science","url_text":"\"'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science\""}]},{"reference":"Science Media Centre (15 December 2009). \"15 December update - Highlights from Copenhagen\". Scoop News. Retrieved 2021-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0912/S00036/15-december-update-highlights-from-copenhagen.htm","url_text":"\"15 December update - Highlights from Copenhagen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Copenhagen\". Real Climate: Climate science from climate scientists. RealClimate.org. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/11/copenhagen/","url_text":"\"Copenhagen\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science\". Guardian Environment Network. London: The Guardian. 25 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/25/copenhagen-diagnosis-ipcc-science","url_text":"\"'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis Executive Summary\". www.copenhagendiagnosis.com. Retrieved 2021-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/executive_summary.html","url_text":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis Executive Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis\". www.copenhagendiagnosis.com. Retrieved 2021-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/","url_text":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis - 1st Edition\". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2021-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-copenhagen-diagnosis/leading-scientists/978-0-12-386999-9","url_text":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis - 1st Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Copenhagen Diagnosis Report\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51997579","url_text":"\"Copenhagen Diagnosis Report\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"How the Copenhagen Diagnosis came to be written\""},{"Link":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/nov/24/warmings-impact-worse-expected-analysis-shows/","external_links_name":"\"Climate scientists offer grim 'Diagnosis'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/25/copenhagen-diagnosis-ipcc-science","external_links_name":"\"'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science\""},{"Link":"https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0912/S00036/15-december-update-highlights-from-copenhagen.htm","external_links_name":"\"15 December update - Highlights from Copenhagen\""},{"Link":"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/11/copenhagen/","external_links_name":"\"Copenhagen\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/25/copenhagen-diagnosis-ipcc-science","external_links_name":"\"'Copenhagen Diagnosis' offers a grim update to the IPCC's climate science\""},{"Link":"http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/executive_summary.html","external_links_name":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis Executive Summary\""},{"Link":"http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis\""},{"Link":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-copenhagen-diagnosis/leading-scientists/978-0-12-386999-9","external_links_name":"\"The Copenhagen Diagnosis - 1st Edition\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51997579","external_links_name":"\"Copenhagen Diagnosis Report\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Paris%E2%80%93Tours | 1977 Grand Prix d'Automne | ["1 General classification","2 References"] | Cycling race
1977 Grand Prix d'AutomneRace detailsDates25 September 1977Stages1Distance259 km (160.9 mi)Winning time5h 48' 58"Results
Winner
Joop Zoetemelk (NED)
Second
Johan De Muynck (BEL)
Third
Hennie Kuiper (NED)← 1976 1978 →
The 1977 Grand Prix d'Automne was the 71st edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 25 September 1977. The race started in Tours and finished in Versailles. The race was won by Joop Zoetemelk.
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Time
1
Joop Zoetemelk (NED)
5h 48' 58"
2
Johan De Muynck (BEL)
+ 0"
3
Hennie Kuiper (NED)
+ 0"
4
Roger De Vlaeminck (BEL)
+ 1' 01"
5
Jean-Pierre Danguillaume (FRA)
+ 1' 01"
6
Willy Teirlinck (BEL)
+ 1' 01"
7
Fons van Katwijk (NED)
+ 1' 05"
8
Cees Priem (NED)
+ 1' 05"
9
Rudy Pevenage (BEL)
+ 1' 05"
10
Jan van Katwijk (NED)
+ 1' 05"
References
^ a b "Paris-Tours (HC)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ "71ème Paris-Tours 1977". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 26 January 2004.
^ "1977 Paris - Tours". First Cycling. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ "Paris - Tours". WVCycling. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
vteParis–Tours
1896
1897–1900
1901
1902–5
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915–6
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
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vte1977 Super Prestige Pernod
Paris–Nice
Milan–San Remo
Tour of Flanders
La Flèche Wallonne
Amstel Gold Race
Paris–Roubaix
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Vuelta a España
Rund um den Henninger Turm
Tour de Romandie
Four Days of Dunkirk
Giro d'Italia
Bordeaux–Paris
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
Grand Prix du Midi Libre
Tour de Suisse
Tour de France
World Championships
Volta a Catalunya
Paris–Brussels
Grand Prix d'Automne
Grand Prix des Nations
Giro di Lombardia
This Paris–Tours race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI-1"},{"link_name":"Paris–Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Tours"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles"},{"link_name":"Joop Zoetemelk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_Zoetemelk"}],"text":"The 1977 Grand Prix d'Automne[1] was the 71st edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 25 September 1977. The race started in Tours and finished in Versailles. The race was won by Joop Zoetemelk.","title":"1977 Grand Prix d'Automne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General classification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Paris-Tours (HC)\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 3 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/races/paris-tours/paris-tours-index.html","url_text":"\"Paris-Tours (HC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"71ème Paris-Tours 1977\". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 26 January 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040126132857/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_paris_tours/tours1977.php","url_text":"\"71ème Paris-Tours 1977\""},{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_paris_tours/tours1977.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 Paris - Tours\". First Cycling. Retrieved 3 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=28&y=1977","url_text":"\"1977 Paris - Tours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris - Tours\". WVCycling. Retrieved 3 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/357/result/1977/","url_text":"\"Paris - Tours\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/races/paris-tours/paris-tours-index.html","external_links_name":"\"Paris-Tours (HC)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040126132857/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_paris_tours/tours1977.php","external_links_name":"\"71ème Paris-Tours 1977\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_paris_tours/tours1977.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=28&y=1977","external_links_name":"\"1977 Paris - Tours\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/357/result/1977/","external_links_name":"\"Paris - Tours\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977_Grand_Prix_d%27Automne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahata_taluka | Rahata taluka | ["1 Area","2 Villages","3 Population","4 Rain Fall","5 See also","6 References"] | Tehsil in Maharashtra, IndiaRahata talukaTehsilLocation of Rahata in Ahmednagar district in MaharashtraCountry IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictAhmednagar districtHeadquartersRahataArea • Total759.19 km2 (293.12 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total320,485 • Density420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)Demographics • Literacy %68.16
Rahata taluka, is a taluka in Shrirampur subdivision of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra State of India.
Area
The table below shows area of the taluka by land type.
Type of Land
Area (km2)
% of Total Area
Agriculture
689.39
90.81
Forest
16.13
2.12
Other
53.67
7.07
Total
759.19
100
Villages
There are around 60 villages in Rahata taluka. For list of villages see Villages in Rahata taluka.
Population
Religions in Rahata taluk (2011)
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
88.48%
Islam
8.13%
Buddhism
0.91%
Jainism
0.85%
Christianity
0.59%
Other or not stated
1.04%
Rahata taluka has a population of 320,485 according to the 2011 census. Rahata had a literacy rate of 82.08% and a sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males. 58,339 (18.20%) live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.14% and 6.28% of the population respectively.
Languages of Rahata taluk (2011)
Marathi (87.94%) Hindi (6.58%) Urdu (2.36%) Others (3.12%)
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 87.94% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 6.58% Hindi and 2.36% Urdu as their first language.
Rain Fall
The Table below details of rainfall from year 1981 to 2004.
Year
Rainfall (mm)
2000
525
2001
413
2002
385
2003
249
2004
491
See also
Talukas in Ahmednagar district
Villages in Rahata taluka
References
^ Talukas in Ahmednagar district
^ Talukas geographic information
^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
^ "District Census Hand Book – Ahmednagar" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^ Rainfall information of Ahemadnagar district
vteDistrict Subdivisions and Talukas in Ahmednagar districtAhmednagar Subdivision
Nagar
Nevasa
Karjat Subdivision
Jamkhed
Karjat
Sangamner Subdivision
Akole
Sangamner
Shrirampur Subdivision
Rahuri
Shrirampur
Shrigonda Subdivision
Parner
Shrigonda
Pathardi Subdivision
Pathardi
Shevgaon
Shirdi Subdivision
Rahata
Kopargaon
vteAhmednagar district topicsHistory
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Daimabad
Jorwe
Kharda
Geography
Godavari River
Kalsubai peak
Harishchandragad
Talukas
Akole
Jamkhed
Karjat
Kopargaon
Nagar
Nevasa
Parner
Pathardi
Rahata
Rahuri
Shevgaon
Shrigonda
Sangamner
Shrirampur
Cities and towns
Ahmednagar
Kopargaon
Parner
Sangamner
Shirdi
Shrigonda
Shrirampur
Monuments
Ahmednagar Fort
Shani Shingnapur
Kharda Fort
Education
New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Ahmednagar
New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parner
Lok Sabha constituencies
Ahmednagar
Shirdi
Vidhan Sabha constituencies
Ahmednagar City
Akole
Sangamner
Kopargaon
Shirdi
Nevasa
Dams in District
Adhala Dam
Bhandardara
Dhoki Dam
Ghod Dam
Hanga Dam
Khairi Dam
Lonimavla Dam
Mandohol Dam
Mula Dam
Nilwande Dam
Palashi Dam
Rui Chatrapati Dam
Sina Dam
Tikhol Dam
Visapur Dam
Tamkada Dam
Wanarshi Dam | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taluka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluka"},{"link_name":"Ahmednagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmednagar_district"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tehsil in Maharashtra, IndiaRahata taluka, is a taluka in Shrirampur subdivision of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra State of India.[1]","title":"Rahata taluka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The table below shows area of the taluka by land type.[2]","title":"Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villages in Rahata taluka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_in_Rahata_taluka"}],"text":"There are around 60 villages in Rahata taluka. For list of villages see Villages in Rahata taluka.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religion-3"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langs-5"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langs-5"}],"text":"Religions in Rahata taluk (2011)[3]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n88.48%\n\n\nIslam\n \n8.13%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n0.91%\n\n\nJainism\n \n0.85%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n0.59%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n1.04%Rahata taluka has a population of 320,485 according to the 2011 census. Rahata had a literacy rate of 82.08% and a sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males. 58,339 (18.20%) live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.14% and 6.28% of the population respectively.[4]Languages of Rahata taluk (2011)[5]\n\n Marathi (87.94%) Hindi (6.58%) Urdu (2.36%) Others (3.12%)At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 87.94% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 6.58% Hindi and 2.36% Urdu as their first language.[5]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Table below details of rainfall from year 1981 to 2004.[6]","title":"Rain Fall"}] | [] | [{"title":"Talukas in Ahmednagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talukas_in_Ahmednagar_district"},{"title":"Villages in Rahata taluka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_in_Rahata_taluka"}] | [{"reference":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Hand Book – Ahmednagar\" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/772/download/2738/DH_2011_2726_PART_A_DCHB_AHMADNAGAR.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Hand Book – Ahmednagar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India","url_text":"Census of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/GEO-Main.htm","external_links_name":"Talukas in Ahmednagar district"},{"Link":"http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/GEO-Main.htm","external_links_name":"Talukas geographic information"},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS","external_links_name":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/772/download/2738/DH_2011_2726_PART_A_DCHB_AHMADNAGAR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"District Census Hand Book – Ahmednagar\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX","external_links_name":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra\""},{"Link":"http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/rainfall_information_of_district.htm","external_links_name":"Rainfall information of Ahemadnagar district"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_L%C3%B8vtrup | Søren Løvtrup | ["1 Career","2 Research","2.1 Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth","2.2 Other works","3 Publications","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References"] | Soren Løvtrup (1922–2002) was a Danish embryologist and historian of science in the Department of Animal Physiology at the Umeå University, Sweden. Løvtrup was known for his macromutation theory of evolution, which was in opposition to traditional neo-Darwinism. In 1987, Løvtrup published his controversial book Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth which challenged Charles Darwin's role as the intellectual founder of evolutionary theory and accused Darwin of plagiarism.
Career
Løvtrup was born in Copenhagen. In 1945, he enrolled at University of Copenhagen, where he obtained a master's degree in biochemistry. He worked at Carlsberg Laboratory, until 1953 when he received a PhD in embryology. He also worked at University of Gothenburg. From 1965, he worked at Umeå University in Sweden as a professor of animal physiology.
Research
Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth
Løvtrup is best known for his book Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth (1987). In this controversial work, he claimed that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the real founder of evolution and that natural selection was discovered by Erasmus Darwin, Patrick Matthew and other naturalists before Charles Darwin. The book supports the ideas of early evolutionary thinkers such as Karl Ernst von Baer, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and St. George Jackson Mivart. He was a critic of gradualism and the punctuated equilibrium theory of evolution.
Løvtrup argued against the micromutation theory of the modern evolutionary synthesis and promoted his own theory of macromutation (saltational evolution). Biologist Bruce Wallace gave the book a mixed review, stating that Løvtrup was advocating a minority position in evolutionary biology and he "underestimates existing genetic variation, consequently, he favors evolutionary events that occur rarely even on a geologic time scale."
Herpetologist Hobart Muir Smith wrote that the book with its sensationalist title would be highjacked by creationists but it is not against the fact of evolution, only against the Darwinian interpretation. Smith concluded "Certainly the book will strike many as controversial, but Løvtrup has given the world a truly epochal, introspective analysis of inestimable potential value."
Science historian Keith Stewart Thomson gave the book a negative review commenting "Many of the sacred cows that Løvtrup wants to slaughter are either long since dead or merely made of straw. It is tedious to constantly to see Darwin and his followers taken to task for failing to be as smart as we are now."
The book was criticized for providing no solid evidence for macromutations, Løvtrup only cited two alleged cases in his book.
Other works
Løvtrup's book Epigenetics (1974) was a work on theoretical biology which attempted to present a unifying theory of epigenesis. Biologist Clifford Grobstein wrote that the book was a mixture of ideas, "sometimes illuminating, sometimes naïve, sometimes superficial, sometimes sophisticated, sometimes enormously detailed."
He contributed a paper on his alternative evolutionary views to the book Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals (1990).
Publications
Scholia has an author profile for Søren Løvtrup.
Studies on Amphibian Embryogenesis (1953)
Epigenetics: A Treatise on Theoretical Biology (1974)
The Phylogeny of Vertebrates (1977)
Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth (1987)
Personal life
He married Ebba Lund, (a Danish Resistance fighter and later a microbiologist and chemical engineer) in 1944 and they had three children Vita (1945), Susanne (1948) and Anders (1951) before divorcing in 1959.
See also
Mutationism
Richard Goldschmidt
References
^ Vergata, Antonello La. (1989). Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth by Soren Løvtrup. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 358-360.
^ Vergata, Antonello La. (1989). Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth by Soren Løvtrup. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 358-360.
^ a b Thomson, Keith Stewart. (1988). Darwinism: Refutation of a Myth by Søren Løvtrup. American Scientist. Vol. 76, No. 4. pp. 394-395.
^ Montgomery, William. (1989). Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth by Søren Løvtrup; Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior by Robert J. Richards. Victorian Studies. Vol. 32, No. 3. pp. 444-445.
^ a b Smith, Hobart M. (1989). The Myth is Not Evolution. Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth by Soren Lovtrup. Evolution. Vol. 43, No. 3. pp. 699-700.
^ Lambert, David. (1988). Neo-Darwinism: An Emperor With No Clothes. New Scientist. 15, October. p. 66
^ Wallace, Bruce. (1988). Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth by Søren Løvtrup. The Quarterly Review of Biology. Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 214-215.
^ Dohle, W. (1988). Søren Løvtrup, 1987. Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 1: 283-285.
^ Wiley, E. O. (1977). Epigenetics, A Treatise on Theoretical Biology by Soren Lovtrup. Systematic Zoology. Vol. 26, No. 2. pp. 238-243.
^ Grobstein, Clifford. (1975). Epigenetics: A Treatise on Theoretical Biology by Soren Lovtrup. The Quarterly Review of Biology. Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 439.
^ Kaplan, Robert H. (1990). Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals by Michael N. Bruton. Copeia. Vol. 1990, No. 1, pp. 248-250.
^ Hansen, Mogen (2003-05-15). "Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Ebba Lund". www.kvinfo.dk. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
Authority control databases International
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VIAF
WorldCat
National
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Søren Løvtrup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"embryology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology"},{"link_name":"University of Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Umeå University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"}],"text":"Løvtrup was born in Copenhagen. In 1945, he enrolled at University of Copenhagen, where he obtained a master's degree in biochemistry. He worked at Carlsberg Laboratory, until 1953 when he received a PhD in embryology. He also worked at University of Gothenburg. From 1965, he worked at Umeå University in Sweden as a professor of animal physiology.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Patrick Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Karl Ernst von Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer"},{"link_name":"Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire"},{"link_name":"St. George Jackson Mivart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Jackson_Mivart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson_1988-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_1989-5"},{"link_name":"gradualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualism"},{"link_name":"punctuated equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"micromutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation"},{"link_name":"modern evolutionary synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"saltational evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltationism"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wallace_(geneticist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hobart Muir Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Muir_Smith"},{"link_name":"creationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism"},{"link_name":"fact of evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_1989-5"},{"link_name":"Keith Stewart Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stewart_Thomson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomson_1988-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth","text":"Løvtrup is best known for his book Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth (1987).[2] In this controversial work, he claimed that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the real founder of evolution and that natural selection was discovered by Erasmus Darwin, Patrick Matthew and other naturalists before Charles Darwin. The book supports the ideas of early evolutionary thinkers such as Karl Ernst von Baer, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and St. George Jackson Mivart.[3][4][5] He was a critic of gradualism and the punctuated equilibrium theory of evolution.[6]Løvtrup argued against the micromutation theory of the modern evolutionary synthesis and promoted his own theory of macromutation (saltational evolution). Biologist Bruce Wallace gave the book a mixed review, stating that Løvtrup was advocating a minority position in evolutionary biology and he \"underestimates existing genetic variation, consequently, he favors evolutionary events that occur rarely even on a geologic time scale.\"[7]Herpetologist Hobart Muir Smith wrote that the book with its sensationalist title would be highjacked by creationists but it is not against the fact of evolution, only against the Darwinian interpretation. Smith concluded \"Certainly the book will strike many as controversial, but Løvtrup has given the world a truly epochal, introspective analysis of inestimable potential value.\"[5]Science historian Keith Stewart Thomson gave the book a negative review commenting \"Many of the sacred cows that Løvtrup wants to slaughter are either long since dead or merely made of straw. It is tedious to constantly to see Darwin and his followers taken to task for failing to be as smart as we are now.\"[3]The book was criticized for providing no solid evidence for macromutations, Løvtrup only cited two alleged cases in his book.[8]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theoretical biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_biology"},{"link_name":"epigenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenesis_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Clifford Grobstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Grobstein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"Løvtrup's book Epigenetics (1974) was a work on theoretical biology which attempted to present a unifying theory of epigenesis.[9] Biologist Clifford Grobstein wrote that the book was a mixture of ideas, \"sometimes illuminating, sometimes naïve, sometimes superficial, sometimes sophisticated, sometimes enormously detailed.\"[10]He contributed a paper on his alternative evolutionary views to the book Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals (1990).[11]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia"},{"link_name":"Søren Løvtrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q5970050"}],"text":"Scholia has an author profile for Søren Løvtrup.Studies on Amphibian Embryogenesis (1953)\nEpigenetics: A Treatise on Theoretical Biology (1974)\nThe Phylogeny of Vertebrates (1977)\nDarwinism: The Refutation of a Myth (1987)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebba Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebba_Lund"},{"link_name":"Danish Resistance fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"}],"text":"He married Ebba Lund, (a Danish Resistance fighter and later a microbiologist and chemical engineer) in 1944 and they had three children Vita (1945), Susanne (1948) and Anders (1951) before divorcing in 1959.[12]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mutationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationism"},{"title":"Richard Goldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goldschmidt"}] | [{"reference":"Hansen, Mogen (2003-05-15). \"Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Ebba Lund\". www.kvinfo.dk. Retrieved 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1820/origin/170/","url_text":"\"Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Ebba Lund\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1820/origin/170/","external_links_name":"\"Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Ebba Lund\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083522349","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/26090729","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHJgwhm4qrHxXyxfYByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121296852","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121296852","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1261193644","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272189005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86121889","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2010585855&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072858672","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653067605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029737230","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gibson | Victor Gibson | ["1 Early and personal life","2 Playing career","3 Coaching career","4 Later life and death","5 References"] | English footballer (1888–1958)
Victor GibsonPersonal informationFull name
Arthur Henry GibsonDate of birth
(1888-07-18)18 July 1888Place of birth
Woolwich, EnglandDate of death
8 April 1958(1958-04-08) (aged 69)Place of death
Ruislip, EnglandSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)
Plumstead
1911–1912
Espanyol
1912–1924
Olympique Cettois
Managerial career1914–1924
FC Cette1924–1925
Montpellier1925–1929
Marseille1929–1934
Sochaux1934
SC Bastidienne1934–1935
Hispano-Bastidienne
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Arthur Henry Gibson, known as Victor Raine Gibson (18 July 1888 – 8 April 1958) was an English professional football player and coach active in Spain and France.
Early and personal life
Arthur Henry Gibson was born in Woolwich in 1888. He married in 1910 and had an infant daughter who died. He divorced his English wife in 1938 and married a Frenchwoman in 1939, with whom he also had a daughter.
Playing career
Under the name 'Victor Raine Gibson' he toured Catalonia with Plumstead FC, and in a match against RCD Espanyol on 18 May 1911, he put up a great performance which impressed the Catalan club enough for them to sign him, along with Frank Allack and William Hodge. After a year in Spain he moved to French side Olympique Cettois.
Coaching career
Gibson coached the club sides of FC Cette, Montpellier, Marseille, Sochaux, SC Bastidienne and Hispano-Bastidienne.
He guided FC Cette to the 1923 Coupe de France Final, which they lost 4–2 to Red Star Olympique.
He also performed the functions of a coach with the Catalonia national team once, in what was the team's first-ever game recognized by FIFA on 20 February 1912, which ended in a 7–0 loss to France.
Later life and death
He returned to England in the 1930s, working as a gardener or groundsman. He divorced his English wife in 1938 and married a Frenchwoman in 1939, with whom he also had a daughter. He died in Ruislip in 1958.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Revealed: the true identity of Victor Gibson". Scottish Sport History – devoted to our sporting heritage.
^ "Plumstead FC de Londres contra CD Español" (in Spanish). Mundo Deportivo. 18 May 1911. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ "CD Español ingressa refuerzos del Plumstead FC" (in Spanish). Mundo Deportivo. 1 June 1911. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ a b c "France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Les anciens entraîneurs du FCSM" (in French). FC Sochaux-Montbéliard official website. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Scots in opposition: Peter Farmer and Victor Gibson at the French Cup Final of 1924". Scottish Sport History – devoted to our sporting heritage.
^ "1923 Coupe de France Final Report" (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ "Catalonia 0-7 France". hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com (in Spanish). Hemeroteca. 22 February 1912. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
vteCoupe de France winning managers
1918–25: Unknown
1926: Gibson
1927: Gibson
1928: Unknown
1929: Unknown
1930: Regan
1931: Unknown
1932: Aitken
1933: Griffiths
1934: Dedieu
1935: Dittrich
1936: Kimpton
1937: Ross
1938: Conchy
1939: Kimpton
1940: Rous
1941: Díaz
1942: Veinante
1943: Gonzales
1944: Wartel
1945: Baron
1946: Cheuva
1947: Cheuva
1948: Cheuva
1949: Baron
1950: Roessler
1951: Nicolas
1952: Andoire
1953: Cheuva
1954: Berry
1955: Cheuva
1956: Dugauguez
1957: Bigot
1958: Batteux
1959: Jasseron
1960: Leduc
1961: Dugauguez
1962: Guérin
1963: Leduc
1964: Jasseron
1965: Prouff
1966: Frantz
1967: Hon
1968: Batteux
1969: Zatelli
1970: Batteux
1971: Prouff
1972: Zatelli
1973: Mignot
1974: Herbin
1975: Herbin
1976: Zvunka
1977: Herbin
1978: Redin
1979: Vincent
1980: Banide
1981: Redin
1982: Peyroche
1983: Peyroche
1984: Kasperczak
1985: Muller
1986: Jacquet
1987: Jacquet
1988: Husson
1989: Gili
1990: Mézy
1991: Wenger
1993: Artur Jorge
1994: Roux
1995: Fernandez
1996: Roux
1997: Takač
1998: Gomes
1999: Denoueix
2000: Denoueix
2001: Pouliquen
2002: Pouliquen
2003: Roux
2004: Halilhodžić
2005: Roux
2006: Lacombe
2007: Perrin
2008: Perrin
2009: Zvunka
2010: Kombouaré
2011: Garcia
2012: Garde
2013: Gillot
2014: Gourvennec
2015: Blanc
2016: Blanc
2017: Emery
2018: Emery
2019: Stéphan
2020: Tuchel
2021: Pochettino
2022: Kombouaré
2023: Montanier
2024: Luis Enrique
vteMontpellier HSC – managers
Gibson (1924–25)
Dewaquez/Kaucsar (1936–37)
Berecz (1937–38)
Azéma (1937–38)
Bénézech/Cristol (1945–46)
Kramer (1946–48)
Winckelmans (1948–50)
Bastien (1950–51)
Závodi (1951–52)
Cazorro (1952–53)
Darui (1953–54)
Tomazover (1954–55)
Mirouze (1955–56)
Závodi (1956–57)
Mirouze (1957–63)
Favre (1963–68)
Rolhion (1968–69)
Borowski (1969–70)
Mirouze (1970–74)
Cristol (1974–76)
Favre (1976)
Nouzaret (1976–80)
Firoud & Bonnet (1980–82)
Bonnet (1982–83)
Nouzaret (1983–85)
Mézy (1985–87)
Mosca (1987–89)
Jacquet (1989–90)
Mézy (1990)
Kasperczak (1990–92)
Gili & Gasset (1992–94)
Mézy (1994–98)
Gasset (1998–99)
Mézy (1999–2002)
Bernardet (2002–04)
Nouzaret (2004)
Domergue (2004–07)
Courbis (2007–09)
Girard (2009–13)
Fernandez (2013)
Courbis (2013–15)
Hantz (2015–17)
Gasset (2017)
Der Zakarian (2017–21)
Dall'Oglio (2021–22)
Pitau (2022–23)
Der Zakarian (2023–)
vteOlympique de Marseille – managers
Mc Lalhan (1923)
Gascard (1924–26)
Gibson (1926–27)
Scheibenstock (1927–28)
Seitz (1928–30)
Farmer (1930)
Bell (1930–33)
Dittrich (1933–35)
Eisenhoffer (1935–38)
Kohut & Gascard (1938–39)
Eisenhoffer (1939–41)
Gascard (1941)
Seitz (1942)
Blanc & Gonzales (1942–43)
Henric (1943–44)
Gonzales (1944)
Wartel (1944–46)
Dewaquez (1946–47)
Zilisy (1947–49)
Jordan (1949–50)
Roessler (1950–54)
Rolhion (1954–56)
Robin (1956–58)
Zilisy (1958)
Maurer (1958–59)
Troupel (1959–62)
Glória (1962)
Penverne (1962)
Miró (1962–63)
Robin (1963–64)
Zatelli (1964–66)
Domergue (1966–68)
Zatelli (1968–70)
Leduc (1971–72)
Zatelli (1972)
Linder (1972–73)
Zatelli (1973)
Bonnel (1973)
Riera (1973–74)
Zvunka (1974–76)
Arribas (1976–77)
Zvunka (1977)
Marković (1977–78)
Zvunka (1978–80)
Robin (1980)
Batteux (1980–81)
Gransart (1981–84)
Cahuzac (1984–85)
Olarević (1985–86)
Banide (1986–88)
Gili (1988–90)
Beckenbauer (1990–91)
Goethals (1991)
Ivić (1991)
Goethals (1991–92)
Fernandez (1992)
Goethals (1992–93)
Bourrier (1993–94)
Gili (1994)
Stambouli & Peruzović (1995)
Stambouli (1995)
Gili (1995–97)
Courbis (1997–99)
Casoni (1999–2000)
Abel Braga (2000)
Emon & Galtier (2000)
Clemente (2000–01)
Ivić (2001)
Anigo (2001)
Lévy & Skoblar (2001)
Vujović (2001)
Emon (2001–02)
Perrin (2002–04)
Anigo (2004)
Emon (2004)
Troussier (2004–05)
Fernandez (2005–06)
Emon (2006–07)
Gerets (2007–09)
Deschamps (2009–12)
Baup (2012–13)
Anigo (2013–14)
Bielsa (2014–15)
Passic (2015)
Míchel (2015–16)
Passic (2016)
Garcia (2016–19)
Villas-Boas (2019–21)
Larguetc (2021)
Sampaoli (2021–22)
Tudor (2022–23)
Marcelino (2023)
Abardonadoc (2023)
Gattuso (2023–24)
Gasset (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFC Sochaux-Montbéliard – managers
Bailly (1928–29)
Gibson (1929–34)
Bailly (1934)
Ross (1934–36)
Abegglen & Ross (1936)
Ross (1936–39)
Wartel (1939–44)
Mattler (1944–46)
Wartel (1946–52)
Dormois (1952–60)
Wartel (1960)
Dupal (1960–62)
Hug (1962–67)
Vuillaume (1967)
Krstić (1967–69)
Barret (1969–75)
Fauvergue (1975–81)
Mosca (1981–84)
Takač (1984–85)
Fauvergue (1985–87)
Barret (1987)
Takač (1987–94)
Santini (1994–95)
Notheaux (1995–96)
Hadžibegić (1995–98)
Anziani (1998–99)
Fernandez (1999–2002)
Lacombe (2002–05)
Bijotat (2005–06)
Perrin (2006–07)
Hantz (2007)
Ruty (2007)
Gillot (2008–11)
Baždarević (2011–12)
Hély (2012–13)
Renard (2013–14)
Echouafni (2014–15)
Cartier (2015–17)
Zeidler (2017–18)
Aira (2018)
Daf (2018–22)
Guégan (2022–23)
Frau (2023)
Tanchot (2023–)
This biographical article related to English football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Arthur Henry Gibson, known as Victor Raine Gibson (18 July 1888 – 8 April 1958) was an English professional football player and coach active in Spain and France.","title":"Victor Gibson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"}],"text":"Arthur Henry Gibson was born in Woolwich in 1888.[1] He married in 1910 and had an infant daughter who died.[1] He divorced his English wife in 1938 and married a Frenchwoman in 1939, with whom he also had a daughter.[1]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"RCD Espanyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espanyol"},{"link_name":"Frank Allack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Allack"},{"link_name":"William Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hodge_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Olympique Cettois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_S%C3%A8te_34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"}],"text":"Under the name 'Victor Raine Gibson' he toured Catalonia with Plumstead FC, and in a match against RCD Espanyol on 18 May 1911, he put up a great performance which impressed the Catalan club enough for them to sign him, along with Frank Allack and William Hodge.[2][3] After a year in Spain he moved to French side Olympique Cettois.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Cette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_S%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-4"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_HSC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-4"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-4"},{"link_name":"Sochaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SC Bastidienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SC_Bastidienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Bastidienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispano-Bastidienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1923 Coupe de France Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Coupe_de_France_Final"},{"link_name":"Red Star Olympique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Catalonia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Gibson coached the club sides of FC Cette,[4] Montpellier,[4] Marseille,[4] Sochaux,[5] SC Bastidienne and Hispano-Bastidienne.[6]He guided FC Cette to the 1923 Coupe de France Final, which they lost 4–2 to Red Star Olympique.[7]He also performed the functions of a coach with the Catalonia national team once, in what was the team's first-ever game recognized by FIFA on 20 February 1912, which ended in a 7–0 loss to France.[8]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"},{"link_name":"Ruislip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruislip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID-1"}],"text":"He returned to England in the 1930s, working as a gardener or groundsman.[1] He divorced his English wife in 1938 and married a Frenchwoman in 1939, with whom he also had a daughter.[1] He died in Ruislip in 1958.[1]","title":"Later life and death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Revealed: the true identity of Victor Gibson\". 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Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1912/02/22/pagina-3/619530/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Catalonia 0-7 France\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103356/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1912/02/22/pagina-3/619530/pdf.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.scottishsporthistory.com/1/post/2019/01/revealed-the-true-identity-of-victor-gibson.html","external_links_name":"\"Revealed: the true identity of Victor Gibson\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1911/05/18/pagina-2/615606/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Plumstead FC de Londres contra CD Español\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180501004628/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1911/05/18/pagina-2/615606/pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1911/06/01/pagina-4/615617/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"CD Español ingressa refuerzos del Plumstead FC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220723163419/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1911/06/01/pagina-4/615617/pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","external_links_name":"\"France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=","external_links_name":"\"Les anciens entraîneurs du FCSM\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottishsporthistory.com/1/post/2015/10/scots-in-opposition-peter-farmer-and-victor-gibson-at-the-french-cup-final-of-1924.html","external_links_name":"\"Scots in opposition: Peter Farmer and Victor Gibson at the French Cup Final of 1924\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061129190848/http://www.fff.fr/www/coup/historique/pages/hist1923.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1923 Coupe de France Final Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.fff.fr/www/coup/historique/pages/hist1923.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1912/02/22/pagina-3/619530/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalonia 0-7 France\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103356/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1912/02/22/pagina-3/619530/pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Gibson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_de_Seneffe | Château de Seneffe | ["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Interior","4 Park and 'Follies'","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°31′30″N 4°16′08″E / 50.525°N 4.269°E / 50.525; 4.269Facade of the Château de Seneffe
The Château of Seneffe or Château de Seneffe is an 18th-century château located in the municipality of Seneffe in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. The château is property of the French Community of Belgium and serves as the "Centre de l'orfèvrerie de la communauté française" which displays a collection of antique (mainly 18th century) silverware.
History
Display of furniture and silver
In 1758 the 'Seigneurie de Seneffe' was bought by Julien Depestre, a Walloon merchant who earned a fortune by selling goods to the Imperial Austrian troops stationed in the Austrian Netherlands. Depestre's new status as a wealthy and influential individual was also confirmed by the acquisition of noble titles such as 'Seigneur de Seneffe' (Lord of Seneffe) and 'Count of Turnhout'. The new castle designed by Laurent-Benoît Dewez had to match with Depestre's new noble status. It was erected between 1763 and 1768 in a novel neoclassical style. When Julien Depestre died in 1774 the decoration of the château and the embellishment of the park were continued by his widow and his eldest son Joseph II Depestre.
After the French Revolution and the subsequent occupation of the Austrian Netherlands by the French Republic, the extraordinary art collection (1797) and the château were confiscated (1799).
It was bought by a figurehead assigned by the Depestre family and came back into their possession after the ascent of Napoleon as Emperor of the French in 1804. The château was sold by Joseph II Depestre's son Honoré in 1837 and bought by the Daminet family. In 1888 it was acquired from them by Baron Goffinet. The last private proprietor was a Belgian banker of Jewish origin, Franz Philipson, who bought the 'domaine' in 1909. In the advent of the Second World War the Philippson family escaped to England and the United States. When German troops invaded Belgium in 1940 the château was confiscated by the Germans and used as a local headquarters and a summer residence for the German military Governor of Belgium, General Alexander von Falkenhausen. After the liberation of Belgium in 1944 it was occupied by the US Army. It was acquired from the Philippson heirs in 1952 by the "Collège du Sacré Coeur" which used it as a school between 1952 and 1963. The castle of Seneffe was then abandoned for 7 years, until the Belgian State decided to purchase it in 1970. During these years the castle was severely looted by people who removed and sold valuable interior decoration such as marble fireplaces and carved wainscotings. After the acquisition by the Belgian state the deterioration continued due to defected doors, windows and roofing. Extensive interior and exterior renovations were only started after 1978 and were not finished until 1995.
Architecture
The château of Seneffe with its magnificent park and annexes offers a very fine example of a mid-18th-century noble residence. In general it follows the example of French noble and royal residences. It can be compared with the Petit Trianon built at the same time (1762–1768) by Ange-Jacques Gabriel for Louis XV. Elements like the colonnades flanking the central frontal courtyard are novel elements introduced by architect Dewez who trained in Italy under Luigi Vanvitelli. Dewez also found inspiration in neoclassical English country houses of his time. The quality of the architecture and its international inspiration make it a unique building.
Pavilion at the end of the left gallery (Chapel)
A wide tree-lined alley starting in the village of Seneffe gives access to the castle and its grounds. At the end of the alley a wide lawn provides an unhampered view on the broad courtyard (Cour d'honneur) in front of the castle. The courtyard is closed by a monumental wrought iron fence which has a gilded gate in the middle. The actual château or corps de logis is flanked by two long colonnaded galleries (70 m) with a pavilion on each end which forms a very monumental entry to the château. The monolithic columns of the galleries are in the Ionic order. A terrace with a balustered railing is on top of the galleries. The blind wall of each gallery is adorned with semi-domed and rectangular niches which contain decorative vases and sculptures. The pavilions at the end of each gallery are very elegant buildings decorated with pilasters in the composite order, niches, and pediment-topped doors. They both have a domed second storey of which the right one houses a clock and a bell.
The left pavilion is furnished as the château's chapel and the domed second storey serves here as a lantern providing zenital light to the interior. Each gallery is interrupted by two arcaded passages, flanked by pairs of composite pilasters, and giving access to the so-called 'communs' (originally containing kitchens, mews, a farm) on the left side, to a 'potager' and 'verger' (kitchen garden and orchard) on the right side, and to the park behind the castle.
The facade of the corps de logis consists of five bays separated by monumental composite pilasters connecting the two main storeys. The middle bay stands out slightly and is topped by a pediment which contains the coats of arms of Joseph Depestre and his wife flanked by gilded lions. A stair leads to the front door and into the entrance hall on the piano nobile. The two lateral bays are also flanked by composite pilasters. A molded cornice surrounds the entire building and is topped by a balustered railing only interrupted by the pediment in the middle and by a blind railing decorated with a 'guirlande' above the lateral bays. This railing partly hides the slate roof.
Like the galleries the facades of the corps de logis are entirely executed in local "Pierre bleu du Hainaut" (Blue stone of Hainaut) or "Petit-Granit" a very hard greyish-blue limestone. This durable and expensive material also stresses the prestige of the building.
Interior
One of the magnificent 'Parquets' in a room at the Château de Seneffe
Most parts of the original decoration of walls, floors and ceilings are still preserved, as are most of the marble fireplaces. After the extensive damage of the 1960s and 1970s elements such as fireplaces, wainscotting and flooring was partly reconstructed. Some original elements stolen after WWII were even traced back on the art market.
The sumptuous interiors contain elaborated 'parquets', fine decorated stucco ceilings of which some are gilded, sculpted and molded 'boiseries' and fine marble floorings and fireplaces mostly executed in Belgian marble.
The style of the interior could be characterized as an early continental neoclassicism with French inspiration. In some rooms the influence of the late rococo style is still apparent, whereas in others a more 'classical' approach is discernible.
Park and 'Follies'
Orangery of the Château de Seneffe
The Theatre today.
Theatre of the Château de Seneffe, 1779. Elevation and plan.
The park was laid out following the construction of the Château in the 1760s in a formal late baroque French style.
The central axis of the alley, the courtyard and the middle bay of the corps de logis is continued in the park. A parterre with a path in the middle was situated directly behind the castle and ended on the banks of a formal pond. Close to the wall surrounding the park an Orangery was built facing the south. This building can still be seen. Northwards, the axis is aligned with the church spire in the village of Seneffe.
In the 1780s part of the park was rearranged as a landscape garden following the English fashion. Numerous small buildings called 'Follies' were built on the grounds such as an island with a temple and a wooden 'cabane'. The most important addition from that time is the neoclassical theatre built by the famous French architect Charles de Wailly. The simple whitewashed building has a stage with a fixed scenery consisting of a gallery in the Tuscan order built as a false perspective.
It was the intention of the patron and the architect to revive the classical theatre. The busts in the facades were created by the famous French sculptor Augustin Pajou.
In the 19th century the entire park was rearranged as an English landscape garden. Since 2000 most of the park has been reconstructed in its original 18th-century state.
See also
Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
List of castles in Belgium
References
^ bibliotheque-numerique
^ Ann H. Sievers: Master Drawings from the Smith College Museum of Art, p. 103 (books.google.de)
^ joconde
^ "Visao Judaica Online". Visaojudaica.com.br. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
Sources
Xavier Duquenne, Le Château de Seneffe, Brussels, 1978.
Véronique Bücken, Le Château de Seneffe - Centre de l'orfèvrerie de la communauté française, series: Musea Nostra Brussels, 2003 edition.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Château de Seneffe.
(in French) Official website
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Authority control databases International
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Geographic
Structurae | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_ch%C3%A2teau_et_son_fronton_(22756451779).jpg"},{"link_name":"château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Seneffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneffe"},{"link_name":"Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainaut_(province)"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"French Community of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium"}],"text":"Facade of the Château de SeneffeThe Château of Seneffe or Château de Seneffe is an 18th-century château located in the municipality of Seneffe in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. The château is property of the French Community of Belgium and serves as the \"Centre de l'orfèvrerie de la communauté française\" which displays a collection of antique (mainly 18th century) silverware.","title":"Château de Seneffe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Furniture.Seneffe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloons"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout"},{"link_name":"Laurent-Benoît Dewez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Beno%C3%AEt_Dewez"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Falkenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Display of furniture and silverIn 1758 the 'Seigneurie de Seneffe' was bought by Julien Depestre, a Walloon merchant who earned a fortune by selling goods to the Imperial Austrian troops stationed in the Austrian Netherlands. Depestre's new status as a wealthy and influential individual was also confirmed by the acquisition of noble titles such as 'Seigneur de Seneffe' (Lord of Seneffe) and 'Count of Turnhout'. The new castle designed by Laurent-Benoît Dewez had to match with Depestre's new noble status. It was erected between 1763 and 1768 in a novel neoclassical style. When Julien Depestre died in 1774 the decoration of the château and the embellishment of the park were continued by his widow and his eldest son Joseph II Depestre.After the French Revolution and the subsequent occupation of the Austrian Netherlands by the French Republic, the extraordinary art collection (1797)[1][2][3] and the château were confiscated (1799).It was bought by a figurehead assigned by the Depestre family and came back into their possession after the ascent of Napoleon as Emperor of the French in 1804. The château was sold by Joseph II Depestre's son Honoré in 1837 and bought by the Daminet family. In 1888 it was acquired from them by Baron Goffinet. The last private proprietor was a Belgian banker of Jewish origin, Franz Philipson,[4] who bought the 'domaine' in 1909. In the advent of the Second World War the Philippson family escaped to England and the United States. When German troops invaded Belgium in 1940 the château was confiscated by the Germans and used as a local headquarters and a summer residence for the German military Governor of Belgium, General Alexander von Falkenhausen. After the liberation of Belgium in 1944 it was occupied by the US Army. It was acquired from the Philippson heirs in 1952 by the \"Collège du Sacré Coeur\" which used it as a school between 1952 and 1963. The castle of Seneffe was then abandoned for 7 years, until the Belgian State decided to purchase it in 1970. During these years the castle was severely looted by people who removed and sold valuable interior decoration such as marble fireplaces and carved wainscotings. After the acquisition by the Belgian state the deterioration continued due to defected doors, windows and roofing. Extensive interior and exterior renovations were only started after 1978 and were not finished until 1995.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petit Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Ange-Jacques Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Luigi Vanvitelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seneffe_Castle_Domed_pavilion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cour d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"corps de logis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_logis"},{"link_name":"colonnaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnade"},{"link_name":"pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"monolithic columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_column"},{"link_name":"Ionic order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"balustered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"composite order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_order"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern"},{"link_name":"arcaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"corps de logis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_logis"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"piano nobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_nobile"},{"link_name":"molded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"balustered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"}],"text":"The château of Seneffe with its magnificent park and annexes offers a very fine example of a mid-18th-century noble residence. In general it follows the example of French noble and royal residences. It can be compared with the Petit Trianon built at the same time (1762–1768) by Ange-Jacques Gabriel for Louis XV. Elements like the colonnades flanking the central frontal courtyard are novel elements introduced by architect Dewez who trained in Italy under Luigi Vanvitelli. Dewez also found inspiration in neoclassical English country houses of his time. The quality of the architecture and its international inspiration make it a unique building.Pavilion at the end of the left gallery (Chapel)A wide tree-lined alley starting in the village of Seneffe gives access to the castle and its grounds. At the end of the alley a wide lawn provides an unhampered view on the broad courtyard (Cour d'honneur) in front of the castle. The courtyard is closed by a monumental wrought iron fence which has a gilded gate in the middle. The actual château or corps de logis is flanked by two long colonnaded galleries (70 m) with a pavilion on each end which forms a very monumental entry to the château. The monolithic columns of the galleries are in the Ionic order. A terrace with a balustered railing is on top of the galleries. The blind wall of each gallery is adorned with semi-domed and rectangular niches which contain decorative vases and sculptures. The pavilions at the end of each gallery are very elegant buildings decorated with pilasters in the composite order, niches, and pediment-topped doors. They both have a domed second storey of which the right one houses a clock and a bell.\nThe left pavilion is furnished as the château's chapel and the domed second storey serves here as a lantern providing zenital light to the interior. Each gallery is interrupted by two arcaded passages, flanked by pairs of composite pilasters, and giving access to the so-called 'communs' (originally containing kitchens, mews, a farm) on the left side, to a 'potager' and 'verger' (kitchen garden and orchard) on the right side, and to the park behind the castle.The facade of the corps de logis consists of five bays separated by monumental composite pilasters connecting the two main storeys. The middle bay stands out slightly and is topped by a pediment which contains the coats of arms of Joseph Depestre and his wife flanked by gilded lions. A stair leads to the front door and into the entrance hall on the piano nobile. The two lateral bays are also flanked by composite pilasters. A molded cornice surrounds the entire building and is topped by a balustered railing only interrupted by the pediment in the middle and by a blind railing decorated with a 'guirlande' above the lateral bays. This railing partly hides the slate roof.\nLike the galleries the facades of the corps de logis are entirely executed in local \"Pierre bleu du Hainaut\" (Blue stone of Hainaut) or \"Petit-Granit\" a very hard greyish-blue limestone. This durable and expensive material also stresses the prestige of the building.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seneffe_Parquet.JPG"},{"link_name":"Parquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquetry"},{"link_name":"parquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquet"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"'boiseries'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainscotting"},{"link_name":"Belgian marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_marble"},{"link_name":"rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"}],"text":"One of the magnificent 'Parquets' in a room at the Château de SeneffeMost parts of the original decoration of walls, floors and ceilings are still preserved, as are most of the marble fireplaces. After the extensive damage of the 1960s and 1970s elements such as fireplaces, wainscotting and flooring was partly reconstructed. Some original elements stolen after WWII were even traced back on the art market.The sumptuous interiors contain elaborated 'parquets', fine decorated stucco ceilings of which some are gilded, sculpted and molded 'boiseries' and fine marble floorings and fireplaces mostly executed in Belgian marble.\nThe style of the interior could be characterized as an early continental neoclassicism with French inspiration. In some rooms the influence of the late rococo style is still apparent, whereas in others a more 'classical' approach is discernible.","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0_Seneffe_050813_(37).JPG"},{"link_name":"Orangery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0_Seneffe_050813_(53).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wailly_-_Chateau_de_Seneffe_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_-_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"baroque French style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_garden"},{"link_name":"Orangery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery"},{"link_name":"landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_garden"},{"link_name":"'Follies'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly"},{"link_name":"Charles de Wailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Wailly"},{"link_name":"Tuscan order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_order"},{"link_name":"Augustin Pajou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pajou"},{"link_name":"landscape garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_garden"}],"text":"Orangery of the Château de SeneffeThe Theatre today.Theatre of the Château de Seneffe, 1779. Elevation and plan.The park was laid out following the construction of the Château in the 1760s in a formal late baroque French style.\nThe central axis of the alley, the courtyard and the middle bay of the corps de logis is continued in the park. A parterre with a path in the middle was situated directly behind the castle and ended on the banks of a formal pond. Close to the wall surrounding the park an Orangery was built facing the south. This building can still be seen. Northwards, the axis is aligned with the church spire in the village of Seneffe.In the 1780s part of the park was rearranged as a landscape garden following the English fashion. Numerous small buildings called 'Follies' were built on the grounds such as an island with a temple and a wooden 'cabane'. The most important addition from that time is the neoclassical theatre built by the famous French architect Charles de Wailly. The simple whitewashed building has a stage with a fixed scenery consisting of a gallery in the Tuscan order built as a false perspective. \nIt was the intention of the patron and the architect to revive the classical theatre. The busts in the facades were created by the famous French sculptor Augustin Pajou.In the 19th century the entire park was rearranged as an English landscape garden. Since 2000 most of the park has been reconstructed in its original 18th-century state.","title":"Park and 'Follies'"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Xavier Duquenne, Le Château de Seneffe, Brussels, 1978.\nVéronique Bücken, Le Château de Seneffe - Centre de l'orfèvrerie de la communauté française, series: Musea Nostra Brussels, 2003 edition.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Facade of the Château de Seneffe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Le_ch%C3%A2teau_et_son_fronton_%2822756451779%29.jpg/300px-Le_ch%C3%A2teau_et_son_fronton_%2822756451779%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Display of furniture and silver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Furniture.Seneffe.jpg/220px-Furniture.Seneffe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pavilion at the end of the left gallery (Chapel)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seneffe_Castle_Domed_pavilion.jpg/220px-Seneffe_Castle_Domed_pavilion.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the magnificent 'Parquets' in a room at the Château de Seneffe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seneffe_Parquet.JPG/220px-Seneffe_Parquet.JPG"},{"image_text":"Orangery of the Château de Seneffe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/0_Seneffe_050813_%2837%29.JPG/220px-0_Seneffe_050813_%2837%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Theatre today.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/0_Seneffe_050813_%2853%29.JPG/220px-0_Seneffe_050813_%2853%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Theatre of the Château de Seneffe, 1779. Elevation and plan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wailly_-_Chateau_de_Seneffe_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_-_1.jpg/220px-Wailly_-_Chateau_de_Seneffe_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_-_1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Neoclassical architecture in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Belgium"},{"title":"List of castles in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Belgium"}] | [{"reference":"\"Visao Judaica Online\". Visaojudaica.com.br. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111063048/http://www.visaojudaica.com.br/Junho2005/artigos/7.htm","url_text":"\"Visao Judaica Online\""},{"url":"http://www.visaojudaica.com.br/Junho2005/artigos/7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Seneffe¶ms=50.525_N_4.269_E_region:BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°31′30″N 4°16′08″E / 50.525°N 4.269°E / 50.525; 4.269"},{"Link":"http://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/collection/14264-notice-de-tableaux-de-bons-maitres-appartenant-a/","external_links_name":"bibliotheque-numerique"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lR1JMln0CHUC&dq=collection+Pestre+de+Seneffe&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"books.google.de"},{"Link":"http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_98=APTN&VALUE_98=Pestre%2dS%E9nef%20comte%20de%20&DOM=All&REL_SPECIFIC=3","external_links_name":"joconde"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111063048/http://www.visaojudaica.com.br/Junho2005/artigos/7.htm","external_links_name":"\"Visao Judaica Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.visaojudaica.com.br/Junho2005/artigos/7.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chateaudeseneffe.be/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Seneffe¶ms=50.525_N_4.269_E_region:BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°31′30″N 4°16′08″E / 50.525°N 4.269°E / 50.525; 4.269"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/264085829","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20016057","external_links_name":"Structurae"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Volkova_(runner) | Yekaterina Volkova (runner) | ["1 Doping scandal","2 Personal bests","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Russian long-distance runner
Yekaterina Volkova
Medal record
Women's athletics
Representing Russia
Disqualified
2008 Beijing
3000 m s'chase
World Championships
2007 Osaka
3000 m s'chase
2005 Helsinki
3000 m s'chase
Yekaterina Gennadiyevna Volkova (Russian: Екатерина Геннадьевна Волкова) (born 16 February 1978 in Zheleznogorsk Kursk Oblast) is a Russian long-distance runner, who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase.
In her major international debut Volkova won the silver medal at the 2005 World Championships. Her time of 9:20.49 was a personal best.
In 2007, she won the gold medal at the 2007 World Championships in a world leading, championship record and personal best time of 9:06.57 minutes.
Doping scandal
In May 2016, it was reported that Volkova was one of 14 Russian athletes, and nine medalists, implicated in doping following the retesting of urine from the 2008 Olympic Games. Volkova was named as having failed the retest, which was undertaken following the Russian doping scandal of 2015 and 2016. If confirmed, under IOC and IAAF rules, she stands to lose her Olympic medal, and all results, medals and records from the date of the original test to May 2016.
In October 2016, the IOC stripped Volkova of her bronze medal from the 2008 Beijing Olympics after her doping sample were retested and failed.
Personal bests
1500 metres - 4:09.03 min (2005)
3000 metres - 8:54.64 min (2005)
3000 metres steeplechase - 9:06.57 min (2007)
5000 metres - 15:00.02 min (2007)
See also
List of doping cases in athletics
List of Olympic medalists in athletics (women)
List of 2008 Summer Olympics medal winners
List of stripped Olympic medals
Steeplechase at the Olympics
Doping in Russia
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (women)
List of 5000 metres national champions (women)
References
^ Russia could lose Beijing medals after retests.
^ Staff Writer (26 October 2016). "Nine athletes, including 6 medalists, caught for Beijing doping". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
External links
Yekaterina Volkova at World Athletics
Yekaterina Volkova at Olympics.com
Yekaterina Volkova at Olympedia
Sporting positions
Preceded byWioletta Janowska
Women's 3000 m SteeplechaseBest Year Performance 2007
Succeeded byGulnara Samitova-Galkina
vteWorld champions in women's 3000 m steeplechase
2005: Dorcus Inzikuru (UGA)
2007: Yekaterina Volkova (RUS)
2009: Vacant
2011: Habiba Ghribi (TUN)
2013: Milcah Chemos Cheywa (KEN)
2015: Hyvin Jepkemoi (KEN)
2017: Emma Coburn (USA)
2019: Beatrice Chepkoech (KEN)
2022: Norah Jeruto (KAZ)
2023: Winfred Yavi (BHR)
vteRussian Athletics Championships women's 5000 metres champions
1993: Tatyana Pentukova
1994: Klara Kashapova
1995–96: Viktoriya Nenasheva
1997: Ebru Kavaklıoğlu
1998: Svetlana Baygulova
1999: Olga Yegorova
2000: Tatyana Tomashova
2001: Olga Roseyeva
2002: Liliya Shobukhova
2003–04: Gulnara Samitova-Galkina
2005: Liliya Shobukhova
2006: Regina Rakhimkulova
2007: Yekaterina Volkova
2008: Liliya Shobukhova
2009–10: Olga Golovkina
2011: Yelena Zadorozhnaya
2012: Yuliya Vasilyeva
2013: Yelena Nagovitsyna
2014–16: Yelena Korobkina
2017: Ekaterina Ishova
2018: Yelena Korobkina
2019: Svetlana Aplachkina
3000 metres champions:
1992: Olena Zhupiyeva-Vyazova
1993: Yelena Romanova
1994: Olga Churbanova
vteRussian Athletics Championships women's steeplechase champions
1993: Svetlana Rogova
1994: Marina Pluzhnikova
1995: Svetlana Rogova
1996: Svetlana Vinogradova
1997–99: Yelena Motalova
2000–01: Yekaterina Volkova
2002: Natalya Cherepanova
2003: Gulnara Samitova-Galkina
2004: Lyubov Kharlamova
2005: Yekaterina Volkova
2006: Lyubov Kharlamova
2007: Yekaterina Volkova
2008: Gulnara Samitova-Galkina
2009: Yuliya Zaripova
2010: Lyubov Kharlamova
2011: Lyudmila Kuzmina
2012: Gulnara Samitova-Galkina
2013–15: Natalya Aristarkhova
2016: Yekaterina Ivonina
2017: Yekaterina Sokolenko
2018: Yekaterina Ivonina
2019: Anna Tropina
1993–98: 2000 metres · 1999–present: 3000 metres
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
This biographical article relating to Russian athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Zheleznogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheleznogorsk,_Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kursk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running"},{"link_name":"3000 metres steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"2005 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_3000_metres_steeplechase"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"2007 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_3000_metres_steeplechase"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Yekaterina Gennadiyevna Volkova (Russian: Екатерина Геннадьевна Волкова) (born 16 February 1978 in Zheleznogorsk Kursk Oblast) is a Russian long-distance runner, who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase.In her major international debut Volkova won the silver medal at the 2005 World Championships. Her time of 9:20.49 was a personal best.[citation needed]In 2007, she won the gold medal at the 2007 World Championships in a world leading, championship record and personal best time of 9:06.57 minutes.[citation needed]","title":"Yekaterina Volkova (runner)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In May 2016, it was reported that Volkova was one of 14 Russian athletes, and nine medalists, implicated in doping following the retesting of urine from the 2008 Olympic Games. Volkova was named as having failed the retest, which was undertaken following the Russian doping scandal of 2015 and 2016. If confirmed, under IOC and IAAF rules, she stands to lose her Olympic medal, and all results, medals and records from the date of the original test to May 2016.[1]In October 2016, the IOC stripped Volkova of her bronze medal from the 2008 Beijing Olympics after her doping sample were retested and failed.[2]","title":"Doping scandal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"3000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres"},{"link_name":"3000 metres steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase"},{"link_name":"5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"}],"text":"1500 metres - 4:09.03 min (2005)\n3000 metres - 8:54.64 min (2005)\n3000 metres steeplechase - 9:06.57 min (2007)\n5000 metres - 15:00.02 min (2007)","title":"Personal bests"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of doping cases in athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics"},{"title":"List of Olympic medalists in athletics (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_athletics_(women)"},{"title":"List of 2008 Summer Olympics medal winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_winners"},{"title":"List of stripped Olympic medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stripped_Olympic_medals"},{"title":"Steeplechase at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplechase_at_the_Olympics"},{"title":"Doping in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia"},{"title":"List of World Athletics Championships medalists (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Athletics_Championships_medalists_(women)"},{"title":"List of 5000 metres national champions (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_5000_metres_national_champions_(women)"}] | [{"reference":"Staff Writer (26 October 2016). \"Nine athletes, including 6 medalists, caught for Beijing doping\". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/17892515/9-athletes-including-6-medalists-caught-beijing-doping","url_text":"\"Nine athletes, including 6 medalists, caught for Beijing doping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1037750/russia-could-lose-nine-beijing-2008-olympic-medals-after-retests-of-doping-samples","external_links_name":"Russia could lose Beijing medals after retests."},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/17892515/9-athletes-including-6-medalists-caught-beijing-doping","external_links_name":"\"Nine athletes, including 6 medalists, caught for Beijing doping\""},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14299734","external_links_name":"Yekaterina Volkova"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/ekaterina-volkova","external_links_name":"Yekaterina Volkova"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/114459","external_links_name":"Yekaterina Volkova"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14299734","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yekaterina_Volkova_(runner)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Brown_(art_collector) | Sidney Brown (art collector) | ["1 Life and work","2 Art collection","2.1 2023 sale of Cézannes","3 Honors","4 See also","5 References","6 Literature","7 External links"] | Swiss machine designer and art collector (1865–1941)
Sidney William Brown (March 7, 1865, Winterthur — August 1, 1941, Baden) was a Swiss machine designer and art collector.
Life and work
Sidney Brown was born as one of six children of the British inventor Charles Brown and his wife Eugénie Pfau, who came from Winterthur. His older brother was the machine designer Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown. Like his brother, Sidney Brown studied mechanical engineering at the Winterthur Technical College and was one of the founding members of the Winterthur Velocipede Club during this time, of which he was the first president. After his studies, he then joined his father in 1884 at what was to become Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. After his brother founded the company Brown, Boveri & Cie. together with Walter Boveri in 1891, Sidney Brown became technical director there and later a member of the board of directors.
In 1896 Brown married the industrialist's daughter Jenny Sulzer. Their honeymoon took the couple to Paris, where they acquired Eugène Boudin's painting Laundresses.
Art collection
Their collection initially focused on painters of the Munich School such as Ludwig Herterich, Leo Putz and Franz von Stuck. Their villa Langmatt, built in Baden in 1901, received its own gallery extension for the painting collection in 1906. Until WWII, the Brown couple, advised by the painter Carl Montag, acquired paintings by the French Impressionists in Paris. The collection included paintings by Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. They also acquired valuable furniture, porcelain, clocks, silver, and books. After the death of their son John A. Brown in 1987, the villa and its collections were placed in a foundation and have been open as a museum since 1990.
Family grave Brown-Sulzer
Brown was buried in the family grave at Liebenfels cemetery in Baden AG.
2023 sale of Cézannes
In 2023 the Foundation sold three artworks by Cézanne at Christies. One of the Cézannes, entitled Fruits et pot de gingembre, was found to have been owned by a Jewish art collector who was persecuted by the Nazis. A confidential settlement was reached with the family of Jacob Goldschmidt shortly before the sale. However questions about the exact itinerary of the artwork remained
Honors
1916 Ehrenbürger von Baden
1930 Ehrendoktor der ETH Zürich
See also
Bernheim-Jeune
References
^ "Charles Eugen Lancelot Brown - Winterthur Glossar". www.winterthur-glossar.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "ABB Uber Uns". ABB.
^ "MFO, BBC und ABB". OERLIKON Industriegeschichten (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ Lang, Norbert (1992). Charles E. L. Brown, 1863 - 1924, Walter Boveri, 1865 - 1924: Gründer eines Weltunternehmens. Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik. Verein für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien. Meilen: Verein für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien. ISBN 978-3-909059-01-0.
^ Fahrländer, Andreas (2018-12-15). "Jenny Brown-Sulzer - Wie die Witwe des BBC-Gründers Baden und die Schweiz veränderte". Badener Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ Langmatt, Museum. "The Patron's Familiy - Museum Langmatt". www.langmatt.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ Langmatt, Museum. "Eugène Boudin, Washerwomen on the Bank of the Touqes, 1895 - Museum Langmatt". www.langmatt.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "MONTAG Charles/Carl (FR)". agorha.inha.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-31. Jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en tant que conseiller et marchand à la fois, Montag joua un rôle déterminant dans la constitution de presque toutes les grandes collections privées de Suisse : Arthur et Hedy Hahnloser, Richard Bühler, Oskar Reinhart, Emil Bührle, Sidney et Jenny Brown
^ "Acculé, un musée suisse vend ses chefs-d'œuvre". Le Journal Des Arts (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "Un musée fait scandale en vendant trois Cézanne pour se renflouer". Beaux Arts (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "'Very short-sighted': Swiss museum's decision to sell Cézanne paintings sparks outrage". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2023-10-12. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
^ "Property Sold to Benefit Museum Langmatt PAUL CEZANNE (1839-1906) Fruits et pot de gingembre". christies.com.
^ Hickley, Catherine (2023-11-08). "Amid Criticism, a Museum Says It Must Sell Its Cézannes to Survive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
^ Kazakina, Katya (2023-09-29). "Questions About World War II Ties Again Haunt Christie's as a Swiss Museum Plans to Sell Three Prized Cézanne Paintings". Artnet News. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
Literature
Brown, Sidney William in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Norbert Lang: Charles E. L. Brown und Walter Boveri. Gründer eines Weltunternehmens. Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien, 1992, ISBN 3909059015.
Florens Deuchler: Die französischen Impressionisten und ihre Vorläufer. Katalog Langmatt, 1990, ISBN 3855450447.
Eva-Maria Preiswerk-Lösel: Ein Haus für die Impressionisten – Das Museum Langmatt. Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3775710175.
Meet the Browns. Badener Neujahrsblätter 2012. Herausgegeben von der Literarischen Gesellschaft Baden und der Vereinigung für Heimatkunde des Bezirks Baden. Hier + Jetzt, Verlag für Kultur und Geschichte, Baden 2011.
External links
Museum Langmatt
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
Portals: Arts Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sidney William Brown (March 7, 1865, Winterthur — August 1, 1941, Baden) was a Swiss machine designer and art collector.","title":"Sidney Brown (art collector)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Lancelot_Brown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brown, Boveri & Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Eugène Boudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Boudin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sidney Brown was born as one of six children of the British inventor Charles Brown and his wife Eugénie Pfau, who came from Winterthur. His older brother was the machine designer Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown.[1] Like his brother, Sidney Brown studied mechanical engineering at the Winterthur Technical College and was one of the founding members of the Winterthur Velocipede Club during this time, of which he was the first president. After his studies, he then joined his father in 1884 at what was to become Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon.[2] After his brother founded the company Brown, Boveri & Cie.[3] together with Walter Boveri in 1891,[4] Sidney Brown became technical director there and later a member of the board of directors.In 1896 Brown married the industrialist's daughter Jenny Sulzer.[5][6] Their honeymoon took the couple to Paris, where they acquired Eugène Boudin's painting Laundresses.[7]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franz von Stuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Carl Montag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Montag"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Familiengrab_Brown-Sulzer.jpg"}],"text":"Their collection initially focused on painters of the Munich School such as Ludwig Herterich, Leo Putz and Franz von Stuck. Their villa Langmatt, built in Baden in 1901, received its own gallery extension for the painting collection in 1906. Until WWII, the Brown couple, advised by the painter Carl Montag, acquired paintings by the French Impressionists in Paris.[8] The collection included paintings by Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. They also acquired valuable furniture, porcelain, clocks, silver, and books. After the death of their son John A. Brown in 1987, the villa and its collections were placed in a foundation and have been open as a museum since 1990.Family grave Brown-SulzerBrown was buried in the family grave at Liebenfels cemetery in Baden AG.","title":"Art collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2023 sale of Cézannes","text":"In 2023 the Foundation sold three artworks by Cézanne at Christies.[9][10][11] One of the Cézannes, entitled Fruits et pot de gingembre,[12] was found to have been owned by a Jewish art collector who was persecuted by the Nazis. A confidential settlement was reached with the family of Jacob Goldschmidt shortly before the sale.[13] However questions about the exact itinerary of the artwork remained[14]","title":"Art collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1916 Ehrenbürger von Baden\n1930 Ehrendoktor der ETH Zürich","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D29569.php"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F29569.php"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I29569.php"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland"}],"text":"Brown, Sidney William in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nNorbert Lang: Charles E. L. Brown und Walter Boveri. Gründer eines Weltunternehmens. Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien, 1992, ISBN 3909059015.\nFlorens Deuchler: Die französischen Impressionisten und ihre Vorläufer. Katalog Langmatt, 1990, ISBN 3855450447.\nEva-Maria Preiswerk-Lösel: Ein Haus für die Impressionisten – Das Museum Langmatt. Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3775710175.\nMeet the Browns. Badener Neujahrsblätter 2012. Herausgegeben von der Literarischen Gesellschaft Baden und der Vereinigung für Heimatkunde des Bezirks Baden. Hier + Jetzt, Verlag für Kultur und Geschichte, Baden 2011.","title":"Literature"}] | [{"image_text":"Family grave Brown-Sulzer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Familiengrab_Brown-Sulzer.jpg/220px-Familiengrab_Brown-Sulzer.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bernheim-Jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernheim-Jeune"}] | [{"reference":"\"Charles Eugen Lancelot Brown - Winterthur Glossar\". www.winterthur-glossar.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winterthur-glossar.ch/charles-eugen-lancelot-brown","url_text":"\"Charles Eugen Lancelot Brown - Winterthur Glossar\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABB Uber Uns\". ABB.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.abb.com/ch/ueber-uns/geschichte/persoenlichkeiten/charles-brown","url_text":"\"ABB Uber Uns\""}]},{"reference":"\"MFO, BBC und ABB\". OERLIKON Industriegeschichten (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.industriegeschichten.ch/die-mfo/mfo-bbc-und-abb/","url_text":"\"MFO, BBC und ABB\""}]},{"reference":"Lang, Norbert (1992). Charles E. L. Brown, 1863 - 1924, Walter Boveri, 1865 - 1924: Gründer eines Weltunternehmens. Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik. Verein für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien. Meilen: Verein für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien. ISBN 978-3-909059-01-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-909059-01-0","url_text":"978-3-909059-01-0"}]},{"reference":"Fahrländer, Andreas (2018-12-15). \"Jenny Brown-Sulzer - Wie die Witwe des BBC-Gründers Baden und die Schweiz veränderte\". Badener Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.badenertagblatt.ch/aargau/baden/wie-die-witwe-des-bbc-grunders-baden-und-die-schweiz-veranderte-ld.1297675","url_text":"\"Jenny Brown-Sulzer - Wie die Witwe des BBC-Gründers Baden und die Schweiz veränderte\""}]},{"reference":"Langmatt, Museum. \"The Patron's Familiy - Museum Langmatt\". www.langmatt.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.langmatt.ch/en/langmatt/history/the-patrons-familiy","url_text":"\"The Patron's Familiy - Museum Langmatt\""}]},{"reference":"Langmatt, Museum. \"Eugène Boudin, Washerwomen on the Bank of the Touqes, 1895 - Museum Langmatt\". www.langmatt.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.langmatt.ch/en/collection/eugene-boudin-washerwomen-on-the-bank-of-the-touqes-1895-1","url_text":"\"Eugène Boudin, Washerwomen on the Bank of the Touqes, 1895 - Museum Langmatt\""}]},{"reference":"\"MONTAG Charles/Carl (FR)\". agorha.inha.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-31. Jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en tant que conseiller et marchand à la fois, Montag joua un rôle déterminant dans la constitution de presque toutes les grandes collections privées de Suisse : Arthur et Hedy Hahnloser, Richard Bühler, Oskar Reinhart, Emil Bührle, Sidney et Jenny Brown","urls":[{"url":"https://agorha.inha.fr/detail/250","url_text":"\"MONTAG Charles/Carl (FR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acculé, un musée suisse vend ses chefs-d'œuvre\". Le Journal Des Arts (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/actualites/accule-un-musee-suisse-vend-ses-chefs-doeuvre-168557","url_text":"\"Acculé, un musée suisse vend ses chefs-d'œuvre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un musée fait scandale en vendant trois Cézanne pour se renflouer\". Beaux Arts (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/un-musee-fait-scandale-en-vendant-trois-cezanne-pour-se-renflouer/","url_text":"\"Un musée fait scandale en vendant trois Cézanne pour se renflouer\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Very short-sighted': Swiss museum's decision to sell Cézanne paintings sparks outrage\". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2023-10-12. Retrieved 2023-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/10/12/very-short-sighted-swiss-museums-decision-to-sell-cezanne-paintings-sparks-outrage","url_text":"\"'Very short-sighted': Swiss museum's decision to sell Cézanne paintings sparks outrage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Property Sold to Benefit Museum Langmatt PAUL CEZANNE (1839-1906) Fruits et pot de gingembre\". christies.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6453457","url_text":"\"Property Sold to Benefit Museum Langmatt PAUL CEZANNE (1839-1906) Fruits et pot de gingembre\""}]},{"reference":"Hickley, Catherine (2023-11-08). \"Amid Criticism, a Museum Says It Must Sell Its Cézannes to Survive\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/arts/cezannes-sale-museum-langmatt.html","url_text":"\"Amid Criticism, a Museum Says It Must Sell Its Cézannes to Survive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kazakina, Katya (2023-09-29). \"Questions About World War II Ties Again Haunt Christie's as a Swiss Museum Plans to Sell Three Prized Cézanne Paintings\". Artnet News. Retrieved 2023-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/news-pro/cezanne-christies-sydney-brown-2368825","url_text":"\"Questions About World War II Ties Again Haunt Christie's as a Swiss Museum Plans to Sell Three Prized Cézanne Paintings\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.winterthur-glossar.ch/charles-eugen-lancelot-brown","external_links_name":"\"Charles Eugen Lancelot Brown - Winterthur Glossar\""},{"Link":"https://new.abb.com/ch/ueber-uns/geschichte/persoenlichkeiten/charles-brown","external_links_name":"\"ABB Uber Uns\""},{"Link":"https://www.industriegeschichten.ch/die-mfo/mfo-bbc-und-abb/","external_links_name":"\"MFO, BBC und ABB\""},{"Link":"https://www.badenertagblatt.ch/aargau/baden/wie-die-witwe-des-bbc-grunders-baden-und-die-schweiz-veranderte-ld.1297675","external_links_name":"\"Jenny Brown-Sulzer - Wie die Witwe des BBC-Gründers Baden und die Schweiz veränderte\""},{"Link":"https://www.langmatt.ch/en/langmatt/history/the-patrons-familiy","external_links_name":"\"The Patron's Familiy - Museum Langmatt\""},{"Link":"https://www.langmatt.ch/en/collection/eugene-boudin-washerwomen-on-the-bank-of-the-touqes-1895-1","external_links_name":"\"Eugène Boudin, Washerwomen on the Bank of the Touqes, 1895 - Museum Langmatt\""},{"Link":"https://agorha.inha.fr/detail/250","external_links_name":"\"MONTAG Charles/Carl (FR)\""},{"Link":"https://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/actualites/accule-un-musee-suisse-vend-ses-chefs-doeuvre-168557","external_links_name":"\"Acculé, un musée suisse vend ses chefs-d'œuvre\""},{"Link":"https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/un-musee-fait-scandale-en-vendant-trois-cezanne-pour-se-renflouer/","external_links_name":"\"Un musée fait scandale en vendant trois Cézanne pour se renflouer\""},{"Link":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/10/12/very-short-sighted-swiss-museums-decision-to-sell-cezanne-paintings-sparks-outrage","external_links_name":"\"'Very short-sighted': Swiss museum's decision to sell Cézanne paintings sparks outrage\""},{"Link":"https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6453457","external_links_name":"\"Property Sold to Benefit Museum Langmatt PAUL CEZANNE (1839-1906) Fruits et pot de gingembre\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/arts/cezannes-sale-museum-langmatt.html","external_links_name":"\"Amid Criticism, a Museum Says It Must Sell Its Cézannes to Survive\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/news-pro/cezanne-christies-sydney-brown-2368825","external_links_name":"\"Questions About World War II Ties Again Haunt Christie's as a Swiss Museum Plans to Sell Three Prized Cézanne Paintings\""},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D29569.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F29569.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I29569.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://www.langmatt.ch/","external_links_name":"Museum Langmatt"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/345190/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000054350656","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/839057","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyh84pJPV77kkJkj6gR8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14403647f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14403647f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120271095","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94030621","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120271095.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029569","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_UTEP_Miners_men%27s_basketball_team | 2003–04 UTEP Miners men's basketball team | ["1 Roster","2 Schedule and results","3 References"] | American college basketball season
2003–04 UTEP Miners men's basketballWAC Regular season co-championsNCAA tournamentConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceRecord24–8 (13–5 WAC)Head coachBilly Gillispie (2nd season)Assistant coachDoc Sadler (1st season)Home arenaDon Haskins CenterSeasons← 2002–032004–05 →
2003–04 WAC men's basketball standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
Nevada †
13
–
5
.722
25
–
9
.735
UTEP
13
–
5
.722
24
–
8
.750
Boise State
12
–
6
.667
23
–
10
.697
Rice
12
–
6
.667
22
–
11
.667
Hawaii
11
–
7
.611
21
–
12
.636
Fresno State
10
–
8
.556
14
–
15
.483
Louisiana Tech
8
–
10
.444
15
–
15
.500
SMU
5
–
13
.278
12
–
18
.400
Tulsa
5
–
13
.278
9
–
20
.310
San Jose State
1
–
17
.056
6
–
23
.207
† 2004 WAC tournament winner
The 2003–04 UTEP Miners men's basketball team represented the University of Texas at El Paso as a member of the Western Athletic Conference during the 2004–05 college basketball season. The team was led by second-year head coach Billy Gillispie and played their home games at the Don Haskins Center in El Paso, Texas.
Roster
2003–04 UTEP Miners men's basketball team
Players
Coaches
Pos.
#
Name
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
F
1
Jason Williams
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
205 lb (93 kg)
So
New Orleans, Louisiana
G
4
Giovanni St. Amant
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
So
Bellflower, California
F
5
Roy Smallwood
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
Sr
Houston, Texas
G
10
Chris Craig
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
180 lb (82 kg)
Sr
Scottsdale, Arizona
G
21
Filiberto Rivera
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
175 lb (79 kg)
Jr
Carolina, Puerto Rico
F
33
Omar Thomas
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
205 lb (93 kg)
Jr
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C
40
John Tofi
6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
So
San Francisco, California
Head coach
Billy Gillispie
Assistant coach(es)
Doc Sadler
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
(W) Walk-on
Injured
Current redshirt
Schedule and results
Datetime, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
Site city, state
Regular Season
Dec 3, 2003*
at Texas Tech
L 57–70
3–1
United Spirit Arena Lubbock, Texas
Dec 6, 2003*
at New Mexico State
W 83–74
4–1
Pan American Center Las Cruces, New Mexico
Dec 8, 2003*
Houston
W 88–61
5–1
Don Haskins Center El Paso, Texas
Dec 17, 2003*
New Mexico State
W 85–60
6–1
Don Haskins Center El Paso, Texas
Dec 28, 2003*
Rutgers
W 94–68
9–1
Don Haskins Center El Paso, Texas
Jan 3, 2004
Boise State
L 94–98
9–2(0–1)
Don Haskins Center El Paso, Texas
WAC tournament
Mar 11, 2004*
vs. Louisiana Tech Quarterfinals
W 62–55
23–6
Save Mart Center Fresno, California
Mar 12, 2004*
vs. Boise State Semifinals
W 85–73
24–6
Save Mart Center Fresno, California
Mar 13, 2004*
vs. Nevada Championship game
L 60–66
24–7
Save Mart Center Fresno, California
NCAA tournament
Mar 18, 2004*
(13 PHX)
vs. (4 PHX) No. 19 Maryland First round
L 83–86
24–8
The Pepsi Center Denver, Colorado
*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. PHX=Phoenix.
References
^ "2003-04 Men's Basketball Roster". University of Texas at El Paso Athletics. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ "Nevada's first Dance since '85". ESPN. March 14, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ "Terps escape with win over UTEP". ESPN. March 19, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ "2003-04 Men's Basketball Schedule". University of Texas at El Paso Athletics. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
vteUTEP Miners men's basketballVenues
Holliday Hall (1933–1961)
Memorial Gymnasium (1961–1976)
Don Haskins Center (1976–present)
Rivalries
New Mexico State
Culture & lore
Paydirt Pete
Glory Road
"Miners Fight"
People
Head coaches
Statistical leaders
Seasons
List of seasons
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1923–24
1924–25
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1928–29
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1930–31
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1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
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1984–85
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2023–24
2024–25
NCAA national championship in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Texas at El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Billy Gillispie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gillispie"},{"link_name":"Don Haskins Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Haskins_Center"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"}],"text":"The 2003–04 UTEP Miners men's basketball team represented the University of Texas at El Paso as a member of the Western Athletic Conference during the 2004–05 college basketball season. The team was led by second-year head coach Billy Gillispie and played their home games at the Don Haskins Center in El Paso, Texas.","title":"2003–04 UTEP Miners men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"[1]","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"[4]","title":"Schedule and results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2003-04 Men's Basketball Roster\". University of Texas at El Paso Athletics. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://utepminers.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/2003-04","url_text":"\"2003-04 Men's Basketball Roster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTEP_Miners","url_text":"University of Texas at El Paso Athletics"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada's first Dance since '85\". ESPN. March 14, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap?gameId=240732440","url_text":"\"Nevada's first Dance since '85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Terps escape with win over UTEP\". ESPN. March 19, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap/_/gameId/244000036","url_text":"\"Terps escape with win over UTEP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"2003-04 Men's Basketball Schedule\". University of Texas at El Paso Athletics. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://utepminers.com/sports/mens-basketball/schedule/2003-04","url_text":"\"2003-04 Men's Basketball Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTEP_Miners","url_text":"University of Texas at El Paso Athletics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://utepminers.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/2003-04","external_links_name":"\"2003-04 Men's Basketball Roster\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap?gameId=240732440","external_links_name":"\"Nevada's first Dance since '85\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap/_/gameId/244000036","external_links_name":"\"Terps escape with win over UTEP\""},{"Link":"https://utepminers.com/sports/mens-basketball/schedule/2003-04","external_links_name":"\"2003-04 Men's Basketball Schedule\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Liberty_Bowl_(December) | 2010 Liberty Bowl (December) | ["1 Teams","2 Game notes","2.1 Scoring summary","3 References"] | College football game2010 Auto Zone Liberty Bowl52nd Liberty Bowl
Georgia Bulldogs
UCF Knights
(6–6)
(10–3)
SEC
C-USA
6
10
Head coach: Mark Richt
Head coach: George O'Leary
APCoachesBCS
–2425
1234
Total
Georgia
3030
6
UCF
0307
10
DateDecember 31, 2010Season2010StadiumLiberty Bowl Memorial StadiumLocationMemphis, TennesseeMVPLatavius Murray (RB, UCF)FavoriteGeorgia by 6RefereeRick Loumiet (Big 12)Halftime showThe O'JaysAttendance51,231PayoutUS$1.35 millionUnited States TV coverageNetworkESPNAnnouncersDave Neal and Andre WareNielsen ratings3.2
Liberty Bowl
< 2010 (Jan.)
2011 >
The 2010 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, on December 31, 2010. The 52nd edition of the Liberty Bowl matched up the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) against the UCF Knights, the Conference USA champions. With sponsorship from AutoZone, the game was officially the AutoZone Liberty Bowl. The game was won by UCF, 10–6.
The game marked UCF's second appearance in the Liberty Bowl. In the 2007 edition, the Knights had lost to Mississippi State. With a 1–1 record in prior appearances, this was Georgia's third trip to the Liberty Bowl.
Teams
Georgia running back Caleb King, backup cornerback Derek Owens and reserve offensive tackle A. J. Harmon were suspended for the Liberty Bowl for academic issues.
Game notes
The victory marked UCF's first-ever bowl win. No. 25 UCF and Georgia faced each other in the second meeting between the two schools. The Bulldogs won the previous meeting, 24-23, in 1999, in a game sometimes known as the "Burglary Between the Hedges."
The Knights started fast out of the gate, with Quincy McDuffie returning the opening kickoff 95-yards for a touchdown, but the play was called back due to a holding penalty. Georgia took a 3-0 lead behind a 95-yard drive later in the first quarter. Late in the second quarter, an interception by UCF's Josh Linam set up a 22-yard field goal, and a 3-3 tie at halftime.
With Georgia leading 6-3 in the fourth quarter, UCF quarterback Jeffrey Godfrey drove the Knights 65 yards for the game's first touchdown, and a 10-6 lead. In the final seconds, Georgia had an attempt at a potential game-winning "hail mary" pass, but it was knocked down by Kemal Ishmael as time expired.
Latavius Murray rushed for 104 yards on 18 carries, with one touchdown, earning him Liberty Bowl MVP honors.
Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring Information
Score
Length
Time
UGA
UCF
1
02:02
15 plays, 95 yards
9:13
UGA
Blair Walsh 20–yard field goal
3
0
2
00:33
8 plays, 27 yards
0:54
UCF
Nick Cattoi 22–yard field goal
3
3
3
09:23
13 plays, 61 yards
5:37
UGA
Blair Walsh 41–yard field goal
6
3
4
08:53
11 plays, 65 yards
5:39
UCF
Latavius Murray 10–yard run, Nick Cattoi kick good
6
10
Final Score
6
10
References
^ The Odds, Los Angeles Times, December 20, 2010
^ "Instant Analysis: UCF 10, Georgia 6". ESPN. December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
^ UCF Liberty Bowl win against Georgia would avenge Burglary Between the Hedges
^ "Georgia Bulldogs vs. UCF Knights - Drivechart". ESPN. December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
vte2010–11 NCAA football bowl game season
New Mexico (Dec. 18)
Humanitarian (Dec. 18)
New Orleans (Dec. 18)
Beef 'O' Brady's (Dec. 21)
Maaco Las Vegas (Dec. 22)
Poinsettia (Dec. 23)
Hawaii (Dec. 24)
Little Caesars Pizza (Dec. 26)
Independence (Dec. 27)
Champs Sports (Dec. 28)
Insight (Dec. 28)
Military (Dec. 29)
Texas (Dec. 29)
Alamo (Dec. 29)
Armed Forces (Dec. 30)
Pinstripe (Dec. 30)
Music City (Dec. 30)
Holiday (Dec. 30)
Meineke Car Care (Dec. 31)
Sun (Dec. 31)
Liberty (Dec. 31)
Chick-fil-A (Dec. 31)
TicketCity (Jan. 1)
Outback (Jan. 1)
Capital One (Jan. 1)
Gator (Jan. 1)
GoDaddy.com Bowl (Jan. 6)
Cotton (Jan. 7)
BBVA Compass (Jan. 8)
Kraft Fight Hunger (Jan. 9)
Bowl Championship Series games: Rose (Jan. 1)
Fiesta (Jan. 1)
Orange (Jan. 3)
Sugar (Jan. 4)
BCS National Championship (Jan. 10)
All-Star Games: East–West Shrine Game (Jan. 22)
Eastham Energy All-Star Game (Jan. 23)
Senior Bowl (Jan. 29)
Texas vs The Nation (Feb. 5)
Dixie Gridiron Classic (Feb. 5)
vteLiberty BowlHistory & conference tie-ins
History
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium
Convention Hall
Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium
Big 12 Conference
Southeastern Conference
American Athletic Conference
Games
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2009
2010 (January)
2010 (December)
2011
2012
2013
2014
2016 (January)
2016 (December)
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Notes
There was no Liberty Bowl in 2008 or 2015.
There was a Liberty Bowl in January and December of 2010 and 2016.
vteGeorgia Bulldogs bowl games
1942 Orange Bowl
1943 Rose Bowl
1946 Oil Bowl
1947 Sugar Bowl
1948 Gator Bowl
1949 Orange Bowl
1950 Presidential Cup
1960 Orange Bowl
1964 Sun Bowl
1966 Cotton Bowl Classic
1967 Liberty Bowl
1969 Sugar Bowl
1969 Sun Bowl
1971 Gator Bowl
1973 Peach Bowl
1974 Tangerine Bowl
1976 Cotton Bowl Classic
1977 Sugar Bowl
1978 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1981 Sugar Bowl
1982 Sugar Bowl
1983 Sugar Bowl #
1984 Cotton Bowl Classic
1984 Florida Citrus Bowl
1985 Sun Bowl
1986 Hall of Fame Bowl
1987 Liberty Bowl
1989 Gator Bowl
1989 Peach Bowl
1991 Independence Bowl
1993 Florida Citrus Bowl
1995 Peach Bowl
1998 Outback Bowl
1998 Peach Bowl
2000 Outback Bowl
2000 Oahu Bowl
2001 Music City Bowl
2003 Sugar Bowl
2004 Capital One Bowl
2005 Outback Bowl
2006 Sugar Bowl
2006 Chick-fil-A Bowl
2008 Sugar Bowl
2009 Capital One Bowl
2009 Independence Bowl
2010 Liberty Bowl
2012 Outback Bowl
2013 Capital One Bowl
2014 Gator Bowl
2014 Belk Bowl
2016 TaxSlayer Bowl
2016 Liberty Bowl
2018 Rose Bowl †
2018 College Football Playoff National Championship #
2019 Sugar Bowl
2020 Sugar Bowl
2021 Peach Bowl
2021 Orange Bowl †
2022 College Football Playoff National Championship #
2022 Peach Bowl †
2023 College Football Playoff National Championship #
2023 Orange Bowl
# denotes national championship game; † denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
vteUCF Knights bowl games
2005 Hawaii Bowl
2007 Liberty Bowl
2009 St. Petersburg Bowl
2010 Liberty Bowl
2012 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl
2014 Fiesta Bowl
2014 St. Petersburg Bowl
2016 Cure Bowl
2018 Peach Bowl
2019 Fiesta Bowl
2019 Gasparilla Bowl
2020 Boca Raton Bowl
2021 Gasparilla Bowl
2022 Military Bowl
2023 Gasparilla Bowl
This college football bowl article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bowl_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Liberty Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Georgia Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"UCF Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UCF_Knights_football_team"},{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"AutoZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoZone"},{"link_name":"2007 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Liberty_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football"}],"text":"College football gameThe 2010 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, on December 31, 2010. The 52nd edition of the Liberty Bowl matched up the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) against the UCF Knights, the Conference USA champions. With sponsorship from AutoZone, the game was officially the AutoZone Liberty Bowl. The game was won by UCF, 10–6.The game marked UCF's second appearance in the Liberty Bowl. In the 2007 edition, the Knights had lost to Mississippi State. With a 1–1 record in prior appearances, this was Georgia's third trip to the Liberty Bowl.","title":"2010 Liberty Bowl (December)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_King"},{"link_name":"A. J. Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Harmon"}],"text":"Georgia running back Caleb King, backup cornerback Derek Owens and reserve offensive tackle A. J. Harmon were suspended for the Liberty Bowl for academic issues.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burglary Between the Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UCF_Golden_Knights_football_team#September_25:_at_Georgia_-_%22Burglary_Between_the_Hedges%22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Quincy McDuffie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_McDuffie"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Kemal Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Ishmael"}],"text":"The victory marked UCF's first-ever bowl win.[2] No. 25 UCF and Georgia faced each other in the second meeting between the two schools. The Bulldogs won the previous meeting, 24-23, in 1999, in a game sometimes known as the \"Burglary Between the Hedges.\"[3]The Knights started fast out of the gate, with Quincy McDuffie returning the opening kickoff 95-yards for a touchdown, but the play was called back due to a holding penalty. Georgia took a 3-0 lead behind a 95-yard drive later in the first quarter. Late in the second quarter, an interception by UCF's Josh Linam set up a 22-yard field goal, and a 3-3 tie at halftime.With Georgia leading 6-3 in the fourth quarter, UCF quarterback Jeffrey Godfrey drove the Knights 65 yards for the game's first touchdown, and a 10-6 lead. In the final seconds, Georgia had an attempt at a potential game-winning \"hail mary\" pass, but it was knocked down by Kemal Ishmael as time expired.Latavius Murray rushed for 104 yards on 18 carries, with one touchdown, earning him Liberty Bowl MVP honors.","title":"Game notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scoring summary","title":"Game notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Instant Analysis: UCF 10, Georgia 6\". ESPN. December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/ncfnation/post/_/id/36733/instant-analysis-ucf-10-georgia-6","url_text":"\"Instant Analysis: UCF 10, Georgia 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia Bulldogs vs. UCF Knights - Drivechart\". ESPN. December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/drivechart?gameId=303652116","url_text":"\"Georgia Bulldogs vs. UCF Knights - Drivechart\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/blog/ncfnation/post/_/id/36733/instant-analysis-ucf-10-georgia-6","external_links_name":"\"Instant Analysis: UCF 10, Georgia 6\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120910032531/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/college/knights/os-bianchi-ucf-georgia-preview-1231-20101230,0,4526171.column","external_links_name":"UCF Liberty Bowl win against Georgia would avenge Burglary Between the Hedges"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/drivechart?gameId=303652116","external_links_name":"\"Georgia Bulldogs vs. UCF Knights - Drivechart\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_Liberty_Bowl_(December)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Commerciale_du_Congo | Banque du Congo Belge | ["1 Background","2 Colonial bank","3 Post-colonial era","4 Leadership","5 See also","6 Notes"] | Former bank in Africa
Head office of the Banque du Congo Belge in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), photographed in 1942
Former main administrative office of the Banque du Congo Belge in Brussels from 1920 to 1954
The Banque du Congo Belge (BCB, Dutch: Bank van Belgisch Congo; lit. 'Bank of the Belgian Congo') was a Belgian colonial bank that mainly operated in the Belgian Congo from 1909 to 1960. Following Congolese independence, it kept operating as the Banque du Congo from 1960 to 1971, the Banque Commerciale Zaïroise from 1971 to 1997, and the Banque Commerciale Du Congo (BCDC) from 1997 to 2020, when it was acquired by Kenya-based Equity Group Holdings and became part of Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo.
The BCB held a monopoly on currency issuance in the Belgian Congo from 1911 to 1952, and in Ruanda-Urundi from 1916 to 1952, effectively acting as the central bank in these territories. It was succeeded in that role in 1952 by the newly established Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi.
Background
From 1886 to 1908, King Leopold II of the Belgians ruled the Congo Free State as his private domain. On July 27, 1887, he issued a Royal decree that established the Belgian franc as the money of account for the Congo Free State, and for Ruanda-Urundi. In 1890, the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty put Ruanda-Urundi within the German Empire's sphere of influence in Africa. Consequently, the German East African rupie became the official currency in Ruanda-Urundi though the Franc continued to circulate there.
In 1908, Belgium assumed direct responsibility for the Congo, taking it from Leopold; as a result, the Belgian Congo became a member of the Latin Monetary Union.
Colonial bank
Albert Thys was instrumental in the establishment of the Banque du Congo Belge
The Banque du Congo Belge was founded on 11 January 1909 at the initiative of Albert Thys and the Banque d'Outremer he led, by a number of institutions including the Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (CCCI), the Banque de Bruxelles, Bunge, and several private banking house including the Banque Lambert. After a few weeks and at the request of the Belgian authorities, the capital of the new bank was further opened to established Belgian financial institutions that included the Société Générale de Belgique (SGB), Crédit Général Liégeois, Crédit Général de Belgique, Banque Internationale de Bruxelles, the Balser banking house, and the Société Commerciale et Financière Africaine (Comfina).: II As a result, the main shareholders of the BCB in 1909 were the CCCI, the Banque d'Outremer, the SGB, the Comfina, Édouard Empain, the Banque de Bruxelles, De Nederlandsche Bank, and banker Franz Philippson.: 316
As such, the BCB was initially able to act as the agent in the Congo for all the major Belgian banks rather than as a subsidiary or affiliate of only one of them. Its Brussels office was established in the office complex of the CCCI and in the same urban block as the Banque d'Outremer. In June 1909, it opened its first Congolese branch in Matadi, followed by Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi) four months later and Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) in 1910.: II
On 7 July 1911, the Colonial government awarded the Bank a 25-year monopoly on the right of note issuance for the Colony and appointed it as fiscal agent for the colonial government. The granting of issuance privilege triggered a change in the governance of the BCB, which remained a Belgian joint-stock company but granted the Belgian government oversight rights;: 316 until 1937, the chairman of the BCB's board was a senior executive of the National Bank of Belgium.: 319 On 10 August 1911, the same day of the enactment of the BCB's new statute, it created a local affiliate, the Banque Commerciale du Congo, which took over its commercial activities that it could no longer itself carry out under the terms of the issuance charter. The BCB soon opened further branches in Boma and Stanleyville (now Kisangani), and issued its first banknotes in 1912. It was still modest in size, however, with a total 25 employees in 1911.: II It kept outsourcing the printing of banknotes to the National Bank of Belgium until May 1940.: 316
With the German occupation of Belgium during World War I, the BCB was run from a temporary branch created for that purpose in London. It created 18 new branches during the war period, in Bandundu, Basankusu, Basoko, Buta, Coquilhatville (now Mbandaka), Inongo, Kabinda, Kasongo, Kilo-Moto, Kongolo, Libenge, Lisala, Luebo, Lusamba, Niangara, Ponthierville (now Ubundu), Rutshuru, and Sandoa. In the occupied German colonies of Eats Africa, it also opened offices in Kigoma and Dar es Salaam.: III
Following Germany's defeat in the First World War, Belgium assumed a League of Nations mandate over Ruanda-Urundi. Belgium then included them in the Congo Franc Zone, and the BCB opened branches in Usumbura and Kigali. The Convention of 10 October 1927 updated the BCB's statute, revisited the question of note issuance and extended the BCB's monopoly until 1 July 1952; a further update of the statute took place in 1935.: 319
During the Second World War, Belgium came again under German occupation. As a consequence, the BCB had to act practically as an autonomous central bank, including as a fiscal agent of the Belgian government in exile. A convention of 21 January 1941 between Belgium (in exile) and the United Kingdom set a fixed parity between the Congo franc and the pound sterling and allowed the former to be quoted in London.: 320-321
In 1952, upon expiration of its banknote issuance privilege, the BCB was replaced in its central banking role by the newly established Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi (BCCBRU). On this occasion, its registered office was relocated from Brussels to Léopoldville on 16 September 1952,: IV and it absorbed its local affiliate, the Banque Commerciale du Congo, on 19 November 1952.: 174
In 1954, the BCB's office in Brussels moved from its longstanding location at Rue Thérésienne 14,: 100 part of the palatial building of CCCI completed in 1920, to a new head office on Cantersteen 1 above the North–South connection in central Brussels, designed by architects André and Jean Polak .
Branch in Elisabethville, photographed in 1926
Former building of Banque du Congo Belge in Mbandaka
Entrance of the bank's former Brussels office with inscription "Banque Congo Belge" and ironwork displaying the Congo Star
Cantersteen 1 in Brussels, BCB main Brussels office from 1954 to 1960
Post-colonial era
With Congolese independence impending in 1960, the BCB adapted its corporate structure. On 14 April 1960 it formed a new Belgian bank, the Banque Belgo-Congolaise (abbreviated in 1965 as Banque Belgolaise), which took over the BCB's existing operations in Brussels, Antwerp, and London. In June 1960, it transferred most central administrative functions from Brussels to Léopoldville. On 24 August 1960, the BCB renamed itself the Banque du Congo.: V Simultaneously, the BCB accelerated the elevation of native Africans within its staff, raising their share in management from 10 percent in early 1960 to 30 percent in early 1961 and over 40 percent by the end of 1963. This helped the BCB to re-open by early 1964 all branches that had to be closed in the previous few years during the Congo Crisis.: VI
On 8 August 1964, the BCB's operations in what had become Burundi and Rwanda were reorganized as the Banque de Crédit de Bujumbura,: VII which was subsequently acquired in 1965 by Banque Belgolaise.: X
In late 1963, Morgan Guaranty International Banking Corporation, an affiliate of Morgan Guaranty created in 1960, took a minority stake in the Banque du Congo. In 1965, it allowed the Congolese state to also become a minority shareholder through a capital increase.: VI, VII In early 1970, the Banque du Congo became a founding shareholder of the newly established Société Congolaise de Financement et de Dévéloppement, known as Socofide.: IX
The bank was renamed Banque Commerciale Zaïroise when the country's name was changed to Zaire in 1971. By 1987 it was still by far the largest bank in the country, ahead of the Société Congolaise de Banque (by then branded "Banque du Peuple") and the Union Zaïroise de Banques. With the collapse of the country's economy and the start of the First Congo War in 1996, the bank sharply reduced the size of its activities. Its name was again changed in late 1997, to Banque Commerciale Du Congo (the same name as the BCB's commercial banking affiliate from 1911 to 1952), acronymized as BCDC.
In 2004, taking advantage of the improved socio-political climate and the subsequent economic upturn, BCDC redeployed its network throughout the country and adapted its sales organization. BCDC became a bank of reference in the DRC, active throughout the country. From 2009, it was controlled by businessman George Arthur Forrest. By year-end 2016, it earned $11 million US dollars before tax, making it the highest income in 15 years. In 2017, BCDC operated twenty three branches in seventeen cities in the DRC, including 10 in Kinshasa, 4 in the former Katanga Province, and one in each of the following cities: Aru, Beni, Boma, Bukavu, Bunia, Butembo, Durba, Goma, Kananga, Kimpese, Kisangani, Lukala, Matadi, Mbuji-Mayi and Isiro.
On 9 September 2019, Kenya-based Equity Group Holdings announced that it had acquired a controlling stake in BCDC from George Forrest. In December 2020, Equity Group, having received regulatory approval from the DR Congolese regulators, began the process of merging BCDC with its existing local subsidiary Equity Bank Congo (EBC), to form Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo (Equity BCDC). Equity Group maintained 77.5 percent shareholding in the merged entity.
Head office building in Kinshasa, completed in 1975
Branch in Lubumbashi (2008)
Branch in Matadi (2020)
Leadership
Chairs of the Board:
Omer Lepreux , 1909-1927: 319
Louis Franck, 1927-1937: 319
Paul Charles , 1938-1951
Pierre de Bonvoisin, 1951-1960?
See also
Banque Belge d'Afrique
Société Congolaise de Banque
Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale
Banco Nacional Ultramarino
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k René Brion and Jean-Louis Moreau (October 2008), Inventaire des archives de la B.C.B. (Banque du Congo Belge) puis Banque du Congo puis B.C.Z. (Banque Commerciale Zaïroise) puis Banque Commerciale du Congo, de la Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Congolaise) puis Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Zaïroise) et de sociétés apparentées (PDF), BNP Paribas Fortis Historical Centre and Association pour la Valorisation des Archives d'Entreprises asbl / Vereniging voor de Valorisatie van Bedrijfsarchieven vzw
^ a b c d e f g h "Aperçu sur l'évolution de l'organisation monétaire et bancaire au Congo Belge" (PDF), Bulletin d'Information et de Documentation, XXVII:6, National Bank of Belgium, June 1952
^ a b "Anc. Banque d'Outremer / Banque Congo Belge". Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural.
^ a b Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge (PDF), 1 January 1953
^ "Cantersteen". Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural.
^ Staff Appraisal Report - Zaire - Small Enterprise Development Project (PDF), The World Bank, 3 April 1987, p. 13
^ "Accueil - Banque commerciale du Congo". www.bcdc.cd. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
^ "Equity to expand in DRC with acquisition of second-largest bank". Business Daily Africa. Nation Media Group. 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-09-15. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
^ Patrick Alushula (31 December 2020). "Equity Group gets approval to merge two banks in DRC". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 1 January 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgian_Congo_Bank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussels_theresienne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Equity Group Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Group_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Banque_Commerciale_du_Congo"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Centrale_du_Congo_Belge_et_du_Ruanda-Urundi"}],"text":"Head office of the Banque du Congo Belge in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), photographed in 1942Former main administrative office of the Banque du Congo Belge in Brussels from 1920 to 1954The Banque du Congo Belge (BCB, Dutch: Bank van Belgisch Congo; lit. 'Bank of the Belgian Congo') was a Belgian colonial bank that mainly operated in the Belgian Congo from 1909 to 1960. Following Congolese independence, it kept operating as the Banque du Congo from 1960 to 1971, the Banque Commerciale Zaïroise from 1971 to 1997, and the Banque Commerciale Du Congo (BCDC) from 1997 to 2020, when it was acquired by Kenya-based Equity Group Holdings and became part of Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo.The BCB held a monopoly on currency issuance in the Belgian Congo from 1911 to 1952, and in Ruanda-Urundi from 1916 to 1952, effectively acting as the central bank in these territories. It was succeeded in that role in 1952 by the newly established Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi.","title":"Banque du Congo Belge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Leopold II of the Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_the_Belgians"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"Royal decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_decree"},{"link_name":"Belgian franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_franc"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland-Zanzibar_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"German East African rupie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_African_rupie"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Latin Monetary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"From 1886 to 1908, King Leopold II of the Belgians ruled the Congo Free State as his private domain. On July 27, 1887, he issued a Royal decree that established the Belgian franc as the money of account for the Congo Free State, and for Ruanda-Urundi. In 1890, the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty put Ruanda-Urundi within the German Empire's sphere of influence in Africa. Consequently, the German East African rupie became the official currency in Ruanda-Urundi though the Franc continued to circulate there.[citation needed]In 1908, Belgium assumed direct responsibility for the Congo, taking it from Leopold; as a result, the Belgian Congo became a member of the Latin Monetary Union.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commune52.png"},{"link_name":"Albert Thys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Thys"},{"link_name":"Albert Thys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Thys"},{"link_name":"Banque d'Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_d%27Outremer"},{"link_name":"Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_du_Congo_pour_le_Commerce_et_l%27Industrie"},{"link_name":"Banque de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"Bunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunge_Limited"},{"link_name":"Banque Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Société Générale de Belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Belgique"},{"link_name":"Banque Internationale de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Internationale_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Édouard Empain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Empain"},{"link_name":"Banque de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"De Nederlandsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"Franz Philippson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Philippson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOBCB-3"},{"link_name":"Matadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadi"},{"link_name":"Lubumbashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"Boma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Kisangani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Belgium during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Bandundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandundu_(city)"},{"link_name":"Basankusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basankusu"},{"link_name":"Basoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basoko"},{"link_name":"Buta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buta,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Mbandaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbandaka"},{"link_name":"Inongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inongo"},{"link_name":"Kabinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinda"},{"link_name":"Kasongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasongo"},{"link_name":"Kilo-Moto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo-Moto"},{"link_name":"Kongolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongolo,_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"Libenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libenge"},{"link_name":"Lisala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisala"},{"link_name":"Luebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luebo"},{"link_name":"Lusamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lusamba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niangara"},{"link_name":"Ubundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubundu"},{"link_name":"Rutshuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutshuru"},{"link_name":"Sandoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoa"},{"link_name":"Kigoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigoma"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"League of Nations mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"Usumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usumbura"},{"link_name":"Kigali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"Belgian government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile"},{"link_name":"Congo franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_franc"},{"link_name":"pound sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Centrale_du_Congo_Belge_et_du_Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOBCB-3"},{"link_name":"North–South connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_connection"},{"link_name":"André and Jean Polak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_and_Jean_Polak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_et_Jean_Polak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banque_du_Congo_Belge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elisabethville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabethville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mbandaka_koloniale_architectuur_Banque_du_Congo_belge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mbandaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbandaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussels_Banque_Congo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Congo Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Star_(Congo)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banque_Belgolaise_Cantersteen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"}],"text":"Albert Thys was instrumental in the establishment of the Banque du Congo BelgeThe Banque du Congo Belge was founded on 11 January 1909 at the initiative of Albert Thys and the Banque d'Outremer he led, by a number of institutions including the Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (CCCI), the Banque de Bruxelles, Bunge, and several private banking house including the Banque Lambert. After a few weeks and at the request of the Belgian authorities, the capital of the new bank was further opened to established Belgian financial institutions that included the Société Générale de Belgique (SGB), Crédit Général Liégeois, Crédit Général de Belgique, Banque Internationale de Bruxelles, the Balser banking house, and the Société Commerciale et Financière Africaine (Comfina).[1]: II As a result, the main shareholders of the BCB in 1909 were the CCCI, the Banque d'Outremer, the SGB, the Comfina, Édouard Empain, the Banque de Bruxelles, De Nederlandsche Bank, and banker Franz Philippson.[2]: 316As such, the BCB was initially able to act as the agent in the Congo for all the major Belgian banks rather than as a subsidiary or affiliate of only one of them. Its Brussels office was established in the office complex of the CCCI and in the same urban block as the Banque d'Outremer.[3] In June 1909, it opened its first Congolese branch in Matadi, followed by Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi) four months later and Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) in 1910.[1]: IIOn 7 July 1911, the Colonial government awarded the Bank a 25-year monopoly on the right of note issuance for the Colony and appointed it as fiscal agent for the colonial government. The granting of issuance privilege triggered a change in the governance of the BCB, which remained a Belgian joint-stock company but granted the Belgian government oversight rights;[2]: 316 until 1937, the chairman of the BCB's board was a senior executive of the National Bank of Belgium.[2]: 319 On 10 August 1911, the same day of the enactment of the BCB's new statute, it created a local affiliate, the Banque Commerciale du Congo, which took over its commercial activities that it could no longer itself carry out under the terms of the issuance charter. The BCB soon opened further branches in Boma and Stanleyville (now Kisangani), and issued its first banknotes in 1912. It was still modest in size, however, with a total 25 employees in 1911.[1]: II It kept outsourcing the printing of banknotes to the National Bank of Belgium until May 1940.[2]: 316With the German occupation of Belgium during World War I, the BCB was run from a temporary branch created for that purpose in London. It created 18 new branches during the war period, in Bandundu, Basankusu, Basoko, Buta, Coquilhatville (now Mbandaka), Inongo, Kabinda, Kasongo, Kilo-Moto, Kongolo, Libenge, Lisala, Luebo, Lusamba, Niangara, Ponthierville (now Ubundu), Rutshuru, and Sandoa. In the occupied German colonies of Eats Africa, it also opened offices in Kigoma and Dar es Salaam.[1]: IIIFollowing Germany's defeat in the First World War, Belgium assumed a League of Nations mandate over Ruanda-Urundi. Belgium then included them in the Congo Franc Zone, and the BCB opened branches in Usumbura and Kigali. The Convention of 10 October 1927 updated the BCB's statute, revisited the question of note issuance and extended the BCB's monopoly until 1 July 1952; a further update of the statute took place in 1935.[2]: 319During the Second World War, Belgium came again under German occupation. As a consequence, the BCB had to act practically as an autonomous central bank, including as a fiscal agent of the Belgian government in exile. A convention of 21 January 1941 between Belgium (in exile) and the United Kingdom set a fixed parity between the Congo franc and the pound sterling and allowed the former to be quoted in London.[2]: 320-321In 1952, upon expiration of its banknote issuance privilege, the BCB was replaced in its central banking role by the newly established Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi (BCCBRU). On this occasion, its registered office was relocated from Brussels to Léopoldville on 16 September 1952,[1]: IV and it absorbed its local affiliate, the Banque Commerciale du Congo, on 19 November 1952.[4]: 174In 1954, the BCB's office in Brussels moved from its longstanding location at Rue Thérésienne 14,[4]: 100 part of the palatial building of CCCI completed in 1920,[3] to a new head office on Cantersteen 1 above the North–South connection in central Brussels, designed by architects André and Jean Polak [fr].[5]Branch in Elisabethville, photographed in 1926\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer building of Banque du Congo Belge in Mbandaka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance of the bank's former Brussels office with inscription \"Banque Congo Belge\" and ironwork displaying the Congo Star\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCantersteen 1 in Brussels, BCB main Brussels office from 1954 to 1960","title":"Colonial bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banque Belgolaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Belgolaise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Congo Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Banque Belgolaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Belgolaise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Morgan Guaranty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Guaranty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchiveBCB-1"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"},{"link_name":"Société Congolaise de Banque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Congolaise_de_Banque"},{"link_name":"Union Zaïroise de Banques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Za%C3%AFroise_de_Banques"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"First Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"George Arthur Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arthur_Forrest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Beni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Boma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Bukavu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukavu"},{"link_name":"Bunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunia"},{"link_name":"Butembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butembo"},{"link_name":"Durba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durba_Mine"},{"link_name":"Goma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma"},{"link_name":"Kananga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kananga"},{"link_name":"Kimpese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimpese"},{"link_name":"Kisangani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani"},{"link_name":"Lukala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukala"},{"link_name":"Matadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadi"},{"link_name":"Mbuji-Mayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi"},{"link_name":"Isiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiro"},{"link_name":"Equity Group Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Group_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Equity Bank Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Bank_Congo"},{"link_name":"Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Banque_Commerciale_du_Congo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equity_BCDC_headquarter_in_Kinshasa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banque_commerciale_du_Congo_de_Lubumbashi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lubumbashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agence_BCDC_Matadi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadi"}],"text":"With Congolese independence impending in 1960, the BCB adapted its corporate structure. On 14 April 1960 it formed a new Belgian bank, the Banque Belgo-Congolaise (abbreviated in 1965 as Banque Belgolaise), which took over the BCB's existing operations in Brussels, Antwerp, and London. In June 1960, it transferred most central administrative functions from Brussels to Léopoldville. On 24 August 1960, the BCB renamed itself the Banque du Congo.[1]: V Simultaneously, the BCB accelerated the elevation of native Africans within its staff, raising their share in management from 10 percent in early 1960 to 30 percent in early 1961 and over 40 percent by the end of 1963. This helped the BCB to re-open by early 1964 all branches that had to be closed in the previous few years during the Congo Crisis.[1]: VIOn 8 August 1964, the BCB's operations in what had become Burundi and Rwanda were reorganized as the Banque de Crédit de Bujumbura,[1]: VII which was subsequently acquired in 1965 by Banque Belgolaise.[1]: XIn late 1963, Morgan Guaranty International Banking Corporation, an affiliate of Morgan Guaranty created in 1960, took a minority stake in the Banque du Congo. In 1965, it allowed the Congolese state to also become a minority shareholder through a capital increase.[1]: VI, VII In early 1970, the Banque du Congo became a founding shareholder of the newly established Société Congolaise de Financement et de Dévéloppement, known as Socofide.[1]: IXThe bank was renamed Banque Commerciale Zaïroise when the country's name was changed to Zaire in 1971. By 1987 it was still by far the largest bank in the country, ahead of the Société Congolaise de Banque (by then branded \"Banque du Peuple\") and the Union Zaïroise de Banques.[6] With the collapse of the country's economy and the start of the First Congo War in 1996, the bank sharply reduced the size of its activities. Its name was again changed in late 1997, to Banque Commerciale Du Congo (the same name as the BCB's commercial banking affiliate from 1911 to 1952), acronymized as BCDC.In 2004, taking advantage of the improved socio-political climate and the subsequent economic upturn, BCDC redeployed its network throughout the country and adapted its sales organization. BCDC became a bank of reference in the DRC, active throughout the country. From 2009, it was controlled by businessman George Arthur Forrest. By year-end 2016, it earned $11 million US dollars before tax, making it the highest income in 15 years. In 2017, BCDC operated twenty three branches in seventeen cities in the DRC,[7] including 10 in Kinshasa, 4 in the former Katanga Province, and one in each of the following cities: Aru, Beni, Boma, Bukavu, Bunia, Butembo, Durba, Goma, Kananga, Kimpese, Kisangani, Lukala, Matadi, Mbuji-Mayi and Isiro.On 9 September 2019, Kenya-based Equity Group Holdings announced that it had acquired a controlling stake in BCDC from George Forrest.[8] In December 2020, Equity Group, having received regulatory approval from the DR Congolese regulators, began the process of merging BCDC with its existing local subsidiary Equity Bank Congo (EBC), to form Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo (Equity BCDC). Equity Group maintained 77.5 percent shareholding in the merged entity.[9]Head office building in Kinshasa, completed in 1975\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBranch in Lubumbashi (2008)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBranch in Matadi (2020)","title":"Post-colonial era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omer Lepreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omer_Lepreux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Lepreux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"Louis Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Franck_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNB-2"},{"link_name":"Paul Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Charles_(Belgium)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Charles"}],"text":"Chairs of the Board:Omer Lepreux [fr], 1909-1927[2]: 319 \nLouis Franck, 1927-1937[2]: 319 \nPaul Charles [nl], 1938-1951\nPierre de Bonvoisin, 1951-1960?","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchiveBCB_1-10"},{"link_name":"Inventaire des archives de la B.C.B. (Banque du Congo Belge) puis Banque du Congo puis B.C.Z. (Banque Commerciale Zaïroise) puis Banque Commerciale du Congo, de la Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Congolaise) puis Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Zaïroise) et de sociétés apparentées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bnpparibasfortis.com/docs/default-source/pdf-(fr)/patrimoine-historique-et-artistique/fr-inventaire-belgolaise.pdf?sfvrsn=2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BNB_2-7"},{"link_name":"\"Aperçu sur l'évolution de l'organisation monétaire et bancaire au Congo Belge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nbb.be/doc/ts/publications/economicreview/1952/1952.06.01-bull.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BOBCB_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BOBCB_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Anc. Banque d'Outremer / Banque Congo Belge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//monument.heritage.brussels/fr/buildings/30028"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bulletin_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bulletin_4-1"},{"link_name":"Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kaowarsom.be/documents/BOC/boc%2032.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Cantersteen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Pentagone/Cantersteen/10001010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Staff Appraisal Report - Zaire - Small Enterprise Development Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/104981468247881486/pdf/multi-page.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Accueil - Banque commerciale du Congo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170811190714/http://www.bcdc.cd/en/the-networks/bcdc-network"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bcdc.cd/en/the-networks/bcdc-network/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Equity to expand in DRC with acquisition of second-largest bank\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Equity-to-expand-in-DRC-with-acquisition/4003102-5266016-156xurf/index.html"},{"link_name":"Business Daily Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa"},{"link_name":"Nation Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190915090158/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/companies/Equity-to-expand-in-DRC-with-acquisition/4003102-5266016-156xurf/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Equity Group gets approval to merge two banks in DRC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/equity-group-merge-two-banks-in-drc-3243774"},{"link_name":"Business Daily Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k René Brion and Jean-Louis Moreau (October 2008), Inventaire des archives de la B.C.B. (Banque du Congo Belge) puis Banque du Congo puis B.C.Z. (Banque Commerciale Zaïroise) puis Banque Commerciale du Congo, de la Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Congolaise) puis Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Zaïroise) et de sociétés apparentées (PDF), BNP Paribas Fortis Historical Centre and Association pour la Valorisation des Archives d'Entreprises asbl / Vereniging voor de Valorisatie van Bedrijfsarchieven vzw\n\n^ a b c d e f g h \"Aperçu sur l'évolution de l'organisation monétaire et bancaire au Congo Belge\" (PDF), Bulletin d'Information et de Documentation, XXVII:6, National Bank of Belgium, June 1952\n\n^ a b \"Anc. Banque d'Outremer / Banque Congo Belge\". Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural.\n\n^ a b Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge (PDF), 1 January 1953\n\n^ \"Cantersteen\". Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural.\n\n^ Staff Appraisal Report - Zaire - Small Enterprise Development Project (PDF), The World Bank, 3 April 1987, p. 13\n\n^ \"Accueil - Banque commerciale du Congo\". www.bcdc.cd. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-16.\n\n^ \"Equity to expand in DRC with acquisition of second-largest bank\". Business Daily Africa. Nation Media Group. 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-09-15. Retrieved 9 September 2019.\n\n^ Patrick Alushula (31 December 2020). \"Equity Group gets approval to merge two banks in DRC\". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Head office of the Banque du Congo Belge in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), photographed in 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Belgian_Congo_Bank.jpg/220px-Belgian_Congo_Bank.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former main administrative office of the Banque du Congo Belge in Brussels from 1920 to 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Brussels_theresienne.jpg/220px-Brussels_theresienne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albert Thys was instrumental in the establishment of the Banque du Congo Belge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Commune52.png/220px-Commune52.png"}] | [{"title":"Banque Belge d'Afrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Belge_d%27Afrique"},{"title":"Société Congolaise de Banque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Congolaise_de_Banque"},{"title":"Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_l%27Afrique_Occidentale"},{"title":"Banco Nacional Ultramarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Nacional_Ultramarino"}] | [{"reference":"René Brion and Jean-Louis Moreau (October 2008), Inventaire des archives de la B.C.B. (Banque du Congo Belge) puis Banque du Congo puis B.C.Z. (Banque Commerciale Zaïroise) puis Banque Commerciale du Congo, de la Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Congolaise) puis Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Zaïroise) et de sociétés apparentées (PDF), BNP Paribas Fortis Historical Centre and Association pour la Valorisation des Archives d'Entreprises asbl / Vereniging voor de Valorisatie van Bedrijfsarchieven vzw","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bnpparibasfortis.com/docs/default-source/pdf-(fr)/patrimoine-historique-et-artistique/fr-inventaire-belgolaise.pdf?sfvrsn=2","url_text":"Inventaire des archives de la B.C.B. (Banque du Congo Belge) puis Banque du Congo puis B.C.Z. (Banque Commerciale Zaïroise) puis Banque Commerciale du Congo, de la Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Congolaise) puis Belgolaise (Banque Belgo-Zaïroise) et de sociétés apparentées"}]},{"reference":"\"Aperçu sur l'évolution de l'organisation monétaire et bancaire au Congo Belge\" (PDF), Bulletin d'Information et de Documentation, XXVII:6, National Bank of Belgium, June 1952","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbb.be/doc/ts/publications/economicreview/1952/1952.06.01-bull.pdf","url_text":"\"Aperçu sur l'évolution de l'organisation monétaire et bancaire au Congo Belge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anc. Banque d'Outremer / Banque Congo Belge\". Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural.","urls":[{"url":"https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/buildings/30028","url_text":"\"Anc. Banque d'Outremer / Banque Congo Belge\""}]},{"reference":"Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge (PDF), 1 January 1953","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/BOC/boc%2032.pdf","url_text":"Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge"}]},{"reference":"\"Cantersteen\". Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural.","urls":[{"url":"https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Pentagone/Cantersteen/10001010","url_text":"\"Cantersteen\""}]},{"reference":"Staff Appraisal Report - Zaire - Small Enterprise Development Project (PDF), The World Bank, 3 April 1987, p. 13","urls":[{"url":"https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/104981468247881486/pdf/multi-page.pdf","url_text":"Staff Appraisal Report - Zaire - Small Enterprise Development Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Accueil - Banque commerciale du Congo\". www.bcdc.cd. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170811190714/http://www.bcdc.cd/en/the-networks/bcdc-network","url_text":"\"Accueil - Banque commerciale du Congo\""},{"url":"http://www.bcdc.cd/en/the-networks/bcdc-network/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Equity to expand in DRC with acquisition of second-largest bank\". Business Daily Africa. Nation Media Group. 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-09-15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pont_de_Suert | El Pont de Suert | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°24′22″N 0°44′22″E / 42.40611°N 0.73944°E / 42.40611; 0.73944You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Catalan. (December 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
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Municipality in Catalonia, SpainEl Pont de SuertMunicipality
Coat of armsLocation in Alta Ribagorça countyEl Pont de SuertShow map of CataloniaEl Pont de SuertShow map of SpainCoordinates: 42°24′22″N 0°44′22″E / 42.40611°N 0.73944°E / 42.40611; 0.73944Sovereign state SpainCommunity CataloniaRegionAlt PirineuCountyAlta RibagorçaProvinceLleidaGovernment • MayorIolanda Ferran Closa (Tothom El Pont de Suert) (2023)Area • Total148.1 km2 (57.2 sq mi)Elevation838 m (2,749 ft)Population (2018) • Total2,216 • Density15/km2 (39/sq mi)DemonymsPontarrí, pontarrinaClimateCfbWebsiteelpontdesuert.cat
El Pont de Suert (Western Catalan: , Ribagorçan: Lo Pont de Suert) is a town and municipality in Catalonia. It is the capital of Alta Ribagorça county in the Alt Pirineu region. It is located at 838 metres above sea level, on the banks of river Noguera Ribagorçana, a tributary to the Segre. In 2022, it had a population of 2,336.
It is located a short distance from the administrative border with Aragon, as well as the linguistic border between Catalan and Aranese Occitan. The local dialect is a variant of Catalan, which has some transitional traits to Aragonese.
It can be reached via the N-230 and N-260 roads.
References
^ "El municipi en xifres: El Pont de Suert". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
^ "Idescat. The municipality in figures". www.idescat.cat. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
External links
Official website
Government data pages (in Catalan)
Places adjacent to El Pont de Suert
VilallerMontanuy (Aragon)
Vall de Boí
Bonansa (Aragon)
El Pont de Suert
Sarroca de Bellera
Sopeira (Aragon)
Tremp
SenteradaConca de Dalt
vteMunicipalities of Alta Ribagorça
El Pont de Suert
Vall de Boí
Vilaller
vteMunicipalities of the province of Lleida
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IdRef
This article about a location in Catalonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[el ˈpɔn de suˈɛɾt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"Ribagorçan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Alta Ribagorça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Ribagor%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Alt Pirineu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_Pirineu"},{"link_name":"Noguera Ribagorçana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noguera_Ribagor%C3%A7ana"},{"link_name":"Segre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segre_(river)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Aranese Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranese_dialect"},{"link_name":"transitional traits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_language"},{"link_name":"N-230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-230_road_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"N-260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-260_road_(Spain)"}],"text":"Municipality in Catalonia, SpainEl Pont de Suert (Western Catalan: [el ˈpɔn de suˈɛɾt], Ribagorçan: Lo Pont de Suert) is a town and municipality in Catalonia. It is the capital of Alta Ribagorça county in the Alt Pirineu region. It is located at 838 metres above sea level, on the banks of river Noguera Ribagorçana, a tributary to the Segre. In 2022, it had a population of 2,336.[3]It is located a short distance from the administrative border with Aragon, as well as the linguistic border between Catalan and Aranese Occitan. The local dialect is a variant of Catalan, which has some transitional traits to Aragonese.It can be reached via the N-230 and N-260 roads.","title":"El Pont de Suert"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"El municipi en xifres: El Pont de Suert\". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=251734","url_text":"\"El municipi en xifres: El Pont de Suert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estad%C3%ADstica_de_Catalunya","url_text":"Statistical Institute of Catalonia"}]},{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Idescat. The municipality in figures\". www.idescat.cat. Retrieved 2023-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idescat.cat/emex/?id=251734&lang=en","url_text":"\"Idescat. The municipality in figures\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Pont_de_Suert¶ms=42_24_22_N_0_44_22_E_type:city_region:ES-CT","external_links_name":"42°24′22″N 0°44′22″E / 42.40611°N 0.73944°E / 42.40611; 0.73944"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Pont_de_Suert¶ms=42_24_22_N_0_44_22_E_type:city_region:ES-CT","external_links_name":"42°24′22″N 0°44′22″E / 42.40611°N 0.73944°E / 42.40611; 0.73944"},{"Link":"http://elpontdesuert.cat/","external_links_name":"elpontdesuert.cat"},{"Link":"http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=251734","external_links_name":"\"El municipi en xifres: El Pont de Suert\""},{"Link":"https://www.idescat.cat/emex/?id=251734&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Idescat. The municipality in figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpontdesuert.cat/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=2517340003","external_links_name":"Government data pages"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147774125","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1135276676","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567090105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82152078","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/163937222","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Pont_de_Suert&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orius_insidiosus | Orius insidiosus | ["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Life cycle","4 Diet","5 Behaviour","6 Habitat","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Species of true bug
Orius insidiosus
Orius insidiosus feeding on white fly nymphs
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Heteroptera
Family:
Anthocoridae
Genus:
Orius
Species:
O. insidiosus
Binomial name
Orius insidiosus(Say, 1832)
Orius insidiosus, common name the insidious flower bug, is a species of minute pirate bug, a predatory insect in the order Hemiptera (the true bugs). They are considered beneficial, as they feed on small pest arthropods and their eggs. They are mass-reared for use in the biological control of thrips.
Description
Orius insidiosus adults are approximately 3 mm in length. This oval-shaped insect is black with white patches on the wings. Nymphs of this species are teardrop-shaped and wingless. They range from yellow-orange to brown in colour.
Distribution
This species is common throughout the United States, and extends into Canada, Mexico, Central and South America. It also occurs in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands of the West Indies.
Life cycle
The female lays her eggs inside plant tissues, where they hatch into nymphs. Growth time from egg to mature adult takes at least 20 days. It is possible for several generations to occur during a single growing season.
Diet
Orius insidiosus prey on plant-eating (phytophagous) mites and their eggs, various insect eggs, and other soft-bodied arthropods such as thrips, spider mites, and small caterpillars. They also feed on the eggs and new larvae of the bollworm, spotted tobacco aphids, corn earworm, European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis), corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis), potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) nymphs.
They are used in orchards to help control the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), and most species of aphids. Orius insidiosus can also feed on plants and pollen.
Behaviour
Orius insidiosus feeding
Both nymphs and adults feed. The adults are voracious predators and exhibit efficient searching behaviour. They congregate in areas where the density of prey is high. They are also able to propagate more rapidly in environments where prey is abundant.
Orius insidiosus seizes its prey using its front legs and then inserts its long beak into its victim's body. It usually reinserts its beak several times until the soft body of the host has been emptied, leaving behind the drained exoskeleton.
Orius insidiosus occasionally bites humans. Although the bite can be considered disproportionately painful relative to the size of this species, it is not harmful.
Habitat
This species can be found on numerous crops, including most deciduous fruits, grapes, alfalfa, cotton, corn, and soybeans.
See also
Beneficial insects
References
^ "Orius insidiosus (Insidious Flower Bug)". Zipcodezoo.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-17. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
^ "insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)". Insectimages.org. 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
^ a b "Minute Pirate Bugs | Iowa Insect Information Notes". Ipm.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
^ a b c d e "Orius". Virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
^ On intra-guild predation and cannibalism in Orius insidiosus and Orius laevigatus (Rhynchota Anthocoridae): laboratory experiments
^ a b c d e "Orius tristicolor and O. insidiosus". Cornell University. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
^ a b c "Midwest Biological Control News". Entomology.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
^ "Have a thick skin when it comes to Insidious Flower Bugs - What's Hot at the P&PDL! - Plant & Pest Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University". Ppdl.purdue.edu. 2010-09-02. Archived from the original on 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
Further reading
Isenhour D. J., Yeargan K. V., 1981.- Predation by Orius insidiosus on the soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis: effect of the prey stage and density.- Environ. Entomol. 10 (4): 496-500.
Tavella L., Alma A., Arzone A., 1994.- Predaceus activity of Orius spp. (Anthocoridae) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Perg.) (Thripidae) on protected crops of sweet pepper.- Inf. tore Fitopat. 44 (1): 40-43.
External links
Orius insidiosus at the Open Directory
Taxon identifiersOrius insidiosus
Wikidata: Q2894924
BOLD: 92721
BugGuide: 246138
EoL: 610260
EPPO: ORIUIN
GBIF: 2020890
iNaturalist: 453999
IRMNG: 11374881
ITIS: 106965
NatureServe: 2.907766
NCBI: 83647
Open Tree of Life: 677974 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"minute pirate bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocoridae"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hemiptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iastate1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"thrips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Orius insidiosus, common name the insidious flower bug,[2] is a species of minute pirate bug, a predatory insect in the order Hemiptera (the true bugs). 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They range from yellow-orange to brown in colour.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"}],"text":"This species is common throughout the United States, and extends into Canada, Mexico, Central and South America. It also occurs in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands of the West Indies.[7]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"}],"text":"The female lays her eggs inside plant tissues, where they hatch into nymphs. Growth time from egg to mature adult takes at least 20 days. 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The adults are voracious predators and exhibit efficient searching behaviour. They congregate in areas where the density of prey is high. They are also able to propagate more rapidly in environments where prey is abundant.[4]Orius insidiosus seizes its prey using its front legs and then inserts its long beak into its victim's body. It usually reinserts its beak several times until the soft body of the host has been emptied, leaving behind the drained exoskeleton.[6]Orius insidiosus occasionally bites humans. 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V., 1981.- Predation by Orius insidiosus on the soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis: effect of the prey stage and density.- Environ. Entomol. 10 (4): 496-500.\nTavella L., Alma A., Arzone A., 1994.- Predaceus activity of Orius spp. (Anthocoridae) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Perg.) (Thripidae) on protected crops of sweet pepper.- Inf. tore Fitopat. 44 (1): 40-43.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Orius insidiosus feeding","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Orius_insidiosus_from_USDA_1.jpg/170px-Orius_insidiosus_from_USDA_1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Beneficial insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficial_insects"}] | [{"reference":"\"Orius insidiosus (Insidious Flower Bug)\". Zipcodezoo.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-17. 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Retrieved 2010-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/orius.html","url_text":"\"Orius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orius tristicolor and O. insidiosus\". Cornell University. Retrieved 2010-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/predators/Orius.html","url_text":"\"Orius tristicolor and O. insidiosus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University","url_text":"Cornell University"}]},{"reference":"\"Midwest Biological Control News\". Entomology.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707084233/http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/kyf101.html","url_text":"\"Midwest Biological Control News\""},{"url":"http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/kyf101.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Have a thick skin when it comes to Insidious Flower Bugs - What's Hot at the P&PDL! - Plant & Pest Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University\". Ppdl.purdue.edu. 2010-09-02. Archived from the original on 2010-06-24. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Albi | SC Albi | ["1 History","2 Honours","3 Current standings","4 Current squad","5 Notable former players","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Rugby teamAlbiFull nameSporting Club AlbigeoisFounded1906; 118 years ago (1906)LocationAlbi, FranceGround(s)Stadium Municipal d'Albi (Capacity: 13,058)PresidentBernard ArchillaCoach(es)Jean Christophe Bacca Henri BroncanCaptain(s)Vincent ClémentLeague(s)Nationale2022–233rd (playoff semi-finalists)
1st kit
2nd kit
Official websitewww.sca-albi.fr
Sporting Club Albigeois is a professional French rugby union club playing the third-level Nationale. During the past years it went back and forth between Top 14, the highest level of the French league system and the second-level Rugby Pro D2. Their last time in the Top 14 was for 2009–10 after winning the 2008–09 promotion playoffs. The previous one began in 2006 and came to an end after the 2007–08 season due to financial issues. Founded in 1907, the club plays at the Stadium municipal d'Albi (capacity 12,000). They wear black and yellow. They are based in Albi in Occitanie.
History
Sporting Club Albigeois was founded in December 1906 as a sportsclub where, in addition to rugby, tennis and running were practiced. Their first title came in 1926 when they beat Stade Toulousain in the final of the highly competitive championnat des Pyrénées (Pyrénées league).
In 1940, the Vichy regime forced towns with a population below 50,000 to merge their sports clubs in single entities. (UA Gaillac is another rugby union example). Vichy also targeted the professional rugby league and Albi was forced to bring together the two local clubs, S.C. Albi and R.C. Albi XIII under the name Albi Olympique.
In 1945, each club went its way and recovered its previous name. In 1949, SC Albi reached the First Division. In 1955, it qualified for the playoffs, managing to oust the prestigious Racing Club de France in the first round, before going down to Romans in the round of 16.
Until the 1980s, Albi went through regular ups-and-downs between the first and second divisions (Div 1 1961–1970, 1973–75, 1977–79, Div 2, 1957 – 1959, 1970–73, 1975–77, 1979–85). Their only notable performance was another playoff win against Toulouse in 1974. Albi remained in the second or third divisions until 2000.
The millennium was very favourable for Albi. The club reached three consecutive third division finals, all lost, in 2000, 2001 et 2002, to FC Oloron Sainte-Marie, Oyonnax and Tours. However, the professional Pro D2 offered two promotion spots in 2002 and Albi was back in the second division.
It took them four more years to take the last step. After finishing second to US Montauban in the 2006 regular season, they went on to beat AS Béziers and US Dax in the promotion playoffs and secure the final spot in the élite league Top 14. They remained in Top 14 until the 2007–08 season. Although they finished 12th that season, which would normally have kept them in the top flight, they were forcibly relegated to Pro D2 due to financial issues.
The following season, they finished third on the regular-season table, qualifying for the promotion playoffs. Their home playoff semifinal against La Rochelle ended 12–12 in regulation. Each team slotted a penalty in extra time, which ended 15–15. Under French rules, the first tiebreaker in such a situation is fewest red cards. Since neither side had a player sent off, the next tiebreaker is number of tries, followed by number of penalties scored. Albi went through because they had kicked 5 penalties to La Rochelle's 4 (and one drop goal). They defeated Oyonnax 14–12 in the playoff final on 31 May 2009 in Montpellier to secure their place in the Top 14 2009–2010 season.
By April 2010 the club had already been relegated from the Top 14 after recording only 3 wins all season.
Honours
French league, Division 1: (predecessor to today's Top 14)
Round of 16 : 1955, 1974
Rugby Pro D2:
Promotion playoff winners: 2006, 2009
French League, Division 1, B Group: (second division; predecessor to today's Pro D2)
semi-final: 1980, 1986
French league, Nationale 1: (Div 3, highest amateur level)
Runner-up: 2000
French league, Promotion Nationale: (Div 3, highest amateur level)
Runner-up: 2001
French league, Fédérale 1: (Div 3, highest amateur level)
Runner-up: 2002
Championnat des Pyrénées:
Winner 1926
Current standings
2022–23 Nationale season Table
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
PD
TB
LB
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Dax (P)
26
21
0
5
715
435
+280
9
2
104
Semi-final promotion play-off
2
Valence Romans (P)
26
17
1
8
675
385
+290
10
7
96
3
Albi
26
17
3
6
620
398
+222
5
4
92
Quarter-final promotion play-off
4
Blagnac
26
17
2
7
572
504
+68
2
3
86
5
Bourgoin-Jallieu
26
16
2
8
606
536
+70
3
3
83
6
Bourg-en-Bresse
26
14
2
10
527
485
+42
4
5
78
7
Narbonne
26
14
1
11
590
565
+25
3
5
75
8
Nice
26
12
2
12
538
475
+63
4
9
74
9
Chambéry
26
13
0
13
581
521
+60
3
6
70
10
Tarbes
26
12
2
12
575
577
−2
2
6
66
11
Suresnes
26
9
1
16
450
704
−254
1
3
51
12
Hyères
26
8
0
18
479
590
−111
1
7
49
13
Rennes (R)
26
4
0
22
322
620
−298
1
6
32
Relegation to Nationale 2
14
Cognac Saint-Jean-d'Angély (R)
26
0
0
26
380
835
−455
0
9
12
Source: Rules for classification: When two teams have the same points total, position is determined by head-to-head results before points difference.(P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Current squad
The current Albi squad is:
Albi squad
Props
Vladimir Bida
Niccolo Ceccato
Swan Cormenier
Bastien Dedieu
Zaza Navrozashvili
Ralph Laurel Po'o Njike
Benoît Sevestre
Lomualito Tafili
Patrick Toetu
Hookers
Romain Casals
Arthur Castant
Arnaud Feltrin
Romain Hollet
Gymael Jean-Jacques
Locks
Matthieu André
Russlan Boukerou
Gianni Gaillard
Nomani Tonga
Loose forwards
Paul Armengaud
Vincent Calas
Paul Farret
Vlad Nistor
Chris Tafili
Tunufai Tavalea
Asier Usarraga
Simon Veyrac
William Whetton
Scrum-halves
Thibaut Bisman
Martin Doan
Laurent Magnaval
Fly-halves
Maxime Alric
Romain Barthelemy
Benjamin Caminati
Tom Hardwick
Centres
Gaëtan Bertrand
Dorian Hermet
Antonin Ollier
Simon Pardakhty
François Vergnaud
Wings
Maxence Blanc
Louis Decrop
Saïmoni Nabaro
Avenisi Vasuinubu
Fullbacks
Anthony Clerc
Thomas Lacelle
Mathieu Peluchon
Benoît Sicart
(c) Denotes team captain, Bold denotes player is internationally capped
Notable former players
This list of "famous" or "notable" people has no clear inclusion or exclusion criteria. Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Robert Basauri
René Bousquet. 9 caps. One of the 15 Frenchmen who defeated England for the first time in 1927.
Pierre Danos
Charles-Antoine Gonnet. 16 cap. Also beat the English in 1927.
Bernard Momméjat. 9 caps with SCA.
French president Georges Pompidou accepted to be honorary chairman of the club in 1969 and paid his fees regularly until he died in 1974. .
See also
List of rugby union clubs in France
Rugby union in France
References
^ "Rugby Live Centre".
^ "Classement NATIONALE". Fédération Française de Rugby (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "L'effectif". Sporting Club Albigeois (in French). Retrieved 19 July 2018.
External links
(in French) SC Albi Official website
(in French) Club volunteers’ website
vteNationale2023–24 Teams
Albi
Blagnac
Bourg-en-Bresse
Bourgoin-Jallieu
Carcassonne
Chambéry
Hyères
Massy
Narbonne
Nice
Périgueux
Suresnes
Tarbes
Vienne
Seasons
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Governing body
French Rugby Federation
vteRugby union in FranceGoverning body
Fédération Française de Rugby
National teamsMen's
France
A
7s
France amateur
U-20
U-18
Women's
Women's
7's
Other notable teams
French Barbarians
CompetitionsInternational
World Cup
Six Nations
Rugby World Cup Sevens
World Rugby Sevens Series
Sevens Grand Prix Series
Professional clubs
European Rugby Champions Cup
European Rugby Challenge Cup
National Rugby League (France)
Top 14
Pro D2
Nationale
Fédérale 1
Fédérale 2
Fédérale 3
Challenge Yves du Manoir
Hosted events
2007 Rugby World Cup
2023 Rugby World Cup
2014 Women's Rugby World Cup
France Sevens
France Women's Sevens
Related articles
International players
Stadiums
Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Dave Gallaher Trophy
Fira Nations Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_Nationale"},{"link_name":"Top 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"French league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League_(France)"},{"link_name":"Rugby Pro D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Pro_D2"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Rugby_Pro_D2_season"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Top_14_season"},{"link_name":"Albi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albi"},{"link_name":"Occitanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)"}],"text":"Sporting Club Albigeois is a professional French rugby union club playing the third-level Nationale. During the past years it went back and forth between Top 14, the highest level of the French league system and the second-level Rugby Pro D2. Their last time in the Top 14 was for 2009–10 after winning the 2008–09 promotion playoffs. The previous one began in 2006 and came to an end after the 2007–08 season due to financial issues. Founded in 1907, the club plays at the Stadium municipal d'Albi (capacity 12,000). They wear black and yellow. They are based in Albi in Occitanie.","title":"SC Albi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"Stade Toulousain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Toulousain"},{"link_name":"Vichy regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_regime"},{"link_name":"UA Gaillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA_Gaillac"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Racing Club de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_M%C3%A9tro_92_Paris"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Toulousain"},{"link_name":"FC Oloron Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Oloron_Sainte-Marie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oyonnax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyonnax_Rugby"},{"link_name":"US Montauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Montauban"},{"link_name":"AS Béziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_B%C3%A9ziers"},{"link_name":"US Dax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Dax"},{"link_name":"Top 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"The following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Rugby_Pro_D2_season"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rochelais"},{"link_name":"Oyonnax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyonnax_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Yves-du-Manoir_(Montpellier)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sporting Club Albigeois was founded in December 1906 as a sportsclub where, in addition to rugby, tennis and running were practiced. Their first title came in 1926 when they beat Stade Toulousain in the final of the highly competitive championnat des Pyrénées (Pyrénées league).In 1940, the Vichy regime forced towns with a population below 50,000 to merge their sports clubs in single entities. (UA Gaillac is another rugby union example). Vichy also targeted the professional rugby league and Albi was forced to bring together the two local clubs, S.C. Albi and R.C. Albi XIII under the name Albi Olympique.In 1945, each club went its way and recovered its previous name. In 1949, SC Albi reached the First Division. In 1955, it qualified for the playoffs, managing to oust the prestigious Racing Club de France in the first round, before going down to Romans in the round of 16.Until the 1980s, Albi went through regular ups-and-downs between the first and second divisions (Div 1 1961–1970, 1973–75, 1977–79, Div 2, 1957 – 1959, 1970–73, 1975–77, 1979–85). Their only notable performance was another playoff win against Toulouse in 1974. Albi remained in the second or third divisions until 2000.The millennium was very favourable for Albi. The club reached three consecutive third division finals, all lost, in 2000, 2001 et 2002, to FC Oloron Sainte-Marie, Oyonnax and Tours. However, the professional Pro D2 offered two promotion spots in 2002 and Albi was back in the second division.It took them four more years to take the last step. After finishing second to US Montauban in the 2006 regular season, they went on to beat AS Béziers and US Dax in the promotion playoffs and secure the final spot in the élite league Top 14. They remained in Top 14 until the 2007–08 season. Although they finished 12th that season, which would normally have kept them in the top flight, they were forcibly relegated to Pro D2 due to financial issues.The following season, they finished third on the regular-season table, qualifying for the promotion playoffs. Their home playoff semifinal against La Rochelle ended 12–12 in regulation. Each team slotted a penalty in extra time, which ended 15–15. Under French rules, the first tiebreaker in such a situation is fewest red cards. Since neither side had a player sent off, the next tiebreaker is number of tries, followed by number of penalties scored. Albi went through because they had kicked 5 penalties to La Rochelle's 4 (and one drop goal). They defeated Oyonnax 14–12 in the playoff final on 31 May 2009 in Montpellier to secure their place in the Top 14 2009–2010 season.By April 2010 the club had already been relegated from the Top 14 after recording only 3 wins all season.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"French league, Division 1: (predecessor to today's Top 14)\nRound of 16 : 1955, 1974\nRugby Pro D2:\nPromotion playoff winners: 2006, 2009\nFrench League, Division 1, B Group: (second division; predecessor to today's Pro D2)\nsemi-final: 1980, 1986\nFrench league, Nationale 1: (Div 3, highest amateur level)\nRunner-up: 2000\nFrench league, Promotion Nationale: (Div 3, highest amateur level)\nRunner-up: 2001\nFrench league, Fédérale 1: (Div 3, highest amateur level)\nRunner-up: 2002\nChampionnat des Pyrénées:\nWinner 1926","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classement_NATIONALE-2"}],"text":"Source: [2]Rules for classification: When two teams have the same points total, position is determined by head-to-head results before points difference.(P) Promoted; (R) Relegated","title":"Current standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L%E2%80%99effectif-3"}],"text":"The current Albi squad is:[3]","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110721055330/http://sporting.club.albi.free.fr/archives/historique/livredor/hommes/lettrepompi.htm"}],"text":"Robert Basauri\n René Bousquet. 9 caps. One of the 15 Frenchmen who defeated England for the first time in 1927.\n Pierre Danos\n Charles-Antoine Gonnet. 16 cap. Also beat the English in 1927.\n Bernard Momméjat. 9 caps with SCA.French president Georges Pompidou accepted to be honorary chairman of the club in 1969 and paid his fees regularly until he died in 1974. [1].","title":"Notable former players"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rugby union clubs in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_clubs_in_France"},{"title":"Rugby union in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France"}] | [{"reference":"\"Rugby Live Centre\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planetrugby.com/tables/0,25806,9818,00.html#9818","url_text":"\"Rugby Live Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classement NATIONALE\". Fédération Française de Rugby (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://competitions.ffr.fr/2022-2023/competitions/nationale/classements.html","url_text":"\"Classement NATIONALE\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'effectif\". Sporting Club Albigeois (in French). Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sca-albi.fr/leffectif/","url_text":"\"L'effectif\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sca-albi.fr/","external_links_name":"www.sca-albi.fr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055330/http://sporting.club.albi.free.fr/archives/historique/livredor/hommes/lettrepompi.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.planetrugby.com/tables/0,25806,9818,00.html#9818","external_links_name":"\"Rugby Live Centre\""},{"Link":"https://competitions.ffr.fr/2022-2023/competitions/nationale/classements.html","external_links_name":"\"Classement NATIONALE\""},{"Link":"http://www.sca-albi.fr/leffectif/","external_links_name":"\"L'effectif\""},{"Link":"http://www.sca-albi.fr/","external_links_name":"SC Albi"},{"Link":"http://sporting.club.albi.free.fr/","external_links_name":"Club volunteers’ website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hob_Fi_Kafas_El_Itiham | Hob Fi Kafas El Itiham | ["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References"] | Algerian television soap opera
Hob Fi Kafas El ItihamAlso known asLove in the dockحب في قفص الاتهامGenreSoap operaWritten byBen SufyanZarah laajaimiStory bySoufiane Ben ZararaDirected byBachir SellamiStarringSara LalamaBahia RachediAmel HimerMohammed AdjaimiCountry of originAlgeriaOriginal languageArabicNo. of seasons1No. of episodes30ProductionProduction locationAlgeriaRunning time45 minutesProduction companyEPTV GROUPOriginal releaseNetworkTélévision AlgérienneRelease18 June (2015-06-18) –16 July 2015 (2015-07-16)
Love in the dock (Arabic: حب في قفص الاتهام; Hob Fi Kafas El Itiham) is an Algerian television soap opera directed by Bachir Sellami. Broadcast from 18 June to 16 July 2015, the show aired on the channel A3 on Télévision Algérienne. The show aired during Ramadan, the month of fasting and religious observance in Islam.
Premise
The series follows Yasmine, a young woman from a respectable, conservative Algerian family. Yasmine travels to the United States to complete her education, but ends up marrying a member of the Algerian American community and becomes pregnant. She returns to Algeria, hiding her marriage and pregnancy from her family.
Cast
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2017)
Sara Lalama as Yasmine, (2015)
Bahia Rachedi
Amel Himer as Zainab, Yasmine's mother (2015)
Mohamed Adjaimi as Hussein, Yasmine's father (2015)
Ammar ?
Sikritir Mimouni as Tariq
Mustapha Laribi
Abdel Nour Ba'omar as Riad
Louisa Arpag
Vezah Tokorta
Nawal Fayza
Noureddine Boussouf
Jamal Awan
Zakaria bin Mohammed
Amal Hanifa
Suha Oolhy
Release
The show was released on 18 June 2015 on the channel A3.
References
^ a b c ""حب في قفص الإتهام" آخر أعمالي التلفزيونية للشهر الفضيل". جزايرس. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
^ Presse-algerie.net. "عجايمي يعود في رمضان بـ" (in French). Retrieved 2017-06-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Télévision Algérienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Alg%C3%A9rienne"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"}],"text":"Love in the dock (Arabic: حب في قفص الاتهام; Hob Fi Kafas El Itiham) is an Algerian television soap opera directed by Bachir Sellami. Broadcast from 18 June to 16 July 2015, the show aired on the channel A3 on Télévision Algérienne. The show aired during Ramadan, the month of fasting and religious observance in Islam.","title":"Hob Fi Kafas El Itiham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Algerian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Americans"}],"text":"The series follows Yasmine, a young woman from a respectable, conservative Algerian family. Yasmine travels to the United States to complete her education, but ends up marrying a member of the Algerian American community and becomes pregnant. She returns to Algeria, hiding her marriage and pregnancy from her family.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Lalama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Lalama"},{"link_name":"Bahia Rachedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia_Rachedi"},{"link_name":"Amel Himer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amel_Himer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Adjaimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Adjaimi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mustapha Laribi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Laribi"}],"text":"Sara Lalama as Yasmine, (2015)\nBahia Rachedi\nAmel Himer as Zainab, Yasmine's mother[1] (2015)\nMohamed Adjaimi as Hussein, Yasmine's father[1][2] (2015)\nAmmar ?\nSikritir Mimouni as Tariq\nMustapha Laribi\nAbdel Nour Ba'omar as Riad\nLouisa Arpag\nVezah Tokorta\nNawal Fayza\nNoureddine Boussouf\nJamal Awan\nZakaria bin Mohammed\nAmal Hanifa\nSuha Oolhy","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The show was released on 18 June 2015 on the channel A3.[1]","title":"Release"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"\"حب في قفص الإتهام\" آخر أعمالي التلفزيونية للشهر الفضيل\". جزايرس. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/45925","url_text":"\"\"حب في قفص الإتهام\" آخر أعمالي التلفزيونية للشهر الفضيل\""}]},{"reference":"Presse-algerie.net. \"عجايمي يعود في رمضان بـ\" (in French). Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presse-algerie.net/info/45998-.html","url_text":"\"عجايمي يعود في رمضان بـ\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hob_Fi_Kafas_El_Itiham&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/45925","external_links_name":"\"\"حب في قفص الإتهام\" آخر أعمالي التلفزيونية للشهر الفضيل\""},{"Link":"http://www.presse-algerie.net/info/45998-.html","external_links_name":"\"عجايمي يعود في رمضان بـ\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt%E2%80%93Worms_railway | Darmstadt–Worms railway | ["1 History","2 Operations","2.1 Darmstadt–Riedstadt-Goddelau","2.2 Riedstadt-Goddelau–Biblis","2.3 Biblis–Worms","3 References"] | Darmstadt–Worms railwayOverviewLine number
3541 (Darmstadt–Goddelau)
4010 (Goddelau–Biblis)
3570 (Biblis–Worms)
LocaleHesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyTerminiDarmstadtWormsServiceRoute number655TechnicalLine length43.5 km (27.0 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrificationGoddelau–Worms: 15 kV/16.7 Hz AC overhead catenary
Route map
Legend
Main-Neckar Railway from Bensheim
61.6
Darmstadt Hbf
Main-Neckar Railway to Aschaffenburg
Main-Neckar Railway to Frankfurt
Main-Neckar Railway from/to Aschaffenburg
Main-Neckar Railway from Frankfurt
58.6
Darmstadt Bergschneise (junction)
Rhine-Main Railway to Groß-Gerau
several sidings
Darmstadt-Griesheim Röhm
A 5
A 67
51.6
Griesheim
47.7
Wolfskehlen
Riedbahn from Groß-Gerau
45.7
Riedstadt-Goddelau
89 m
42.7
Stockstadt (Rhein)
39.6
Biebesheim
Siding from Gernsheim port
36.4
Gernsheim
RMV / VRN fare border
31.5
Groß Rohrheim
Siding from Biblis Nuclear Power Plant
28.110.0
Biblis
92 m
Riedbahn to Bürstadt
Weschnitz
Nibelung Railway from Bürstadt
5.6
Hofheim (Ried)
old route until 1900
former line from Weinheim
Landdamm (junction)
Rosengarten station (1869–1900)
Rhine Bridge,Hesse / Rhineland-Palatinate state border
Worms Port Railway
2.3
Worms Brücke
line from Mainz
former line from Gundheim
0.0
Worms Hbf
Worms–Bingen railway to Monsheim
former line to Grünstadt
line to Ludwigshafen
Source: German railway atlas
The Darmstadt–Worms railway is a standard-gauge railway that is now partially closed. It runs through southern Hesse through the Hessian Ried (Hessische Ried) and so it is also called the Riedbahn (Ried Railway).
The section between Darmstadt and Riedstadt-Goddelau is now largely closed. The section between Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis, which is now considered part of the Mannheim–Frankfurt railway, is of great importance for long-distance passenger services and rail freight traffic. The last section from Biblis to Worms is used by regional passenger services and rail freight traffic.
History
The Darmstadt–Worms railway was originally built by the Hessian Ludwig Railway (Hessische Ludwigsbahn), to connect Darmstadt, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, with Worms, the second most important city in the province of Rheinhessen of the Grand Duchy. The riparian communities contributed significantly to the financing of the project.
On 29 May 1869, the line from Darmstadt via Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis to Rosengarten station, on the opposite side of the Rhine from Worms, was opened by the Prime Minister of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Reinhard Carl Friedrich von Dalwigk. From Rosengarten station, trains crossed the Rhine from 1870 to 1900 using the Worms-Rosengarten train ferry, as there was no bridge across the Rhine at Worms.
In December 1900, a railway bridge was opened over the Rhine to Worms, creating a direct connection to Worms and replacing the existing terminus at Rosengarten and the ferry crossing over the Rhine.
In 1975, the railway between Darmstadt and Goddelau was closed due to lack of traffic and partly dismantled. All that remains of the line is a siding from Darmstadt to Weiterstadt-Riedbahn, where the line ends.
Operations
Darmstadt–Riedstadt-Goddelau
A siding to the industrial area of Weiterstadt-Riedbahn still exists on the largely disused section between Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof and Riedstadt-Goddelau and it is occasionally used by freight traffic.
Riedstadt-Goddelau–Biblis
Almost all Intercity-Express and InterCity trains between the Frankfurt railway node in the north (the stations of Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt South station and Frankfurt Airport) and Mannheim Hauptbahnhof in the south run on the middle section between Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis.
In addition, the RE 70, a Regional-Express service, runs from Frankfurt via Groß Gerau-Dornberg, Riedstadt-Goddelau, Biblis and Lampertheim to Mannheim.
Biblis–Worms
The southern section is operated only by two Regionalbahn services: RB 62 from Biblis to Worms Hbf and RB 63 on the route from Hofheim (Ried) to Worms Hbf (originating in Bürstadt and Bensheim, see also Nibelung Railway).
References
^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (in German). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.
^ Magistrat der Stadt Lampertheim, ed. (1977). Rosengarten. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Gemeinde Rosengarten - Zum 40jährigen Bestehen der Gemeinde Rosengarten (in German). Lampertheim. p. 90.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Magistrat der Stadt Lampertheim, ed. (1977). Rosengarten. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Gemeinde Rosengarten - Zum 40jährigen Bestehen der Gemeinde Rosengarten (in German). Lampertheim. p. 91.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Heinz Schomann (2005). Heritage Office of the State of Hessen (ed.). Eisenbahn in Hessen. Eisenbahnbauten und -strecken 1839–1939 (in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart. pp. 351ff. ISBN 3-8062-1917-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (line 020). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"southern Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt_(region)"},{"link_name":"Hessian Ried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_Ried"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Riedstadt-Goddelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedstadt-Goddelau_station"},{"link_name":"Biblis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblis_station"},{"link_name":"Mannheim–Frankfurt railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Frankfurt_railway"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms_Hauptbahnhof"}],"text":"The Darmstadt–Worms railway is a standard-gauge railway that is now partially closed. It runs through southern Hesse through the Hessian Ried (Hessische Ried) and so it is also called the Riedbahn (Ried Railway).The section between Darmstadt and Riedstadt-Goddelau is now largely closed. The section between Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis, which is now considered part of the Mannheim–Frankfurt railway, is of great importance for long-distance passenger services and rail freight traffic. The last section from Biblis to Worms is used by regional passenger services and rail freight traffic.","title":"Darmstadt–Worms railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hessian Ludwig Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_Ludwig_Railway"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Rheinhessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Riedstadt-Goddelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedstadt-Goddelau_station"},{"link_name":"Rosengarten station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosengarten_station"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Worms-Rosengarten train ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms-Rosengarten_train_ferry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"a railway bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Bridge_(Worms)"},{"link_name":"Weiterstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiterstadt"}],"text":"The Darmstadt–Worms railway was originally built by the Hessian Ludwig Railway (Hessische Ludwigsbahn), to connect Darmstadt, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, with Worms, the second most important city in the province of Rheinhessen of the Grand Duchy. The riparian communities contributed significantly to the financing of the project.[2]On 29 May 1869, the line from Darmstadt via Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis to Rosengarten station, on the opposite side of the Rhine from Worms, was opened by the Prime Minister of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Reinhard Carl Friedrich von Dalwigk. From Rosengarten station, trains crossed the Rhine from 1870 to 1900 using the Worms-Rosengarten train ferry, as there was no bridge across the Rhine at Worms.[3]In December 1900, a railway bridge was opened over the Rhine to Worms, creating a direct connection to Worms and replacing the existing terminus at Rosengarten and the ferry crossing over the Rhine.In 1975, the railway between Darmstadt and Goddelau was closed due to lack of traffic and partly dismantled. All that remains of the line is a siding from Darmstadt to Weiterstadt-Riedbahn, where the line ends.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weiterstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiterstadt"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt_Hauptbahnhof"}],"sub_title":"Darmstadt–Riedstadt-Goddelau","text":"A siding to the industrial area of Weiterstadt-Riedbahn still exists on the largely disused section between Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof and Riedstadt-Goddelau and it is occasionally used by freight traffic.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intercity-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity-Express"},{"link_name":"InterCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt South station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_South_station"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport_long-distance_station"},{"link_name":"Mannheim Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Regional-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional-Express"}],"sub_title":"Riedstadt-Goddelau–Biblis","text":"Almost all Intercity-Express and InterCity trains between the Frankfurt railway node in the north (the stations of Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt South station and Frankfurt Airport) and Mannheim Hauptbahnhof in the south run on the middle section between Riedstadt-Goddelau and Biblis.In addition, the RE 70, a Regional-Express service, runs from Frankfurt via Groß Gerau-Dornberg, Riedstadt-Goddelau, Biblis and Lampertheim to Mannheim.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regionalbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalbahn"},{"link_name":"Bürstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrstadt"},{"link_name":"Bensheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensheim_station"},{"link_name":"Nibelung Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelung_Railway"}],"sub_title":"Biblis–Worms","text":"The southern section is operated only by two Regionalbahn services: RB 62 from Biblis to Worms Hbf and RB 63 on the route from Hofheim (Ried) to Worms Hbf (originating in Bürstadt and Bensheim, see also Nibelung Railway).","title":"Operations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland [German railway atlas] (in German). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-139-0","url_text":"978-3-89494-139-0"}]},{"reference":"Magistrat der Stadt Lampertheim, ed. (1977). Rosengarten. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Gemeinde Rosengarten - Zum 40jährigen Bestehen der Gemeinde Rosengarten (in German). Lampertheim. p. 90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Magistrat der Stadt Lampertheim, ed. (1977). Rosengarten. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Gemeinde Rosengarten - Zum 40jährigen Bestehen der Gemeinde Rosengarten (in German). Lampertheim. p. 91.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinz Schomann (2005). Heritage Office of the State of Hessen (ed.). Eisenbahn in Hessen. Eisenbahnbauten und -strecken 1839–1939 (in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart. pp. 351ff. ISBN 3-8062-1917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8062-1917-6","url_text":"3-8062-1917-6"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seis_(album) | Seis (album) | ["1 Background","2 Singles","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 References"] | 2021 studio album by Mon LaferteSeisStudio album by Mon LaferteReleased8 April 2021 (2021-04-08)Genre
Latin pop
bolero
salsa
Regional Mexican
Length51:34LanguageSpanishLabelUniversalProducer
Manú Jalil
Sebastián Aracena
Mon Laferte chronology
Norma(2018)
Seis(2021)
1940 Carmen(2021)
Singles from Seis
"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor"Released: 17 September 2020
"Se Me Va a Quemar El Corazón"Released: 21 January 21, 2021
"La Mujer"Released: 7 April 2021
Seis is the seventh studio album by Chilean and Mexican singer and songwriter Mon Laferte. It was released on 8 April 2021 through Universal Music México. It was produced by Manu Jalil, who also produced La Trenza, and Sebastián Aracena, and featured collaborations with Mexican singers Gloria Trevi and Alejandro Fernández, and Mexican bandas La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho and Mujeres del Viento Florido.
At the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, the album won Best Singer-Songwriter Album, the song "Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Regional Song and the song "La Mujer" was nominated for Best Pop Song. At the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Regional Mexican Music Album (including Tejano), being Laferte's first Grammy award nomination.
Background
Laferte found inspiration for the album from Regional Mexican music and also after watching the documentary Chavela about Costa Rican-born Mexican singer Chavela Vargas, with whom she felt a connection due to both having the life story of coming to Mexico as an immigrant and living in Tepoztlán. The album explores themes of power, desire and womanhood in song such as "Se Me Va la Vida" ("My Life is Running Out") alongside the banda Mujeres del Viento Florido, which is about Chilean women prisoners and "La Mujer" ("The Woman") with Gloria Trevi, which according to Laferte, started as a "toxic" song but was re-written afterwards and turned into a song about "ending a relationship and the survival instinct", describing it as a "healing process".
The album title, Seis (six in Spanish), refers to the fact that the album is her sixth under the name Mon Laferte; however, it is actually her seventh album overall since her first studio album, La Chica de Rojo (2003), was released under her legal name, Monserrat Bustamante.
Singles
The first single was "Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor" with Alejandro Fernández, released on 17 September 2020. The second single, "Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón", was released on 21 January 2021. "La Mujer", a collaboration with Gloria Trevi was released on 7 April 2021 as the third single.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Thom Jurek from AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, naming the album a "milestone" alongside Norma in Laferte's career, he also wrote that "each track is delivered with the consistency, care, honesty, and obsessive attention to detail that Laferte's poetic lyrics and melodies require", ending the review with "the humble presentation here contrasts with her songwriting ambition in what amounts to a truly visionary work of popular art".
Seis was ranked at number 14 in the list for "The 35 Best Spanish-Language and Bilingual Albums of 2021" by the American magazine Rolling Stone, calling it "impressively textured".
Track listing
All tracks are produced by Manú Jalil and Sebastián Aracena.
Seis track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Se Me Va a Quemar El Corazón"Mon Laferte3:582."Amigos Simplemente"
Laferte
David Aguilar
3:023."No Lo Vi Venir"Laferte3:024."Amado Mío"
Laferte
Sebastián Aracena
4:085."Canción Feliz"
Laferte
Aracena
4:246."La Mujer" (featuring Gloria Trevi)Laferte3:087."Calaveras"
Laferte
Aracena
4:118."Aunque Te Mueras Por Volver"Laferte4:109."La Democracia"Laferte3:2510."Esta Morra No Se Vende"Laferte2:4211."Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor" (featuring Alejandro Fernández)
Laferte
Aguilar
3:0012."Te Vi"
Laferte
Kany García
3:3613."Se Va La Vida" (with the Banda Regional Femenil "Mujeres del Viento Florido")Laferte4:3214."Se Me Va a Quemar El Corazón" (with La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho)Laferte4:12Total length:51:34
References
^ Willis, Daniel J. (4 April 2021). "Album Review: Mon Laferte embraces Mexico with Seis". Riff Magazine. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ "SEIS". Apple Music (Mexico). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Los 2021 Latin Grammys: Complete Winners List". Grammy.com. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ "2022 Grammys: Complete Nominations List". Grammy.com. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
^ Pérez, Nashinka (12 April 2021). "El 8 de Abril Salió a la Luz Seis, la Séptima Producción Discográfica de la Cantautora Chilena Mon Laferte". Ruido Blanco (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ Pareles, Jon (16 November 2021). "Mon Laferte quiere que se te erice la piel". The New York Times (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ Moral, Selene (13 April 2021). "Mon Laferte Lanza Seis, Su Nuevo Disco con Sabor a México". Los 40 (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor". Tidal. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón". TIDAL. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "La Mujer". Tidal. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ a b Jurek, Thom. "Seis – Mon Laferte". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ Villegas, Richard (16 December 2021). "The 35 Best Spanish-Language and Bilingual Albums of 2021". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
vteMon Laferte
Discography
Albums
La Chica de Rojo
Desechable
Tornasol
Mon Laferte, Vol. 1
La Trenza
Norma
Seis
1940 Carmen
Autopoiética
Singles
"Tu falta de querer"
"Amárrame"
"Mi Buen Amor"
"Primaveral"
"Antes de Ti"
"El Beso"
"Plata Ta Tá"
Featured singles
"Amor" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Mon Laferte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Laferte"},{"link_name":"Universal Music México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol2-2"},{"link_name":"La Trenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trenza"},{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Arrolladora_Banda_El_Lim%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Singer-Songwriter Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Singer-Songwriter_Album"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Regional_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Song"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"64th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Regional Mexican Music Album (including Tejano)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Regional_Mexican_Music_Album_(including_Tejano)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2021 studio album by Mon LaferteSeis is the seventh studio album by Chilean and Mexican singer and songwriter Mon Laferte. It was released on 8 April 2021 through Universal Music México.[1][2] It was produced by Manu Jalil, who also produced La Trenza, and Sebastián Aracena, and featured collaborations with Mexican singers Gloria Trevi and Alejandro Fernández, and Mexican bandas La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho and Mujeres del Viento Florido.At the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, the album won Best Singer-Songwriter Album, the song \"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Regional Song and the song \"La Mujer\" was nominated for Best Pop Song.[3] At the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Regional Mexican Music Album (including Tejano), being Laferte's first Grammy award nomination.[4]","title":"Seis (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"},{"link_name":"Chavela Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavela_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tepoztlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepoztl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"La Chica de Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chica_de_Rojo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Laferte found inspiration for the album from Regional Mexican music and also after watching the documentary Chavela about Costa Rican-born Mexican singer Chavela Vargas, with whom she felt a connection due to both having the life story of coming to Mexico as an immigrant and living in Tepoztlán.[5] The album explores themes of power, desire and womanhood in song such as \"Se Me Va la Vida\" (\"My Life is Running Out\") alongside the banda Mujeres del Viento Florido, which is about Chilean women prisoners and \"La Mujer\" (\"The Woman\") with Gloria Trevi, which according to Laferte, started as a \"toxic\" song but was re-written afterwards and turned into a song about \"ending a relationship and the survival instinct\", describing it as a \"healing process\".[6]The album title, Seis (six in Spanish), refers to the fact that the album is her sixth under the name Mon Laferte; however, it is actually her seventh album overall since her first studio album, La Chica de Rojo (2003), was released under her legal name, Monserrat Bustamante.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alejandro Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The first single was \"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor\" with Alejandro Fernández, released on 17 September 2020.[8] The second single, \"Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón\", was released on 21 January 2021.[9] \"La Mujer\", a collaboration with Gloria Trevi was released on 7 April 2021 as the third single.[10]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Norma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-11"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Thom Jurek from AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, naming the album a \"milestone\" alongside Norma in Laferte's career, he also wrote that \"each track is delivered with the consistency, care, honesty, and obsessive attention to detail that Laferte's poetic lyrics and melodies require\", ending the review with \"the humble presentation here contrasts with her songwriting ambition in what amounts to a truly visionary work of popular art\".[11]Seis was ranked at number 14 in the list for \"The 35 Best Spanish-Language and Bilingual Albums of 2021\" by the American magazine Rolling Stone, calling it \"impressively textured\".[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Kany García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kany_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Arrolladora_Banda_El_Lim%C3%B3n"}],"text":"All tracks are produced by Manú Jalil and Sebastián Aracena.Seis track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Se Me Va a Quemar El Corazón\"Mon Laferte3:582.\"Amigos Simplemente\"\nLaferte\nDavid Aguilar\n3:023.\"No Lo Vi Venir\"Laferte3:024.\"Amado Mío\"\nLaferte\nSebastián Aracena\n4:085.\"Canción Feliz\"\nLaferte\nAracena\n4:246.\"La Mujer\" (featuring Gloria Trevi)Laferte3:087.\"Calaveras\"\nLaferte\nAracena\n4:118.\"Aunque Te Mueras Por Volver\"Laferte4:109.\"La Democracia\"Laferte3:2510.\"Esta Morra No Se Vende\"Laferte2:4211.\"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor\" (featuring Alejandro Fernández)\nLaferte\nAguilar\n3:0012.\"Te Vi\"\nLaferte\nKany García\n3:3613.\"Se Va La Vida\" (with the Banda Regional Femenil \"Mujeres del Viento Florido\")Laferte4:3214.\"Se Me Va a Quemar El Corazón\" (with La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho)Laferte4:12Total length:51:34","title":"Track listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Willis, Daniel J. (4 April 2021). \"Album Review: Mon Laferte embraces Mexico with Seis\". Riff Magazine. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://riffmagazine.com/album-reviews/mon-laferte-seis/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Mon Laferte embraces Mexico with Seis\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEIS\". Apple Music (Mexico). Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/mx/album/seis/1559825527","url_text":"\"SEIS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Los 2021 Latin Grammys: Complete Winners List\". Grammy.com. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/latin-grammys/news/2021-latin-grammys-awards-nominations-complete-winners-nominees-list","url_text":"\"Los 2021 Latin Grammys: Complete Winners List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211113041204/https://www.grammy.com/latin-grammys/news/2021-latin-grammys-awards-nominations-complete-winners-nominees-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Grammys: Complete Nominations List\". Grammy.com. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list","url_text":"\"2022 Grammys: Complete Nominations List\""}]},{"reference":"Pérez, Nashinka (12 April 2021). \"El 8 de Abril Salió a la Luz Seis, la Séptima Producción Discográfica de la Cantautora Chilena Mon Laferte\". Ruido Blanco (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruidoblanco.fm/noticias-1/2021/4/11/seis-el-nuevo-disco-de-mon-laferte","url_text":"\"El 8 de Abril Salió a la Luz Seis, la Séptima Producción Discográfica de la Cantautora Chilena Mon Laferte\""}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (16 November 2021). \"Mon Laferte quiere que se te erice la piel\". The New York Times (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/11/16/espanol/mon-laferte-gloria-trevi-grammys.html","url_text":"\"Mon Laferte quiere que se te erice la piel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Moral, Selene (13 April 2021). \"Mon Laferte Lanza Seis, Su Nuevo Disco con Sabor a México\". Los 40 (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://los40.com/los40/2021/04/13/musica/1618305598_875650.html","url_text":"\"Mon Laferte Lanza Seis, Su Nuevo Disco con Sabor a México\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_40","url_text":"Los 40"}]},{"reference":"\"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor\". Tidal. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tidal.com/browse/album/154904396","url_text":"\"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"}]},{"reference":"\"Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón\". TIDAL. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tidal.com/browse/album/169515186","url_text":"\"Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"TIDAL"}]},{"reference":"\"La Mujer\". Tidal. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tidal.com/browse/album/179104026","url_text":"\"La Mujer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"}]},{"reference":"Jurek, Thom. \"Seis – Mon Laferte\". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/seis-mw0003502674","url_text":"\"Seis – Mon Laferte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Villegas, Richard (16 December 2021). \"The 35 Best Spanish-Language and Bilingual Albums of 2021\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-spanish-language-albums-2021-1269982/mon-laferte-seis-1270364/","url_text":"\"The 35 Best Spanish-Language and Bilingual Albums of 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://riffmagazine.com/album-reviews/mon-laferte-seis/","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Mon Laferte embraces Mexico with Seis\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/mx/album/seis/1559825527","external_links_name":"\"SEIS\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/latin-grammys/news/2021-latin-grammys-awards-nominations-complete-winners-nominees-list","external_links_name":"\"Los 2021 Latin Grammys: Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211113041204/https://www.grammy.com/latin-grammys/news/2021-latin-grammys-awards-nominations-complete-winners-nominees-list","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list","external_links_name":"\"2022 Grammys: Complete Nominations List\""},{"Link":"https://www.ruidoblanco.fm/noticias-1/2021/4/11/seis-el-nuevo-disco-de-mon-laferte","external_links_name":"\"El 8 de Abril Salió a la Luz Seis, la Séptima Producción Discográfica de la Cantautora Chilena Mon Laferte\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/11/16/espanol/mon-laferte-gloria-trevi-grammys.html","external_links_name":"\"Mon Laferte quiere que se te erice la piel\""},{"Link":"https://los40.com/los40/2021/04/13/musica/1618305598_875650.html","external_links_name":"\"Mon Laferte Lanza Seis, Su Nuevo Disco con Sabor a México\""},{"Link":"https://tidal.com/browse/album/154904396","external_links_name":"\"Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor\""},{"Link":"https://tidal.com/browse/album/169515186","external_links_name":"\"Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón\""},{"Link":"https://tidal.com/browse/album/179104026","external_links_name":"\"La Mujer\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/seis-mw0003502674","external_links_name":"\"Seis – Mon Laferte\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-spanish-language-albums-2021-1269982/mon-laferte-seis-1270364/","external_links_name":"\"The 35 Best Spanish-Language and Bilingual Albums of 2021\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_Heroes | Mystic Heroes | ["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mystic Heroes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2002 video gameMystic HeroesNorth American cover art for PS2Developer(s)KoeiQuintet (GBA)Publisher(s)KoeiPlatform(s)GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2ReleaseGameCube, Game Boy AdvanceJP: March 29, 2002NA: September 30, 2002 (GC)PAL: December 13, 2002 (GC)PlayStation 2JP: November 16, 2002WW: November 24, 2002Genre(s)Hack and slashMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Mystic Heroes is a hack and slash video game developed by Koei. The game is loosely based on Investiture of the Gods, a Chinese supernatural novel about the fall of the Shang Dynasty and the rise of the Zhou Dynasty.
A Game Boy Advance version, known as Magical Hōshin (マジカル封神, Majikaru Hōshin) and developed by Quintet, was released simultaneously with the GameCube version, known as Battle Hōshin (バトル封神, Batoru Hōshin), exclusively in Japan on March 29, 2002. The PlayStation 2 version, known as Chō Battle Hōshin (超・バトル封神, Chō Batoru Hōshin), has additional characters and gameplay modes.
Gameplay
Mystic Heroes is a hack and slash similar to Koei's Dynasty Warriors. Players can perform melee attacks and element spells, which become more powerful with continuous use. The game has eight stages.
There are four playable characters, and four unlockable characters in the PS2 version, for a total of eight. The game features a single-player story mode and three additional single-player modes, as well as co-op and versus multiplayer. The game levels take place in a variety of settings from deserts, to castles, to swamps. The enemies are consistently soldiers, but have a variety of different bosses depending upon the level.
Plot
Long ago in a legendary land, Emperor Kang and his wife Sheva ruled with an iron fist. Tai and Naja, two elite mystics, sealed them away in Mt. Houshin, thus restoring peace. But Kang's son, Cyrus, built up an army to battle the mystics in an attempt to free his father. At this time two more mystics, Shiga and Lani, joined the fight alongside Tai and Naja. The four mystics along with their friends once again saved the land and returned the peace. Now Emperor Kang, Sheva, and Generals Grifon and Kai start to plan their escape. Grifon brings up the existence of something known as the "Dragon Star", which could free them. Kang calls upon the powers of the Dragon Star, and he along with all of his minions are set free, giving Kang the chance to rise once again to dominate the land. This game takes place after Hōshin Engi, Magical Hōshin (this game takes place after the first title) and Hōshin Engi 2.
The player can choose to play as Tai, Shiga, Lani, or Naja.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGBAGCPS2MetacriticN/A67/10067/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGBAGCPS2EdgeN/A7/10N/AElectronic Gaming MonthlyN/A5.5/10N/AFamitsu30/4033/4032/40Game InformerN/A7.75/10N/AGameProN/AGameSpotN/A7.3/107.3/10GameSpyN/AN/AIGNN/A6.3/107/10Nintendo PowerN/A3.6/5N/AOfficial U.S. PlayStation MagazineN/AN/A
Mystic Heroes received above-average reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
In Japan, Famitsu gave the game a score of 33 out of 40 for the GameCube version, 32 out of 40 for the PS2 version, and 30 out of 40 for the Game Boy Advance version.
References
^ a b "Mystic Heroes for GameCube Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ a b "Mystic Heroes for PlayStation 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Edge staff (Christmas 2002). "Mystic Heroes (GC)". Edge. No. 118. Future Publishing. Archived from the original on January 21, 2003. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
^ Trais, Jeanne (October 2002). "Mystic Heroes (GC)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 159. Ziff Davis. p. 94. Archived from the original on April 27, 2004. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
^ a b "マジカル封神". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
^ a b "ニンテンドーゲームキューブ - バトル封神". Famitsu (in Japanese). Vol. 915. Enterbrain. June 30, 2006. p. 98. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
^ a b "プレイステーション2 - 超・バトル封神". Famitsu (in Japanese). Vol. 915. Enterbrain. June 30, 2006. p. 82. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
^ Kato, Matthew (October 2002). "Mystic Heroes (GC)". Game Informer. No. 114. FuncoLand. p. 86. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Star Dingo (September 24, 2002). "Mystic Heroes Review for GameCube on GamePro.com". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 8, 2005. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
^ Four-Eyed Dragon (December 3, 2002). "Mystic Heroes Review for PS2 on GamePro.com". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
^ Gallant, Matthew (October 9, 2002). "Mystic Heroes Review (GC)". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Gallant, Matthew (December 2, 2002). "Mystic Heroes Review (PS2)". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Steinberg, Scott (January 19, 2003). "GameSpy: Mystic Heroes (PS2)". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
^ Mirabella III, Fran (October 10, 2002). "Mystic Heroes (GCN)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Ng, Stephen (November 25, 2002). "Mystic Heroes (PS2)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ "Mystic Heroes". Nintendo Power. Vol. 160. Nintendo of America. September 2002. p. 164.
^ Baker, Chris (January 2003). "Mystic Heroes". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. No. 64. Ziff Davis. p. 108. Archived from the original on May 25, 2004. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
External links
Mystic Heroes official site
Mystic Heroes (GameCube) at MobyGames
Mystic Heroes (PlayStation 2) at MobyGames
vteXu Zhonglin's Investiture of the GodsCharactersSemi-fictional
Ao Bing
Bixiao Niangniang
Chen Tong
Chen Wu
Chong Heihu
Chong Houhu
Chong Yingbiao
Deng Zhong
Fang Brothers
Five Colored-Face Devils
Foursome of Nine Dragon Island
Huang Feihu
Huang Gun
Huang Yuanji
Ji Shuqian
Jiang Huan
Jiutou Zhiji Jing
Kong Xuan
Lady Yin
Leizhenzi
Li Gen
Liu Qian
Lu Xiong
Mei Wu
Pipa Jing
Princess Longji
Qiongxiao Niangniang
Queen Jiang
Shen Gongbao
Shen Jie
Su Hu
Su Quanzhong
Wen Zhong
Xianhe Tongzi
Yang Ren
Yin Jiao
Yunzhongzi
Yunxiao Niangniang
Zhang Guifang
Zhao Qi
Zheng Lun
Historical
Daji
Jiang Ziya
Jiao Ge
King Zhou of Shang
Mei Bo
Nangong Kuo
San Yisheng
Shang Rong
King Wen of Zhou
King Wu of Zhou
Bo Yikao
Twelve Golden Immortals
Guang Chengzi
Chi Jingzi
Huanglong Zhenren
Ju Liusun
Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun
Puxian Zhenren
Taiyi Zhenren
Lingbao Dafashi
Cihang Zhenren
Yuding Zhenren
Daoxing Tianzun
Qingxu Daode Zhenjun
Four Chief Disciples of Jiejiao
Duobao Daoren
Jinling Shengmu
Wudang Shengmu
Guiling Shengmu
Deities
Dragon King of the East Sea
Erlang Shen
Jinzha
Li Jing
Muzha
Nezha
Nüwa
Old Man of the South Pole
Randeng Daoren
Tongtian Jiaozhu
Yuanshi Tianzun
Zhunti Daoren
Zhao Gongming
TV
The Investiture of the Gods (1990)
Soul Hunter (1999)
The Legend of Ne Zha (1999)
Gods of Honour (2001)
The Legend and the Hero (2007)
The Legend and the Hero 2 (2009)
The Investiture of the Gods (2014)
Hakyu Hoshin Engi (2018)
Investiture of the Gods (2019)
Zhaoge (upcoming)
Films
Nezha Conquers the Dragon King (1979)
League of Gods (2016)
I Am Nezha (2016)
Ne Zha (2019)
Jiang Ziya (2020)
New Gods: Nezha Reborn (2021)
New Gods: Yang Jian (2022)
Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms (2023)
Video games
Mystic Heroes
Related
Fengshen bang
Hoshin Engi
chapters
vteOmega ForceWarriorsDynasty WarriorsMain series
Dynasty Warriors (1997)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Other games
Dynasty Warriors (2004)
Advance
Vol. 2
DS: Fighter's Battle
Strikeforce
Online
Next
Godseekers
Samurai Warriors
Samurai Warriors
2
Katana
3
Chronicles
4
Spirit of Sanada
5
Warriors Orochi
Warriors Orochi
2
Z
3
4
Licensed gamesFire Emblem Warriors
Fire Emblem Warriors
Three Hopes
Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage
Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage
Ken's Rage 2
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam
Gundam 2
Gundam 3
Hyrule Warriors
Hyrule Warriors
Age of Calamity
One Piece: Pirate Warriors
One Piece: Pirate Warriors
2
3
4
Other
Arslan: The Warriors of Legend
Berserk and the Band of the Hawk
Persona 5 Strikers
Touken Ranbu Warriors
Other Warriors games
Warriors: Legends of Troy
Warriors All-Stars
Attack on Titan
Attack on Titan
Attack on Titan 2
Dragon Quest
Dragon Quest Heroes
Heroes II
Builders 2
Champions
Toukiden
Toukiden: The Age of Demons
Toukiden 2
Other games
Destrega
Enigma
WinBack
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War
Trinity: Souls of Zill O'll
Wild Hearts
Fate/Samurai Remnant
Related
Koei
Koei Tecmo
Dead or Alive 5 Last Round
The Mysterious Murasame Castle
Samurai Warriors (anime)
Dynasty Warriors (film) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Koei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koei"},{"link_name":"Investiture of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Shang Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhou Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintet_(company)"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"}],"text":"2002 video gameMystic Heroes is a hack and slash video game developed by Koei. 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Metacritic. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mystic-heroes/critic-reviews/?platform=gamecube","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes for GameCube Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140904090433/http://www.metacritic.com/game/gamecube/mystic-heroes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mystic Heroes for PlayStation 2 Reviews\". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. 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Retrieved August 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030121042644/http://gamesradar.msn.co.uk/reviews/default.asp?subsectionid=168&articleid=64693&pagetype=2","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes (GC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)","url_text":"Edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future Publishing"},{"url":"http://gamesradar.msn.co.uk/reviews/default.asp?subsectionid=168&articleid=64693&pagetype=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trais, Jeanne (October 2002). \"Mystic Heroes (GC)\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 159. Ziff Davis. p. 94. Archived from the original on April 27, 2004. Retrieved August 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040427120101/http://www.egmmag.com/article2/0,2053,1490164,00.asp","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes (GC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"http://www.egmmag.com/article2/0,2053,1490164,00.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"マジカル封神\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=11980&redirect=no","url_text":"\"マジカル封神\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018155945/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=11980&redirect=no","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ニンテンドーゲームキューブ - バトル封神\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Vol. 915. Enterbrain. June 30, 2006. p. 98. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14272&redirect=no","url_text":"\"ニンテンドーゲームキューブ - バトル封神\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018155951/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14272&redirect=no","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"プレイステーション2 - 超・バトル封神\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Vol. 915. Enterbrain. June 30, 2006. p. 82. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=9897&redirect=no","url_text":"\"プレイステーション2 - 超・バトル封神\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018155956/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=9897&redirect=no","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Matthew (October 2002). \"Mystic Heroes (GC)\". Game Informer. No. 114. FuncoLand. p. 86. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070224130020/http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200210/R03.0731.1632.29085.htm","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes (GC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FuncoLand","url_text":"FuncoLand"},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200210/R03.0731.1632.29085.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Star Dingo (September 24, 2002). \"Mystic Heroes Review for GameCube on GamePro.com\". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 8, 2005. Retrieved August 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050208044124/http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gamecube/games/reviews/26348.shtml","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes Review for GameCube on GamePro.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gamecube/games/reviews/26348.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Four-Eyed Dragon (December 3, 2002). \"Mystic Heroes Review for PS2 on GamePro.com\". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved August 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050212160321/http://www.gamepro.com/sony/ps2/games/reviews/27311.shtml","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes Review for PS2 on GamePro.com\""},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/sony/ps2/games/reviews/27311.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallant, Matthew (October 9, 2002). \"Mystic Heroes Review (GC)\". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mystic-heroes-review/1900-2885080/","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes Review (GC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202617/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mystic-heroes-review/1900-2885080/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallant, Matthew (December 2, 2002). \"Mystic Heroes Review (PS2)\". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mystic-heroes-review/1900-2899184/","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes Review (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202548/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mystic-heroes-review/1900-2899184/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Scott (January 19, 2003). \"GameSpy: Mystic Heroes (PS2)\". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/mystic-heroes/5552p1.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Mystic Heroes (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813135026/http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/mystic-heroes/5552p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mirabella III, Fran (October 10, 2002). \"Mystic Heroes (GCN)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/10/10/mystic-heroes-2","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes (GCN)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813094513/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/10/10/mystic-heroes-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ng, Stephen (November 25, 2002). \"Mystic Heroes (PS2)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/25/mystic-heroes","url_text":"\"Mystic Heroes (PS2)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813093323/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/25/mystic-heroes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mystic Heroes\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 160. Nintendo of America. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_by_country | History by country | [] | This is a list of articles covering the history of present-day nations, states, and dependencies. Countries are listed in bold under their respective pages, whereas territories and dependencies are not. Disputed and unrecognized countries are italicized.
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A
History of Argentina
History of Australia
History of Afghanistan – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
History of Albania – Republic of Albania
History of Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
History of Andorra – Principality of Andorra
History of Angola – Republic of Angola
History of Antigua and Barbuda – Antigua and Barbuda
History of Argentina – Argentine Republic
History of Armenia – Republic of Armenia
History of Aruba – Aruba (Dutch crown dependency)
History of Australia – Commonwealth of Australia
History of Austria – Republic of Austria
History of Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan
B
History of Bangladesh
History of Brazil
History of the Bahamas – Commonwealth of The Bahamas
History of Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain
History of Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh
History of Barbados – Barbados
History of Belarus – Republic of Belarus
History of Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
History of Belize – Belize
History of Benin – Republic of Benin
History of Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
History of Bolivia – Plurinational State of Bolivia
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bosnia and Herzegovina
History of Botswana – Republic of Botswana
History of Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil
History of Brunei – State of Brunei Darussalam
History of Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria
History of Burkina Faso – Burkina Faso
History of Burundi – Republic of Burundi
C
History of Canada
History of Chile
History of China
History of Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia
History of Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon
History of Canada – Canada
History of Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde
History of the Cayman Islands – Cayman Islands (UK overseas territory)
History of the Central African Republic – Central African Republic
History of Chad – Republic of Chad
History of Chile – Republic of Chile
History of China – People's Republic of China
History of Colombia – Republic of Colombia
History of Comoros – Union of the Comoros
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – Democratic Republic of the Congo
History of the Republic of the Congo – Republic of the Congo
History of Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
History of Côte d'Ivoire – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
History of Croatia – Republic of Croatia
History of Cuba – Republic of Cuba
History of Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus
History of the Czech Republic – Czech Republic
D
History of Denmark
History of Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
History of Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti
History of Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica
History of the Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic
E
History of Egypt
History of Estonia
History of East Timor (Timor-Leste) – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
History of Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
History of Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt
History of El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
History of Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea
History of Eritrea – State of Eritrea
History of Estonia – Republic of Estonia
History of Eswatini (Swaziland) – Kingdom of Eswatini
History of Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
F
History of France
History of the Falkland Islands – Falkland Islands (British overseas territories)
History of the Faroe Islands – Faroe Islands (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark)
History of Fiji – Republic of the Fiji Islands
History of Finland – Republic of Finland
History of France – French Republic
History of French Guiana – French Guiana (French overseas community)
History of French Polynesia – French Polynesia (French overseas community)
G
History of Gabon – Gabonese Republic
History of the Gambia – Republic of The Gambia
See History of Palestine for Gaza Strip
History of Georgia – Georgia
History of Germany – Federal Republic of Germany
History of Ghana – Republic of Ghana
History of Gibraltar – Gibraltar (UK overseas territory)
History of Greece – Hellenic Republic
History of Greenland – Greenland (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark)
History of Grenada – Grenada
History of Guadeloupe – Guadeloupe (French overseas community)
History of Guam – Territory of Guam (US overseas territory)
History of Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
History of Guinea – Republic of Guinea
History of Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau
History of Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana
H
History of Hong Kong
History of Haiti – Republic of Haiti
History of Honduras – Republic of Honduras
History of Hong Kong – Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Area of special sovereignty)
History of Hungary – Republic of Hungary
I
History of India
History of Iran
History of Italy
History of Iceland – Republic of Iceland
History of India – Republic of India
History of Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia
History of Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran
History of Iraq – Republic of Iraq
History of Ireland – Ireland
See History of the Falkland Islands for Islas Malvinas
History of the Isle of Man – Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
History of Israel – State of Israel
History of Italy – Italian Republic
J
History of Japan
History of Jamaica – Jamaica
History of Japan – Japan
History of Jersey – Jersey (British crown dependency)
History of Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
K
History of Korea
History of Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan
History of Kenya – Republic of Kenya
History of Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati
History of North Korea – Democratic People's Republic of Korea
History of South Korea (Republic of) – Republic of Korea
History of Kosovo – Kosovo Republic
History of Kuwait – State of Kuwait
History of Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic
L
History of Lithuania
History of Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic
History of Latvia – Republic of Latvia
History of Lebanon – Republic of Lebanon
History of Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho
History of Liberia – Republic of Liberia
History of Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
History of Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
History of Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania
History of Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of LuxembourgHistory of Malaysia
M
History of Mexico
History of Mongolia
History of Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar
History of Malawi – Republic of Malawi
History of Malaysia – Malaysia
History of the Maldives – Republic of Maldives
History of Mali – Republic of Mali
History of Malta – Republic of Malta
History of the Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands
History of Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania
History of Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius
History of Mayotte – Mayotte (French overseas community)
History of Mexico – United Mexican States
History of the Federated States of Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia
History of Moldova – Republic of Moldova
History of Monaco – Principality of Monaco
History of Mongolia – Mongolia
History of Montenegro – Republic of Montenegro
History of Montserrat – Montserrat (UK overseas territory)
History of Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco
History of Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique
History of Myanmar – Republic of the Union of Myanmar
N
History of Nepal
History of the Netherlands
History of Namibia – Republic of Namibia
History of Nauru – Republic of Nauru
History of Nepal – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
History of the Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
History of the Netherlands Antilles – Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
History of New Caledonia – Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies (French community sui generis)
History of New Zealand – New Zealand
History of Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
History of Niger – Republic of Niger
History of Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria
History of Niue – Niue (Associated state of New Zealand)
History of Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
History of the Northern Mariana Islands – Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US overseas commonwealth)
History of North Macedonia – North Macedonia
History of Norway – Kingdom of Norway
O
History of Oman – Sultanate of Oman
P
History of the Philippines
History of Poland
History of Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan
History of Palau – Republic of Palau
History of Palestine – State of Palestine
History of Panama – Republic of Panama
History of Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea
History of Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
History of Peru – Republic of Peru
History of the Philippines – Republic of the Philippines
History of the Pitcairn Islands – Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands (UK overseas territory)
History of Poland – Republic of Poland
History of Portugal – Portuguese Republic
History of Puerto Rico – Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (US overseas commonwealth)
Q
History of Qatar – State of Qatar
R
History of Russia
History of Romania – Romania
History of Russia – Russian Federation
History of Rwanda – Republic of Rwanda
S
History of South Africa
History of Spain
History of Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
History of Saint Lucia – Saint Lucia
History of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon – Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French overseas community)
History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
History of Samoa – Independent State of Samoa
History of San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
History of São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
History of Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
History of Senegal – Republic of Senegal
History of Serbia – Republic of Serbia
History of Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles
History of Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone
History of Singapore – Republic of Singapore
History of Slovakia – Slovak Republic
History of Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia
History of Solomon Islands – Solomon Islands
History of Somalia – Federal Republic of Somalia
History of Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland
History of South Africa – Republic of South Africa
History of South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia
History of South Sudan – Republic of South Sudan
History of Spain – Kingdom of Spain
History of Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
History of Sudan – Republic of the Sudan
History of Suriname – Republic of Suriname
History of Svalbard – Svalbard (Territory of Norway)
History of Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
History of Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
History of Syria – Syrian Arab Republic
T
History of Thailand
History of Turkey
History of Taiwan – Republic of China
History of Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan
History of Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania
History of Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand
History of Togo – Togolese Republic
History of Tokelau – Tokelau (Territory of New Zealand)
History of Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga
History of Transnistria – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
History of Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
History of Tunisia – Tunisian Republic
History of Turkey – Republic of Turkey
History of Turkmenistan – Turkmenistan
History of the Turks and Caicos Islands – Turks and Caicos Islands (UK overseas territory)
History of Tuvalu – Tuvalu
U
History of the United States
History of Uganda – Republic of Uganda
History of Ukraine – Ukraine
History of the United Arab Emirates – United Arab Emirates
History of the United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
History of the United States – United States of America
History of Uruguay – Oriental Republic of Uruguay
History of Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan
V
History of Vietnam
History of Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu
Vatican City
History of Venezuela – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
History of Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam
History of the Virgin Islands – United States Virgin Islands (US overseas territory)
W
See History of Palestine for West Bank
History of Western Sahara – Western Sahara
Y
History of Yemen – Republic of Yemen
Z
History of Zambia – Republic of Zambia
History of Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe
See also
World history (field)
Archaeology by country
Lists by country
List of countries
Index of articles associated with the same name
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents: \n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Holland_including_New_South_Wales.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"History of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"History of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Republic of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"History of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"People's Democratic Republic of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"History of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Principality of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"History of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Republic of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"History of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"History of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"History of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba"},{"link_name":"History of Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Aruba"},{"link_name":"Aruba (Dutch crown dependency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"History of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"History of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"History of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"}],"text":"History of ArgentinaHistory of AustraliaHistory of Afghanistan – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan\n History of Albania – Republic of Albania\n History of Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria\n History of Andorra – Principality of Andorra\n History of Angola – Republic of Angola\n History of Antigua and Barbuda – Antigua and Barbuda\n History of Argentina – Argentine Republic\n History of Armenia – Republic of Armenia\n History of Aruba – Aruba (Dutch crown dependency)\n History of Australia – Commonwealth of Australia\n History of Austria – Republic of Austria\n History of Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Somapura_Mahavihara.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27,_1879,_oil_on_canvas,_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes,_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG"},{"link_name":"History of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"History of the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of The Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"History of Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"History of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"History of Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"History of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Republic of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"History of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"History of Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belize"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"History of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Republic of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"History of Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"History of Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Plurinational State of Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"History of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"History of Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Republic of Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"History of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Federative Republic of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"History of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"State of Brunei Darussalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"History of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"History of Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"History of Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burundi"},{"link_name":"Republic of Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"}],"text":"History of BangladeshHistory of BrazilHistory of the Bahamas – Commonwealth of The Bahamas\n History of Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain\n History of Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh\n History of Barbados – Barbados\n History of Belarus – Republic of Belarus\n History of Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium\n History of Belize – Belize\n History of Benin – Republic of Benin\n History of Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan\n History of Bolivia – Plurinational State of Bolivia\n History of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bosnia and Herzegovina\n History of Botswana – Republic of Botswana\n History of Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil\n History of Brunei – State of Brunei Darussalam\n History of Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria\n History of Burkina Faso – Burkina Faso\n History of Burundi – Republic of Burundi","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fondation_de_la_ville_de_Quebec_par_Samuel_de_Champlain_en_1608.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulor_Settlement_Chile.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Making_farewells_at_Jingkou.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"History of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"History of Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Republic of Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"History of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"History of Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Republic of Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands (UK overseas territory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"History of the Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"History of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chad"},{"link_name":"Republic of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"History of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Republic of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"History of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"History of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"History of Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Union of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"History of the Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"History of Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Republic of Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"History of Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"Republic of Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"History of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"History of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Republic of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"History of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Republic of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"History of the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"History of CanadaHistory of ChileHistory of ChinaHistory of Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia\n History of Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon\n History of Canada – Canada\n History of Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde\n History of the Cayman Islands – Cayman Islands (UK overseas territory)\n History of the Central African Republic – Central African Republic\n History of Chad – Republic of Chad\n History of Chile – Republic of Chile\n History of China – People's Republic of China\n History of Colombia – Republic of Colombia\n History of Comoros – Union of the Comoros\n History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – Democratic Republic of the Congo\n History of the Republic of the Congo – Republic of the Congo\n History of Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica\n History of Côte d'Ivoire – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire\n History of Croatia – Republic of Croatia\n History of Cuba – Republic of Cuba\n History of Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus\n History of the Czech Republic – Czech Republic","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Br%C3%A6nde-Stene.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"History of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"History of Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Republic of Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"History of Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Dominica"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"History of the Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"}],"text":"History of DenmarkHistory of Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark\n History of Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti\n History of Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica\n History of the Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Estonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"History of East Timor (Timor-Leste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"History of Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"History of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Arab Republic of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"History of El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Republic of El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"History of Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"History of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"State of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"History of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"History of Eswatini (Swaziland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"History of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"}],"text":"History of EgyptHistory of EstoniaHistory of East Timor (Timor-Leste) – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste\n History of Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador\n History of Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt\n History of El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador\n History of Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea\n History of Eritrea – State of Eritrea\n History of Estonia – Republic of Estonia\n History of Eswatini (Swaziland) – Kingdom of Eswatini\n History of Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Serment_du_Jeu_de_paume.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands (British overseas territories)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"History of Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Fiji Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"History of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"History of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"History of French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"French Guiana (French overseas community)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"History of French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia (French overseas community)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"}],"text":"History of FranceHistory of the Falkland Islands – Falkland Islands (British overseas territories)\n History of the Faroe Islands – Faroe Islands (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark)\n History of Fiji – Republic of the Fiji Islands\n History of Finland – Republic of Finland\n History of France – French Republic\n History of French Guiana – French Guiana (French overseas community)\n History of French Polynesia – French Polynesia (French overseas community)","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"History of Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gabonese Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"History of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Republic of The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia"},{"link_name":"History of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"History of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"History of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"History of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"History of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar (UK overseas territory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"History of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"History of Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Greenland (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"History of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"History of Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe (French overseas community)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"History of Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"Territory of Guam (US overseas territory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"History of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Republic of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"History of Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"History of Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Republic of Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"History of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Republic of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"}],"text":"History of Gabon – Gabonese Republic\n History of the Gambia – Republic of The Gambia\nSee History of Palestine for Gaza Strip\n History of Georgia – Georgia\n History of Germany – Federal Republic of Germany\n History of Ghana – Republic of Ghana\n History of Gibraltar – Gibraltar (UK overseas territory)\n History of Greece – Hellenic Republic\n History of Greenland – Greenland (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark)\n History of Grenada – Grenada\n History of Guadeloupe – Guadeloupe (French overseas community)\n History of Guam – Territory of Guam (US overseas territory)\n History of Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala\n History of Guinea – Republic of Guinea\n History of Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau\n History of Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KWC_-_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"History of Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Republic of Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"History of Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Republic of Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"History of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Area of special sovereignty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"History of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Republic of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"History of Hong KongHistory of Haiti – Republic of Haiti\n History of Honduras – Republic of Honduras\n History of Hong Kong – Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Area of special sovereignty)\n History of Hungary – Republic of Hungary","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_view_of_shrines_at_Lakshmi_Devi_temple_complex_at_Doddagaddavalli.JPG"},{"link_name":"History of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gate_of_All_Nations,_Persepolis.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"History of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"History of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India"},{"link_name":"Republic of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"History of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"History of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"History of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Republic of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"History of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"History of the Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"History of the Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"History of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"History of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"History of IndiaHistory of IranHistory of ItalyHistory of Iceland – Republic of Iceland\n History of India – Republic of India\n History of Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia\n History of Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran\n History of Iraq – Republic of Iraq\n History of Ireland – Ireland\nSee History of the Falkland Islands for Islas Malvinas\n History of the Isle of Man – Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)\n History of Israel – State of Israel\n History of Italy – Italian Republic","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"History of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"History of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"History of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jersey (British crown dependency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"History of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"}],"text":"History of JapanHistory of Jamaica – Jamaica\n History of Japan – Japan\n History of Jersey – Jersey (British crown dependency)\n History of Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"History of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"History of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"History of Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"History of North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"History of South Korea (Republic of)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"History of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"History of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"State of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"History of Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"}],"text":"History of KoreaHistory of Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan\n History of Kenya – Republic of Kenya\n History of Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati\n History of North Korea – Democratic People's Republic of Korea\n History of South Korea (Republic of) – Republic of Korea\n History of Kosovo – Kosovo Republic\n History of Kuwait – State of Kuwait\n History of Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilnius_New_City_Center_from_the_White_Bridge_(2013).jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"History of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"History of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"History of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Republic of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"History of Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"History of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"History of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"History of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Principality of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"History of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"History of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Malaysia"}],"text":"History of LithuaniaHistory of Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic\n History of Latvia – Republic of Latvia\n History of Lebanon – Republic of Lebanon\n History of Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho\n History of Liberia – Republic of Liberia\n History of Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\n History of Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein\n History of Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania\n History of Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of LuxembourgHistory of Malaysia","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mongolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"History of Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Republic of Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"History of Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Republic of Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"History of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"History of the Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives"},{"link_name":"Republic of Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"History of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"Republic of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"History of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Republic of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"History of Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"History of Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Republic of Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"link_name":"History of Mayotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mayotte"},{"link_name":"Mayotte (French overseas community)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"History of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"United Mexican States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"History of the Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"History of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Republic of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"History of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Principality of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"History of Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"History of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Republic of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"History of Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Montserrat (UK overseas territory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"History of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"History of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Republic of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"History of Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Union of Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"}],"text":"History of MexicoHistory of MongoliaHistory of Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar\n History of Malawi – Republic of Malawi\n History of Malaysia – Malaysia\n History of the Maldives – Republic of Maldives\n History of Mali – Republic of Mali\n History of Malta – Republic of Malta\n History of the Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands\n History of Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania\n History of Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius\n History of Mayotte – Mayotte (French overseas community)\n History of Mexico – United Mexican States\n History of the Federated States of Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia\n History of Moldova – Republic of Moldova\n History of Monaco – Principality of Monaco\n History of Mongolia – Mongolia\n History of Montenegro – Republic of Montenegro\n History of Montserrat – Montserrat (UK overseas territory)\n History of Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco\n History of Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique\n History of Myanmar – Republic of the Union of Myanmar","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"History of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"History of Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nauru"},{"link_name":"Republic of Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"History of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"History of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"},{"link_name":"History of the Netherlands Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"History of New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies (French community sui generis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"History of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"History of Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Republic of Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"History of Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Niger"},{"link_name":"Republic of Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"History of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"History of Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Niue"},{"link_name":"Niue (Associated state of New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"History of Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US overseas commonwealth)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"History of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"History of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"}],"text":"History of NepalHistory of the NetherlandsHistory of Namibia – Republic of Namibia\n History of Nauru – Republic of Nauru\n History of Nepal – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal\n History of the Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands\n History of the Netherlands Antilles – Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)\n History of New Caledonia – Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies (French community sui generis)\n History of New Zealand – New Zealand\n History of Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua\n History of Niger – Republic of Niger\n History of Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria\n History of Niue – Niue (Associated state of New Zealand)\n History of Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\n History of the Northern Mariana Islands – Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US overseas commonwealth)\n History of North Macedonia – North Macedonia\n History of Norway – Kingdom of Norway","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"History of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"}],"text":"History of Oman – Sultanate of Oman","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Independence,_July_4_1946.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"History of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"History of Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palau"},{"link_name":"Republic of Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"History of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"History of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Republic of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"History of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"History of Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Republic of Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"History of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Republic of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"History of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Pitcairn Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands (UK overseas territory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"History of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"History of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"History of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (US overseas commonwealth)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"History of the PhilippinesHistory of PolandHistory of Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan\n History of Palau – Republic of Palau\n History of Palestine – State of Palestine\n History of Panama – Republic of Panama\n History of Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea\n History of Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay\n History of Peru – Republic of Peru\n History of the Philippines – Republic of the Philippines\n History of the Pitcairn Islands – Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands (UK overseas territory)\n History of Poland – Republic of Poland\n History of Portugal – Portuguese Republic\n History of Puerto Rico – Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (US overseas commonwealth)","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"History of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar"},{"link_name":"State of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"}],"text":"History of Qatar – State of Qatar","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenin_and_stalin_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"History of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"History of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"History of Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Republic of Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"}],"text":"History of RussiaHistory of Romania – Romania\n History of Russia – Russian Federation\n History of Rwanda – Republic of Rwanda","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maine_explosion.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"History of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"History of Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"History of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French overseas community)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"History of Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"History of San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Most Serene Republic of San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"History of São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"History of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"History of Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"History of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"History of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Republic of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"History of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Republic of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"History of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Republic of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"History of Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"History of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"History of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Somalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"link_name":"History of Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"History of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"History of South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"History of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"History of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"History of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"History of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"History of Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Republic of Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"link_name":"History of Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Svalbard"},{"link_name":"Svalbard (Territory of Norway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"History of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"History of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"History of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Syrian Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"}],"text":"History of South AfricaHistory of SpainHistory of Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis\n History of Saint Lucia – Saint Lucia\n History of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon – Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French overseas community)\n History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n History of Samoa – Independent State of Samoa\n History of San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino\n History of São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe\n History of Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\n History of Senegal – Republic of Senegal\n History of Serbia – Republic of Serbia\n History of Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles\n History of Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone\n History of Singapore – Republic of Singapore\n History of Slovakia – Slovak Republic\n History of Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia\n History of Solomon Islands – Solomon Islands\n History of Somalia – Federal Republic of Somalia\n History of Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland\n History of South Africa – Republic of South Africa\n History of South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia\n History of South Sudan – Republic of South Sudan\n History of Spain – Kingdom of Spain\n History of Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka\n History of Sudan – Republic of the Sudan\n History of Suriname – Republic of Suriname\n History of Svalbard – Svalbard (Territory of Norway)\n History of Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden\n History of Switzerland – Swiss Confederation\n History of Syria – Syrian Arab Republic","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_Ratchawaramahawihan.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"History of Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"History of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Republic of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"History of Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"United Republic of Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"History of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"History of Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Togo"},{"link_name":"Togolese Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau"},{"link_name":"History of Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tokelau"},{"link_name":"Tokelau (Territory of New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"History of Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tonga"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"History of Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Transnistria"},{"link_name":"Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"History of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Republic of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"History of Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"History of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"History of Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"History of the Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands (UK overseas territory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"History of Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"}],"text":"History of ThailandHistory of TurkeyHistory of Taiwan – Republic of China\n History of Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan\n History of Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania\n History of Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand\n History of Togo – Togolese Republic\n History of Tokelau – Tokelau (Territory of New Zealand)\n History of Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga\n History of Transnistria – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\n History of Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago\n History of Tunisia – Tunisian Republic\n History of Turkey – Republic of Turkey\n History of Turkmenistan – Turkmenistan\n History of the Turks and Caicos Islands – Turks and Caicos Islands (UK overseas territory)\n History of Tuvalu – Tuvalu","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"History of Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Republic of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Combined_Exchange_Training | Joint Combined Exchange Training | ["1 Exercise Flintlock","2 Controversy","3 References"] | This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Forces from the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special Forces
Joint Combined Exchange Training or JCET programs are exercises designed to provide training opportunities for American Special Forces by holding the training exercises in countries that the forces may one day have to operate in, as well as providing training opportunities for the armed forces of the host countries. Typically, each JCET program involved 10–40 American special forces personnel, though the number can sometimes be as high as 100. The United States Congress permitted the use of funds from the military budget to be used in overseas training such as JCETs in 1991, providing that the Secretary of Defense submits to Congress annually a report on overseas training activities.
Begun in the 1970s, JCET programs were expanded in 1988 to Belgium, Denmark, West Germany and Italy. A Pentagon report from 1997, the year of a JCET in Equatorial Guinea, stated that a JCET program "involves small deployments of special operations personnel—sometimes fewer than a dozen troops—that conduct exercises jointly with foreign security forces to train the participants in a variety of areas that 'sharpen critical SOF mission essential task list... skills and enhance host-nation skills." In 1997, there were 101 JCET programs operating worldwide, with 95 operating in 1998.
From 30 May to 30 June 2006, a JCET program was conducted by the U.S. military involving Albania, Croatia, and Macedonia. The course involved classes on "leadership and planning, rifle marksmanship and drilling techniques, close quarter battle and military operations in urban environments, small unit tactics, basic individual troop-leading procedures, and collective war fighting skills", with over 100 American personnel taking part.
American Special Forces training soldiers from The Philippines.
Exercise Flintlock
September 1968 marked the beginning of a long and successful FLINTLOCK exercise series. Joint/Combined Exercise FLINTLOCK I was conducted in the fall of 1968 and consisted of four sub-exercises located in West Germany, Greece, Spain, and Denmark. The 7th Special Operations Squadron was involved in the exercise.
In 1981, Exercise Flintlock was held in the United Kingdom. Elements of the 231st Combat Communications Squadron (DC ANG) took part in the exercise. On 26 April 1982, during the Flintlock 82 exercise, Sergeant First Class Clifford Strickland was picked up by a Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon of the 7th Special Operations Squadron at CFB Lahr, Germany, using the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system. However, he fell to his death reportedly due to faulty equipment in 1400 hrs accident. This was the last ever attempt to utilize the Skyhook system in a live pick-up.
Elements of the 1st Special Forces Group, 3rd Special Forces Group or 5th Special Forces Group conduct JCET programs twice a year in Africa. Designed to give the special forces experience of fighting on the continent, these JCET programs are known as Flintlocks and vary from search and rescue exercises, disaster management, or combat life saving. The funding for these programs is provided by the Department of Defense, with the locale being decided by Special Operations Command. Flintlock exercises provide an integral part of a Special Forces groups' annual training program. The program is designed to increase the strength of the host nation. The SFODA will provide over 60% of the training and usually receive 40% back in country specific training.
In March/April 1999, Naval Regional Contracting Detachment Naples (NRCD Naples) deployed contingency contracting officers in support of EXERCISE FLINTLOCK IIA in Cote d'Ivoire. This exercise, conducted by the U.S. Army's 96th Civil Affairs Battalion, included road, cafeteria and latrine construction projects, well-drilling requirements and numerous inoculations for various tropical diseases. NRCC contracting officers awarded contracts for these projects valued at $63,000. The 2003 Flintlock, held in South Africa, had a total cost of $80,000.
Flintlock 2005 ran from June 6 until June 26, having been planned since 2004 in North and West Africa, specifically Algeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Niger and Chad, with forces from Europe, the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) taking part. The primary aim of the training operation was to increase the capability of African forces to halt the trade in illicit weaponry, anti-terrorism, illegal goods and human trafficking, improving command, control and communications, marksmanship, medical skills and human rights knowledge.
The U.S. Air Force's first operational deployment of the V-22 Osprey sent four CV-22s to Mali in November 2008 for Exercise Flintlock. The CV-22s flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field, Florida with in-flight refueling.
Controversy
There is concern, however, that forces trained by American Special Forces go on to use their new skills to commit war crimes in their home countries and would pose a threat to the stability of the regions. The Leahy Amendment requires that all foreign troops trained by the US military be pre-screened by the US State Department for history of human rights violations allegations. Failure to pass this screening results in the foreign troops or their entire units being excluded from participating in the training. Furthermore, the Leahy Amendment requires that part of the military instruction that US military troops provide to any foreign soldier or unit includes training in human rights and the Law of Armed Conflict. US soldiers that provide training to foreign troops are required by the Leahy Amendment to report any evidence of human rights abuses.
There is concern that, as one of the directives of the 1998 Special Operations Forces Posture Statement indicates, the JCETs encourage the training of paramilitary forces to help combat lawlessness and insurgency, these forces could destabilise the local governments. One report on the subject states that "Militaries strengthened by the United States could end up toppling the very democratic governments that American policy makers want to keep in power."
Particular scrutiny has been leveled at JCETs in Colombia and Indonesia (East Timor especially), the latter in particular as there exists a ban on all other military assistance to the region, and JCETs are the only permitted contact between US and indigenous forces as all other training programs are not permitted on order of the United States House of Representatives.
There are also concerns about full disclosure of JCET activities to the U.S. Government from the armed forces, as the current reports to Congress (known as the Section 2011 report) are not required to mention JCET programs relating to counter-narcotic or anti-terrorism activities, however these form a large part of the worldwide JCET program, particularly in Latin America. There are also concerns that the report is incomplete due to problems with the definition of Joint Combined Exchange Training programs.
References
^ Lt. Col. Ralph E. "Butch" Saner, Jr, Joint / Combined Exchange Training Program (JCET) article Archived 2006-11-13 at the Wayback Machine retrieved on March 14, 2007
^ 1997 Pentagon report.In order for the program to be labeled a JCET, the nation to which the special operations personnel were deployed to must receive at least 55% of the training.
^ Lt. Col. Ralph E. "Butch" Saner, Jr, Joint / Combined Exchange Training Program (JCET article Archived 2006-11-13 at the Wayback Machine retrieved on March 14, 2007.
^ Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) of U.S., Albanian, Croatian, and Macedonian Armed Forces (May 30, 2006)
at the U.S. Embassy Tirana, Albania retrieved on March 14, 2007.
^ Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) of U.S., Albanian, Croatian, and Macedonian Armed Forces (May 30, 2006)
at the U.S. Embassy Tirana, Albania retrieved on March 14, 2007.
^ Thigpen, Jerry L., "The Praetorian STARShip: The Untold Story of Combat Talon", Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, December 2001, ISBN 1-58566-103-1, Appendix A, page 469.
^ Flintlocks at GlobalSecurity retrieved on March 14, 2007.
^ Flintlocks at GlobalSecurity retrieved on March 14, 2007
^ http://www.ciponline.org/facts/leahy.htm
^ John Rudy and Ivan Eland, Special Operations Military Training Abroad and Its Dangers, Cato Institute, June 22, 1999
^ East Timor news article retrieved on March 14, 2007
^ The Centre for International Policy Just the facts: A civilian's guide to U.S. defense and security assistance to Latin American and the Caribbean retrieved on March 14, 2007
♯2 reference states that in order to be a JCET the receiving country must get 55% of the training. This is incorrect. A core SOF task is foreign internal defense and/or unconventional warfare. Both tasks involve training indigenous troops - which in and of itself is a perishable and trainable skill set. Thus, the creation of the JCET. It allows SOF to train foreign troops not so much because THEY need it, but because it is a training event that allows the SF folks to maintain instructional skills, develop training aids, hone best instructor practices, language skills, etc., in preparation for combat employment in a FID or UW environment. In order to be a JCET - contrary to the reference - the US Forces must receive over 50% of the benefit. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jcet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"FN FAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_FAL"},{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"marksmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksmanship"},{"link_name":"close quarter battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_quarter_battle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jcet2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"Forces from the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special ForcesJoint Combined Exchange Training or JCET programs are exercises designed to provide training opportunities for American Special Forces by holding the training exercises in countries that the forces may one day have to operate in, as well as providing training opportunities for the armed forces of the host countries. Typically, each JCET program involved 10–40 American special forces personnel, though the number can sometimes be as high as 100.[1] The United States Congress permitted the use of funds from the military budget to be used in overseas training such as JCETs in 1991, providing that the Secretary of Defense submits to Congress annually a report on overseas training activities.Begun in the 1970s, JCET programs were expanded in 1988 to Belgium, Denmark, West Germany and Italy. A Pentagon report from 1997, the year of a JCET in Equatorial Guinea, stated that a JCET program \"involves small deployments of special operations personnel—sometimes fewer than a dozen troops—that conduct exercises jointly with foreign security forces to train the participants in a variety of areas that 'sharpen critical SOF mission essential task list... skills and enhance host-nation skills.\"[2] In 1997, there were 101 JCET programs operating worldwide, with 95 operating in 1998.[3]From 30 May to 30 June 2006, a JCET program was conducted by the U.S. military involving Albania, Croatia, and Macedonia.[4] The course involved classes on \"leadership and planning, rifle marksmanship and drilling techniques, close quarter battle and military operations in urban environments, small unit tactics, basic individual troop-leading procedures, and collective war fighting skills\",[5] with over 100 American personnel taking part.American Special Forces training soldiers from The Philippines.","title":"Joint Combined Exchange Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"7th Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"231st Combat Communications Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/231st_Combat_Communications_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Sergeant First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_MC-130_Combat_Talon"},{"link_name":"7th Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"CFB Lahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Lahr"},{"link_name":"Fulton surface-to-air recovery system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_surface-to-air_recovery_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1st Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"3rd Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"5th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cote d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"V-22 Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-22_Osprey"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"}],"text":"September 1968 marked the beginning of a long and successful FLINTLOCK exercise series. Joint/Combined Exercise FLINTLOCK I was conducted in the fall of 1968 and consisted of four sub-exercises located in West Germany, Greece, Spain, and Denmark. The 7th Special Operations Squadron was involved in the exercise.In 1981, Exercise Flintlock was held in the United Kingdom. Elements of the 231st Combat Communications Squadron (DC ANG) took part in the exercise. On 26 April 1982, during the Flintlock 82 exercise, Sergeant First Class Clifford Strickland was picked up by a Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon of the 7th Special Operations Squadron at CFB Lahr, Germany, using the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system. However, he fell to his death reportedly due to faulty equipment in 1400 hrs accident. This was the last ever attempt to utilize the Skyhook system in a live pick-up.[6]Elements of the 1st Special Forces Group, 3rd Special Forces Group or 5th Special Forces Group conduct JCET programs twice a year in Africa. Designed to give the special forces experience of fighting on the continent, these JCET programs are known as Flintlocks and vary from search and rescue exercises, disaster management, or combat life saving.[7] The funding for these programs is provided by the Department of Defense, with the locale being decided by Special Operations Command. Flintlock exercises provide an integral part of a Special Forces groups' annual training program. The program is designed to increase the strength of the host nation. The SFODA will provide over 60% of the training and usually receive 40% back in country specific training.In March/April 1999, Naval Regional Contracting Detachment Naples (NRCD Naples) deployed contingency contracting officers in support of EXERCISE FLINTLOCK IIA in Cote d'Ivoire.[8] This exercise, conducted by the U.S. Army's 96th Civil Affairs Battalion, included road, cafeteria and latrine construction projects, well-drilling requirements and numerous inoculations for various tropical diseases. NRCC contracting officers awarded contracts for these projects valued at $63,000. The 2003 Flintlock, held in South Africa, had a total cost of $80,000.Flintlock 2005 ran from June 6 until June 26, having been planned since 2004 in North and West Africa, specifically Algeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Niger and Chad, with forces from Europe, the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) taking part. The primary aim of the training operation was to increase the capability of African forces to halt the trade in illicit weaponry, anti-terrorism, illegal goods and human trafficking, improving command, control and communications, marksmanship, medical skills and human rights knowledge.The U.S. Air Force's first operational deployment of the V-22 Osprey sent four CV-22s to Mali in November 2008 for Exercise Flintlock. The CV-22s flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field, Florida with in-flight refueling.","title":"Exercise Flintlock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"}],"text":"There is concern, however, that forces trained by American Special Forces go on to use their new skills to commit war crimes in their home countries and would pose a threat to the stability of the regions. The Leahy Amendment requires that all foreign troops trained by the US military be pre-screened by the US State Department for history of human rights violations allegations. Failure to pass this screening results in the foreign troops or their entire units being excluded from participating in the training. Furthermore, the Leahy Amendment requires that part of the military instruction that US military troops provide to any foreign soldier or unit includes training in human rights and the Law of Armed Conflict. US soldiers that provide training to foreign troops are required by the Leahy Amendment to report any evidence of human rights abuses.[9]There is concern that, as one of the directives of the 1998 Special Operations Forces Posture Statement indicates, the JCETs encourage the training of paramilitary forces to help combat lawlessness and insurgency, these forces could destabilise the local governments. One report on the subject states that \"Militaries strengthened by the United States could end up toppling the very democratic governments that American policy makers want to keep in power.\"[10]Particular scrutiny has been leveled at JCETs in Colombia and Indonesia (East Timor especially), the latter in particular as there exists a ban on all other military assistance to the region, and JCETs are the only permitted contact between US and indigenous forces [11] as all other training programs are not permitted on order of the United States House of Representatives.There are also concerns about full disclosure of JCET activities to the U.S. Government from the armed forces, as the current reports to Congress (known as the Section 2011 report)[12] are not required to mention JCET programs relating to counter-narcotic or anti-terrorism activities, however these form a large part of the worldwide JCET program, particularly in Latin America. There are also concerns that the report is incomplete due to problems with the definition of Joint Combined Exchange Training programs.","title":"Controversy"}] | [{"image_text":"Forces from the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special Forces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jcet.jpg/290px-Jcet.jpg"},{"image_text":"American Special Forces training soldiers from The Philippines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jcet2.jpg/290px-Jcet2.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Joint_Combined_Exchange_Training&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Joint_Combined_Exchange_Training","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://www.specialoperations.com/Focus/jcet.html","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061113044406/http://www.specialoperations.com/Focus/jcet.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.specialoperations.com/Focus/jcet.html","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061113044406/http://www.specialoperations.com/Focus/jcet.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tirana.usembassy.gov/06pr_0530.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Embassy Tirana, Albania"},{"Link":"https://tirana.usembassy.gov/06pr_0530.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Embassy Tirana, Albania"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm","external_links_name":"GlobalSecurity"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm","external_links_name":"GlobalSecurity"},{"Link":"http://www.ciponline.org/facts/leahy.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.ciponline.org/facts/leahy.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.etan.org/news/news1/houseban.htm","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"http://www.ciponline.org/facts/fore99.htm","external_links_name":"Just the facts: A civilian's guide to U.S. defense and security assistance to Latin American and the Caribbean"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_policy | Stabilization policy | ["1 Business cycle stabilization","2 Crisis stabilization","3 See also"] | Policy intended to stabilize an economy or financial system
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In macroeconomics, a stabilization policy is a package or set of measures introduced to stabilize a financial system or economy. The term can refer to policies in two distinct sets of circumstances: business cycle stabilization or credit cycle stabilization. In either case, it is a form of discretionary policy.
Business cycle stabilization
“Stabilization” can refer to correcting the normal behavior of the business cycle, thus enhancing economic stability. In this case, the term generally refers to demand management by monetary and fiscal policy to reduce normal fluctuations and output, sometimes referred to as "keeping the economy on an even keel."
The policy changes in these circumstances are usually countercyclical, compensating for the predicted changes in employment and output, to increase short-run and medium run welfare.
Crisis stabilization
The term can also refer to measures taken to resolve a specific economic crisis, for instance, an exchange-rate crisis or stock market crash, in order to prevent the economy developing recession or inflation.
The package is usually initiated either by a government or central bank, or by either or both of these institutions acting in concert with international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank. Depending on the goals to be achieved, it involves some combination of restrictive fiscal measures (to reduce government borrowing) and monetary tightening (to support the currency).
Recent examples of such packages include Argentina's rescheduling of its international obligations (where central banks and leading international banks rescheduled Argentina's debt so as to allow it to avoid total default), and IMF interventions in South East Asia (at the end of the 1990s) when several Asian economies encountered financial turbulence. See examples:
Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002): The recovery
Timeline of Brazilian economic stabilization plans
Economic Stabilization Plan (Israel 1985)
Economy of South Korea: 1990s and the Asian Financial Crisis
Economy of Malaysia: Asian financial crisis and recovery
United States
Troubled Asset Relief Program
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
Office of Economic Stabilization
Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
This type of stabilization can be painful, in the short term, for the economy concerned because of lower output and higher unemployment. Unlike a business-cycle stabilization policy, these changes will often be pro-cyclical, reinforcing existing trends. While this is clearly undesirable, the policies are designed to be a platform for successful long-run growth and reform.
It has been argued that, rather than imposing such policies after a crisis, the international financial system architecture needs to be reformed to avoid some of the risks (e.g., hot money flows and/or hedge fund activity) that some people hold to destabilize economies and financial markets, and lead to the need for stabilization policies and, e.g., IMF interventions. Proposed measures include for example a global Tobin tax on currency trades across borders.
See also
Automatic stabilizer
Constitutional economics
Policy mix
Political economy
Shock therapy (economics)
Welfare cost of business cycles | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"financial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_system"},{"link_name":"economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"business cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle"},{"link_name":"credit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cycle"},{"link_name":"discretionary policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretionary_policy"}],"text":"In macroeconomics, a stabilization policy is a package or set of measures introduced to stabilize a financial system or economy. The term can refer to policies in two distinct sets of circumstances: business cycle stabilization or credit cycle stabilization. In either case, it is a form of discretionary policy.","title":"Stabilization policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle"},{"link_name":"economic stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stability"},{"link_name":"demand management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_management"},{"link_name":"monetary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy"},{"link_name":"fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy"},{"link_name":"countercyclical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercyclical"}],"text":"“Stabilization” can refer to correcting the normal behavior of the business cycle, thus enhancing economic stability. In this case, the term generally refers to demand management by monetary and fiscal policy to reduce normal fluctuations and output, sometimes referred to as \"keeping the economy on an even keel.\"The policy changes in these circumstances are usually countercyclical, compensating for the predicted changes in employment and output, to increase short-run and medium run welfare.","title":"Business cycle stabilization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exchange-rate crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_crisis"},{"link_name":"stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"South East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002): The recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999%E2%80%932002)#The_recovery"},{"link_name":"Timeline of Brazilian economic stabilization plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_economic_stabilization_plans"},{"link_name":"Economic Stabilization Plan (Israel 1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Stabilization_Plan_(Israel_1985)"},{"link_name":"Economy of South Korea: 1990s and the Asian Financial Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea#1990s_and_the_Asian_Financial_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Economy of Malaysia: Asian financial crisis and recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia#Asian_financial_crisis_and_recovery"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Troubled Asset Relief Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program"},{"link_name":"Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008"},{"link_name":"Office of Economic Stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Stabilization"},{"link_name":"Economic Stabilization Act of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_1970"},{"link_name":"pro-cyclical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-cyclical"},{"link_name":"hot money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_money"},{"link_name":"hedge fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund"},{"link_name":"Tobin tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_tax"}],"text":"The term can also refer to measures taken to resolve a specific economic crisis, for instance, an exchange-rate crisis or stock market crash, in order to prevent the economy developing recession or inflation.The package is usually initiated either by a government or central bank, or by either or both of these institutions acting in concert with international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank. Depending on the goals to be achieved, it involves some combination of restrictive fiscal measures (to reduce government borrowing) and monetary tightening (to support the currency).Recent examples of such packages include Argentina's rescheduling of its international obligations (where central banks and leading international banks rescheduled Argentina's debt so as to allow it to avoid total default), and IMF interventions in South East Asia (at the end of the 1990s) when several Asian economies encountered financial turbulence. See examples:Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002): The recovery\nTimeline of Brazilian economic stabilization plans\nEconomic Stabilization Plan (Israel 1985)\nEconomy of South Korea: 1990s and the Asian Financial Crisis\nEconomy of Malaysia: Asian financial crisis and recovery\nUnited States\nTroubled Asset Relief Program\nEmergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008\nOffice of Economic Stabilization\nEconomic Stabilization Act of 1970This type of stabilization can be painful, in the short term, for the economy concerned because of lower output and higher unemployment. Unlike a business-cycle stabilization policy, these changes will often be pro-cyclical, reinforcing existing trends. While this is clearly undesirable, the policies are designed to be a platform for successful long-run growth and reform.It has been argued that, rather than imposing such policies after a crisis, the international financial system architecture needs to be reformed to avoid some of the risks (e.g., hot money flows and/or hedge fund activity) that some people hold to destabilize economies and financial markets, and lead to the need for stabilization policies and, e.g., IMF interventions. Proposed measures include for example a global Tobin tax on currency trades across borders.","title":"Crisis stabilization"}] | [] | [{"title":"Automatic stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_stabilizer"},{"title":"Constitutional economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics"},{"title":"Policy mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_mix"},{"title":"Political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"title":"Shock therapy (economics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)"},{"title":"Welfare cost of business cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_cost_of_business_cycles"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stabilization+policy%22","external_links_name":"\"Stabilization policy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stabilization+policy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stabilization+policy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stabilization+policy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stabilization+policy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stabilization+policy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammamia_profuga | Mammamia | ["1 Description","2 Discovery","3 Etymology","4 See also","5 References"] | Genus of millipedes
For the television program, see Mammamia! For other uses, see Mammamia (disambiguation).
Mammamia
The gonopods of M. profuga
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Myriapoda
Class:
Diplopoda
Order:
Julida
Family:
Julidae
Genus:
MammamiaAkkari, Stoev, & Enghoff, 2011
Type species
Mammamia profugaAkkari, Stoev, & Enghoff, 2011
Mammamia profuga is a species of cave-dwelling millipede in the family Julidae. The only known species of the genus Mammamia, it was described in 2011 from a specimen discovered in a cave in Italy.
Description
Mammamia profuga measures about 26 mm (1 inch) long, and 1.5 mm wide, consisting of around 50 body segments, the last two without legs. The body and legs are pale yellow in color, without markings, and the walking legs are about 2.25 mm long, except for the first pair in males, which are small and hook-like, as in other julidan millipedes. The species completely lacks eyes or ocelli. Like all members of the order Julida, mature males have two pairs of highly modified legs, the gonopods, consisting of the 8th and 9th pair, and in Mammamia the anterior (forward-most) gonopods are slightly longer than the posterior gonopods.
Discovery
Mammamia profuga was described from a single male specimen collected from a cave in Taranto Province, Italy in 1964. It was described as a new genus and species in 2011 by a team of Danish and Bulgarian scientists.
Etymology
The genus name Mammamia derives from the Italian expression "Mamma mia!" in reference to the "astonishing" features, including eyelessness and unique feature of the gonopods. The species name profuga is Latin for "homeless" or "refugee", a reference to the fact that the cave the species was discovered in was subsequently destroyed.
See also
Titanophyllum, another European cave-dwelling millipede described along with Mammamia
Trichopetalum whitei, a North American cave-dwelling millipede
References
^ a b c Akkari, N.; Stoev, P.; Enghoff, H. (2011). "Two new cavernicolous genera of Julidae (Diplopoda , Julida), with notes on the tribe Brachyiulini and on julid subanal hooks and anchors". ZooKeys (114): 1–14. doi:10.3897/zookeys.114.1490. PMC 3130342. PMID 21976993.
Taxon identifiersMammamia
Wikidata: Q18351982
Wikispecies: Mammamia
GBIF: 7423517
IRMNG: 1474836
WoRMS: 893096
ZooBank: 16F56F2A-E20D-43FA-815D-2C1E242401E1 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mammamia!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammamia!"},{"link_name":"Mammamia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammamia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"cave-dwelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglofauna"},{"link_name":"millipede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede"},{"link_name":"Julidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julidae"}],"text":"For the television program, see Mammamia! For other uses, see Mammamia (disambiguation).Mammamia profuga is a species of cave-dwelling millipede in the family Julidae. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_(2010_film) | Submarine (2010 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Casting","3.2 Filming","3.3 Soundtrack","4 Release","5 Critical reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 2010 film by Richard Ayoade
Not to be confused with the 2010 Danish film Submarino.
SubmarineUS theatrical posterDirected byRichard AyoadeWritten byRichard AyoadeBased onSubmarineby Joe DunthorneProduced byMary BurkeMark HerbertAndy StebbingStarringCraig RobertsYasmin PaigeNoah TaylorPaddy ConsidineSally HawkinsCinematographyErik WilsonEdited byChris DickensNick FentonMusic byAndrew HewittAlex TurnerProductioncompaniesWarp FilmsFilm4 ProductionsUK Film CouncilWales Creative IP FundFilm Agency for WalesProtagonist PicturesRed Hour FilmsDistributed byOptimum Releasing (United Kingdom)The Weinstein Company (United States)Release dates
12 September 2010 (2010-09-12) (TIFF)
18 March 2011 (2011-03-18) (United Kingdom)
3 June 2011 (2011-06-03) (United States: limited)
Running time97 minutesCountriesUnited KingdomUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.5 millionBox office$4.6 million
Submarine is a 2010 coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Richard Ayoade and starring Craig Roberts, Yasmin Paige, Noah Taylor, Paddy Considine and Sally Hawkins. It was adapted from the 2008 novel Submarine by Joe Dunthorne, and is an international co-production between the United Kingdom and the United States. Submarine is Ayoade's directorial debut.
Plot
Oliver Tate is an unpopular 15-year-old who is infatuated with classmate Jordana. After Oliver teases another girl to get Jordana's attention, she invites him to meet secretly after school and takes pictures of them kissing. Jordana uses the pictures to make her ex-boyfriend Mark jealous; Mark roughs up Oliver, but Oliver refuses to say that Jordana is a slut. Jordana becomes Oliver's girlfriend and, after a couple of weeks, they have sex in his bedroom while his parents are out.
At home, Oliver becomes concerned about his parents. His father, Lloyd, is depressed. New-age guru Graham, an ex-boyfriend of his mother, Jill, has moved in next door, and his flirtations rouse Oliver's suspicions.
Oliver's relationship with Jordana grows, but he learns that her mother has a potentially fatal brain tumour. At an early Christmas dinner at Jordana's house, he witnesses her father break down. Unsettled, he decides that the Jordana he loves is at risk because the emotional events surrounding her will "make her gooey in the middle." Rather than visit Jordana's mother in hospital, as he has promised to, he loses his nerve and cuts off contact.
Thinking that his mother and Graham are having an affair, Oliver attempts to repair his parents' relationship. While searching for his mother on the beach, he is stunned to see Jordana with another boy. Walking home, dejected, he sees his mother with Graham and assumes the worst. Enraged, he breaks into Graham's house, gets drunk, and commits minor acts of vandalism. When Graham comes home, he finds Oliver but returns him home with minimal fuss. The next morning, Oliver awakes to see that both his parents aren't angry with him and are reconciling.
Oliver remains distraught about losing Jordana; he is downhearted for weeks, until he sees her on the beach. He runs to her and apologizes, learning that Jordana does not actually have a new boyfriend. Together, they walk several inches deep into the sea, smiling.
Cast
Craig Roberts as Oliver Tate
Yasmin Paige as Jordana Bevan
Sally Hawkins as Jill Tate
Noah Taylor as Lloyd Tate
Paddy Considine as Graham Purvis
Gemma Chan as Kim-Lin
Melanie Walters as Jude Bevan
Steffan Rhodri as Mr. Davey
Ben Stiller as Soap Opera Star
Darren Evans as Chips
Production
Casting
Michael Sheen and X Factor contestant Lucie Jones were originally cast in the film but dropped out due to other commitments.
Filming
The film was produced by Warp Films and Film4 Productions. Principal photography began on 26 October 2009 and filming finished in December 2009. Filming locations in Wales included Swansea, Cardiff, Rhondda, and Barry.
Soundtrack
Main article: Submarine (EP)
Six original songs were written and performed by Alex Turner, the frontman of Arctic Monkeys. The soundtrack charted at 35 in the UK Album Chart.
The original score was composed by Andrew Hewitt, long-time collaborator of Ayoade, recorded at Air Studios with The Composers Ensemble orchestra.
Release
The film premiered at the 35th Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010. Following a generally positive reception it was picked up by The Weinstein Company for a North American release. The film also played at the 54th London Film Festival in October 2010 and was played out of competition at the 27th Sundance Film Festival in January 2011. It was also screened along with 400 other films at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival the next month.
Critical reception
Submarine received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 88% based on reviews from 156 critics, with an average score of 7.4/10. The website's critics consensus: "Funny, stylish, and ringing with adolescent truth, Submarine marks Richard Ayoade as a talent to watch." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 76 based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3/4 stars saying "Submarine isn't an insipid teen sex comedy. It flaunts some stylistic devices, such as titles and sections and self-aware narration, but it doesn't try too hard to be desperately clever. It's a self-confident work for the first-time director, Richard Ayoade, whose purpose I think is to capture that delicate moment in some adolescent lives when idealism and trust lead to tentative experiments. Because Craig Roberts and Yasmin Paige are enormously likable in their roles, they win our sympathy and make us realize that too many movies about younger teenagers are filtered through the sensibility of more weathered minds."
References
^ James White (14 January 2011). "Ben Stiller Talks Submarine". Empire. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
^ "Submarine (2011)". The Numbers. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Noel Murray and Scott Tobias (16 September 2010). "TIFF '10: Day 7". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
^ "X Factor's Lucie Jones 'to appear in film with Michael Sheen". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ "Web auditions for Sheen film cast". BBC News. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ "Shooting begins on comedy Submarine". UK Film Council. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ Prior, Neil (13 March 2011). "Joe Dunthorne book Submarine has Swansea film premiere". BBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ Young, Alex (14 December 2010). "Arctic Monkeys' Alex Turner contributes music to Sundance film Submarine". Consequence. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Brad Frenette (27 July 2010). "Toronto International Film Fest announces 2010 lineup". National Post. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ Diana Lodderhose and Pamela McClintock (15 September 2010). "Weinsteins win 'Submarine' bidding war". Variety. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ David Gritten (10 July 2010). "London Film Festival preview". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ Germain Lussier (12 February 2010). "2011 Sundance Film Festival Out of Competition Films Announced". /Film. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ Scott Roxborough (17 January 2011). "Berlin Announces Forum Lineup". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
^ "Submarine". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
^ "Submarine". Metacritic. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Haws, Marie (8 June 2011). "Submarine Movie Review & Film Summary (2011) | Roger Ebert". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
External links
Official website
Submarine at IMDb
Submarine at Rotten Tomatoes
vteRichard AyoadeFilms directed
Submarine (2010)
The Double (2013)
Television series created
Garth Marenghi's Darkplace (2004)
Man to Man with Dean Learner (2006)
Related
AD/BC: A Rock Opera (2004)
At the Apollo (2008)
"Critical Film Studies" (2011) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Submarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino"},{"link_name":"coming-of-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming-of-age_story"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"Craig Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Paige"},{"link_name":"Noah Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Paddy Considine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Considine"},{"link_name":"Sally Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Joe Dunthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dunthorne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the 2010 Danish film Submarino.Submarine is a 2010 coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Richard Ayoade and starring Craig Roberts, Yasmin Paige, Noah Taylor, Paddy Considine and Sally Hawkins. It was adapted from the 2008 novel Submarine by Joe Dunthorne, and is an international co-production between the United Kingdom and the United States. Submarine is Ayoade's directorial debut.[3]","title":"Submarine (2010 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Oliver Tate is an unpopular 15-year-old who is infatuated with classmate Jordana. After Oliver teases another girl to get Jordana's attention, she invites him to meet secretly after school and takes pictures of them kissing. Jordana uses the pictures to make her ex-boyfriend Mark jealous; Mark roughs up Oliver, but Oliver refuses to say that Jordana is a slut. Jordana becomes Oliver's girlfriend and, after a couple of weeks, they have sex in his bedroom while his parents are out.At home, Oliver becomes concerned about his parents. His father, Lloyd, is depressed. New-age guru Graham, an ex-boyfriend of his mother, Jill, has moved in next door, and his flirtations rouse Oliver's suspicions.Oliver's relationship with Jordana grows, but he learns that her mother has a potentially fatal brain tumour. At an early Christmas dinner at Jordana's house, he witnesses her father break down. Unsettled, he decides that the Jordana he loves is at risk because the emotional events surrounding her will \"make her gooey in the middle.\" Rather than visit Jordana's mother in hospital, as he has promised to, he loses his nerve and cuts off contact.Thinking that his mother and Graham are having an affair, Oliver attempts to repair his parents' relationship. While searching for his mother on the beach, he is stunned to see Jordana with another boy. Walking home, dejected, he sees his mother with Graham and assumes the worst. Enraged, he breaks into Graham's house, gets drunk, and commits minor acts of vandalism. When Graham comes home, he finds Oliver but returns him home with minimal fuss. The next morning, Oliver awakes to see that both his parents aren't angry with him and are reconciling.Oliver remains distraught about losing Jordana; he is downhearted for weeks, until he sees her on the beach. He runs to her and apologizes, learning that Jordana does not actually have a new boyfriend. Together, they walk several inches deep into the sea, smiling.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Paige"},{"link_name":"Sally Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Noah Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Paddy Considine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Considine"},{"link_name":"Gemma Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Chan"},{"link_name":"Melanie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Walters"},{"link_name":"Steffan Rhodri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffan_Rhodri"},{"link_name":"Ben Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller"}],"text":"Craig Roberts as Oliver Tate\nYasmin Paige as Jordana Bevan\nSally Hawkins as Jill Tate\nNoah Taylor as Lloyd Tate\nPaddy Considine as Graham Purvis\nGemma Chan as Kim-Lin\nMelanie Walters as Jude Bevan\nSteffan Rhodri as Mr. Davey\nBen Stiller as Soap Opera Star\nDarren Evans as Chips","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sheen"},{"link_name":"X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Lucie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Jones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Michael Sheen and X Factor contestant Lucie Jones were originally cast in the film but dropped out due to other commitments.[4][5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warp Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_Films"},{"link_name":"Film4 Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film4_Productions"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film was produced by Warp Films and Film4 Productions.[6] Principal photography began on 26 October 2009 and filming finished in December 2009. Filming locations in Wales included Swansea, Cardiff, Rhondda, and Barry.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Turner_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Arctic Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hewitt"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"Six original songs were written and performed by Alex Turner, the frontman of Arctic Monkeys.[8] The soundtrack charted at 35 in the UK Album Chart.The original score was composed by Andrew Hewitt, long-time collaborator of Ayoade, recorded at Air Studios with The Composers Ensemble orchestra.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35th Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Weinstein Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"54th London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival#2010"},{"link_name":"27th Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"61st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The film premiered at the 35th Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010.[9] Following a generally positive reception it was picked up by The Weinstein Company for a North American release.[10] The film also played at the 54th London Film Festival in October 2010 and was played out of competition at the 27th Sundance Film Festival in January 2011.[11][12] It was also screened along with 400 other films at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival the next month.[13]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Submarine received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 88% based on reviews from 156 critics, with an average score of 7.4/10. The website's critics consensus: \"Funny, stylish, and ringing with adolescent truth, Submarine marks Richard Ayoade as a talent to watch.\"[14] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 76 based on 37 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[15]Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3/4 stars saying \"Submarine isn't an insipid teen sex comedy. It flaunts some stylistic devices, such as titles and sections and self-aware narration, but it doesn't try too hard to be desperately clever. It's a self-confident work for the first-time director, Richard Ayoade, whose purpose I think is to capture that delicate moment in some adolescent lives when idealism and trust lead to tentative experiments. Because Craig Roberts and Yasmin Paige are enormously likable in their roles, they win our sympathy and make us realize that too many movies about younger teenagers are filtered through the sensibility of more weathered minds.\"[16]","title":"Critical reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"James White (14 January 2011). \"Ben Stiller Talks Submarine\". Empire. Retrieved 15 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/ben-stiller-talks-submarine/","url_text":"\"Ben Stiller Talks Submarine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)","url_text":"Empire"}]},{"reference":"\"Submarine (2011)\". The Numbers. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Submarine#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Submarine (2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"Noel Murray and Scott Tobias (16 September 2010). \"TIFF '10: Day 7\". The A.V. Club. 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Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/8196415.stm","url_text":"\"Web auditions for Sheen film cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting begins on comedy Submarine\". UK Film Council. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218173452/http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/16245/2009?show=16049&page=2&step=10","url_text":"\"Shooting begins on comedy Submarine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Film_Council","url_text":"UK Film Council"},{"url":"http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/16245/2009?show=16049&page=2&step=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prior, Neil (13 March 2011). \"Joe Dunthorne book Submarine has Swansea film premiere\". BBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-12718670","url_text":"\"Joe Dunthorne book Submarine has Swansea film premiere\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Alex (14 December 2010). \"Arctic Monkeys' Alex Turner contributes music to Sundance film Submarine\". Consequence. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2010/12/arctic-monkeys-alex-turner-contributes-music-to-sundance-film-submarine/","url_text":"\"Arctic Monkeys' Alex Turner contributes music to Sundance film Submarine\""}]},{"reference":"Brad Frenette (27 July 2010). \"Toronto International Film Fest announces 2010 lineup\". National Post. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/2010/07/27/happening-now-toronto-international-film-fest-announces-2010-galas/","url_text":"\"Toronto International Film Fest announces 2010 lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"}]},{"reference":"Diana Lodderhose and Pamela McClintock (15 September 2010). \"Weinsteins win 'Submarine' bidding war\". Variety. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118024189?refCatId=13","url_text":"\"Weinsteins win 'Submarine' bidding war\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"David Gritten (10 July 2010). \"London Film Festival preview\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/8048851/London-Film-Festival-preview.html","url_text":"\"London Film Festival preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Germain Lussier (12 February 2010). \"2011 Sundance Film Festival Out of Competition Films Announced\". /Film. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/2011-sundance-film-festival-competition-films-announced-2/","url_text":"\"2011 Sundance Film Festival Out of Competition Films Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"}]},{"reference":"Scott Roxborough (17 January 2011). \"Berlin Announces Forum Lineup\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/berlin-announces-forum-lineup-72500","url_text":"\"Berlin Announces Forum Lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Submarine\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/submarine-2010","url_text":"\"Submarine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"Submarine\". Metacritic. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/submarine","url_text":"\"Submarine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Haws, Marie (8 June 2011). \"Submarine Movie Review & Film Summary (2011) | Roger Ebert\". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130312012935/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110608%2FREVIEWS%2F110609987","url_text":"\"Submarine Movie Review & Film Summary (2011) | Roger Ebert\""},{"url":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110608/REVIEWS/110609987","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/ben-stiller-talks-submarine/","external_links_name":"\"Ben Stiller Talks Submarine\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Submarine#tab=summary","external_links_name":"\"Submarine (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/tiff-10-day-7,45247/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF '10: Day 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/x-factor/6236289/X-Factors-Lucie-Jones-to-appear-in-film-with-Michael-Sheen.html","external_links_name":"\"X Factor's Lucie Jones 'to appear in film with Michael Sheen\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/8196415.stm","external_links_name":"\"Web auditions for Sheen film cast\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218173452/http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/16245/2009?show=16049&page=2&step=10","external_links_name":"\"Shooting begins on comedy Submarine\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/16245/2009?show=16049&page=2&step=10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-12718670","external_links_name":"\"Joe Dunthorne book Submarine has Swansea film premiere\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2010/12/arctic-monkeys-alex-turner-contributes-music-to-sundance-film-submarine/","external_links_name":"\"Arctic Monkeys' Alex Turner contributes music to Sundance film Submarine\""},{"Link":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/2010/07/27/happening-now-toronto-international-film-fest-announces-2010-galas/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto International Film Fest announces 2010 lineup\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118024189?refCatId=13","external_links_name":"\"Weinsteins win 'Submarine' bidding war\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/8048851/London-Film-Festival-preview.html","external_links_name":"\"London Film Festival preview\""},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/2011-sundance-film-festival-competition-films-announced-2/","external_links_name":"\"2011 Sundance Film Festival Out of Competition Films Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/berlin-announces-forum-lineup-72500","external_links_name":"\"Berlin Announces Forum Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/submarine-2010","external_links_name":"\"Submarine\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/submarine","external_links_name":"\"Submarine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130312012935/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110608%2FREVIEWS%2F110609987","external_links_name":"\"Submarine Movie Review & Film Summary (2011) | Roger Ebert\""},{"Link":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110608/REVIEWS/110609987","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://warpfilms.com/feature/submarine/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440292/","external_links_name":"Submarine"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/submarine_2010","external_links_name":"Submarine"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayle | Chestnut Ridge people | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Ancestry","4 Dissenting views","4.1 Dissenting view #1: No black heritage","4.2 Dissenting view #2: Native American heritage","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Further reading"] | Mixed-race community near Philippi, West Virginia
Ethnic group
Chestnut Ridge peopleTotal populationAbout 1,500Regions with significant populations United StatesLanguagesEnglishReligionProtestantRelated ethnic groupsMelungeons, Native Americans
The Chestnut Ridge people (CRP) are a mixed-race community concentrated in an area northeast of Philippi, Barbour County in north-central West Virginia, with smaller related communities in the adjacent counties of Harrison and Taylor. They are often referred to as "Mayles" (from the most common surname — Mayle or Male), or "Guineas" (now considered a pejorative term).
The group has been the subject of county histories and some scholarly studies. Some scholars have classified this group as a tri-racial isolate. Contemporary census records frequently designate community members as "mulattos", implying African heritage. Thomas McElwain wrote that many CRP identified as an Indian-white mixed group, or as Native American, but they are not enrolled in any officially recognized tribe. Paul Heinegg documented that many individuals were classified as free people of color, or similar terms in a variety of colonial, local and state records.
Some CRP have identified as Melungeon, a mixed-race group based in Kentucky and Tennessee, and attended the Melungeon unions, or joined the Melungeon Heritage Association. In 1997 two local historians made a presentation about the "Guineas of West Virginia" at the University of Virginia's College at Wise.
History
Barbour County was settled primarily by white people from eastern Virginia, beginning in the 1770s and '80s. It was part of the colony (later state) of Virginia until West Virginia was admitted to the Union as a separate state during the American Civil War. The mixed-race families that later became known as "Chestnut Ridge people" began to arrive after 1810, when Barbour was still part of Randolph and Harrison Counties, according to census records.
By the 1860s, many individuals of these mixed-race families had married into the white community, and their descendants identified as white. Some of the men served in West Virginia Union army regiments during the Civil War. Records in the Barbour County Courthouse indicate that a dozen men successfully petitioned the courts to be declared legally white after serving in the war for the Union.
The local West Virginia historian Hu Maxwell was bemused by the origin of these people when he studied Barbour County history in the late 1890s:
There is a clan of partly-colored people in Barbour County often called "Guineas", under the erroneous presumption that they are Guinea negroes. They vary in color from white to black, often have blue eyes and straight hair, and they are generally industrious. Their number in Barbour is estimated at one thousand. They have been a puzzle to the investigator; for their origin is not generally known. They are among the earliest settlers of Barbour. Prof. W.W. Male of Grafton, West Virginia, belongs to this clan, and after a thorough investigation, says "They originated from an Englishman named Male who came to America at the outbreak of the Revolution. From that one man have sprung about 700 of the same name, not to speak of the half-breeds." Thus it would seem that the family was only half-black at the beginning, and by the inter-mixtures since, many are now almost white.
The people of "The Ridge" have traditionally been subject to severe racial discrimination, amounting to ostracism, by the surrounding majority-white community. In the 1930s, a local historian recorded that "on several occasions suits have been entered in Taylor and Barbour courts seeking to prevent these people from sending their children to schools with whites but proof of claims they have negro blood in their veins never has been established". As recently as the late 1950s, a few Philippi businesses still posted notices proclaiming "White Trade Only", directed against the CRP, as they were believed to be part African-American. Although the local public schools were not segregated, truancy laws — which were strictly enforced for white children — were typically neglected with regard to "Ridge people".
Demographics
If related individuals in the surrounding counties of Harrison and Taylor are included, the CRP probably now number about 1,500, almost all of whom bear one of fewer than a dozen surnames. The Taylor County group (also long referred to by their neighbors as "Guineas" and mostly dispersed in the 1930s due to the flooding of their community — known as the "West Hill settlement" — by Tygart Lake) bore the surnames of Mayle, Male, Mahalie, Croston, Dalton, Kennedy, Johnson and Parsons, among others. A 1977 survey of obituaries in The Barbour Democrat showed that 135 of 163 "Ridge people" (83%) living in Barbour County were married to people having the last names Mayle, Norris, Croston, Prichard, Collins, Adams, or Kennedy. In 1984, of the 67 Mayles who had listed telephones, all but three lived on "The Ridge."
Ancestry
Genealogist Paul Heinegg has used a variety of colonial era documents to trace the ancestors of families identified in the South as free blacks in the first two censuses of the United States (1790, 1800). These included court records, indentures, land deeds, wills, etc. For instance, if a white woman had an illegitimate mixed-race child, the child had to serve a period of apprenticeship as an indentured servant to be trained in a trade and to prevent the community from having to support the woman and her child. Records of such indentures are among the court records he consulted.
He found that most of the families of free people of color were descended from unions between white women, free or indentured servants, and African or African-American men, slaves or indentured servants, in colonial Virginia. According to the law of the colony and the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which children in the colony took the status of their mothers, the mixed-race children of these unions and marriages were born free because the mothers were free. While they were subject to discrimination, gaining free status helped these families get ahead in society.
Heinegg noted that many of these free people of color migrated west with white neighbors and settled on the frontiers of Virginia, what became West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, as these areas were less bound by racial caste than were the Tidewater plantation areas. On the frontier, settlers were more concerned about people fulfilling social obligations as citizens.
Heinegg's work was praised by an expert in Southern history, and won a genealogy award.
Heinegg analyzed generations of many families classified as free blacks on those first two censuses. He noted that, for the early Mayle/Male family, many records from the 1790s to the 1850s classified members as "free black", "free mulatto", "free colored", etc.
He suggests that the following individuals are sons of Wilmore Mayle (Mail, Male), Sr. (Note that, prior to 1843, the area of Barbour County west of the Tygart Valley River was part of Harrison County and the area east of the river was part of Randolph County.)
Wilmore Male Jr.
1797 - described as "a free black" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia
1810 - head of household that included 8 "other free" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia
1810-1 - taxable for 2 "FM" in tax lists of Hampshire County, Virginia
1812 - taxed as "FM" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia
1813 - taxed as "of color" in tax list of Monongalia County, Virginia
1815 - described as "FN" in tax list of Monongalia County, Virginia
1817 - described as "Cold" in tax list of Randolph County, Virginia
1820 - head of household that included 8 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1830 - head of household that included 2 "free colored" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia
1840 - head of household that included 2 "free colored" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia
William Male
1803 - described as a "free Mulatto" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia
1810 - head of household that included 12 "other free" persons in Monongalia County, Virginia
1813-29 - described as "Mulo" or "Cold" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia
1820 - head of household that included 7 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1840 - head of household that included 2 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
James Male
1810 - head of household that included 6 "other free" persons in Monongalia County, Virginia
1813 - described as "man of colour" in tax list of Harrison County, Virginia
1816-1818 - described as "cold" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia
1830 - head of household that included 9 "free colored" persons in Frederick County, Virginia
George Male
1812-1817 - described as "man of colour" in tax lists of Harrison County, Virginia
1820 - head of household that included 6 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1822-1829 - tax lists of "Free negroes & Mulattoes" in Randolph County, Virginia
1830 - head of household that included 6 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1840 - head of household that included 7 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
Richard Male
1813-29 - described as "Mulo" or "Cold" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia
1820 - head of household that included 7 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1830 - head of household that included 3 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1840 - head of household that included 4 "free colored" persons in Randolph County, Virginia
1850 - widow Rhoda described as a "Mulatto" in census of Barbour County, Virginia
Work by Alexandra Finley has confirmed that the CRP descend in the direct paternal line from an immigrant Englishman, Wilmore Mail (1755–c. 1845), born in Dover, Kent, England.
Mail settled in Virginia with his parents William and Mary in the 1760s. As an adult, Mail purchased a black female slave named Nancy. In 1826, when he was 71, Mail both emancipated and claimed her as a common-law wife; interracial marriage was illegal in Virginia. The emancipation document reads as follows:
Be it known to all to whom it may concern that I, Wilmore Mail, of the County of Hampshire and Commonwealth of Virginia do by these presents liberate, emancipate, and forever set free ... my negro woman Nancy on the condition that she may remain with me during my natural life in the quality of my wife. I have set my hand and affixed my seal on this 6th day of May in the year of our Lord 1826.— Wilmore Mail
Over the following two decades, Mail was classified as "white", "colored" and "mulatto" in official documents. The Federal Census of 1840 classified him as "free colored".
(In 2014, Harvard historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr discovered, through DNA genealogy testing, that Wilmore Mail is among his ancestors. Although no documentary connection was made, Mail is the only one of Gates' white ancestors for whom a name is known. This discovery was featured on the final second-season episode of Professor Gates' television series Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.. He visited Philippi and attended a "Heritage Day" gathering on Chestnut Ridge.)
In addition to the Mail family, Finley's work also identified a number of other CRP families that can trace their heritage back to Revolutionary War-era mixed-race forebears, notably Sam Norris (1750–1844), Gustavus D. Croston (1757–c. 1845) and Henry Dalton (1750–1836), as well as others arriving in the mid-19th century, such as Jacob Minerd (1816–1907). The descendants of each of these progenitors fostered their own local "race" complete with unique folklore and origin story.
Dissenting views
Dissenting view #1: No black heritage
B.V. Mayhle self-published a family history entitled The Males of Barbour County, West Virginia in 1980, with two updates. He documented the origins of the Male, Mahle, Mayle, Mayhle name in the United States. He claimed to have found only one incident of interracial union.
In an interview, he pointed out that the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania press had carried repeated sensational magazine articles in the early 1900s about the area, highlighting its poverty and mixed-race communities. He suggests this was the origin of accounts that the group was mixed-race. (Note: The account above predates such articles.) The photographs of Male descendants that are included in his book, many from this same time period, do not show physical characteristics associated with African phenotypes. (But, other photographs of self-identified Chestnut Ridge people now available on the Internet do show some with such phenotypes.)
Mayhle said that three brothers, direct descendants of Wilmore/William Male (the original Male immigrant), served in regular white units in the US Civil war. Two served in the 7th West Virginia Infantry and one in the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, all white units. (Note Heinegg's discussion above, that documents court records of twelve soldiers, including several of the Male/Mayle surname, petitioning to be declared legally white in 1861 and 1866.)
Dissenting view #2: Native American heritage
"What Ms. Finley fails to state is, that Wilmore Mail is the son of Wilmore Sr. who died 1800. Wilmore Jr. married Priscilla "Nancy" Harris, a "Catawba."
Notes for Priscilla (Nancy) Harris: It has been told that Priscilla was a pretty little daughter of a slave girl and a Cherokee Indian. Her mother was supposed to have been a slave girl brought to this country in the middle 1700s by a Frenchman from the Bahamas by the name of Marquis Calmes. It is not known whether she was of native Bahamian Indian ancestry or not. She eloped with a Cherokee Indian by the name of Harris and to these two Priscilla was born.
French and Spanish settlers in America intermarried freely with the Indians, but the English seldom mixed with the natives. Hence it appears that among the pioneer families of our County, the Mayle, Mail or Male family have Indian blood in their veins.
In 1936 a Maryland local paper reported on Garrett County family history. It said that, according to family tradition, Marquis Calmes, a Frenchman residing in Virginia, had a French servant woman. It was not known whether she was from France or the French colony on Haiti. She was said to fall in love with a Cherokee man, and they had a daughter known as Priscilla Harris. Priscilla grew up on the Calmes plantation, and was said to be beautiful, with an olive complexion, black eyes, and long hair — "so long that she could sit on it." Her descendants were said to have kept some of Priscilla's wonderful hair for many years.
When the claim was looked into by Henry Louis Gates Jr., he surmised that an individual named Samuel Harris who married into the family may have been Catawba and is the only remotely legitimate Native American connection discovered in the family's genealogy. Other members of the family had claimed Lenape ancestors. While a known Native American man (Henry Delay) & some of his direct descendants had settled in the same general area who may have been Lenape, he has no direct connection to the rest of the family. However, the Peters & Thompson families, who did intermix with the CRP, may have had relatives who had intermarried into the Lenape people, even if they were not Lenape themselves. This is either the source of the Lenape ancestry itself, or the most likely reason for the implication.
See also
Scott Mayle
References
^ Price, Edward T., "A Geographical Analysis of White-Negro-Indian Racial Mixtures in the Eastern United States" Archived 2008-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, Association of American Geographers Annals, Vol. 43 (June 1953) pp. 138-55.
^ Gaskins, Avery F. (1970), "The Epithet "Guinea" in Central West Virginia"; West Virginia University Philological Papers 17: pp. 41-44.
^ McElwain, Thomas (1981), Our Kind of People: Identity, Community, and Religion on Chestnut Ridge, A Study of Native Americans in Appalachia, (Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion, No. 20).
^ Joanne Johnson Smith & Florence Kennedy Barnett, "The Guineas of West Virginia: A Transcript of A Presentation at First Union" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, 25 July 1997; Wise, Virginia
^ Petitions of George W. Male and James Male, January Session, 1861; Petitions of Hiram Male, Stephen Newman, Richard Male, Stephen A. Male, Levi Collins, Franklin Male, George W. Collins, Elisha Male, Hezekiah Male and William Male, November Session, 1866; Barbour County County Circuit Court Records. Cited in: Shaffer, John W. (2003), Clash of Loyalties: A Border County in the Civil War, Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University Press, pp 220-221, n. 81.
^ Maxwell, Hu (1899). The History of Barbour County, From its Earliest Exploration and Settlement to the Present Time, The Acme Publishing Company, Morgantown, W.Va. (Reprinted, McClain Printing Company, Parsons, W.Va., 1968). pp. 310–311.
^ "Clannish Group of Mixed Racial Blood in Taylor County" (1935), pg 2. This three-page manuscript by an anonymous local historian was published in 1972 by Paul C. Bartlett for the Taylor County Genealogical and Historical Society as part of a collection entitled Historical Anecdotes of Early Taylor County. It has since been reprinted occasionally, most recently in 2011.
^ Gaskins, Avery F. (Autumn 1973), "An Introduction to the Guineas: West Virginia's Melungeons"; Appalachian Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3, Appalachian Journal & Appalachian State University (pp. 234-237).
^ "Clannish Group", Op. cit., pg 1.
^ "My Melungeon Depot", Pittsburgh Post Gazette. 31 December 1984.
^ Heinegg, Paul, "Male/Mail Family," Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1995-2000, available online, accessed 26 Nov 2014.
^ Finley, Alexandra (2010), Undergraduate thesis, Ohio State University: "Founding Chestnut Ridge: the Origins of Central West Virginia's Multiracial Community".
^ Ducibella, Jim (November 26, 2014), “Surprise! Finley related to 'Roots' show host”, News & Events, William and Mary Website.
^ "Decoding Our Past Through DNA", Episode 20 (second season) of Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.; first broadcast by Public Broadcasting Service television stations on November 25, 2014.
^ Finley, Op. cit., passim.
^ Mayhle, Bernard Victor (1980; 2nd ed., 1981, 3rd ed., 1983), The Males of Barbour County, West Virginia, Seattle, Washington.
^ a b Bernard V. Mayhle & Marg Mayle Dalton, posted at http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvbarbou/maleboss.htm Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ Charles E. Hoye, "Garrett County History of Pioneer Families," Mountain Democrat (Oakland, MD), 16 April 1936
Further reading
Burnell, Jr, John F. (1952), "The Guineas of West Virginia" (unpublished M.A. thesis), Ohio State University.
Gilbert, Jr., William Harlen. (1946), "Mixed Bloods of the Upper Monongahela Valley, West Virginia"; Journal of the Washington Academy of the Sciences, Vol. 36, no. 1 (Jan. 15, 1946), pp 1–13.
Gilbert, Jr., William Harlen. (1946), "Memorandum Concerning the Characteristics of the Larger Mixed-Blood Racial Islands of the Eastern United States", Social Forces 21/4 (May 1946), pp 438–477.
"Barbour County Home Of 'Guinea' Colony," Beckley Post Herald, 27 May 1965.
Smith, Joanne Johnson, Florence Kennedy Barnett, and Lois Kennedy Croston, "We The People Of Chestnut Ridge: A Native Community in Barbour County", Goldenseal, Fall 1999, published by West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
vteAppalachiaPeople of the Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern United StatesEthnic groups
Black-Dutch
Cherokee (Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians)
Chestnut Ridge people
Melungeon
Scotch-Irish
formerly Kanawha Valley people, Koasati, Shawnee, and Yuchi
History
Battle of Blair Mountain
Coal Creek War
Coal strike of 1902
French–Eversole feud
Hatfield–McCoy feud (Battle of the Grapevine Creek)
Lincoln County feud
Hillbilly Highway (Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit)
Kentucky County, Virginia
Overmountain Men
Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
Southwest Territory
Trans-Appalachia
Wilderness Road
West Virginia coal wars
1920 Alabama coal strike
Society
Appalachia
Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
Appalachian Americans
Childbirth in rural Appalachia
Settlement school
Urban Appalachians
Culture
Appalachian English
Appalachian folk art
Affrilachia
Cuisine
apple butter
chicken fried steak
chow-chow
country ham
Goo Goo Clusters
Shucky beans
sorghum syrup
soup beans
Traditional music
Appalachian music
Appalachian dulcimer
Blackberry Blossom (tune)
Bluegrass fiddle
Bluegrass music
Clogging
Cripple Creek (folk song)
Cumberland Gap (folk song)
East Tennessee Blues
Hootenanny
In the Pines
Nottamun Town
Shady Grove (song)
Tom Dooley (song)
Historical individuals
Francis Asbury
Daniel Boone
Davy Crockett
John Gordon (militia captain)
Devil Anse Hatfield
Abraham Lincoln
Belle Starr
In popular culture
Appalachian stereotypes
Appalachian studies
Deliverance
Hillbilly
Moonshine in popular culture
Mountain white
Poor White
Redneck
Redneck joke
The Hatfields and the McCoys
Part of a series on hill people around the world | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race"},{"link_name":"Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippi,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Barbour County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbour_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tri-racial isolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-racial_isolate"},{"link_name":"mulattos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"free people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"Melungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melungeon"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia's College at Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia%27s_College_at_Wise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Chestnut Ridge people (CRP) are a mixed-race community concentrated in an area northeast of Philippi, Barbour County in north-central West Virginia, with smaller related communities in the adjacent counties of Harrison and Taylor. They are often referred to as \"Mayles\" (from the most common surname — Mayle or Male), or \"Guineas\" (now considered a pejorative term).[1][2]The group has been the subject of county histories and some scholarly studies. Some scholars have classified this group as a tri-racial isolate. Contemporary census records frequently designate community members as \"mulattos\", implying African heritage. Thomas McElwain wrote that many CRP identified as an Indian-white mixed group, or as Native American, but they are not enrolled in any officially recognized tribe.[3] Paul Heinegg documented that many individuals were classified as free people of color, or similar terms in a variety of colonial, local and state records.Some CRP have identified as Melungeon, a mixed-race group based in Kentucky and Tennessee, and attended the Melungeon unions, or joined the Melungeon Heritage Association. In 1997 two local historians made a presentation about the \"Guineas of West Virginia\" at the University of Virginia's College at Wise.[4]","title":"Chestnut Ridge people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Barbour County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbour_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hu Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Grafton, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"racial discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"ostracism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"truancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truancy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Barbour County was settled primarily by white people from eastern Virginia, beginning in the 1770s and '80s. It was part of the colony (later state) of Virginia until West Virginia was admitted to the Union as a separate state during the American Civil War. The mixed-race families that later became known as \"Chestnut Ridge people\" began to arrive after 1810, when Barbour was still part of Randolph and Harrison Counties, according to census records.By the 1860s, many individuals of these mixed-race families had married into the white community, and their descendants identified as white. Some of the men served in West Virginia Union army regiments during the Civil War. Records in the Barbour County Courthouse indicate that a dozen men successfully petitioned the courts to be declared legally white after serving in the war for the Union.[5]The local West Virginia historian Hu Maxwell was bemused by the origin of these people when he studied Barbour County history in the late 1890s:There is a clan of partly-colored people in Barbour County often called \"Guineas\", under the erroneous presumption that they are Guinea negroes. They vary in color from white to black, often have blue eyes and straight hair, and they are generally industrious. Their number in Barbour is estimated at one thousand. They have been a puzzle to the investigator; for their origin is not generally known. They are among the earliest settlers of Barbour. Prof. W.W. Male of Grafton, West Virginia, belongs to this clan, and after a thorough investigation, says \"They originated from an Englishman named Male who came to America at the outbreak of the Revolution. From that one man have sprung about 700 of the same name, not to speak of the half-breeds.\" Thus it would seem that the family was only half-black at the beginning, and by the inter-mixtures since, many are now almost white.[6]The people of \"The Ridge\" have traditionally been subject to severe racial discrimination, amounting to ostracism, by the surrounding majority-white community. In the 1930s, a local historian recorded that \"on several occasions suits have been entered in Taylor and Barbour courts seeking to prevent these people from sending their children to schools with whites but proof of claims they have negro blood in their veins never has been established\".[7] As recently as the late 1950s, a few Philippi businesses still posted notices proclaiming \"White Trade Only\", directed against the CRP, as they were believed to be part African-American. Although the local public schools were not segregated, truancy laws — which were strictly enforced for white children — were typically neglected with regard to \"Ridge people\".[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tygart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygart_Lake"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Barbour Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barbour_Democrat"},{"link_name":"Mayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayle"},{"link_name":"Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Croston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croston"},{"link_name":"Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prichard_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"If related individuals in the surrounding counties of Harrison and Taylor are included, the CRP probably now number about 1,500, almost all of whom bear one of fewer than a dozen surnames.[8] The Taylor County group (also long referred to by their neighbors as \"Guineas\" and mostly dispersed in the 1930s due to the flooding of their community — known as the \"West Hill settlement\" — by Tygart Lake) bore the surnames of Mayle, Male, Mahalie, Croston, Dalton, Kennedy, Johnson and Parsons, among others.[9] A 1977 survey of obituaries in The Barbour Democrat showed that 135 of 163 \"Ridge people\" (83%) living in Barbour County were married to people having the last names Mayle, Norris, Croston, Prichard, Collins, Adams, or Kennedy. In 1984, of the 67 Mayles who had listed telephones, all but three lived on \"The Ridge.\"[10]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"partus sequitur ventrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem"},{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race"},{"link_name":"free people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"free black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_black"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tygart Valley River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygart_Valley_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"County of Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Federal Census of 1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"Henry Louis Gates, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr"},{"link_name":"DNA genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy"},{"link_name":"Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Your_Roots_with_Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Genealogist Paul Heinegg has used a variety of colonial era documents to trace the ancestors of families identified in the South as free blacks in the first two censuses of the United States (1790, 1800). These included court records, indentures, land deeds, wills, etc. For instance, if a white woman had an illegitimate mixed-race child, the child had to serve a period of apprenticeship as an indentured servant to be trained in a trade and to prevent the community from having to support the woman and her child. Records of such indentures are among the court records he consulted.He found that most of the families of free people of color were descended from unions between white women, free or indentured servants, and African or African-American men, slaves or indentured servants, in colonial Virginia. According to the law of the colony and the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which children in the colony took the status of their mothers, the mixed-race children of these unions and marriages were born free because the mothers were free. While they were subject to discrimination, gaining free status helped these families get ahead in society.Heinegg noted that many of these free people of color migrated west with white neighbors and settled on the frontiers of Virginia, what became West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, as these areas were less bound by racial caste than were the Tidewater plantation areas. On the frontier, settlers were more concerned about people fulfilling social obligations as citizens.Heinegg's work was praised by an expert in Southern history, and won a genealogy award.Heinegg analyzed generations of many families classified as free blacks on those first two censuses. He noted that, for the early Mayle/Male family, many records from the 1790s to the 1850s classified members as \"free black\", \"free mulatto\", \"free colored\", etc.[11]He suggests that the following individuals are sons of Wilmore Mayle (Mail, Male), Sr. (Note that, prior to 1843, the area of Barbour County west of the Tygart Valley River was part of Harrison County and the area east of the river was part of Randolph County.)Wilmore Male Jr.1797 - described as \"a free black\" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia\n1810 - head of household that included 8 \"other free\" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia\n1810-1 - taxable for 2 \"F[ree]M[ulattos]\" in tax lists of Hampshire County, Virginia\n1812 - taxed as \"F[ree]M[ulatto]\" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia\n1813 - taxed as \"of color\" in tax list of Monongalia County, Virginia\n1815 - described as \"F[ree]N[egro]\" in tax list of Monongalia County, Virginia\n1817 - described as \"Col[ore]d\" in tax list of Randolph County, Virginia\n1820 - head of household that included 8 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1830 - head of household that included 2 \"free colored\" persons in Hampshire County, Virginia\n1840 - head of household that included 2 \"free colored\" persons in Hampshire County, VirginiaWilliam Male1803 - described as a \"free Mulatto\" in tax list of Hampshire County, Virginia\n1810 - head of household that included 12 \"other free\" persons in Monongalia County, Virginia\n1813-29 - described as \"Mul[att]o\" or \"Col[ore]d\" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia\n1820 - head of household that included 7 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1840 - head of household that included 2 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, VirginiaJames Male1810 - head of household that included 6 \"other free\" persons in Monongalia County, Virginia\n1813 - described as \"man of colour\" in tax list of Harrison County, Virginia\n1816-1818 - described as \"col[ore]d\" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia\n1830 - head of household that included 9 \"free colored\" persons in Frederick County, VirginiaGeorge Male1812-1817 - described as \"man of colour\" in tax lists of Harrison County, Virginia\n1820 - head of household that included 6 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1822-1829 - tax lists of \"Free negroes & Mulattoes\" in Randolph County, Virginia\n1830 - head of household that included 6 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1840 - head of household that included 7 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, VirginiaRichard Male1813-29 - described as \"Mul[att]o\" or \"Col[ore]d\" in tax lists of Randolph County, Virginia\n1820 - head of household that included 7 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1830 - head of household that included 3 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1840 - head of household that included 4 \"free colored\" persons in Randolph County, Virginia\n1850 - widow Rhoda described as a \"Mulatto\" in census of Barbour County, VirginiaWork by Alexandra Finley has confirmed[12] that the CRP descend in the direct paternal line from an immigrant Englishman, Wilmore Mail (1755–c. 1845), born in Dover, Kent, England.[13]Mail settled in Virginia with his parents William and Mary in the 1760s. As an adult, Mail purchased a black female slave named Nancy. In 1826, when he was 71, Mail both emancipated and claimed her as a common-law wife; interracial marriage was illegal in Virginia. The emancipation document reads as follows:Be it known to all to whom it may concern that I, Wilmore Mail, of the County of Hampshire and Commonwealth of Virginia do by these presents liberate, emancipate, and forever set free ... my negro woman Nancy on the condition that she may remain with me during my natural life in the quality of my wife. I have set my hand and affixed my seal on this 6th day of May in the year of our Lord 1826.[14]— Wilmore MailOver the following two decades, Mail was classified as \"white\", \"colored\" and \"mulatto\" in official documents. The Federal Census of 1840 classified him as \"free colored\".(In 2014, Harvard historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr discovered, through DNA genealogy testing, that Wilmore Mail is among his ancestors. Although no documentary connection was made, Mail is the only one of Gates' white ancestors for whom a name is known. This discovery was featured on the final second-season episode of Professor Gates' television series Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.. He visited Philippi and attended a \"Heritage Day\" gathering on Chestnut Ridge.)In addition to the Mail family, Finley's work also identified a number of other CRP families that can trace their heritage back to Revolutionary War-era mixed-race forebears, notably Sam Norris (1750–1844), Gustavus D. Croston (1757–c. 1845) and Henry Dalton (1750–1836), as well as others arriving in the mid-19th century, such as Jacob Minerd (1816–1907). The descendants of each of these progenitors fostered their own local \"race\" complete with unique folklore and origin story.[15]","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dissenting views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"7th West Virginia Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_West_Virginia_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"1st West Virginia Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_West_Virginia_Volunteer_Cavalry_Regiment"}],"sub_title":"Dissenting view #1: No black heritage","text":"B.V. Mayhle self-published a family history entitled The Males of Barbour County, West Virginia in 1980, with two updates.[16] He documented the origins of the Male, Mahle, Mayle, Mayhle name in the United States. He claimed to have found only one incident of interracial union.In an interview[citation needed], he pointed out that the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania press had carried repeated sensational magazine articles in the early 1900s about the area, highlighting its poverty and mixed-race communities. He suggests this was the origin of accounts that the group was mixed-race. (Note: The account above predates such articles.) The photographs of Male descendants that are included in his book, many from this same time period, do not show physical characteristics associated with African phenotypes. (But, other photographs of self-identified Chestnut Ridge people now available on the Internet do show some with such phenotypes.)Mayhle said that three brothers, direct descendants of Wilmore/William Male (the original Male immigrant), served in regular white units in the US Civil war. Two served in the 7th West Virginia Infantry and one in the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, all white units. (Note Heinegg's discussion above, that documents court records of twelve soldiers, including several of the Male/Mayle surname, petitioning to be declared legally white in 1861 and 1866.)","title":"Dissenting views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayhle-17"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayhle-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Dissenting view #2: Native American heritage","text":"\"What Ms. Finley fails to state is, that Wilmore Mail is the son of Wilmore Sr. who died 1800. Wilmore Jr. married Priscilla \"Nancy\" Harris, a \"Catawba.\"[17] [dead link]Notes for Priscilla (Nancy) Harris: It has been told that Priscilla was a pretty little daughter of a slave girl and a Cherokee Indian. Her mother was supposed to have been a slave girl brought to this country in the middle 1700s by a Frenchman from the Bahamas by the name of Marquis Calmes. It is not known whether she was of native Bahamian Indian ancestry or not. She eloped with a Cherokee Indian by the name of Harris and to these two Priscilla was born.\nFrench and Spanish settlers in America intermarried freely with the Indians, but the English seldom mixed with the natives. Hence it appears that among the pioneer families of our County, the Mayle, Mail or Male family have Indian blood in their veins.[17]In 1936 a Maryland local paper reported on Garrett County family history. It said that, according to family tradition, Marquis Calmes, a Frenchman residing in Virginia, had a French servant woman. It was not known whether she was from France or the French colony on Haiti. She was said to fall in love with a Cherokee man, and they had a daughter known as Priscilla Harris. Priscilla grew up on the Calmes plantation, and was said to be beautiful, with an olive complexion, black eyes, and long hair — \"so long that she could sit on it.\" Her descendants were said to have kept some of Priscilla's wonderful hair for many years.[18]When the claim was looked into by Henry Louis Gates Jr., he surmised that an individual named Samuel Harris who married into the family may have been Catawba and is the only remotely legitimate Native American connection discovered in the family's genealogy. Other members of the family had claimed Lenape ancestors. While a known Native American man (Henry Delay) & some of his direct descendants had settled in the same general area who may have been Lenape, he has no direct connection to the rest of the family. However, the Peters & Thompson families, who did intermix with the CRP, may have had relatives who had intermarried into the Lenape people, even if they were not Lenape themselves. This is either the source of the Lenape ancestry itself, or the most likely reason for the implication.[citation needed]","title":"Dissenting views"}] | [] | [{"title":"Scott Mayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mayle"}] | [{"reference":"Maxwell, Hu (1899). The History of Barbour County, From its Earliest Exploration and Settlement to the Present Time, The Acme Publishing Company, Morgantown, W.Va. (Reprinted, McClain Printing Company, Parsons, W.Va., 1968). pp. 310–311.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"My Melungeon Depot\", Pittsburgh Post Gazette. 31 December 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post_Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post Gazette"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.melungeon.org/node/94","external_links_name":"\"A Geographical Analysis of White-Negro-Indian Racial Mixtures in the Eastern United States\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080330041011/http://www.melungeon.org/node/94","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.underonesky.org/Guineas.html","external_links_name":"Joanne Johnson Smith & Florence Kennedy Barnett, \"The Guineas of West Virginia: A Transcript of A Presentation at First Union\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162100/http://www.underonesky.org/Guineas.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://freeafricanamericans.com/McCarty_Martin.htm","external_links_name":"\"Male/Mail Family,\""},{"Link":"http://freeafricanamericans.com/","external_links_name":"Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1995-2000, available online"},{"Link":"https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/45241/Finley_thesis.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"Founding Chestnut Ridge: the Origins of Central West Virginia's Multiracial Community"},{"Link":"http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2014/surprise-finley-related-to-roots-show-host.php","external_links_name":"“Surprise! Finley related to 'Roots' show host”"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.com/~wvbarbou/maleboss.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvbarbou/maleboss.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219184404/http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvbarbou/maleboss.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_combat | Melee | ["1 History of the term","2 Usage in sport","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"] | Hand-to-hand combat
For other uses, see Melee (disambiguation).
For usage in games, see Melee (game terminology).
Melee aboard ships at the Battle of Sluys 1340 (BNF Fr. 2643, 15th century)
Battle of Lützen by Carl Wahlbom depicting a melee in which King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed on 6 November 1632
A melee (/ˈmeɪleɪ/ or /ˈmɛleɪ/, French: mêlée, (French: )) or pell-mell is disorganized hand-to-hand combat in battles fought at abnormally close range with little central control once it starts. In military aviation, a melee has been defined as "an air battle in which several aircraft, both friend and foe, are confusingly intermingled".
History of the term
In the 1579 translation of Plutarch's Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes, Sir Thomas North uses the term 'pelmel' to refer to a disorganized retreat. The phrase was later used in its current spelling in Shakespeare's Richard III, 1594:
"March on, ioine brauelie, let vs to it pell mell, / If not to heauen then hand in hand to hell."
The phrase comes from the French expression pêle-mêle, a rhyme based on the old French mesler, meaning to mix or mingle.
The French term melee was first used in English in c. 1640 (also derived from the old French mesler, but the Old French stem survives in medley and meddle).
Lord Nelson described his tactics for the Battle of Trafalgar as inducing a "pell mell battle" focused on engagements between individual ships where the superior morale and skill of the Royal Navy would prevail.
Usage in sport
In Australian Rules Football, the term "melee" is used by the Australian Football League, sports commentators and journalists as a polite term for a brawl or fighting during a football match, where football players physically attack. Melees often start as verbal disagreements between a small number players from the opposing teams, but can quickly escalate into many players from both teams joining in with this physical scuffle.
See also
Look up melee or mêlée in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Close-quarters combat
Melee (gaming)
Melee weapon
Notes
^ a b OED 2015.
^ Kumar, DeRemer & Marshall 2004, p. 462.
^ a b "'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase".
^ "Pell-mell". 26 July 2021.
^ "Melee". 29 November 2021.
^ Fremont-Barnes 2005, p. 38.
^ "Laws of Australian Rules Football, 2019 - page 8" (PDF). Australian Football League. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ AFL Melees: Pies, Cats, Port, Dons, Demons and Tigers, retrieved 2022-04-02
References
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2005), Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory, Osprey Publishing, p. 38 38, ISBN 978-1-84176-892-2
Kumar, Bharat; DeRemer, Dale; Marshall, Douglas (2004), An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation, McGraw Hill Professional, p. 462, ISBN 978-0-07-178260-9
"mêlée n.", Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.), Oxford University Press, March 2015
This military-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melee (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Melee (game terminology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_(game_terminology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BattleofSluys.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sluys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(Carl_Wahlbom)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lützen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)"},{"link_name":"Carl Wahlbom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wahlbom"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus"},{"link_name":"/ˈmeɪleɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˈmɛleɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[mɛle]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat"},{"link_name":"battles fought at abnormally close range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_combat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2015-1"},{"link_name":"military aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarDeRemerMarshall2004462-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Melee (disambiguation).For usage in games, see Melee (game terminology).Melee aboard ships at the Battle of Sluys 1340 (BNF Fr. 2643, 15th century)Battle of Lützen by Carl Wahlbom depicting a melee in which King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed on 6 November 1632A melee (/ˈmeɪleɪ/ or /ˈmɛleɪ/, French: mêlée, (French: [mɛle])) or pell-mell is disorganized hand-to-hand combat in battles fought at abnormally close range with little central control once it starts.[1] In military aviation, a melee has been defined as \"an air battle in which several aircraft, both friend and foe, are confusingly intermingled\".[2]","title":"Melee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Noble_Grecians_and_Romans"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_North"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phrases-3"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phrases-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medley"},{"link_name":"meddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meddle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2015-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200538-6"}],"text":"In the 1579 translation of Plutarch's Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes, Sir Thomas North uses the term 'pelmel' to refer to a disorganized retreat.[3] The phrase was later used in its current spelling in Shakespeare's Richard III, 1594:\"March on, ioine brauelie, let vs to it pell mell, / If not to heauen then hand in hand to hell.\"The phrase comes from the French expression pêle-mêle, a rhyme based on the old French mesler, meaning to mix or mingle.[3][4]The French term melee was first used in English in c. 1640 (also derived from the old French mesler,[5] but the Old French stem survives in medley and meddle).[1]Lord Nelson described his tactics for the Battle of Trafalgar as inducing a \"pell mell battle\" focused on engagements between individual ships where the superior morale and skill of the Royal Navy would prevail.[6]","title":"History of the term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Rules Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rules_Football"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Australian Rules Football, the term \"melee\" is used by the Australian Football League, sports commentators and journalists as a polite term for a brawl or fighting during a football match,[7] where football players physically attack. Melees often start as verbal disagreements between a small number players from the opposing teams, but can quickly escalate into many players from both teams joining in with this physical scuffle.[8]","title":"Usage in sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2015_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2015_1-1"},{"link_name":"OED 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOED2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarDeRemerMarshall2004462_2-0"},{"link_name":"Kumar, DeRemer & Marshall 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKumarDeRemerMarshall2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-phrases_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-phrases_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pell-mell.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Pell-mell\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pell-mell"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Melee\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melee#English"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200538_6-0"},{"link_name":"Fremont-Barnes 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFremont-Barnes2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Laws of Australian Rules Football, 2019 - page 8\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2019/12/04/d8d5f2cf-04eb-4530-b2d5-5cc799ff625c/2019-Laws-of-Australian-Football.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"AFL Melees: Pies, Cats, Port, Dons, Demons and Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=50sv6cFENSw"}],"text":"^ a b OED 2015.\n\n^ Kumar, DeRemer & Marshall 2004, p. 462.\n\n^ a b \"'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase\".\n\n^ \"Pell-mell\". 26 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Melee\". 29 November 2021.\n\n^ Fremont-Barnes 2005, p. 38.\n\n^ \"Laws of Australian Rules Football, 2019 - page 8\" (PDF). Australian Football League. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2022.\n\n^ AFL Melees: Pies, Cats, Port, Dons, Demons and Tigers, retrieved 2022-04-02","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Melee aboard ships at the Battle of Sluys 1340 (BNF Fr. 2643, 15th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg/220px-BattleofSluys.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Lützen by Carl Wahlbom depicting a melee in which King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed on 6 November 1632","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg"}] | [{"title":"melee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melee"},{"title":"mêlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e"},{"title":"Close-quarters combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-quarters_combat"},{"title":"Melee (gaming)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_(gaming)"},{"title":"Melee weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_weapon"}] | [{"reference":"\"'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pell-mell.html","url_text":"\"'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pell-mell\". 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pell-mell","url_text":"\"Pell-mell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melee\". 29 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melee#English","url_text":"\"Melee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laws of Australian Rules Football, 2019 - page 8\" (PDF). Australian Football League. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2019/12/04/d8d5f2cf-04eb-4530-b2d5-5cc799ff625c/2019-Laws-of-Australian-Football.pdf","url_text":"\"Laws of Australian Rules Football, 2019 - page 8\""}]},{"reference":"AFL Melees: Pies, Cats, Port, Dons, Demons and Tigers, retrieved 2022-04-02","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50sv6cFENSw","url_text":"AFL Melees: Pies, Cats, Port, Dons, Demons and Tigers"}]},{"reference":"Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2005), Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory, Osprey Publishing, p. 38 38, ISBN 978-1-84176-892-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6i0ImfJlYcEC&pg=PA38","url_text":"38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-892-2","url_text":"978-1-84176-892-2"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Bharat; DeRemer, Dale; Marshall, Douglas (2004), An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation, McGraw Hill Professional, p. 462, ISBN 978-0-07-178260-9","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_Zei3jR1U4C","url_text":"An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_Zei3jR1U4C&q=Melee","url_text":"462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-178260-9","url_text":"978-0-07-178260-9"}]},{"reference":"\"mêlée n.\", Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.), Oxford University Press, March 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/116086","url_text":"\"mêlée n.\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pell-mell.html","external_links_name":"\"'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase\""},{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pell-mell","external_links_name":"\"Pell-mell\""},{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melee#English","external_links_name":"\"Melee\""},{"Link":"https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2019/12/04/d8d5f2cf-04eb-4530-b2d5-5cc799ff625c/2019-Laws-of-Australian-Football.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Laws of Australian Rules Football, 2019 - page 8\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50sv6cFENSw","external_links_name":"AFL Melees: Pies, Cats, Port, Dons, Demons and Tigers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6i0ImfJlYcEC&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"38"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_Zei3jR1U4C","external_links_name":"An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_Zei3jR1U4C&q=Melee","external_links_name":"462"},{"Link":"http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/116086","external_links_name":"\"mêlée n.\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melee&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Blanca_Massif | Blanca Peak | ["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Geology","3 History","4 Historical names","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°34′38″N 105°29′09″W / 37.5772269°N 105.4858447°W / 37.5772269; -105.4858447Mountain in Colorado, United States
Blanca PeakSis Naajinį́ (in Navajo)View of Blanca Peak (left of center) from Mt. LindseyHighest pointElevation14,351 ft (4374 m)NAVD88Prominence5326 ft (1623 m)Isolation103.4 mi (166.4 km)ListingNorth America highest peaks 33rdUS highest major peaks 19thUS most prominent peaks 103rdUS most isolated peaks 49thColorado highest major peaks 4thColorado fourteeners 4thColorado county high points 3rdCoordinates37°34′38″N 105°29′09″W / 37.5772269°N 105.4858447°W / 37.5772269; -105.4858447GeographyBlanca PeakHigh point of both Alamosa and Costilla counties, Colorado, US
Parent rangeHighest summit of theSangre de Cristo Mountains,Sangre de Cristo Range, andSierra Blanca MassifTopo mapUSGS 7.5' topographic mapBlanca Peak, ColoradoClimbingFirst ascentAugust 14, 1874 by the Wheeler Survey (first recorded)Easiest routeNorthwest Face/North Ridge: Scramble (class 2)
Blanca Peak TripointHighest pointElevation14,326 ft (4,367 m)Parent peakBlanca PeakListingColorado county high pointsCoordinates37°34′40″N 105°29′07″W / 37.577824°N 105.48541°W / 37.577824; -105.48541GeographyLocationTripoint of Alamosa, Costilla, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, US High point of Huerfano County.
Blanca Peak (Navajo: Sis Naajinį́; Ute: Peeroradarath; Tewa: Pintsae'i'i) is the fourth highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The ultra-prominent 14,351-foot (4,374 m) peak is the highest summit of the Sierra Blanca Massif, the Sangre de Cristo Range, and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The fourteener is located 9.6 miles (15.5 km) north by east (bearing 9°) of the Town of Blanca, on the drainage divide separating Rio Grande National Forest and Alamosa County from the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant and Costilla County. The summit is the highest point of both counties and the entire drainage basin of the Rio Grande. Below the steep North Face of Blanca Peak two live Glaciers once developed, until extinction sometime after 1903. North & South Blanca Glaciers were located at 37° 35N.,longitude 105° 28W. Blanca Peak is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude.
The Blanca Peak Tripoint of Alamosa, Costilla, and Huerfano counties is located on the same drainage divide approximately 251 feet (77 m) northeast by north (bearing 30°) of the Blanca Peak summit at the boundary of the San Isabel National Forest. The Blanca Peak Tripoint is the highest point in Huerfano County.
Geography
Blanca Peak is located at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Range, a subrange of the more extensive Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and is the highest peak in both ranges. It lies approximately 20 miles (32 km) east-northeast of the town of Alamosa. Approximately 15 miles (24 km) to the north-northwest is Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve.
Blanca Peak is notable not only for its absolute height, but also for its great local relief and dominant position at the end of the range, rising high above the San Luis Valley to the west. For example, it rises nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) over the edge of the San Luis Valley in only 6 miles (9.7 km).
Blanca is also the third most topographically prominent peak in Colorado; it is separated from the higher peaks in the Sawatch Range by relatively low Poncha Pass at 9,019 feet (2,749 m).
Blanca Peak heads up three major creeks. Holbrook Creek is on the west, flowing from a basin including Crater Lake, Blue Lakes, and Como Lake. An extremely challenging four wheel drive road accesses Como Lake 11,750 feet (3,580 m), and provides the most common access to Blanca Peak. Most vehicles stop at an elevation of between 8,000 feet (2,400 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m) on this road. The Como Lake Road is a designated Alamosa County Road and runs to the edge of the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness just short of Blue Lakes. The Como Lake Road is rated as the most challenging 4WD road in Colorado. The Huerfano River flows from the north side of Blanca Peak. A road, starting out as a two-wheel drive road, then becoming a four-wheel drive road (less challenging than the Como Lake Road), provides access to the technical climbing on the North Face of Blanca Peak. Blanca Creek drains Blanca Basin under the south slopes of the peak, and Little Ute Creek descends from the Winchell Lakes on the southeast side. However these are not used to access the peak due to private property.
Three other fourteeners are nearby: Mount Lindsey to the east, Ellingwood Point to the north and Little Bear Peak to the southwest. Ellingwood Point is connected to Blanca by a short, high ridge, and is often climbed in conjunction with Blanca. Little Bear also has a high connecting ridge to Blanca, but it is a technical traverse, only recommended for highly experienced parties.
The peak viewed from Smith Reservoir, south of Blanca
Climate
Climate data for Blanca Peak 37.5747 N, 105.4827 W, Elevation: 13,478 ft (4,108 m) (1991–2020 normals)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
24.1(−4.4)
23.8(−4.6)
28.6(−1.9)
34.2(1.2)
42.8(6.0)
54.3(12.4)
58.5(14.7)
56.3(13.5)
50.8(10.4)
41.1(5.1)
30.9(−0.6)
24.7(−4.1)
39.2(4.0)
Daily mean °F (°C)
12.1(−11.1)
11.5(−11.4)
15.8(−9.0)
20.9(−6.2)
29.5(−1.4)
39.8(4.3)
44.4(6.9)
42.9(6.1)
37.5(3.1)
28.3(−2.1)
19.4(−7.0)
13.0(−10.6)
26.3(−3.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
0.1(−17.7)
−0.8(−18.2)
3.0(−16.1)
7.6(−13.6)
16.2(−8.8)
25.4(−3.7)
30.3(−0.9)
29.6(−1.3)
24.1(−4.4)
15.5(−9.2)
7.9(−13.4)
1.3(−17.1)
13.4(−10.4)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.23(57)
2.38(60)
3.72(94)
3.81(97)
2.87(73)
1.63(41)
4.40(112)
3.72(94)
2.52(64)
2.48(63)
2.37(60)
2.44(62)
34.57(877)
Source: PRISM Climate Group
Geology
The granite that makes up the Blanca massif is pre-Cambrian in age, dated at approximately 1.8 billion years old. The major part of the Wet Mountains to the east and the Front Range to the northeast are also pre-Cambrian, also about 1.8 billion years old. In contrast, the Sangre de Cristo Range to the north and the Culebra Range to the south are Permian rock between 250 and 300 million years old.
History
Blanca Peak is known to the Navajo people as the Sacred Mountain of the East: Sisnaajiní (or Tsisnaasjiní), the Dawn or White Shell Mountain. The mountain is considered to be the eastern boundary of the Dinetah, the traditional Navajo homeland. It is associated with the color white, and is said to be covered in daylight and dawn and fastened to the ground with lightning. It is gendered male.
Summitpost notes that "the first recorded ascent of Blanca by the Wheeler Survey was recorded on August 14, 1874, but to their surprise they found evidence of a stone structure possibly built by Ute Indians or wandering Spaniards."
Historical names
Blanca Peak
Dziłnałjin (Jicarilla Apache)
Mount Blanca
Peeroradarath (Tewa)
Pintsae'i'i (Ute)
Sierra Blanca Peak
Sierra Blanca
Sisnaajiní (Diné)
See also
North America portalUnited States portalColorado portalMountains portal
List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of mountain peaks of Colorado
List of Colorado county high points
List of Colorado fourteeners
List of Ultras of the United States
Notes
^ The elevation of the Blanca Peak Tripoint includes an adjustment of +1.755 m (+5.76 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.
^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of +1.754 m (+5.75 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.
References
^ a b c d e f "Blanca Peak, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
^ a b c d "Blanca Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ "Blanca Peak Routes". 14ers.com.
^ a b c d e "Blanca Peak-Northeast Slope, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
^ a b Beeton, Jared Maxwell; Saenz, Charles Nicholas; Waddell, Benjamin James (2020-08-24). The Geology, Ecology, and Human History of the San Luis Valley. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-64642-040-7.
^ Blanca Peak on TopoQuest
^ Louis W. Dawson II, Dawson's Guide to Colorado's Fourteeners, Volume 2, Blue Clover Press, 1996, ISBN 0-9628867-2-6
^ "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Retrieved October 9, 2023. To find the table data on the PRISM website, start by clicking Coordinates (under Location); copy Latitude and Longitude figures from top of table; click Zoom to location; click Precipitation, Minimum temp, Mean temp, Maximum temp; click 30-year normals, 1991-2020; click 800m; click Retrieve Time Series button.
^ a b Robert S. McPherson, Sacred Land, Sacred View: Navajo perceptions of the Four Corners Region, Brigham Young University, ISBN 1-56085-008-6.
^ Lapahie.com Archived August 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Blanca Peak on Summitpost". SummitPost.org. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
External links
Blanca Peak at Wikipedia's sister projects
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Blanca Peak on 14ers.com
Blanca Peak at The Colorado Hiker
High resolution zoomable panorama of Blanca Peak
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_language"},{"link_name":"Ute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_dialect"},{"link_name":"Tewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewa_language"},{"link_name":"fourth highest summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Rocky_Mountains#Highest_prominent_summits"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"ultra-prominent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-prominent_peak"},{"link_name":"highest summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Colorado#Mountain_ranges"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains"},{"link_name":"fourteener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteener"},{"link_name":"bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_bearing"},{"link_name":"Town of Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"drainage divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Alamosa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Costilla County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costilla_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"highest point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_county_high_points"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAVD88-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Alamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Costilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costilla_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Huerfano counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"drainage divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_bearing"},{"link_name":"San Isabel National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"highest point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_county_high_points"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB2-5"}],"text":"Mountain in Colorado, United StatesBlanca Peak (Navajo: Sis Naajinį́; Ute: Peeroradarath; Tewa: Pintsae'i'i) is the fourth highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The ultra-prominent 14,351-foot (4,374 m) peak is the highest summit of the Sierra Blanca Massif, the Sangre de Cristo Range, and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The fourteener is located 9.6 miles (15.5 km) north by east (bearing 9°) of the Town of Blanca, on the drainage divide separating Rio Grande National Forest and Alamosa County from the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant and Costilla County. The summit is the highest point of both counties and the entire drainage basin of the Rio Grande. Below the steep North Face of Blanca Peak two live Glaciers once developed, until extinction sometime after 1903. North & South Blanca Glaciers were located at 37° 35N.,longitude 105° 28W. Blanca Peak is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude.[b][1][2][5]The Blanca Peak Tripoint of Alamosa, Costilla, and Huerfano counties is located on the same drainage divide approximately 251 feet (77 m) northeast by north (bearing 30°) of the Blanca Peak summit at the boundary of the San Isabel National Forest. The Blanca Peak Tripoint is the highest point in Huerfano County.[4]","title":"Blanca Peak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains"},{"link_name":"east-northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-northeast"},{"link_name":"Alamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve"},{"link_name":"San Luis Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Valley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topozone-8"},{"link_name":"topographically prominent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence"},{"link_name":"Sawatch Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawatch_Range"},{"link_name":"Poncha Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncha_Pass"},{"link_name":"four wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Huerfano River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_River"},{"link_name":"technical climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing"},{"link_name":"Mount Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Ellingwood Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellingwood_Point"},{"link_name":"Little Bear Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bear_Peak"},{"link_name":"technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawson-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smith_Reservoir.JPG"},{"link_name":"Smith Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Reservoir_(Costilla_County,_Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca,_Colorado"}],"text":"Blanca Peak is located at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Range, a subrange of the more extensive Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and is the highest peak in both ranges. It lies approximately 20 miles (32 km) east-northeast of the town of Alamosa. Approximately 15 miles (24 km) to the north-northwest is Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve.Blanca Peak is notable not only for its absolute height, but also for its great local relief and dominant position at the end of the range, rising high above the San Luis Valley to the west. For example, it rises nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) over the edge of the San Luis Valley in only 6 miles (9.7 km).[6]\nBlanca is also the third most topographically prominent peak in Colorado; it is separated from the higher peaks in the Sawatch Range by relatively low Poncha Pass at 9,019 feet (2,749 m).Blanca Peak heads up three major creeks. Holbrook Creek is on the west, flowing from a basin including Crater Lake, Blue Lakes, and Como Lake. An extremely challenging four wheel drive road accesses Como Lake 11,750 feet (3,580 m), and provides the most common access to Blanca Peak. Most vehicles stop at an elevation of between 8,000 feet (2,400 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m) on this road. The Como Lake Road is a designated Alamosa County Road and runs to the edge of the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness just short of Blue Lakes. The Como Lake Road is rated as the most challenging 4WD road in Colorado. The Huerfano River flows from the north side of Blanca Peak. A road, starting out as a two-wheel drive road, then becoming a four-wheel drive road (less challenging than the Como Lake Road), provides access to the technical climbing on the North Face of Blanca Peak. Blanca Creek drains Blanca Basin under the south slopes of the peak, and Little Ute Creek descends from the Winchell Lakes on the southeast side. However these are not used to access the peak due to private property.Three other fourteeners are nearby: Mount Lindsey to the east, Ellingwood Point to the north and Little Bear Peak to the southwest. Ellingwood Point is connected to Blanca by a short, high ridge, and is often climbed in conjunction with Blanca. Little Bear also has a high connecting ridge to Blanca, but it is a technical traverse, only recommended for highly experienced parties.[7]The peak viewed from Smith Reservoir, south of Blanca","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Blanca Peak 37.5747 N, 105.4827 W, Elevation: 13,478 ft (4,108 m) (1991–2020 normals)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n23.8(−4.6)\n\n28.6(−1.9)\n\n34.2(1.2)\n\n42.8(6.0)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n56.3(13.5)\n\n50.8(10.4)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n24.7(−4.1)\n\n39.2(4.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n12.1(−11.1)\n\n11.5(−11.4)\n\n15.8(−9.0)\n\n20.9(−6.2)\n\n29.5(−1.4)\n\n39.8(4.3)\n\n44.4(6.9)\n\n42.9(6.1)\n\n37.5(3.1)\n\n28.3(−2.1)\n\n19.4(−7.0)\n\n13.0(−10.6)\n\n26.3(−3.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n0.1(−17.7)\n\n−0.8(−18.2)\n\n3.0(−16.1)\n\n7.6(−13.6)\n\n16.2(−8.8)\n\n25.4(−3.7)\n\n30.3(−0.9)\n\n29.6(−1.3)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n15.5(−9.2)\n\n7.9(−13.4)\n\n1.3(−17.1)\n\n13.4(−10.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.23(57)\n\n2.38(60)\n\n3.72(94)\n\n3.81(97)\n\n2.87(73)\n\n1.63(41)\n\n4.40(112)\n\n3.72(94)\n\n2.52(64)\n\n2.48(63)\n\n2.37(60)\n\n2.44(62)\n\n34.57(877)\n\n\nSource: PRISM Climate Group[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Wet Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Front Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Range"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Culebra Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra_Range"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"}],"text":"The granite that makes up the Blanca massif is pre-Cambrian in age, dated at approximately 1.8 billion years old. The major part of the Wet Mountains to the east and the Front Range to the northeast are also pre-Cambrian, also about 1.8 billion years old. In contrast, the Sangre de Cristo Range to the north and the Culebra Range to the south are Permian rock between 250 and 300 million years old.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navajo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcpherson-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacred-12"},{"link_name":"Dinetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinetah"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcpherson-11"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Survey"},{"link_name":"Ute Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summitpost-13"}],"text":"Blanca Peak is known to the Navajo people as the Sacred Mountain of the East: Sisnaajiní[9] (or Tsisnaasjiní[10]), the Dawn or White Shell Mountain. The mountain is considered to be the eastern boundary of the Dinetah, the traditional Navajo homeland. It is associated with the color white, and is said to be covered in daylight and dawn and fastened to the ground with lightning. It is gendered male.[9]Summitpost notes that \"the first recorded ascent of Blanca by the Wheeler Survey was recorded on August 14, 1874, but to their surprise they found evidence of a stone structure possibly built by Ute Indians or wandering Spaniards.\"[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-2"},{"link_name":"Jicarilla Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"Blanca Peak [2]\nDziłnałjin (Jicarilla Apache)[5]\nMount Blanca\nPeeroradarath (Tewa)\nPintsae'i'i (Ute)\nSierra Blanca Peak\nSierra Blanca\nSisnaajiní (Diné)","title":"Historical names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAVD88-2_4-0"},{"link_name":"NGVD 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929"},{"link_name":"NAVD 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAVD88_6-0"},{"link_name":"NGVD 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929"},{"link_name":"NAVD 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988"}],"text":"^ The elevation of the Blanca Peak Tripoint includes an adjustment of +1.755 m (+5.76 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.\n\n^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of +1.754 m (+5.75 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The peak viewed from Smith Reservoir, south of Blanca","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smith_Reservoir.JPG/275px-Smith_Reservoir.JPG"}] | [{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_North_America"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Colorado"},{"title":"List of Colorado county high points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_county_high_points"},{"title":"List of Colorado fourteeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_fourteeners"},{"title":"List of Ultras of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"Blanca Peak, Colorado\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5921","url_text":"\"Blanca Peak, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blanca Peak\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/192735","url_text":"\"Blanca Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Blanca Peak Routes\". 14ers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.14ers.com/routelist.php?peakid=10004","url_text":"\"Blanca Peak Routes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blanca Peak-Northeast Slope, Colorado\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5920","url_text":"\"Blanca Peak-Northeast Slope, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"Beeton, Jared Maxwell; Saenz, Charles Nicholas; Waddell, Benjamin James (2020-08-24). The Geology, Ecology, and Human History of the San Luis Valley. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-64642-040-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_-r5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pintsae%27i%27i%22&pg=PA324","url_text":"The Geology, Ecology, and Human History of the San Luis Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64642-040-7","url_text":"978-1-64642-040-7"}]},{"reference":"\"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University\". PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Retrieved October 9, 2023. To find the table data on the PRISM website, start by clicking Coordinates (under Location); copy Latitude and Longitude figures from top of table; click Zoom to location; click Precipitation, Minimum temp, Mean temp, Maximum temp; click 30-year normals, 1991-2020; click 800m; click Retrieve Time Series button.","urls":[{"url":"http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/","url_text":"\"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blanca Peak on Summitpost\". SummitPost.org. Retrieved 2011-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/150450","url_text":"\"Blanca Peak on Summitpost\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blanca_Peak¶ms=37.5772269_N_105.4858447_W_type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"37°34′38″N 105°29′09″W / 37.5772269°N 105.4858447°W / 37.5772269; -105.4858447"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blanca_Peak¶ms=37.5772269_N_105.4858447_W_type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"37°34′38″N 105°29′09″W / 37.5772269°N 105.4858447°W / 37.5772269; -105.4858447"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blanca_Peak¶ms=37.577824_N_105.48541_W_region:US-CO_type:mountain","external_links_name":"37°34′40″N 105°29′07″W / 37.577824°N 105.48541°W / 37.577824; -105.48541"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5921","external_links_name":"\"Blanca Peak, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/192735","external_links_name":"\"Blanca Peak\""},{"Link":"https://www.14ers.com/routelist.php?peakid=10004","external_links_name":"\"Blanca Peak Routes\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5920","external_links_name":"\"Blanca Peak-Northeast Slope, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_-r5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pintsae%27i%27i%22&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"The Geology, Ecology, and Human History of the San Luis Valley"},{"Link":"http://www.topoquest.com/map.asp?lat=37.5772&lon=-105.4853&s=200&size=l&u=4&datum=nad27&layer=DRG","external_links_name":"Blanca Peak on TopoQuest"},{"Link":"http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/","external_links_name":"\"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University\""},{"Link":"http://www.lapahie.com/Sacred_Mts.cfm","external_links_name":"Lapahie.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060814180907/http://www.lapahie.com/Sacred_Mts.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/150450","external_links_name":"\"Blanca Peak on Summitpost\""},{"Link":"https://www.14ers.com/php14ers/14er.php?peakid=10004","external_links_name":"Blanca Peak on 14ers.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150302010143/http://www.thecohiker.com/colorado-hiking-trails/colorado-mountains-south/blanca-peak","external_links_name":"Blanca Peak at The Colorado Hiker"},{"Link":"http://stereopan.com/129900","external_links_name":"High resolution zoomable panorama of Blanca Peak"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315528874","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542156505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001005981","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Park | Albemarle Park | ["1 References","2 External links"] | The Manor Inn, Albemarle Park, Asheville, NC
The Lodge (aka Gatehouse), Albemarle Park, Asheville, NC
Clover Cottage, Albemarle Park, Asheville, NC
Albemarle Park is an historic district in Asheville, North Carolina. Originally a mountain resort, it is now primarily a residential area of homes and apartments with retail and office spaces. Much of its significance is due to the founder, railroad magnate William Greene Raoul, and his selection of three New York City-based men to design his resort. Architect Bradford Lee Gilbert designed the core buildings, including The Manor Inn, the Lodge Gate, and several cottages. Landscape architect and author Samuel Parsons, Jr. planned the roads and romantic, naturalistic landscape. Parsons had been the head landscape architect for the city of New York after working with Frederick Law Olmsted on Central Park. A drainage and sewage plan was done by leading engineer George E. Waring Jr.
William Greene Raoul (1843–1913)
William Greene Raoul's large family was involved in various parts of building Albemarle Park, but son Thomas Wadley Raoul took the lead role of overseeing the development and served as the first manager of the Albemarle Park Company. Thomas built and lived in both Manzanita and Milfoil Cottages, and later was one of the founders of the Biltmore Estate Company that developed Biltmore Forest.
English-born Richard Sharp Smith, supervising architect of Biltmore Estate, and Atlantan J. Neel Reid also contributed to Albemarle Park's architecture. Cottage styles are varied and range from Tudoresque and Shingle-Style to Appalachian Rustic and Colonial Revival.
In the early years, The Manor was one of the main centers of social life in Asheville. Eleanor Roosevelt and Grace Kelly stayed in The Manor during the 1950s. Writer Thomas Wolfe performed in a Shakespeare play in The Circle Park and Nina Simone (then Eunice Waymon) studied classical music in Milfoil Cottage. Later, the Manor would become a retirement home, before housing the Stone Soup restaurant. Once vacant, The Manor served as a set for The Last of the Mohicans. It was saved from demolition by The Preservation Society of Asheville and Buncombe County.
Albemarle Park is a National Register Historic District, a Local Historic District, and has received recognition from the American Society of Landscape Architects. Cottage Living Magazine named Albemarle Park one of its Top 10 Cottage Communities.
References
^ "The Cultural Landscape Foundation".
^ a b c Merten, Stacy; Sauer, Robert (2014). Asheville's Albemarle Park. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781439645086.
^ a b Mathews, Jane Gianvito; Mathews, Richard (1991). The Manor & Cottages. Asheville, NC: Albemarle Park Manor Grounds Association Inc. ISBN 9780963043702. OCLC 24319815.
^ "National Park Service". Retrieved April 30, 2016.
^ "Sequence of Events Led to Development of Manor Grounds". Asheville Citizen-Times. July 9, 1967.
^ Roosevelt, Eleanor (November 29, 1956). "My Day". Syndicated newspaper column. George Washington University. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
^ Blake, Barbara (November 4, 2012). "Soup with a Conscience". Asheville Citizen-Times. p. D1. – via Newspapers.com (subscription required)
^ Ward, Logan (July 2006). "Our Top 10 Cottage Communities". Cottage Living Magazine.
External links
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: William Greene Raoul papers 1878-1897
Albemarle Park | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manor_Inn,_Asheville,_NC_(39778022443).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manor_Inn_Gatehouse,_Asheville,_NC_(46743340221).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clover_Cottage,_Manor_Inn,_Asheville,_NC_(45827737465).jpg"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Bradford Lee Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Samuel Parsons, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Parsons,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Frederick Law Olmsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merten-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathews-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Greene_Raoul_(1843%E2%80%931913).png"},{"link_name":"Biltmore Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore_Forest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Sharp Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sharp_Smith"},{"link_name":"Biltmore Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore_Estate"},{"link_name":"J. Neel Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Neel_Reid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merten-2"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Grace Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Nina Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merten-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Last of the Mohicans.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathews-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//psabc.org/"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Manor Inn, Albemarle Park, Asheville, NCThe Lodge (aka Gatehouse), Albemarle Park, Asheville, NCClover Cottage, Albemarle Park, Asheville, NCAlbemarle Park is an historic district in Asheville, North Carolina. Originally a mountain resort, it is now primarily a residential area of homes and apartments with retail and office spaces. Much of its significance is due to the founder, railroad magnate William Greene Raoul, and his selection of three New York City-based men to design his resort. Architect Bradford Lee Gilbert designed the core buildings, including The Manor Inn, the Lodge Gate, and several cottages. Landscape architect and author Samuel Parsons, Jr. planned the roads and romantic, naturalistic landscape. Parsons had been the head landscape architect for the city of New York after working with Frederick Law Olmsted on Central Park.[1] A drainage and sewage plan was done by leading engineer George E. Waring Jr.[2][3][4]William Greene Raoul (1843–1913)William Greene Raoul's large family was involved in various parts of building Albemarle Park, but son Thomas Wadley Raoul took the lead role of overseeing the development and served as the first manager of the Albemarle Park Company. Thomas built and lived in both Manzanita and Milfoil Cottages, and later was one of the founders of the Biltmore Estate Company that developed Biltmore Forest.[5]English-born Richard Sharp Smith, supervising architect of Biltmore Estate, and Atlantan J. Neel Reid also contributed to Albemarle Park's architecture. Cottage styles are varied and range from Tudoresque and Shingle-Style to Appalachian Rustic and Colonial Revival.[2]In the early years, The Manor was one of the main centers of social life in Asheville. Eleanor Roosevelt and Grace Kelly stayed in The Manor during the 1950s.[6] Writer Thomas Wolfe performed in a Shakespeare play in The Circle Park and Nina Simone (then Eunice Waymon) studied classical music in Milfoil Cottage.[2] Later, the Manor would become a retirement home, before housing the Stone Soup restaurant.[7] Once vacant, The Manor served as a set for The Last of the Mohicans.[3] It was saved from demolition by The Preservation Society of Asheville and Buncombe County.[1]Albemarle Park is a National Register Historic District, a Local Historic District, and has received recognition from the American Society of Landscape Architects. Cottage Living Magazine named Albemarle Park one of its Top 10 Cottage Communities.[8]","title":"Albemarle Park"}] | [{"image_text":"The Manor Inn, Albemarle Park, Asheville, NC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Manor_Inn%2C_Asheville%2C_NC_%2839778022443%29.jpg/220px-Manor_Inn%2C_Asheville%2C_NC_%2839778022443%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lodge (aka Gatehouse), Albemarle Park, Asheville, NC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Manor_Inn_Gatehouse%2C_Asheville%2C_NC_%2846743340221%29.jpg/220px-Manor_Inn_Gatehouse%2C_Asheville%2C_NC_%2846743340221%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clover Cottage, Albemarle Park, Asheville, NC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Clover_Cottage%2C_Manor_Inn%2C_Asheville%2C_NC_%2845827737465%29.jpg/220px-Clover_Cottage%2C_Manor_Inn%2C_Asheville%2C_NC_%2845827737465%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Greene Raoul (1843–1913)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/William_Greene_Raoul_%281843%E2%80%931913%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Cultural Landscape Foundation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tclf.org/landscapes/albemarle-park","url_text":"\"The Cultural Landscape Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Merten, Stacy; Sauer, Robert (2014). 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Cottage Living Magazine.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://psabc.org/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://tclf.org/landscapes/albemarle-park","external_links_name":"\"The Cultural Landscape Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G82EAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Asheville's Albemarle Park"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24319815","external_links_name":"24319815"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asheville/man.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Park Service\""},{"Link":"https://gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1956&_f=md0036","external_links_name":"\"My Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/119083088/","external_links_name":"\"Soup with a Conscience\""},{"Link":"https://rose.library.emory.edu/","external_links_name":"Stuart A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_Middle_School_(Tampa) | Hillsborough County Public Schools | ["1 History","2 List of schools","3 Demographics","4 School board","5 School libraries","6 Athletics","7 Strawberry Schools","8 Integration","9 Security","10 Gates Foundation grant","10.1 Empowering Effective Teachers","11 References","12 External links"] | School district of Hillsborough County, Florida, U.S.
Hillsborough County Public SchoolsLocationHillsborough CountyFlorida
United StatesDistrict informationTypePublicMottoPreparing Students For LifeGradesPre K-12SuperintendentVan AyresSchools250Budget$3.3 billion Students and staffStudents206,841Teachers15,162Staff25,170 (includes teachers)Other informationEmployee unionHillsborough Classroom Teachers Association (HCTA)WebsiteOfficial website
Hillsborough County Public Schools (HCPS) is a school district that runs the public school system of Hillsborough County in west central Florida and is headquartered in Tampa, Florida, United States. It is frequently referred to as the School District of Hillsborough County (SDHC).
The district serves all of Hillsborough County. It is the third largest school district in Florida and the 7th largest in the United States. It is governed by the School Board of Hillsborough County, which consists of seven elected members and one superintendent, who is hired by the board. The current superintendent is Van Ayres.
History
The school board discriminated against black teachers, and after the Florida State Teachers Association helped organize a lawsuit challenging the unequal pay schedule, the board responded by dropping racial categories for a rating system that scored black teachers lower than their white counterparts.
In 2021, it had over 213,000 students, giving it the seventh highest student population of any U.S. school district.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida, one week after the start of school in 2021, the district had 1,805 cases of students and/or employees contracting COVID-19, and as a result had to isolate or quarantine about 10,384 students and 338 employees.
List of schools
Main article: List of schools in Hillsborough County, Florida
Demographics
In the 2021–2022 academic year, the ethnic makeup of Hillsborough County Public Schools was as follows:
4.52% Asian
21.06% Black
36.87% Hispanic
0.18% Indian
6.27% Multi-ethnic
31.10% White
School board
The Hillsborough County School Board consists of seven elected officials, five elected by voters in their district and two elected on a countywide basis. As of November 17, 2020, the board consists of:
Lynn Gray – District 7
Stacy Hahn – District 2
Nadia Combs – District 1 (
Jessica Vaughn – District 3 (Vice Chair)
Patti Rendon – District 4
Henry "Shake" Washington – District 5
Karen Perez – District 6 (Chair)
The board has the authority to hire and fire the superintendent, who oversees the day-to-day operation of the school system and reports to the board. Since November 2023, the superintendent has been Van Ayres, who was previously Chief of Strategic Planning and Partnerships, and Deputy of Schools for Hillsborough County. He replaced Addison Davis, who resigned in June 2023.
School libraries
Each school in the county has a Library/Media Center and a full-time, certified Media Specialist. The Media Specialist is responsible for creating and curating the school's collection of online and physical books, periodicals, audio/visual materials, and maker space materials. Each school's collection is their own and should reflect the community around the school and the needs of the students and teachers at that site. Every library has a public-facing catalogue that allows the public to review all books in the library pursuant to Fl Senate Bill CS/HB 1467.
The school libraries have three main programs each year: Poetry Jam at the Middle and High School Level, SLAM, Student Literacy & Media, Showcase for all levels, and the Storytelling Festival for Elementary levels.
Poetry Jam is a coordination between the Hillsborough County Public Schools Library Media Services and the Arts in Education Department. Local Poets come to school libraries to host writing workshops with students who then participate in a school level Jam competition. At the high school level, the top three students get to advance to a district competition.
SLAM Showcase is a celebration of reading based around the SSYRA Jr, Sunshine State Young Readers Award Junior, SSYRA, Sunshine State Young Readers Award, and Florida Teen Reads selected works each year. Students interested in participating read one of the works for their age level and then create art based on the book, either 2D, 3D, or digital art. Each school then selects students from each category to attend a festival at the Tampa Convention Center where all the art is displayed and several authors of the works participate in a panel discussion with time for student questions and then book signings.
The Storytelling Festival is put on by the Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library and Hillsborough County Public School Libraries participates each year by bringing storytellers into elementary schools to host workshops for students. Students may then choose to sign up to participate in the storytelling festival and tell their own memorized piece.
Athletics
Hillsborough County Schools provides athletic opportunities for high school boys in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, wrestling, and lacrosse. For high school girls, the sports are basketball, cheer, cross country, flag football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, lacrosse, and volleyball.
Strawberry Schools
Prior to 1956, many of the schools in the county in the eastern section near Plant City maintained an unusual schedule based on the strawberry growing season. These schools were closed from January through March and were referred to as Strawberry Schools. Among these schools were the Glover School, Cork, Keysville, Pinecrest, and Turkey Creek. Some schools in this area of the county retain one vestige of the old schedule; rather than having a spring holiday for the Florida State Fair, they celebrate a holiday for the Florida Strawberry Festival.
Integration
Like most public school systems in the southern United States, Hillsborough County once maintained a strictly racially segregated school system. Several schools had a population of 100 percent minority students, including Don Thompson Vocational High School in Tampa, (now known as Blake High School) and the Glover School in Bealsville, Florida near Plant City, while most public schools were for white students only. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954, a federal district court found in 1962 that Hillsborough County was operating an "illegally segregated public school system". The district spent much of the next 9 years employing various strategies designed to delay integration of the schools. Hillsborough County began integrating select schools during the 1965–1966 school year, but in 1971, a federal judge ruled that the pace was too slow and ordered the school district to initiate a comprehensive desegregation program. The school system responded with a busing program designed to result in the same percentage of students by race in each school. The program put almost all of the burden of busing on the black community. Historically black schools, such as Blake and Middleton, were "demoted" to junior high school status and students and teachers, including many who had been there for decades, were reassigned to white suburban schools. Black students faced busing for 10 out of 12 years, while for whites they were only bused 2 of 12 years. While a relatively small number of white flight schools were founded in this time period, three of the five schools hosted grades six and seven only (the grades in which white students were bused.) Immediately following integration the incidents of school discipline grew rapidly, with half of the students disciplined being black, despite making up only one fifth the student population. After continued complaints by activists, the disciplinary situation began to be more equitable after 1974.
In 1991, the district received court approval for a cluster plan to lessen disruption to students. As part of this plan, the district created magnet schools to attract white students to historically black schools, and single-grade schools were replaced with groupings of ages, such as middle schools. In 1994, the NAACP sued the district, alleging that the schools were being resegregated, with some schools being as much as 90% black. A 1998 court ruling agreed that Hillsborough County's school's were not yet "desegregated to the maximum extent practicable" and continued federal monitoring of the process. For the 2001–2002 school year, the district replaced its busing program with a new school choice in an attempt to reduce re-segregation. In 2001, a federal court of appeals declared that the district's schools were "unitary", meaning that they were sufficiently integrated and federal monitoring was no longer required.
Security
The school district utilizes Hillsborough County Public Schools Security Services and the Hillsborough County Sheriffs Office at many schools around the county. Known as School Resource Officers, they provide armed security along with other services where they are assigned. Other jurisdictions assist with service calls in a backup capacity. These agencies include Plant City Police Department, Temple Terrace Police Department, and Tampa Police Department. During some local school sponsored sporting events the district will utilize the Florida Highway Patrol, USF Police Department, and Tampa Airport Police Department in conjunction with the other agencies to provide security. Since the school sponsored events are generally served by off-duty law enforcement officers, other local agencies may also be present.
Gates Foundation grant
In 2009, the Hillsborough County School District was awarded a $100-million-dollar grant by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to improve education through improved mentoring and evaluation of teachers. For six years, the grant funded the "Empowering Effective Teachers" plan.
Empowering Effective Teachers
Empowering Effective Teachers was an initiative to promote improvements in education in the school district by increasing effective teaching through new teacher assessments, salary scales, teacher training programs and recruitment. The early phases of the initiative rolled out in 2010, when the district's teacher evaluation form was radically redeveloped into a complex rubric with four areas of focus and multiple subpoints within each area.
The new evaluation standard caused an uproar in the district, mainly due to how classroom evaluations have been implemented since the plan's roll out. Across the state of Florida, 40 percent of a teacher's final evaluation score now is determined by calculating students' learning growth from one year to the next, and a similar policy has been implemented across other states.
In response to the increased demands placed on teachers by the new evaluation system, teachers who opted into the new system would receive a pay increase. The initial increase for most was at least a few thousand dollars, with those earning evaluation scores of 4 or 5 receiving an additional $2,000 or $3,000 each year, respectively. The new pay scale was released at the end of 2013, and all teachers hired before 2011 had a few months to evaluate the new pay scale for deciding if they would opt in. Teachers who did not opt in were not exempt from the new evaluation system; however, their pay would not be affected by their final evaluation score.
References
^ "Hillsborough County Public Schools". U.S. Department of Education.
^ "HCPS - 19-20 Tentative Budget Website" (PDF).
^ "Home". HCTA.
^ "2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Hillsborough County, FL" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 1, 2022. - Text list
^ "Characteristics of the 100 Largest Public Elementary and Secondary School Districts in the United States: 2003–04". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ a b "Hillsborough names Van Ayres permanent school superintendent". WUSF. November 3, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
^ Shircliffe, Barbara J. (2012). "Rethinking Turner v. Keefe: The Parallel Mobilization of African-American and White Teachers in Tampa, Florida, 1936–1946". History of Education Quarterly. 52: 99–136. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00374.x. S2CID 142501177.
^ a b Lengthang, Marlene (August 19, 2021). "Over 10,000 students in Florida school district isolated or quarantined a week into school year". ABC News. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
^ https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/cms/lib/FL50000635/Centricity/Domain/4/DemographicReport.pdf
^ Hillsborough County School Board
^ "Van Ayres takes over full-time as Hillsborough County superintendent". baynews9.com. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
^ "Superintendent's Office / Superintendent". www.hillsboroughschools.org. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
^ "Meet Hillsborough's new school superintendent, Addison Davis". Tampa Bay Times.
^ Florida Senate Bill CS/HB1467.
^ "Library Media Services / Poetry Jam". Hillsborough County Public Schools. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
^ "Library Media Services / SLAM Showcase". Hillsborough County Public Schools. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
^ "Community Atlas" (PDF).
^ "The History of Glover School Campus". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ Nicholson, Dave (March 31, 2013). "Cork 'Strawberry school' alumni to reunite". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ Cribb, Robert (April 6, 2008). "The Strawberry Schools". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ a b c d Martin, John (March 20, 2001). "Chronology". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ Days III, Drew S (January 1, 1992). "The Other Desegregation Story: Eradicating the Dual School System in Hillsborough County, Florida". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ Dolan, Mary (January 16, 1989). "Two who ended segregation join King tribute". St. Petersburg Times.
^ Kimmel, Elinor. "Hillsborough County School Desegregation Busing and Black High Schools in Tampa, Florida April 1971- September 1971". University of South Florida. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ "Tampa Schools Fail to End Desegregation Order". The New York Times. AP. October 29, 1998. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
^ "Hillsborough County Public Schools / Homepage".
^ "Hillsborough school board accepts $100M Gates grant | Breaking Tampa Bay, Florida and national news and weather from Tampa Bay Online and The Tampa Tribune | TBO.com".
^ "Hillsborough schools to dismantle Gates-funded system that cost millions to develop". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
^ "The Empowering Effective Teachers initiative is transforming the way that Hillsborough County Public Schools hires, supports, evaluates and compensates teachers. This bold initiative has put our school district in the national spotlight as a leader in school reform and as a model of collaboration". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
^ "Classroom Teacher Evaluation Instrument" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
^ "2013-2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q & A". Retrieved February 9, 2014.
^ "2013–2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q&A" (PDF). Hillsborough CTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
External links
Florida portalSchools portal
Official website
List of all Hillsborough County schools by area
vteHillsborough County public and private schoolsHigh schools
Alonso High School (8th–12th grade)
Armwood High School
Blake High School
Bloomingdale High School
Brandon High School
Chamberlain High School
Durant High School
East Bay High School
Freedom High School
Gaither High School
Hillsborough High School
Jefferson High School
King High School
Lennard High School
Leto (A. P. Leto) High School
Middleton High School
Newsome High School
Plant City High School (7th–12th grade)
Plant High School
Riverview High School
Robinson High School
Sickles High School
Spoto High School
Steinbrenner High School
Strawberry Crest High School
Sumner High School
Tampa Bay Technical High School
Tampa Marine Evening (7th–12th grade)
Wharton High School
Middle schools
Louis Benito Middle School
Pete Davidsen Middle School
Angelo L. Greco Middle School
Ben Hill Middle School
John Quincy Adams Middle School
James Buchanan Middle School
William G. Pierce Middle School (6th–9th grade)
Memorial Middle School
Sligh Middle Magnet School
D.W. Webb Middle School
Dowdell Middle Magnet School
Roland Park Middle School
Dr. John A. Coleman Middle School
Martin Van Buren Middle School
James Madison Middle School
Progress Village Middle Magnet School
Dr. R. Reche Williams Middle Magnet School
Nathan B. Young Middle Magnet School
Benjamin Franklin Middle Magnet School
Andrew J. Ferrell Middle Magnet School
James Monroe Middle School
Woodrow Wilson Middle School
Garland V. Stewart Middle Magnet School
Orange Grove Middle Magnet School
Hillsborough Academy (5th–8th grade)
Liberty Middle School
Elementary schools
Booker T. Washington Elementary School
Macfarlane Park International Baccalaureate School
Westchase Elementary School
Alafia Elementary School
Symmes Elementary School
Summerfield Elementary School
Crestwood Elementary School
Claywell Elementary School
Cypress Creek Elementary School
Essrig Elementary School
Limona Elementary School
Boyette Springs Elementary School
Egypt Lake Elementary School
Dale Mabry Elementary School
Pride Elementary School
Forest Hills Elementary School
Dunbar Magnet School
Gorrie Elementary School
Mitchell Elementary School
Oak Grove Elementary School
Lee Magnet School
Roosevelt Elementary School
West Shore Elementary School
Walden Lake Elementary School
Charter schools in Tampa and surrounding Hillsborough County
Anderson Elementary Academy
Bell Creek Academy
Brooks-DeBartolo Collegiate High School
Carl Sagan Academy
Cristo Rey Tampa High School
Hope Preparatory Academy
Kid’s Community College
Learning Gate Community School
Literacy/Leadership/Technology Academy
Metropolitan Ministries
Mount Pleasant Standard-Based Middle School
Pepin Academy of Tampa
Prince Academy
Quest Middle School
Re-birth Academy
RCMA Wimauma Academy
Richardson Montessori Academy
Tampa Bay Academy
Tampa Charter School
Tampa Transitional School of Excellence
Terrace Community Middle School
Trinity School for Children
USF/Patel
USF/Patel Intermediate
Village of Excellence
Walton Academy of the Performing Arts
Private schools in Tampa
Academy of the Holy Names (9–12)
American Youth Academy (PreK–12)
Bayshore Christian School (PreK–12)
Bell Shoals Baptist Academy (PreK–8)
Berkeley Preparatory School (PreK–12)
Cambridge Christian School (PreK–12)
Carrollwood Day School (PreK–12)
Christ the King Catholic School (PreK–8)
Citrus Park Christian School (PreK–12)
Foundation Christian Academy (PreK–12)
Grace Christian School (K–12)
Jesuit High School of Tampa (9–12)
The Paideia School of Tampa Bay (K–12)
Seffner Christian Academy (PreK–12)
St. John's Episcopal Parish Day School (PreK–8)
St. Mary's Episcopal Day School (PreK–8)
Tampa Baptist Academy (PreK–12)
Tampa Catholic High School (9–12)
Tampa Preparatory School (6–12)
vteTampa Bay areaTopics
Tampa Bay
Climate
History
Media
Sports
Tampa International Airport
Hillsborough County Public Schools
Pinellas County Schools
University of South Florida
Central cities
Tampa
St. Petersburg
Clearwater
Smaller communities
Pinellas Park
Temple Terrace
Brandon
Zephyrhills
Plant City
Largo
Dunedin
Tarpon Springs
Lutz
Sun City Center
Counties in MSA
Hernando
Hillsborough
Pasco
Pinellas
See also: Florida
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"public school system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_system"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-superintendent-6"}],"text":"Hillsborough County Public Schools (HCPS) is a school district that runs the public school system of Hillsborough County in west central Florida and is headquartered in Tampa, Florida, United States. It is frequently referred to as the School District of Hillsborough County (SDHC).The district serves all of Hillsborough County.[4] It is the third largest school district in Florida and the 7th largest in the United States.[5] It is governed by the School Board of Hillsborough County, which consists of seven elected members and one superintendent, who is hired by the board. The current superintendent is Van Ayres.[6]","title":"Hillsborough County Public Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida State Teachers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Teachers_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LenthangCOVID2021-8"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LenthangCOVID2021-8"}],"text":"The school board discriminated against black teachers, and after the Florida State Teachers Association helped organize a lawsuit challenging the unequal pay schedule, the board responded by dropping racial categories for a rating system that scored black teachers lower than their white counterparts.[7]In 2021, it had over 213,000 students, giving it the seventh highest student population of any U.S. school district.[8]During the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida, one week after the start of school in 2021, the district had 1,805 cases of students and/or employees contracting COVID-19, and as a result had to isolate or quarantine about 10,384 students and 338 employees.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In the 2021–2022 academic year, the ethnic makeup of Hillsborough County Public Schools was as follows:[9]4.52% Asian\n21.06% Black\n36.87% Hispanic\n0.18% Indian\n6.27% Multi-ethnic\n31.10% White","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-superintendent-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Hillsborough County School Board[10] consists of seven elected officials, five elected by voters in their district and two elected on a countywide basis. As of November 17, 2020, the board consists of:Lynn Gray – District 7\nStacy Hahn – District 2\nNadia Combs – District 1 (\nJessica Vaughn – District 3 (Vice Chair)\nPatti Rendon – District 4\nHenry \"Shake\" Washington – District 5\nKaren Perez – District 6 (Chair)The board has the authority to hire and fire the superintendent, who oversees the day-to-day operation of the school system and reports to the board. Since November 2023, the superintendent has been Van Ayres,[6][11] who was previously Chief of Strategic Planning and Partnerships, and Deputy of Schools for Hillsborough County.[12] He replaced Addison Davis,[13] who resigned in June 2023.","title":"School board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Each school in the county has a Library/Media Center and a full-time, certified Media Specialist. The Media Specialist is responsible for creating and curating the school's collection of online and physical books, periodicals, audio/visual materials, and maker space materials. Each school's collection is their own and should reflect the community around the school and the needs of the students and teachers at that site. Every library has a public-facing catalogue that allows the public to review all books in the library pursuant to Fl Senate Bill CS/HB 1467.[14]The school libraries have three main programs each year: Poetry Jam at the Middle and High School Level, SLAM, Student Literacy & Media, Showcase for all levels, and the Storytelling Festival for Elementary levels.Poetry Jam is a coordination between the Hillsborough County Public Schools Library Media Services and the Arts in Education Department. Local Poets come to school libraries to host writing workshops with students who then participate in a school level Jam competition. At the high school level, the top three students get to advance to a district competition.[15][dead link]SLAM Showcase is a celebration of reading based around the SSYRA Jr, Sunshine State Young Readers Award Junior, SSYRA, Sunshine State Young Readers Award, and Florida Teen Reads selected works each year. Students interested in participating read one of the works for their age level and then create art based on the book, either 2D, 3D, or digital art. Each school then selects students from each category to attend a festival at the Tampa Convention Center where all the art is displayed and several authors of the works participate in a panel discussion with time for student questions and then book signings.[16][dead link]The Storytelling Festival is put on by the Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library and Hillsborough County Public School Libraries participates each year by bringing storytellers into elementary schools to host workshops for students. Students may then choose to sign up to participate in the storytelling festival and tell their own memorized piece.","title":"School libraries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hillsborough County Schools provides athletic opportunities for high school boys in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, wrestling, and lacrosse. For high school girls, the sports are basketball, cheer, cross country, flag football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, lacrosse, and volleyball.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Glover School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glover_School_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glover-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cork-19"},{"link_name":"Turkey Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Turkey_Creek_High_School"},{"link_name":"Florida State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"Florida Strawberry Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Strawberry_Festival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strawberry-20"}],"text":"Prior to 1956, many of the schools in the county in the eastern section near Plant City maintained an unusual schedule based on the strawberry growing season. These schools were closed from January through March and were referred to as Strawberry Schools.[17] Among these schools were the Glover School,[18] Cork,[19] Keysville, Pinecrest, and Turkey Creek. Some schools in this area of the county retain one vestige of the old schedule; rather than having a spring holiday for the Florida State Fair, they celebrate a holiday for the Florida Strawberry Festival.[20]","title":"Strawberry Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racially segregated school system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Don Thompson Vocational High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._Blake_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bealsville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bealsville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"federal district court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seg_Chronology-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Days-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seg_Chronology-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimmel-24"},{"link_name":"magnet schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seg_Chronology-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"school choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_choice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seg_Chronology-21"}],"text":"Like most public school systems in the southern United States, Hillsborough County once maintained a strictly racially segregated school system. Several schools had a population of 100 percent minority students, including Don Thompson Vocational High School in Tampa, (now known as Blake High School) and the Glover School in Bealsville, Florida near Plant City, while most public schools were for white students only. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954, a federal district court found in 1962 that Hillsborough County was operating an \"illegally segregated public school system\".[21] The district spent much of the next 9 years employing various strategies designed to delay integration of the schools.[22] Hillsborough County began integrating select schools during the 1965–1966 school year,[23] but in 1971, a federal judge ruled that the pace was too slow and ordered the school district to initiate a comprehensive desegregation program.[21] The school system responded with a busing program designed to result in the same percentage of students by race in each school. The program put almost all of the burden of busing on the black community. Historically black schools, such as Blake and Middleton, were \"demoted\" to junior high school status and students and teachers, including many who had been there for decades, were reassigned to white suburban schools. Black students faced busing for 10 out of 12 years, while for whites they were only bused 2 of 12 years. While a relatively small number of white flight schools were founded in this time period, three of the five schools hosted grades six and seven only (the grades in which white students were bused.) Immediately following integration the incidents of school discipline grew rapidly, with half of the students disciplined being black, despite making up only one fifth the student population. After continued complaints by activists, the disciplinary situation began to be more equitable after 1974.[24]In 1991, the district received court approval for a cluster plan to lessen disruption to students. As part of this plan, the district created magnet schools to attract white students to historically black schools, and single-grade schools were replaced with groupings of ages, such as middle schools. In 1994, the NAACP sued the district, alleging that the schools were being resegregated, with some schools being as much as 90% black.[21] A 1998 court ruling agreed that Hillsborough County's school's were not yet \"desegregated to the maximum extent practicable\" and continued federal monitoring of the process.[25] For the 2001–2002 school year, the district replaced its busing program with a new school choice in an attempt to reduce re-segregation. In 2001, a federal court of appeals declared that the district's schools were \"unitary\", meaning that they were sufficiently integrated and federal monitoring was no longer required.[21]","title":"Integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The school district utilizes Hillsborough County Public Schools Security Services and the Hillsborough County Sheriffs Office at many schools around the county. Known as School Resource Officers, they provide armed security along with other services where they are assigned.[26] Other jurisdictions assist with service calls in a backup capacity. These agencies include Plant City Police Department, Temple Terrace Police Department, and Tampa Police Department. During some local school sponsored sporting events the district will utilize the Florida Highway Patrol, USF Police Department, and Tampa Airport Police Department in conjunction with the other agencies to provide security. Since the school sponsored events are generally served by off-duty law enforcement officers, other local agencies may also be present.[citation needed]","title":"Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 2009, the Hillsborough County School District was awarded a $100-million-dollar grant by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to improve education through improved mentoring and evaluation of teachers.[27] For six years, the grant funded the \"Empowering Effective Teachers\" plan.[28]","title":"Gates Foundation grant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_initiative"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching"},{"link_name":"teacher assessments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher_evaluation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Empowering Effective Teachers","text":"Empowering Effective Teachers was an initiative to promote improvements in education in the school district by increasing effective teaching through new teacher assessments, salary scales, teacher training programs and recruitment.[29] The early phases of the initiative rolled out in 2010, when the district's teacher evaluation form was radically redeveloped into a complex rubric with four areas of focus and multiple subpoints within each area.[30]The new evaluation standard caused an uproar in the district, mainly due to how classroom evaluations have been implemented since the plan's roll out.[31] Across the state of Florida, 40 percent of a teacher's final evaluation score now is determined by calculating students' learning growth from one year to the next, and a similar policy has been implemented across other states.[citation needed]In response to the increased demands placed on teachers by the new evaluation system, teachers who opted into the new system would receive a pay increase. The initial increase for most was at least a few thousand dollars, with those earning evaluation scores of 4 or 5 receiving an additional $2,000 or $3,000 each year, respectively. The new pay scale was released at the end of 2013, and all teachers hired before 2011 had a few months to evaluate the new pay scale for deciding if they would opt in.[32] Teachers who did not opt in were not exempt from the new evaluation system; however, their pay would not be affected by their final evaluation score.","title":"Gates Foundation grant"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hillsborough County Public Schools\". U.S. Department of Education.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.gov/labor-management-collaboration/conference/hillsborough-county-public-schools","url_text":"\"Hillsborough County Public Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"HCPS - 19-20 Tentative Budget Website\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sdhc.k12.fl.us/docs/00/00/01/38/1920TentativeBudget2.pdf","url_text":"\"HCPS - 19-20 Tentative Budget Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". HCTA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hillsboroughcta.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Hillsborough County, FL\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st12_fl/schooldistrict_maps/c12057_hillsborough/DC20SD_C12057.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Hillsborough County, FL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Characteristics of the 100 Largest Public Elementary and Secondary School Districts in the United States: 2003–04\". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/100_largest/tables/table_a1.asp","url_text":"\"Characteristics of the 100 Largest Public Elementary and Secondary School Districts in the United States: 2003–04\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hillsborough names Van Ayres permanent school superintendent\". WUSF. November 3, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wusf.org/education/2023-11-03/hillsborough-van-ayers-permanent-school-superintendent","url_text":"\"Hillsborough names Van Ayres permanent school superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"Shircliffe, Barbara J. (2012). \"Rethinking Turner v. Keefe: The Parallel Mobilization of African-American and White Teachers in Tampa, Florida, 1936–1946\". History of Education Quarterly. 52: 99–136. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00374.x. S2CID 142501177.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/abs/rethinking-turner-v-keefe-the-parallel-mobilization-of-africanamerican-and-white-teachers-in-tampa-florida-19361946/379967889B15A40D90FE96E7DC51F5B3","url_text":"\"Rethinking Turner v. Keefe: The Parallel Mobilization of African-American and White Teachers in Tampa, Florida, 1936–1946\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-5959.2011.00374.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00374.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142501177","url_text":"142501177"}]},{"reference":"Lengthang, Marlene (August 19, 2021). \"Over 10,000 students in Florida school district isolated or quarantined a week into school year\". ABC News. Retrieved August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/8000-students-florida-school-district-isolated-quarantined-week/story?id=79517679","url_text":"\"Over 10,000 students in Florida school district isolated or quarantined a week into school year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Van Ayres takes over full-time as Hillsborough County superintendent\". baynews9.com. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2023/11/03/hillsborough-schools-selects-superintendent","url_text":"\"Van Ayres takes over full-time as Hillsborough County superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superintendent's Office / Superintendent\". www.hillsboroughschools.org. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/domain/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsboroughschools.org%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FDomainID%3D286","url_text":"\"Superintendent's Office / Superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Hillsborough's new school superintendent, Addison Davis\". Tampa Bay Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/news/education/2020/02/05/hillsboroughs-new-school-superintendent-teach-like-your-hairs-on-fire/","url_text":"\"Meet Hillsborough's new school superintendent, Addison Davis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library Media Services / Poetry Jam\". Hillsborough County Public Schools. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/Page/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsboroughschools.org%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D3783","url_text":"\"Library Media Services / Poetry Jam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library Media Services / SLAM Showcase\". Hillsborough County Public Schools. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/Page/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsboroughschools.org%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D6604","url_text":"\"Library Media Services / SLAM Showcase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community Atlas\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hillsborough.communityatlas.usf.edu/upload/documents/HILLSBOROUGH_COUNTY_Historic_Resources_Excerpts_Turkey%20Creek.pdf","url_text":"\"Community Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Glover School Campus\". Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bealsville.com/Glover.html","url_text":"\"The History of Glover School Campus\""}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Dave (March 31, 2013). \"Cork 'Strawberry school' alumni to reunite\". Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbo.com/plant-city/cork-strawberry-school-alumni-to-reunite-b82471371z1","url_text":"\"Cork 'Strawberry school' alumni to reunite\""}]},{"reference":"Cribb, Robert (April 6, 2008). \"The Strawberry Schools\". Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbo.com/special_section/history/2008/apr/06/tr-the-strawberry-schools-ar-131835/","url_text":"\"The Strawberry Schools\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, John (March 20, 2001). \"Chronology\". Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sptimes.com/News/032001/Hillsborough/Chronology.shtml","url_text":"\"Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"Days III, Drew S (January 1, 1992). \"The Other Desegregation Story: Eradicating the Dual School System in Hillsborough County, Florida\". Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2475&context=fss_papers","url_text":"\"The Other Desegregation Story: Eradicating the Dual School System in Hillsborough County, Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Mary (January 16, 1989). \"Two who ended segregation join King tribute\". St. Petersburg Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kimmel, Elinor. \"Hillsborough County School Desegregation Busing and Black High Schools in Tampa, Florida April 1971- September 1971\". University of South Florida. Retrieved May 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1240&context=sunlandtribune","url_text":"\"Hillsborough County School Desegregation Busing and Black High Schools in Tampa, Florida April 1971- September 1971\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tampa Schools Fail to End Desegregation Order\". The New York Times. AP. October 29, 1998. Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/29/us/tampa-schools-fail-to-end-desegregation-order.html","url_text":"\"Tampa Schools Fail to End Desegregation Order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hillsborough County Public Schools / Homepage\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sdhc.k12.fl.us/departments/9/security/about/","url_text":"\"Hillsborough County Public Schools / Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hillsborough school board accepts $100M Gates grant | Breaking Tampa Bay, Florida and national news and weather from Tampa Bay Online and The Tampa Tribune | TBO.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tbo.com/news/hillsborough-school-board-accepts-m-gates-grant-74942","url_text":"\"Hillsborough school board accepts $100M Gates grant | Breaking Tampa Bay, Florida and national news and weather from Tampa Bay Online and The Tampa Tribune | TBO.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hillsborough schools to dismantle Gates-funded system that cost millions to develop\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/eakins-panel-will-help-hillsborough-schools-move-on-from-the-gates-grant/2251811/","url_text":"\"Hillsborough schools to dismantle Gates-funded system that cost millions to develop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times","url_text":"Tampa Bay Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Empowering Effective Teachers initiative is transforming the way that Hillsborough County Public Schools hires, supports, evaluates and compensates teachers. This bold initiative has put our school district in the national spotlight as a leader in school reform and as a model of collaboration\". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316155259/http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/eethome/","url_text":"\"The Empowering Effective Teachers initiative is transforming the way that Hillsborough County Public Schools hires, supports, evaluates and compensates teachers. This bold initiative has put our school district in the national spotlight as a leader in school reform and as a model of collaboration\""},{"url":"http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/eethome/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Classroom Teacher Evaluation Instrument\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143825/http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/EETHome/Rubrics/TeacherRubricfinal_8_2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Classroom Teacher Evaluation Instrument\""},{"url":"http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/EETHome/Rubrics/TeacherRubricfinal_8_2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013-2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q & A\". Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/silent-at-first-teachers-unhappy-with-the-gates-initiative-are-beginning/1206811","url_text":"\"2013-2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q & A\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013–2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q&A\" (PDF). Hillsborough CTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095350/http://www.hillsboroughcta.org/documents/pdf/Ratification2013_Q%26A_092613_A.pdf","url_text":"\"2013–2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q&A\""},{"url":"http://www.hillsboroughcta.org/documents/pdf/Ratification2013_Q&A_092613_A.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.ed.gov/labor-management-collaboration/conference/hillsborough-county-public-schools","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough County Public Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.sdhc.k12.fl.us/docs/00/00/01/38/1920TentativeBudget2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HCPS - 19-20 Tentative Budget Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.hillsboroughcta.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st12_fl/schooldistrict_maps/c12057_hillsborough/DC20SD_C12057.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Hillsborough County, FL\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st12_fl/schooldistrict_maps/c12057_hillsborough/DC20SD_C12057_SD2MS.txt","external_links_name":"Text list"},{"Link":"http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/100_largest/tables/table_a1.asp","external_links_name":"\"Characteristics of the 100 Largest Public Elementary and Secondary School Districts in the United States: 2003–04\""},{"Link":"https://www.wusf.org/education/2023-11-03/hillsborough-van-ayers-permanent-school-superintendent","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough names Van Ayres permanent school superintendent\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/abs/rethinking-turner-v-keefe-the-parallel-mobilization-of-africanamerican-and-white-teachers-in-tampa-florida-19361946/379967889B15A40D90FE96E7DC51F5B3","external_links_name":"\"Rethinking Turner v. Keefe: The Parallel Mobilization of African-American and White Teachers in Tampa, Florida, 1936–1946\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-5959.2011.00374.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00374.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142501177","external_links_name":"142501177"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/8000-students-florida-school-district-isolated-quarantined-week/story?id=79517679","external_links_name":"\"Over 10,000 students in Florida school district isolated or quarantined a week into school year\""},{"Link":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/cms/lib/FL50000635/Centricity/Domain/4/DemographicReport.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/cms/lib/FL50000635/Centricity/Domain/4/DemographicReport.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.sdhc.k12.fl.us/board/","external_links_name":"Hillsborough County School Board"},{"Link":"https://baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2023/11/03/hillsborough-schools-selects-superintendent","external_links_name":"\"Van Ayres takes over full-time as Hillsborough County superintendent\""},{"Link":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/domain/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsboroughschools.org%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FDomainID%3D286","external_links_name":"\"Superintendent's Office / Superintendent\""},{"Link":"https://www.tampabay.com/news/education/2020/02/05/hillsboroughs-new-school-superintendent-teach-like-your-hairs-on-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Hillsborough's new school superintendent, Addison Davis\""},{"Link":"https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2022/1467/Amendment/745288/PDF","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/Page/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsboroughschools.org%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D3783","external_links_name":"\"Library Media Services / Poetry Jam\""},{"Link":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/Page/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillsboroughschools.org%2Fsite%2Fdefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D6604","external_links_name":"\"Library Media Services / SLAM Showcase\""},{"Link":"http://www.hillsborough.communityatlas.usf.edu/upload/documents/HILLSBOROUGH_COUNTY_Historic_Resources_Excerpts_Turkey%20Creek.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Community Atlas\""},{"Link":"http://www.bealsville.com/Glover.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of Glover School Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.tbo.com/plant-city/cork-strawberry-school-alumni-to-reunite-b82471371z1","external_links_name":"\"Cork 'Strawberry school' alumni to reunite\""},{"Link":"http://www.tbo.com/special_section/history/2008/apr/06/tr-the-strawberry-schools-ar-131835/","external_links_name":"\"The Strawberry Schools\""},{"Link":"http://www.sptimes.com/News/032001/Hillsborough/Chronology.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Chronology\""},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2475&context=fss_papers","external_links_name":"\"The Other Desegregation Story: Eradicating the Dual School System in Hillsborough County, Florida\""},{"Link":"https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1240&context=sunlandtribune","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough County School Desegregation Busing and Black High Schools in Tampa, Florida April 1971- September 1971\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/29/us/tampa-schools-fail-to-end-desegregation-order.html","external_links_name":"\"Tampa Schools Fail to End Desegregation Order\""},{"Link":"http://www.sdhc.k12.fl.us/departments/9/security/about/","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough County Public Schools / Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://tbo.com/news/hillsborough-school-board-accepts-m-gates-grant-74942","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough school board accepts $100M Gates grant | Breaking Tampa Bay, Florida and national news and weather from Tampa Bay Online and The Tampa Tribune | TBO.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/eakins-panel-will-help-hillsborough-schools-move-on-from-the-gates-grant/2251811/","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough schools to dismantle Gates-funded system that cost millions to develop\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316155259/http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/eethome/","external_links_name":"\"The Empowering Effective Teachers initiative is transforming the way that Hillsborough County Public Schools hires, supports, evaluates and compensates teachers. This bold initiative has put our school district in the national spotlight as a leader in school reform and as a model of collaboration\""},{"Link":"http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/eethome/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143825/http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/EETHome/Rubrics/TeacherRubricfinal_8_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Classroom Teacher Evaluation Instrument\""},{"Link":"http://communication.sdhc.k12.fl.us/EETHome/Rubrics/TeacherRubricfinal_8_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/silent-at-first-teachers-unhappy-with-the-gates-initiative-are-beginning/1206811","external_links_name":"\"2013-2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q & A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095350/http://www.hillsboroughcta.org/documents/pdf/Ratification2013_Q%26A_092613_A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013–2014 Bargaining & Ratification Q&A\""},{"Link":"http://www.hillsboroughcta.org/documents/pdf/Ratification2013_Q&A_092613_A.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hillsboroughschools.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.sdhc.k12.fl.us/doc/566","external_links_name":"List of all Hillsborough County schools by area"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446549330","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124475544","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92002665","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Selly_Oak_(UK_Parliament_constituency) | Birmingham Selly Oak (UK Parliament constituency) | ["1 History","2 Boundaries","3 Members of Parliament","4 Elections","4.1 Elections in the 2020s","4.2 Elections in the 2010s","4.3 Elections in the 2000s","4.4 Elections in the 1990s","4.5 Elections in the 1980s","4.6 Elections in the 1970s","4.7 Elections in the 1960s","4.8 Elections in the 1950s","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°26′N 1°56′W / 52.43°N 1.94°W / 52.43; -1.94UK Parliament constituency in England since 1955
Birmingham Selly OakBorough constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Birmingham Selly Oak in West Midlands regionCountyWest MidlandsPopulation104,067 (2011 census)Electorate75,668 (December 2010)Current constituencyCreated1955Member of ParliamentSteve McCabe (Labour)SeatsOneCreated fromBirmingham King's Norton, Birmingham Northfield and Birmingham Sparkbrook
Birmingham Selly Oak is a constituency in the West Midlands, represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Steve McCabe of the Labour Party.
History
Since its creation in 1955 the seat has switched hands three times between Labour and the Conservatives. The seat has progressively swung towards Labour from being a safe Conservative seat; this has been attributed to housing redevelopments that took place in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, it has acquired a reputation for electing outspoken MPs, first with the victory of Anthony Beaumont-Dark of the Conservatives in 1979, and then with his defeat by Lynne Jones of the Labour Party in 1992.
Boundaries
The seat includes many students and staff from the nearby University of Birmingham. Half of the university's Selly Oak campus is located within the constituency. The Cadbury factory and Cadbury World are also within its boundaries.
1955–1974: The County Borough of Birmingham wards of Balsall Heath, Moseley and King's Heath, and Selly Oak.
1974–1983: The County Borough of Birmingham wards of King's Norton, Moseley, and Selly Oak.
1983–2010: The City of Birmingham wards of Bournville, King's Norton, Moseley, and Selly Oak.
2010–2024: The City of Birmingham wards of Billesley, Bournville, Brandwood, and Selly Oak.
2024–present: The City of Birmingham wards of Billesley; Bournbrook & Selly Park; Bournville & Cotteridge; Brandwood & King’s Heath (part); Druids Heath & Monyhull; Highter’s Heath; Stirchley; Weoley & Selly Oak (part).
Minor differences reflecting the revised ward structure in the City of Birmingham which became effective in May 2018.
Members of Parliament
Election
Member
Party
1955
Harold Gurden
Conservative
October 1974
Tom Litterick
Labour
1979
Anthony Beaumont-Dark
Conservative
1992
Lynne Jones
Labour
2010
Steve McCabe
Labour
Elections
Elections in the 2020s
General election 2024: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Green
Jane Baston
Labour
Alistair Carns
Reform UK
Erin Crawford
Independent
Kamel Hawwash
Conservative
Simon Phipps
Liberal Democrats
David Radcliffe
Majority
Turnout
Elections in the 2010s
General election 2019: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steve McCabe
27,714
56.0
6.9
Conservative
Hannah Campbell
15,300
30.9
1.0
Liberal Democrats
David Radcliffe
3,169
6.4
3.0
Green
Joe Peacock
1,848
3.7
1.9
Brexit Party
Joseph Tawonezvi
1,436
2.9
New
Majority
12,414
25.1
5.9
Turnout
49,467
59.8
6.1
Registered electors
82,665
Labour hold
Swing
General election 2017: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steve McCabe
30,836
62.9
15.2
Conservative
Sophie Shrubsole
15,629
31.9
2.9
Liberal Democrats
David Radcliffe
1,644
3.4
2.2
Green
Julien Pritchard
876
1.8
3.3
Majority
15,207
31.0
12.3
Turnout
48,985
65.9
5.6
Labour hold
Swing
6.2
General election 2015: Birmingham, Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steve McCabe
21,584
47.7
9.2
Conservative
Alex Boulter
13,137
29.0
2.1
UKIP
Steven Brookes
5,755
12.7
10.3
Liberal Democrats
Colin Green
2,517
5.6
16.7
Green
Clare Thomas
2,301
5.1
3.7
Majority
8,447
18.7
11.3
Turnout
45,294
60.3
1.9
Labour hold
Swing
5.6
General election 2010: Birmingham, Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Steve McCabe
17,950
38.5
7.6
Conservative
Nigel Dawkins
14,468
31.1
6.2
Liberal Democrats
David Radcliffe
10,371
22.3
0.7
BNP
Lynette Orton
1,820
3.9
New
UKIP
Jeffrey Burgess
1,131
2.4
0.1
Green
James Burn
664
1.4
2.4
Christian
Samuel Leeds
159
0.3
New
Majority
3,482
7.4
13.8
Turnout
46,563
62.2
2.7
Labour hold
Swing
4.8
Elections in the 2000s
General election 2005: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lynne Jones
19,226
46.1
6.3
Conservative
Joe Tildesley
10,375
24.9
1.7
Liberal Democrats
Richard Brighton
9,591
23.0
6.7
Green
Barney Smith
1,581
3.8
0.5
UKIP
Ronan Burnett
967
2.3
0.9
Majority
8,851
21.2
4.6
Turnout
41,740
59.5
3.2
Labour hold
Swing
2.3
General election 2001: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lynne Jones
21,015
52.4
3.2
Conservative
Kenneth Hardeman
10,676
26.6
1.2
Liberal Democrats
David Osborne
6,532
16.3
4.2
Green
Barney Smith
1,309
3.3
New
UKIP
Sheila Williams
568
1.4
New
Majority
10,339
25.8
2.0
Turnout
40,100
56.3
13.8
Labour hold
Swing
1.0
Elections in the 1990s
General election 1997: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lynne Jones
28,121
55.6
9.6
Conservative
Graham Greene
14,033
27.8
14.5
Liberal Democrats
David Osborne
6,121
12.1
1.8
Referendum
Laurence Marshall
1,520
3.0
New
ProLife Alliance
Greg Gardner
417
0.8
New
Monster Raving Loony
Peter Sheriff-Knowles
253
0.5
New
Natural Law
Huw Meads
85
0.2
0.1
Majority
14,088
27.8
24.1
Turnout
50,550
70.1
6.5
Labour hold
Swing
12.1
General election 1992: Birmingham, Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lynne Jones
25,430
46.0
6.7
Conservative
Anthony Beaumont-Dark
23,370
42.3
1.9
Liberal Democrats
David Osborne
5,679
10.3
New
Green
Paul Slatter
535
1.0
0.2
Natural Law
Christopher Barwood
178
0.3
New
Revolutionary Communist
Kenan Malik
84
0.2
New
Majority
2,060
3.7
N/A
Turnout
55,276
76.6
3.5
Labour gain from Conservative
Swing
4.3
Elections in the 1980s
General election 1987: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Anthony Beaumont-Dark
23,305
44.2
0.7
Labour
Albert Bore
20,721
39.3
4.9
Liberal
Charlotte Cane
8,128
15.4
5.3
Green
Winifred Hackett
611
1.1
New
Majority
2,584
4.9
5.6
Turnout
52,765
73.1
1.6
Conservative hold
Swing
2.8
General election 1983: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Anthony Beaumont-Dark
23,008
44.9
3.8
Labour
John Turner
17,612
34.4
4.3
SDP
Kevin Wheldall
10,613
20.7
New
Majority
5,396
10.5
0.5
Turnout
51,233
71.5
Conservative hold
Swing
Elections in the 1970s
General election 1979: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Anthony Beaumont-Dark
23,175
48.7
8.4
Labour
Tom Litterick
18,400
38.6
2.5
Liberal
Paul Clifford
5,452
11.4
7.2
National Front
George Bassett
401
0.8
New
Child and Family Protection Group
Philip Crome
190
0.4
New
Majority
4,775
10.1
N/A
Turnout
47,618
73.7
3.5
Conservative gain from Labour
Swing
4.3
General election October 1974: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Tom Litterick
17,320
41.1
4.7
Conservative
Harold Gurden
16,994
40.3
2.3
Liberal
Roger Austin Grant
7,850
18.6
2.4
Majority
326
0.8
N/A
Turnout
42,164
67.2
7.0
Labour gain from Conservative
Swing
3.0
General election February 1974: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Harold Gurden
19,705
42.6
9.6
Labour
Tom Litterick
16,823
36.4
11.4
Liberal
Roger Austin Grant
9,718
21.0
New
Majority
2,882
6.2
1.8
Turnout
46,246
74.2
10.2
Conservative hold
Swing
1.0
General election 1970: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Harold Gurden
18,281
52.2
7.0
Labour
Michael John Hartley-Brewer
16,758
47.8
4.8
Majority
1,523
4.4
2.3
Turnout
35,039
64.0
2.4
Conservative hold
Swing
1.1
Elections in the 1960s
General election 1966: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Harold Gurden
16,533
45.1
11.8
Labour
John Garwell
15,756
43.0
0.1
Liberal
Roy Lewthwaite
4,333
11.8
New
Majority
777
2.1
11.7
Turnout
36,622
66.4
0.1
Conservative hold
Swing
6.0
General election 1964: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Harold Gurden
21,443
56.9
3.2
Labour
John Garwell
16,232
43.1
3.2
Majority
5,211
13.8
6.4
Turnout
37,675
66.3
5.3
Conservative hold
Swing
3.1
Elections in the 1950s
General election 1959: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Harold Gurden
24,950
60.1
2.6
Labour
J Oliver Rhydderch
16,594
39.9
2.6
Majority
8,356
20.2
5.2
Turnout
41,544
71.6
2.7
Conservative hold
Swing
2.6
General election 1955: Birmingham Selly Oak
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Harold Gurden
25,774
57.5
Labour
Harry Watton
19,054
42.5
Majority
6,720
15.0
Turnout
44,828
74.3
Conservative win (new seat)
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in the West Midlands (county)
Notes
^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
References
^ "Birmingham, Selly Oak: Usual Resident Population, 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ "Electorate Figures - Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Birmingham and North Warwickshire) Order 1955. SI 1955/177". Statutory Instruments 1955. Part II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1956. pp. 2099–2102.
^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 8 West Midlands region.
^ LGBCE. "Birmingham | LGBCE". www.lgbce.org.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "S" (part 2)
^ Birmingham Selly Oak
^ "Birmingham Selly Oak Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
^ "Statement of Persons Nominated and notice of poll". Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ "Birmingham Selly Oak". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Alex Boulter". Conservatives. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ "Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll 2010" (PDF).
^ "Birmingham City Council: General Election 2010". Archived from the original on 8 May 2010.
^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "UK General Election results April 1992". Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
External links
Birmingham city council constituency page
vteBirmingham constituenciesCurrent
Birmingham Edgbaston
Birmingham Erdington
Birmingham Hall Green and Moseley
Birmingham Hodge Hill and Solihull North
Birmingham Ladywood
Birmingham Northfield
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Sutton Coldfield
Historic
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Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024.
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
52°26′N 1°56′W / 52.43°N 1.94°W / 52.43; -1.94 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Steve McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McCabe"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"UK Parliament constituency in England since 1955Birmingham Selly Oak is a constituency[n 1] in the West Midlands, represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Steve McCabe of the Labour Party.[n 2]","title":"Birmingham Selly Oak (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anthony Beaumont-Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Beaumont-Dark"},{"link_name":"Lynne Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Jones"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since its creation in 1955 the seat has switched hands three times between Labour and the Conservatives. The seat has progressively swung towards Labour from being a safe Conservative seat; this has been attributed to housing redevelopments that took place in the 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] More recently, it has acquired a reputation for electing outspoken MPs, first with the victory of Anthony Beaumont-Dark of the Conservatives in 1979, and then with his defeat by Lynne Jones of the Labour Party in 1992.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_student"},{"link_name":"staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_lecturer"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Cadbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury_UK"},{"link_name":"Cadbury World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury_World"},{"link_name":"Balsall Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsall_Heath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"King's Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Norton"},{"link_name":"Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley"},{"link_name":"Billesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billesley,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Bournville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournville"},{"link_name":"Brandwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandwood_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Selly Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selly_Oak_(ward)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The seat includes many students and staff from the nearby University of Birmingham. Half of the university's Selly Oak campus is located within the constituency. The Cadbury factory and Cadbury World are also within its boundaries.1955–1974: The County Borough of Birmingham wards of Balsall Heath, Moseley and King's Heath, and Selly Oak.[3]1974–1983: The County Borough of Birmingham wards of King's Norton, Moseley, and Selly Oak.1983–2010: The City of Birmingham wards of Bournville, King's Norton, Moseley, and Selly Oak.2010–2024: The City of Birmingham wards of Billesley, Bournville, Brandwood, and Selly Oak.2024–present: The City of Birmingham wards of Billesley; Bournbrook & Selly Park; Bournville & Cotteridge; Brandwood & King’s Heath (part); Druids Heath & Monyhull; Highter’s Heath; Stirchley; Weoley & Selly Oak (part).[4]Minor differences reflecting the revised ward structure in the City of Birmingham which became effective in May 2018.[5]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birmingham_Selly_Oak_Results_1955-2019.png"}],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1960s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"borough constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"}],"text":"^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)\n\n^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Birmingham_Selly_Oak_Results_1955-2019.png/300px-Birmingham_Selly_Oak_Results_1955-2019.png"}] | [{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in the West Midlands (county)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_the_West_Midlands_(county)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Birmingham, Selly Oak: Usual Resident Population, 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083350/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6507740&c=&d=27&e=62&g=6430187&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1422104706393&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2473","url_text":"\"Birmingham, Selly Oak: Usual Resident Population, 2011\""},{"url":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6507740&c=&d=27&e=62&g=6430187&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1422104706393&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2473","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Electorate Figures - Boundary Commission for England\". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101106204053/http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/electoral-figures/electoral-figures.htm","url_text":"\"Electorate Figures - Boundary Commission for England\""},{"url":"http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/electoral-figures/electoral-figures.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (Birmingham and North Warwickshire) Order 1955. SI 1955/177\". Statutory Instruments 1955. Part II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1956. pp. 2099–2102.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8TDyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Statutory Instruments 1955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office","url_text":"Her Majesty's Stationery Office"}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\". Schedule 1 Part 8 West Midlands region.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1230/schedules/made","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\""}]},{"reference":"LGBCE. \"Birmingham | LGBCE\". www.lgbce.org.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lgbce.org.uk/all-reviews/birmingham","url_text":"\"Birmingham | LGBCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham Selly Oak Parliamentary constituency\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 1 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000567","url_text":"\"Birmingham Selly Oak Parliamentary constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Persons Nominated and notice of poll\". Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202715/https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/downloads/file/6824/statement_of_persons_nominated_and_notice_of_poll","url_text":"\"Statement of Persons Nominated and notice of poll\""},{"url":"https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/downloads/file/6824/statement_of_persons_nominated_and_notice_of_poll","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham Selly Oak\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000567","url_text":"\"Birmingham Selly Oak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2015\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Boulter\". Conservatives. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20141126001736/https://www.conservatives.com/OurTeam/Prospective_Parliamentary_Candidates/Boulter_Alex.aspx","url_text":"\"Alex Boulter\""},{"url":"https://www.conservatives.com/OurTeam/Prospective_Parliamentary_Candidates/Boulter_Alex.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2010\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162034/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll 2010\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?%26ssbinary=true&blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1223417397253&blobheadervalue1=attachment%3B+filename%3D58210PGE+-+Statement+of+Persons+Nominated+and+Notice+of+Poll+2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City Council: General Election 2010\". Archived from the original on 8 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100508033256/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/general-election-2010","url_text":"\"Birmingham City Council: General Election 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/general-election-2010","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1997\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054424/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1992\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yunkun | Wang Yunkun | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Chinese politician
In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.
Wang Yunkun王云坤Chairman of Jilin Provincial People's CongressIn officeFebruary 1999 – January 2008Preceded byWang MinSucceeded byZhang DejiangCommunist Party Secretary of JilinIn officeAugust 1998 – December 2006Preceded byZhang DejiangSucceeded byWang MinGovernor of JilinIn officeJune 1995 – August 1998Preceded byGao YanSucceeded byHong Hu
Personal detailsBornDecember 1942 (age 81)Liyang County, Jiangsu, ChinaPolitical partyChinese Communist PartyAlma materTianjin UniversityChinese nameSimplified Chinese王云坤Traditional Chinese王雲坤TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWáng Yúnkūn
Wang Yunkun (Chinese: 王云坤; born December 1942) is a Chinese politician who served as governor of Jilin from 1995 to 1998, Communist Party Secretary of Jilin from 1998 to 2006, and chairman of Jilin Provincial People's Congress from 1999 to 2008.
He was a member of the 15th and 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress. He was a representative of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Biography
Wang was born in Liyang County, Jiangsu, in December 1942, during the Republic of China. In 1961, he was accepted to Tianjin University, majoring in radio technology. After graduation in 1968, he was assigned to the Chemical Machinery Plant of Jilin Chemical Industry Company, and worked there for eleven years.
In July 1982, he became vice mayor of Jilin City, rising to mayor in March 1983. He was appointed head of Jilin Provincial Mechanical and Electronic Industry Department in January 1986, concurrently serving as director of Jilin National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Office. He was director of Jilin Provincial Economic System Reform Commission in January 1988 and than secretary-general of Jilin Provincial People's Government in May of that same year. In March 1989, he became vice governor of Jilin. He took up the post of party secretary of Changchun which he held only from November 1992 to June 1995, although he remained a vice governor of Jilin until December 1992. In June 1995, he was promoted to acting governor, confirmed in February 1996. He was elevated to party secretary of Jilin in August 1998, the top political position in the province. He concurrently served as chairman of Jilin Provincial People's Congress between February 1999 and January 2008. In March 2008, he was made vice chairperson of the National People's Congress Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee.
References
^ Yi Yi (伊一) (3 June 2017). 吉林省选举产生37名出席党的十九大代表(名单). ce.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ 简历：中共吉林省委书记王云坤. Sohu (in Chinese). 16 February 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ 王云坤当选吉林人大主任 洪虎当选省长(图及简历). Sohu (in Chinese). 17 January 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
Government offices
Preceded byLi Shoushan
Mayor of Jilin City 1982–1986
Succeeded byWu Guangcai
Preceded byGao Yan
Governor of Jilin 1995–1998
Succeeded byHong Hu
Party political offices
Preceded byFeng Ximing
Communist Party Secretary of Changchun 1995–1998
Succeeded byMi Fengjun
Preceded byZhang Dejiang
Communist Party Secretary of Jilin 1998–2006
Succeeded byWang Min
Assembly seats
Preceded byZhang Dejiang
Chairman of Jilin Provincial People's Congress 1999–2008
Succeeded byWang Min
vtePolitical leaders of Jilin since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries
Liu Xiwu
Li Mengling
Wu De
Zhao Lin
Wang Huaixiang
Wang Enmao
Qiang Xiaochu
Gao Di
He Zhukang
Zhang Dejiang
Wang Yunkun
Wang Min
Sun Zhengcai
Wang Rulin
Bayanqolu
Jing Junhai
CongressChairpersons
Li Youwen
Yu Ke
Zhao Xiu
Huo Mingguang
He Zhukang
Zhang Dejiang
Sang Fengwen
Wang Yunkun
Wang Min
Sun Zhengcai
Wang Rulin
Bayanqolu
Jing Junhai
Governors
Zhou Chiheng
Li Youwen
Wang Huaixiang
Wang Enmao
Yu Ke
Zhang Gensheng
Zhao Xiu
Gao Dezhan
He Zhukang
Wang Zhongyu
Gao Yan
Wang Yunkun
Hong Hu
Wang Min
Han Changfu
Wang Rulin
Bayanqolu
Jiang Chaoliang
Liu Guozhong
Jing Junhai
Han Jun
Hu Yuting
ConferenceChairpersons
Li Diping
Wang Enmao
Li Diping
Liu Jingzhi
Liu Yunzhao
Zhang Yueqi
Wang Guofa
Bayanqolu
Huang Yanming
Jiang Zelin
Zhu Guoxian
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
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In 1961, he was accepted to Tianjin University, majoring in radio technology. After graduation in 1968, he was assigned to the Chemical Machinery Plant of Jilin Chemical Industry Company, and worked there for eleven years.In July 1982, he became vice mayor of Jilin City, rising to mayor in March 1983. He was appointed head of Jilin Provincial Mechanical and Electronic Industry Department in January 1986, concurrently serving as director of Jilin National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Office. He was director of Jilin Provincial Economic System Reform Commission in January 1988 and than secretary-general of Jilin Provincial People's Government in May of that same year. In March 1989, he became vice governor of Jilin. He took up the post of party secretary of Changchun which he held only from November 1992 to June 1995, although he remained a vice governor of Jilin until December 1992. In June 1995, he was promoted to acting governor, confirmed in February 1996. He was elevated to party secretary of Jilin in August 1998, the top political position in the province.[2] He concurrently served as chairman of Jilin Provincial People's Congress between February 1999 and January 2008.[3] In March 2008, he was made vice chairperson of the National People's Congress Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee.","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Yi Yi (伊一) (3 June 2017). 吉林省选举产生37名出席党的十九大代表(名单). ce.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://district.ce.cn/newarea/sddy/201706/03/t20170603_23404022.shtml","url_text":"吉林省选举产生37名出席党的十九大代表(名单)"}]},{"reference":"简历：中共吉林省委书记王云坤. Sohu (in Chinese). 16 February 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sohu.com/20060216/n241867702.shtml","url_text":"简历：中共吉林省委书记王云坤"}]},{"reference":"王云坤当选吉林人大主任 洪虎当选省长(图及简历). Sohu (in Chinese). 17 January 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_E._Fernow | Bernhard Fernow | ["1 Early life and education","2 American forester","3 USDA Division of Forestry","4 Academic career","4.1 Cornell University","4.2 Subsequent positions","5 Harriman Expedition","6 Legacy","7 Works","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Further reading","10 External links"] | American forester (1851–1923)
Bernhard E. FernowBorn(1851-01-07)January 7, 1851Inowrocław, Province of Posen, Kingdom of PrussiaDiedFebruary 6, 1923(1923-02-06) (aged 72)Toronto, CanadaCitizenshipPrussian, AmericanAlma materUniversity of KönigsbergPrussian Forest Academy at MündenScientific careerFieldsForestryInstitutionsU.S. Division of Forestry (USDA)Cornell UniversityUniversity of Toronto
Bernhard Eduard Fernow (/ˈfɜːrnaʊ/ FUR-now; January 7, 1851 – February 6, 1923) was the third chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry of the United States from 1886 to 1898, preceding Gifford Pinchot in that position, and laying much of the groundwork for the establishment of the United States Forest Service in 1905. Fernow's philosophy toward forest management may be traced to Heinrich Cotta's preface to Anweisung zum Waldbau (Instruction in Silviculture) or Linnaeus' ideas on the "economy of nature." Fernow has been called the "father of professional forestry in the United States."
Early life and education
Fernow was born in Hohensalza (Inowrocław) in the Prussian Province of Posen. He spent time with his uncle, who managed the estate of his extended family. After finishing his secondary studies, Fernow spent a year in the Prussian forest service. He then studied at the University of Königsberg and the Royal Prussian Academy of Forestry at Münden, his studies being interrupted for military service in the Franco-Prussian War. Before graduating from college, he met Olivia Reynolds, an American woman accompanying her brother during his studies in Germany. They got engaged, and he followed her to the United States. Married in 1879, the couple had five children. Olivia actively helped him in the many aspects of his work.
American forester
He emigrated to the United States in 1876, leaving an upset family in Germany who had been expecting him to manage the family estate. He found little market in the United States for his skills as a professional forester, and worked various odd jobs until 1878 when he got a job in Pennsylvania managing the 15,000 acres of woods which were used to obtain charcoal for the foundry of Cooper-Hewitt and Co. Fernow's observation and works like Report on the Forests of North America (Charles S. Sargent, 1884) showed him the need for proper forest management in the U.S., and he lectured on the subject. Through his job and trade connections, he got to know Abram S. Hewitt, who was influential in President Grover Cleveland's decision to give Fernow a senior position in the Deaprtment of Agriculture.
USDA Division of Forestry
Fernow became chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry in 1886. His main policy goals were the establishment of a national forest system and introduction of scientific forest management. He produced many scientific reports while working toward the creation of national forests to protect watersheds. Displays that Fernow prepared for the forestry exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair played a prominent role in generating public support for establishing a Prussian-style national forest service and system for educating professional foresters in the United States.
Academic career
Cornell University
In 1898 Fernow left the Division of Forestry to become the first dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell, the first four-year forestry school in the United States. The program's life was short, being closed in 1903 following a veto of state appropriations by New York governor Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr. in response to a conflict over the direction and management of the School's experimental forest in Franklin County, New York. In his veto message Governor Odell said: "The operations of the College of Forestry have been subjected to grave criticism, as they have practically denuded the forest lands of the State without compensating benefits. I deem it wise therefore to withhold approval of this item until a more scientific and more reasonable method is pursued in the forestry of the lands now under the control of Cornell University."
As the School's director, Fernow played a central role in this controversy. He had organized a plan to demonstrate how the northern hardwood forests of the area, which had previously been logged of their large spruce and white pine timber by former owners, the Santa Clara Lumber Company, could be replanted with higher-value conifers, especially white pine. The plan drew criticism from adjacent landowners who successfully lobbied the State to oppose it because it involved clearcutting a total of 30,000 acres (120 km2) of forestland at the rate several thousand acres per year to prepare for planting conifers. Smoke from the burning of brush and logging slash, along with Fernow's arrogant disposition toward landowners from nearby Upper Saranac Lake further alienated the public.
The years 1899, 1903, and 1908 were terrible years for forest fires in the Adirondacks. Many, tens of thousands of acres were consumed by forest fires. Most fires were started by sparks flying from coal-burning locomotive stacks and landing on logging slash. Louis Marshall, with a summer residence at Knollwood Club on Saranac Lake, branded locomotives as "instruments of arson." The worst sin of the lumbermen was the fire menace that they left behind, and which caused incalculable destruction. Nevertheless, Fernow had a 6-mile (9.7 km) long railroad spur built from Axton to Tupper Lake in order to deliver logs to the Brooklyn Cooperage Company facility. The management plan had the backing of Cornell's president Schurman, and was found to be technically sound, if imperfectly carried out, by Fernow's contemporaries who practiced forestry in Europe and America. Still, the controversy resulted in Fernow's most notable professional failure, and has been seen in retrospect as evidence of his weakness at operating in the public arena to gain public and political support for forest management.
Subsequent positions
After leaving Cornell, Fernow became the nation's first consulting forester, with an office in New York City.
In 1907, he became the first professor of forestry in a four-year baccalaureate degree program at the Pennsylvania State University, in State College. After teaching the 1907 spring semester at Penn State, Fernow left to become the first head of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto. He gave as a reason for leaving Penn State an argument with Joseph Rothrock, head of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, over the future of that school.
In 1907, Fernow became the founding Dean of the University of Toronto's Faculty of Forestry, Canada's first university school devoted to forest science. He served as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Forestry, which he had started at Cornell in 1902, until his death in 1923. He became a member of the Commission of Conservation of Canada on its organization in 1910.
Harriman Expedition
In 1899, Fernow was recruited as a member of New York's E. H. Harriman expedition to Alaska along with fellow Cornellian Louis Agassiz Fuertes. The expedition set sail from Seattle on May 31, 1899 aboard the refitted steamer, the George W. Elder. "His research on the expedition was hampered by the fact that the coastal itinerary never gave him a look at the inland forests. His overview thus limited, he concluded that Alaska would never be a great source of timber: the wood was inferior and the conditions of lumbering too difficult. Some say that history has proven him wrong, but his opinion did have an effect: for a time, it discouraged commercial interests from prospecting for timber in the Alaskan forests."
Legacy
Fernow's reputation and legacy may have suffered because of the success and efforts of Pinchot and others who did not share Fernow's Prussian-style vision for professional forestry in America; Nonetheless, Fernow was among the pioneers of forestry education in America. The curriculum he set up at Cornell served as the model for professional forestry programs in North America.
Fernow's most enduring contributions were his work on the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and the Organic Act of 1897 for the United States Congress.
The Journal of Forestry, now official publication of the Society of American Foresters, continues publication to this day.
Mount Fernow, the eighth highest mountain in Washington state, in Chelan County, was named for Bernhard Fernow by Albert H. Sylvester. According to the Washington Placenames database, there is second, smaller Mount Fernow, in King County; and a series of five lakes in Washington state, also named after Fernow.
Fernow Hall at Cornell University was built in 1912 and named after Fernow.
The Fernow Experimental Forest, a 4,700-acre (19 km2) outdoor laboratory and classroom run by the United States Forest Service, was established in 1934 near Parsons, West Virginia and named for Fernow.
A plaque honoring Fernow is placed at 44°15′11″N 74°20′35″W / 44.253°N 74.343°W / 44.253; -74.343 within Fernow Forest, a 68-acre (27.5 ha) remnant of the plantings from the failed experimental forest in what is now the Adirondack Park. A self-guided nature trail can be followed through the forest that includes specimens of Eastern White Pine and Norway Spruce planted as a part of the Cornell Demonstration Forest.
Works
The White Pine (1899)
Report upon Forestry Investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture 1877-98 (1899)
Economics of Forestry (1902)
History of Forestry (1907)
The Care of Trees (1911)
In addition, he issued many other official reports and bulletins as part of his work for the USDA.
See also
History of papermaking in New York
History of the New York State College of Forestry
New York State College of Forestry at Cornell
References
Notes
^ The Senate of the University of Toronto. 1923. Dr. B.E. Fernow -- An appreciation of his Services J Forest 21:311-315.
^ Williams, G.W. 2007. The Forest Service: Fighting for Public Lands. Greenwood Press. Westport, Connecticut. 459 p.
^ a b "The Origins of the National Forests (Wooden Politics: Bernhard Fernow and the Quest for a National Forest Policy, 1876-1898)". foresthistory.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
^ Forestry Quarterly. Vol. 1, No. 1, October 1902. pp 3-5.
^ a b c d Terry West (1999). "Fernow, Bernhard Eduard". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1000540. (subscription required)
^ a b c Maunder, E.R. 1960. Oral history interview with Ralph S. Hosmer. Forest History Society. Durham NC.
^ a b c Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Fernow, Bernhard Eduard" . Encyclopedia Americana.
^ Twight, B.W. 1990. Bernhard Fernow and Prussian forestry in America. J For 88(2):21-25
^ Charles Z. Lincoln, ed. (1910) Messages from the Governors, vol. X, Albany, p. 555, cited in Colman, Gould P. (1963) Education & Agriculture, A History of the NYS College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Cornell University Press, p.161.
^ Lassoie, J, R. Oglesby, and P. Smallidge. 1998. Roots of American forestry education: Trials and tribulations at Cornell University. Forest History today (1998):21-25.
^ R.T. Ogelsby and H.B. Brumsted. ca. 1998. Natural Resources News Archived October 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Gove, B. 2005. Logging railroads of the Adirondacks. Syracuse University Press. pp. 176-181.
^ Angus, Christopher. The extraordinary Adirondack journey of Clarence Petty: wilderness guide, pilot, and conservationist, p. 17, Syracuse University Press 2002 ISBN 0-8156-0741-5
^ Thomas, Howard. Black River in the North Country, p.89, Prospect Books,1963
^ "Cornell School of Forestry Suspended. Action Followed Failure of State to Provide Means for Its Support". The New York Times. June 18, 1903. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
^ Anonymous. 1905. An expert opinion on the Cornell college forest experiment. J For 3(1):32-38.
^ "Penn State Mont Alto: Our History". ma.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
^ Gerhold, H.D. A Century of Forest Resources Education at Penn State: Serving Our Forests, Waters, Wildlife, and Wood Industries. Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271047287. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
^ Hosmer, R.S. 1923. Dr. Fernow's life work. J Forest 21:320-323.
^ "PBS - Harriman: Bernhard Fernow". pbs.org. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
^ Lewis, J.G. 2000. Raphael Zon and forestry's first school of hard knocks. J For 98(11):13-17
^ Bristow, A. 1937. Cornell: An appreciation. J For 35(7):649-653
^ Miller, C. and J.G. Lewis. 1999. A contested past: Forestry education in the United States, 1898–1998. J For 97(9):38-43
^ "Mount Fernow, Washington". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ "Washington Place Names Database". Tacoma Public Library. Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Further reading
Miller, Char. “Wooden Politics: Bernhard Fernow and the Quest for a National Forest Policy, 1876–1898,” in Harold K. Steen, ed., The Origins of the National Forests (Durham: Forest History Society, 1992), 287–301 online
Robbins, William G. "Federal Forestry Cooperation: The Fernow-Pinchot Years." Journal of Forest History 28.4 (1984): 164–173.
Rodgers, Andrew D. Bernhard Eduard Fernow: A Story of North American Forestry. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951). online copy of the book; also see online review of this book
Twight, Ben W. "Bernhard Fernow and Prussian forestry in America." Journal of Forestry 88.2 (1990): 21–25.
External links
Works by or about Bernhard Fernow at Internet Archive
Works by Bernhard Fernow at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Bernhard E. Fernow (Forest History Society)
University of Toronto Faculty of Forestry
Journal of Forestry
"Fernow, Bernhard Eduard" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Bernhard Fernow". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.
Authority control databases International
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SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈfɜːrnaʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"FUR-now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"USDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Gifford Pinchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foresthistory.org-3"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Cotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Cotta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-5"}],"text":"Bernhard Eduard Fernow (/ˈfɜːrnaʊ/ FUR-now; January 7, 1851 – February 6, 1923) was the third chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry of the United States from 1886 to 1898, preceding Gifford Pinchot in that position, and laying much of the groundwork for the establishment of the United States Forest Service in 1905.[2][3] Fernow's philosophy toward forest management may be traced to Heinrich Cotta's preface to Anweisung zum Waldbau (Instruction in Silviculture)[4] or Linnaeus' ideas on the \"economy of nature.\" Fernow has been called the \"father of professional forestry in the United States.\"[5]","title":"Bernhard Fernow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hohensalza (Inowrocław)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Province of Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Posen"},{"link_name":"University of Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"Royal Prussian Academy of Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Prussian_Academy_of_Forestry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Münden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann._M%C3%BCnden"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foresthistory.org-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maunder,_E.R_1960-6"}],"text":"Fernow was born in Hohensalza (Inowrocław) in the Prussian Province of Posen. He spent time with his uncle, who managed the estate of his extended family. After finishing his secondary studies, Fernow spent a year in the Prussian forest service. He then studied at the University of Königsberg and the Royal Prussian Academy of Forestry at Münden, his studies being interrupted for military service in the Franco-Prussian War. Before graduating from college, he met Olivia Reynolds, an American woman accompanying her brother during his studies in Germany. They got engaged, and he followed her to the United States. Married in 1879, the couple had five children.[3][5] Olivia actively helped him in the many aspects of his work.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-7"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"Abram S. Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_S._Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-5"}],"text":"He emigrated to the United States in 1876,[7] leaving an upset family in Germany who had been expecting him to manage the family estate. He found little market in the United States for his skills as a professional forester, and worked various odd jobs until 1878 when he got a job in Pennsylvania managing the 15,000 acres of woods which were used to obtain charcoal for the foundry of Cooper-Hewitt and Co. Fernow's observation and works like Report on the Forests of North America (Charles S. Sargent, 1884) showed him the need for proper forest management in the U.S., and he lectured on the subject. Through his job and trade connections, he got to know Abram S. Hewitt, who was influential in President Grover Cleveland's decision to give Fernow a senior position in the Deaprtment of Agriculture.[5]","title":"American forester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-7"},{"link_name":"national forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Chicago World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Fernow became chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry in 1886.[7] His main policy goals were the establishment of a national forest system and introduction of scientific forest management. He produced many scientific reports while working toward the creation of national forests to protect watersheds. Displays that Fernow prepared for the forestry exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair played a prominent role in generating public support for establishing a Prussian-style national forest service and system for educating professional foresters in the United States.[8]","title":"USDA Division of Forestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State College of Forestry at Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_College_of_Forestry_at_Cornell"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Barker_Odell,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Franklin County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"logging slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(logging)"},{"link_name":"Louis Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Knollwood Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood_Club"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Schurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maunder,_E.R_1960-6"}],"sub_title":"Cornell University","text":"In 1898 Fernow left the Division of Forestry to become the first dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell, the first four-year forestry school in the United States. The program's life was short, being closed in 1903 following a veto of state appropriations by New York governor Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr. in response to a conflict over the direction and management of the School's experimental forest in Franklin County, New York. In his veto message Governor Odell said: \"The operations of the College of Forestry have been subjected to grave criticism, as they have practically denuded the forest lands of the State without compensating benefits. I deem it wise therefore to withhold approval of this item until a more scientific and more reasonable method is pursued in the forestry of the lands now under the control of Cornell University.\"[9]As the School's director, Fernow played a central role in this controversy. He had organized a plan to demonstrate how the northern hardwood forests of the area, which had previously been logged of their large spruce and white pine timber by former owners, the Santa Clara Lumber Company, could be replanted with higher-value conifers, especially white pine.[citation needed] The plan drew criticism from adjacent landowners who successfully lobbied the State to oppose it because it involved clearcutting a total of 30,000 acres (120 km2) of forestland at the rate several thousand acres per year to prepare for planting conifers.[10][11] Smoke from the burning of brush and logging slash, along with Fernow's arrogant disposition toward landowners from nearby Upper Saranac Lake further alienated the public.[12]The years 1899, 1903, and 1908 were terrible years for forest fires in the Adirondacks. Many, tens of thousands of acres were consumed by forest fires. Most fires were started by sparks flying from coal-burning locomotive stacks and landing on logging slash. Louis Marshall, with a summer residence at Knollwood Club on Saranac Lake, branded locomotives as \"instruments of arson.\"[13] The worst sin of the lumbermen was the fire menace that they left behind, and which caused incalculable destruction.[14] Nevertheless, Fernow had a 6-mile (9.7 km) long railroad spur built from Axton to Tupper Lake in order to deliver logs to the Brooklyn Cooperage Company facility. The management plan had the backing of Cornell's president Schurman, and was found to be technically sound, if imperfectly carried out, by Fernow's contemporaries who practiced forestry in Europe and America.[15][16] Still, the controversy resulted in Fernow's most notable professional failure, and has been seen in retrospect as evidence of his weakness at operating in the public arena to gain public and political support for forest management.[6]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rothrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rothrock"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Forest Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Mont_Alto"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma.psu.edu-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-18"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Journal of Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Forestry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ea-7"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent positions","text":"After leaving Cornell, Fernow became the nation's first consulting forester, with an office in New York City.[citation needed]In 1907, he became the first professor of forestry in a four-year baccalaureate degree program at the Pennsylvania State University, in State College.[citation needed] After teaching the 1907 spring semester at Penn State, Fernow left to become the first head of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto. He gave as a reason for leaving Penn State an argument with Joseph Rothrock, head of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, over the future of that school.[17][18]In 1907, Fernow became the founding Dean of the University of Toronto's Faculty of Forestry, Canada's first university school devoted to forest science. He served as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Forestry, which he had started at Cornell in 1902, until his death in 1923.[19] He became a member of the Commission of Conservation of Canada on its organization in 1910.[7]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. H. Harriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Harriman"},{"link_name":"expedition to Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriman_Alaska_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Louis Agassiz Fuertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz_Fuertes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-20"}],"text":"In 1899, Fernow was recruited as a member of New York's E. H. Harriman expedition to Alaska along with fellow Cornellian Louis Agassiz Fuertes. The expedition set sail from Seattle on May 31, 1899 aboard the refitted steamer, the George W. Elder. \"His research on the expedition was hampered by the fact that the coastal itinerary never gave him a look at the inland forests. His overview thus limited, he concluded that Alaska would never be a great source of timber: the wood was inferior and the conditions of lumbering too difficult. Some say that history has proven him wrong, but his opinion did have an effect: for a time, it discouraged commercial interests from prospecting for timber in the Alaskan forests.\"[20]","title":"Harriman Expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maunder,_E.R_1960-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Forest Reserve Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Reserve_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"Organic Act of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-5"},{"link_name":"Journal of Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Forestry"},{"link_name":"Society of American Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Foresters"},{"link_name":"Mount Fernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fernow"},{"link_name":"Washington state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_state"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb-24"},{"link_name":"Chelan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelan_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Albert H. Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hale_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"Mount Fernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fernow_(King_County,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"King County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tacoma-25"},{"link_name":"Fernow Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernow_Hall_(Ithaca,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Fernow Experimental Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernow_Experimental_Forest"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Parsons, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"44°15′11″N 74°20′35″W / 44.253°N 74.343°W / 44.253; -74.343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bernhard_Fernow¶ms=44.253_N_74.343_W_"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Preserve_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"self-guided nature trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081021075144/http://www.tupperlake.net/furnow.htm"},{"link_name":"Eastern White Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_White_Pine"},{"link_name":"Norway Spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Spruce"}],"text":"Fernow's reputation and legacy may have suffered because of the success and efforts of Pinchot and others who did not share Fernow's Prussian-style vision for professional forestry in America;[6][21] Nonetheless, Fernow was among the pioneers of forestry education in America. The curriculum he set up at Cornell served as the model for professional forestry programs in North America.[22][23]Fernow's most enduring contributions were his work on the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and the Organic Act of 1897 for the United States Congress.[5]\nThe Journal of Forestry, now official publication of the Society of American Foresters, continues publication to this day.\nMount Fernow, the eighth highest mountain in Washington state,[24] in Chelan County, was named for Bernhard Fernow by Albert H. Sylvester. According to the Washington Placenames database, there is second, smaller Mount Fernow, in King County; and a series of five lakes in Washington state, also named after Fernow.[25]\nFernow Hall at Cornell University was built in 1912 and named after Fernow.\nThe Fernow Experimental Forest, a 4,700-acre (19 km2) outdoor laboratory and classroom run by the United States Forest Service, was established in 1934 near Parsons, West Virginia and named for Fernow.\nA plaque honoring Fernow is placed at 44°15′11″N 74°20′35″W / 44.253°N 74.343°W / 44.253; -74.343 within Fernow Forest, a 68-acre (27.5 ha) remnant of the plantings from the failed experimental forest in what is now the Adirondack Park. A self-guided nature trail can be followed through the forest that includes specimens of Eastern White Pine and Norway Spruce planted as a part of the Cornell Demonstration Forest.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The White Pine (1899)\nReport upon Forestry Investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture 1877-98 (1899)\nEconomics of Forestry (1902)\nHistory of Forestry (1907)\nThe Care of Trees (1911)In addition, he issued many other official reports and bulletins as part of his work for the USDA.","title":"Works"}] | [] | [{"title":"History of papermaking in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_papermaking_in_New_York"},{"title":"History of the New York State College of Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_State_College_of_Forestry"},{"title":"New York State College of Forestry at Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_College_of_Forestry_at_Cornell"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Origins of the National Forests (Wooden Politics: Bernhard Fernow and the Quest for a National Forest Policy, 1876-1898)\". foresthistory.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014710/http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/Books/Origins_National_Forests/sec19.htm","url_text":"\"The Origins of the National Forests (Wooden Politics: Bernhard Fernow and the Quest for a National Forest Policy, 1876-1898)\""},{"url":"http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/Books/Origins_National_Forests/sec19.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Terry West (1999). \"Fernow, Bernhard Eduard\". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1000540.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography","url_text":"American National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1000540","url_text":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1000540"}]},{"reference":"Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). \"Fernow, Bernhard Eduard\" . Encyclopedia Americana.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Fernow,_Bernhard_Eduard","url_text":"\"Fernow, Bernhard Eduard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornell School of Forestry Suspended. Action Followed Failure of State to Provide Means for Its Support\". The New York Times. June 18, 1903. Retrieved 2015-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/06/18/archives/cornell-school-of-forestry-suspended-action-followed-failure-of.html","url_text":"\"Cornell School of Forestry Suspended. Action Followed Failure of State to Provide Means for Its Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penn State Mont Alto: Our History\". ma.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2015-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226102802/http://www.ma.psu.edu/Information/ourhist.htm","url_text":"\"Penn State Mont Alto: Our History\""},{"url":"http://www.ma.psu.edu/Information/ourhist.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gerhold, H.D. A Century of Forest Resources Education at Penn State: Serving Our Forests, Waters, Wildlife, and Wood Industries. Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271047287. Retrieved 2015-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys1muh3jqXsC","url_text":"A Century of Forest Resources Education at Penn State: Serving Our Forests, Waters, Wildlife, and Wood Industries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271047287","url_text":"9780271047287"}]},{"reference":"\"PBS - Harriman: Bernhard Fernow\". pbs.org. Retrieved 2015-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/harriman/1899/1899_part/participantfernow.html","url_text":"\"PBS - Harriman: Bernhard Fernow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Fernow, Washington\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2012","url_text":"\"Mount Fernow, Washington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Place Names Database\". Tacoma Public Library. Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2012-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309023858/http://search.tpl.lib.wa.us/wanames/","url_text":"\"Washington Place Names Database\""},{"url":"http://search.tpl.lib.wa.us/wanames/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fernow, Bernhard Eduard\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Fernow,_Bernhard_Eduard","url_text":"\"Fernow, Bernhard Eduard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernhard Fernow\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Efemey | Simon Efemey | ["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"] | British record producer
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Simon Efemey is an English record producer and sound engineer, most noted for his work with metal and hard rock groups, including Napalm Death, Paradise Lost, Obituary, Amorphis, Deceased and The Wildhearts. He has also provided live sound mixing with bands including The Wonder Stuff, Jesus Jones, Diamond Head, Orson, Obituary and Napalm Death.
Efemy was instrumental in setting up the recording studio and rehearsal rooms in Stourbridge known as Wreckless and later on The Icicle Works, providing a local source of affordable practice space and recording facilities for local amateur bands. During this time Efemey also participated in musical performances, fronting acts such as Stinkin’ Fish.
Efemey was the cover star of the withdrawn sleeve design for The Wildhearts' 1993 single "Greetings from Shitsville", on which he was depicted defecating into a pita bread held by the four band members.
Discography
Efemey is credited as producer except where noted.
Dead Wretched – No Hope For Anyone EP(Inferno Records)
Ned's Atomic Dustbin – The Ingredients EP (1990, Chapter 22, 12")
The Sand Kings – Circles (1990, Longbeach, Single)
The Wonder Stuff – "Radio Ass Kiss" from The Size of a Cow 12" (1991, Polydor)
Paradise Lost – As I Die (1992, Music For Nations)
Paradise Lost – Shades of God (1992, Music For Nations) (producer, engineer, mix)
The Wonder Stuff – Will the Circle be Unbroken from Welcome to the Cheap Seats EP (1992, Polydor)
Cancer – Sins Of Mankind (1993, Vinyl Solution) (producer, engineer, mix)
Diamond Head – Death and Progress (1993, Castle Music America) (engineer)
Paradise Lost – Icon (1993, Metal Mind Records/1994, Music For Nations) (producer, engineer, mix)
Wolfsbane – Massive Noise Injection (1993, Bronze)
Wolfsbane – Massive Noise EP (1993, Bronze)
Paradise Lost – Seals The Sense (1994, Music For Nations)
The Wildhearts – "Caffeine Bomb" from Earth Vs The Wildhearts (1994, EastWest) (co-producer)
Wolfsbane – Wolfsbane (1994, Bronze)
Apes, Pigs & Spacemen – Transfusion (1995, Music For Nations)
Cancer – Black Faith (1995, EastWest)
Dearly Beheaded – In A Darkened Room (1995, Music For Nations)
Helmet – "Complete" from the Johnny Mnemonic OST (1995, Columbia Records)
Paradise Lost – Draconian Times (1995, Relativity/Music For Nations) (producer, mix)
Paradise Lost – "The Last Time" (1995, Music For Nations)
The Wildhearts – Five tracks from P.H.U.Q. (1995, EastWest)
The Wildhearts Just In Lust EP (1995, EastWest)
The Wishplants – Coma
Crowbar – Broken Glass (1996, Pavement Music/2006, Candlelight USA)
Hardware – Race,Religion & Hate (1996, Bulletproof/EMI Records)
Pitchshifter – Infotainment? (1996, Earache Records)
The Wildhearts – Two tracks from Fishing for Luckies (1996, Round Records) (mix)
Apes, Pigs & Spacemen – Snapshot (1997, Music For Nations)
Entwined – Dancing Under Glass (1998, Earache Records) (producer)
Pantera – Nosatsu Live (engineer)
Paradise Lost – Eight tracks from Reflection (1998, Music For Nations)
RAMP – Evolution, Devolution, Revolution (1998)
Amorphis – Tuonela (1999, Nuclear Blast)
Meathook Seed – Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth (B.I.B.L.E.) (1999, Dreamcatcher Records) (producer, mix)
Napalm Death – Leaders Not Followers (1999, Dreamcatcher Records)
INHUMAN – Foreshadow (1998, Uniao Lisboa)
Deceased – Supernatural Addiction (2000, Relapse Records) (producer, keyboards on one track)
Love Like Blood – Enslaved + Condemned (2000, Hall of Sermon) (producer, mix, mastering)
Napalm Death – Enemy of the Music Business (2000, Dreamcatcher Records)
Area 54 – No Visible Scars (2000, Dreamcatcher Records) (mix)
Amorphis – Alone (2001, Spinefarm Records)
Amorphis – Am Universum (2001, Spinefarm Records) (producer, engineer)
Defenestration – One Inch God (2001, Dreamcatcher Records)
Napalm Death – Order of the Leech (2002, Feto Records/2003, Spitfire Records)
The Wildhearts – Riff After Riff After Motherfucking Riff (2002, Japanese import)
Amorphis – Six tracks from Chapters (2003, Relapse Records)
The Exploited – Fuck the System (2003, Dreamcatcher Records)
Napalm Death – Leaders Not Followers: Part 2 (2004, Century Media) (engineer)
The Wildhearts – Tracks from Riff After Riff (2004, Gearhead Records)
Deceased – Supernatural Addiction/Behind the Mourner's Veil (2005, Relapse Records)
Skullshifter – Here in Hell (2005, self-released) (mix)
Orson – "Everything" and "Jesse" from No Tomorrow EP (2006, Universal Records)
Orson – "Happiness" single (2006, Universal) (engineer)
Blacklight Pioneer – Tracks (2012) (producer)
The Arbour Doves – Album (2013) (producer)
The Wonder Stuff – 30 Goes Around the Sun, Album (2016)
The Wonder Stuff – Upstaged, Album (Mix) (2018)
Cancer – Shadow Gripped (Peaceville Records) Album (2018)
The Wonder Stuff - Better Being Lucky, Album (2019)
References
^ "Features – Interview With Napalm Death's". Knac.com. 3 November 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ "History". Thewildhearts.com. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ "Simon Efemey Discography at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ Pantera - Nosatsu Live Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 7 February 2024
External links
Simon Efemey video interview at Chapel Studios
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Napalm Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Death"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(band)"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary_(band)"},{"link_name":"Amorphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphis"},{"link_name":"Deceased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceased_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Wildhearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildhearts"},{"link_name":"live sound mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_sound_mixing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stourbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourbridge"},{"link_name":"pita bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_bread"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Simon Efemey is an English record producer and sound engineer, most noted for his work with metal and hard rock groups, including Napalm Death, Paradise Lost, Obituary, Amorphis, Deceased and The Wildhearts. He has also provided live sound mixing with bands including The Wonder Stuff, Jesus Jones, Diamond Head, Orson, Obituary and Napalm Death.[1]Efemy was instrumental in setting up the recording studio and rehearsal rooms in Stourbridge known as Wreckless and later on The Icicle Works, providing a local source of affordable practice space and recording facilities for local amateur bands. During this time Efemey also participated in musical performances, fronting acts such as Stinkin’ Fish.Efemey was the cover star of the withdrawn sleeve design for The Wildhearts' 1993 single \"Greetings from Shitsville\", on which he was depicted defecating into a pita bread held by the four band members.[2]","title":"Simon Efemey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wonder Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonder_Stuff"},{"link_name":"12\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(band)"},{"link_name":"As I Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_I_Die"},{"link_name":"Music For Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_For_Nations"},{"link_name":"Shades of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_God"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_engineer"},{"link_name":"Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vinyl Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_Solution"},{"link_name":"Diamond Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Head_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"Death and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_Progress"},{"link_name":"Icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(Paradise_Lost_album)"},{"link_name":"Wolfsbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsbane_(band)"},{"link_name":"Massive Noise Injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Noise_Injection"},{"link_name":"Wolfsbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsbane_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Wildhearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildhearts"},{"link_name":"Caffeine 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Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconian_Times"},{"link_name":"P.H.U.Q.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.H.U.Q."},{"link_name":"Crowbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbar_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Broken Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Glass_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pitchshifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchshifter_(band)"},{"link_name":"Infotainment?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infotainment%3F"},{"link_name":"Earache Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earache_Records"},{"link_name":"Fishing for Luckies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_for_Luckies"},{"link_name":"Apes, Pigs & Spacemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes,_Pigs_%26_Spacemen"},{"link_name":"Pantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp_(Portuguese_band)"},{"link_name":"Amorphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphis"},{"link_name":"Tuonela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuonela"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"Napalm Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Death"},{"link_name":"Leaders Not Followers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_Not_Followers"},{"link_name":"INHUMAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inhuman.pt.to/"},{"link_name":"Deceased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceased_(band)"},{"link_name":"Supernatural Addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_Addiction"},{"link_name":"Relapse Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse_Records"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard"},{"link_name":"Love Like Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Like_Blood_(band)"},{"link_name":"Enemy of the Music Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_Music_Business"},{"link_name":"Am Universum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Universum"},{"link_name":"Defenestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestration_(band)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Leech"},{"link_name":"Riff After Riff After Motherfucking Riff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff_After_Riff_After_Motherfucking_Riff"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"The Exploited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploited"},{"link_name":"Fuck the System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck_the_System"},{"link_name":"Leaders Not Followers: Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_Not_Followers:_Part_2"},{"link_name":"Century Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Media"},{"link_name":"Gearhead Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhead_Records"},{"link_name":"Orson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records"}],"text":"Efemey is credited as producer except where noted.Dead Wretched – No Hope For Anyone EP(Inferno Records)\nNed's Atomic Dustbin – The Ingredients EP (1990, Chapter 22, 12\")\nThe Sand Kings – Circles (1990, Longbeach, Single)\nThe Wonder Stuff – \"Radio Ass Kiss\" from The Size of a Cow 12\" (1991, Polydor)[3]\nParadise Lost – As I Die (1992, Music For Nations)\nParadise Lost – Shades of God (1992, Music For Nations) (producer, engineer, mix)\nThe Wonder Stuff – Will the Circle be Unbroken from Welcome to the Cheap Seats EP (1992, Polydor)\nCancer – Sins Of Mankind (1993, Vinyl Solution) (producer, engineer, mix)\nDiamond Head – Death and Progress (1993, Castle Music America) (engineer)\nParadise Lost – Icon (1993, Metal Mind Records/1994, Music For Nations) (producer, engineer, mix)\nWolfsbane – Massive Noise Injection (1993, Bronze)\nWolfsbane – Massive Noise EP (1993, Bronze)\nParadise Lost – Seals The Sense (1994, Music For Nations)\nThe Wildhearts – \"Caffeine Bomb\" from Earth Vs The Wildhearts (1994, EastWest) (co-producer)\nWolfsbane – Wolfsbane (1994, Bronze)\nApes, Pigs & Spacemen – Transfusion (1995, Music For Nations)\nCancer – Black Faith (1995, EastWest)\nDearly Beheaded – In A Darkened Room (1995, Music For Nations)\nHelmet – \"Complete\" from the Johnny Mnemonic OST (1995, Columbia Records)\nParadise Lost – Draconian Times (1995, Relativity/Music For Nations) (producer, mix)\nParadise Lost – \"The Last Time\" (1995, Music For Nations)\nThe Wildhearts – Five tracks from P.H.U.Q. (1995, EastWest)\nThe Wildhearts Just In Lust EP (1995, EastWest)\nThe Wishplants – Coma\nCrowbar – Broken Glass (1996, Pavement Music/2006, Candlelight USA)\nHardware – Race,Religion & Hate (1996, Bulletproof/EMI Records)\nPitchshifter – Infotainment? (1996, Earache Records)\nThe Wildhearts – Two tracks from Fishing for Luckies (1996, Round Records) (mix)\nApes, Pigs & Spacemen – Snapshot (1997, Music For Nations)\nEntwined – Dancing Under Glass (1998, Earache Records) (producer)\nPantera – Nosatsu Live (engineer)[4]\nParadise Lost – Eight tracks from Reflection (1998, Music For Nations)\nRAMP – Evolution, Devolution, Revolution (1998)\nAmorphis – Tuonela (1999, Nuclear Blast)\nMeathook Seed – Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth (B.I.B.L.E.) (1999, Dreamcatcher Records) (producer, mix)\nNapalm Death – Leaders Not Followers (1999, Dreamcatcher Records)\nINHUMAN – Foreshadow (1998, Uniao Lisboa)\nDeceased – Supernatural Addiction (2000, Relapse Records) (producer, keyboards on one track)\nLove Like Blood – Enslaved + Condemned (2000, Hall of Sermon) (producer, mix, mastering)\nNapalm Death – Enemy of the Music Business (2000, Dreamcatcher Records)\nArea 54 – No Visible Scars (2000, Dreamcatcher Records) (mix)\nAmorphis – Alone (2001, Spinefarm Records)\nAmorphis – Am Universum (2001, Spinefarm Records) (producer, engineer)\nDefenestration – One Inch God (2001, Dreamcatcher Records)\nNapalm Death – Order of the Leech (2002, Feto Records/2003, Spitfire Records)\nThe Wildhearts – Riff After Riff After Motherfucking Riff (2002, Japanese import)\nAmorphis – Six tracks from Chapters (2003, Relapse Records)\nThe Exploited – Fuck the System (2003, Dreamcatcher Records)\nNapalm Death – Leaders Not Followers: Part 2 (2004, Century Media) (engineer)\nThe Wildhearts – Tracks from Riff After Riff (2004, Gearhead Records)\nDeceased – Supernatural Addiction/Behind the Mourner's Veil (2005, Relapse Records)\nSkullshifter – Here in Hell (2005, self-released) (mix)\nOrson – \"Everything\" and \"Jesse\" from No Tomorrow EP (2006, Universal Records)\nOrson – \"Happiness\" single (2006, Universal) (engineer)\nBlacklight Pioneer – Tracks (2012) (producer)\nThe Arbour Doves – Album (2013) (producer)\nThe Wonder Stuff – 30 Goes Around the Sun, Album (2016)\nThe Wonder Stuff – Upstaged, Album (Mix) (2018)\nCancer – Shadow Gripped (Peaceville Records) Album (2018)\nThe Wonder Stuff - Better Being Lucky, Album (2019)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Features – Interview With Napalm Death's\". Knac.com. 3 November 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3327","url_text":"\"Features – Interview With Napalm Death's\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Thewildhearts.com. Retrieved 4 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewildhearts.com/history/history2.shtml","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Efemey Discography at Discogs\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Simon+Efemey","url_text":"\"Simon Efemey Discography at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"Pantera - Nosatsu Live Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 7 February 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/nosatsu-live-mw0001042053","url_text":"Pantera - Nosatsu Live Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Simon+Efemey%22","external_links_name":"\"Simon Efemey\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Simon+Efemey%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Simon+Efemey%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Simon+Efemey%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Simon+Efemey%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Simon+Efemey%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.inhuman.pt.to/","external_links_name":"INHUMAN"},{"Link":"http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3327","external_links_name":"\"Features – Interview With Napalm Death's\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewildhearts.com/history/history2.shtml","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Simon+Efemey","external_links_name":"\"Simon Efemey Discography at Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/nosatsu-live-mw0001042053","external_links_name":"Pantera - Nosatsu Live Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"},{"Link":"https://www.recordproduction.com/record-producer-features/simon-efemey-chapel.html","external_links_name":"Simon Efemey video interview at Chapel Studios"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/00c52c6b-ebbc-4179-8312-d4f7d1d72a4a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%27s_retraction_syndrome | Duane syndrome | ["1 Presentation","2 Causes","3 Genetics","4 Diagnosis","4.1 Classification","4.2 Differential diagnosis","5 Treatment","6 Epidemiology","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Rare congenital disease characterized by external gaze palsy
Medical conditionDuane's syndromeOther namesDRSDuane Syndrome type I in left eye. 10-year-old girl.SpecialtyOphthalmology, genetics
Duane syndrome is a congenital rare type of strabismus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists Jakob Stilling (1887) and Siegmund Türk (1896), and subsequently named after Alexander Duane, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905.
Other names for this condition include: Duane's retraction syndrome, eye retraction syndrome, retraction syndrome, congenital retraction syndrome and Stilling-Türk-Duane syndrome.
Presentation
Patient with Duane syndrome attempting to look far right. Notice the affected left eye faces straight and up, rather than following the right eye to the right.
The characteristic features of the syndrome are:
Limitation of abduction (outward movement) of the affected eye.
Less marked limitation of adduction (inward movement) of the same eye.
Retraction of the eyeball into the socket on adduction, with associated narrowing of the palpebral fissure (eye closing).
Widening of the palpebral fissure on attempted abduction. (N. B. Mein and Trimble point out that this is "probably of no significance" as the phenomenon also occurs in other conditions in which abduction is limited.)
Poor convergence.
A head turn to the side of the affected eye to compensate for the movement limitations of the eye(s) and to maintain binocular vision.
While usually isolated to the eye abnormalities, Duane syndrome can be associated with other problems including cervical spine abnormalities Klippel–Feil syndrome, Goldenhar syndrome, heterochromia, and congenital deafness.
Causes
Duane syndrome is most probably a miswiring of the eye muscles, causing some eye muscles to contract when they shouldn't and other eye muscles not to contract when they should. Alexandrakis and Saunders found that in most cases the abducens nucleus and nerve are absent or hypoplastic, and the lateral rectus muscle is innervated by a branch of the oculomotor nerve. This view is supported by the earlier work of Hotchkiss et al. who reported on the autopsy findings of two patients with Duane's syndrome. In both cases the sixth cranial nerve nucleus and nerve was absent, and the lateral rectus muscle was innervated by the inferior division of the third oculomotor nerve. This misdirection of nerve fibres results in opposing muscles being innervated by the same nerve. Thus, on attempted abduction, stimulation of the lateral rectus via the oculomotor nerve will be accompanied by stimulation of the opposing medial rectus via the same nerve; a muscle which works to adduct the eye. Thus, co-contraction of the muscles takes place, limiting the amount of movement achievable and also resulting in retraction of the eye into the socket. They also noticed mechanical factors and considered them secondary to loss of innervation: During corrective surgery fibrous attachments have been found connecting the horizontal recti and the orbital walls and fibrosis of the lateral rectus has been confirmed by biopsy. This fibrosis can result in the lateral rectus being 'tight' and acting as a tether or leash. Co-contraction of the medial and lateral recti allows the globe to slip up or down under the tight lateral rectus producing the up and down shoots characteristic of the condition.
Genetics
There are two known genetic associations with Duane Syndrome. In some families the condition is associated with variants in the Chimerin 1 gene and in others it is associated with variants in the Transcription factor MafB gene.
Diagnosis
Classification
Duane's syndrome has three variants:
Type I: Limited abduction with or without esotropia
Type II: Limited adduction with or without exotropia
Type III: Limitation of both abduction and adduction and any form of horizontal strabismus
Brown(1950) has classified Duane's syndrome according to the characteristics of the limitation of movement-
Type A: with limited abduction and less-marked limitation of adduction
Type B: showing limited abduction but normal adduction
Type C: the limitation of adduction exceeds the limitation of abduction. There is an exotropic deviation and a head turn to compensate the loss of adduction
The first type is more common and accounts for 85% of the cases.
Differential diagnosis
In the clinical setting, the principal difficulties in differential diagnosis arise as a consequence of the very early age at which patients with this condition first present. The clinician must be persistent in examining abduction and adduction, and in looking for any associated palpebral fissure changes or head postures, when attempting to determine whether what often presents as a common childhood squint (note-"squint" is a British term for two eyes not looking in the same direction) is in fact Duane syndrome. Fissure changes, and the other associated characteristics of Duane's such as up or down shoots and globe retraction, are also vital when deciding whether any abduction limitation is the result of Duane's and not a consequence of VI or abducens cranial nerve palsy.
Acquired Duane's syndrome is a rare event occurring after peripheral nerve palsy.
Treatment
The majority of patients remain symptom free and able to maintain binocularity with only a slight face turn. Amblyopia is uncommon and, where present, rarely dense. This can be treated with occlusion, and any refractive error can also be corrected.
Duane syndrome cannot be cured, as the "missing" cranial nerve cannot be replaced, and traditionally there has been no expectation that surgery will result in any increase in the range of eye movement. Surgical intervention, therefore, has only been recommended where the patient is unable to maintain binocularity, where they are experiencing symptoms, or where they are forced to adopt a cosmetically unsightly or uncomfortable head posture in order to maintain binocularity. The aims of surgery are to place the eye in a more central position and, thus, place the field of binocularity more centrally also, and to overcome or reduce the need for the adoption of an abnormal head posture. Occasionally, surgery is not needed during childhood, but becomes appropriate later in life, as head position changes (presumably due to progressive muscle contracture).
Surgical approaches include:
Medial rectus recession in the involved eye or both eyes. By weakening the medial rectus muscles this procedure improves the crossed-eye appearance but does not improve outward eye movements (abductions).
Morad et al. showed improved abduction after modest unilateral medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection in a subgroup of patients with mild eye retraction and good adduction before surgery.
Lateral transposition of the vertical muscles described by Rosenbaum has been shown to improve range of movement of the eye. The surgical procedure produces 40-65 degrees of binocular field. Orbital wall fixation of the lateral rectus muscle (muscle is disinserted and reattached to lateral orbital wall) is recommended an effective method to inactivate a lateral rectus muscle in cases of marked anomalous innervation and severe cocontraction.
Epidemiology
Most patients are diagnosed by the age of 10 years and Duane's is more common in girls (60 percent of the cases) than boys (40 percent of the cases). A French study reports that this syndrome accounts for 1.9% of the population of strabismic patients, 53.5% of patients are female, is unilateral in 78% of cases, and the left eye (71.9%) is affected more frequently than the right. Around 10–20% of cases are familial; these are more likely to be bilateral than non-familial Duane syndrome. Duane syndrome has no particular race predilection.
See also
Pediatric ophthalmology
References
^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Duane retraction syndrome". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 28 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Duane A (1905). "Congenital Deficiency of Abduction associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye". Archives of Ophthalmology. 34: 133–50.; Reprinted in Duane A (1996). "Congenital deficiency of abduction, associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye. 1905". Arch Ophthalmol. 114 (10): 1255–6, discussion 1257. doi:10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140455017. PMID 8859088.
^ a b "Learning About Duane Syndrome". Retrieved 6 June 2007.
^ Mein, J.; Trimble, R. (1991). Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders (2nd ed.). Blackwells.
^ a b Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (2009). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Mosby Elsevier. pp. 1333–1334. ISBN 9780323043328.
^ Alexandrakis G, Saunders RA (September 2001). "Duane retraction syndrome". Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am. 14 (3): 407–17. doi:10.1016/S0896-1549(05)70238-8. PMID 11705140.
^ Hotchkiss MG, Miller NR, Clark AW, Green WR (May 1980). "Bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome. A clinical-pathologic case report". Arch. Ophthalmol. 98 (5): 870–4. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030864013. PMID 7378011.
^ Miyake N, Chilton J, Psatha M, Cheng L, Andrews C, Chan WM, et al. (August 2008). "Human CHN1 mutations hyperactivate alpha2-chimaerin and cause Duane's retraction syndrome". Science. 321 (5890): 839–43. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..839M. doi:10.1126/science.1156121. PMC 2593867. PMID 18653847.
^ Zankl A, Duncan EL, Leo PJ, Clark GR, Glazov EA, Addor MC, Herlin T, Kim CA, Leheup BP, McGill J, McTaggart S, Mittas S, Mitchell AL, Mortier GR, Robertson SP, Schroeder M, Terhal P, Brown MA (March 2012). "Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis is caused by mutations clustering in the amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain of MAFB". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 90 (3): 494–501. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.003. PMC 3309183. PMID 22387013.
^ Brown HW (1950). "Congenital structural muscle anomalies". In Allen JH (ed.). Starbismus Ophthalmic Symposium. St Louis: Mosby. pp. 205–36.
^ "Squints & Lazy Eyes". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Emmett T. Cunningham; Paul Riordan-Eva (17 May 2011). Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 245, 291. ISBN 978-0071634205.
^ Morad, Y; Kraft, SP; Mims JL, 3rd (June 2001). "Unilateral recession and resection in Duane syndrome". Journal of AAPOS. 5 (3): 158–63. doi:10.1067/mpa.2001.114187. PMID 11404742.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Rosenbaum, AL (October 2004). "Costenbader Lecture. The efficacy of rectus muscle transposition surgery in esotropic Duane syndrome and VI nerve palsy". Journal of AAPOS. 8 (5): 409–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.006. PMID 15492732.
^ Mehel E, Quére MA, Lavenant F, Pechereau A (1996). "". J. Fr. Ophtalmol. (in French). 19 (8–9): 533–42. PMID 8944136.
Further reading
Andrews, Caroline V.; Hunter, David G.; Engle, Elizabeth C. (1993). "Duane Syndrome". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301369. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: H50.8ICD-9-CM: 378.71OMIM: 126800 604356MeSH: D004370DiseasesDB: 30810External resourceseMedicine: oph/326GeneReviews: Duane SyndromeOrphanet: 233
Duanes Syndrome at eMedicine
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Onchocerciasis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strabismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"Jakob Stilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Stilling"},{"link_name":"Alexander Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Duane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GenomeGov-3"}],"text":"Medical conditionDuane syndrome is a congenital rare type of strabismus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists Jakob Stilling (1887) and Siegmund Türk (1896), and subsequently named after Alexander Duane, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905.[2]Other names for this condition include: Duane's retraction syndrome, eye retraction syndrome, retraction syndrome, congenital retraction syndrome and Stilling-Türk-Duane syndrome.[3]","title":"Duane syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duane_syndrome.jpg"},{"link_name":"eyeball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"socket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_socket"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"binocular vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision"},{"link_name":"Klippel–Feil syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Feil_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Goldenhar syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenhar_syndrome"},{"link_name":"heterochromia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanoff-5"}],"text":"Patient with Duane syndrome attempting to look far right. Notice the affected left eye faces straight and up, rather than following the right eye to the right.The characteristic features of the syndrome are:Limitation of abduction (outward movement) of the affected eye.\nLess marked limitation of adduction (inward movement) of the same eye.\nRetraction of the eyeball into the socket on adduction, with associated narrowing of the palpebral fissure (eye closing).\nWidening of the palpebral fissure on attempted abduction. (N. B. Mein and Trimble[4] point out that this is \"probably of no significance\" as the phenomenon also occurs in other conditions in which abduction is limited.)\nPoor convergence.\nA head turn to the side of the affected eye to compensate for the movement limitations of the eye(s) and to maintain binocular vision.While usually isolated to the eye abnormalities, Duane syndrome can be associated with other problems including cervical spine abnormalities Klippel–Feil syndrome, Goldenhar syndrome, heterochromia, and congenital deafness.[5]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eye muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraocular_muscles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GenomeGov-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sixth cranial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abducens_nerve"},{"link_name":"oculomotor nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomotor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Duane syndrome is most probably a miswiring of the eye muscles, causing some eye muscles to contract when they shouldn't and other eye muscles not to contract when they should.[3] Alexandrakis and Saunders found that in most cases the abducens nucleus and nerve are absent or hypoplastic, and the lateral rectus muscle is innervated by a branch of the oculomotor nerve.[6] This view is supported by the earlier work of Hotchkiss et al. who reported on the autopsy findings of two patients with Duane's syndrome. In both cases the sixth cranial nerve nucleus and nerve was absent, and the lateral rectus muscle was innervated by the inferior division of the third oculomotor nerve. This misdirection of nerve fibres results in opposing muscles being innervated by the same nerve. Thus, on attempted abduction, stimulation of the lateral rectus via the oculomotor nerve will be accompanied by stimulation of the opposing medial rectus via the same nerve; a muscle which works to adduct the eye. Thus, co-contraction of the muscles takes place, limiting the amount of movement achievable and also resulting in retraction of the eye into the socket. They also noticed mechanical factors and considered them secondary to loss of innervation: During corrective surgery fibrous attachments have been found connecting the horizontal recti and the orbital walls and fibrosis of the lateral rectus has been confirmed by biopsy. This fibrosis can result in the lateral rectus being 'tight' and acting as a tether or leash. Co-contraction of the medial and lateral recti allows the globe to slip up or down under the tight lateral rectus producing the up and down shoots characteristic of the condition.[7]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chimerin 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHN1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake_2008-8"},{"link_name":"Transcription factor MafB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAFB_(gene)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zankl_2012-9"}],"text":"There are two known genetic associations with Duane Syndrome. In some families the condition is associated with variants in the Chimerin 1 gene[8] and in others it is associated with variants in the Transcription factor MafB gene.[9]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"esotropia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotropia"},{"link_name":"exotropia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotropia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanoff-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"Duane's syndrome has three variants:Type I: Limited abduction with or without esotropia\nType II: Limited adduction with or without exotropia\nType III: Limitation of both abduction and adduction and any form of horizontal strabismusBrown(1950) has classified Duane's syndrome according to the characteristics of the limitation of movement-Type A: with limited abduction and less-marked limitation of adduction\nType B: showing limited abduction but normal adduction\nType C: the limitation of adduction exceeds the limitation of abduction. There is an exotropic deviation and a head turn to compensate the loss of adductionThe first type is more common and accounts for 85% of the cases.[5][10]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-12"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"In the clinical setting, the principal difficulties in differential diagnosis arise as a consequence of the very early age at which patients with this condition first present. The clinician must be persistent in examining abduction and adduction, and in looking for any associated palpebral fissure changes or head postures, when attempting to determine whether what often presents as a common childhood squint (note-\"squint\" is a British term for two eyes not looking in the same direction[11]) is in fact Duane syndrome. Fissure changes, and the other associated characteristics of Duane's such as up or down shoots and globe retraction, are also vital when deciding whether any abduction limitation is the result of Duane's and not a consequence of VI or abducens cranial nerve palsy.Acquired Duane's syndrome is a rare event occurring after peripheral nerve palsy.[12]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amblyopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia"},{"link_name":"cranial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve"},{"link_name":"contracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Medial rectus recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus_surgery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The majority of patients remain symptom free and able to maintain binocularity with only a slight face turn. Amblyopia is uncommon and, where present, rarely dense. This can be treated with occlusion, and any refractive error can also be corrected.Duane syndrome cannot be cured, as the \"missing\" cranial nerve cannot be replaced, and traditionally there has been no expectation that surgery will result in any increase in the range of eye movement. Surgical intervention, therefore, has only been recommended where the patient is unable to maintain binocularity, where they are experiencing symptoms, or where they are forced to adopt a cosmetically unsightly or uncomfortable head posture in order to maintain binocularity. The aims of surgery are to place the eye in a more central position and, thus, place the field of binocularity more centrally also, and to overcome or reduce the need for the adoption of an abnormal head posture. Occasionally, surgery is not needed during childhood, but becomes appropriate later in life, as head position changes (presumably due to progressive muscle contracture).[citation needed]Surgical approaches include:Medial rectus recession in the involved eye or both eyes. By weakening the medial rectus muscles this procedure improves the crossed-eye appearance but does not improve outward eye movements (abductions).[citation needed]\nMorad et al. showed improved abduction after modest unilateral medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection in a subgroup of patients with mild eye retraction and good adduction before surgery.[13]\nLateral transposition of the vertical muscles described by Rosenbaum has been shown to improve range of movement of the eye. The surgical procedure produces 40-65 degrees of binocular field. Orbital wall fixation of the lateral rectus muscle (muscle is disinserted and reattached to lateral orbital wall) is recommended an effective method to inactivate a lateral rectus muscle in cases of marked anomalous innervation and severe cocontraction.[14]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"familial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Most patients are diagnosed by the age of 10 years and Duane's is more common in girls (60 percent of the cases) than boys (40 percent of the cases). A French study reports that this syndrome accounts for 1.9% of the population of strabismic patients, 53.5% of patients are female, is unilateral in 78% of cases, and the left eye (71.9%) is affected more frequently than the right.[15] Around 10–20% of cases are familial; these are more likely to be bilateral than non-familial Duane syndrome. Duane syndrome has no particular race predilection.[citation needed]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Duane Syndrome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1190/"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20301369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301369"}],"text":"Andrews, Caroline V.; Hunter, David G.; Engle, Elizabeth C. (1993). \"Duane Syndrome\". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301369. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Patient with Duane syndrome attempting to look far right. Notice the affected left eye faces straight and up, rather than following the right eye to the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Duane_syndrome.jpg/220px-Duane_syndrome.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Pediatric ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_ophthalmology"}] | [{"reference":"RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. \"Orphanet: Duane retraction syndrome\". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=233","url_text":"\"Orphanet: Duane retraction syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Duane A (1905). \"Congenital Deficiency of Abduction associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye\". Archives of Ophthalmology. 34: 133–50.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Duane A (1996). \"Congenital deficiency of abduction, associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye. 1905\". Arch Ophthalmol. 114 (10): 1255–6, discussion 1257. doi:10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140455017. PMID 8859088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.1996.01100140455017","url_text":"10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140455017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8859088","url_text":"8859088"}]},{"reference":"\"Learning About Duane Syndrome\". Retrieved 6 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genome.gov/11508984","url_text":"\"Learning About Duane Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Mein, J.; Trimble, R. (1991). Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders (2nd ed.). Blackwells.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (2009). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Mosby Elsevier. pp. 1333–1334. ISBN 9780323043328.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ophthalmologythi00mdmy_523","url_text":"Ophthalmology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ophthalmologythi00mdmy_523/page/n1347","url_text":"1333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323043328","url_text":"9780323043328"}]},{"reference":"Alexandrakis G, Saunders RA (September 2001). \"Duane retraction syndrome\". Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am. 14 (3): 407–17. doi:10.1016/S0896-1549(05)70238-8. PMID 11705140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-1549%2805%2970238-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0896-1549(05)70238-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11705140","url_text":"11705140"}]},{"reference":"Hotchkiss MG, Miller NR, Clark AW, Green WR (May 1980). \"Bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome. A clinical-pathologic case report\". Arch. Ophthalmol. 98 (5): 870–4. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030864013. PMID 7378011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.1980.01020030864013","url_text":"10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030864013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7378011","url_text":"7378011"}]},{"reference":"Miyake N, Chilton J, Psatha M, Cheng L, Andrews C, Chan WM, et al. (August 2008). \"Human CHN1 mutations hyperactivate alpha2-chimaerin and cause Duane's retraction syndrome\". Science. 321 (5890): 839–43. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..839M. doi:10.1126/science.1156121. PMC 2593867. PMID 18653847.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593867","url_text":"\"Human CHN1 mutations hyperactivate alpha2-chimaerin and cause Duane's retraction syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..839M","url_text":"2008Sci...321..839M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1156121","url_text":"10.1126/science.1156121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593867","url_text":"2593867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18653847","url_text":"18653847"}]},{"reference":"Zankl A, Duncan EL, Leo PJ, Clark GR, Glazov EA, Addor MC, Herlin T, Kim CA, Leheup BP, McGill J, McTaggart S, Mittas S, Mitchell AL, Mortier GR, Robertson SP, Schroeder M, Terhal P, Brown MA (March 2012). \"Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis is caused by mutations clustering in the amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain of MAFB\". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 90 (3): 494–501. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.003. PMC 3309183. PMID 22387013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309183","url_text":"\"Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis is caused by mutations clustering in the amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain of MAFB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.01.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309183","url_text":"3309183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22387013","url_text":"22387013"}]},{"reference":"Brown HW (1950). \"Congenital structural muscle anomalies\". In Allen JH (ed.). Starbismus Ophthalmic Symposium. St Louis: Mosby. pp. 205–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Squints & Lazy Eyes\". Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117120842/http://www.theeyeacademy.com/info_squints.html","url_text":"\"Squints & Lazy Eyes\""},{"url":"http://www.theeyeacademy.com/info_squints.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emmett T. Cunningham; Paul Riordan-Eva (17 May 2011). Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 245, 291. ISBN 978-0071634205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071634205","url_text":"978-0071634205"}]},{"reference":"Morad, Y; Kraft, SP; Mims JL, 3rd (June 2001). \"Unilateral recession and resection in Duane syndrome\". Journal of AAPOS. 5 (3): 158–63. doi:10.1067/mpa.2001.114187. PMID 11404742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmpa.2001.114187","url_text":"10.1067/mpa.2001.114187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11404742","url_text":"11404742"}]},{"reference":"Rosenbaum, AL (October 2004). \"Costenbader Lecture. The efficacy of rectus muscle transposition surgery in esotropic Duane syndrome and VI nerve palsy\". Journal of AAPOS. 8 (5): 409–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.006. PMID 15492732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaapos.2004.07.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15492732","url_text":"15492732"}]},{"reference":"Mehel E, Quére MA, Lavenant F, Pechereau A (1996). \"[Epidemiological and clinical aspects of Stilling-Turk-Duane syndrome]\". J. Fr. Ophtalmol. (in French). 19 (8–9): 533–42. PMID 8944136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8944136","url_text":"8944136"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Caroline V.; Hunter, David G.; Engle, Elizabeth C. (1993). \"Duane Syndrome\". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301369. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1190/","url_text":"\"Duane Syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301369","url_text":"20301369"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=233","external_links_name":"\"Orphanet: Duane retraction syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.1996.01100140455017","external_links_name":"10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140455017"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8859088","external_links_name":"8859088"},{"Link":"http://www.genome.gov/11508984","external_links_name":"\"Learning About Duane Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ophthalmologythi00mdmy_523","external_links_name":"Ophthalmology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ophthalmologythi00mdmy_523/page/n1347","external_links_name":"1333"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-1549%2805%2970238-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0896-1549(05)70238-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11705140","external_links_name":"11705140"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchopht.1980.01020030864013","external_links_name":"10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030864013"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7378011","external_links_name":"7378011"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593867","external_links_name":"\"Human CHN1 mutations hyperactivate alpha2-chimaerin and cause Duane's retraction syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..839M","external_links_name":"2008Sci...321..839M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1156121","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1156121"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593867","external_links_name":"2593867"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18653847","external_links_name":"18653847"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309183","external_links_name":"\"Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis is caused by mutations clustering in the amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain of MAFB\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.01.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.003"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309183","external_links_name":"3309183"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22387013","external_links_name":"22387013"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117120842/http://www.theeyeacademy.com/info_squints.html","external_links_name":"\"Squints & Lazy Eyes\""},{"Link":"http://www.theeyeacademy.com/info_squints.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmpa.2001.114187","external_links_name":"10.1067/mpa.2001.114187"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11404742","external_links_name":"11404742"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaapos.2004.07.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.006"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15492732","external_links_name":"15492732"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8944136","external_links_name":"8944136"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1190/","external_links_name":"\"Duane Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301369","external_links_name":"20301369"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H50.8","external_links_name":"H50.8"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=378.71","external_links_name":"378.71"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/126800","external_links_name":"126800"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/604356","external_links_name":"604356"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004370","external_links_name":"D004370"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb30810.htm","external_links_name":"30810"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/oph/326-overview","external_links_name":"oph/326"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1190/","external_links_name":"Duane Syndrome"},{"Link":"https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=233","external_links_name":"233"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1198559-overview","external_links_name":"Duanes Syndrome"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph_(disambiguation) | Multigraph (disambiguation) | [] | Look up multigraph, multidigraph, or pseudograph in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A multigraph is a mathematical graph where some pairs of vertices are connected by more than one edge.
Multigraph may also refer to:
Multigraph (orthography), a sequence of letters that behaves as a unit and is not the sum of its parts
Multigraph (programming), a sequence of characters that appear in source code which should be treated as if they were a single character
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Multigraph.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/multigraph"},{"link_name":"multidigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/multidigraph"},{"link_name":"pseudograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudograph"},{"link_name":"multigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph"},{"link_name":"Multigraph (orthography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph_(orthography)"},{"link_name":"Multigraph (programming)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph_(programming)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Multigraph_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Look up multigraph, multidigraph, or pseudograph in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A multigraph is a mathematical graph where some pairs of vertices are connected by more than one edge.Multigraph may also refer to:Multigraph (orthography), a sequence of letters that behaves as a unit and is not the sum of its parts\nMultigraph (programming), a sequence of characters that appear in source code which should be treated as if they were a single characterTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Multigraph.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Multigraph (disambiguation)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Multigraph_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuthelah | List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, L–Z | [] | Minor figures from the Hebrew Bible
For other minor Hebrew Bible figures, see List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, A–K. For minor figures in the New Testament, see List of minor New Testament figures.
This article contains persons named in the Bible, specifically in the Hebrew Bible, of minor notability, about whom little or nothing is known, aside from some family connections. Here are the names which start with L-Z; for A-K see there.
This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021)
Contents
A–K (previous page)
L
M
N
O
P
Q
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U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
L
Laadah
Laadah (Hebrew: לאדה) is one of the sons of Shelah, son of Judah (son of Jacob) in 1 Chronicles 4:21.
Laadan
See Libni
Ladan
See Libni
Lael
Lael (Hebrew לָאֵל "belonging to God") was a member of the house of Gershon according to Numbers 3:24. He was the father of Eliasaph. Neither of these is named in the Gershonite list in 1 Chronicles 23:7–11.
Lahmi
Lahmi, according to 1 Chronicles 20:5, was the brother of Goliath, killed by David's warrior Elhanan. See also Elhanan, son of Jair.
Laish
This entry is about the individual named Laish. For the city Dan, known also as Laish, see Dan (ancient city).
Laish is a name which appears in 1 Samuel 25:44 and 2 Samuel 3:15, where it is the name of the father of Palti, or Paltiel, the man who was married to Saul's daughter Michal before she was returned to David.
Lapidoth
Lapidoth was the husband of Deborah, the fourth judge of Israel, according to Judges 4:4.
Letushim
Letushim appears as a son of Dedan according to Genesis 25:3.
Leummim
Leummim (Hebrew: לְאֻמִּים) was the third son of Dedan, son of Jokshan, son of Abraham by Keturah (Genesis 25:3).
Libni
Libni (Hebrew לִבְנִי) was a son of Gershon of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:17 and Numbers 3:18. He was born in Egypt. His descendants are referred to as the 'Libnites'. The first born son of Gershon is named as Laadan (or Ladan) in 1 Chronicles 23:7–9.
Likhi
Likhi son of Shemida is listed in a genealogy of the tribe of Manasseh. He is mentioned only in 1 Chronicles 7:19.
Lo-Ammi
Lo-Ammi (Hebrew for "not my people") was the youngest son of Hosea and Gomer. He had an older brother named Jezreel and an older sister named Lo-Ruhamah. God commanded Hosea to name him "Lo-Ammi" to symbolize his anger with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).
Lo-Ruhamah
Lo-Ruhamah (Hebrew for "not loved") was the daughter of Hosea and Gomer. She had an older brother named Jezreel and a younger brother named Lo-Ammi. Her name was chosen by God to symbolize his displeasure with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).
M
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A
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Maacah
Maacah was the youngest son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.
Maadai
Maadai, son of Bani is found in Ezra 10:34, in a list of men recorded as having married foreign women.
Maadiah
Maadiah appears in a list of priests and Levites said to have accompanied Zerubbabel in Nehemiah 12:5.
Maai
Maai (Hebrew: מָעַי) was a musician who was a relative of Zechariah, a descendant of Asaph. He is mentioned once, as part of the ceremony for the dedication of the rebuilt Jerusalem wall (Nehemiah 12:36), where he was part of the group that processed southwards behind Ezra. His name is omitted in the Septuagint translation of the passage, as are the names of five other relatives of Zechariah mentioned in the same verse. The name is otherwise unattested. Blenkinsopp suggests that Maai is a diminutive nickname. Mandel proposes its Hebrew origin means "sympathetic".
Maaseiah
Several men called Maaseiah (Hebrew מַעֲשֵׂיָה or מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ maaseyah(u) "Work of YHWH") are mentioned in the Bible:
One of the Levites whom David appointed as porter for the ark 1 Chronicles 15:18, 1 Chronicles 15:20
One of the "captains of hundreds" associated with Jehoiada in restoring king Jehoash to the throne 2 Chronicles 23:1
The "king's son", probably one of the sons of king Ahaz, killed by Zichri in the invasion of Judah by Pekah, king of Israel 2 Chronicles 28:7
One who was sent by king Josiah to repair the temple 2 Chronicles 34:8. He was governor (Heb. sar, rendered elsewhere in the Authorized Version "prince," "chief captain", chief ruler") of Jerusalem.
The father of the priest Zephaniah Jeremiah 21:1, 37:3
The father of the false prophet Zedekiah Jeremiah 29:21
a priest, the father of Neriah Jeremiah 32:12, 51:59
The son of Shallum, "the keeper of the threshold" (Jeremiah 35:4) "may be the father of the priest Zephaniah mentioned in 21:1; 29:25; 37:3".
One of the sons of Jeshua who had married a foreign wife during the exile (Ezra 10:18).
Maasiai
Hebrew for "Worker of Yahweh", one of the priests resident at Jerusalem at the Captivity 1 Chronicles 9:12
Maaz
Maaz was one of the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel. His brothers were: Jamin and Eker. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:27.
Maaziah
Head of the twenty-fourth and final priestly course in David's reign, 1 Chronicles 24:18.
Also, a priest named in Nehemiah 10:8.
Machbanai
Hebrew for "Clad with a mantle", one of the Gadite heroes who joined David in the wilderness 1 Chronicles 12:13
Machbena
Machbena or Machbenah, according to the only mention of him, in 1 Chronicles 2:49, was the son of Sheva the son of Caleb.
Machi
Machi of the tribe of Gad was the father of Geuel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:15.
Machnadebai
Machnadebai is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible only once, in Ezra 10:40, where the name appears in a list of people alleged to have married foreign women.
Magpiash
Magpiash, according to Nehemiah 10:20, was one of the men who signed a covenant between God and the people of Yehud Medinata.
Mahalath
Mahalath, one of the wives of Esau, and a daughter of Ishmael (Genesis 28:6–9). Thought to be the same as Basemath of Genesis 36.
Mahalath, a daughter of Jerimoth, son of David and Abihail, granddaughter of Jesse, the first-named wife of king Rehoboam in 2 Chronicles 11:18. She had three children: Jeush, Shamariah, and Zaham.
Mahali
Mahali (also Mahli) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.
Mahath
Hebrew for "Grasping"
A Kohathite Levite, father of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) 1 Chronicles 6:35
Another Kohathite Levite, of the time of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29:12)
Mahazioth
Heb. "Visions", a Kohathite Levite, chief of the twenty-third course of musicians 1 Chronicles 25:4,1 Chronicles 25:30
Maher-shalal-hash-baz
Maher-shalal-hash-baz ("Hurry to spoil!" or "He has made haste to the plunder!") was the second mentioned son of the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 8.1–4). The name is a reference to the impending plunder of Samaria and Damascus by the king of Assyria. The name is the longest personal name in the Bible.
Mahlah
Mahlah is the name of two biblical persons:
One of the daughters of Zelophehad, who with her four sisters brought a claim regarding inheritance before Moses. (Numbers 26:33, 27:1–11, 36; Jo. 17:3–6)
A child of Gilead's sister Hammolecheth and great-granddaughter of Manasseh. She had two siblings, Ishhod and Abiezer. (1 Chr. 7:18–6)
Mahol
The father of four sons 1 Kings 4:31 who were inferior in wisdom only to Solomon.
Malcam
For the deity sometimes called Malcam, Malcham, or Milcom, see Moloch.
Malcam (King James Version spelling Malcham) son of Shaharaim appears only once in the Hebrew Bible in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin.
Malchiel
Malchiel (Hebrew מַלְכִּיאֵל "my king is God") was a son of Beriah the son of Asher, according to Genesis 46:17 and Numbers 26:45. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to 1 Chronicles 7:31, he was the ancestor of the Malchielites, a group within the Tribe of Asher.
Malchishua
Heb. "King of help" or "King of salvation", one of the four sons of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:33). He perished along with his father and brothers in the battle of Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:2).
Malchiah
Malchiah (Hebrew: מלכיהו malkiyahu "God is my king") son of the king (Jeremiah 38:6), owner of the pit into which Jeremiah was thrown
Mallothi
A Kohathite Levite, one of the sons of Heman the Levite (1 Chronicles 25:4), and chief of the nineteenth division of the temple musicians 1 Chronicles 25:26
Malluch
There are two biblical figures named Malluch
A Levite of the family of Merari 1 Chronicles 6:44
A priest who returned from Babylon (Neh. NIV),(Ezra 10:29),(Ezra 10:32)
Manahath
Manahath is one of the sons of Shobal. His brothers names were: Ebal, Shepho, Onam, and Alvan (Genesis 36:23).
Maon
According to 1 Chronicles 2:45, Maon was a member of the clan of Caleb, the son of Shammai and the father of Beth Zur.
Marsena
Marsena appears in Esther 1:14 as one of seven Persian and Medean princes. Marsena also advised King Ahasuerus.
See also: Carshena. There exists the presumption that both counselors have Persian names.
Mash
Mash was a son of Aram according to Genesis 10:23. In Arabic traditions, Mash is considered the father of Nimrod (not Nimrod bin Kush bin Kanan), who begot Kinan, who in turn begot another Nimrod, and the lattermost's descendants mixed with those of Asshur (i.e. Assyrians). Tse Tsan-Tai identifies his descendants with the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
Massa
Hebrew word meaning tribute or burden, one of the sons of Ishmael, the founder of an Arabian tribe (Gen. 25:14); a nomadic tribe inhabiting the Arabian desert toward Babylonia.
Matred
Matred, according to Genesis 36:39 and 1 Chronicles 1:50, was the mother-in-law of the Edomite king Hadad II.
Matri
Matri, of the Tribe of Benjamin, was an ancestor of Saul according to 1 Samuel 10:21. Matri's clan, or the family of the Matrites, was chosen, and, from them, Saul the son of Kish was chosen to be king. The family of the Matrites is nowhere else mentioned in the Hebrew Bible; the conjecture, therefore, is that Matri is probably a corruption of Bikri, i.e. a descendant of Becher (Genesis 46:21).
Mattan
Mattan (Mathan in the Douay–Rheims translation) was a priest of the temple of Baal in Jerusalem who was killed during the uprising against Athaliah when King Azariah's remaining son, Jehoash, was appointed king of Judah (2 Kings 11:18).
Mattattah
Mattattah (KJV: Mattathah) was one of the descendants of Hashum mentioned in Ezra 10:33 along with Mattenai, Zabda, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh and Shimei who married foreign wives.
Matthanias
Two men called Matthanias are mentioned in 1 Esdras, one each mentioned in 1 Esdras 9:27 and 9:31. In both passages, the parallel text in Ezra 10:26 and 10:30 contains the name Mattaniah.
Mehetabeel
Mehetabeel ("Whom God benefits" or "God causes good") was the father of Delaiah, and grandfather of Shemaiah, who joined Sanballat against Nehemiah (Nehemiah 6:10).
Mehetabel
Mehetabel ("מהיטבאל") ("Whom God benefits" or "God causes good") was the wife of Hadad, one of the kings of Edom (Genesis 36:39).
Mehir
Mehir son of Chelub appears in a genealogy of the Tribe of Judah in 1 Chronicles 4:11.
Mehujael
Mehujael as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).
In Genesis 4:18, Mehujael (Hebrew: מְחוּיָאֵל – Məḥūyāʾēl or מְחִיּיָאֵל; Greek: Μαιηλ – Maiēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Irad and the father of Methushael.
The name means "El (or) the god enlivens."
Mehuman
Faithful, one of the eunuchs whom Ahasuerus commanded to bring in Vashti (Esther 1:10).
Persian "مهمان signifies a stranger or guest"
Melatiah
Melatiah the Gibeonite is a person who, according to Nehemiah 3:7, was responsible for rebuilding a portion of the wall of Jerusalem after the end of the Babylonian captivity.
Melech
King, the second of Micah's four sons 1 Chronicles 8:35), and thus grandson of Mephibosheth. Also related to a southwest Asian god, see Melech
Melzar
Probably a Persian word meaning master of wine, i.e., chief butler; the title of an officer at the Babylonian court Daniel 1:11, Daniel 1:16 who had charge of the diet of the Hebrew youths. Daniel had a providential relationship of "favour and tender love" with Melzar (Daniel 1:9).
Merab
"Merab" redirects here. For the (unrelated) masculine given name, see Merab (given name).
Merab was the eldest of Saul's two daughters (1 Samuel 14:49). She was offered in marriage to David after his victory over Goliath, but does not seem to have entered heartily into this arrangement (1 Samuel 18:17–19). She was at length, however, married to Adriel of Abel-Meholah, a town in the Jordan valley, about 10 miles south of Bethshean (Beit She'an), with whom the house of Saul maintained an alliance. She had five sons, who were all put to death by the Gibeonites on the hill of Gibeah (2 Samuel 21:8). Merab is also a common feminine name in Israel.
Meraiah
A chief priest, a contemporary of the high priest Joiakim (Neh 12:12).
Meraioth
Father of Amariah, a priest of the line of Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:6–7), (1 Chronicles 6:52). It is uncertain if he ever was the high priest.
A priest who went to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:15). He is called Meremoth in Neh 12:3.
Meremoth
A priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:3), to whom were sent the sacred vessels (Ezra 8:33) belonging to the temple. He took part in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 3:4).
Meres
Meres is listed in Esther 1:14 as one of seven officials in the service of Ahasuerus.
Meshelemiah
A Levite of the family of the Korhites, called also Shelemiah (1 Chronicles 9:21),(1 Chronicles 26:1–14) He was a temple gate-keeper in the time of David.
Meshillemoth
Two men called Meshillemoth (in one case spelled Meshillemith) are mentioned in the Bible.
The father of Berechiah, a member of the Tribe of Ephraim during the time when Pekah was king.
A priest, the son of Immer. He is called "Meshillemoth" in 1 Chronicles 9:12.
Meshullam
See Meshullam
Meshullemeth
The wife of King Manasseh of Judah, and the mother of King Amon of Judah (2 Kings 21:19).
Methusael
In Genesis 4:18, Methusael or Methushael (Hebrew: מְתוּשָׁאֵל – Məṯūšāʾēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Mehujael and the father of Lamech.
Mezahab
The father of Matred (Gen 36:39),(1 Chronicles 1:50), and grandfather of Mehetabel, wife of Hadar, the last king of Edom.
Miamin
See Mijamin
Mibhar
A Hagarene, one of David's warriors (1 Chronicles 11:38); called also Bani the Gadite (2 Samuel 23:36).
Mibsam
One of Ishmael's twelve sons, and head of an Arab tribe (Gen 25:13).
A son of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:25).
Mibzar
Mibzar was an Edomite clan (possibly named after an eponymous chieftain) mentioned in Genesis 36:31-43.
Michael
Michael (is the masculine given name that comes from Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל / מיכאל (Mīkhāʼēl, pronounced ), derived from the question מי כאל mī kāʼēl, meaning "Who is like God?") is the name of 8 minor biblical individuals besides from the Archangel Michael.
Michael of the house of Asher was the father of Sethur, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.
Michael was the oldest son of Izrahiah, a descendant of Issachar according to 1 Chronicles 7:1-3
Michael was the 6th son of Beriah the head of the family of those living in Aijalon and who drove out the inhabitants of Gath of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Chronicles 8:16)
Michael was a chief Gadite in Bashan. (1 Chronicles 5:13)
Michael was a Manassite and one of David's mighty warriors in Ziklag. (1 Chronicles 2:20)
Michael was an ancestor of Asaph as the son of Baaseiah and the father of Shimea as a Gershonite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:40)
Michael was the father of Omri, the leader of the tribe of Judah and the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:18)
Michael was one of the sons of King Jehoshaphat who was killed by Joram his brother in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2–4)
Michaiah
Two men called Michaiah (Hebrew: מיכיה Mikayah "Who is like Yah?") are mentioned in the Bible:
Michaiah, son of Imri (q.v.)
Michaiah, the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan (Jeremiah 36:11), who heard Baruch's reading of the oracles of YHVH to Jeremiah, and reported to king Johoiakim
Michri
"Prize of Jehovah" or "Selling", a Benjamite, the father of Uzzi (1 Chronicles 9:8).
Mijamin
Three men called Mijamin (also spelled Miamin, Miniamin, Minjamin) ("from the right hand") are mentioned in the Bible:
The head of the sixth of twenty four priestly divisions set up by King David. (1 Chronicles 24:9)
A chief priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:5), who signed the renewed covenant with God. (Nehemiah 10:8) In the time of Joiakim his family had joined with that of Moadiah, and was led by Piltai. He was also called Miniamin. (Neh 12:17)
A non-priestly Mijamin son of Parosh is mentioned in Ezra 10:25 as one of those who divorced a gentile wife, and sacrificed a ram in atonement.
Mikloth
An officer under Dodai, in the time of David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:4).
A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:32),(1 Chronicles 9:37), (1 Chronicles 9:38).
Milalai
A Levitical musician (Neh 12:36) who took part in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem.
Miniamin
See also: Mijamin
Miniamin (or Mijamin) was one of the agents appointed under Kore in the time of King Hezekiah to distribute a share of the plenty to the priests in the Levitical cities of Judah (2 Chronicles 31:15.
Minjamin
See Mijamin
Mishael
Two men called 'Mishael (Hebrew מִישָׁאֵל 'Who is what is god (El)?') are mentioned in the Bible:
Mishael was a son of Uzziel of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:22, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.
He and Elzaphan were asked by Moses to carry away Nadab's and Abihu's bodies to a place outside the camp. (Leviticus 10:4)
Mishael was one of the three Hebrew youths who were trained with Daniel in Babylon (Dan. 1:11, 19). He and his companions were cast into and miraculously delivered from the fiery furnace for refusing to worship the king's idol (3:13–30). Mishael's Babylonian name was Meshach.
Mishma
Mishma, son of Simeon (1 Chron. 4:25–26).
Mishmannah
(Hebrew מִשְׁמַנָּה) one of the Gadite heroes who gathered to David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:10).
Mithredath
(Hebrew: מִתְרְדָת; Greek: Μιθραδάτης; Latin: Mithridates) The Hebrew form of the Persian name Mithridates meaning 'given/dedicated to the sun'.
The "treasurer" of King Cyrus (Ezra 1:8).
A Persian officer in Samaria (Ezra 4:7).
Moab
Moab was the son of Lot and his eldest daughter. He became the father of the Moabites (see Genesis 19:36–37).
Molid
(Hebrew מוֹלִיד)
A son of Abishur of the tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:29).
Moza
(Hebrew מוֹצָא)
One of the sons of Caleb (1 Chronicles 2:46).
The son of Zimri, of the posterity of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:36–37),(1 Chronicles 9:42–43).
Muppim
Muppim (Hebrew מֻפִּים) or Shuphim was the eighth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21 and Numbers 26:39.
Mushi
Mushi (Hebrew מוּשִׁי) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.
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Naam
Naam was one of the sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh. (1 Chronicles 4:15) His brothers were Iru and Elam.
Naaman
Naaman is the fifth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21, but the son of Bela and therefore the grandson of Benjamin according to Numbers 26:38-40 and 1 Chronicles 8:4 He is not mentioned among the sons of Bela in 1 Chronicles 7:7.
Naarah
According to the Hebrew Bible, Naarah was one of the two wives of Ashur the son of Hezron which bore Ashur: Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni and Haahashtari according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.
Naboth
Naboth was a minor figure known for owning a vineyard that king Ahab wished to have for himself. When Naboth was unwilling to give up the vineyard, Ahab's wife Jezebel instigated a plot to have Naboth killed. See 1 Kings 21.
Nadab
Nadab is the name of 4 biblical individuals
A son of Aaron and a High Priest mentioned many times in the Hebrew Bible.
Nadab a King of Israel and a son of Jeroboam I assassinated by Baasha of Israel. He is mentioned in 1 Kings 14:20, 15:25, 15:27, 15:31.
A son of Shammai and brother of Abishur mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:28.
A son of Gideon mentioned in 1 Chronicles 9:36.
Naharai
Naharai (or Nahari) the Beerothite is listed in 2 Samuel 23:37 and 1 Chronicles 11:39 as one of David's Mighty Warriors.
Nahath
Three men called Nahath appear in the Bible.
Nahath, son of Reuel, son of Esau appears in a genealogy of the Edomites, found in Genesis 36:13 and repeated in 1 Chronicles 1:37. According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica', this Nahath is probably the same figure as the Naham of 1 Chronicles 4:19 and the Naam of 1 Chronicles 4:15.
A Nahath appears in the ancestry of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:26 (verse 11 in some Bibles).
A Nahath appears in a list of Levite supervisors in the time of Hezekiah, in 2 Chronicles 31:13
Nahbi
Nahbi, the son of Vophsi of the house of Naphtali, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.
Naphish
Naphish (once Nephish in the King James Version) is one of the sons of Ishmael. After him an Ishmaelite tribe is named. The name נפיש in Hebrew means "refreshed". His tribe is listed with Jetur, and is assumed to have resided nearby and lived a nomadic, animal-herding lifestyle in sparsely populated land east of the Israelites. Psalm 83, however lists these as Hagarites separately from the other ten tribes which lived more southernly.
Naphtuhim
Naphtuhim is a son of Mizraim and grandson of Ham first mentioned in Genesis 10:13. According to the medieval biblical exegete, Saadia Gaon, his descendants inhabited the town of Birma (Al Gharbiyah region, Egypt), and were formerly known as Parmiin.
Neariah
Two men called "Neariah" appear in the Bible. Neariah the son of Shemaiah, was a descendant of David, and father of Elionenai (1 Chronicles 3:22). The other Neariah was, according to 1 Chronicles, a leader in the Tribe of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:42).
Nebat
Nebat (Hebrew: נבט nebat "Sprout", Douay–Rheims: Nabat), an Ephraimite of Zereda, was the father of King Jeroboam.
Nebuzaradan
Nebuzaradan (the biblical form of his name, derived from the Babylonian form Nabu-zar-iddin, meaning "Nabu has given a seed") was the captain of Nebuchadnezzar's bodyguard, according to the Bible. He is mentioned in 2 Kings 25:8, 11, 20;Jeremiah 52:30; Jeremiah 39:9,11, 40:2, 5.
Nedabiah
Nedabiah, according to 1 Chronicles 3:18, was one of the sons of king Jeconiah.
Nehum
See Rehum
Nehushta
Nehushta was the wife of King Jehoiakim and daughter of Elnathan ben Achbor of Jerusalem, according 2 Kings 24:8. She was also the mother of King Jehoiachin.
Nekoda
Nekoda was the ancestor of 652 Jews who returned from Babylonia with Ezra, but were declared ineligible to serve as Kohanim (priests) because they could not prove that their ancestors had been Kohanim. This is recounted in Ezra 2:48,60 and in Nehemiah 7:50, 62, where the number of men is given as 642.
Nemuel
Two men called Nemuel are mentioned in the Bible:
The son of Eliab of the Tribe of Reuben according to Numbers 26:9.
Jemuel, a son of Simeon.
Nepheg
Two men called Nepheg are mentioned in the Bible:
A son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.
A son of David according to 2 Samuel 5:15.
Nephish
See Naphish
Ner
Ner (Hebrew: "Candle") was an uncle of Saul and the father of Abner according to 1 Samuel 14:50.
Nethaniah
Nethaniah, son of Asaph, was one of the musicians appointed by David for the musical service of the Temple (1 Chronicles 25:2, 12).
Noadiah
Noadiah was a false prophetess mentioned in Nehemiah 6:14, one of the antagonists to Nehemiah who sought to discourage him from rebuilding the defensive walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah calls on God to "remember" her, or in the King James Version, to "think thou upon ".
Nobah
Nobah, of the Tribe of Manasseh defeated the Amorites, took the villages of Kenath and renamed it Nobah according to Numbers 32:42.
Nogah
Nogah, a son of David, appears in two lists of David's sons: 1 Chronicles 3:7 and 1 Chronicles 14:6.
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Obadiah
Obadiah was a descendant of David, father of Sheconiah, and son of Arnan
Obal
Obal, also Ebal, was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:28, 1 Chronicles 1:22.
Obed
Obed was the father of Azariah, one of the "commanders of the hundreds" who formed part of Jehoiada's campaign to restore the kingship to Joash in 2 Chronicles 23:1.
Obil
Obil was an Ishmaelite, a keeper of camels in the time of David, according to 1 Chronicles 27:30.
Ocran
Ocran was a member of the house of Asher according to Numbers 1:13. He was the father of Pagiel.
Ohad
Ohad was the third son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10 and Exodus 6:15. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
On
On, the son of Peleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1. On is referred to as "Hon" in the Douai Bible translation. He is mentioned alongside Korah, Dathan and Abiram as the instigators of the rebellion, but not referred to later when Korah, Dathan and Abiram were challenged and punished for their rebellion.
Onam
Onam was the name of 2 biblical figures:
Onam one of the sons of Shobal (Genesis 36:23).
Onam the son of Jerahmeel and the step-brother of his brothers. His mother was named Atarah (1 Chronicles 2:26).
Ophir
Ophir was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:29, 1 Chronicles 1:23.
Oren
Oren was a son of Jerahmeel according to 1 Chronicles 2:25.
Ozem
Two men called Ozem (Hebrew אצם, 'oTsehM, "Urgency") appear in the Bible.
The sixth son of Jesse and thus a brother of David (1 Chronicles 2:15).
A son of Jerahmeel (1 Chronicles 2:25).
Ozni
See Ezbon.
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Pagiel
Pagiel (Hebrew פַּגְעִיאֵל) was a son of Ocran, a prince of the house of Asher and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:13.
Palti
This is about the Palti mentioned in Numbers. For the other biblical Palti, see Palti, son of Laish.
Palti, the son of Raphu of the house of Benjamin, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.
Paltiel
This is about the Paltiel in the Book of Numbers. For the other Paltiel, see Palti, son of Laish.
Paltiel (Hebrew פַּלְטִיאֵל "delivered by God") was a prince of the tribe of Issachar, one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan among his tribe (Num. 34:26).
Parmashta
Parmashta appears briefly in Esther 9:9, where he is listed as one of the ten sons of Haman, who is the primary antagonist of the Book of Esther because of his desire to wipe out the Jews.
Parnach
Parnach was the father of Elizaphan, a prince of the Tribe of Zebulun. (Num. 34:25).
Parosh
Parosh also called Pharosh, was the name of at least 2 biblical individuals.
An ancestor of one of the families who returned from the exile with Zerubbabel and Ezra (Ezra 2:3 10:25, Nehemiah 3:25 7:8).
One of the chiefs mentioned in Nehemiah 10:14 and a leader of the people who signed the covenant with Nehemiah.
Parshandatha
Parshandatha, also Pharsandatha, was one of the ten sons of Haman. He was killed by a Jew or Jews (the account in the Book of Esther is unclear) and Esther had his corpse impaled (see Esther 9:5–14).
Paruah
Paruah is mentioned in 1 Kings 4:17 as the father of "Jehoshaphat son of Peruah", a governor governing the territory of the Tribe of Issachar under Solomon.
Paseah
Paseah is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible. In a genealogy of Judah, a Paseah appears (1 Chronicles 4:12) as the son of Eshton, the son of Mehir, the son of Chelub. Another Paseah is mentioned indirectly (Nehemiah 3:6) by way of his son Jehoiada, a repairer of a section of the wall of Jerusalem.
Pedahel
Pedahel Prince of the tribe of Naphtali; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:28).
Pedahzur
Pedahzur was a member of the house of Manasseh according to Numbers 1:10. He was the father of Gamaliel.
Pelaiah
Two men called Pelaiah are mentioned in the Bible. In 1 Chronicles 3:23, a Pelaiah appears in a genealogy. He is listed as one of the sons of Elioenai, the son of Neariah, the son of Shemaiah, the son of Shechaniah. The other Pelaiah appears in Nehemiah (8:7; 10:10) as a Levite who helped to explain biblical law to the inhabitants of Yehud Medinata and signed a document against intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews.
Pelaliah
Pelaliah (Hebrew Pĕlalyāh) is mentioned in Nehemiah 11:12, which lists a descendant of his as a priestly leader in Jerusalem. The descendant is specified as "Adaiah son of Jeroham son of Pelaliah son of Amzi son of Zechariah son of Pashhur son of Malchiah."
Pelatiah
Pelatiah (Hebrew: פלטיהו Pelatyahu, meaning "whom Jehovah delivered") the son of Benaiah, a prince of the people (Ezekiel 11:1), was among the 25 men who Ezekiel saw at the East Gate of the temple. He fell dead upon hearing the prophecy regarding Jerusalem (Ezekiel 11:13).
Another Pelatiah appears as being the son of Hananiah the son of Zerubbabel. He is mentioned in 2 passages: 1 Chronicles 3:21 and 1 Chronicles 4:42.
The last Pelatiah is one of the people mentioned in Nehemiah 10:22 who sealed the covenant.
Pelet
Pelet was one of the sons of Azmaveth, according to 1 Chronicles 12:3, who supported King David at Ziklag.
Peleth
There are 2 biblical individuals named Peleth
Peleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was the father of On, a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1.
Peleth one of the sons of Jonathan the son of Jada, and the brother of Zaza.
Peresh
According to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Peresh was the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh.
Pethahiah
Three men called Pethahiah are named in the Bible.
A levite, mentioned in Nehemiah 10:23 and Nehemiah 9:5.
Pethahiah ben Meshezabel, who was one of the "sons of Zerah" of the Tribe of Judah.
Pethahiah was one of the priest in the temple service ordained by David. (1 Chronicles 24:16)
Pethuel
Pethuel, the father of Joel, in Joel 1:1.
Peulthai
Peulthai, according to 1 Chronicles 26:5, was the eighth of Obed-edom's eight sons. The passage in which they are listed records gatekeepers of the temple at Jerusalem.
Phallu
Phallu or Pallu was a son of Reuben according to Genesis 46:9, Exodus 6:14 and Numbers 26:5. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Phalti
For the individual called "Phalti" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.
Phaltiel
For the individual called "Paltiel" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.
Phurah
Phurah was a servant of Gideon in Judges 7. Gideon takes Phurah with him to spy on the Midianites before battle.
Phuvah
Phuvah or Pua was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13 and Numbers 26:23. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Pildash
Pildash was the sixth son of Nahor and Milcah (Genesis 22:22).
Pinon
Pinon is listed as one of the "chiefs" of Edom, in Genesis 36:41, and, in a copy of the same list, in 1 Chronicles 1:52.
Piram
Piram, according to Joshua 10:3, was the king of Jarmuth.
Pochereth-hazzebaim
Pochereth-hazzebaim was one of Solomon's servants whose descendants returned from the exile with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:59;Ezra 2:57) He was the head of a family who returned from Babylon. The King James Version has his name modified into Pochereth of Hazzebeim but of was not in 1611 edition of the KJV. In 1 Esdras 5:34 he is called Phacareth.
Poratha
Poratha, according to Esther 9:8, was one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist of the Book of Esther who attempted to wipe out the Jewish people.
Pul
Pul was an abbreviation for the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. Pul attacked Israel in the reign of Menahem and extracted tribute. 2 Kings 15:19
Putiel
Putiel was the father of Eleazar's wife according to Exodus 6:25. According to Rashi this was another name of Jethro.
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Qedar
Qedar (Kedar): see Qedarites: Biblical
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Raamiah
Raamiah (Hebrew רַעַמְיָה) is one of the princes who returned from the Exile (Neh. 7:7). He is also called Reelaiah in Ezra 2:2.
Rabmag
Rabmag (Hebrew רַב־מָג, from Assyrian "Rab-mugi") was a "chief physician" attached to the king of Babylon (Jeremiah 39:3,13).
Raddai
Raddai, according to 1 Chronicles 2:14, was one of the brother of King David.
Rakem
See Rekem.
Ramiah
Ramiah, according to Ezra 10:25, was an Israelite layperson, a member of the group named "sons of Parosh", who was guilty of marrying a foreign woman.
Rapha
Rapha, according to the Septuagint version of 2 Samuel 21:16, was the parent of Jesbi, the name in that version for the giant referred to in the Massoretic text as Ishbi-benob. In the Latin Vulgate, he is referred to as Arapha or Arafa.
Raphu
Raphu of the house of Benjamin was the father of Palti, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.
Rechab
Rechab (Hebrew: רֵכָב Rēḵāḇ) is the name of three men in the Bible:
One of the two "captains of bands" whom Saul's son Ish-bosheth took into his service, and who conspired to kill him. (2 Samuel 4:2)
A Kenite, mentioned as the father of Jehonadab at King Jehu's time, from whom the tribe of the Rechabites derived their name. Jehonadab and his people had all along become worshippers of God.
The father of Malchiah, ruler of part of Beth-haccerem. (Nehemiah 3:14)
Regem
Regem is named in 1 Chronicles 2:47 as one of the sons of Jahdai, a figure who appears in a genealogy associated with Caleb.
Regem-melech
A figure called Regem-melech, along with a "Sharezer", came, according to some interpretations of Zechariah 7:2, to Bethel to ask a question about fasts. It is unclear whether the name is intended as a title or as a proper name. The grammar of the verse is difficult and several interpretations have been proposed.
Rehabiah
Rehabiah is a figure mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible, as the ancestor of a group of Levites. He is identified as the son of Eliezer the son of Moses (1 Chronicles 23:17; 26:25). Chronicles identifies him as the father of a person named Isshiah (Hebrew Yiššiyāh, 1 Chronicles 24:21) or Jeshaiah (Hebrew Yĕshaʿyāhû, 1 Chronicles 26:25).
Rehob
Rehob (Hebrew: רחב which can be translated into Rahab) was the name of 2 biblical figures:
The father of Hadadezer the king of Zobah and could possibly be the predecessor of Hadadezer. He is mentioned in 2 Samuel 8:3 and 2 Samuel 8:12.
One of the Levites who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah mentioned in Nehemiah 10:11.
Rehum
Rehum refers to four or five biblical figures.
A Rehum is mentioned in Ezra 2:2, who is called Nehum in Nehemiah 7:7. He appears in passing, in two copies of a list of people said to have come from Persia to Yehud Medinata under the leadership of Nehemiah. He may be the same individual mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3.
A Rehum is mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3, where he is listed as part of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel.
Rehum son of Bani, a Levite, appears in a list of people who contributed to building Nehemiah's wall in Nehemiah 3:17.
Rehum, a member of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel according to Nehemiah 12:3.
Rehum was an official, according to Ezra 4:8–23, who along with collaborators opposed the Jewish attempt to rebuild Jerusalem.
Rephaiah
Rephaiah is the name of 3 biblical figures:
Rephaiah (Hebrew רְפָיָה "the Lord has healed"), a descendant of David was the father of Arnan and the son of Jeshaiah.
Rephaiah the son of Hur the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem according to the Book of Nehemiah.
Rephaiah the son of Binea and the father of Eleasah, also called Rapha.
Reba
Reba was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21.
Rekem
This is about individuals in the Bible named Rekem. For the city by that name, see List of minor biblical places § Rekem.
Rekem (Hebrew רֶקֶם) refers to more than one individual in the Hebrew Bible:
Rekem was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21. Josephus identifies Rekem with the king who built Petra, a city later associated with the Nabateans. He indicates that in his time the local population still called it Rekem after this founder, and in fact, according to modern scholarship the Nabateans themselves referred to it by this name RQM (רקם) in the Aramaic alphabet they used, spelled identically as the Biblical name.
According to 1 Chronicles 2:43–44, Hebron, a figure associated with the biblical Caleb, was the father of a person named Rekem.
According to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Machir the son of Manasseh was the ancestor of a figure named Rekem. In this last passage, the King James Version spells the name as Rakem.
Rephael
In 1 Chronicles 26:7–8, Rephael (Hebrew: רְפָאֵל, Modern: Refaʾel, Tiberian: Rəp̄āʾēl, "healed of God") was one of Shemaiah's sons. He and his brethren, on account of their "strength for service," formed one of the divisions of the temple porters.
Reumah
Reumah, according to Genesis 22:24, was the concubine of Abraham's brother Nahor, and the mother of his children Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maachah.
Rezon
According to 1 Kings 11:23– Rezon (Hebrew: רזון Rezon) became regent in Damascus and was an adversary of Solomon.
Ribai
Ribai, a Benjamite of Gibeah, was the father of Ittai, one of King David's Warriors (2 Samuel 23:29, 1 Chronicles 11:31).
Rinnah
Rinnah appears once in the Bible, as the son of a man named Shimon (1 Chronicles 4:20) in a genealogy of Tribe of Judah. Neither Shimon's origin nor precise relationship to Judah is given.
Rohgah
In 1 Chronicles 7, Rohgah, also spelled Rohagah, was one of the sons of Shamer (the vocalization found in v. 34) or Shomer (the vocalization found in v. 32), who is identified as the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of the tribal patriarch Asher.
Romamti-ezer
Romamti-ezer appears twice in the Hebrew Bible, both times in 1 Chronicles 25. In verse 4 he is identified as one of the fourteen sons of Heman, one of three men who according to Chronicles were assigned to be in charge of musical worship in the Temple of Jerusalem. Later in the chapter, 288 assigned to the musical service are divided into twenty-four groups of twelve. The twenty-fourth group is assigned to Romamti-ezer (verse 31).
Rosh
Hebrew: ראש rosh "Head"
Rosh is the seventh of the ten sons of Benjamin named in Genesis 46:21.
A nation named Rosh is also possibly mentioned in Ezekiel 38:2–3, 39:1 "Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him."
This translation "Rosh" is found in NASB but not in KJV and most modern versions. Also in a variant reading of Isaiah 66:19 (MT) and the Septuagint Jeremiah 32:23. Many scholars categorize this as a mistranslation of נְשִׂ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ, nesi ro'š ("chief prince"), rather than a toponym .
However, the three oldest translations of the Old Testament (The Septuagint, Theodotion and Symmachus) all transliterate the word "rosh" into the Greek in Ezekiel 38 and 39, thus treating it as a proper noun and suggesting they viewed this word as a toponym. Significantly, these same translations choose to translate and not transliterate the same Hebrew word into its Greek interpretations in other chapters (e.g. Ezekiel 40:1).
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Sabtah
Sabtah (סַבְתָּ֥ה) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.
Sabtechah
Sabtechah (סַבְתְּכָ֑א) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.
Sachar
Two men called Sachar (sometimes spelled Sacar or Sakar) are mentioned in the Bible:
One of David's heroes 1 Chronicles 11:35; also called Sharar 2 Samuel 23:33.
A son of Obed-Edom the Gittite, and a temple porter 1 Chronicles 26:4.
Sachia
Sachia (also Sakia) appears only in 1 Chronicles 8:10, where he is listed as one of the "sons" of Shaharaim. The King James Version spells the name Shachia.
Salu
Salu, of the house of Simeon, was the father of Zimri who was involved in the Heresy of Peor according to Numbers 25:14.
Saph
Saph is a figure briefly mentioned in a section of 2 Samuel which discusses four yelide haraphah killed by Israelites. According to 2 Samuel 21:18, a war broke out between Israel and the Philistines. During the battle, Sibbecai the Hushathite, one of David's Mighty Warriors, killed Saph, who was one of the four. The expression yelide haraphah is rendered several different ways in translations of the Bible: "the descendants of Rapha" (NIV, NLT), "the descendants of the giants" (ESV, NLT), "the descendants of the giant" (NASB, Holman), and "the sons of the giant" (KJV, ASV). While most interpreters the phrase as a statement about the ancestry of the four people killed, describing them as descended from giants, another interpretation takes the phrase as meaning "votaries of Rapha," in reference to a deity by that name to which a group of warriors would have been associated.
Saraph
Saraph (Hebrew: שראף) was a descendant of Shelah, son of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:21-23)
Sarsekim
Sarsekim, also spelled Sarsechim, is a name or title, or a portion of a name or title, which appears in Jeremiah 39:3. Jeremiah describes Babylonian officials, some named and the rest unnamed, who according to the text sat down "in the middle gate" of Jerusalem during its destruction in 587 or 586 BCE. The portion which explicitly gives the names and/or titles of the officials reads, in Hebrew, nrgl śr ʾṣr smgr nbw śr skym rb srys nrgl śr ʾṣr rb-mg. Various interpretations have divided the names in various ways. The King James Version, sticking closely to the grammatical indicators added to the text by the Masoretes during the Middle Ages, reads this as indicating six figures: "Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergalsharezer, Rabmag". The New International Version sees three characters "Nergal-Sharezer of Samgar, Nebo-Sarsekim a chief officer, Nergal-Sharezer a high official." Versions featuring these three figures, with variations in the exact details of translations, include NLT and ESV. Four figures appear in the New American Standard Bible, "Nergal-sar-ezer, Samgar-nebu, Sar-sekim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sar-ezer the Rab-mag."
In 2007, a Babylonian Tablet was deciphered containing a reference to a "Nabu-sharussu-ukin," identified as referring to the biblical figure. See Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet.
Seba
Seba was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9
The "tall men of Seba" (Good News Bible) are also referred to in Isaiah 45:14
possibly be Jair the judge of Israel, Segub also controlled twenty-three cities in Gilead. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:21–22.
Seled
According to 1 Chronicles 2:1–30, in the genealogical section which begins the book of Chronicles, Seled, who died childless, was the brother of Appaim and son of Nadab, the son of Shammai, the son of Onam, the son of Jerahmeel, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah, the eponymous founder of the Tribe of Judah.
Semachiah
Semachiah (or Semakiah) appears in 1 Chronicles 26:7, in a genealogical passage concerning gatekeepers of the Jerusalem Temple. Semachiah is described as a son of Shemaiah, a son of Obed-Edom.
Sered
Sered was a son of Zebulun according to Genesis 46:14 and Numbers 26:26. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to the verse in Numbers, he was the eponymous forefather of the clan of Sardites.
Sethur
Sethur, the son of Michael of the house of Asher, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.
Shaaph
Shaaph appears in the second chapter of 1 Chronicles. In one translation, these verses read as follows: "And the sons of Jahdai: Regem, and Jotham, and Geshan, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph. Maacah, Caleb's concubine, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. And Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva the father of Machbenah and the father of Gibea. And the daughter of Caleb was Achsah" (1 Chronicles 2:47–49).
The words do not occur in the Hebrew text, which reads literally, as Sara Japhet translates it, "And Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva . . ." but with a feminine form (watteled) of the verb "bore," rather than the expected masculine form wayyoled. Japhet outlines several possibilities as to how the text may originally have read.
Shaashgaz
Shaashgaz appears in the Hebrew Bible in Esther 2:14, where it is given as the name of the eunuch who was in charge of the "second house of the women".
Shabbethai
Shabbethai, a Levite who helped Ezra in the matter of the foreign marriages (Ezra 10:15), probably the one present at Ezra's reading of the law (Nehemiah 8:7), and possibly the Levite chief and overseer (Nehemiah 11:16). The name might mean "one born on Sabbath", but more probably is a modification of the ethnic Zephathi (Zephathite), from Zarephathi (Zarephathite). Meshullam and Jozabad, with which Shabbethai's name is combined, both originate in ethnic names. (Encyclopaedia Biblica)
Shagee
Shagee (also spelled Shage or Shageh) is a figure who appears, indirectly, in one version of the list of David's Mighty Warriors.
In 1 Chronicles 11:34, a figure appears who is called "Jonathan the son of Shagee the Hararite." In 2 Samuel 23:32–33, the name "Jonathan" appears directly before the name "Shammah the Harodite", while in 2 Samuel 23:11 is found "Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite," who is the subject of a very brief story in which he fights with Philistines. The exact sort of copying error or deliberate abbreviation that may have led to this state of affairs is uncertain.
Shaharaim
Shaharaim was a member of the house of Benjamin. He had three wives, Hushim, Baara, and Hodesh, according to 1 Chronicles 8:8–9.
Shamed
See Shemed.
Shamhuth
Shamhuth the Izrahite (Hebrew, Shamhut ha-Yizrah) is a figure mentioned in the list of military divisional captains in 1 Chronicles 27:8. The 27th chapter of 1 Chronicles gives the names of people who, according to the Chronicler, were in charge of 24,000-man divisions of David's military, each of which was on active duty for a month. Shamhuth was the commander for the fifth month of each year. Other Izrahites were mentioned in 1 Chronicles 26:29 in connection with duties outside Jerusalem.
Shamir
This is about the individual named Shamir. For the biblical place-name Shamir, see List of minor biblical places § Shamir.
Shamir appears in a list of Levite names (1 Chronicles 24:24).
Shammah
See Shammah for several people by this name.
Shammai
Shammai (Hebrew: שִׁמִּי) was the name of at least 3 biblical individuals.
One of the sons of Onam according to 1 Chronicles 2:28, he also had two sons: Nadab and Abishur, he was also the brother of Jada.
A son of Rekem and the father of Maon, and a Jerahmeelite. (1 Chronicles 2:44–45)
One of the children of Ezra in 1 Chronicles 4:17. He was also probably the same person as Shimon (q.v) ver. 20. The Septuagint suggest that Jether was the father of all three. Rabbi D. Kimchi speculates that the children in 1 Chronicles 4:17 were the children of Mered by his wife Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh.
Shammoth
According to 1 Chronicles 11:27, Shammoth the Harorite was one of David's Mighty Warriors. An entry in the corresponding list in Samuel contains Shammah the Harodite (2 Samuel 23:25). See Shammah.
Shammua
There are four individuals by the name of Shammua in the Hebrew Bible:
Shammua, the son of Zaccur of the house of Reuben, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.
One of David's sons, mentioned in 2 Samuel 5:14 and 1 Chronicles 14:4.
A Levite in the time of Nehemiah (11:17).
A Levite in the time of Nehemiah (12:18).
Shamsherai
Shamsherai is mentioned once, in passing, in a long list of the "sons of Elpaal" within a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:26).
Shapham
A figure named Shapham is mentioned in passing once in the Hebrew Bible, in a list of Gadites (1 Chronicles 5:12).
Shaphat
Shaphat, the son of Hori of the house of Simeon, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:5.
Also the name of one of King David's sons by Bathsheba.
Sharai
A Sharai is mentioned once in the Bible, in passing, in a list of the "sons of Bani" (Ezra 10:40).
Sharar
A Sharar is mentioned indirectly in 2 Samuel 23:33, where "Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite" is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In 1 Chronicles 11:35, the same figure is referred to as Sacar (sometimes spelled Sakar or Sachar).
Sharezer
Sharezer, according to 2 Kings 19:37 and Isaiah 37:38, was one of the two sons of Sennacherib. He and his brother Adrammelech killed their father as he worshipped in the temple of Nisroch.
Shashai
A Shashai is listed in the Book of Ezra as a man who married a foreign wife (Ezra 10:40).
Shashak
Shashak or Sashak was a member of Benjamin's dynasty, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:14 and 25.
Sheariah
Sheariah, according to 1 Chronicles 8, was a descendant of King Saul, specifically one of the six sons of Azel (1 Chronicles 8:38), the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza (v. 37), the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoaddah, the son of Ahaz (36), the son of Micah (35), the son of Merib-baal, the son of Jonathan (34), the son of Saul (33). He is also mentioned 1 Chronicles 9, which substantially repeats the same genealogy, except that chapter 9 reads Rephaiah instead of Raphah (v. 43) and Jadah instead of Jehoaddah (42).
Shearjashub
Shearjashub (שאר ישוב Šə'ār-yāšūḇ) is possibly the first-mentioned son of Isaiah according to Isaiah 7:3.
His name means "the remnant shall return" and was prophetic, offering hope to the people of Israel that although they were going to be sent into exile, and their temple destroyed, God remained faithful and would deliver "a remnant" from Babylon and bring them back to their land.
However, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Rashi, and some modern translations interpret the phrase according to the Masoretic grammar of the Hebrew cantillation marks, which break the sentence into "u-sh'ar, yashuv b'nekha," "And the remnant, of your sons which will return," viz. a phrase and not a proper noun. Pseudo-Jonathan reads "and the rest of thy disciples, who have not sinned, and who are turned away from sin," and Rashi, "The small remnant that will return to Me through you, and they are like your sons." The Brenton Septuagint Translation and Douay–Rheims Bible translate the phrase "and thy son Jasub who is left," following the Masoretic grammar but assuming that "Jasub," "will return," is still a proper noun.
Sheconiah
Sheconiah was a descendant of David, father of Shemaiah, and son of Obadiah.
Shechem
Shechem was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:
A prince of Shechem who defiled Dinah according to Genesis 34
A son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:31, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.
Shedeur
Shedeur was a member of the house of Reuben according to Numbers 1:5. He was the father of Elizur.
Shelemiah
Shelemiah (Hebrew: שלמיהו) the son of Abdeel, along with two others, was commanded by king Jehoiakim to arrest Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet (Jeremiah 36:25).
Shelomi
Shelomi was the father of Ahihud, a prince of the Tribe of Asher. (Num. 34:27).
Shelumiel
Shelumiel (Hebrew: שלמיאל) was a son of Zurishaddai, a prince of the tribe of Simeon and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:6.
Yiddish schlemiel, a term for a "hapless loser", is said to be derived from the name.
Shelomith
Shelomith was the name of 5 biblical individuals in the Hebrew Bible.
Shelomith bat Dibri was the daughter of Dibri of the house of Dan, according to Leviticus 24:11. She was married to an Egyptian and her son (unnamed) was stoned to death by the people of Israel for blasphemy, following Moses' issue of a ruling on the penalty to be applied for blasphemy.
A daughter of Zerubbabel during the exile. (1 Chronicles 3:19)
A Levite and a chief of the sons of Izhar in the time of David's death. (1 Chronicles 23:18) Also called Shelomoth. (1 Chronicles 24:22–23)
The youngest child of Rehoboam through Maachah. It is uncertain whether they were a son or daughter. (2 Chronicles 11:20)
Shelomith, with the son of Josiphiah returned from Babylon with Ezra with 80 male individuals. There appears, however, to be an omission, which may be supplied from the Sept., and the true reading is probably "Of the sons of Bani, Shelomith the son of Josiphiah." See also 1 Esdr. 8:36, where he is called "Assamoth son of Josaphias." See Keil, ad oc.
Shelomoth
Shelomoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.
A descendant of Eliezer the son of Moses, put in the duty of temple treasury under David. (1 Chronicles 26:28)
The oldest son of Shimei, the chief of the Gershonites in the time of David mentioned in 1 Chronicles 23:9.
See Shelomith
Shemaiah
See List of people in the Hebrew Bible called Shemaiah
Shemariah
Shemariah is the name of four biblical figures.
In 1 Chronicles 12:5, Shemariah is a Benjamite, one of David's soldiers.
In 2 Chronicles 11:19, Shemariah is one of the sons of Rehoboam, spelled Shamariah in the King James Version.
In Ezra 10:32, Shemariah is one of the "sons of Harim," in a list of men who took foreign wives. Another Shemariah, one of the "descendants of Bani", appears in verse 41.
Shemeber
Shemeber is the king of Zeboiim in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.
Shemed
Shemed, spelled Shamed in the King James Version, is a figure briefly listed in 1 Chronicles 8:12 as one of the sons of Elpaal, the son of Shaharaim. He and his two brothers are referred to as "Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof" (1 Chronicles 8:12).
Shemer
Shemer (Hebrew: שמר Shemer "guardian") is the name of three biblical figures.
According to Kings, Shemer was the name of the man from whom Omri, King of Israel, bought Samaria (Hebrew Shomron), which he named after Shemer.
According to 1 Chronicles, one of the Levites involved in the musical ministry of the Jerusalem temple was "Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, the son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shemer, the son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi" (1 Chronicles 6:44–47). In this passage, the King James Version spells the name Shamer.
1 Chronicles 7:34 mentions a Shemer as one of the descendants of the Tribe of Asher. In verse 32, this figure is called Shomer, and is the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of Asher.
Shemida
Shemida was a son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:32, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.
Shemiramoth
Shemiramoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.
One of the many Levite musicians who played on his harp to prepare the alamoth when King David moved the Ark of the Covenant from the land of Obed-edom to Jerusalem. (1 Chronicles 15:18,20 16:5)
One of the Levite teachers sent by Jehoshaphat all across Judah teaching the Torah by YHWH according to 2 Chronicles 7:8.
Shemuel
Shemuel Prince of the tribe of Simeon; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:20).
Shenazar
Shenazar (Hebrew שֵׁנאִצִּר fiery tooth or splendid leader) was one of the six sons of King Jehoiachin during the time of the exile according to 1 Chronicles 3:18.
Shephatiah
Shephatiah (Hebrew שפטיה) is the name of at least nine Hebrew Bible men:
Shephatiah the son of David and Abital, David's fifth son, according to 2 Samuel 3:4.
Shephatiah the son of Mattan (Jeremiah 38:1) who was among the officers who denounced Jeremiah to king Zedekiah.
A descendant of Haruph and a Benjaminite warrior of David in Ziklag according to 1 Chronicles 2:5.
A son of Maakah and the phylarch of the Simeonites in the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:16)
The youngest of the sons of Jehoshaphat and one of the brothers killed by Joram in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2)
The father of Amariah and the son of Mahalalel. He was the ancestor of Athaiah of the tribe of Judah. (Nehemiah 11:4)
The son of Reuel and father of Meshullam the chieftain of the tribe of Benjamin during the exile. (1 Chronicles 9:5.
An ancestor of 372 descendants of his who went with Zerubbabel from Babylon. (Ezra 2:4;Nehemiah 7:9) He is identical to the Shephatiah of Ezra 1:3,8 whose 80 descendants returned in the rule of Zebadiah and Ezra.
One of Solomon's servants whose descendants also returned with Zerubbabel from Babylon to Israel. (Ezra 2:57;Nehemiah 7:59)
Shepho
Shepho is one of the sons of Shobal according to (Genesis 36:23).
Sheshai
Sheshai was one of the descendants of Anak mentioned in Numbers 13:22. When the Israelites took possession of the land, Sheshai along with Talmai and Ahiman were driven out of the land. (Joshua 15:14; Judges 1:10)
Sheshan
Sheshan is the name of one, or possibly two, biblical characters mentioned in the first book of Chronicles:
"The son of Ishi was Sheshan, and Sheshan's daughter was Ahlai ... Now Sheshan had no sons, only daughters. And Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha. Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant as wife, and they had a child, Attai."
Shillem
Shillem was a son of Naphtali according to Genesis 46:24 and Numbers 26:49. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Shimea
Shimea, according to bible's account, was the name of 2 biblical individuals.
A Merarite as the son of Uzziah, and also the father of Haggish. (1 Chronicles 6:30)
The grandfather of Asaph the prophet or seer of the men who ministered with music before the tabernacle, the tent of meeting. He is the father of Asaph's father Berechiah. (1 Chronicles 6:39)
Shimeah
The name Shimeah is used for two figures in the Hebrew Bible.
Shimeah or Shammah was a third son of Jesse, a brother of David (1 Samuel 16:9), and the father of Jonadab (2 Samuel 13:3).
A figure named Mikloth is the father of Shimeah according to 1 Chronicles 8:32, which gives no further information about either of them but places them in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin. In a parallel passage, 1 Chronicles 9:38 calls this son of Mikloth Shimeam, and presents Mikloth as a son of "Jehiel the father of Gibeon," making Mikloth a great-uncle of the Israelite king Saul.
Shimei
Shimei (Hebrew: שִׁמְעִי Šīmʿī) is the name of a number of persons referenced in the Hebrew Bible and Rabbinical literature.
The second son of Gershon and grandson of Levi (Exodus 6:17; Numbers 3:18; 1 Chronicles 6:17). The family of the Shimeites, as a branch of the tribe of Levi, is mentioned in Numbers 3:18, 21; 1 Chronicles 23:7, 10, 11 ("Shimei" in verse 9 could be a scribal error); and in Zechariah 12:13. In the New Testament the name occurs in Luke 3:26, spelled Semei in the King James Version.
Shimei ben Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, son of Gera, "a man of the family of the house of Saul" (2 Samuel 16:5–14, 19:16–23; 1 Kings 2:8–9, 36–46). He is mentioned as one of David's tormentors during his flight before Absalom, and as imploring and winning David's forgiveness when the latter returned. David, however, in his dying charge to Solomon, bade him avenge the insult (1 Kings 2:9). Jewish scribes say that Solomon's teacher was Shimei (son of Gera), and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: "For as long as Shimei the son of Gera was alive Solomon did not marry the daughter of Pharaoh" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Ps. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was his first descent into sin.
A brother of David, called also Shammah, Shimeah, and Shimea (1 Samuel 16:9; 17:13; 2 Samuel 13:3; 21:21; 1 Chronicles 2:13; 20:7)
A friend of King David mentioned in 1 Kings 1:8
Son of Elah, one of Solomon's prefects, over the district of Benjamin (1 Kings 4:18)
A grandson of Jeconiah and brother of Zerubbabel (1 Chronicles 3:19)
A grandson of Simeon, who is described as the father of sixteen sons and six daughters, and whose clan dwelt in Judea (1 Chronicles 4:26, 27)
A Reubenite (1 Chronicles 5:4)
Levites (1 Chronicles 6:29, 42; 25:17; 2 Chronicles 29:14; 31:12, 13)
A Benjamite chief who had nine sons (1 Chronicles 8:21, R. V.; comp. ib. v. 13)
"The Ramathite," one of David's officers (1 Chronicles 27:27)
A Levite and other Israelites whom Ezra required to put away their foreign wives (Ezra 10:23, 33, 38)
Grandfather of Mordecai (Esther 2:5).
Shimi
Shimrath
Shimrath was a Benjaminite, as one of the nine sons of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 8:21)
Shimri
The name Shimri appears 3 times in the Hebrew Bible
A son of Shemaiah mentioned in the Book of 1 Chronicles
Shimri the father of Jedaiel and the brother of Joha the Tizite.
One of the two sons of Elizaphan according to 2 Chronicles 29:13.
Shimron
Shimron was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Shimshai
Shimshai was a scribe who was represented the peoples listed in Ezra 4:9–10 in a letter to King Artaxerxes.
Shinab
Shinab is the king of Admah in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.
Shiphi
Shiphi was the son of Allon and the father of Ziza mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.
Shiphtan
Shiphtan was the father of Kemuel, a prince of the Tribe of Ephraim. (Num. 34:24).
Shisha
Shisha (Hebrew – שישא) was the father of Elihoreph and Ahijah, who were scribes of King Solomon (1 Kings 4:3).
Shobab
Shobab שובב "Mischievous" is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible.
Shobab was one of the children born to King David after he took up residence in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14), whose mother is named in 1 Chronicles 3:5 as Bathshua or Bathsheba, the daughter of Ammiel. In Brenton's Septuagint Translation, his name is translated as "Sobab" and his mother's name is given as "Bersabee". Each reference to him mentions him briefly, in a list along with at least three other sons of David born in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14; 1 Chronicles 3:5, 14:4).
Shobab is mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:18 as one of the children of Caleb, son of Hezron (not to be confused with the more famous Caleb son of Jephunneh).
Shobal
Shobal was a Horite chief in the hill country of Seir during the days of Esau. He was a son of Seir the Horite, and his sons were Alvas, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho and Onam. He is mentioned in Genesis 36:20–29.
Shuni
Shuni was a son of Gad according to Genesis 46:16 and Numbers 26:15. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Shuthelah
Shuthelah (Hebrew: שׁוּתֶלַח, romanized: /ˌʃuːˈtæˌlɑːx/ shoo-TELL-ahkh) was a son of Ephraim and father of Eran, according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:20.
Sisamai
Sisamai was the son of Eleasah and the father of Shallum mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:40.
Sodi
Sodi of the house of Zebulun was the father of Gaddiel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:10.
Sotai
Sotai was a descendant of the servants of Solomon, and his own descendants were listed among those who returned from the Babylonian exile in Ezra 2:55.
Susi
Susi of the house of Manasseh was the father of Gaddi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:11.
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Tahan
Tahan was a son of Ephraim according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:25.
Tahash
Tahash was the third son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.
Tahath
There are 3 people named Tahath in the Hebrew Bible.
Tahath a descendant of Korah and an ancestor of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:37
Tahath the son of Bered, and the father of Eleadah, also a descendant of Ephraim, and Tahath the son of Eleadah according to 1 Chronicles 7:20.
Taphath
Taphath (Hebrew טפת, "Drop") was a daughter of Solomon and wife of one of her father's twelve regional administrators, the son of Abinadab (First Kings 4:11).
Tappuah
Tappuah, one of the four sons of Hebron. Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:43.
Tebah
Tebah (Hebrew: טבח, "Massacre") was the first son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah. He is mentioned in Genesis 22:24.
Tekoa
Tekoa or Tekoah (Hebrew: תְּקוֹעַ, Modern: Teku'a, Tiberian: Tekû'a) was the son of Ashhur the son of Hezron through an unnamed mother mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:24, 4:5. The name Tekoah is also the name of a place which the Prophet Amos was born.
Temeni
Temeni is described in the Bible as a son of Naarah and Ashhur the son of Hezron the Grandson of Judah the founder of the tribe. He was the brother of Haahashtari, Ahuzam, and Hepher according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.
Tirhanah
Tirhanah according to the Biblical Narrative was the son of Caleb the son of Hezron. He was the son of Caleb's concubine named Maachah, and also the brother of Shaaph and Sheber. (1 Chronicles 2:48)
Tola
Tola (Hebrew: תּוֹלָע, Modern: Tola', Tiberian: Tôlā') was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:
A son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:23 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Tola (biblical figure), also of the tribe of Issachar, one of the judges of Israel (Judges 10:1–2).
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Uel
In Ezra 10:34 : "Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel."
Ulam
Ulam is a name that appears twice in the Hebrew Bible. In 1 Chronicles 7:16–17, an Ulam appears in a genealogical passage as the son of Peresh, the son of Machir, the son of the patriarch Manasseh. In 1 Chronicles 8:39, an Ulam appears in a genealogy as the son of Eshek, the brother of Azel, the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza, the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoadah, the son of Ahaz, the son of Micah, the son of Meribbaal.
Uri
Uri is mentioned 7 times, 6 of which indicate that another figure is the "son of Uri". The meaning of the name in English is "my light", "my flame" or "illumination".
Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Exodus 31 and 1 Chronicles 2 as a member of the Tribe of Judah. He is the son of Hur (Hebrew: חור) and the father of Bezalel (Hebrew: בצלאל).
Another Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Ezra 10 as one of those who have taken "strange wives."
Uriel
Uriel or Zephaniah the son of Tahath according to 1 Chronicles 6:24.
Uriel a Archangel
Urijah son of Shemaiah
Urijah, son of Shemaiah (Hebrew: אוּרִיָּהוּ בֵּנ–שְׁמַעְיָהוּ ʾŪrīyyāhū ben-Šəmaʿyāhū) was a minor prophet mentioned in Jeremiah 26:20-23. He was from Kiriath-Jearim, and his prophecies often matched Jeremiah's criticisms. When Jehoiakim heard the reports of these prophecies, he sent to have him killed, but Urijah fled to Egypt. In response, Jehoiakim sent a group of men, including Elnathan son of Achbor – the future father-in-law to his son, Jeconiah – to bring him back. After being brought before the king, he was executed, and buried in a potter's field.
Urijah
Urijah (Hebrew: אוריה uriyah) a priest in the time of King Ahaz of Judah, built an altar at the temple in Jerusalem on the Damascene model for Tiglathpileser, king of Assyria. 2 Kings 16:10–16
Uz
Uz was the name of 3 biblical characters in the Bible:
The firstborn son of Nahor and first son of Nahor and Milcah mentioned briefly in Genesis 22:20–21.
The son of Aram the son of Shem mentioned in Genesis 10:23.
One of the two sons of Dishan, his brothers name was Aran he is mentioned in Genesis 36:28 and 1 Chronicles 1:42.
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Vaizatha
Vaizatha (or Vajezatha; Hebrew: וַיְזָתָא) is one of the ten sons of Persian vizier Haman, mentioned in Esther 9:9. Haman had planned to kill all the Jews living under the reign of King Ahasuerus, but his plot was foiled. In their defence, the Jews killed 500 men in the citadel of Susa, as well as Vaizatha and his nine brothers: this event is remembered in the Jewish festival Purim. Walther Hinz has proposed that the name is a rendering of an Old Iranian name, Vahyazzāta, which itself is derived from Vahyaz-dāta ("given from the best one"), as found in Aramaic, Elamite, and Akkadian sources.
Vaniah
Vaniah, meaning nourishment, or weapons, of the Lord; one of many sons of Bani named in Ezra 10:36.
Vophsi
Vophsi of the house of Naphtali was the father of Nahbi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.
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Zaavan
Zaavan (za'-a-van or za'-awan), son of Ezer, was a Horite chief in the Land of Edom. (Gen. 36:27, 1 Chr. 1:42)
Zabad
Zabad is the name of seven men in the Hebrew Bible.
In 1 Chronicles 2:36–37, Zabad is a member of the Tribe of Judah, the family of Hezron and the house of Jahahmeel. He was the son of Nathan and the father of Ephlal.
In 1 Chronicles 7:21, Zabad is an Ephraimite of the family of Shuthelah. He was the son of Tanath and the father of Suthelah.
In 1 Chronicles 11:41, Zabad is one of King David's mighty men. He is the son of Ahlai.
In 2 Chronicles 24:26, Zabad is one of two servants of King Joash who kill him in his bed. He is the son of Shimeath, an Amonite woman. In 2 Kings 12:21 this same man seems to be called Jozachar (Hebrew: יוֹזָכָר; Latin: Josachar). His fellow conspirator is Jehozabad (Hebrew: יהוֹזָבָד; Latin: Jozabad), the son of Shomer (Hebrew: שֹׁמֵר; Latin: Somer).
In Ezra 10:27,33,34, three men named Zabad are listed as having taken foreign wives, whom Ezra persuades them to send away.
Zabbai
Zabbai was the father of Baruch, one of Nehemiah's helpers in repairing the walls of Jerusalem, according to Nehemiah 3:20.
Zabdi
Zabdi, son of Zerah, of the Tribe of Judah, was the father of Carmi and the grandfather of Achan, according to Joshua 7:1. He was present at the Battle of Jericho.
Zabud
Zabud (Hebrew – זבוד, zābud, meaning "endowed.") was a priest and friend of King Solomon, according to 1 Kings 4:5. He is described as the "son of Nathan," but it is unclear whether this is Nathan the prophet or Nathan the son of David. As a "friend" of the king, he probably served the function of a counselor.
Zaccur
Zaccur of the house of Reuben was the father of Shammua, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.
Zalmon
Zalmon the Ahohite, according to 2 Samuel 23:28 in the Masoretic Text, is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In the Masoretic Text of 1 Chronicles 11:29, in another copy of the same list of warriors, he is called "Ilai the Ahohite." Where the Masoretic Text has "Zalmon," various manuscripts of the Greek Septuagint have Ellon, Sellom, or Eliman. And where the Masoretic Text has "Ilai," the Septuagint reads Elei, Eli, or Ela.
Zaza
Zaza was one of the sons of Jonathan mentioned in (1 Chronicles 2:33); he was also the brother of Peleth and the grandson of Jada.
Zebadiah
Zebadiah (cf. Zebedee) may refer to:
A son of Asahel, Joab's brother (1 Chronicles 27:7).
A Levite who took part as one of the teachers in the system of national education instituted by Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:7–8).
The son of Ishmael, "the ruler of the house of Judah in all the king's matters" (2 Chronicles 19:8–11).
A son of Beriah (1 Chronicles 8:15).
A Korhite porter of the Lord's house (1 Chronicles 26:2). Three or four others of this name are also mentioned.
Zebudah
Zebudah was the first wife of King Josiah; they had a son, Jehoiakim. She is mentioned in these passages: 2 Kings 23:36. She was the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.
Zechariah
Zechariah was the name of 18 minor biblical individuals.
In addition to the characters named above, there are numerous minor characters in the Bible with the same name:
A prophet, who had "understanding in the seeing of God," in the time of Uzziah, who was much indebted to him for his wise counsel: 2 Chron 26:5.
One of the chiefs of the tribe of Reuben: 1 Chron 5:7.
One of the porters of the tabernacle: 1 Chron 9:21.
1 Chron 9:37.
A Levite who assisted at the bringing up of the ark from the house of Obed-edom: 1 Chron 15:20–24.
A Kohathite Levite: 1 Chron 24:25.
A Merarite Levite: 1 Chron 27:21.
The father of Iddo: 1 Chron 27:21.
One who assisted in teaching the law to the people in the time of Jehoshaphat: 2 Chron 17:7.
A Levite of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 20:14.
One of Jehoshaphat's sons: 2 Chron 21:2.
The father of Abijah (queen), who was the mother of Hezekiah: 2 Chron 29:1 possibly the same as Isaiah's supporter Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah Isa 8:2.
One of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 29:13.
One of the "rulers of the house of God": 2 Chron 35:8.
A chief of the people in the time of Ezra, who consulted him about the return from captivity in Ezra 8:16; probably the same as mentioned in Neh 8:4.
Neh 11:12.
Neh 12:16.
Neh 12:35–41.
Zedekiah
(Hebrew צִדְקִיָּה tsidqiyah)
Zedekiah, King of Judah
Zedekiah, son of Chenaanah, a false prophet in the time of Kings Jehoshaphat and Ahab
Zedekiah, son of Maaseiah, who, according to Jeremiah 29:21, was a false prophet.
Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, one of the princes to whom Michaiah told of Jeremiah's prophecy – Jeremiah 36:12
Zedekiah the son of King Jehoiachin according to 1 Chronicles 3:16. Not to be confused with his granduncle King Zedekiah.
Zephaniah
Zephaniah (Hebrew צפניה, pronounced TsePhNiYaH) was the name of at least three people in the Bible:
Zephaniah the prophet (q.v.)
Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest in Jeremiah 29:25. A member of the deputation sent by King Zedekiah to Jeremiah (Jeremiah 21:1; 37:3). "He is probably the same Zephaniah who is called 'the second priest' in 52:24 ... and was among those executed after the capture of Jerusalem in 587 B.C. In the present situation he is overseer of the temple (vs. 26), occupying the position which had been held earlier by Pashur, who had put Jeremiah in stocks..."
Zephaniah also called Uriel which was the son of Tahath and the father of Uzziah or Azariah according to 1 Chronicles 6:24
Zephon
See Ziphion.
Zerah
See Zohar.
Zerahiah
Zerahiah was a High Priest and an ancestor of Zadok, he was the son of Uzzi and the father of Meraioth. He is mentioned in (1 Chronicles 6:6, 1 Chronicles 6:51; Ezra 7:4)
Zeri
See Izri.
Zeror
Zeror, son of Bechorath, of the tribe of Benjamin, was the great-grandfather of King Saul and of his commander Abner. According to Saul, his family was the least of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Samuel 9)
Zichri
Zichri was a son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses. Zichri was also the name of the father of Amasiah, one of Jehoshaphat's commanders according to 2 Chron 17:16.
Zidkijah
Zidkijah is mentioned in chapter 10 of Nehemiah.
Zillah
In Genesis 4:19, 22–23, Zillah (Hebrew: צִלָּה – Ṣillāh) is a wife of Lamech and the mother of Tubal-cain and Naamah.
Ziphah
In 1 Chronicles 4:16, Ziphah (zī'fe) is mentioned as a son of Jehaleleel, a descendant of Judah.
Zippor
Zippor was the father of Balak, a prophet of Jehovah in Moab, in Numbers 22. He was a descendant of Moab, the son of Lot.
Ziphion
Ziphion or Zephon is a son of Gad (Genesis 46:16), and was the progenitor of the Zephonites (Numbers 26:15). There may be a connection with the angel Zephon.
Zithri
In Exodus 6:22, Zithri ("the Lord protects"), a Levite, was the son of Uzziel.
Ziza
Ziza (or Zizah) was the name of 3 biblical individuals:
A Gershonite, the second son of Shimei (1 Chronicles 23:10–11). The spelling is according to the Septuagint; most Hebrew manuscripts have Zina.
The son of Shiphi mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.
A son of King Rehoboam and Maacah the daughter of Avishalom mentioned in 2 Chronicles 11:20.
Zobebah
Zobebah (also known as Hazzobebah) was a son of Koz (1 Chronicles 4:8).
Zohar
For the Zohar found in a variant reading of 1 Chronicles 4:7, see Izhar.
Zohar or Zerah was a son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10, Exodus 6:15, and Numbers 26:13. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.
Zoheth
Zoheth was a son of Ishi (1 Chronicles 4:20).
Zuar
Zuar was a member of the house of Issachar according to Numbers 1:8. He was the father of Nethaneel.
Zuph
Zuph or Zophai was an Ephraimite and an ancestor of Samuel, he was the father of Tohu or Toah according to (1 Samuel 1:1). He was the son of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) according to (1 Chronicles 6:35). He is listed as being an Ephraimite even though he came from the line of Levi.
Zuriel
Zuriel ("My Rock is God") was the son of Abihail (Numbers 3:35). A Levite, Zuriel was chief prince of the Merarites at the time of the Exodus.
Zurishaddai
In Numbers 1:6, Rock of the Almighty ("Shaddai is my rock") was the father of Shelumiel, the prince of the Tribe of Simeon. He is mentioned in this context five times in the Book of Numbers.
See also
List of biblical names
List of burial places of biblical figures
List of major biblical figures
List of minor biblical tribes
List of minor biblical places
References
^ Numbers 3:21 NKJV
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Likhi". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Williams, Nora A. (1992). "Maai (Person)". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4. New York: Doubleday. p. 431. ISBN 9780300140811.
^ Fulton, Deirdre N. (2015). Reconsidering Nehemiah's Judah: The Case of MT and LXX Nehemiah 11–12. Mohr Siebeck. p. 156. ISBN 9783161538810.
^ a b Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox. p. 346. ISBN 9780664221867.
^ Mandel, David (2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 250. ISBN 9780827610293.
^ The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, page 1060.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Machnadebai". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ 1 Chronicles 8:9.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Malcham". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Frederic W. Bush, Art. Marsena In: David Noel Freedman (Hrsg.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday 1992, ISBN 3-438-01121-2, Bd. 4, S. 573.
^ "Chapter:-1----The Country of Arabia--Part One". January 2018.
^ "Harvard Mirador Viewer".
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Matred". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Pulpit Commentary on 1 Samuel 10, accessed 1 May 2017.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Matthanias". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Richard S. Hess (15 October 2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4412-0112-6.
^ (Adam Clarke, 1831, p. II 685)
^ a b T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Meshillemoth". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ 2 Chronicles 28:12
^ Neh 11:13
^ Easton's Bible Dictionary - Mithredath.
^ T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Naharai". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ a b T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) . "Nahath". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:31, 5:19.
^ Naphish - King James Bible Dictionary.
^ Theodor Nöldeke (1899). "Hagar". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ he New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990. ISBN 0-13-614934-0.
^ .
^ Saadia Gaon (1984). Yosef Qafih (ed.). Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Pentateuch (in Hebrew) (4 ed.). Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 33 (note 35). OCLC 232667032.
^ 1 Kings 11:26, 16:3.
^ C. H. W. Johns (1901) . "Nebuzaradan". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Nehemiah 6:14: King James Version
^ Esther 9:7 in the Bishops' Bible of 1568, accessed 30 December 2022.
^ Genesius, H. W. F., Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index, published 1979.
^ "2 Samuel 21 Brenton Septuagint Translation". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Rechab and the Rechabites" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 1219. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
^ Rannfrid I. Thelle; Terje Stordalen; Mervyn E. J. Richardson (16 June 2015). New Perspectives on Old Testament Prophecy and History: Essays in Honour of Hans M. Barstad. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29327-4.
^ Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) . "Rehum". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ "Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 4, chapter 7, section 1". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-02. ...and Rekem, who was of the same name with a city, the chief and capital of all Arabia, which is still now so called by the whole Arabian nation, Arecem, from the name of the king that built it; but is by the Greeks called Petra
^ Hammond, Philip C. (1980). "New Evidence for the 4th-Century A. D. Destruction of Petra". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (238): 65–67. doi:10.2307/1356516. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356516. S2CID 163457321.
^ NLT takes this interpretation, but in slightly different words.
^ L'Heureux, Conrad E. "The yelîdê Hārāpā': A Cultic Association of Warriors." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 221, 1976, pp. 83–85. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356087.
^ Ronald F. Youngblood (7 March 2017). 1 and 2 Samuel. Zondervan. p. 913. ISBN 978-0-310-53179-1.
^ Meir Lubetski; Edith Lubetski (11 September 2012). New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-58983-557-3.
^ a b Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.
^ Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.
^ "Shammai from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
^ International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, "Shammua."
^ Peretz Rodman, "Shelumiel — The First Schlemiel?", The Forward, 26 May 2006.
This interpretation has been identified as a folk etymology. Klein in his Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (1987), s.v. שלומיאל, interprets the term as a corruption of shelo mo'il (שלא מועיל) "useless" (cited after balashon.com, 18 December 2009).
^ Leviticus 24:15–16.
^ "Shelomith from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
^ 1 Kings 16:24.
^ 1 Chron 2:31, 34–35.
^ Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), "Shimei."
^ Public Domain Hirsch, Emil G.; Price, Ira Maurice; Bacher, Wilhelm; Seligsohn, M.; Montgomery, Mary W.; toy, Crawford Howell (1901–1906). "Solomon". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 436–448.
^ The New International Version notes that "one Hebrew manuscript and Vulgate ; most Hebrew manuscripts "Bathshua"
^ "1 Chronicles 3 Brenton Septuagint Translation". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ 2 Samuel 14:2
^ 2 Samuel 14:4
^ 2 Samuel 14:9
^ 2 Chronicles 20:20
^ "Amos". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ Bedford, Peter (1992). "Vaizatha (Person)". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 781. ISBN 9780300140811.
^ Holman Bible Dictionary
^ a b McMillion, Phillip E. (1992). "Zabud (Person)". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 1032. ISBN 9780300140811.
^ a b c Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) . "Zalmon (second entry)". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 4, Q–Z. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ "Strong's Hebrew: 6667. צִדְקִיָּה (Tsidqiyyahu or Tsidqiyyah) – "Yah is righteousness," six Israelites". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ 1 Kings 22:11.
^ The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, 1991, pp. 287–88.
^ The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, page 1021.
^ See New International Version, footnote.
^ E.g. New International Version.
^ See Shlomo ben Aderet: (responsa i., No. 12; quoted in the Jewish Encyclopedia): "one of the sons of Simeon is called Zohar in Gen. xlvi. 10 and Ex. vi. 15, and Zerah in Num. xxvi. 13, but since both names signify 'magnificent,' the double nomenclature is explained."
^ For the etymology, see David Mandel (1 January 2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-8276-1029-3.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, A–K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_A%E2%80%93K"},{"link_name":"List of minor New Testament figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_New_Testament_figures"},{"link_name":"persons named in the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_names"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"there","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_A-K"},{"link_name":"A–K (previous page)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures,_A%E2%80%93K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"For other minor Hebrew Bible figures, see List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, A–K. For minor figures in the New Testament, see List of minor New Testament figures.This article contains persons named in the Bible, specifically in the Hebrew Bible, of minor notability, about whom little or nothing is known, aside from some family connections. Here are the names which start with L-Z; for A-K see there.Contents\n \n A–K (previous page)\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n \n\nSee also\nReferences","title":"List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, L–Z"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelah_(son_of_Judah)"},{"link_name":"Judah (son of Jacob)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"}],"sub_title":"Laadah","text":"Laadah (Hebrew: לאדה) is one of the sons of Shelah, son of Judah (son of Jacob) in 1 Chronicles 4:21.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Libni"}],"sub_title":"Laadan","text":"See Libni","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Libni"}],"sub_title":"Ladan","text":"See Libni","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_3"},{"link_name":"Eliasaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eliasaph"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:7–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+23:7%E2%80%9311&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Lael","text":"Lael (Hebrew לָאֵל \"belonging to God\") was a member of the house of Gershon according to Numbers 3:24. He was the father of Eliasaph. Neither of these is named in the Gershonite list in 1 Chronicles 23:7–11.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elhanan, son of Jair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elhanan,_son_of_Jair"}],"sub_title":"Lahmi","text":"Lahmi, according to 1 Chronicles 20:5, was the brother of Goliath, killed by David's warrior Elhanan. See also Elhanan, son of Jair.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan (ancient city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Palti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Michal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Laish","text":"This entry is about the individual named Laish. For the city Dan, known also as Laish, see Dan (ancient city).Laish is a name which appears in 1 Samuel 25:44 and 2 Samuel 3:15, where it is the name of the father of Palti, or Paltiel, the man who was married to Saul's daughter Michal before she was returned to David.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah"}],"sub_title":"Lapidoth","text":"Lapidoth was the husband of Deborah, the fourth judge of Israel, according to Judges 4:4.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Letushim","text":"Letushim appears as a son of Dedan according to Genesis 25:3.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Dedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Jokshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokshan"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Keturah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"25:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#3"}],"sub_title":"Leummim","text":"Leummim (Hebrew: לְאֻמִּים) was the third son of Dedan, son of Jokshan, son of Abraham by Keturah (Genesis 25:3).","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:7–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+23:7%E2%80%939&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Libni","text":"Libni (Hebrew לִבְנִי) was a son of Gershon of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:17 and Numbers 3:18. He was born in Egypt. His descendants are referred to as the 'Libnites'.[1] The first born son of Gershon is named as Laadan (or Ladan) in 1 Chronicles 23:7–9.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_likhi-2"}],"sub_title":"Likhi","text":"Likhi son of Shemida is listed in a genealogy of the tribe of Manasseh. He is mentioned only in 1 Chronicles 7:19.[2]","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea"},{"link_name":"Gomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_(wife_of_Hosea)"},{"link_name":"Hosea 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:1"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:9"}],"sub_title":"Lo-Ammi","text":"Lo-Ammi (Hebrew for \"not my people\") was the youngest son of Hosea and Gomer. He had an older brother named Jezreel and an older sister named Lo-Ruhamah. God commanded Hosea to name him \"Lo-Ammi\" to symbolize his anger with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea"},{"link_name":"Gomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_(wife_of_Hosea)"},{"link_name":"Hosea 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:1"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_1:9"}],"sub_title":"Lo-Ruhamah","text":"Lo-Ruhamah (Hebrew for \"not loved\") was the daughter of Hosea and Gomer. She had an older brother named Jezreel and a younger brother named Lo-Ammi. Her name was chosen by God to symbolize his displeasure with the people of Israel (see Hosea 1:1–9).","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Reumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Reumah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Maacah","text":"Maacah was the youngest son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maadai","text":"Maadai, son of Bani is found in Ezra 10:34, in a list of men recorded as having married foreign women.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"}],"sub_title":"Maadiah","text":"Maadiah appears in a list of priests and Levites said to have accompanied Zerubbabel in Nehemiah 12:5.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_(list_of_biblical_figures)"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 12:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:36&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Maai","text":"Maai (Hebrew: מָעַי) was a musician who was a relative of Zechariah, a descendant of Asaph. He is mentioned once, as part of the ceremony for the dedication of the rebuilt Jerusalem wall (Nehemiah 12:36), where he was part of the group that processed southwards behind Ezra.[3] His name is omitted in the Septuagint translation of the passage, as are the names of five other relatives of Zechariah mentioned in the same verse.[4] The name is otherwise unattested.[5] Blenkinsopp suggests that Maai is a diminutive nickname.[5] Mandel proposes its Hebrew origin means \"sympathetic\".[6]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"15:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a15.htm#18"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"15:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a15.htm#20"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"23:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b23.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Ahaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz"},{"link_name":"Pekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"28:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b28.htm#7"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 34:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2034:8"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 21:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2021:1"},{"link_name":"37:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2037:3"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 29:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2029:21"},{"link_name":"Neriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neriah"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 32:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2032:12"},{"link_name":"51:59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2051:59"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+10:18&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Maaseiah","text":"Several men called Maaseiah (Hebrew מַעֲשֵׂיָה or מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ maaseyah(u) \"Work of YHWH\") are mentioned in the Bible:One of the Levites whom David appointed as porter for the ark 1 Chronicles 15:18, 1 Chronicles 15:20\nOne of the \"captains of hundreds\" associated with Jehoiada in restoring king Jehoash to the throne 2 Chronicles 23:1\nThe \"king's son\", probably one of the sons of king Ahaz, killed by Zichri in the invasion of Judah by Pekah, king of Israel 2 Chronicles 28:7\nOne who was sent by king Josiah to repair the temple 2 Chronicles 34:8. He was governor (Heb. sar, rendered elsewhere in the Authorized Version \"prince,\" \"chief captain\", chief ruler\") of Jerusalem.\nThe father of the priest Zephaniah Jeremiah 21:1, 37:3\nThe father of the false prophet Zedekiah Jeremiah 29:21\na priest, the father of Neriah Jeremiah 32:12, 51:59\nThe son of Shallum, \"the keeper of the threshold\" (Jeremiah 35:4) \"may be the father of the priest Zephaniah mentioned in [Jeremiah] 21:1; 29:25; 37:3\".[7]\nOne of the sons of Jeshua who had married a foreign wife during the exile (Ezra 10:18).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#12"}],"sub_title":"Maasiai","text":"Hebrew for \"Worker of Yahweh\", one of the priests resident at Jerusalem at the Captivity 1 Chronicles 9:12","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#27"}],"sub_title":"Maaz","text":"Maaz was one of the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel. His brothers were: Jamin and Eker. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:27.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priestly course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_divisions"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a24.htm#18"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%2010:8"}],"sub_title":"Maaziah","text":"Head of the twenty-fourth and final priestly course in David's reign, 1 Chronicles 24:18.\nAlso, a priest named in Nehemiah 10:8.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gadite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"12:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a12.htm#13"}],"sub_title":"Machbanai","text":"Hebrew for \"Clad with a mantle\", one of the Gadite heroes who joined David in the wilderness 1 Chronicles 12:13","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"}],"sub_title":"Machbena","text":"Machbena or Machbenah, according to the only mention of him, in 1 Chronicles 2:49, was the son of Sheva the son of Caleb.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad"},{"link_name":"Geuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Geuel"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Machi","text":"Machi of the tribe of Gad was the father of Geuel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:15.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_machnadebai-8"}],"sub_title":"Machnadebai","text":"Machnadebai is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible only once, in Ezra 10:40, where the name appears in a list of people alleged to have married foreign women.[8]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yehud Medinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata"}],"sub_title":"Magpiash","text":"Magpiash, according to Nehemiah 10:20, was one of the men who signed a covenant between God and the people of Yehud Medinata.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahalath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalath"},{"link_name":"Genesis 28:6–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2028:6%E2%80%939&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Basemath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basemath"},{"link_name":"Jerimoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerimoth"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Abihail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihail"},{"link_name":"Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 11:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b11.htm#18"},{"link_name":"Shamariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamariah"},{"link_name":"Zaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaham"}],"sub_title":"Mahalath","text":"Mahalath, one of the wives of Esau, and a daughter of Ishmael (Genesis 28:6–9). Thought to be the same as Basemath of Genesis 36.\nMahalath, a daughter of Jerimoth, son of David and Abihail, granddaughter of Jesse, the first-named wife of king Rehoboam in 2 Chronicles 11:18. She had three children: Jeush, Shamariah, and Zaham.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"}],"sub_title":"Mahali","text":"Mahali (also Mahli) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#35"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"29:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b29.htm#12"}],"sub_title":"Mahath","text":"Hebrew for \"Grasping\"A Kohathite Levite, father of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) 1 Chronicles 6:35\nAnother Kohathite Levite, of the time of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29:12)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#4"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#30"}],"sub_title":"Mahazioth","text":"Heb. \"Visions\", a Kohathite Levite, chief of the twenty-third course of musicians 1 Chronicles 25:4,1 Chronicles 25:30","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maher-shalal-hash-baz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher-shalal-hash-baz"}],"sub_title":"Maher-shalal-hash-baz","text":"Maher-shalal-hash-baz (\"Hurry to spoil!\" or \"He has made haste to the plunder!\") was the second mentioned son of the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 8.1–4). The name is a reference to the impending plunder of Samaria and Damascus by the king of Assyria. The name is the longest personal name in the Bible.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name"},{"link_name":"daughters of Zelophehad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Zelophehad"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"26:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0426.htm#33"},{"link_name":"27:1–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0427.htm#1"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0436.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Jo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Jo.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"17:3–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0617.htm#3"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Abiezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abieezer"},{"link_name":"1 Chr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chr."},{"link_name":"7:18–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a07.htm#18"}],"sub_title":"Mahlah","text":"Mahlah is the name of two biblical persons:One of the daughters of Zelophehad, who with her four sisters brought a claim regarding inheritance before Moses. (Numbers 26:33, 27:1–11, 36; Jo. 17:3–6)\nA child of Gilead's sister Hammolecheth and great-granddaughter of Manasseh. She had two siblings, Ishhod and Abiezer. (1 Chr. 7:18–6)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Kings 4:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%204:31"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Mahol","text":"The father of four sons 1 Kings 4:31 who were inferior in wisdom only to Solomon.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_malcham-10"}],"sub_title":"Malcam","text":"For the deity sometimes called Malcam, Malcham, or Milcom, see Moloch.Malcam (King James Version spelling Malcham) son of Shaharaim appears only once in the Hebrew Bible in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin.[9][10]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriah_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher"}],"sub_title":"Malchiel","text":"Malchiel (Hebrew מַלְכִּיאֵל \"my king is God\") was a son of Beriah the son of Asher, according to Genesis 46:17 and Numbers 26:45. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to 1 Chronicles 7:31, he was the ancestor of the Malchielites, a group within the Tribe of Asher.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#33"},{"link_name":"battle of Gilboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gilboa"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 31:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2031:2"}],"sub_title":"Malchishua","text":"Heb. \"King of help\" or \"King of salvation\", one of the four sons of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:33). He perished along with his father and brothers in the battle of Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:2).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Malchiah","text":"Malchiah (Hebrew: מלכיהו malkiyahu \"God is my king\") son of the king (Jeremiah 38:6), owner of the pit into which Jeremiah was thrown","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heman the Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heman_the_Levite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#4"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"25:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a25.htm#26"}],"sub_title":"Mallothi","text":"A Kohathite Levite, one of the sons of Heman the Levite (1 Chronicles 25:4), and chief of the nineteenth division of the temple musicians 1 Chronicles 25:26","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#44"},{"link_name":"Neh. NIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:29&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:32&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Malluch","text":"There are two biblical figures named MalluchA Levite of the family of Merari 1 Chronicles 6:44\nA priest who returned from Babylon (Neh. NIV),(Ezra 10:29),(Ezra 10:32)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis 36:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:23"}],"sub_title":"Manahath","text":"Manahath is one of the sons of Shobal. His brothers names were: Ebal, Shepho, Onam, and Alvan (Genesis 36:23).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%202:45"}],"sub_title":"Maon","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 2:45, Maon was a member of the clan of Caleb, the son of Shammai and the father of Beth Zur.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esther 1:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Esther%201:14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carshena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshena"}],"sub_title":"Marsena","text":"Marsena appears in Esther 1:14 as one of seven Persian and Medean princes.[11] Marsena also advised King Ahasuerus.\nSee also: Carshena. There exists the presumption that both counselors have Persian names.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod"},{"link_name":"Asshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tse Tsan-Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tse_Tsan-Tai"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples of Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Mash","text":"Mash was a son of Aram according to Genesis 10:23. In Arabic traditions, Mash is considered the father of Nimrod (not Nimrod bin Kush bin Kanan), who begot Kinan, who in turn begot another Nimrod, and the lattermost's descendants mixed with those of Asshur (i.e. Assyrians).[12] Tse Tsan-Tai identifies his descendants with the indigenous peoples of Siberia.[13]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"Gen. 25:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2025:14"}],"sub_title":"Massa","text":"Hebrew word meaning tribute or burden, one of the sons of Ishmael, the founder of an Arabian tribe (Gen. 25:14); a nomadic tribe inhabiting the Arabian desert toward Babylonia.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_matred-14"}],"sub_title":"Matred","text":"Matred, according to Genesis 36:39 and 1 Chronicles 1:50, was the mother-in-law of the Edomite king Hadad II.[14]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 10:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"Matrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrites_(family)"},{"link_name":"Kish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Becher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becher_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+46:21&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Matri","text":"Matri, of the Tribe of Benjamin, was an ancestor of Saul according to 1 Samuel 10:21. Matri's clan, or the family of the Matrites, was chosen, and, from them, Saul the son of Kish was chosen to be king. The family of the Matrites is nowhere else mentioned in the Hebrew Bible; the conjecture, therefore, is that Matri is probably a corruption of Bikri, i.e. a descendant of Becher (Genesis 46:21).[15]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Athaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athaliah"},{"link_name":"King Azariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah"},{"link_name":"Jehoash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 11:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+11:18&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Mattan","text":"Mattan (Mathan in the Douay–Rheims translation) was a priest of the temple of Baal in Jerusalem who was killed during the uprising against Athaliah when King Azariah's remaining son, Jehoash, was appointed king of Judah (2 Kings 11:18).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Bible"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezra%2010:33"}],"sub_title":"Mattattah","text":"Mattattah (KJV: Mattathah) was one of the descendants of Hashum mentioned in Ezra 10:33 along with Mattenai, Zabda, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh and Shimei who married foreign wives.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Esdras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Esdras"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_matthanias-16"}],"sub_title":"Matthanias","text":"Two men called Matthanias are mentioned in 1 Esdras, one each mentioned in 1 Esdras 9:27 and 9:31. In both passages, the parallel text in Ezra 10:26 and 10:30 contains the name Mattaniah.[16]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaiah"},{"link_name":"Shemaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Sanballat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanballat_the_Horonite"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"6:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%206:10&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Mehetabeel","text":"Mehetabeel (\"Whom God benefits\" or \"God causes good\") was the father of Delaiah, and grandfather of Shemaiah, who joined Sanballat against Nehemiah (Nehemiah 6:10).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"36:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2036:39&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Mehetabel","text":"Mehetabel (\"מהיטבאל\") (\"Whom God benefits\" or \"God causes good\") was the wife of Hadad, one of the kings of Edom (Genesis 36:39).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"}],"sub_title":"Mehir","text":"Mehir son of Chelub appears in a genealogy of the Tribe of Judah in 1 Chronicles 4:11.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahalalel_Malaleel_filius_yrath_(titel_op_object)_Liber_Chronicarum_(serietitel),_RP-P-2016-49-8-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"4:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%204:18"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Irad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Irad"},{"link_name":"Methushael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Methushael"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hess2007-17"}],"sub_title":"Mehujael","text":"Mehujael as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).In Genesis 4:18, Mehujael (Hebrew: מְחוּיָאֵל – Məḥūyāʾēl or מְחִיּיָאֵל; Greek: Μαιηλ – Maiēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Irad and the father of Methushael.\nThe name means \"El (or) the god enlivens.\"[17]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahasuerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasuerus"},{"link_name":"Vashti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashti"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"1:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%201:10&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Mehuman","text":"Faithful, one of the eunuchs whom Ahasuerus commanded to bring in Vashti (Esther 1:10).\n\nPersian \"مهمان signifies a stranger or guest\"[18]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"}],"sub_title":"Melatiah","text":"Melatiah the Gibeonite is a person who, according to Nehemiah 3:7, was responsible for rebuilding a portion of the wall of Jerusalem after the end of the Babylonian captivity.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#35"},{"link_name":"Melech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch"}],"sub_title":"Melech","text":"King, the second of Micah's four sons 1 Chronicles 8:35), and thus grandson of Mephibosheth. Also related to a southwest Asian god, see Melech","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"1:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%201:11&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"1:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%201:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%201:9&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Melzar","text":"Probably a Persian word meaning master of wine, i.e., chief butler; the title of an officer at the Babylonian court Daniel 1:11, Daniel 1:16 who had charge of the diet of the Hebrew youths. Daniel had a providential relationship of \"favour and tender love\" with Melzar (Daniel 1:9).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merab (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merab_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Samuel"},{"link_name":"14:49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2014:49"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 18:17–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Samuel%2018:17%E2%80%9319"},{"link_name":"Adriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriel"},{"link_name":"Abel-Meholah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel-meholah"},{"link_name":"Beit She'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_She%27an"},{"link_name":"Gibeonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeonites"},{"link_name":"Gibeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeah"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 21:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Samuel%2021:8"}],"sub_title":"Merab","text":"\"Merab\" redirects here. For the (unrelated) masculine given name, see Merab (given name).Merab was the eldest of Saul's two daughters (1 Samuel 14:49). She was offered in marriage to David after his victory over Goliath, but does not seem to have entered heartily into this arrangement (1 Samuel 18:17–19). She was at length, however, married to Adriel of Abel-Meholah, a town in the Jordan valley, about 10 miles south of Bethshean (Beit She'an), with whom the house of Saul maintained an alliance. She had five sons, who were all put to death by the Gibeonites on the hill of Gibeah (2 Samuel 21:8). Merab is also a common feminine name in Israel.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Meraiah","text":"A chief priest, a contemporary of the high priest Joiakim (Neh 12:12).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:6–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#6"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a06.htm#52"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"12:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b12.htm#15"}],"sub_title":"Meraioth","text":"Father of Amariah, a priest of the line of Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:6–7), (1 Chronicles 6:52). It is uncertain if he ever was the high priest.\nA priest who went to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:15). He is called Meremoth in Neh 12:3.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"12:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b12.htm#3"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"8:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a08.htm#33"}],"sub_title":"Meremoth","text":"A priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:3), to whom were sent the sacred vessels (Ezra 8:33) belonging to the temple. He took part in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 3:4).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Meres","text":"Meres is listed in Esther 1:14 as one of seven officials in the service of Ahasuerus.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#21"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"26:1–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a26.htm#1"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Meshelemiah","text":"A Levite of the family of the Korhites, called also Shelemiah (1 Chronicles 9:21),(1 Chronicles 26:1–14) He was a temple gate-keeper in the time of David.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_meshillemoth-19"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Pekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekah"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_meshillemoth-19"}],"sub_title":"Meshillemoth","text":"Two men called Meshillemoth (in one case spelled Meshillemith) are mentioned in the Bible.[19]The father of Berechiah, a member of the Tribe of Ephraim during the time when Pekah was king.[20]\nA priest, the son of Immer.[21] He is called \"Meshillemoth\" in 1 Chronicles 9:12.[19]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meshullam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshullam"}],"sub_title":"Meshullam","text":"See Meshullam","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Amon of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings"},{"link_name":"21:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#19"}],"sub_title":"Meshullemeth","text":"The wife of King Manasseh of Judah, and the mother of King Amon of Judah (2 Kings 21:19).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"4:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%204:18"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Mehujael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mehujael"},{"link_name":"Lamech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamech,_descendant_of_Cain"}],"sub_title":"Methusael","text":"In Genesis 4:18, Methusael or Methushael (Hebrew: מְתוּשָׁאֵל – Məṯūšāʾēl) is a descendant of Cain, the son of Mehujael and the father of Lamech.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matred"},{"link_name":"Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Gen"},{"link_name":"36:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#39"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"1:50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a01.htm#50"},{"link_name":"Mehetabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehetabel"},{"link_name":"Hadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"}],"sub_title":"Mezahab","text":"The father of Matred (Gen 36:39),(1 Chronicles 1:50), and grandfather of Mehetabel, wife of Hadar, the last king of Edom.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mijamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijamin"}],"sub_title":"Miamin","text":"See Mijamin","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hagarene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagarene"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"11:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a11.htm#38"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel"},{"link_name":"23:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b23.htm#36"}],"sub_title":"Mibhar","text":"A Hagarene, one of David's warriors (1 Chronicles 11:38); called also Bani the Gadite (2 Samuel 23:36).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Gen"},{"link_name":"25:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#13"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"4:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a04.htm#25"}],"sub_title":"Mibsam","text":"One of Ishmael's twelve sons, and head of an Arab tribe (Gen 25:13).\nA son of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:25).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"}],"sub_title":"Mibzar","text":"Mibzar was an Edomite clan (possibly named after an eponymous chieftain) mentioned in Genesis 36:31-43.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[miχaˈʔel]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Who is like God?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus%3F"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Sethur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sethur"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"},{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:1-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%208:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 5:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:13&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:40&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Joram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 21:2–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2021:2%E2%80%934&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Michael","text":"Michael (is the masculine given name that comes from Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל / מיכאל (Mīkhāʼēl, pronounced [miχaˈʔel]), derived from the question מי כאל mī kāʼēl, meaning \"Who is like God?\") is the name of 8 minor biblical individuals besides from the Archangel Michael.Michael of the house of Asher was the father of Sethur, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.\nMichael was the oldest son of Izrahiah, a descendant of Issachar according to 1 Chronicles 7:1-3\nMichael was the 6th son of Beriah the head of the family of those living in Aijalon and who drove out the inhabitants of Gath of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Chronicles 8:16)\nMichael was a chief Gadite in Bashan. (1 Chronicles 5:13)\nMichael was a Manassite and one of David's mighty warriors in Ziklag. (1 Chronicles 2:20)\nMichael was an ancestor of Asaph as the son of Baaseiah and the father of Shimea as a Gershonite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:40)\nMichael was the father of Omri, the leader of the tribe of Judah and the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:18)\nMichael was one of the sons of King Jehoshaphat who was killed by Joram his brother in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2–4)","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Michaiah","text":"Two men called Michaiah (Hebrew: מיכיה Mikayah \"Who is like Yah?\") are mentioned in the Bible:Michaiah, son of Imri (q.v.)\nMichaiah, the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan (Jeremiah 36:11), who heard Baruch's reading of the oracles of YHVH to Jeremiah, and reported to king Johoiakim","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzi"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#8"}],"sub_title":"Michri","text":"\"Prize of Jehovah\" or \"Selling\", a Benjamite, the father of Uzzi (1 Chronicles 9:8).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priestly divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_divisions"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles_24#List_of_the_priestly_divisions"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 12:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_12:5"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nehemiah#10:8"},{"link_name":"Neh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Neh"},{"link_name":"12:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b12.htm#17"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a10.htm#25"}],"sub_title":"Mijamin","text":"Three men called Mijamin (also spelled Miamin, Miniamin, Minjamin) (\"from the right hand\") are mentioned in the Bible:The head of the sixth of twenty four priestly divisions set up by King David. (1 Chronicles 24:9)\nA chief priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Nehemiah 12:5), who signed the renewed covenant with God. (Nehemiah 10:8) In the time of Joiakim his family had joined with that of Moadiah, and was led by Piltai. He was also called Miniamin. (Neh 12:17)\nA non-priestly Mijamin son of Parosh is mentioned in Ezra 10:25 as one of those who divorced a gentile wife, and sacrificed a ram in atonement.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"27:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a27.htm#4"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#32"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#37"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#38"}],"sub_title":"Mikloth","text":"An officer under Dodai, in the time of David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:4).\nA Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:32),(1 Chronicles 9:37), (1 Chronicles 9:38).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Neh"},{"link_name":"12:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:36&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Milalai","text":"A Levitical musician (Neh 12:36) who took part in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mijamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijamin"},{"link_name":"King Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"Levitical cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitical_city"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 31:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+31:15&version=nkjv"}],"sub_title":"Miniamin","text":"See also: MijaminMiniamin (or Mijamin) was one of the agents appointed under Kore in the time of King Hezekiah to distribute a share of the plenty to the priests in the Levitical cities of Judah (2 Chronicles 31:15.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mijamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijamin"}],"sub_title":"Minjamin","text":"See Mijamin","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Uzziel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziel"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Elzaphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Elzaphan"},{"link_name":"Nadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu"},{"link_name":"Abihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihu"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 10:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"three Hebrew youths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"fiery furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego#Fiery_furnace"}],"sub_title":"Mishael","text":"Two men called 'Mishael (Hebrew מִישָׁאֵל 'Who is what is god (El)?') are mentioned in the Bible:Mishael was a son of Uzziel of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:22, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.\nHe and Elzaphan were asked by Moses to carry away Nadab's and Abihu's bodies to a place outside the camp. (Leviticus 10:4)Mishael was one of the three Hebrew youths who were trained with Daniel in Babylon (Dan. 1:11, 19). He and his companions were cast into and miraculously delivered from the fiery furnace for refusing to worship the king's idol (3:13–30). Mishael's Babylonian name was Meshach.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mishma","text":"Mishma, son of Simeon (1 Chron. 4:25–26).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"12:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a12.htm#10"}],"sub_title":"Mishmannah","text":"(Hebrew מִשְׁמַנָּה) one of the Gadite heroes who gathered to David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:10).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Mithridates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"King Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"1:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a01.htm#8"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"4:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%204:7&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Mithredath","text":"(Hebrew: מִתְרְדָת; Greek: Μιθραδάτης; Latin: Mithridates) The Hebrew form of the Persian name Mithridates meaning 'given/dedicated to the sun'.[22]The \"treasurer\" of King Cyrus (Ezra 1:8).\nA Persian officer in Samaria (Ezra 4:7).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)"},{"link_name":"Moabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Genesis 19:36–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019:36%E2%80%9337&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Moab","text":"Moab was the son of Lot and his eldest daughter. He became the father of the Moabites (see Genesis 19:36–37).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abishur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abishur"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#29"}],"sub_title":"Molid","text":"(Hebrew מוֹלִיד)A son of Abishur of the tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:29).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#46"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:36–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#36"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:42–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#42"}],"sub_title":"Moza","text":"(Hebrew מוֹצָא)One of the sons of Caleb (1 Chronicles 2:46).\nThe son of Zimri, of the posterity of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:36–37),(1 Chronicles 9:42–43).","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"}],"sub_title":"Muppim","text":"Muppim (Hebrew מֻפִּים) or Shuphim was the eighth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21 and Numbers 26:39.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merari"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"}],"sub_title":"Mushi","text":"Mushi (Hebrew מוּשִׁי) was a son of Merari of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:19, born in Egypt.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"},{"link_name":"Jephunneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jephunneh"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:15&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Naam","text":"Naam was one of the sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh. (1 Chronicles 4:15) His brothers were Iru and Elam.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Bela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Bela"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_8"}],"sub_title":"Naaman","text":"Naaman is the fifth son of Benjamin in Genesis 46:21, but the son of Bela and therefore the grandson of Benjamin according to Numbers 26:38-40 and 1 Chronicles 8:4 He is not mentioned among the sons of Bela in 1 Chronicles 7:7.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezron"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:6&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Naarah","text":"According to the Hebrew Bible, Naarah was one of the two wives of Ashur the son of Hezron which bore Ashur: Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni and Haahashtari according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Kings 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Kings#21:1"}],"sub_title":"Naboth","text":"Naboth was a minor figure known for owning a vineyard that king Ahab wished to have for himself. When Naboth was unwilling to give up the vineyard, Ahab's wife Jezebel instigated a plot to have Naboth killed. See 1 Kings 21.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"High Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Nadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam_I"},{"link_name":"Baasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"1 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Kings"},{"link_name":"14:20, 15:25, 15:27, 15:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a14.htm#20"},{"link_name":"Shammai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shammai"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#28"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"9:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a09.htm#36"}],"sub_title":"Nadab","text":"Nadab is the name of 4 biblical individualsA son of Aaron and a High Priest mentioned many times in the Hebrew Bible.\nNadab a King of Israel and a son of Jeroboam I assassinated by Baasha of Israel. He is mentioned in 1 Kings 14:20, 15:25, 15:27, 15:31.\nA son of Shammai and brother of Abishur mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:28.\nA son of Gideon mentioned in 1 Chronicles 9:36.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_naharai-23"}],"sub_title":"Naharai","text":"Naharai (or Nahari) the Beerothite is listed in 2 Samuel 23:37 and 1 Chronicles 11:39 as one of David's Mighty Warriors.[23]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_nahath-24"},{"link_name":"Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau"},{"link_name":"Edomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_nahath-24"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel"}],"sub_title":"Nahath","text":"Three men called Nahath appear in the Bible.[24]Nahath, son of Reuel, son of Esau appears in a genealogy of the Edomites, found in Genesis 36:13 and repeated in 1 Chronicles 1:37. According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica', this Nahath is probably the same figure as the Naham of 1 Chronicles 4:19 and the Naam of 1 Chronicles 4:15.[24]\nA Nahath appears in the ancestry of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:26 (verse 11 in some Bibles).\nA Nahath appears in a list of Levite supervisors in the time of Hezekiah, in 2 Chronicles 31:13","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vophsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vophsi"},{"link_name":"Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Nahbi","text":"Nahbi, the son of Vophsi of the house of Naphtali, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"Ishmaelite tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael#Descendants"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jetur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetur"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_hagar-27"},{"link_name":"Psalm 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_83"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Naphish","text":"Naphish (once Nephish in the King James Version) is one of the sons of Ishmael. After him an Ishmaelite tribe is named.[25] The name נפיש in Hebrew means \"refreshed\".[26] His tribe is listed with Jetur, and is assumed to have resided nearby and lived a nomadic, animal-herding lifestyle in sparsely populated land east of the Israelites.[27] Psalm 83,[28][29] however lists these as Hagarites separately from the other ten tribes which lived more southernly.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mizraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizraim"},{"link_name":"Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:13.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0110.htm"},{"link_name":"Saadia Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Al Gharbiyah region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gharbiyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Naphtuhim","text":"Naphtuhim is a son of Mizraim and grandson of Ham first mentioned in Genesis 10:13. According to the medieval biblical exegete, Saadia Gaon, his descendants inhabited the town of Birma (Al Gharbiyah region, Egypt), and were formerly known as Parmiin.[30]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elionenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Elionenai"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon"}],"sub_title":"Neariah","text":"Two men called \"Neariah\" appear in the Bible. Neariah the son of Shemaiah, was a descendant of David, and father of Elionenai (1 Chronicles 3:22). The other Neariah was, according to 1 Chronicles, a leader in the Tribe of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:42).","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Nebat","text":"Nebat (Hebrew: נבט nebat \"Sprout\", Douay–Rheims: Nabat), an Ephraimite of Zereda, was the father of King Jeroboam.[31]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_nebuzaradan-32"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 25:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings_25:8"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:11"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:20"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 52:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#52:30"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 39:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#39:9"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#39:11"},{"link_name":"40:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:2"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#40:5"}],"sub_title":"Nebuzaradan","text":"Nebuzaradan (the biblical form of his name, derived from the Babylonian form Nabu-zar-iddin, meaning \"Nabu has given a seed\")[32] was the captain of Nebuchadnezzar's bodyguard, according to the Bible. He is mentioned in 2 Kings 25:8, 11, 20;Jeremiah 52:30; Jeremiah 39:9,11, 40:2, 5.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"}],"sub_title":"Nedabiah","text":"Nedabiah, according to 1 Chronicles 3:18, was one of the sons of king Jeconiah.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rehum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehum"}],"sub_title":"Nehum","text":"See Rehum","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehoiakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiakim"},{"link_name":"Elnathan ben Achbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elnathan_ben_Achbor"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 24:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#Chapter_24"},{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"}],"sub_title":"Nehushta","text":"Nehushta was the wife of King Jehoiakim and daughter of Elnathan ben Achbor of Jerusalem, according 2 Kings 24:8. She was also the mother of King Jehoiachin.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Kohanim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohanim"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:48,60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezra#Chapter_2"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:50, 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nehemiah#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Nekoda","text":"Nekoda was the ancestor of 652 Jews who returned from Babylonia with Ezra, but were declared ineligible to serve as Kohanim (priests) because they could not prove that their ancestors had been Kohanim. This is recounted in Ezra 2:48,60 and in Nehemiah 7:50, 62, where the number of men is given as 642.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eliab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eliab"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Jemuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemuel"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)"}],"sub_title":"Nemuel","text":"Two men called Nemuel are mentioned in the Bible:The son of Eliab of the Tribe of Reuben according to Numbers 26:9.\nJemuel, a son of Simeon.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_Mason)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 5:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_5"}],"sub_title":"Nepheg","text":"Two men called Nepheg are mentioned in the Bible:A son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses.\nA son of David according to 2 Samuel 5:15.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naphish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphish"}],"sub_title":"Nephish","text":"See Naphish","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Abner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 14:50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_14"}],"sub_title":"Ner","text":"Ner (Hebrew: \"Candle\") was an uncle of Saul and the father of Abner according to 1 Samuel 14:50.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Nethaniah","text":"Nethaniah, son of Asaph, was one of the musicians appointed by David for the musical service of the Temple (1 Chronicles 25:2, 12).","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"false prophetess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 6:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah+6:14&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"walls of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Noadiah","text":"Noadiah was a false prophetess mentioned in Nehemiah 6:14, one of the antagonists to Nehemiah who sought to discourage him from rebuilding the defensive walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah calls on God to \"remember\" her, or in the King James Version, to \"think thou upon [her]\".[33]","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobah"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Amorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite"},{"link_name":"Kenath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenath"},{"link_name":"Numbers 32:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_32"}],"sub_title":"Nobah","text":"Nobah, of the Tribe of Manasseh defeated the Amorites, took the villages of Kenath and renamed it Nobah according to Numbers 32:42.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Nogah","text":"Nogah, a son of David, appears in two lists of David's sons: 1 Chronicles 3:7 and 1 Chronicles 14:6.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Sheconiah"},{"link_name":"Arnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Arnan"}],"sub_title":"Obadiah","text":"Obadiah was a descendant of David, father of Sheconiah, and son of Arnan","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joktan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joktan"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Obal","text":"Obal, also Ebal, was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:28, 1 Chronicles 1:22.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehoiada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiada"},{"link_name":"Joash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 23:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2023:1&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Obed","text":"Obed was the father of Azariah, one of the \"commanders of the hundreds\" who formed part of Jehoiada's campaign to restore the kingship to Joash in 2 Chronicles 23:1.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_27"}],"sub_title":"Obil","text":"Obil was an Ishmaelite, a keeper of camels in the time of David, according to 1 Chronicles 27:30.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Pagiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pagiel"}],"sub_title":"Ocran","text":"Ocran was a member of the house of Asher according to Numbers 1:13. He was the father of Pagiel.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#10"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0206.htm#15"}],"sub_title":"Ohad","text":"Ohad was the third son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10 and Exodus 6:15. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Peleth"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"Korah's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korach_(parsha)"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Numbers 16:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_16"},{"link_name":"Douai Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai_Bible"},{"link_name":"Korah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korah"},{"link_name":"Dathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dathan"},{"link_name":"Abiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiram"}],"sub_title":"On","text":"On, the son of Peleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1. On is referred to as \"Hon\" in the Douai Bible translation. He is mentioned alongside Korah, Dathan and Abiram as the instigators of the rebellion, but not referred to later when Korah, Dathan and Abiram were challenged and punished for their rebellion.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"36:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#23"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#26"}],"sub_title":"Onam","text":"Onam was the name of 2 biblical figures:Onam one of the sons of Shobal (Genesis 36:23).\nOnam the son of Jerahmeel and the step-brother of his brothers. His mother was named Atarah (1 Chronicles 2:26).","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joktan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joktan"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Ophir","text":"Ophir was a son of Joktan according to Genesis 10:29, 1 Chronicles 1:23.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_2"}],"sub_title":"Oren","text":"Oren was a son of Jerahmeel according to 1 Chronicles 2:25.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:15&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:25&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Ozem","text":"Two men called Ozem (Hebrew אצם, 'oTsehM, \"Urgency\") appear in the Bible.The sixth son of Jesse and thus a brother of David (1 Chronicles 2:15).\nA son of Jerahmeel (1 Chronicles 2:25).","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Ezbon"}],"sub_title":"Ozni","text":"See Ezbon.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ocran"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"leaders of the tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Pagiel","text":"Pagiel (Hebrew פַּגְעִיאֵל) was a son of Ocran, a prince of the house of Asher and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:13.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"},{"link_name":"Raphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raphu"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Palti","text":"This is about the Palti mentioned in Numbers. For the other biblical Palti, see Palti, son of Laish.Palti, the son of Raphu of the house of Benjamin, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"},{"link_name":"tribe of Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Paltiel","text":"This is about the Paltiel in the Book of Numbers. For the other Paltiel, see Palti, son of Laish.Paltiel (Hebrew פַּלְטִיאֵל \"delivered by God\") was a prince of the tribe of Issachar, one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan among his tribe (Num. 34:26).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"Book of Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"}],"sub_title":"Parmashta","text":"Parmashta appears briefly in Esther 9:9, where he is listed as one of the ten sons of Haman, who is the primary antagonist of the Book of Esther because of his desire to wipe out the Jews.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizaphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizaphan"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Zebulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Parnach","text":"Parnach was the father of Elizaphan, a prince of the Tribe of Zebulun. (Num. 34:25).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:3 10:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:310&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 3:25 7:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%203:257&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Parosh","text":"Parosh also called Pharosh, was the name of at least 2 biblical individuals.An ancestor of one of the families who returned from the exile with Zerubbabel and Ezra (Ezra 2:3 10:25, Nehemiah 3:25 7:8).\nOne of the chiefs mentioned in Nehemiah 10:14 and a leader of the people who signed the covenant with Nehemiah.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"Book of Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther"},{"link_name":"Esther 9:5–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%209:5%E2%80%9314&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Parshandatha","text":"Parshandatha, also Pharsandatha,[34] was one of the ten sons of Haman. He was killed by a Jew or Jews (the account in the Book of Esther is unclear) and Esther had his corpse impaled (see Esther 9:5–14).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Issachar"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Paruah","text":"Paruah is mentioned in 1 Kings 4:17 as the father of \"Jehoshaphat son of Peruah\", a governor governing the territory of the Tribe of Issachar under Solomon.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paseah","text":"Paseah is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible. In a genealogy of Judah, a Paseah appears (1 Chronicles 4:12) as the son of Eshton, the son of Mehir, the son of Chelub. Another Paseah is mentioned indirectly (Nehemiah 3:6) by way of his son Jehoiada, a repairer of a section of the wall of Jerusalem.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Pedahel","text":"Pedahel Prince of the tribe of Naphtali; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:28).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel,_son_of_Pedahzur"}],"sub_title":"Pedahzur","text":"Pedahzur was a member of the house of Manasseh according to Numbers 1:10. He was the father of Gamaliel.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yehud Medinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata"}],"sub_title":"Pelaiah","text":"Two men called Pelaiah are mentioned in the Bible. In 1 Chronicles 3:23, a Pelaiah appears in a genealogy. He is listed as one of the sons of Elioenai, the son of Neariah, the son of Shemaiah, the son of Shechaniah. The other Pelaiah appears in Nehemiah (8:7; 10:10) as a Levite who helped to explain biblical law to the inhabitants of Yehud Medinata and signed a document against intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pelaliah","text":"Pelaliah (Hebrew Pĕlalyāh) is mentioned in Nehemiah 11:12, which lists a descendant of his as a priestly leader in Jerusalem. The descendant is specified as \"Adaiah son of Jeroham son of Pelaliah son of Amzi son of Zechariah son of Pashhur son of Malchiah.\"","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:42&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:22&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Pelatiah","text":"Pelatiah (Hebrew: פלטיהו Pelatyahu, meaning \"whom Jehovah delivered\")[35] the son of Benaiah, a prince of the people (Ezekiel 11:1), was among the 25 men who Ezekiel saw at the East Gate of the temple. He fell dead upon hearing the prophecy regarding Jerusalem (Ezekiel 11:13).Another Pelatiah appears as being the son of Hananiah the son of Zerubbabel. He is mentioned in 2 passages: 1 Chronicles 3:21 and 1 Chronicles 4:42.The last Pelatiah is one of the people mentioned in Nehemiah 10:22 who sealed the covenant.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azmaveth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azmaveth"},{"link_name":"Ziklag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziklag"}],"sub_title":"Pelet","text":"Pelet was one of the sons of Azmaveth, according to 1 Chronicles 12:3, who supported King David at Ziklag.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#On"},{"link_name":"Korah's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korah%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Numbers 16:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_16"}],"sub_title":"Peleth","text":"There are 2 biblical individuals named PelethPeleth, of the Tribe of Reuben, was the father of On, a participant in Korah's rebellion against Moses according to Numbers 16:1.\nPeleth one of the sons of Jonathan the son of Jada, and the brother of Zaza.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"}],"sub_title":"Peresh","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Peresh was the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2024:16&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Pethahiah","text":"Three men called Pethahiah are named in the Bible.A levite, mentioned in Nehemiah 10:23 and Nehemiah 9:5.\nPethahiah ben Meshezabel, who was one of the \"sons of Zerah\" of the Tribe of Judah.\nPethahiah was one of the priest in the temple service ordained by David. (1 Chronicles 24:16)","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Joel 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joel#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Pethuel","text":"Pethuel, the father of Joel, in Joel 1:1.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Peulthai","text":"Peulthai, according to 1 Chronicles 26:5, was the eighth of Obed-edom's eight sons. The passage in which they are listed records gatekeepers of the temple at Jerusalem.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Phallu","text":"Phallu or Pallu was a son of Reuben according to Genesis 46:9, Exodus 6:14 and Numbers 26:5. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"}],"sub_title":"Phalti","text":"For the individual called \"Phalti\" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palti, son of Laish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palti,_son_of_Laish"}],"sub_title":"Phaltiel","text":"For the individual called \"Paltiel\" in the King James Bible, see Palti, son of Laish.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon"},{"link_name":"Judges 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Judges#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"Midianites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian"}],"sub_title":"Phurah","text":"Phurah was a servant of Gideon in Judges 7. Gideon takes Phurah with him to spy on the Midianites before battle.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Phuvah","text":"Phuvah or Pua was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13 and Numbers 26:23. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Milcah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcah"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"22:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0122.htm#22"}],"sub_title":"Pildash","text":"Pildash was the sixth son of Nahor and Milcah (Genesis 22:22).","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pinon","text":"Pinon is listed as one of the \"chiefs\" of Edom, in Genesis 36:41, and, in a copy of the same list, in 1 Chronicles 1:52.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarmuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmuth"}],"sub_title":"Piram","text":"Piram, according to Joshua 10:3, was the king of Jarmuth.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:59&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:57&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"}],"sub_title":"Pochereth-hazzebaim","text":"Pochereth-hazzebaim was one of Solomon's servants whose descendants returned from the exile with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:59;Ezra 2:57) He was the head of a family who returned from Babylon. The King James Version has his name modified into Pochereth of Hazzebeim but of was not in 1611 edition of the KJV. In 1 Esdras 5:34 he is called Phacareth.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"}],"sub_title":"Poratha","text":"Poratha, according to Esther 9:8, was one of the ten sons of Haman, the antagonist of the Book of Esther who attempted to wipe out the Jewish people.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"}],"sub_title":"Pul","text":"Pul was an abbreviation for the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. Pul attacked Israel in the reign of Menahem and extracted tribute. 2 Kings 15:19","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Jethro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Putiel","text":"Putiel was the father of Eleazar's wife according to Exodus 6:25. According to Rashi this was another name of Jethro.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qedarites: Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedarites#Biblical"}],"sub_title":"Qedar","text":"Qedar (Kedar): see Qedarites: Biblical","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neh.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"}],"sub_title":"Raamiah","text":"Raamiah (Hebrew רַעַמְיָה) is one of the princes who returned from the Exile (Neh. 7:7). He is also called Reelaiah in Ezra 2:2.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabmag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabmag"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"}],"sub_title":"Rabmag","text":"Rabmag (Hebrew רַב־מָג, from Assyrian \"Rab-mugi\") was a \"chief physician\" attached to the king of Babylon (Jeremiah 39:3,13).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"}],"sub_title":"Raddai","text":"Raddai, according to 1 Chronicles 2:14, was one of the brother of King David.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures,_L-Z#Rekem"}],"sub_title":"Rakem","text":"See Rekem.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ramiah","text":"Ramiah, according to Ezra 10:25, was an Israelite layperson, a member of the group named \"sons of Parosh\", who was guilty of marrying a foreign woman.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Massoretic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoretic_text"},{"link_name":"Ishbi-benob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishbi-benob"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Latin Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Vulgate"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Rapha","text":"Rapha, according to the Septuagint version of 2 Samuel 21:16, was the parent of Jesbi, the name in that version for the giant referred to in the Massoretic text as Ishbi-benob.[36] In the Latin Vulgate, he is referred to as Arapha or Arafa.[37]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Palti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Palti"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Raphu","text":"Raphu of the house of Benjamin was the father of Palti, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:9.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_the_King"},{"link_name":"Ish-bosheth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ish-bosheth"},{"link_name":"Kenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenite"},{"link_name":"Jehonadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehonadab"},{"link_name":"Jehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu"},{"link_name":"Rechabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechabites"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Malchiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchiah"},{"link_name":"Beth-haccerem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_HaKerem_(Bible)"}],"sub_title":"Rechab","text":"Rechab (Hebrew: רֵכָב Rēḵāḇ) is the name of three men in the Bible:One of the two \"captains of bands\" whom Saul's son Ish-bosheth took into his service, and who conspired to kill him. (2 Samuel 4:2)\nA Kenite, mentioned as the father of Jehonadab at King Jehu's time, from whom the tribe of the Rechabites derived their name.[38] Jehonadab and his people had all along become worshippers of God.\nThe father of Malchiah, ruler of part of Beth-haccerem. (Nehemiah 3:14)","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"}],"sub_title":"Regem","text":"Regem is named in 1 Chronicles 2:47 as one of the sons of Jahdai, a figure who appears in a genealogy associated with Caleb.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DouglasTenney2011-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThelleStordalen2015-40"}],"sub_title":"Regem-melech","text":"A figure called Regem-melech, along with a \"Sharezer\", came, according to some interpretations of Zechariah 7:2, to Bethel to ask a question about fasts. It is unclear whether the name is intended as a title or as a proper name.[39] The grammar of the verse is difficult and several interpretations have been proposed.[40]","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"}],"sub_title":"Rehabiah","text":"Rehabiah is a figure mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible, as the ancestor of a group of Levites. He is identified as the son of Eliezer the son of Moses (1 Chronicles 23:17; 26:25). Chronicles identifies him as the father of a person named Isshiah (Hebrew Yiššiyāh, 1 Chronicles 24:21) or Jeshaiah (Hebrew Yĕshaʿyāhû, 1 Chronicles 26:25).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Samuel 8:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 8:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:12&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 10:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:11&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Rehob","text":"Rehob (Hebrew: רחב which can be translated into Rahab) was the name of 2 biblical figures:The father of Hadadezer the king of Zobah and could possibly be the predecessor of Hadadezer. He is mentioned in 2 Samuel 8:3 and 2 Samuel 8:12.\nOne of the Levites who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah mentioned in Nehemiah 10:11.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_rehum-41"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"}],"sub_title":"Rehum","text":"Rehum refers to four or five biblical figures.[41]A Rehum is mentioned in Ezra 2:2, who is called Nehum in Nehemiah 7:7. He appears in passing, in two copies of a list of people said to have come from Persia to Yehud Medinata under the leadership of Nehemiah. He may be the same individual mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3.\nA Rehum is mentioned in Nehemiah 12:3, where he is listed as part of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel.\nRehum son of Bani, a Levite, appears in a list of people who contributed to building Nehemiah's wall in Nehemiah 3:17.\nRehum, a member of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel according to Nehemiah 12:3.\nRehum was an official, according to Ezra 4:8–23, who along with collaborators opposed the Jewish attempt to rebuild Jerusalem.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeshaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesaiah"},{"link_name":"Book of Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Rephaiah","text":"Rephaiah is the name of 3 biblical figures:Rephaiah (Hebrew רְפָיָה \"the Lord has healed\"), a descendant of David was the father of Arnan and the son of Jeshaiah.\nRephaiah the son of Hur the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem according to the Book of Nehemiah.\nRephaiah the son of Binea and the father of Eleasah, also called Rapha.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midianite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian"},{"link_name":"Phinehas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinehas"},{"link_name":"Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Numbers 31:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_31"},{"link_name":"Joshua 13:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Reba","text":"Reba was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of minor biblical places § Rekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places#Rekem"},{"link_name":"Midianite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian"},{"link_name":"Phinehas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinehas"},{"link_name":"Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Numbers 31:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_31"},{"link_name":"Joshua 13:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_13"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra"},{"link_name":"Nabateans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Caleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"},{"link_name":"Machir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machir"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"}],"sub_title":"Rekem","text":"This is about individuals in the Bible named Rekem. For the city by that name, see List of minor biblical places § Rekem.Rekem (Hebrew רֶקֶם) refers to more than one individual in the Hebrew Bible:Rekem was one of five Midianite kings killed during the time of Moses by an Israelite expedition led by Phinehas, son of Eleazar according to Numbers 31:8 and Joshua 13:21. Josephus identifies Rekem with the king who built Petra, a city later associated with the Nabateans.[42] He indicates that in his time the local population still called it Rekem after this founder, and in fact, according to modern scholarship the Nabateans themselves referred to it by this name RQM (רקם)[43] in the Aramaic alphabet they used, spelled identically as the Biblical name.\nAccording to 1 Chronicles 2:43–44, Hebron, a figure associated with the biblical Caleb, was the father of a person named Rekem.\nAccording to 1 Chronicles 7:16, Machir the son of Manasseh was the ancestor of a figure named Rekem. In this last passage, the King James Version spells the name as Rakem.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"26:7–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a26.htm#7"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim"},{"link_name":"Shemaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)"}],"sub_title":"Rephael","text":"In 1 Chronicles 26:7–8, Rephael (Hebrew: רְפָאֵל, Modern: Refaʾel, Tiberian: Rəp̄āʾēl, \"healed of God\") was one of Shemaiah's sons. He and his brethren, on account of their \"strength for service,\" formed one of the divisions of the temple porters.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reumah","text":"Reumah, according to Genesis 22:24, was the concubine of Abraham's brother Nahor, and the mother of his children Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maachah.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rezon","text":"According to 1 Kings 11:23– Rezon (Hebrew: רזון Rezon) became regent in Damascus and was an adversary of Solomon.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeah"},{"link_name":"King David's Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David%27s_Warriors"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 23:29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_23"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 11:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_11"}],"sub_title":"Ribai","text":"Ribai, a Benjamite of Gibeah, was the father of Ittai, one of King David's Warriors (2 Samuel 23:29, 1 Chronicles 11:31).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"}],"sub_title":"Rinnah","text":"Rinnah appears once in the Bible, as the son of a man named Shimon (1 Chronicles 4:20) in a genealogy of Tribe of Judah. Neither Shimon's origin nor precise relationship to Judah is given.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"}],"sub_title":"Rohgah","text":"In 1 Chronicles 7, Rohgah, also spelled Rohagah, was one of the sons of Shamer (the vocalization found in v. 34) or Shomer (the vocalization found in v. 32), who is identified as the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of the tribal patriarch Asher.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"}],"sub_title":"Romamti-ezer","text":"Romamti-ezer appears twice in the Hebrew Bible, both times in 1 Chronicles 25. In verse 4 he is identified as one of the fourteen sons of Heman, one of three men who according to Chronicles were assigned to be in charge of musical worship in the Temple of Jerusalem. Later in the chapter, 288 assigned to the musical service are divided into twenty-four groups of twelve. The twenty-fourth group is assigned to Romamti-ezer (verse 31).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"46:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#46:21"},{"link_name":"NASB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible"},{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Septuagint_version_of_the_Old_Testament_(Brenton)"},{"link_name":"Theodotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodotion"},{"link_name":"Symmachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)"}],"sub_title":"Rosh","text":"Hebrew: ראש rosh \"Head\"Rosh is the seventh of the ten sons of Benjamin named in Genesis 46:21.A nation named Rosh is also possibly mentioned in Ezekiel 38:2–3, 39:1 \"Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him.\"This translation \"Rosh\" is found in NASB but not in KJV and most modern versions. Also in a variant reading of Isaiah 66:19 (MT) and the Septuagint Jeremiah 32:23.[citation needed] Many scholars categorize this as a mistranslation of נְשִׂ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ, nesi ro'š (\"chief prince\"), rather than a toponym [citation needed].However, the three oldest translations of the Old Testament (The Septuagint, Theodotion and Symmachus) all transliterate the word \"rosh\" into the Greek in Ezekiel 38 and 39, thus treating it as a proper noun and suggesting they viewed this word as a toponym. Significantly, these same translations choose to translate and not transliterate the same Hebrew word into its Greek interpretations in other chapters (e.g. Ezekiel 40:1).","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Sabtah","text":"Sabtah (סַבְתָּ֥ה) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"}],"sub_title":"Sabtechah","text":"Sabtechah (סַבְתְּכָ֑א) was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 11:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_11"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 23:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_23"},{"link_name":"Obed-Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obed-Edom"},{"link_name":"Gittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 26:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Sachar","text":"Two men called Sachar (sometimes spelled Sacar or Sakar) are mentioned in the Bible:One of David's heroes 1 Chronicles 11:35; also called Sharar 2 Samuel 23:33.\nA son of Obed-Edom the Gittite, and a temple porter 1 Chronicles 26:4.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sachia","text":"Sachia (also Sakia) appears only in 1 Chronicles 8:10, where he is listed as one of the \"sons\" of Shaharaim. The King James Version spells the name Shachia.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Zimri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimri_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Heresy of Peor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy_of_Peor"},{"link_name":"Numbers 25:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_25"}],"sub_title":"Salu","text":"Salu, of the house of Simeon, was the father of Zimri who was involved in the Heresy of Peor according to Numbers 25:14.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Saph","text":"Saph is a figure briefly mentioned in a section of 2 Samuel which discusses four yelide haraphah killed by Israelites. According to 2 Samuel 21:18, a war broke out between Israel and the Philistines. During the battle, Sibbecai the Hushathite, one of David's Mighty Warriors, killed Saph, who was one of the four. The expression yelide haraphah is rendered several different ways in translations of the Bible: \"the descendants of Rapha\" (NIV, NLT), \"the descendants of the giants\" (ESV, NLT[44]), \"the descendants of the giant\" (NASB, Holman), and \"the sons of the giant\" (KJV, ASV). While most interpreters the phrase as a statement about the ancestry of the four people killed, describing them as descended from giants, another interpretation takes the phrase as meaning \"votaries of Rapha,\" in reference to a deity by that name to which a group of warriors would have been associated.[45][46]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelah_(son_of_Judah)"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:21-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+4%3A21-23&version=NLT"}],"sub_title":"Saraph","text":"Saraph (Hebrew: שראף) was a descendant of Shelah, son of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:21-23)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Masoretes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretes"},{"link_name":"New International Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Version"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebo-Sarsekim_Tablet"}],"sub_title":"Sarsekim","text":"Sarsekim, also spelled Sarsechim, is a name or title, or a portion of a name or title, which appears in Jeremiah 39:3. Jeremiah describes Babylonian officials, some named and the rest unnamed, who according to the text sat down \"in the middle gate\" of Jerusalem during its destruction in 587 or 586 BCE. The portion which explicitly gives the names and/or titles of the officials reads, in Hebrew, nrgl śr ʾṣr smgr nbw śr skym rb srys nrgl śr ʾṣr rb-mg. Various interpretations have divided the names in various ways. The King James Version, sticking closely to the grammatical indicators added to the text by the Masoretes during the Middle Ages, reads this as indicating six figures: \"Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergalsharezer, Rabmag\". The New International Version sees three characters \"Nergal-Sharezer of Samgar, Nebo-Sarsekim a chief officer, Nergal-Sharezer a high official.\" Versions featuring these three figures, with variations in the exact details of translations, include NLT and ESV. Four figures appear in the New American Standard Bible, \"Nergal-sar-ezer, Samgar-nebu, Sar-sekim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sar-ezer the Rab-mag.\"In 2007, a Babylonian Tablet was deciphered containing a reference to a \"Nabu-sharussu-ukin,\" identified as referring to the biblical figure.[47] See Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_10"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Good News Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_Bible"},{"link_name":"Jair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair"},{"link_name":"Segub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segub"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:21–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%202:21%E2%80%9322"}],"sub_title":"Seba","text":"Seba was a son of Cush according to Genesis 10:7, 1 Chronicles 1:9\nThe \"tall men of Seba\" (Good News Bible) are also referred to in Isaiah 45:14possibly be Jair the judge of Israel, Segub also controlled twenty-three cities in Gilead. He is mentioned briefly in 1 Chronicles 2:21–22.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeel"},{"link_name":"Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perez_(son_of_Judah)"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"}],"sub_title":"Seled","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 2:1–30, in the genealogical section which begins the book of Chronicles, Seled, who died childless, was the brother of Appaim and son of Nadab, the son of Shammai, the son of Onam, the son of Jerahmeel, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah, the eponymous founder of the Tribe of Judah.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obed-Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obed-Edom"}],"sub_title":"Semachiah","text":"Semachiah (or Semakiah) appears in 1 Chronicles 26:7, in a genealogical passage concerning gatekeepers of the Jerusalem Temple. Semachiah is described as a son of Shemaiah, a son of Obed-Edom.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulun"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Sardites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Sardites"}],"sub_title":"Sered","text":"Sered was a son of Zebulun according to Genesis 46:14 and Numbers 26:26. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob. According to the verse in Numbers, he was the eponymous forefather of the clan of Sardites.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Michael"},{"link_name":"Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Sethur","text":"Sethur, the son of Michael of the house of Asher, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:13.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JaphetShaaph-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JaphetShaaph-48"}],"sub_title":"Shaaph","text":"Shaaph appears in the second chapter of 1 Chronicles. In one translation, these verses read as follows: \"And the sons of Jahdai: Regem, and Jotham, and Geshan, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph. Maacah, Caleb's concubine, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. And [the wife of] Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva the father of Machbenah and the father of Gibea. And the daughter of Caleb was Achsah\" (1 Chronicles 2:47–49).The words [the wife of] do not occur in the Hebrew text, which reads literally, as Sara Japhet translates it, \"And Shaaph the father of Madmannah bore Sheva . . .\" but with a feminine form (watteled) of the verb \"bore,\" rather than the expected masculine form wayyoled.[48] Japhet outlines several possibilities as to how the text may originally have read.[48]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shaashgaz","text":"Shaashgaz appears in the Hebrew Bible in Esther 2:14, where it is given as the name of the eunuch who was in charge of the \"second house of the women\".","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezra%2010:15"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 8:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%208:7"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 11:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%2011:16"},{"link_name":"Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Zarephathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarepta"},{"link_name":"Meshullam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshullam"},{"link_name":"Jozabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozabad"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Biblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica"}],"sub_title":"Shabbethai","text":"Shabbethai, a Levite who helped Ezra in the matter of the foreign marriages (Ezra 10:15), probably the one present at Ezra's reading of the law (Nehemiah 8:7), and possibly the Levite chief and overseer (Nehemiah 11:16). The name might mean \"one born on Sabbath\", but more probably is a modification of the ethnic Zephathi (Zephathite), from Zarephathi (Zarephathite). Meshullam and Jozabad, with which Shabbethai's name is combined, both originate in ethnic names. (Encyclopaedia Biblica)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Shammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammah"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Shagee","text":"Shagee (also spelled Shage or Shageh) is a figure who appears, indirectly, in one version of the list of David's Mighty Warriors.In 1 Chronicles 11:34, a figure appears who is called \"Jonathan the son of Shagee the Hararite.\" In 2 Samuel 23:32–33, the name \"Jonathan\" appears directly before the name \"Shammah the Harodite\", while in 2 Samuel 23:11 is found \"Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite,\" who is the subject of a very brief story in which he fights with Philistines. The exact sort of copying error or deliberate abbreviation that may have led to this state of affairs is uncertain.[49]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Hushim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushim"},{"link_name":"Baara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baara_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Hodesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodesh"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:8–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_8"}],"sub_title":"Shaharaim","text":"Shaharaim was a member of the house of Benjamin. He had three wives, Hushim, Baara, and Hodesh, according to 1 Chronicles 8:8–9.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shemed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shemed"}],"sub_title":"Shamed","text":"See Shemed.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Shamhuth","text":"Shamhuth the Izrahite (Hebrew, Shamhut ha-Yizrah) is a figure mentioned in the list of military divisional captains in 1 Chronicles 27:8. The 27th chapter of 1 Chronicles gives the names of people who, according to the Chronicler, were in charge of 24,000-man divisions of David's military, each of which was on active duty for a month. Shamhuth was the commander for the fifth month of each year. Other Izrahites were mentioned in 1 Chronicles 26:29 in connection with duties outside Jerusalem.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of minor biblical places § Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places#Shamir"}],"sub_title":"Shamir","text":"This is about the individual named Shamir. For the biblical place-name Shamir, see List of minor biblical places § Shamir.Shamir appears in a list of Levite names (1 Chronicles 24:24).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammah"}],"sub_title":"Shammah","text":"See Shammah for several people by this name.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_2"},{"link_name":"Jada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Jerahmeelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerahmeelite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:44–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:44%E2%80%9345&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Bithiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithiah"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Shammai","text":"Shammai (Hebrew: שִׁמִּי) was the name of at least 3 biblical individuals.One of the sons of Onam according to 1 Chronicles 2:28, he also had two sons: Nadab and Abishur, he was also the brother of Jada.\nA son of Rekem and the father of Maon, and a Jerahmeelite. (1 Chronicles 2:44–45)\nOne of the children of Ezra in 1 Chronicles 4:17. He was also probably the same person as Shimon (q.v) ver. 20. The Septuagint suggest that Jether was the father of all three. Rabbi D. Kimchi speculates that the children in 1 Chronicles 4:17 were the children of Mered by his wife Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh.[50]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Shammah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammah"}],"sub_title":"Shammoth","text":"According to 1 Chronicles 11:27, Shammoth the Harorite was one of David's Mighty Warriors. An entry in the corresponding list in Samuel contains Shammah the Harodite (2 Samuel 23:25). See Shammah.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Zaccur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zaccur"},{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Shammua","text":"There are four individuals by the name of Shammua in the Hebrew Bible:[51]Shammua, the son of Zaccur of the house of Reuben, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.\nOne of David's sons, mentioned in 2 Samuel 5:14 and 1 Chronicles 14:4.\nA Levite in the time of Nehemiah (11:17).\nA Levite in the time of Nehemiah (12:18).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"}],"sub_title":"Shamsherai","text":"Shamsherai is mentioned once, in passing, in a long list of the \"sons of Elpaal\" within a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:26).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gadites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad"}],"sub_title":"Shapham","text":"A figure named Shapham is mentioned in passing once in the Hebrew Bible, in a list of Gadites (1 Chronicles 5:12).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Hori"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Shaphat","text":"Shaphat, the son of Hori of the house of Simeon, was a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:5.Also the name of one of King David's sons by Bathsheba.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sharai","text":"A Sharai is mentioned once in the Bible, in passing, in a list of the \"sons of Bani\" (Ezra 10:40).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"}],"sub_title":"Sharar","text":"A Sharar is mentioned indirectly in 2 Samuel 23:33, where \"Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite\" is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In 1 Chronicles 11:35, the same figure is referred to as Sacar (sometimes spelled Sakar or Sachar).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nisroch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisroch"}],"sub_title":"Sharezer","text":"Sharezer, according to 2 Kings 19:37 and Isaiah 37:38, was one of the two sons of Sennacherib. He and his brother Adrammelech killed their father as he worshipped in the temple of Nisroch.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shashai","text":"A Shashai is listed in the Book of Ezra as a man who married a foreign wife (Ezra 10:40).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"}],"sub_title":"Shashak","text":"Shashak or Sashak was a member of Benjamin's dynasty, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:14 and 25.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sheariah","text":"Sheariah, according to 1 Chronicles 8, was a descendant of King Saul, specifically one of the six sons of Azel (1 Chronicles 8:38), the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza (v. 37), the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoaddah, the son of Ahaz (36), the son of Micah (35), the son of Merib-baal, the son of Jonathan (34), the son of Saul (33). He is also mentioned 1 Chronicles 9, which substantially repeats the same genealogy, except that chapter 9 reads Rephaiah instead of Raphah (v. 43) and Jadah instead of Jehoaddah (42).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 7:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Targum Pseudo-Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Masoretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic"},{"link_name":"Hebrew cantillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Jonathan"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"}],"sub_title":"Shearjashub","text":"Shearjashub (שאר ישוב Šə'ār-yāšūḇ) is possibly[clarification needed] the first-mentioned son of Isaiah according to Isaiah 7:3.\nHis name means \"the remnant shall return\" and was prophetic, offering hope to the people of Israel that although they were going to be sent into exile, and their temple destroyed, God remained faithful and would deliver \"a remnant\" from Babylon and bring them back to their land.However, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Rashi, and some modern translations interpret the phrase according to the Masoretic grammar of the Hebrew cantillation marks, which break the sentence into \"u-sh'ar, yashuv b'nekha,\" \"And the remnant, of your sons which will return,\" viz. a phrase and not a proper noun. Pseudo-Jonathan reads \"and the rest of thy disciples, who have not sinned, and who are turned away from sin,\" and Rashi, \"The small remnant that will return to Me through you, and they are like your sons.\" The Brenton Septuagint Translation and Douay–Rheims Bible translate the phrase \"and thy son Jasub who is left,\" following the Masoretic grammar but assuming that \"Jasub,\" \"will return,\" is still a proper noun.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obadiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Obadiah"}],"sub_title":"Sheconiah","text":"Sheconiah was a descendant of David, father of Shemaiah, and son of Obadiah.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shechem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechem"},{"link_name":"Dinah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_34"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Joshua 17:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_17"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Shechem","text":"Shechem was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:A prince of Shechem who defiled Dinah according to Genesis 34\nA son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:31, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Elizur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Elizur"}],"sub_title":"Shedeur","text":"Shedeur was a member of the house of Reuben according to Numbers 1:5. He was the father of Elizur.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shelemiah","text":"Shelemiah (Hebrew: שלמיהו) the son of Abdeel, along with two others, was commanded by king Jehoiakim to arrest Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet (Jeremiah 36:25).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Shelomi","text":"Shelomi was the father of Ahihud, a prince of the Tribe of Asher. (Num. 34:27).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zurishaddai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurishaddai"},{"link_name":"tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon"},{"link_name":"leaders of the tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"schlemiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schlemiel"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Shelumiel","text":"Shelumiel (Hebrew: שלמיאל) was a son of Zurishaddai, a prince of the tribe of Simeon and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, according to Numbers 1:6.\nYiddish schlemiel, a term for a \"hapless loser\", is said to be derived from the name.[52]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Shelomith bat Dibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelomith_bat_Dibri"},{"link_name":"Dibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibri_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 24:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#Chapter_24"},{"link_name":"stoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"Moses'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2023:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 24:22–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2024:22%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 11:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2011:20&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Shelomith","text":"Shelomith was the name of 5 biblical individuals in the Hebrew Bible.Shelomith bat Dibri was the daughter of Dibri of the house of Dan, according to Leviticus 24:11. She was married to an Egyptian and her son (unnamed) was stoned to death by the people of Israel for blasphemy, following Moses' issue of a ruling[53] on the penalty to be applied for blasphemy.\nA daughter of Zerubbabel during the exile. (1 Chronicles 3:19)\nA Levite and a chief of the sons of Izhar in the time of David's death. (1 Chronicles 23:18) Also called Shelomoth. (1 Chronicles 24:22–23)\nThe youngest child of Rehoboam through Maachah. It is uncertain whether they were a son or daughter. (2 Chronicles 11:20)\nShelomith, with the son of Josiphiah returned from Babylon with Ezra with 80 male individuals. There appears, however, to be an omission, which may be supplied from the Sept., and the true reading is probably \"Of the sons of Bani, Shelomith the son of Josiphiah.\" See also 1 Esdr. 8:36, where he is called \"Assamoth son of Josaphias.\" See Keil, ad oc.[54]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 26:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2026:28&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2023:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Shelomith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shelomith"}],"sub_title":"Shelomoth","text":"Shelomoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.A descendant of Eliezer the son of Moses, put in the duty of temple treasury under David. (1 Chronicles 26:28)\nThe oldest son of Shimei, the chief of the Gershonites in the time of David mentioned in 1 Chronicles 23:9.\nSee Shelomith","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of people in the Hebrew Bible called Shemaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_called_Shemaiah"}],"sub_title":"Shemaiah","text":"See List of people in the Hebrew Bible called Shemaiah","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shemariah","text":"Shemariah is the name of four biblical figures.In 1 Chronicles 12:5, Shemariah is a Benjamite, one of David's soldiers.In 2 Chronicles 11:19, Shemariah is one of the sons of Rehoboam, spelled Shamariah in the King James Version.In Ezra 10:32, Shemariah is one of the \"sons of Harim,\" in a list of men who took foreign wives. Another Shemariah, one of the \"descendants of Bani\", appears in verse 41.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeboiim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeboim_(biblical)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_14"},{"link_name":"Chedorlaomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedorlaomer"}],"sub_title":"Shemeber","text":"Shemeber is the king of Zeboiim in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shemed","text":"Shemed, spelled Shamed in the King James Version, is a figure briefly listed in 1 Chronicles 8:12 as one of the sons of Elpaal, the son of Shaharaim. He and his two brothers are referred to as \"Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof\" (1 Chronicles 8:12).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Shemer","text":"Shemer (Hebrew: שמר Shemer \"guardian\") is the name of three biblical figures.According to Kings, Shemer was the name of the man from whom Omri, King of Israel, bought Samaria (Hebrew Shomron), which he named after Shemer.[55]According to 1 Chronicles, one of the Levites involved in the musical ministry of the Jerusalem temple was \"Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, the son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shemer, the son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi\" (1 Chronicles 6:44–47). In this passage, the King James Version spells the name Shamer.1 Chronicles 7:34 mentions a Shemer as one of the descendants of the Tribe of Asher. In verse 32, this figure is called Shomer, and is the son of Heber, the son of Beriah, the son of Asher.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"Joshua 17:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_17"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Shemida","text":"Shemida was a son of Manasseh according to Numbers 26:32, Joshua 17:2, and 1 Chronicles 7:19.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alamoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamoth"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 15:18,20 16:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2015:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 7:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%207:8&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shemiramoth","text":"Shemiramoth was the name of 2 biblical individuals.One of the many Levite musicians who played on his harp to prepare the alamoth when King David moved the Ark of the Covenant from the land of Obed-edom to Jerusalem. (1 Chronicles 15:18,20 16:5)\nOne of the Levite teachers sent by Jehoshaphat all across Judah teaching the Torah by YHWH according to 2 Chronicles 7:8.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Shemuel","text":"Shemuel Prince of the tribe of Simeon; one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan amongst the tribe (Num. 34:20).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:18&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shenazar","text":"Shenazar (Hebrew שֵׁנאִצִּר fiery tooth or splendid leader) was one of the six sons of King Jehoiachin during the time of the exile according to 1 Chronicles 3:18.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Abital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abital"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 3:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_3"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:5&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"Joram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 21:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2021:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Athaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Athaiah"},{"link_name":"tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 11:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2011:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 9:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+9:5&version=av"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 1:3,8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%201:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%202:57&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah 7:59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%207:59&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shephatiah","text":"Shephatiah (Hebrew שפטיה) is the name of at least nine Hebrew Bible men:Shephatiah the son of David and Abital, David's fifth son, according to 2 Samuel 3:4.\nShephatiah the son of Mattan (Jeremiah 38:1) who was among the officers who denounced Jeremiah to king Zedekiah.\nA descendant of Haruph and a Benjaminite warrior of David in Ziklag according to 1 Chronicles 2:5.\nA son of Maakah and the phylarch of the Simeonites in the time of David. (1 Chronicles 27:16)\nThe youngest of the sons of Jehoshaphat and one of the brothers killed by Joram in the process of being king. (2 Chronicles 21:2)\nThe father of Amariah and the son of Mahalalel. He was the ancestor of Athaiah of the tribe of Judah. (Nehemiah 11:4)\nThe son of Reuel and father of Meshullam the chieftain of the tribe of Benjamin during the exile. (1 Chronicles 9:5.\nAn ancestor of 372 descendants of his who went with Zerubbabel from Babylon. (Ezra 2:4;Nehemiah 7:9) He is identical to the Shephatiah of Ezra 1:3,8 whose 80 descendants returned in the rule of Zebadiah and Ezra.\nOne of Solomon's servants whose descendants also returned with Zerubbabel from Babylon to Israel. (Ezra 2:57;Nehemiah 7:59)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis 36:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#23"}],"sub_title":"Shepho","text":"Shepho is one of the sons of Shobal according to (Genesis 36:23).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Numbers 13:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2013:22&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Joshua 15:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2015:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Judges 1:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%201:10&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Sheshai","text":"Sheshai was one of the descendants of Anak mentioned in Numbers 13:22. When the Israelites took possession of the land, Sheshai along with Talmai and Ahiman were driven out of the land. (Joshua 15:14; Judges 1:10)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first book of Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Jarha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarha"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Sheshan","text":"Sheshan is the name of one, or possibly two, biblical characters mentioned in the first book of Chronicles:\"The son of Ishi was Sheshan, and Sheshan's daughter was Ahlai ... Now Sheshan had no sons, only daughters. And Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha. Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant as wife, and they had a child, Attai.\"[56]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Shillem","text":"Shillem was a son of Naphtali according to Genesis 46:24 and Numbers 26:49. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:30&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:39&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shimea","text":"Shimea, according to bible's account, was the name of 2 biblical individuals.A Merarite as the son of Uzziah, and also the father of Haggish. (1 Chronicles 6:30)\nThe grandfather of Asaph the prophet or seer of the men who ministered with music before the tabernacle, the tent of meeting. He is the father of Asaph's father Berechiah. (1 Chronicles 6:39)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_16"},{"link_name":"Jonadab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonadab"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 13:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#Chapter_13"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"}],"sub_title":"Shimeah","text":"The name Shimeah is used for two figures in the Hebrew Bible.Shimeah or Shammah was a third son of Jesse, a brother of David (1 Samuel 16:9), and the father of Jonadab (2 Samuel 13:3).\nA figure named Mikloth is the father of Shimeah according to 1 Chronicles 8:32, which gives no further information about either of them but places them in a genealogy of the Tribe of Benjamin. In a parallel passage, 1 Chronicles 9:38 calls this son of Mikloth Shimeam, and presents Mikloth as a son of \"Jehiel the father of Gibeon,\" making Mikloth a great-uncle of the Israelite king Saul.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Rabbinical literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_literature"},{"link_name":"Gershon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#6:17"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#3:18"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#6:17"},{"link_name":"tribe of Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:18, 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+3:18&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 23:7, 10, 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+23:7&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah"},{"link_name":"12:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_12#Verse_13"},{"link_name":"Luke 3:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#3:26"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Shimei ben Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimei_ben_Gera"},{"link_name":"Bahurim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahurim"},{"link_name":"Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 16:5–14, 19:16–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2016:5%E2%80%9314:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 2:8–9, 36–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%202:8%E2%80%939:36&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Absalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 2:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%202:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 16:9; 17:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%2016:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel 13:3; 21:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2013:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:13; 20:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:13&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 1:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%201:8&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"prefects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 4:18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%204:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:26, 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:26&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Reubenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Reuben"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 5:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:29, 42; 25:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:29&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 29:14; 31:12, 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2029:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%208:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ramathite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramathite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 27:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:27&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:23, 33, 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:23&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Mordecai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai"},{"link_name":"Esther 2:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%202:5&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shimei","text":"Shimei (Hebrew: שִׁמְעִי Šīmʿī) is the name of a number of persons referenced in the Hebrew Bible and Rabbinical literature.The second son of Gershon and grandson of Levi (Exodus 6:17; Numbers 3:18; 1 Chronicles 6:17). The family of the Shimeites, as a branch of the tribe of Levi, is mentioned in Numbers 3:18, 21; 1 Chronicles 23:7, 10, 11 (\"Shimei\" in verse 9 could be a scribal error[57]); and in Zechariah 12:13. In the New Testament the name occurs in Luke 3:26, spelled Semei in the King James Version.\nShimei ben Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, son of Gera, \"a man of the family of the house of Saul\" (2 Samuel 16:5–14, 19:16–23; 1 Kings 2:8–9, 36–46). He is mentioned as one of David's tormentors during his flight before Absalom, and as imploring and winning David's forgiveness when the latter returned. David, however, in his dying charge to Solomon, bade him avenge the insult (1 Kings 2:9). Jewish scribes say that Solomon's teacher was Shimei (son of Gera), and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: \"For as long as Shimei the son of Gera was alive Solomon did not marry the daughter of Pharaoh\" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Ps. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was his first descent into sin.[58]\nA brother of David, called also Shammah, Shimeah, and Shimea (1 Samuel 16:9; 17:13; 2 Samuel 13:3; 21:21; 1 Chronicles 2:13; 20:7)\nA friend of King David mentioned in 1 Kings 1:8\nSon of Elah, one of Solomon's prefects, over the district of Benjamin (1 Kings 4:18)\nA grandson of Jeconiah and brother of Zerubbabel (1 Chronicles 3:19)\nA grandson of Simeon, who is described as the father of sixteen sons and six daughters, and whose clan dwelt in Judea (1 Chronicles 4:26, 27)\nA Reubenite (1 Chronicles 5:4)\nLevites (1 Chronicles 6:29, 42; 25:17; 2 Chronicles 29:14; 31:12, 13)\nA Benjamite chief who had nine sons (1 Chronicles 8:21, R. V.; comp. ib. v. 13)\n\"The Ramathite,\" one of David's officers (1 Chronicles 27:27)\nA Levite and other Israelites whom Ezra required to put away their foreign wives (Ezra 10:23, 33, 38)\nGrandfather of Mordecai (Esther 2:5).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shimi","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 8:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%208:21&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Shimrath","text":"Shimrath was a Benjaminite, as one of the nine sons of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 8:21)","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Joha the Tizite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joha_the_Tizite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 29:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#Chapter_2"}],"sub_title":"Shimri","text":"The name Shimri appears 3 times in the Hebrew BibleA son of Shemaiah mentioned in the Book of 1 Chronicles\nShimri the father of Jedaiel and the brother of Joha the Tizite.\nOne of the two sons of Elizaphan according to 2 Chronicles 29:13.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Shimron","text":"Shimron was a son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shimshai","text":"Shimshai was a scribe who was represented the peoples listed in Ezra 4:9–10 in a letter to King Artaxerxes.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_14"},{"link_name":"Chedorlaomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedorlaomer"}],"sub_title":"Shinab","text":"Shinab is the king of Admah in Genesis 14 who joins other Canaanite city kings in rebelling against Chedorlaomer.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_4"}],"sub_title":"Shiphi","text":"Shiphi was the son of Allon and the father of Ziza mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribe of Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Num. 34:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_34"}],"sub_title":"Shiphtan","text":"Shiphtan was the father of Kemuel, a prince of the Tribe of Ephraim. (Num. 34:24).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Shisha","text":"Shisha (Hebrew – שישא) was the father of Elihoreph and Ahijah, who were scribes of King Solomon (1 Kings 4:3).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Samuel 5:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+5:14&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+3:5&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Bathsheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathsheba"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Brenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Charles_Lee_Brenton"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Caleb, son of Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_(son_of_Hezron)"},{"link_name":"Caleb son of Jephunneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb"}],"sub_title":"Shobab","text":"Shobab שובב \"Mischievous\" is the name of two figures in the Hebrew Bible.Shobab was one of the children born to King David after he took up residence in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14), whose mother is named in 1 Chronicles 3:5 as Bathshua or Bathsheba, the daughter of Ammiel.[59] In Brenton's Septuagint Translation, his name is translated as \"Sobab\" and his mother's name is given as \"Bersabee\".[60] Each reference to him mentions him briefly, in a list along with at least three other sons of David born in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5:14; 1 Chronicles 3:5, 14:4).\nShobab is mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:18 as one of the children of Caleb, son of Hezron (not to be confused with the more famous Caleb son of Jephunneh).","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horite"},{"link_name":"Seir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Seir"},{"link_name":"Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"36:20–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2036:20%E2%80%9329"}],"sub_title":"Shobal","text":"Shobal was a Horite chief in the hill country of Seir during the days of Esau. He was a son of Seir the Horite, and his sons were Alvas, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho and Onam. He is mentioned in Genesis 36:20–29.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"}],"sub_title":"Shuni","text":"Shuni was a son of Gad according to Genesis 46:16 and Numbers 26:15. He was one of the 70 persons to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌʃuːˈtæˌlɑːx/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"shoo-TELL-ahkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Eran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eran"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_35"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Shuthelah","text":"Shuthelah (Hebrew: שׁוּתֶלַח, romanized: /ˌʃuːˈtæˌlɑːx/ shoo-TELL-ahkh) was a son of Ephraim and father of Eran, according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:20.[citation needed]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_2"}],"sub_title":"Sisamai","text":"Sisamai was the son of Eleasah and the father of Shallum mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:40.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulun"},{"link_name":"Gaddiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Gaddiel"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Sodi","text":"Sodi of the house of Zebulun was the father of Gaddiel, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:10.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sotai","text":"Sotai was a descendant of the servants of Solomon, and his own descendants were listed among those who returned from the Babylonian exile in Ezra 2:55.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Gaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Gaddi"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Susi","text":"Susi of the house of Manasseh was the father of Gaddi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:11.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_35"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#Chapter_7"}],"sub_title":"Tahan","text":"Tahan was a son of Ephraim according to Numbers 26:35 and 1 Chronicles 7:25.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Reumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Reumah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tahash","text":"Tahash was the third son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah, he is only mentioned in one verse in the Bible which is Genesis 22:24.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korah"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:37&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ephraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 7:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%207:20&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tahath","text":"There are 3 people named Tahath in the Hebrew Bible.Tahath a descendant of Korah and an ancestor of Samuel according to 1 Chronicles 6:37\nTahath the son of Bered, and the father of Eleadah, also a descendant of Ephraim, and Tahath the son of Eleadah according to 1 Chronicles 7:20.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Taphath","text":"Taphath (Hebrew טפת, \"Drop\") was a daughter of Solomon and wife of one of her father's twelve regional administrators, the son of Abinadab (First Kings 4:11).","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:43&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tappuah","text":"Tappuah, one of the four sons of Hebron. Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:43.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Reumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reumah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tebah","text":"Tebah (Hebrew: טבח, \"Massacre\") was the first son of Nahor and his concubine Reumah. He is mentioned in Genesis 22:24.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezron"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:24, 4:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:24&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_(Prophet)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Tekoa","text":"Tekoa or Tekoah (Hebrew: תְּקוֹעַ, Modern: Teku'a, Tiberian: Tekû'a) was the son of Ashhur the son of Hezron through an unnamed mother mentioned in 1 Chronicles 2:24, 4:5. The name Tekoah[61][62][63][64] is also the name of a place which the Prophet Amos was born.[65]","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)"}],"sub_title":"Temeni","text":"Temeni is described in the Bible as a son of Naarah and Ashhur the son of Hezron the Grandson of Judah the founder of the tribe. He was the brother of Haahashtari, Ahuzam, and Hepher according to 1 Chronicles 4:6.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biblical Narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 2:48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%202:48&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Tirhanah","text":"Tirhanah according to the Biblical Narrative was the son of Caleb the son of Hezron. He was the son of Caleb's concubine named Maachah, and also the brother of Shaaph and Sheber. (1 Chronicles 2:48)","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Tiberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Tola (biblical figure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tola_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Tola","text":"Tola (Hebrew: תּוֹלָע, Modern: Tola', Tiberian: Tôlā') was the name of two individuals mentioned in the Bible:A son of Issachar according to Genesis 46:13, Numbers 26:23 and 1 Chronicles 7:1. He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.\nTola (biblical figure), also of the tribe of Issachar, one of the judges of Israel (Judges 10:1–2).","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"10:34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a10.htm#34"}],"sub_title":"Uel","text":"In Ezra 10:34 : \"Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel.\"","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh"},{"link_name":"Meribbaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephibosheth"}],"sub_title":"Ulam","text":"Ulam is a name that appears twice in the Hebrew Bible. In 1 Chronicles 7:16–17, an Ulam appears in a genealogical passage as the son of Peresh, the son of Machir, the son of the patriarch Manasseh. In 1 Chronicles 8:39, an Ulam appears in a genealogy as the son of Eshek, the brother of Azel, the son of Eleasah, the son of Raphah, the son of Binea, the son of Moza, the son of Zimri, the son of Jehoadah, the son of Ahaz, the son of Micah, the son of Meribbaal.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hur_(bible)"},{"link_name":"Bezalel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezalel"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"}],"sub_title":"Uri","text":"Uri is mentioned 7 times, 6 of which indicate that another figure is the \"son of Uri\". The meaning of the name in English is \"my light\", \"my flame\" or \"illumination\".Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Exodus 31 and 1 Chronicles 2 as a member of the Tribe of Judah. He is the son of Hur (Hebrew: חור) and the father of Bezalel (Hebrew: בצלאל).\nAnother Uri (Hebrew: אוּרִי) is mentioned in Ezra 10 as one of those who have taken \"strange wives.\"","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tahath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tahath"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:24&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Uriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriel"},{"link_name":"Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"}],"sub_title":"Uriel","text":"Uriel or Zephaniah the son of Tahath according to 1 Chronicles 6:24.\nUriel a Archangel","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"},{"link_name":"potter's field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_field"}],"sub_title":"Urijah son of Shemaiah","text":"Urijah, son of Shemaiah (Hebrew: אוּרִיָּהוּ בֵּנ–שְׁמַעְיָהוּ ʾŪrīyyāhū ben-Šəmaʿyāhū) was a minor prophet mentioned in Jeremiah 26:20-23. He was from Kiriath-Jearim, and his prophecies often matched Jeremiah's criticisms. When Jehoiakim heard the reports of these prophecies, he sent to have him killed, but Urijah fled to Egypt. In response, Jehoiakim sent a group of men, including Elnathan son of Achbor – the future father-in-law to his son, Jeconiah – to bring him back. After being brought before the king, he was executed, and buried in a potter's field.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Urijah","text":"Urijah (Hebrew: אוריה uriyah) a priest in the time of King Ahaz of Judah, built an altar at the temple in Jerusalem on the Damascene model for Tiglathpileser, king of Assyria. 2 Kings 16:10–16","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Milcah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcah"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:20–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2022:20%E2%80%9321&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Genesis 10:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:23&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Dishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishan"},{"link_name":"Genesis 36:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2036:28&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 1:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%201:42&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Uz","text":"Uz was the name of 3 biblical characters in the Bible:The firstborn son of Nahor and first son of Nahor and Milcah mentioned briefly in Genesis 22:20–21.\nThe son of Aram the son of Shem mentioned in Genesis 10:23.\nOne of the two sons of Dishan, his brothers name was Aran he is mentioned in Genesis 36:28 and 1 Chronicles 1:42.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"Esther 9:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Esther%209:9&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ahasuerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasuerus"},{"link_name":"Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa"},{"link_name":"Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim"},{"link_name":"Walther Hinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hinz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Iranian"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Elamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Vaizatha","text":"Vaizatha (or Vajezatha; Hebrew: וַיְזָתָא) is one of the ten sons of Persian vizier Haman, mentioned in Esther 9:9. Haman had planned to kill all the Jews living under the reign of King Ahasuerus, but his plot was foiled. In their defence, the Jews killed 500 men in the citadel of Susa, as well as Vaizatha and his nine brothers: this event is remembered in the Jewish festival Purim. Walther Hinz has proposed that the name is a rendering of an Old Iranian name, Vahyazzāta, which itself is derived from Vahyaz-dāta (\"given from the best one\"), as found in Aramaic, Elamite, and Akkadian sources.[66]","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bani_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ezra 10:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezra#Chapter_10"}],"sub_title":"Vaniah","text":"Vaniah, meaning nourishment, or weapons, of the Lord; one of many sons of Bani named in Ezra 10:36.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naphtali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali"},{"link_name":"Nahbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nahbi"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Vophsi","text":"Vophsi of the house of Naphtali was the father of Nahbi, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:14.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents\n\nTop\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eder"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Gen."},{"link_name":"36:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0136.htm#27"},{"link_name":"1 Chr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chr."},{"link_name":"1:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a01.htm#42"}],"sub_title":"Zaavan","text":"Zaavan (za'-a-van or za'-awan), son of Ezer, was a Horite chief in the Land of Edom. (Gen. 36:27, 1 Chr. 1:42)","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hezron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezron"},{"link_name":"Jahahmeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahahmeel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ephlal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephlal"},{"link_name":"Ephraimite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Shuthelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuthelah"},{"link_name":"Tanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suthelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suthelah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"Ahlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlai"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Joash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Shimeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shimeath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonite"},{"link_name":"2 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Kings"},{"link_name":"Jozachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozachar"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Jehozabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehozabad"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"}],"sub_title":"Zabad","text":"Zabad is the name of seven men in the Hebrew Bible.In 1 Chronicles 2:36–37, Zabad is a member of the Tribe of Judah, the family of Hezron and the house of Jahahmeel. He was the son of Nathan and the father of Ephlal.\nIn 1 Chronicles 7:21, Zabad is an Ephraimite of the family of Shuthelah. He was the son of Tanath and the father of Suthelah.\nIn 1 Chronicles 11:41, Zabad is one of King David's mighty men. He is the son of Ahlai.\nIn 2 Chronicles 24:26, Zabad is one of two servants of King Joash who kill him in his bed. He is the son of Shimeath, an Amonite woman. In 2 Kings 12:21 this same man seems to be called Jozachar (Hebrew: יוֹזָכָר; Latin: Josachar). His fellow conspirator is Jehozabad (Hebrew: יהוֹזָבָד; Latin: Jozabad), the son of Shomer (Hebrew: שֹׁמֵר; Latin: Somer).\nIn Ezra 10:27,33,34, three men named Zabad are listed as having taken foreign wives, whom Ezra persuades them to send away.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_son_of_Zabbai"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Zabbai","text":"Zabbai was the father of Baruch, one of Nehemiah's helpers in repairing the walls of Jerusalem, according to Nehemiah 3:20.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerah"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Carmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmi_(son_of_Zabdi)"},{"link_name":"Achan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achan_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Joshua 7:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Joshua#Chapter_7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jericho"}],"sub_title":"Zabdi","text":"Zabdi, son of Zerah, of the Tribe of Judah, was the father of Carmi and the grandfather of Achan, according to Joshua 7:1. He was present at the Battle of Jericho.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holman_Bible_Dictionary-67"},{"link_name":"King Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon"},{"link_name":"1 Kings 4:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Kings#Chapter_4"},{"link_name":"Nathan the prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Nathan the son of David.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-68"}],"sub_title":"Zabud","text":"Zabud (Hebrew – זבוד, zābud, meaning \"endowed.\"[67]) was a priest and friend of King Solomon, according to 1 Kings 4:5. He is described as the \"son of Nathan,\" but it is unclear whether this is Nathan the prophet or Nathan the son of David.[68] As a \"friend\" of the king, he probably served the function of a counselor.[68]","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Shammua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shammua"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Numbers 13:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_13"}],"sub_title":"Zaccur","text":"Zaccur of the house of Reuben was the father of Shammua, a scout sent to Canaan prior to the crossing of the Jordan River according to Numbers 13:4.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"David's Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_zalmon-69"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_zalmon-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb_zalmon-69"}],"sub_title":"Zalmon","text":"Zalmon the Ahohite, according to 2 Samuel 23:28 in the Masoretic Text, is listed as one of David's Mighty Warriors. In the Masoretic Text of 1 Chronicles 11:29, in another copy of the same list of warriors, he is called \"Ilai the Ahohite.\"[69] Where the Masoretic Text has \"Zalmon,\" various manuscripts of the Greek Septuagint have Ellon, Sellom, or Eliman.[69] And where the Masoretic Text has \"Ilai,\" the Septuagint reads Elei, Eli, or Ela.[69]","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"2:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a02.htm#33"},{"link_name":"Peleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Peleth"}],"sub_title":"Zaza","text":"Zaza was one of the sons of Jonathan mentioned in (1 Chronicles 2:33); he was also the brother of Peleth and the grandson of Jada.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zebedee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebedee_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"27:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a27.htm#7"},{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"17:7–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b17.htm#7"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"19:8–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b19.htm#8"},{"link_name":"Beriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriah_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"8:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a08.htm#15"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"26:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a26.htm#2"}],"sub_title":"Zebadiah","text":"Zebadiah (cf. Zebedee) may refer to:A son of Asahel, Joab's brother (1 Chronicles 27:7).\nA Levite who took part as one of the teachers in the system of national education instituted by Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:7–8).\nThe son of Ishmael, \"the ruler of the house of Judah in all the king's matters\" (2 Chronicles 19:8–11).\nA son of Beriah (1 Chronicles 8:15).\nA Korhite porter of the Lord's house (1 Chronicles 26:2). Three or four others of this name are also mentioned.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah"},{"link_name":"Jehoiakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiakim"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 23:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2023:36&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Zebudah","text":"Zebudah was the first wife of King Josiah; they had a son, Jehoiakim. She is mentioned in these passages: 2 Kings 23:36. She was the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2 Chron 26:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2026:5&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 5:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%205:7&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 9:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%209:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 9:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%209:37&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 15:20–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2015:20%E2%80%9324&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 24:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2024:25&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 27:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chron 27:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2027:21&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 17:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2017:7&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 20:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2020:14&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 21:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2021:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Abijah (queen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abijah_(queen)"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 29:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2029:1&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Isa 8:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%208:2&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 29:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2029:13&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 35:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2035:8&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 8:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%208:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 8:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%208:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 11:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2011:12&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 12:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Neh 12:35–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2012:35%E2%80%9341&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Zechariah","text":"Zechariah was the name of 18 minor biblical individuals.In addition to the characters named above, there are numerous minor characters in the Bible with the same name:A prophet, who had \"understanding in the seeing of God,\" in the time of Uzziah, who was much indebted to him for his wise counsel: 2 Chron 26:5.\nOne of the chiefs of the tribe of Reuben: 1 Chron 5:7.\nOne of the porters of the tabernacle: 1 Chron 9:21.\n1 Chron 9:37.\nA Levite who assisted at the bringing up of the ark from the house of Obed-edom: 1 Chron 15:20–24.\nA Kohathite Levite: 1 Chron 24:25.\nA Merarite Levite: 1 Chron 27:21.\nThe father of Iddo: 1 Chron 27:21.\nOne who assisted in teaching the law to the people in the time of Jehoshaphat: 2 Chron 17:7.\nA Levite of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 20:14.\nOne of Jehoshaphat's sons: 2 Chron 21:2.\nThe father of Abijah (queen), who was the mother of Hezekiah: 2 Chron 29:1 possibly the same as Isaiah's supporter Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah Isa 8:2.\nOne of the sons of Asaph: 2 Chron 29:13.\nOne of the \"rulers of the house of God\": 2 Chron 35:8.\nA chief of the people in the time of Ezra, who consulted him about the return from captivity in Ezra 8:16; probably the same as mentioned in Neh 8:4.\nNeh 11:12.\nNeh 12:16.\nNeh 12:35–41.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 3:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#3:16"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"}],"sub_title":"Zedekiah","text":"(Hebrew צִדְקִיָּה tsidqiyah)[70]Zedekiah, King of Judah\nZedekiah, son of Chenaanah, a false prophet in the time of Kings Jehoshaphat and Ahab[71]\nZedekiah, son of Maaseiah, who, according to Jeremiah 29:21, was a false prophet.[72]\nZedekiah the son of Hananiah, one of the princes to whom Michaiah told of Jeremiah's prophecy – Jeremiah 36:12\nZedekiah the son of King Jehoiachin according to 1 Chronicles 3:16. Not to be confused with his granduncle King Zedekiah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 6:24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:24&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Zephaniah","text":"Zephaniah (Hebrew צפניה, pronounced TsePhNiYaH) was the name of at least three people in the Bible:Zephaniah the prophet (q.v.)\nZephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest in Jeremiah 29:25. A member of the deputation sent by King Zedekiah to Jeremiah (Jeremiah 21:1; 37:3). \"He is probably the same Zephaniah who is called 'the second priest' in 52:24 ... and was among those executed after the capture of Jerusalem in 587 B.C. In the present situation he is overseer of the temple (vs. 26), occupying the position which had been held earlier by Pashur, who had put Jeremiah in stocks...\"[73]\nZephaniah also called Uriel which was the son of Tahath and the father of Uzziah or Azariah according to 1 Chronicles 6:24","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ziphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ziphion"}],"sub_title":"Zephon","text":"See Ziphion.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zohar"}],"sub_title":"Zerah","text":"See Zohar.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest"},{"link_name":"Zadok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok"},{"link_name":"Uzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzi"},{"link_name":"Meraioth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meraioth"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%206:6"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%206:51"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"7:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezra%207:4"}],"sub_title":"Zerahiah","text":"Zerahiah was a High Priest and an ancestor of Zadok, he was the son of Uzzi and the father of Meraioth. He is mentioned in (1 Chronicles 6:6, 1 Chronicles 6:51; Ezra 7:4)","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izri"}],"sub_title":"Zeri","text":"See Izri.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bechorath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechorath"},{"link_name":"tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"Abner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Samuel#Chapter_9"}],"sub_title":"Zeror","text":"Zeror, son of Bechorath, of the tribe of Benjamin, was the great-grandfather of King Saul and of his commander Abner. According to Saul, his family was the least of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Samuel 9)","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Amasiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasiah"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"2 Chron 17:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#Chapter_17"}],"sub_title":"Zichri","text":"Zichri was a son of Izhar of the house of Levi according to Exodus 6:21, born in Egypt. He was a nephew of Amram and a cousin of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses. Zichri was also the name of the father of Amasiah, one of Jehoshaphat's commanders according to 2 Chron 17:16.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"}],"sub_title":"Zidkijah","text":"Zidkijah is mentioned in chapter 10 of Nehemiah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"4:19, 22–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%204:19%E2%80%9323"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Lamech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamech,_descendant_of_Cain"},{"link_name":"Tubal-cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal-cain"},{"link_name":"Naamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamah_(Genesis)"}],"sub_title":"Zillah","text":"In Genesis 4:19, 22–23, Zillah (Hebrew: צִלָּה – Ṣillāh) is a wife of Lamech and the mother of Tubal-cain and Naamah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"4:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a04.htm#16"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Ziphah","text":"In 1 Chronicles 4:16, Ziphah (zī'fe) is mentioned as a son of Jehaleleel, a descendant of Judah.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balak"},{"link_name":"Moab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Moab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(biblical_figure)"}],"sub_title":"Zippor","text":"Zippor was the father of Balak, a prophet of Jehovah in Moab, in Numbers 22. He was a descendant of Moab, the son of Lot.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"46:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#16"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"26:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0426.htm#15"},{"link_name":"angel Zephon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephon_(angel)"}],"sub_title":"Ziphion","text":"Ziphion or Zephon is a son of Gad (Genesis 46:16), and was the progenitor of the Zephonites (Numbers 26:15). There may be a connection with the angel Zephon.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"6:22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0206.htm#22"}],"sub_title":"Zithri","text":"In Exodus 6:22, Zithri (\"the Lord protects\"), a Levite, was the son of Uzziel.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gershonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershonite"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles 4:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%204:37&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 11:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2011:20&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Ziza","text":"Ziza (or Zizah) was the name of 3 biblical individuals:A Gershonite, the second son of Shimei (1 Chronicles 23:10–11). The spelling is according to the Septuagint; most Hebrew manuscripts have Zina.[74]\nThe son of Shiphi mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:37.\nA son of King Rehoboam and Maacah the daughter of Avishalom mentioned in 2 Chronicles 11:20.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"}],"sub_title":"Zobebah","text":"Zobebah (also known as Hazzobebah)[75] was a son of Koz (1 Chronicles 4:8).","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Genesis 46:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#Chapter_46"},{"link_name":"Exodus 6:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#Chapter_6"},{"link_name":"Numbers 26:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_26"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Zohar","text":"For the Zohar found in a variant reading of 1 Chronicles 4:7, see Izhar.Zohar or Zerah was a son of Simeon according to Genesis 46:10, Exodus 6:15, and Numbers 26:13.[76] He was one of the 70 souls to migrate to Egypt with Jacob.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"4:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a04.htm#20"}],"sub_title":"Zoheth","text":"Zoheth was a son of Ishi (1 Chronicles 4:20).","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issachar"},{"link_name":"Numbers 1:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#Chapter_1"},{"link_name":"Nethaneel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nethaneel"}],"sub_title":"Zuar","text":"Zuar was a member of the house of Issachar according to Numbers 1:8. He was the father of Nethaneel.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ephraimite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel"},{"link_name":"1 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Samuel"},{"link_name":"1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%201:1&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"6:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%206:35&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"}],"sub_title":"Zuph","text":"Zuph or Zophai was an Ephraimite and an ancestor of Samuel, he was the father of Tohu or Toah according to (1 Samuel 1:1). He was the son of Elkanah (different from Elkanah the father of Samuel) according to (1 Chronicles 6:35). He is listed as being an Ephraimite even though he came from the line of Levi.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton"},{"link_name":"Abihail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abihail"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"3:35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0403.htm#35"},{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"Merarites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merarites"},{"link_name":"the Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"}],"sub_title":"Zuriel","text":"Zuriel (\"My Rock is God\") was the son of Abihail (Numbers 3:35). A Levite, Zuriel was chief prince of the Merarites at the time of the Exodus.","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"1:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0401.htm#6"},{"link_name":"Shaddai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddai_(god)"},{"link_name":"Shelumiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelumiel"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"Book of Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandel2010-77"}],"sub_title":"Zurishaddai","text":"In Numbers 1:6, Rock of the Almighty (\"Shaddai is my rock\") was the father of Shelumiel, the prince of the Tribe of Simeon. He is mentioned in this context five times in the Book of Numbers.[77]","title":"Z"}] | [{"image_text":"Mehujael as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mahalalel_Malaleel_filius_yrath_%28titel_op_object%29_Liber_Chronicarum_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-2016-49-8-2.jpg/220px-Mahalalel_Malaleel_filius_yrath_%28titel_op_object%29_Liber_Chronicarum_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-2016-49-8-2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of biblical names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_names"},{"title":"List of burial places of biblical figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures"},{"title":"List of major biblical figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_biblical_figures"},{"title":"List of minor biblical tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes"},{"title":"List of minor biblical places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_places"}] | [{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Likhi\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib02cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Nora A. (1992). \"Maai (Person)\". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4. New York: Doubleday. p. 431. ISBN 9780300140811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300140811","url_text":"9780300140811"}]},{"reference":"Fulton, Deirdre N. (2015). Reconsidering Nehemiah's Judah: The Case of MT and LXX Nehemiah 11–12. Mohr Siebeck. p. 156. ISBN 9783161538810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161538810","url_text":"9783161538810"}]},{"reference":"Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox. p. 346. ISBN 9780664221867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221867","url_text":"9780664221867"}]},{"reference":"Mandel, David (2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 250. ISBN 9780827610293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827610293","url_text":"9780827610293"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Machnadebai\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Malcham\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter:-1----The Country of Arabia--Part One\". January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://steemit.com/islam/@islamic-history/chapter-1-the-country-of-arabia-part-one","url_text":"\"Chapter:-1----The Country of Arabia--Part One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Mirador Viewer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50116629$70i","url_text":"\"Harvard Mirador Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Matred\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Matthanias\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Richard S. Hess (15 October 2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4412-0112-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2jNoqNRDYDUC&pg=PA144","url_text":"Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0112-6","url_text":"978-1-4412-0112-6"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Meshillemoth\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Naharai\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. \"Nahath\". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Theodor Nöldeke (1899). \"Hagar\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib02cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"Saadia Gaon (1984). Yosef Qafih (ed.). Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Pentateuch (in Hebrew) (4 ed.). Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook. p. 33 (note 35). OCLC 232667032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon","url_text":"Saadia Gaon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafih","url_text":"Yosef Qafih"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook","url_text":"Mossad Harav Kook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232667032","url_text":"232667032"}]},{"reference":"C. H. W. Johns (1901) [1899]. \"Nebuzaradan\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Samuel 21 Brenton Septuagint Translation\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/sep/2_samuel/21.htm","url_text":"\"2 Samuel 21 Brenton Septuagint Translation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ\". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070454/http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=10&c=21","url_text":"\"Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ\""},{"url":"http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=10&c=21","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Rechab and the Rechabites\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Rechab_and_the_Rechabites","url_text":"\"Rechab and the Rechabites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 1219. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PA1219","url_text":"Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1","url_text":"978-0-310-49235-1"}]},{"reference":"Rannfrid I. Thelle; Terje Stordalen; Mervyn E. J. Richardson (16 June 2015). New Perspectives on Old Testament Prophecy and History: Essays in Honour of Hans M. Barstad. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29327-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AGJECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70","url_text":"New Perspectives on Old Testament Prophecy and History: Essays in Honour of Hans M. Barstad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29327-4","url_text":"978-90-04-29327-4"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. \"Rehum\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne","url_text":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 4, chapter 7, section 1\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-02. ...and Rekem, who was of the same name with a city, the chief and capital of all Arabia, which is still now so called by the whole Arabian nation, Arecem, from the name of the king that built it; but is by the Greeks called Petra","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=4:whiston+chapter=7:whiston+section=1","url_text":"\"Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 4, chapter 7, section 1\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Philip C. (1980). \"New Evidence for the 4th-Century A. D. Destruction of Petra\". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (238): 65–67. doi:10.2307/1356516. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356516. S2CID 163457321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356516","url_text":"\"New Evidence for the 4th-Century A. D. Destruction of Petra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356516","url_text":"10.2307/1356516"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X","url_text":"0003-097X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356516","url_text":"1356516"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163457321","url_text":"163457321"}]},{"reference":"Ronald F. Youngblood (7 March 2017). 1 and 2 Samuel. Zondervan. p. 913. ISBN 978-0-310-53179-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hcISDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT913","url_text":"1 and 2 Samuel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53179-1","url_text":"978-0-310-53179-1"}]},{"reference":"Meir Lubetski; Edith Lubetski (11 September 2012). New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-58983-557-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zqiEktf1IwEC&pg=PA47","url_text":"New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-557-3","url_text":"978-1-58983-557-3"}]},{"reference":"Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4rJ1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"I and II Chronicles: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-589-7","url_text":"978-1-61164-589-7"}]},{"reference":"Sara Japhet (1 November 1993). I and II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-61164-589-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4rJ1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250","url_text":"I and II Chronicles: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-589-7","url_text":"978-1-61164-589-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Shammai from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/shammai.html","url_text":"\"Shammai from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shelomith from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/shelomith.html","url_text":"\"Shelomith from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"1 Chronicles 3 Brenton Septuagint Translation\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/sep/1_chronicles/3.htm","url_text":"\"1 Chronicles 3 Brenton Septuagint Translation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amos\". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.yourdictionary.com/amos","url_text":"\"Amos\""}]},{"reference":"Bedford, Peter (1992). \"Vaizatha (Person)\". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 781. ISBN 9780300140811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300140811","url_text":"9780300140811"}]},{"reference":"McMillion, Phillip E. (1992). \"Zabud (Person)\". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 6. New York: Doubleday. p. 1032. ISBN 9780300140811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300140811","url_text":"9780300140811"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. \"Zalmon (second entry)\". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Vol. 4, Q–Z. New York: The Macmillan Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne","url_text":"Thomas Kelly Cheyne"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib04cheyuoft","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible"}]},{"reference":"\"Strong's Hebrew: 6667. צִדְקִיָּה (Tsidqiyyahu or Tsidqiyyah) – \"Yah is righteousness,\" six Israelites\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/hebrew/6667.htm","url_text":"\"Strong's Hebrew: 6667. צִדְקִיָּה (Tsidqiyyahu or Tsidqiyyah) – \"Yah is righteousness,\" six Israelites\""}]},{"reference":"David Mandel (1 January 2010). Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society. p. 419. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SET_(command) | List of DOS commands | ["1 Command processing","2 DOS commands","2.1 APPEND","2.2 ASSIGN","2.3 ATMDM","2.4 ATTRIB","2.5 BACKUP and RESTORE","2.6 BASIC and BASICA","2.7 BREAK","2.8 CALL","2.9 CD and CHDIR","2.10 CHCP","2.11 CHKDSK","2.12 CHOICE","2.13 CLS","2.14 COMMAND","2.15 COMP","2.16 COPY","2.17 CTTY","2.18 DATE","2.19 DBLBOOT","2.20 DBLSPACE","2.21 DEBUG","2.22 DEFRAG","2.23 DEL and ERASE","2.24 DELTREE","2.25 DIR","2.26 DISKCOMP","2.27 DISKCOPY","2.28 DOSKEY","2.29 DOSSIZE","2.30 DRVSPACE","2.31 ECHO","2.32 EDIT","2.33 EDLIN","2.34 EMM386","2.35 ERASE","2.36 EXE2BIN","2.37 EXIT","2.38 EXPAND","2.39 FAKEMOUS","2.40 FASTHELP","2.41 FASTOPEN","2.42 FC","2.43 FDISK","2.44 FIND","2.45 FINDSTR","2.46 FOR","2.47 FORMAT","2.48 GOTO","2.49 GRAFTABL","2.50 GRAPHICS","2.51 HELP","2.52 IF","2.53 INTERSVR and INTERLNK","2.54 JOIN","2.55 KEYB","2.56 LABEL","2.57 LINK4","2.58 LOADFIX","2.59 LOADHIGH and LH","2.60 MD or MKDIR","2.61 MEM","2.62 MEMMAKER","2.63 MIRROR","2.64 MODE","2.65 MORE","2.66 MOVE","2.67 MSAV","2.68 MSBACKUP","2.69 MSCDEX","2.70 MSD","2.71 MSHERC","2.72 NLSFUNC","2.73 PATH","2.74 PAUSE","2.75 PING","2.76 POWER","2.77 PRINT","2.78 PRINTFIX","2.79 PROMPT","2.80 PS","2.81 QBASIC","2.82 RD or RMDIR","2.83 RECOVER","2.84 REM","2.85 REN","2.86 REPLACE","2.87 RESTORE","2.88 SCANDISK","2.89 SELECT","2.90 SET","2.91 SETUP","2.92 SETVER","2.93 SHARE","2.94 SHIFT","2.95 SIZER","2.96 SMARTDRV","2.97 SORT","2.98 SUBST","2.99 SYS","2.100 TELNET","2.101 TIME","2.102 TITLE","2.103 TREE","2.104 TRUENAME","2.105 TYPE","2.106 UNDELETE","2.107 UNFORMAT","2.108 VER","2.109 VERIFY","2.110 VOL","2.111 VSAFE","2.112 XCOPY","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | This article presents a list of commands used by MS-DOS compatible operating systems, especially as used on IBM PC compatibles. Many unrelated disk operating systems use the DOS acronym and are not part of the scope of this list.
In MS-DOS, many standard system commands are provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands are built into the command interpreter; others exist as external commands on disk. Over multiple generations, commands were added for additional functions. In Microsoft Windows, a command prompt window that uses many of the same commands, cmd.exe, can still be used.
Command processing
The command interpreter for DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the transient portion of the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, DOS will reload it from disk. Some commands are internal—built into COMMAND.COM; others are external commands stored on disk. When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse the line and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an executable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed, and the command prompt is refreshed.
External commands were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used. Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to be on an accessible disk, either on the current drive or on the command path set in the command interpreter.
In the list below, commands that can accept more than one file name, or a filename including wildcards (* and ?), are said to accept a filespec (file specification) parameter. Commands that can accept only a single file name are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, command line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces and symbols such as a "/" or a "-" may be used to allow the command processor to parse the command line into filenames, file specifications, and other options.
The command interpreter preserves the case of whatever parameters are passed to commands, but the command names themselves and file names are case-insensitive.
Many commands are the same across many DOS systems, but some differ in command syntax or name.
DOS commands
A partial list of the most common commands for MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS follows below.
APPEND
Sets the path to be searched for data files or displays the current search path.
The APPEND command is similar to the PATH command that tells DOS where to search for program files (files with a .COM, . EXE, or .BAT file name extension).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.
ASSIGN
Further information: Drive letter assignment
The command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. It can also display drive assignments or reset all drive letters to their original assignments.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 2 through 5.
ATMDM
Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
ATTRIB
Main article: ATTRIB
Attrib changes or views the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to display the attributes of all files in the current directory. The file attributes available include read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes. The command has the capability to process whole folders and subfolders of files and also process all files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.
BACKUP and RESTORE
These are commands to backup and restore files from an external disk. These appeared in version 2, and continued to PC DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PC DOS 7 had a deversioned check). In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP), which allowed files to be restored to different locations.
BASIC and BASICA
Main article: IBM BASIC
An implementation of the BASIC programming language for PCs. Implementing BASIC in this way was very common in operating systems on 8- and 16-bit machines made in the 1980s.
IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this ROM-BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the code area. BASICA last appeared in IBM PC DOS 5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version had ROM-BASIC moved into the program code.
Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases had basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GW-BASIC.EXE.
BASIC was dropped after MS-DOS 4, and PC DOS 5.02. OS/2 (which uses PC DOS 5), has it, while MS-DOS 5 does not.
BREAK
This command is used to instruct DOS to check whether the Ctrl and Break keys have been pressed before carrying out a program request.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
CALL
See also: start (command)
Starts a batch file from within another batch file and returns when that one ends.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
CD and CHDIR
Main article: cd (command)
The CHDIR (or the alternative name CD) command either displays or changes the current working directory.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
CHCP
The command either displays or changes the active code page used to display character glyphs in a console window. Similar functionality can be achieved with MODE CON: CP SELECT=yyy.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
CHKDSK
Main article: CHKDSK
CHKDSK verifies a storage volume (for example, a hard disk, disk partition or floppy disk) for file system integrity. The command has the ability to fix errors on a volume and recover information from defective disk sectors of a volume.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
CHOICE
Main article: choice (command)
The CHOICE command is used in batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character choices. Choice was introduced as an external command with MS-DOS 6.0; Novell DOS 7 and PC DOS 7.0. Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this function with the built-in switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command with a question mark. This command was formerly called ync (yes-no-cancel).
CLS
Main article: CLS (command)
The CLS or CLRSCR command clears the terminal screen.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
COMMAND
Main article: COMMAND.COM
Start a new instance of the command interpreter.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
COMP
Main article: comp (command)
Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 1 through 5.
COPY
Main article: copy (command)
Makes copies of existing files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
CTTY
Defines the terminal device (for example, COM1) to use for input and output.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
DATE
Displays the system date and prompts the user to enter a new date. Complements the TIME command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
DBLBOOT
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
(Not a command: This is a batch file added to DOS 6.X Supplemental Disks to help create DoubleSpace boot floppies.)
DBLSPACE
Main article: DriveSpace
A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.0 (released in 1993) and version 6.2.
DEBUG
Main article: debug (command)
A very primitive assembler and disassembler.
DEFRAG
Main article: Microsoft Drive Optimizer
The command has the ability to analyze the file fragmentation on a disk drive or to defragment a drive. This command is called DEFRAG in MS-DOS/PC DOS and diskopt in DR-DOS.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
DEL and ERASE
Main article: del (command)
DEL (or the alternative form ERASE) is used to delete one or more files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
DELTREE
Main article: DELTREE
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of the potentially dangerous action. Since the RD (RMDIR) command can not delete a directory if the directory is not empty (except in Windows NT & 10), the DELTREE command can be used to delete the whole directory.
The deltree command is included in certain versions of Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS operating systems. It is specifically available only in versions of MS-DOS 6.0 and higher, and in Microsoft Windows 9x. In Windows NT, the functionality provided exists but is handled by the command rd or rmdir which has slightly different syntax. This command is not present in Windows 7 and 8. In Windows 10, the command switch is RD /S or RMDIR /S.
DIR
Main article: dir (command)
The DIR command displays the contents of a directory. The contents comprise the disk's volume label and serial number; one directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the few commands that exist from the first versions of DOS. The command can display files in subdirectories. The resulting directory listing can be sorted by various criteria and filenames can be displayed in a chosen format.
DISKCOMP
Main article: diskcomp
A command for comparing the complete contents of a floppy disk to another one.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.
DISKCOPY
Main article: diskcopy
A command for copying the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
DOSKEY
Main article: DOSKEY
A command that adds command history, macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command-line interpreter.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
DOSSIZE
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Displays how much memory various DOS components occupy.
DRVSPACE
Main article: DriveSpace
A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.22.
ECHO
Main article: echo (command)
The ECHO command prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. (Hence the name, ECHO) Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected, like any other command, to files or devices. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files. Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file, thus resulting in a "tidier" output (the @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo.)
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
EDIT
Main article: MS-DOS Editor
EDIT is a full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS versions 5 and 6, OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0 The corresponding program in Windows 95 and later, and Windows 2000 and later is Edit v2.0. PC DOS 6 and later use the DOS E Editor and DR-DOS used editor up to version 7.
EDLIN
Main article: Edlin
DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file, like debug, this makes it of some use even today. The absence of a console editor in MS-DOS/PC DOS 1–4 created an after-market for third-party editors.
In DOS 5, an extra command "?" was added to give the user much-needed help.
DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN; for MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental disks, while PC DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32-bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.
EMM386
Main article: EMM386
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The EMM386 command enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
ERASE
See: DEL and ERASE
EXE2BIN
Main article: exe2bin
Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a memory image of the program.
The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64 KB. The file must also have no stack segment.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 through 5. It is available separately for version 6 on the Supplemental Disk.
EXIT
Main article: exit (command)
Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the desktop.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
EXPAND
The Microsoft File Expansion Utility is used to uncompress one or more compressed cabinet files (.CAB). The command dates back to 1990 and was supplied on floppy disc for MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
FAKEMOUS
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FAKEMOUS is an IBM PS/2 mouse utility used with AccessDOS. It is included on the MS-DOS 6 Supplemental Disk.
AccessDOS assists persons with disabilities.
FASTHELP
See also: help (command)
Provides information for MS-DOS commands.
FASTOPEN
Main article: FASTOPEN
A command that provides accelerated access to frequently-used files and directories.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
FC
Main article: File Compare
Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later – primarily non-IBM releases.
FDISK
Main article: fdisk
The FDISK command manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. FDISK has the ability to display information about, create, and delete DOS partitions or logical DOS drive. It can also install a standard master boot record on the hard drive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS 2.0 releases and later.
FIND
Main article: Find (Windows)
The FIND command is a filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream. It may also be used as a pipe.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
FINDSTR
The FINDSTR command is a GREP-oriented FIND-like utility. Among its uses is the logical-OR lacking in FIND.
FINDSTR "YES NO MAYBE" *.txt
would find all TXT files with one or more of the above-listed words YES, NO, MAYBE.
FOR
Main article: For loop
Iteration: repeats a command for each out of a specified set of files.
The FOR loop can be used to parse a file or the output of a command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
FORMAT
Main article: format (command)
Deletes the FAT entries and the root directory of the drive/partition, and reformats it for MS-DOS. In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's drive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
GOTO
Main article: Goto
The Goto command transfers execution to a specified label. Labels are specified at the beginning of a line, with a colon (:likethis).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
Used in Batch files.
GRAFTABL
Main article: GRAFTABL
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The GRAFTABL command enables the display of an extended character set in graphics mode.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5.
GRAPHICS
A TSR program to enable the sending of graphical screen dump to printer by pressing <Print Screen>.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.
HELP
Main article: help (command)
Gives help about DOS commands.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 thru Windows XP. Full-screen command help is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later. Beginning with Windows XP, the command processor "DOS" offers builtin-help for commands by using /? (e.g. COPY /?)
IF
Main article: Control flow
IF is a conditional statement, that allows branching of the program execution. It evaluates the specified condition, and only if it is true, then it executes the remainder of the command line. Otherwise, it skips the remainder of the line and continues with next command line.
Used in Batch files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
INTERSVR and INTERLNK
In MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS.
Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As opposed to a terminate-and-stay-resident program) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on both the client and server.
New in PC DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0.
JOIN
The JOIN command attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive. The opposite can be achieved via the SUBST command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on the Supplemental Disk.
KEYB
The KEYB command is used to select a keyboard layout.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
From DOS 3.0 through 3.21, there are instead per-country commands, namely KEYBFR, KEYBGR, KEYBIT, KEYBSP and KEYBUK.
LABEL
Main article: label (command)
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 3 and later.
LINK4
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)
Microsoft 8086 Object Linker
LOADFIX
Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later. It is included only in MS-DOS/PC DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower, upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.
LOADHIGH and LH
Main article: LOADHIGH
A command that loads a program into the upper memory area.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
It is called hiload in DR-DOS.
MD or MKDIR
Main article: mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not already exist.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
MEM
Displays memory usage. It is capable of displaying program size and status, memory in use, and internal drivers. It is an external command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 4 and later and DR DOS releases 5.0 and later.
On earlier DOS versions the memory usage could be shown by running CHKDSK. In DR DOS the parameter /A could be used to only show the memory usage.
MEMMAKER
Starting with version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by moving TSR programs and device drivers to the upper memory. The whole process required two system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether to enable EMS Memory, since use of expanded memory required a reserved 64KiB region in upper memory. The first restart inserted the SIZER.EXE program which gauged the memory needed by each TSR or Driver. MemMaker would then calculate the optimal Driver and TSR placement in upper memory and modify the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS accordingly, and reboot the second time.
MEMMAKER.EXE and SIZER.EXE were developed for Microsoft by Helix Software Company and were eliminated starting in MS-DOS 7 (Windows 95); however, they could be obtained from Microsoft's FTP server as part of the OLDDOS.EXE package, alongside other tools.
PC DOS uses another program called RamBoost to optimize memory, working either with PC DOS's HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager. RamBoost was licensed to IBM by Central Point Software.
MIRROR
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The MIRROR command saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.
The command is available in MS-DOS version 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on Supplemental Disk.
MODE
Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares code pages, and sets up port redirection.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.
MORE
Main article: more (command)
The MORE command paginates text, so that one can view files containing more than one screen of text. More may also be used as a filter. While viewing MORE text, the return key displays the next line, the space bar displays the next page.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
MOVE
Main article: move (command)
Moves files or renames directories.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming directories, rendir.
MSAV
Main article: MSAV
A command that scans the computer for known viruses.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
MSBACKUP
The MSBACKUP command is used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.
The New York Times said that MSBACKUP "is much better and faster than the old BACKUP command used in earlier versions of DOS, but it does lack some of the advanced features found in backup software packages that are sold separately. There is another offering, named MWBACKUP, that is GUI-oriented. It was introduced for Windows for Workgroups (3.11).
The MSBACKUP command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
MSCDEX
Main article: MSCDEX
MSCDEX is a driver executable which allows DOS programs to recognize, read, and control CD-ROMs.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
MSD
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
The MSD command provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software. MSD was new in MS-DOS 6; the PC DOS version of this command is QCONFIG. The command appeared first in Word2, and then in Windows 3.10.
MSHERC
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The MSHERC.COM (also QBHERC.COM) was a TSR graphics driver supplied with Microsoft QuickC, QuickBASIC, and the C Compiler, to allow use of the Hercules adapter high-resolution graphics capability (720 x 348, 2 colors).
NLSFUNC
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Loads extended Nationalization and Localization Support from COUNTRY.SYS, and changed the codepage of drivers and system modules resident in RAM.
In later versions of DR-DOS 6, NLSFUNC relocated itself into the HiMem area, thereby freeing a portion of the nearly invaluable lower 640KiB that constituted the ”conventional” memory available to software.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
PATH
See also: PATH (variable)
Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
PAUSE
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message Press any key to continue. . ., if not given other text to display.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
PING
Main article: ping (networking utility)
Allows the user to test the availability of a network connection to a specified host. Hostnames are usually resolved to IP addresses.
It is not included in many DOS versions; typically ones with network stacks will have it as a diagnostic tool.
POWER
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The POWER command is used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation. It is an external command implemented as POWER.EXE.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
PRINT
Main article: PRINT (command)
The PRINT command adds or removes files in the print queue. This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2. Before that there was no built-in support for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.
PRINTFIX
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
PROMPT
See also: Prompt (computing)
The PROMPT command allows the user to change the prompt in the command screen. The default prompt is $p (i.e. PROMPT $p), which displays the drive and current path as the prompt, but can be changed to anything. PROMPT $d, displays the current system date as the prompt. Type PROMPT /? in the cmd screen for help on this function.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2.1 and later.
PS
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A utility inspired by the UNIX/XENIX ps command. It also provides a full-screen mode, similar to the top utility on UNIX systems.
QBASIC
Main article: QBasic
An integrated development environment and BASIC interpreter.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
RD or RMDIR
Main article: rmdir
Remove a directory (delete a directory); by default the directories must be empty of files for the command to succeed.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
The deltree command in some versions of MS-DOS and all versions of Windows 9x removes non-empty directories.
RECOVER
Main article: recover (command)
A primitive filesystem error recovery utility included in MS-DOS / IBM PC DOS.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 through 5.
REM
Remark (comment) command, normally used within a batch file, and for DR-DOS, PC/MS-DOS 6 and above, in CONFIG.SYS. This command is processed by the command processor. Thus, its output can be redirected to create a zero-byte file. REM is useful in logged sessions or screen-captures. One might add comments by way of labels, usually starting with double-colon (::). These are not processed by the command processor.
REN
Main article: ren (command)
The REN command renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives. Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of the wildcards characters asterisk (*) and question mark (?).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
REPLACE
Main article: replace (command)
A command that is used to replace one or more existing computer files or add new files to a target directory.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.
RESTORE
See: BACKUP and RESTORE
SCANDISK
Main article: Microsoft ScanDisk
Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with MS-DOS version 6.2 and later. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It also provided mouse point-and-click TUI, allowing for interactive session to complement command-line batch run.
chkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on Windows NT-based operating systems.
SELECT
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The SELECT command formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes.
It was initially only available with IBM PC DOS. The version included with PC DOS 3.0 and 3.1 is hard-coded to transfer the operating system from A: to B:, while from PC DOS 3.2 onward you can specify the source and destination, and can be used to install DOS to the harddisk.
The version included with MS-DOS 4 and PC DOS 4 is no longer a simple command-line utility, but a full-fledged installer.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and 4 and IBM PC DOS releases 3 through 4.
This command is no longer included in DOS Version 5 and later, where it has been replaced by SETUP.
SET
Sets environment variables.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
cmd.exe in Windows NT 2000, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and a number of third-party solutions allow direct entry of environment variables from the command prompt. From at least Windows 2000, the set command allows for the evaluation of strings into variables, thus providing inter alia a means of performing integer arithmetic.
SETUP
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
This command does a computer setup. With all computers running DOS versions 5 and
later, it runs the computer setup, such as Windows 95 setup and Windows 98 setup.
SETVER
See also: ver (command)
SetVer is a TSR program designed to return a different value to the version of DOS that is running. This allows programs that look for a specific version of DOS to run under a different DOS.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
SHARE
Main article: share (command)
Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.
SHIFT
The SHIFT command increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.
This is done by changing the position of replaceable parameters. It replaces each of the replacement parameters with the subsequent one (e.g. %0 with %1, %1 with %2, etc.).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
SIZER
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
The external command SIZER.EXE is not intended to be started directly from the command prompt. Is used by MemMaker during the memory-optimization process.
SMARTDRV
Main article: SmartDrive
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
SORT
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream. Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files up to 64k. This sort is always case insensitive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
SUBST
Main article: SUBST
A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter. The opposite can be achieved via the JOIN command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later.
SYS
Main article: SYS (command)
A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector of the partition that SYS is acting on) so that the code, when executed, will look for IO.SYS. SYS also copies the core DOS system files, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM, to the volume. SYS does not rewrite the Master Boot Record, contrary to widely held belief.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
TELNET
The Telnet Client is a tool for developers and administrators to help manage and test network connectivity.
TIME
Main article: TIME (command)
Display the system time and waits for the user to enter a new time. Complements the DATE command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
TITLE
Main article: title (command)
Enables a user to change the title of their MS-DOS window.
TREE
Main article: tree (command)
It is an external command, graphically displays the path of each directory and sub-directories on the specified drive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.
TRUENAME
Internal command that expands the name of a file, directory, or drive, and display its absolute pathname as the result. It will expand relative pathnames, SUBST drives, and JOIN directories, to find the actual directory.
For example, in DOS 7.1, if the current directory is C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM, then
C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM>TRUENAME ..\WIN.INI
C:\WINDOWS\WIN.INI
The argument does not need to refer to an existing file or directory: TRUENAME will output the absolute pathname as if it did. Also TRUENAME does not search in the PATH.
For example, in DOS 5, if the current directory is C:\TEMP, then TRUENAME command.com will display C:\TEMP\COMMAND.COM (which does not exist), not C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM (which does and is in the PATH).
This command displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives. This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch "/?" defines it as a "Reserved command name". It is available in MS-DOS version 5.00 and later, including the DOS 7 and 8 in Windows 95/98/ME. The C library function realpath performs this function. The Microsoft Windows NT command processors do not support this command, including the versions of command.com for NT.
TYPE
Main article: TYPE (DOS command)
Displays a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more. TYPE can be used to concatenate files (type file1 file2 > file3); however this won't work for large files—use copy command instead.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
UNDELETE
Main article: Undeletion
Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored; options are used to change this behavior. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
UNFORMAT
See also: format (command)
MS-DOS version 5 introduced the quick format option (Format /Q) which removes the disk's file table without deleting any of the data. The same version also introduced the UNFORMAT command to undo the effects of a quick format, restoring the file table and making all the files accessible again. It is important to note that UNFORMAT only works if invoked before any further changes have overwritten the drive's contents.
VER
Main article: ver (command)
An internal DOS command, that reports the DOS version presently running, and since MS-DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
VERIFY
Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk (You can enable the verify command by typing "verify on" on Command Prompt and pressing enter. To display the current VERIFY setting, type VERIFY without a parameter. To turn off the feature, type "verify off"). If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
VOL
Main article: vol (command)
An internal command that displays the disk volume label and serial number.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
VSAFE
Main article: MSAV
A TSR program that continuously monitors the computer for viruses.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
XCOPY
Main article: XCOPY
Copy entire directory trees. Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move files and directories from one location to another.
XCOPY usage and attributes can be obtained by typing XCOPY /? in the DOS Command line.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.
See also
Category:Windows commands
COMMAND.COM
cmd.exe – command-line interpreter in various Windows and OS/2 systems
Command-line interface
List of CONFIG.SYS directives
Timeline of DOS operating systems
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.
^ "MS-DOS choice command help". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ a b "Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ Does not automatically appear in Help
^ "Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk".
^ a b Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0, Goupil OEM
^ "expand - Windows CMD". SS64.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
^ "Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)".
^ "Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain".
^ graftabl | Microsoft Docs
^ a b c EasyDOS Command Index
^ MS-DOS Version 4.10 Fujitsu ICL OEM
^ DR DOS 6.0 User Guide. Digital Research. 1991.
^ Cooper, Jim (May 2001). Using MS-DOS 6.22. Que Publishing. p. 455. ISBN 0789725738.
^ "MS-DOS mode command help". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ "More".
^ MS-DOS and Windows command line msav command
^ Peter H. Lewis (1994-01-04). "It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?". The New York Times.
^ Source: Zeos International: "What is MWBACKUP.EXE?". 2019-02-25.
^ "MS-DOS msd command help". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ Brooks, Vernon. "List of DOS commands". PC DOS Retro. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
^ https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/kb/Q44273/
^ "MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command".
^ MS-DOS and Windows command line power command
^ "Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article". 2009-09-11.
^ Karp, David Aaron; Tim O'Reilly; Troy Mott (2005). Windows XP in a nutshell. Nutshell handbook (2 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-596-00900-7. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
^ "Microsoft on "sort"". 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ Client must be activated from Admin
^ "DOS Command: VERIFY". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
Further reading
Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.
Wolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1556152894.
External links
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Guide to Windows Commands
Command-Line Reference : Microsoft TechNet Database "Command-Line Reference"
The MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference on TechNet contains the official Microsoft MS-DOS 6 command reference documentation.
DR-DOS 7.03 online manual Archived 2018-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
MDGx MS-DOS Undocumented + Hidden Secrets
MS-DOS v1.25 and v2.0 source code
There are several guides to DOS commands available that are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License:
The FreeDOS Spec at SourceForge is a plaintext specification, written in 1999, for how DOS commands should work in FreeDOS
MS-DOS commands
Reference for windows commands with examples
A Collection of Undocumented and Obscure Features in Various MS-DOS Versions
vteDisk operating systems (DOS)MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,compatible systems
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Category
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_command"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"cmd.exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmd.exe"}],"text":"In MS-DOS, many standard system commands are provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands are built into the command interpreter; others exist as external commands on disk. Over multiple generations, commands were added for additional functions. In Microsoft Windows, a command prompt window that uses many of the same commands, cmd.exe, can still be used.","title":"List of DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"batch file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(variable)"},{"link_name":"filespec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filespec"}],"text":"The command interpreter for DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the transient portion of the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, DOS will reload it from disk. Some commands are internal—built into COMMAND.COM; others are external commands stored on disk. When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse the line and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an executable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed, and the command prompt is refreshed.External commands were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used. Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to be on an accessible disk, either on the current drive or on the command path set in the command interpreter.In the list below, commands that can accept more than one file name, or a filename including wildcards (* and ?), are said to accept a filespec (file specification) parameter. Commands that can accept only a single file name are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, command line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces and symbols such as a \"/\" or a \"-\" may be used to allow the command processor to parse the command line into filenames, file specifications, and other options.The command interpreter preserves the case of whatever parameters are passed to commands, but the command names themselves and file names are case-insensitive.Many commands are the same across many DOS systems, but some differ in command syntax or name.","title":"Command processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"IBM PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"}],"text":"A partial list of the most common commands for MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS follows below.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"APPEND","text":"Sets the path to be searched for data files or displays the current search path. \nThe APPEND command is similar to the PATH command that tells DOS where to search for program files (files with a .COM, . EXE, or .BAT file name extension).The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drive letter assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_letter_assignment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"ASSIGN","text":"Further information: Drive letter assignmentThe command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. It can also display drive assignments or reset all drive letters to their original assignments.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 2 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode"}],"sub_title":"ATMDM","text":"Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"ATTRIB","text":"Attrib changes or views the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to display the attributes of all files in the current directory. The file attributes available include read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes. The command has the capability to process whole folders and subfolders of files and also process all files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"backup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup"},{"link_name":"PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"BACKUP and RESTORE","text":"These are commands to backup and restore files from an external disk. These appeared in version 2, and continued to PC DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PC DOS 7 had a deversioned check). In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP), which allowed files to be restored to different locations.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"IBM PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"},{"link_name":"OS/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2"},{"link_name":"GW-BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW-BASIC"}],"sub_title":"BASIC and BASICA","text":"An implementation of the BASIC programming language for PCs. Implementing BASIC in this way was very common in operating systems on 8- and 16-bit machines made in the 1980s.IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this ROM-BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the code area. BASICA last appeared in IBM PC DOS 5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version had ROM-BASIC moved into the program code.Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases had basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GW-BASIC.EXE.BASIC was dropped after MS-DOS 4, and PC DOS 5.02. OS/2 (which uses PC DOS 5), has it, while MS-DOS 5 does not.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"BREAK","text":"This command is used to instruct DOS to check whether the Ctrl and Break keys have been pressed before carrying out a program request.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"start (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_(command)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CALL","text":"See also: start (command)Starts a batch file from within another batch file and returns when that one ends.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CD and CHDIR","text":"The CHDIR (or the alternative name CD) command either displays or changes the current working directory.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"code page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_code_page"},{"link_name":"character glyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph"},{"link_name":"console window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32_console"},{"link_name":"MODE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MODE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CHCP","text":"The command either displays or changes the active code page used to display character glyphs in a console window. Similar functionality can be achieved with MODE CON: CP SELECT=yyy.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(computing)"},{"link_name":"hard disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"link_name":"disk partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"disk sectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CHKDSK","text":"CHKDSK verifies a storage volume (for example, a hard disk, disk partition or floppy disk) for file system integrity. The command has the ability to fix errors on a volume and recover information from defective disk sectors of a volume.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Novell DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_DOS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drdos7ch7-3"},{"link_name":"DR-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drdos7ch7-3"}],"sub_title":"CHOICE","text":"The CHOICE command is used in batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character choices. Choice was introduced as an external command with MS-DOS 6.0;[1][2] Novell DOS 7[3] and PC DOS 7.0. Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this function with the built-in switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command with a question mark.[3] This command was formerly called ync (yes-no-cancel).","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terminal screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CLS","text":"The CLS or CLRSCR command clears the terminal screen.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"COMMAND","text":"Start a new instance of the command interpreter.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"COMP","text":"Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 1 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"COPY","text":"Makes copies of existing files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CTTY","text":"Defines the terminal device (for example, COM1) to use for input and output.[4]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_date"},{"link_name":"TIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TIME"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DATE","text":"Displays the system date and prompts the user to enter a new date. Complements the TIME command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"DBLBOOT","text":"(Not a command: This is a batch file added to DOS 6.X Supplemental Disks to help create DoubleSpace boot floppies.[5])","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disk compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_compression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DBLSPACE","text":"A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.0 (released in 1993) and version 6.2.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DEBUG","text":"A very primitive assembler and disassembler.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation"},{"link_name":"DR-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DEFRAG","text":"The command has the ability to analyze the file fragmentation on a disk drive or to defragment a drive. This command is called DEFRAG in MS-DOS/PC DOS and diskopt in DR-DOS.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DEL and ERASE","text":"DEL (or the alternative form ERASE) is used to delete one or more files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows 9x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x"}],"sub_title":"DELTREE","text":"Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of the potentially dangerous action. Since the RD (RMDIR) command can not delete a directory if the directory is not empty (except in Windows NT & 10), the DELTREE command can be used to delete the whole directory.The deltree command is included in certain versions of Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS operating systems. It is specifically available only in versions of MS-DOS 6.0 and higher,[1] and in Microsoft Windows 9x. In Windows NT, the functionality provided exists but is handled by the command rd or rmdir which has slightly different syntax. This command is not present in Windows 7 and 8. In Windows 10, the command switch is RD /S or RMDIR /S.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DIR","text":"The DIR command displays the contents of a directory. The contents comprise the disk's volume label and serial number; one directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the few commands that exist from the first versions of DOS.[1] The command can display files in subdirectories. The resulting directory listing can be sorted by various criteria and filenames can be displayed in a chosen format.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DISKCOMP","text":"A command for comparing the complete contents of a floppy disk to another one.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DISKCOPY","text":"A command for copying the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"command history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_history"},{"link_name":"macro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DOSKEY","text":"A command that adds command history, macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command-line interpreter.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goupil-6"}],"sub_title":"DOSSIZE","text":"Displays how much memory various DOS components occupy.[6]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disk compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_compression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DRVSPACE","text":"A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.22.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard output stream.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams"},{"link_name":"batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"ECHO","text":"The ECHO command prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. (Hence the name, ECHO) Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected, like any other command, to files or devices. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files. Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file, thus resulting in a \"tidier\" output (the @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo.)The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"DOS E Editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(PC_DOS)"}],"sub_title":"EDIT","text":"EDIT is a full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS versions 5 and 6,[1] OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0 The corresponding program in Windows 95 and later, and Windows 2000 and later is Edit v2.0. PC DOS 6 and later use the DOS E Editor and DR-DOS used editor up to version 7.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EDLIN","text":"DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file, like debug, this makes it of some use even today. The absence of a console editor in MS-DOS/PC DOS 1–4 created an after-market for third-party editors.In DOS 5, an extra command \"?\" was added to give the user much-needed help.DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN; for MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental disks,[1] while PC DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32-bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"80386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EMM386","text":"The EMM386 command enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DEL and ERASE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DEL_and_ERASE"}],"sub_title":"ERASE","text":"See: DEL and ERASE","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable"},{"link_name":".exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.exe"},{"link_name":"binary file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_file"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":".com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COM_file"},{"link_name":"code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_segment"},{"link_name":"data sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_segment"},{"link_name":"stack segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EXE2BIN","text":"Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a memory image of the program.The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64 KB. The file must also have no stack segment.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 through 5. It is available separately for version 6 on the Supplemental Disk.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EXIT","text":"Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the desktop.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabinet files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EXPAND","text":"The Microsoft File Expansion Utility is used to uncompress one or more compressed cabinet files (.CAB). The command dates back to 1990 and was supplied on floppy disc for MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[7][1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AccessDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AccessDOS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"FAKEMOUS","text":"FAKEMOUS is an IBM PS/2 mouse utility used with AccessDOS. It is included on the MS-DOS 6 Supplemental Disk.[8][9]\nAccessDOS assists persons with disabilities.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"help (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_(command)"}],"sub_title":"FASTHELP","text":"See also: help (command)Provides information for MS-DOS commands.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"files and directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FASTOPEN","text":"A command that provides accelerated access to frequently-used files and directories.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FC","text":"Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later – primarily non-IBM releases.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partition tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_table"},{"link_name":"logical DOS drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"master boot record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FDISK","text":"The FDISK command manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. FDISK has the ability to display information about, create, and delete DOS partitions or logical DOS drive. It can also install a standard master boot record on the hard drive.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS 2.0 releases and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)"},{"link_name":"data stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_stream"},{"link_name":"string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(software)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FIND","text":"The FIND command is a filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream. It may also be used as a pipe.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file"}],"sub_title":"FINDSTR","text":"The FINDSTR command is a GREP-oriented FIND-like utility. Among its uses is the logical-OR lacking in FIND.FINDSTR \"YES NO MAYBE\" *.txtwould find all TXT files with one or more of the above-listed words YES, NO, MAYBE.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FOR","text":"Iteration: repeats a command for each out of a specified set of files.\nThe FOR loop can be used to parse a file or the output of a command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table"},{"link_name":"root directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_directory"},{"link_name":"removable media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FORMAT","text":"Deletes the FAT entries and the root directory of the drive/partition, and reformats it for MS-DOS. In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's drive.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"Batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"}],"sub_title":"GOTO","text":"The Goto command transfers execution to a specified label. Labels are specified at the beginning of a line, with a colon (:likethis).The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]Used in Batch files.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"GRAFTABL","text":"The GRAFTABL command enables the display of an extended character set in graphics mode.[10]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"GRAPHICS","text":"A TSR program to enable the sending of graphical screen dump to printer by pressing <Print Screen>.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"HELP","text":"Gives help about DOS commands.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 thru Windows XP. Full-screen command help is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1] Beginning with Windows XP, the command processor \"DOS\" offers builtin-help for commands by using /? (e.g. COPY /?)","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"IF","text":"IF is a conditional statement, that allows branching of the program execution. It evaluates the specified condition, and only if it is true, then it executes the remainder of the command line. Otherwise, it skips the remainder of the line and continues with next command line.Used in Batch files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"null modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_modem"},{"link_name":"LapLink cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LapLink_cable"},{"link_name":"terminate-and-stay-resident program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminate-and-stay-resident_program"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"INTERSVR and INTERLNK","text":"In MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS.Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As opposed to a terminate-and-stay-resident program) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on both the client and server.New in PC DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0.[11][1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-11"},{"link_name":"SUBST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#SUBST"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"JOIN","text":"The JOIN command attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive.[11] The opposite can be achieved via the SUBST command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on the Supplemental Disk.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"KEYB","text":"The KEYB command is used to select a keyboard layout.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]From DOS 3.0 through 3.21, there are instead per-country commands, namely KEYBFR, KEYBGR, KEYBIT, KEYBSP and KEYBUK.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"LABEL","text":"Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"LINK4","text":"Microsoft 8086 Object Linker[12]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"LOADFIX","text":"Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1] It is included only in MS-DOS/PC DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower, upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.[13]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"LOADHIGH and LH","text":"A command that loads a program into the upper memory area.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]It is called hiload in DR-DOS.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MD or MKDIR","text":"Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not already exist.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MEM","text":"Displays memory usage. It is capable of displaying program size and status, memory in use, and internal drivers. It is an external command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 4 and later and DR DOS releases 5.0 and later.[1]On earlier DOS versions the memory usage could be shown by running CHKDSK. In DR DOS the parameter /A could be used to only show the memory usage.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"Conventional memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_memory"},{"link_name":"AUTOEXEC.BAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOEXEC.BAT"},{"link_name":"CONFIG.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS"},{"link_name":"device drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"upper memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_memory_area"},{"link_name":"EMS Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_memory"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Helix Software Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_Software_Company"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_7"},{"link_name":"Windows 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"},{"link_name":"HIMEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIMEM"},{"link_name":"EMM386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMM386"},{"link_name":"Central Point Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Point_Software"}],"sub_title":"MEMMAKER","text":"Starting with version 6,[1] MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by moving TSR programs and device drivers to the upper memory. The whole process required two system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether to enable EMS Memory, since use of expanded memory required a reserved 64KiB region in upper memory. The first restart inserted the SIZER.EXE program which gauged the memory needed by each TSR or Driver. MemMaker would then calculate the optimal Driver and TSR placement in upper memory and modify the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS accordingly, and reboot the second time.[14]MEMMAKER.EXE and SIZER.EXE were developed for Microsoft by Helix Software Company and were eliminated starting in MS-DOS 7 (Windows 95); however, they could be obtained from Microsoft's FTP server as part of the OLDDOS.EXE package, alongside other tools.PC DOS uses another program called RamBoost to optimize memory, working either with PC DOS's HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager. RamBoost was licensed to IBM by Central Point Software.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MIRROR","text":"The MIRROR command saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.The command is available in MS-DOS version 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on Supplemental Disk.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"code pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MODE","text":"Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares code pages, and sets up port redirection.[15]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paginates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagination"},{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MORE","text":"The MORE command paginates text, so that one can view files containing more than one screen of text. More may also be used as a filter. While viewing MORE text, the return key displays the next line, the space bar displays the next page.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MOVE","text":"Moves files or renames directories.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming directories, rendir.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MSAV","text":"A command that scans the computer for known viruses.[16][17]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MSBACKUP","text":"The MSBACKUP command is used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.The New York Times said that MSBACKUP \"is much better and faster than the old BACKUP command used in earlier versions of DOS, but it does lack some of the advanced features found in backup software packages that are sold separately.[18] There is another offering, named MWBACKUP, that is GUI-oriented. It was introduced for Windows for Workgroups (3.11).[19]The MSBACKUP command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"CD-ROMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MSCDEX","text":"MSCDEX is a driver executable which allows DOS programs to recognize, read, and control CD-ROMs.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcdosretro-commands-21"}],"sub_title":"MSD","text":"The MSD command provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software. MSD was new in MS-DOS 6;[1][20] the PC DOS version of this command is QCONFIG.[21] The command appeared first in Word2, and then in Windows 3.10.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"MSHERC","text":"The MSHERC.COM (also QBHERC.COM) was a TSR graphics driver supplied with Microsoft QuickC, QuickBASIC, and the C Compiler, to allow use of the Hercules adapter high-resolution graphics capability (720 x 348, 2 colors).[22]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"NLSFUNC","text":"Loads extended Nationalization and Localization Support from COUNTRY.SYS, and changed the codepage of drivers and system modules resident in RAM.[citation needed]In later versions of DR-DOS 6, NLSFUNC relocated itself into the HiMem area, thereby freeing a portion of the nearly invaluable lower 640KiB that constituted the ”conventional” memory available to software.[citation needed]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PATH (variable)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(variable)"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PATH","text":"See also: PATH (variable)Displays or sets a search path for executable files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Press any key to continue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_any_key_to_continue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PAUSE","text":"Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message Press any key to continue. . ., if not given other text to display.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"PING","text":"Allows the user to test the availability of a network connection to a specified host. Hostnames are usually resolved to IP addresses.[23]It is not included in many DOS versions; typically ones with network stacks will have it as a diagnostic tool.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"POWER","text":"The POWER command is used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation. It is an external command implemented as POWER.EXE.[24]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"print queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_queue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PRINT","text":"The PRINT command adds or removes files in the print queue. This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2.[1] Before that there was no built-in support for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PRINTFIX","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prompt (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PROMPT","text":"See also: Prompt (computing)The PROMPT command allows the user to change the prompt in the command screen. The default prompt is $p (i.e. PROMPT $p), which displays the drive and current path as the prompt, but can be changed to anything. PROMPT $d, displays the current system date as the prompt. Type PROMPT /? in the cmd screen for help on this function.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2.1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(software)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goupil-6"}],"sub_title":"PS","text":"A utility inspired by the UNIX/XENIX ps command. It also provides a full-screen mode, similar to the top utility on UNIX systems.[6]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integrated development environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"interpreter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"QBASIC","text":"An integrated development environment and BASIC interpreter.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"deltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DELTREE"},{"link_name":"Windows 9x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x"}],"sub_title":"RD or RMDIR","text":"Remove a directory (delete a directory); by default the directories must be empty of files for the command to succeed.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]The deltree command in some versions of MS-DOS and all versions of Windows 9x removes non-empty directories.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filesystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"RECOVER","text":"A primitive filesystem error recovery utility included in MS-DOS / IBM PC DOS.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"batch file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"}],"sub_title":"REM","text":"Remark (comment) command, normally used within a batch file, and for DR-DOS, PC/MS-DOS 6 and above, in CONFIG.SYS. This command is processed by the command processor. Thus, its output can be redirected to create a zero-byte file. REM is useful in logged sessions or screen-captures. One might add comments by way of labels, usually starting with double-colon (::). These are not processed by the command processor.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"REN","text":"The REN command renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives. Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of the wildcards characters asterisk (*) and question mark (?).[25]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"},{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"REPLACE","text":"A command that is used to replace one or more existing computer files or add new files to a target directory.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BACKUP and RESTORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#BACKUP_and_RESTORE"}],"sub_title":"RESTORE","text":"See: BACKUP and RESTORE","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"TUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_user_interface"}],"sub_title":"SCANDISK","text":"Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with MS-DOS version 6.2 and later.[1] Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It also provided mouse point-and-click TUI, allowing for interactive session to complement command-line batch run.\nchkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on Windows NT-based operating systems.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SELECT","text":"The SELECT command formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes.\nIt was initially only available with IBM PC DOS. The version included with PC DOS 3.0 and 3.1 is hard-coded to transfer the operating system from A: to B:, while from PC DOS 3.2 onward you can specify the source and destination, and can be used to install DOS to the harddisk.The version included with MS-DOS 4 and PC DOS 4 is no longer a simple command-line utility, but a full-fledged installer.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and 4 and IBM PC DOS releases 3 through 4.[1]This command is no longer included in DOS Version 5 and later, where it has been replaced by SETUP.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environment variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"cmd.exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmd.exe"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"SET","text":"Sets environment variables.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]cmd.exe in Windows NT 2000, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and a number of third-party solutions allow direct entry of environment variables from the command prompt. From at least Windows 2000, the set command allows for the evaluation of strings into variables, thus providing inter alia a means of performing integer arithmetic.[26]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SETUP","text":"The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]\nThis command does a computer setup. With all computers running DOS versions 5 and\nlater, it runs the computer setup, such as Windows 95 setup and Windows 98 setup.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ver (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver_(command)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SETVER","text":"See also: ver (command)SetVer is a TSR program designed to return a different value to the version of DOS that is running. This allows programs that look for a specific version of DOS to run under a different DOS.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SHARE","text":"Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"replaceable parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replaceable_parameter"},{"link_name":"batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SHIFT","text":"The SHIFT command increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.\nThis is done by changing the position of replaceable parameters. It replaces each of the replacement parameters with the subsequent one (e.g. %0 with %1, %1 with %2, etc.).The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MemMaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MemMaker"}],"sub_title":"SIZER","text":"The external command SIZER.EXE is not intended to be started directly from the command prompt. Is used by MemMaker during the memory-optimization process.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SMARTDRV","text":"The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)"},{"link_name":"sort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SORT","text":"A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream. Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files up to 64k. This sort is always case insensitive.[27]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-11"},{"link_name":"JOIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#JOIN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SUBST","text":"A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter.[11] The opposite can be achieved via the JOIN command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IO.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO.SYS"},{"link_name":"MSDOS.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDOS.SYS"},{"link_name":"COMMAND.COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SYS","text":"A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector of the partition that SYS is acting on) so that the code, when executed, will look for IO.SYS. SYS also copies the core DOS system files, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM, to the volume. SYS does not rewrite the Master Boot Record, contrary to widely held belief.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"TELNET","text":"The Telnet Client is a tool for developers and administrators to help manage and test network connectivity.[28]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_time"},{"link_name":"DATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DATE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"TIME","text":"Display the system time and waits for the user to enter a new time. Complements the DATE command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TITLE","text":"Enables a user to change the title of their MS-DOS window.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"TREE","text":"It is an external command, graphically displays the path of each directory and sub-directories on the specified drive.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNC pathnames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_path"}],"sub_title":"TRUENAME","text":"Internal command that expands the name of a file, directory, or drive, and display its absolute pathname as the result. It will expand relative pathnames, SUBST drives, and JOIN directories, to find the actual directory.For example, in DOS 7.1, if the current directory is C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM, thenC:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM>TRUENAME ..\\WIN.INI\nC:\\WINDOWS\\WIN.INIThe argument does not need to refer to an existing file or directory: TRUENAME will output the absolute pathname as if it did. Also TRUENAME does not search in the PATH.\nFor example, in DOS 5, if the current directory is C:\\TEMP, then TRUENAME command.com will display C:\\TEMP\\COMMAND.COM (which does not exist), not C:\\DOS\\COMMAND.COM (which does and is in the PATH).This command displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives. This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch \"/?\" defines it as a \"Reserved command name\". It is available in MS-DOS version 5.00 and later, including the DOS 7 and 8 in Windows 95/98/ME. The C library function realpath performs this function. The Microsoft Windows NT command processors do not support this command, including the versions of command.com for NT.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MORE"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_DOS_commands#Dubious"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"TYPE","text":"Displays a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more. TYPE can be used to concatenate files (type file1 file2 > file3); however this won't work for large files[dubious – discuss][citation needed]—use copy command instead.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"UNDELETE","text":"Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored; options are used to change this behavior. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"format (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_(command)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"UNFORMAT","text":"See also: format (command)MS-DOS version 5 introduced the quick format option (Format /Q) which removes the disk's file table without deleting any of the data. The same version also introduced the UNFORMAT command to undo the effects of a quick format, restoring the file table and making all the files accessible again. It is important to note that UNFORMAT only works if invoked before any further changes have overwritten the drive's contents.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VER","text":"An internal DOS command, that reports the DOS version presently running, and since MS-DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VERIFY","text":"Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk (You can enable the verify command by typing \"verify on\" on Command Prompt and pressing enter. To display the current VERIFY setting, type VERIFY without a parameter. To turn off the feature, type \"verify off\"). If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.[29]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VOL","text":"An internal command that displays the disk volume label and serial number.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VSAFE","text":"A TSR program that continuously monitors the computer for viruses.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"XCOPY","text":"Copy entire directory trees. Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move files and directories from one location to another.XCOPY usage and attributes can be obtained by typing XCOPY /? in the DOS Command line.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Que Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0789725738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789725738"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1556152894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556152894"}],"text":"Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.\nWolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1556152894.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Category:Windows commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Windows_commands"},{"title":"COMMAND.COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM"},{"title":"cmd.exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmd.exe"},{"title":"Command-line interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"title":"List of CONFIG.SYS directives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CONFIG.SYS_directives"},{"title":"Timeline of DOS operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems"}] | [{"reference":"Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press","url_text":"Microsoft Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7356-1812-7","url_text":"0-7356-1812-7"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS choice command help\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/choicehl.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS choice command help\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220343/http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/usergeng/07ugch7.htm","url_text":"\"Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/usergeng/07ugch7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/100/Q100021/","url_text":"\"Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk\""}]},{"reference":"\"expand - Windows CMD\". SS64.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ss64.com/nt/expand.html","url_text":"\"expand - Windows CMD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/097/Q97835/","url_text":"\"Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/117/Q117600/","url_text":"\"Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain\""}]},{"reference":"DR DOS 6.0 User Guide. Digital Research. 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jim (May 2001). Using MS-DOS 6.22. Que Publishing. p. 455. ISBN 0789725738.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u7oN-5y7nGsC&q=configuring+memory+with+memmaker+cooper&pg=PA455","url_text":"Using MS-DOS 6.22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing","url_text":"Que Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789725738","url_text":"0789725738"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS mode command help\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/modehlp.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS mode command help\""}]},{"reference":"\"More\".","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/tn-archive/cc722867(v%3dtechnet.10)","url_text":"\"More\""}]},{"reference":"Peter H. Lewis (1994-01-04). \"It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/04/science/personal-computers-it-s-1994-so-where-are-your-data.html","url_text":"\"It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is MWBACKUP.EXE?\". 2019-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://windowsbulletin.com/files/exe/zeos-international-ltd/windows-for-workgroups-3-11-ms-dos-6-22-backup-installation-disc/mwbackup-exe","url_text":"\"What is MWBACKUP.EXE?\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS msd command help\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/msdhlp.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS msd command help\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Vernon. \"List of DOS commands\". PC DOS Retro. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://pcdosretro.github.io/commands.htm#QCONFIG","url_text":"\"List of DOS commands\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240109102327/https://pcdosretro.github.io/commands.htm%23QCONFIG","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhope.com/pinghlp.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article\". 2009-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490987.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article\""}]},{"reference":"Karp, David Aaron; Tim O'Reilly; Troy Mott (2005). Windows XP in a nutshell. Nutshell handbook (2 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-596-00900-7. Retrieved 2010-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly","url_text":"Tim O'Reilly"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/windowsxpinnutsh00karp","url_text":"Windows XP in a nutshell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media","url_text":"O'Reilly Media, Inc."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/windowsxpinnutsh00karp/page/422","url_text":"422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00900-7","url_text":"978-0-596-00900-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft on \"sort\"\". 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc722869.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft on \"sort\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOS Command: VERIFY\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/verify.html","url_text":"\"DOS Command: VERIFY\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing","url_text":"Que Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789725738","url_text":"978-0789725738"}]},{"reference":"Wolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_Superga | 1st Infantry Division "Superga" | ["1 History","1.1 World War I","1.2 World War II","2 Organization","3 Commanding officers","4 Notes","5 References"] | 1st Infantry Division "Superga"1st Infantry Division "Superga" insigniaActive1940 – 1943Country Kingdom of ItalyBranch Royal Italian ArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionGarrison/HQTurinEngagementsWorld War IICommandersNotablecommandersCurio Barbasetti di PrunInsigniaIdentificationsymbol Superga Division gorget patchesMilitary unit
The 1st Infantry Division "Superga" (Italian: 1ª Divisione di fanteria "Superga") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Superga was classified as a mountain infantry division, which meant that the division's artillery was moved by pack mules instead of the horse-drawn carriages of line infantry divisions. Italy's real mountain warfare divisions were the six alpine divisions manned by Alpini mountain troops. The Superga recruited primarily from central Piedmont and was based, together with its two infantry regiments, in Turin, while the 5th Artillery Regiment was based in Venaria Reale. The division was and named for the Superga hill near Turin, where members of Italy's Royal House of Savoy were buried in the Basilica of Superga.
History
The division's lineage begins with the Brigade "Basilicata" established in Naples on 1 November 1884 with the 91st and 92nd infantry regiments.
World War I
The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I. In October 1926 the brigade assumed the name of I Infantry Brigade and received the 90th Infantry Regiment "Salerno" from the disbanded Brigade "Salerno". The brigade was the infantry component of the 1st Territorial Division of Turin, which also included the 5th Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 1st Infantry Division "Superga". On 25 March 1939 the division ceded the 90th Infantry Regiment "Salerno" to the 5th Infantry Division "Cosseria". On 5 April of the same year the I Infantry Brigade was dissolved and the two remaining infantry regiments came under direct command of the division, and the 91st and 92nd infantry regiments and 5th Artillery Regiment changed their names to "Superga".
World War II
On 10 June 1940 the Superga participated in the invasion of France. The Superga advanced to the French village of Argentière on 21 June 1940, reaching the Battaileres pass and the Argentiere summit on 22 June 1940. On 24 June 1940, just before the armistice, the Division attacked the Ouvrage Pas du Roc fort in the Alpine Line. Supported by its neighboring fort Ouvrage Arrondaz and others, the fort repelled the attack.
In August 1941 the division moved to Naples. On 23 November 1941 the Superga was ordered to reorganize as an auto-transportable division of the North-African type for the planned invasion of Malta scheduled for summer 1942. The reorganization got underway in March 1942, with the division's units based in Formia and Gaeta, while the division's headquarter moved to Avola in Sicily for the planning of the assault on Malta.
In November 1942 the Superga was sent to Tunisia during the Run for Tunis and landed in Bizerte on 11 November 1942. By 20 November 1942 it was assembling at Enfidaville Airfield. By 1 December 1942 the Superga together with the L Special Brigade had moved to Sousse-Sfax area. From late January 1943 until 4 February 1943 it repelled an Anglo-American assault in the Oued el Koukat depression. The second assault on the positions of the Superga started on 23 February 1943. The Superga surrendered to the British forces on 12 May 1943.
Organization
1st Infantry Division "Superga", in Turin
91st Infantry Regiment "Superga", in Turin
Command Company
3x Fusilier battalions
Support Weapons Company (65/17 infantry support guns)
Mortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars)
92nd Infantry Regiment "Superga", in Turin
Command Company
3x Fusilier battalions
Support Weapons Company (65/17 infantry support guns)
Mortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars)
5th Artillery Regiment "Superga", in Venaria Reale
Command Unit
I Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers)
II Group (75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns; transferred on 21 January 1941 to the 59th Artillery Regiment "Cagliari")
II Group (75/27 mod. 11 field guns; transferred on 21 January 1941 to the 5th Artillery Regiment "Superga")
III Group (75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns)
1x Anti-aircraft battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
Ammunition and Supply Unit
5th Artillery Regiment "Superga" (after being reorganized as a motorized regiment on 31 May 1942)
Command Unit
I Group (75/18 mod. 35 howitzers)
II Group (75/18 mod. 35 howitzers)
LXV Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers; joined the regiment in January 1943)
IV Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers; formed in June 1943 and assigned on 1 July to the 156th Artillery Regiment "Vicenza")
1x Anti-aircraft battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
CI Self-propelled Anti-tank Battalion (47/32 L40 self-propelled guns; added for the Tunisian campaign)
CI Anti-aircraft Group (activated for the Tunisian campaign)
21st Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
34th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
301st Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns; added for the Tunisian campaign)
I Mortar Battalion (81mm mod. 35 mortars)
CI Mixed Engineer Battalion (formed in 1942)
1st Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
1st Telegraph and Radio Operators Company (entered the CI Mixed Engineer Battalion in 1942)
14th Engineer Company (entered the CI Mixed Engineer Battalion in 1942)
123rd Transport Section
7th Medical Section
4x Field hospitals
1x Surgical unit
21st Supply Section
1st Truck Section (disbanded in 1942)
1st Carabinieri Section
2nd Carabinieri Section
80th Field Post Office
Attached during the invasion of France in 1940:
XVIII CC.NN. Battalion
The XVIII CC.NN. Battalion was replaced in summer 1940 by the 2nd CC.NN. Legion, which left the division when the Superga moved to Naples in 1941:
2nd CC.NN. Legion "Alpina"
Command Company
I CC.NN. Battalion
II CC.NN. Battalion
2nd CC.NN. Machine Gun Company
Attached during the Tunisian campaign in 1942-43:
Marine Infantry Regiment "San Marco"
Command Company
Battalion "Bafile"
Battalion "Grado"
10th Bersaglieri Regiment
Command Company
XVI Auto-transported Bersaglieri Battalion
XXXIV Auto-transported Bersaglieri Battalion
XXXV Auto-transported Bersaglieri Battalion
10th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
Assault Grouping
Command Company
Formations Group "A" (Arab volunteers)
Assault Battalion "T" (Italians living in Tunisia)
Tunisian Volunteers Regiment (raised in December 1942)
Command Company
3x battalions (I, II, III; reduced to I and XI battalions in March 1943)
Commanding officers
The division's commanding officers were:
Generale di Divisione Curio Barbasetti di Prun (7 September 1939 - 9 September 1940)
Generale di Divisione Dante Lorenzelli (10 September 1940 - 22 December 1942)
Generale di Divisione Ferdinando Gelich (23 December 1942 - 12 May 1943)
Notes
^ Named 91st Infantry Regiment "Basilicata" until 1939 when the army reorganized its divisions as binary divisions and divisional infantry regiments took the name of the division.
^ Named 92nd Infantry Regiment "Basilicata" until 1939 when the army reorganized its divisions as binary divisions and divisional infantry regiments took the name of the division.
References
^ Jowett, Philip S. The Italian Army 1940-45 (1): Europe 1940-1943. Osprey, Oxford - New York, 2000, pp. 5-6, ISBN 978-1-85532-864-8
^ a b c d e f g Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 202. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ Voghera, Enrico (1909). Annuario militare del regno d'Italia - Volume I. Rome. p. 462.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c d e "1ª Divisione di fanteria "Superga"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ a b "91° Reggimento di fanteria "Basilicata"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ a b "92° Reggimento di fanteria "Basilicata"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ Kauffmann, p. 178
^ a b F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 97.
Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9.
vteDivisions of the Royal Italian Army in World War IIArmored
131st Armored Division "Centauro"
132nd Armored Division "Ariete"
133rd Armored Division "Littorio"
134th Armored Division "Freccia"
135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete"
136th Armored Division "Giovani Fascisti"
136th Armored Legionary Division "Centauro"
Cavalry
1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia"
2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"
3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta"
Alpine
1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"
2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"
3rd Alpine Division "Julia"
4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"
5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"
6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie"
InfantryInfantry - Mountain-type
1st Infantry Division "Superga"
2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca"
3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"
4th Infantry Division "Livorno"
11th Infantry Division "Brennero"
19th Infantry Division "Venezia"
23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara"
26th Infantry Division "Assietta"
32nd Infantry Division "Marche"
33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"
36th Infantry Division "Forlì"
37th Infantry Division "Modena"
38th Infantry Division "Puglie"
53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo"
59th Infantry Division "Cagliari"
Line Infantry
5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"
6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"
7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana"
12th Infantry Division "Sassari"
13th Infantry Division "Re"
14th Infantry Division "Isonzo"
15th Infantry Division "Bergamo"
16th Infantry Division "Pistoia"
18th Infantry Division "Messina"
20th Infantry Division "Friuli"
21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"
22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"
24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"
28th Infantry Division "Aosta"
29th Infantry Division "Piemonte"
30th Infantry Division "Sabauda"
31st Infantry Division "Calabria"
40th Infantry Division "Cacciatori d'Africa"
41st Infantry Division "Firenze"
44th Infantry Division "Cremona"
47th Infantry Division "Bari"
48th Infantry Division "Taro"
49th Infantry Division "Parma"
50th Infantry Division "Regina"
51st Infantry Division "Siena"
54th Infantry Division "Napoli"
56th Infantry Division "Casale"
57th Infantry Division "Lombardia"
58th Infantry Division "Legnano"
65th Infantry Division "Granatieri di Savoia"
Auto-transportable Infantry
9th Infantry Division "Pasubio"
10th Infantry Division "Piave"
52nd Infantry Division "Torino"
103rd Infantry Division "Piacenza"
104th Infantry Division "Mantova"
105th Infantry Division "Rovigo"
Auto-transportable Infantry - North-African-type
17th Infantry Division "Pavia"
25th Infantry Division "Bologna"
27th Infantry Division "Brescia"
55th Infantry Division "Savona"
60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"
61st Infantry Division "Sirte"
62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"
63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"
64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"
Air-transportable Infantry
80th Infantry Division "La Spezia"
Motorized Infantry
101st Motorized Division "Trieste"
102nd Motorized Division "Trento"
Garrison Infantry
151st Infantry Division "Perugia"
152nd Infantry Division "Piceno"
153rd Infantry Division "Macerata"
154th Infantry Division "Murge"
155th Infantry Division "Emilia"
156th Infantry Division "Vicenza"
157th Infantry Division "Novara"
158th Infantry Division "Zara"
159th Infantry Division "Veneto"
Marching
8th Marching Division
Paratroopers
183rd Paratroopers Division "Ciclone"
184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo"
185th Paratroopers Division "Folgore"
Blackshirts
1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"
2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"
3rd CC.NN. Division "21 Aprile"
4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"
1st CC.NN. Armored Division "M"
Libyan
1st Libyan Division
2nd Libyan Division
Colonial
Harar Colonial Division
1st Eritrean Division
2nd Eritrean Division
3rd Colonial Division
4th Colonial Division
21st Colonial Division
22nd Colonial Division
23rd Colonial Division
24th Colonial Division
25th Colonial Division
26th Colonial Division
101st Somali Division
102nd Somali Division
Coastal
201st Coastal Division
202nd Coastal Division
203rd Coastal Division
204th Coastal Division
205th Coastal Division
206th Coastal Division
207th Coastal Division
208th Coastal Division
209th Coastal Division
210th Coastal Division
211th Coastal Division
212th Coastal Division
213th Coastal Division
214th Coastal Division
215th Coastal Division
216th Coastal Division
220th Coastal Division
221st Coastal Division
222nd Coastal Division
223rd Coastal Division
224th Coastal Division
225th Coastal Division
226th Coastal Division
227th Coastal Division
228th Coastal Division
230th Coastal Division
231st Coastal Division | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"mountain warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare"},{"link_name":"Alpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpini"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Venaria Reale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venaria_Reale"},{"link_name":"Superga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superga"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Superga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Superga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"}],"text":"Military unitThe 1st Infantry Division \"Superga\" (Italian: 1ª Divisione di fanteria \"Superga\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. 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The division was and named for the Superga hill near Turin, where members of Italy's Royal House of Savoy were buried in the Basilica of Superga.[1][2]","title":"1st Infantry Division \"Superga\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The division's lineage begins with the Brigade \"Basilicata\" established in Naples on 1 November 1884 with the 91st and 92nd infantry regiments.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Brigade \"Salerno\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Superga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superga"},{"link_name":"5th Infantry Division \"Cosseria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91%C2%B0_%22Basilicata%22-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92%C2%B0_%22Basilicata%22-6"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I. In October 1926 the brigade assumed the name of I Infantry Brigade and received the 90th Infantry Regiment \"Salerno\" from the disbanded Brigade \"Salerno\". The brigade was the infantry component of the 1st Territorial Division of Turin, which also included the 5th Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 1st Infantry Division \"Superga\". On 25 March 1939 the division ceded the 90th Infantry Regiment \"Salerno\" to the 5th Infantry Division \"Cosseria\". On 5 April of the same year the I Infantry Brigade was dissolved and the two remaining infantry regiments came under direct command of the division, and the 91st and 92nd infantry regiments and 5th Artillery Regiment changed their names to \"Superga\".[4][5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"},{"link_name":"Argentière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenti%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Ouvrage Pas du Roc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouvrage_Pas_du_Roc"},{"link_name":"Alpine Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Line"},{"link_name":"Ouvrage Arrondaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouvrage_Arrondaz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"invasion of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Herkules"},{"link_name":"Formia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formia"},{"link_name":"Gaeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeta"},{"link_name":"Avola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avola"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-4"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Run for Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Enfidaville Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfidaville_Airfield"},{"link_name":"L Special Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Special_Brigade_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-4"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"On 10 June 1940 the Superga participated in the invasion of France. The Superga advanced to the French village of Argentière on 21 June 1940, reaching the Battaileres pass and the Argentiere summit on 22 June 1940. On 24 June 1940, just before the armistice, the Division attacked the Ouvrage Pas du Roc fort in the Alpine Line. Supported by its neighboring fort Ouvrage Arrondaz and others, the fort repelled the attack.[7]In August 1941 the division moved to Naples. On 23 November 1941 the Superga was ordered to reorganize as an auto-transportable division of the North-African type for the planned invasion of Malta scheduled for summer 1942. The reorganization got underway in March 1942, with the division's units based in Formia and Gaeta, while the division's headquarter moved to Avola in Sicily for the planning of the assault on Malta.[2][4]In November 1942 the Superga was sent to Tunisia during the Run for Tunis and landed in Bizerte on 11 November 1942. By 20 November 1942 it was assembling at Enfidaville Airfield. By 1 December 1942 the Superga together with the L Special Brigade had moved to Sousse-Sfax area. From late January 1943 until 4 February 1943 it repelled an Anglo-American assault in the Oued el Koukat depression. The second assault on the positions of the Superga started on 23 February 1943. The Superga surrendered to the British forces on 12 May 1943.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1a_Divisione_Fanteria_Superga.png"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"},{"link_name":"91st Infantry Regiment \"Superga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Infantry_Regiment_%22Superga%22"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91%C2%B0_%22Basilicata%22-5"},{"link_name":"65/17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_65/17_modello_13"},{"link_name":"infantry support guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_support_gun"},{"link_name":"81mm mod. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81/14_Model_35_Mortar"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"92nd Infantry Regiment \"Superga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Infantry_Regiment_%22Superga%22"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92%C2%B0_%22Basilicata%22-6"},{"link_name":"5th Artillery Regiment \"Superga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Superga%22"},{"link_name":"Venaria Reale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venaria_Reale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Superga-10"},{"link_name":"100/17 mod. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_M._14_Feldhaubitze"},{"link_name":"75/13 mod. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15"},{"link_name":"75/27 mod. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_75/27_modello_11"},{"link_name":"field guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun"},{"link_name":"5th Artillery Regiment \"Superga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Superga%22"},{"link_name":"20/65 mod. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Model_35"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"5th Artillery Regiment \"Superga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Superga%22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Superga-10"},{"link_name":"75/18 mod. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obice_da_75/18_modello_34"},{"link_name":"100/17 mod. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_M._14_Feldhaubitze"},{"link_name":"20/65 mod. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Model_35"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"47/32 L40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_da_47/32"},{"link_name":"self-propelled guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_gun"},{"link_name":"Tunisian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign"},{"link_name":"20/65 mod. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Model_35"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"47/32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32"},{"link_name":"anti-tank guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"},{"link_name":"CC.NN.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC.NN."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"},{"link_name":"Tunisian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"},{"link_name":"Marine Infantry Regiment \"San Marco\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_San_Marco_Regiment"},{"link_name":"10th Bersaglieri Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Bersaglieri_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Assault Grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggruppamento_centri_militari"},{"link_name":"Formations Group \"A\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Formazioni_%22A%22"},{"link_name":"Assault Battalion \"T\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglione_d%27Assalto_%22T%22"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"}],"text":"1st Infantry Division \"Superga\", in Turin[4][2]\n91st Infantry Regiment \"Superga\",[a] in Turin[5]\nCommand Company\n3x Fusilier battalions\nSupport Weapons Company (65/17 infantry support guns)\nMortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars)\n92nd Infantry Regiment \"Superga\",[b] in Turin[6]\nCommand Company\n3x Fusilier battalions\nSupport Weapons Company (65/17 infantry support guns)\nMortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars)\n5th Artillery Regiment \"Superga\", in Venaria Reale[8]\nCommand Unit\nI Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers)\nII Group (75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns; transferred on 21 January 1941 to the 59th Artillery Regiment \"Cagliari\")\nII Group (75/27 mod. 11 field guns; transferred on 21 January 1941 to the 5th Artillery Regiment \"Superga\")\nIII Group (75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns)\n1x Anti-aircraft battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)\nAmmunition and Supply Unit\n5th Artillery Regiment \"Superga\" (after being reorganized as a motorized regiment on 31 May 1942)[8]\nCommand Unit\nI Group (75/18 mod. 35 howitzers)\nII Group (75/18 mod. 35 howitzers)\nLXV Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers; joined the regiment in January 1943)\nIV Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers; formed in June 1943 and assigned on 1 July to the 156th Artillery Regiment \"Vicenza\")\n1x Anti-aircraft battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)\nCI Self-propelled Anti-tank Battalion (47/32 L40 self-propelled guns; added for the Tunisian campaign)\nCI Anti-aircraft Group (activated for the Tunisian campaign)\n21st Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)\n34th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)\n301st Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns; added for the Tunisian campaign)\nI Mortar Battalion (81mm mod. 35 mortars)\nCI Mixed Engineer Battalion (formed in 1942)\n1st Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)\n1st Telegraph and Radio Operators Company (entered the CI Mixed Engineer Battalion in 1942)\n14th Engineer Company (entered the CI Mixed Engineer Battalion in 1942)\n123rd Transport Section\n7th Medical Section\n4x Field hospitals\n1x Surgical unit\n21st Supply Section\n1st Truck Section (disbanded in 1942)\n1st Carabinieri Section\n2nd Carabinieri Section\n80th Field Post OfficeAttached during the invasion of France in 1940:[2]XVIII CC.NN. BattalionThe XVIII CC.NN. Battalion was replaced in summer 1940 by the 2nd CC.NN. Legion, which left the division when the Superga moved to Naples in 1941:[2]2nd CC.NN. Legion \"Alpina\"\nCommand Company\nI CC.NN. Battalion\nII CC.NN. Battalion\n2nd CC.NN. Machine Gun CompanyAttached during the Tunisian campaign in 1942-43:[2]Marine Infantry Regiment \"San Marco\"\nCommand Company\nBattalion \"Bafile\"\nBattalion \"Grado\"\n10th Bersaglieri Regiment\nCommand Company\nXVI Auto-transported Bersaglieri Battalion\nXXXIV Auto-transported Bersaglieri Battalion\nXXXV Auto-transported Bersaglieri Battalion\n10th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)\nAssault Grouping\nCommand Company\nFormations Group \"A\" (Arab volunteers)\nAssault Battalion \"T\" (Italians living in Tunisia)\nTunisian Volunteers Regiment (raised in December 1942)\nCommand Company\n3x battalions (I, II, III; reduced to I and XI battalions in March 1943)","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-2"},{"link_name":"Generale di Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy#Ranks_during_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Curio Barbasetti di Prun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio_Barbasetti_di_Prun"},{"link_name":"Dante Lorenzelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dante_Lorenzelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando Gelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinando_Gelich&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The division's commanding officers were:[4][2]Generale di Divisione Curio Barbasetti di Prun (7 September 1939 - 9 September 1940)\nGenerale di Divisione Dante Lorenzelli (10 September 1940 - 22 December 1942)\nGenerale di Divisione Ferdinando Gelich (23 December 1942 - 12 May 1943)","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Named 91st Infantry Regiment \"Basilicata\" until 1939 when the army reorganized its divisions as binary divisions and divisional infantry regiments took the name of the division.\n\n^ Named 92nd Infantry Regiment \"Basilicata\" until 1939 when the army reorganized its divisions as binary divisions and divisional infantry regiments took the name of the division.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 202. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo","url_text":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002"}]},{"reference":"Voghera, Enrico (1909). Annuario militare del regno d'Italia - Volume I. Rome. p. 462.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1ª Divisione di fanteria \"Superga\"\". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv11.htm","url_text":"\"1ª Divisione di fanteria \"Superga\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"91° Reggimento di fanteria \"Basilicata\"\". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt91.htm","url_text":"\"91° Reggimento di fanteria \"Basilicata\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"92° Reggimento di fanteria \"Basilicata\"\". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt92.htm","url_text":"\"92° Reggimento di fanteria \"Basilicata\"\""}]},{"reference":"F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98505-9","url_text":"978-0-275-98505-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo","external_links_name":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002"},{"Link":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv11.htm","external_links_name":"\"1ª Divisione di fanteria \"Superga\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt91.htm","external_links_name":"\"91° Reggimento di fanteria \"Basilicata\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt92.htm","external_links_name":"\"92° Reggimento di fanteria \"Basilicata\"\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ros%C3%B3n | Juan José Rosón | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Later years and death","4 References","5 External links"] | In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rosón and the second or maternal family name is Pérez.
Spanish politician (1932–1986)
Juan José RosónMinister of InteriorIn office2 May 1980 – 3 December 1982Prime MinisterAdolfo SuarezLeopoldo Calvo SoteloPreceded byAntonio Ibáñez FreireSucceeded byJosé Barrionuevo
Personal detailsBornJuan José Rosón Pérez25 September 1932Becerreá, Lugo ProvinceDied19 August 1986(1986-08-19) (aged 53)MadridResting placeMingorrubio Cemetery, MadridNationalitySpanishPolitical partyUnion of the Democratic CentreAlma materUniversidad Complutense de Madrid
Juan José Rosón (25 September 1932 – 19 August 1986) was a Spanish politician and a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD). He served as the minister of interior from 1980 to 1982.
Early life and education
Rosón was born in Becerreá, Lugo Province, on 25 September 1932. His family were of Galician origin. His brother, Antonio (died 1986), served as the president of the Parliament of Galicia and another, General Luis Rosón, survived an assassination attempt perpetrated by ETA in November 1984.
Juan held a bachelor's degree in political science and economics from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He also studied at the Military School Intervention and obtained the title of military comptroller.
Career
Rosón taught at the school attached to the Spanish radio television directorate (RTVE). Under the Franco administration he served as national director of education, secretary general of the Union of University Studies (SEU), director of the EFE and the president of the National Union. Later he became the general director of the RTVE in the 1960s. Then he was made governor of Madrid in the late 1970s when Rodolfo Martín Villa was interior minister. Both were the members of the UCD.
Rosón was appointed interior minister on 2 May 1980, replacing Antonio Ibáñez Freire in the post. His major initiative was to improve the role of the intelligence services and of the police and security forces in fighting against terrorist attacks under the unified command for the counter-terrorist effort. To this end he established a coordination unit for antiterrorist logistics, operations and intelligence, Mando Único para la Lucha Contraterrorista (Spanish: Single Command for the Counterterrorist Fight), in March 1981.
As a result of this effort, the number of the people died in the ETA attacks was reduced to 38 in 1981 and 44 in 1982 following the peak in 1980 with 124 dead. On the night of 1 October 1982, head of the Superior Center of Defense Information Emilio Alonso Manglano summoned Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Minister of Defence Alberto Oliart and Juan José Rosón to a meeting. At that meeting, which lasted several hours, Manglano unveiled a coup d'état conspiracy that several military officials were preparing that was going to be especially bloody, and that was going to be executed on 27 October 1982, the day before the general election. After the meeting, the immediate arrest of the leaders was ordered and they were able to dismantle them on 2 October 1982.
Rosón was in office until 3 December 1982 after serving in the cabinet of two Prime Ministers, Adolfo Suarez and Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo. José Barrionuevo succeeded him as interior minister. Rosón advised Felipe Gonzales to appoint Barrionuevo as interior minister.
Later years and death
Following the defeat of the UCD by the PSOE in the legislative elections of October 1982 Rosón retired from politics and dealt with business. He lived in Alicante, and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1982. Along with other prominent former leaders of UCD he founded the Political Studies Club in November 1984.
He died of a heart attack in a Madrid clinic on 19 August 1986. He was buried at the cemetery of El Pardo in Madrid on 20 August.
References
^ a b c d e "Juan José Rosón Pérez" (PDF). Fundacion Transicion (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ a b Javier Cercas (2012). The Anatomy of a Moment. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4088-2210-4.
^ a b c d e f g h "Fallece el ex Ministro del Interior Juan José Roson tras combatir cuatro años contra una enfermedad incurable". El Pais (in Spanish). 19 August 1986. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ Josep Maria Baget Herms. "The Legacy of Franco's Television". Formats. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ Jesus Duva (8 February 2012). "The week democracy nearly fell". El País. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ José María Maravall; Adam Przeworski (2003). Democracy and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-5215-3266-2.
^ Diego Muro (2010). "Counter-terrorist strategies in Western Europe" (Working Paper). European University Institute. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ a b Michiel de Jong (2016). "Spanish Security Forces, Anti-terrorism and the Internal and External Security of Spain, 1959–1992". In R. Beeres; et al. (eds.). NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2016. Nl Arms. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. pp. 325–349. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_17. ISBN 978-94-6265-135-7.
^ Javier Tusell (2008). Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-470-76648-4.
^ "Oliart confirma: La documentación revela un intento de golpe de Estado". La Vanguardia. 4 October 1982.
^ Paddy Woodworth (2001). Dirty War, Clean Hands: ETA, the GAL and Spanish Democracy. Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-85918-276-5.
External links
Media related to Juan José Rosón at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases: National
Spain | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"the Union of the Democratic Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rosón and the second or maternal family name is Pérez.Spanish politician (1932–1986)Juan José Rosón (25 September 1932 – 19 August 1986) was a Spanish politician and a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD). He served as the minister of interior from 1980 to 1982.","title":"Juan José Rosón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Becerreá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becerre%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Lugo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Lugo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-1"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cercas-2"},{"link_name":"the Parliament of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"ETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"the Universidad Complutense de Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Complutense_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-1"},{"link_name":"military comptroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-1"}],"text":"Rosón was born in Becerreá, Lugo Province, on 25 September 1932.[1] His family were of Galician origin.[2] His brother, Antonio (died 1986), served as the president of the Parliament of Galicia and another, General Luis Rosón, survived an assassination attempt perpetrated by ETA in November 1984.[3]Juan held a bachelor's degree in political science and economics from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid.[1] He also studied at the Military School Intervention and obtained the title of military comptroller.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Spanish radio television directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTVE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-1"},{"link_name":"Franco administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"},{"link_name":"EFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cercas-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Martín Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Mart%C3%ADn_Villa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"Antonio Ibáñez Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Freire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dejong-8"},{"link_name":"ETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Superior Center of Defense Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Superior_de_Informaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Defensa"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo-Sotelo"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Alberto Oliart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Oliart"},{"link_name":"coup d'état conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Suarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Suarez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"José Barrionuevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Barrionuevo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dejong-8"},{"link_name":"Felipe Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Rosón taught at the school attached to the Spanish radio television directorate (RTVE).[1] Under the Franco administration he served as national director of education, secretary general of the Union of University Studies (SEU), director of the EFE and the president of the National Union.[1] Later he became the general director of the RTVE in the 1960s.[2][4] Then he was made governor of Madrid in the late 1970s when Rodolfo Martín Villa was interior minister.[5] Both were the members of the UCD.[3]Rosón was appointed interior minister on 2 May 1980, replacing Antonio Ibáñez Freire in the post.[6] His major initiative was to improve the role of the intelligence services and of the police and security forces in fighting against terrorist attacks under the unified command for the counter-terrorist effort.[7] To this end he established a coordination unit for antiterrorist logistics, operations and intelligence, Mando Único para la Lucha Contraterrorista (Spanish: Single Command for the Counterterrorist Fight), in March 1981.[8]As a result of this effort, the number of the people died in the ETA attacks was reduced to 38 in 1981 and 44 in 1982 following the peak in 1980 with 124 dead.[9] On the night of 1 October 1982, head of the Superior Center of Defense Information Emilio Alonso Manglano summoned Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Minister of Defence Alberto Oliart and Juan José Rosón to a meeting. At that meeting, which lasted several hours, Manglano unveiled a coup d'état conspiracy that several military officials were preparing that was going to be especially bloody, and that was going to be executed on 27 October 1982, the day before the general election. After the meeting, the immediate arrest of the leaders was ordered and they were able to dismantle them on 2 October 1982.[10]Rosón was in office until 3 December 1982 after serving in the cabinet of two Prime Ministers, Adolfo Suarez and Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo.[3] José Barrionuevo succeeded him as interior minister.[8] Rosón advised Felipe Gonzales to appoint Barrionuevo as interior minister.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PSOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSOE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"},{"link_name":"El Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pardo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais86-3"}],"text":"Following the defeat of the UCD by the PSOE in the legislative elections of October 1982 Rosón retired from politics and dealt with business.[3] He lived in Alicante, and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1982.[3] Along with other prominent former leaders of UCD he founded the Political Studies Club in November 1984.[3]He died of a heart attack in a Madrid clinic on 19 August 1986.[3] He was buried at the cemetery of El Pardo in Madrid on 20 August.[3]","title":"Later years and death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Juan José Rosón Pérez\" (PDF). Fundacion Transicion (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transicion.org/80bios/Roson.pdf","url_text":"\"Juan José Rosón Pérez\""}]},{"reference":"Javier Cercas (2012). The Anatomy of a Moment. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4088-2210-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=idIY9V6e7r0C&pg=PA300","url_text":"The Anatomy of a Moment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2210-4","url_text":"978-1-4088-2210-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Fallece el ex Ministro del Interior Juan José Roson tras combatir cuatro años contra una enfermedad incurable\". El Pais (in Spanish). 19 August 1986. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/1986/08/19/espana/524786401_850215.html","url_text":"\"Fallece el ex Ministro del Interior Juan José Roson tras combatir cuatro años contra una enfermedad incurable\""}]},{"reference":"Josep Maria Baget Herms. \"The Legacy of Franco's Television\". Formats. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040523/http://www.iua.upf.edu/formats/formats3/bag_a.htm","url_text":"\"The Legacy of Franco's Television\""},{"url":"http://www.iua.upf.edu/formats/formats3/bag_a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jesus Duva (8 February 2012). \"The week democracy nearly fell\". El País. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/02/09/inenglish/1328804971_801160.html","url_text":"\"The week democracy nearly fell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"José María Maravall; Adam Przeworski (2003). Democracy and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-5215-3266-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-3266-2","url_text":"978-0-5215-3266-2"}]},{"reference":"Diego Muro (2010). \"Counter-terrorist strategies in Western Europe\" (Working Paper). European University Institute. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/13520/MWP_2010_06.pdf;jsessionid=FA71535FC531C86745A1D696186D7920?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Counter-terrorist strategies in Western Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Michiel de Jong (2016). \"Spanish Security Forces, Anti-terrorism and the Internal and External Security of Spain, 1959–1992\". In R. Beeres; et al. (eds.). NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2016. Nl Arms. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. pp. 325–349. doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_17. ISBN 978-94-6265-135-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_17","url_text":"\"Spanish Security Forces, Anti-terrorism and the Internal and External Security of Spain, 1959–1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6265-135-7_17","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-135-7","url_text":"978-94-6265-135-7"}]},{"reference":"Javier Tusell (2008). Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-470-76648-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ZxEo5e8lAC&pg=PA487","url_text":"Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-76648-4","url_text":"978-0-470-76648-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Oliart confirma: La documentación revela un intento de golpe de Estado\". La Vanguardia. 4 October 1982.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1982/10/04/pagina-4/32956078/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Oliart confirma: La documentación revela un intento de golpe de Estado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"}]},{"reference":"Paddy Woodworth (2001). Dirty War, Clean Hands: ETA, the GAL and Spanish Democracy. Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-85918-276-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9oEacwj7ViYC&pg=PA66","url_text":"Dirty War, Clean Hands: ETA, the GAL and Spanish Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_University_Press","url_text":"Cork University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-276-5","url_text":"978-1-85918-276-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.transicion.org/80bios/Roson.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Juan José Rosón Pérez\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=idIY9V6e7r0C&pg=PA300","external_links_name":"The Anatomy of a Moment"},{"Link":"http://elpais.com/diario/1986/08/19/espana/524786401_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Fallece el ex Ministro del Interior Juan José Roson tras combatir cuatro años contra una enfermedad incurable\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040523/http://www.iua.upf.edu/formats/formats3/bag_a.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Legacy of Franco's Television\""},{"Link":"http://www.iua.upf.edu/formats/formats3/bag_a.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/02/09/inenglish/1328804971_801160.html","external_links_name":"\"The week democracy nearly fell\""},{"Link":"http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/13520/MWP_2010_06.pdf;jsessionid=FA71535FC531C86745A1D696186D7920?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"Counter-terrorist strategies in Western Europe\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_17","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Security Forces, Anti-terrorism and the Internal and External Security of Spain, 1959–1992\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6265-135-7_17","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_17"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ZxEo5e8lAC&pg=PA487","external_links_name":"Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1982/10/04/pagina-4/32956078/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Oliart confirma: La documentación revela un intento de golpe de Estado\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9oEacwj7ViYC&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"Dirty War, Clean Hands: ETA, the GAL and Spanish Democracy"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1346808","external_links_name":"Spain"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia | Geography of Cambodia | ["1 Geological development","2 General topography","2.1 Soils","2.2 Geographical extremes","3 Regions","3.1 Central plain","3.2 Flow reversal","3.3 Southern Mountains","3.4 Northern Mountains","3.5 Eastern Highlands","3.6 Coast","3.7 Islands","4 Climate","5 Hydrology","6 Vegetation & ecoregions","6.1 Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests ecoregion","6.2 The Great Lake ecosystem","6.3 Wetlands","6.4 Coastal habitats","7 Fauna","8 Protected areas","9 Political and human geography","9.1 Land use","9.2 Regional divisions","10 Area and boundaries","11 Natural resources","12 Environmental issues","12.1 Natural hazards","12.2 Human impact","12.3 International agreements and conventions","13 See also","14 References","15 External links","15.1 National","15.2 International","16 Further reading"] | Geography of CambodiaContinentAsiaRegionSoutheast AsiaCoordinates13°00′N 105°00′E / 13.000°N 105.000°E / 13.000; 105.000AreaRanked 88th • Total181,035 km2 (69,898 sq mi) • Land97.50% • Water2.50%Coastline443 km (275 mi)Borders2,530 km (1,572 mi) Laos 555 km (345 mi) Thailand 817 km (508 mi) Vietnam 1,158 km (720 mi)Highest pointPhnom Aural 1,813 m (5,948 ft)Lowest pointGulf of Thailand 0 m (0 ft)Longest riverMekong river500 km (311 mi)Largest lakeTonlé Sap16,000 km2 (6,178 sq mi)
Topography of Cambodia
Cambodia is a country in mainland Southeast Asia. It borders Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, the Gulf of Thailand and covers a total area of approximately 181,035 km2 (69,898 sq mi). The country is situated in its entirety inside the tropical Indomalayan realm and the Indochina Time zone (ICT).
Cambodia's main geographical features are the low lying Central Plain that includes the Tonlé Sap basin, the lower Mekong River flood-plains and the Bassac River plain surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, east, in the south-west and south. The central lowlands extend into Vietnam to the south-east. The south and south-west of the country constitute a 443 km (275 mi) long coast at the Gulf of Thailand, characterized by sizable mangrove marshes, peninsulas, sandy beaches and headlands and bays. Cambodia's territorial waters account for over 50 islands. The highest peak is Phnom Aural, sitting 1,810 metres (5,938 ft) above sea level.
The landmass is bisected by the Mekong River, which at 486 km (302 mi) is the longest river in Cambodia. After extensive rapids, turbulent sections and cataracts in Laos, the river enters the country at Stung Treng province, is predominantly calm and navigable during the entire year as it widens considerably in the lowlands. The Mekong's waters disperse into the surrounding wetlands of central Cambodia and strongly affect the seasonal nature of the Tonlé Sap lake.
Two third of the country's population live in the lowlands, where the rich sediment deposited during the Mekong's annual flooding makes the agricultural lands highly fertile. As deforestation and over-exploitation affected Cambodia only in recent decades, forests, low mountain ranges and local eco-regions still retain much of their natural potential and although still home to the largest areas of contiguous and intact forests in mainland Southeast Asia, multiple serious environmental issues persist and accumulate, which are closely related to rapid population growth, uncontrolled globalization and inconsequential administration.
The majority of the country lies within the Tropical savanna climate zone, as the coastal areas in the South and West receive noticeably more and steady rain before and during the wet season. These areas constitute the easternmost fringes of the south-west monsoon, determined to be inside the Tropical monsoon climate. Countrywide there are two seasons of relatively equal length, defined by varying precipitation as temperatures and humidity are generally high and steady throughout the entire year.
Geological development
Mainland Southeast Asia consists of allochthonous continental blocks from Gondwanaland. These include the South China, Indochina, Sibumasu, and West Burma blocks, which amalgamated to form the Southeast Asian continent during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods.
The current geological structure of South China and South-East Asia is determined to be the response to the "Indo-sinian" collision in South-East Asia during the Carboniferous. The Indo-Sinian orogeny was followed by extension of the Indo-Chinese block, the formation of rift basins and thermal subsidence during the early Triassic.
The Indochina continental block, which is separated from the South China Block by the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Suture zone, is an amalgamation of the Viet-Lao, Khorat-Kontum, Uttaradit (UTD), and Chiang Mai-West Kachin terranes, all of which are separated by suture zones or ductile shear zones.
The Khorat-Kontum terrane, which includes western Laos, Cambodia and southern Vietnam, consists of the Kontum metamorphic complex, Paleozoic shallow marine deposits, upper Permian arc volcanic rocks and Mesozoic terrigenous sedimentary rocks.
The central plains consist mainly of Quaternary sands, loam and clay, as most of the northern mountain regions and the coastal region are largely composed of Cretaceous granite, Triassic stones and Jurassic sandstone formations.
General topography
Geographic map of Cambodia
Cultivated lowlands in rural Takéo Province at the end of the dry season, May 2010
Borassus flabellifer - sugar palm
Bowl- or saucer-shaped, Cambodia covers 181,035 km2 (69,898 sq mi) in the south-western part of the Indochinese peninsula as its landmass and marine territory is situated entirely within the tropics.
The bowl's bottom represents Cambodia's interior, about 75 percent, consisting of alluvial flood-plains of the Tonlé Sap basin, the lower Mekong River and the Bassac River plain, whose waters feed the large and almost centrally located wetlands. As humans preferably settle in these fertile and easily accessible central lowlands, major transformations and widespread cultivation through wet-rice agriculture have over the centuries shaped the landscape into distinctive regional cultivated lands.
Domestic plants, such as sugar palms, Coconut trees and banana groves almost exclusively skirt extensive rice paddies, as natural vegetation is confined to elevated lands and near waterways. The Mekong traverses the north to south-east portions of the country, where the low-lying plains extend into Vietnam and reach the South China Sea at the Mekong Delta region.
Cambodia's low mountain ranges - representing the walls of the bowl - remain as the result of only rather recent substantial infrastructural development and economic exploitation - in particular in remote areas - formidably forested. The country is fringed to the north by the Dangrek Mountains plateau, bordering Thailand and Laos, to the north-east by the Annamite Range, in the south-west by the Cardamom Mountains and in the South by the Elephant Mountains. Highlands to the north-east and to the east merge into the Central Highlands and the Mekong Delta lowlands of Vietnam.
A heavily indented coastline at the Gulf of Thailand of 443 km (275 mi) length and 60 offshore islands, that dot the territorial waters and locally merge with tidal mangrove marshes - the environmental basis for a remarkable range of marine and coastal eco-regions.
Soils
Low fertile Acrisol
"Sandy materials cover a large proportion of the landscape of Cambodia, on account of the siliceous sedimentary formations that underlie much of the Kingdom. Mesozoic sandstone dominates most of the basement geology in Cambodia and hence has a dominating influence on the properties of upland soils. Arenosols (sandy soils featuring very weak or no soil development) are mapped on only 1.6% of the land area."
"Sandy surface textures are more prevalent than the deep sandy soils that fit the definition for Arenosols. Sandy textured profiles are common amongst the most prevalent soil groups, including Acrisols and Leptosols. The Acrisols are the most prevalent soil group occupying the lowlands - nearly half of the land area of Cambodia. Low fertility and toxic amounts of aluminium pose limitations to its agricultural use, crops that can be successfully cultivated include rubber tree, oil palm, coffee and sugar cane.
The main subgroups are: Gleyic Acrisols (20.5%, Haplic Acrisols (13.3%), Plinthic Acrisol (8.7%) and Ferric Acrisol (6.3%)."
Geographical extremes
Northernmost point: Ta Veaeng District, Rattanakiri Province (14°41′N 107°32′E / 14.683°N 107.533°E / 14.683; 107.533)
Southernmost point: Koh Poulo Wai, Kampot Province (9°54′N 102°53′E / 9.900°N 102.883°E / 9.900; 102.883)
Easternmost point: Ou Ya Dav District, Rattanakiri Province (13°22′N 107°37′E / 13.367°N 107.617°E / 13.367; 107.617)
Westernmost point: Malai District, Banteay Meanchey Province (13°53′N 102°33′E / 13.883°N 102.550°E / 13.883; 102.550)
Regions
Central plain
Extensive flooding in central Cambodia
The vast alluvial and lacustrine interconnected Cambodian flood-plain is a geologically relatively recent depression where the sediments of the Mekong and its tributaries accumulate as waters are subject to frequent course changes. The area covers 25,069 km2 (9,679 sq mi). The Tonlé Sap lake and - river system occupies the lowest area. The Tonle Sap river is a waterway that branches off the Mekong near Phnom Penh in the north-westerly direction and meets the Tonle Sap lake after around 115 km (71 mi). Its waters' flow reverses direction every year, caused by greatly varying amounts of water carried by the Mekong over the course of a year and the impact of monsoonal rains, that coincides with the river's maximum.
The plains of the Mekong and Tonle Sap basin are confined in the North by the Dangrek and Central Annamite Mountains, and to the South by the Cardamom Mountains and Elephant Mountains. The plains completely surround the Tonle Sap Lake in the western half of the country and wind their way through the middle of the country following the course of the Mekong River. The two basins actually form a single body of water, the whole of which effects about 75% of Cambodia’s land cover.
Flow reversal
The volume of Tonle Sap Lake over the course of one year
The Mekong river and its tributaries increase water volumes in spring (May) on the northern hemisphere, mainly caused by melting snows. As the Mekong enters Cambodia (over 95% of its waters have already joined the river) it widens and inundates large areas.
"There is extreme hydrodynamic complexity in both time and space and it becomes impossible to measure channel discharge. Water levels, not flow rates and volumes, determine the movement of water across the landscape."
The plain's deepest point - the Tonle Sap - flooded area varies from a low of around 2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi) with a depth of around 1 meter at the end of the dry season (April) to 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) and a depth of up to 9 meters in October/November. This figure rose to 45,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) during 2000 when some of the worst flood conditions recorded caused over 800 deaths in Cambodia and Vietnam.
Inflow starts in May/June with maximum rates of flow of around 10,000 m3/s by late August and ends in October/November, amplified by precipitation of the annual monsoon. In November the lake reaches its maximum size. The annual monsoon coincides to cease around this time of the year. As the Mekong river begins its minimum around this time of the year and its water level falls deeper than the inundated Tonle Sap lake, Tonle Sap river and surrounding wetlands, waters of the lake's basin now drains via the Tonle Sap river into the Mekong.
As a result the Tonle Sap River (length around 115 km (71 mi)) flows 6 months a year from South-East (Mekong) to North-West (lake) and 6 month a year in the opposite direction. The mean annual reverse flow volume in the Tonle Sap is 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi), or about half of the maximum lake volume. A further 10% is estimated to enter the system by overland flow from the Mekong. The Mekong branches off into several arms near Phnom Penh and reaches Vietnamese territory south of Koh Thom and Loek Daek districts of Kandal Province.
Southern Mountains
Tatai River, draining the southern slopes of the Cardamom Mountains
Kampot Province, countryside with remote Elephant Mountains
This region represents the eastern parts of the original extent of the wet evergreen forests that cover the Cardamom - and Elephant Mountains in South-West Cambodia and along the mountains east of Bangkok in Thailand.
The densely wooded hills receive rainfall of 3,000 to 5,000 mm (120 to 200 in) annually on their western slopes (which are subject to the South-West monsoons) but only 1,020 to 1,520 mm (40 to 60 in) on their eastern - rain shadow - slopes.
The Cardamom/Krâvanh Mountains
Main article: Cardamom Mountains
Occupying Koh Kong Province and Kampong Speu Province, running in a north-western to south-eastern direction and rising to more than 1,500 m (4,900 ft). The highest mountain of Cambodia, Phnom Aural, at 1,810 m (5,940 ft) is located in Aoral District in Kampong Speu Province.
The Cardamom Mountains form - including the north-western part of Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, the 'Soi Dao Mountains' - the Cardamom Mountains Moist Forests Ecoregion, that is considered to be one of the most species-rich and intact natural habitats in the region. The climate, size inaccessibility and seclusion of the mountains have allowed a rich variety of wildlife to thrive. The Cardamom and Elephant Mountains remain to be fully researched and documented.
The Elephant Mountains
Main article: Dâmrei Mountains
Chuŏr Phnum Dâmrei - A north-south-trending range of high hills, an extension of the Cardamom/Krâvanh Mountains, in south-eastern Cambodia, rising to elevations of between 500 and 1,000 meters. Extending 110 km (68 mi) north from the Gulf of Thailand, they reach a high point in the Bok Koŭ ridge at Mount Bokor 1,081 m (3,547 ft) near the sea.
To the south-west of the Southern mountain ranges extends a narrow coastal plain that contains the Kampong Saom Bay area and the Sihanoukville peninsula, facing the Gulf of Thailand.
Northern Mountains
Dângrêk Mountains panorama, seen from Cambodia (south)
The Dangrek Mountains
Main article: Dângrêk Mountains
A forested range of hills averaging 450 to 600 m (1,480 to 1,970 ft), dividing Thailand from Cambodia, mainly formed of massive sandstone with slate and silt. A few characteristic basalt hills are located on the northern side of the mountain chain. This east–west-trending range extends from the Mekong River westward for approximately 320 km (200 mi), merging with the highland area near San Kamphaeng, Thailand. Essentially the southern escarpment of the sandstone Khorat Plateau of northeastern Thailand, the Dângrêk range slopes gradually northward to the Mun River in Thailand but falls more abruptly in the south to the Cambodian plain. Its highest point is 761 m (2,497 ft).
The watershed along the escarpment in general terms marks the boundary between Thailand and Cambodia, however there are exceptions. The region is covered in dry evergreen forest, mixed dipterocarp forest, and deciduous dipterocarp forests. Tree species like Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Shorea siamensis and Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii dominate. Illegal logging are issues on both, the Thai as well as on the Cambodian side, leaving large hill stretches denuded, vulnerable tree species such as Dalbergia cochinchinensis have been affected. Forest fires are common during the dry season.
Chrey Thom Waterfall Mondulkiri Province
Annamite Range
Main article: Annamite Range
Lying to the east of the Mekong River, the long chain of mountains called the Annamite Mountains of Indochina and the lowlands that surround them make up the Greater Annamites ecoregion. Levels of rainfall vary from 1,500 to 3,850 mm (59 to 152 in) annually. Mean annual temperatures are about 20 °C (68 °F). This eco-region contains some of the last relatively intact moist forests in Indochina. Moisture-laden monsoon winds, that blow in from the Gulf of Tonkin ensure permanent high air humidity. Plants and animals adapted to moist conditions, to seek refuge here and evolve into highly specialized types that are found nowhere else on Earth.
Ethnically diverse
More than 30 ethnic groups of indigenous people live in the Annamites, each with their distinctive and traditional music, language, dress and customs. The natural resources of the Greater Annamites are vital to all of these people.
Eastern Highlands
Mountain panorama view in Mondulkiri Province, north-eastern Cambodia, November 2012
Tall grasses and deciduous forests cover the ground east of the Mekong River in Mondulkiri, where the transitional plains merge with the eastern highlands at altitudes from 200 to 1,000 m (660 to 3,280 ft). The landscape has suffered from rubber farming, logging and particularly mining, although sizable areas of pristine jungle survive, which are home to rare and endemic wildlife.
Coast
Cambodia's coastal area covers 17,237 km2 (6,655 sq mi), distributed among four provinces: Sihanoukville province, Kampot province, Koh Kong province, and Kep province. The total length of the Cambodian coastal area has been disputed. The most widely accepted length is 440 km (273 mi), a 1997 survey by the DANIDA organization announced a length at 435 km (270 mi), and in 1973 the Oil Authority found the coast to be 450 km (280 mi) long. The Food and Agriculture Organization claims a length of 557 km (346 mi) in one of its studies.
The southern mountain ranges drain to the south and west towards the shallow sea. Sediments on the continental shelf are the basis for extensive mangroves marshes, in particular in the Koh Kong province and the Ream National Park.
Islands
Main article: List of islands of Cambodia
Cambodia’s islands fall under administration of the 4 coastal provinces. "There are 60 islands in Cambodia's coastal waters. They include 23 in Koh Kong province, 2 in Kampot province, 22 in Sihanoukville and 13 in Kep city." Most islands are, apart from the two small groups of the outer islands, in relative proximity to the coast. The islands and the coastal region of Koh Kong Province are mainly composed of upper Jurassic and lower Cretaceous sandstone massives. The north-westernmost islands near and around the Kaoh Pao river delta (Prek Kaoh Pao) area are to a great extent sediments of estuaries and rivers, very flat and engulfed in contiguous mangrove marshes.
panorama of Koh Rong Sanloem's west coast, shot from the light-house in the south, Cambodia 2014
Climate
See also: Climate change in CambodiaA map of Cambodia's Köppen climate classification zones
A map of rainfall regimes in Cambodia, source: DANIDA
Worldwide zones of Tropical savanna climate (Aw).
Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).
Cambodia's climate, like that of much of the rest of mainland Southeast Asia is dominated by monsoons, which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences. The monsoonal air-flows are caused by annual alternating high pressure and low pressure over the Central Asian landmass. In summer, moisture-laden air—the southwest monsoon—is drawn landward from the Indian Ocean.
The flow is reversed during the winter, and the northeast monsoon sends back dry air. The southwest monsoon brings the rainy season from mid-May to mid-September or to early October, and the northeast monsoon flow of drier and cooler air lasts from early November to March. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the Tonlé Sap Basin area, with only small variations from the average annual mean of around 25 °C (77.0 °F).
The maximum mean is about 30 °C (86 °F) ; the minimum mean, about 24 °C (75 °F). Maximum temperatures of higher than 32 °C (90 °F), however, are common and, just before the start of the rainy season, they may rise to more than 38 °C (100 °F). Minimum night temperatures sporadically fall below 20 °C (68 °F). in January, the coldest month. May is the warmest month - although strongly influenced by the beginning of the wet season, as the area constitutes the easternmost fringe of the south-west monsoon. Tropical cyclones only rarely cause damage in Cambodia.
The total annual rainfall average is between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39.4 and 59.1 in), and the heaviest amounts fall in the southeast. Rainfall from April to September in the Tonlé Sap Basin-Mekong Lowlands area averages 1,300 to 1,500 mm (51.2 to 59.1 in) annually, but the amount varies considerably from year to year. Rainfall around the basin increases with elevation. It is heaviest in the mountains along the coast in the southwest, which receive from 2,500 mm (98.4 in) to more than 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of precipitation annually as the southwest monsoon reaches the coast.
This area of greatest rainfall drains mostly to the sea; only a small quantity goes into the rivers flowing into the basin. Relative humidity is high throughout the entire year; usually exceeding 90%. During the dry season daytime humidity rates average around 50 percent or slightly lower, climbing to about 90% during the rainy season.
Climate data for Sihanoukville, Cambodia
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
29(84)
29(84)
29(84)
30(86)
31(88)
30(86)
29(84)
29(84)
29(84)
29(84)
30(86)
29(84)
29(85)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
25(77)
26(79)
27(81)
28(82)
28(82)
28(82)
27(81)
27(81)
27(81)
27(81)
26(79)
25(77)
27(80)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
44(1.7)
30.6(1.20)
63.1(2.48)
129.5(5.10)
190(7.5)
301.1(11.85)
305(12.0)
378.9(14.92)
351.1(13.82)
226.9(8.93)
120.8(4.76)
55.5(2.19)
2,196.5(86.45)
Source: world weather online
Climate data for Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
32(90)
35(95)
36(97)
35(95)
35(95)
33(91)
32(90)
33(91)
32(90)
31(88)
31(88)
31(88)
33(92)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
22(72)
23(73)
25(77)
26(79)
26(79)
25(77)
25(77)
25(77)
25(77)
24(75)
24(75)
22(72)
24(76)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
12.8(0.50)
12.2(0.48)
36.6(1.44)
106.2(4.18)
113.4(4.46)
116.8(4.60)
92.0(3.62)
123.9(4.88)
179.4(7.06)
177.0(6.97)
71.4(2.81)
34.1(1.34)
1,075.8(42.34)
Source: world weather online
Climate data for Senmonorom, Cambodia
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
27(81)
31(88)
33(91)
34(93)
33(91)
30(86)
29(84)
29(84)
29(84)
29(84)
28(82)
27(81)
30(86)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
17(63)
18(64)
19(66)
21(70)
22(72)
21(70)
21(70)
21(70)
21(70)
20(68)
19(66)
18(64)
20(68)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
8(0.3)
5.7(0.22)
16.6(0.65)
65.2(2.57)
154.1(6.07)
183.5(7.22)
217.7(8.57)
225.9(8.89)
231.4(9.11)
151.9(5.98)
98.4(3.87)
15.3(0.60)
1,373.7(54.05)
Source: world weather online
Hydrology
Further information: List of rivers of Cambodia and List of lakes of Cambodia
Floating homes on the Mekong
An overview of drainage divides
Mekong tributary, Stung Treng Province
The Mekong River and its tributaries comprise one of the largest river systems
in the world. The central Tonle Sap, the Great Lake has several input rivers, the most important being the Tonle Sap River, which contributes 62% of the total water supply during the rainy season. Direct rainfall on the lake and the other rivers in the sub-basin contribute the remaining 38%. Major rivers are the Sen river, Sreng River, Stung Pouthisat River, Sisophon River, Mongkol Borei River, and Sangkae River.
Smaller rivers in the southeast, the Cardamom Mountains and Elephant Range form separate drainage divides. To the east the rivers flow into the Tonle Sap, as in the south-west rivers flow into the Gulf of Thailand. Toward the southern slopes of the Elephant Mountains, small rivers flow south-eastward on the eastern side of the divide.
The Mekong River flows southward from the Cambodia-Laos border to a point south of Kratié (town), where it turns west for about 50 km (31 mi) and then turns southwest towards Phnom Penh. Extensive rapids run north of Kratie city. From Kampong Cham Province the gradient slopes very gently, and inundation of areas along the river occurs at flood stage. From June through November—through breaks in the natural levees that have built up along its course. At Phnom Penh four major water courses meet at a point called the Chattomukh (Four Faces). The Mekong River flows in from the northeast and the Tonle Sap river emanates from the Tonle Sap—flows in from the northwest. They divide into two parallel channels, the Mekong River proper and the Bassac River, and flow independently through the delta areas of Cambodia and Vietnam to the South China Sea.
The flow of water into the Tonle Sap is seasonal. In spring, the flow of the Mekong River, fed by monsoon rains, increases to a point where its outlets through the delta can't handle the enormous volume of water. At this point, the water pushes northward up the Tonle Sap river and empties into the Tonle Sap lake, thereby increasing the size of the lake from about 2,590 km2 (1,000 sq mi) to about 24,605 km2 (9,500 sq mi) at the height of the flooding. After the Mekong's waters crest — when its downstream channels can handle the volume of water — the flow reverses, and water flows out of the engorged lake.
As the level of the Tonle Sap retreats, it deposits a new layer of sediment. The annual flooding, combined with poor drainage immediately around the lake, transforms the surrounding area into marshlands, unusable for agricultural purposes during the dry season. The sediment deposited into the lake during the Mekong's flood stage appears to be greater than the quantity carried away later by the Tonle Sap River. Gradual silting of the lake would seem to be occurring; during low-water level, it is only about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) deep, while at flood stage it is between 10 and 15 m (33 and 49 ft) deep.
Vegetation & ecoregions
Further information: Deforestation in Cambodia
A map of forests, vegetation and land use in Cambodia
Cambodia has one of the highest levels of forest cover in the region as the interdependence of Cambodia’s geography and hydrology makes it rich in natural resources and biological diversity - among the bio-richest countries in Southeast Asia. The Royal Government of Cambodia estimates Cambodia contains approximately 10.36 million hectares of forest cover, representing approximately 57.07% of Cambodia’s land area (2011). On the contrary, international observers and independent sources provide rather different numbers. Consensus permeates, as most sources agree, that deforestation in Cambodia, loss of seasonal wetlands and habitat destruction - among countless minor factors - correlates with the absence of strict administrative control and indifference in law enforcement - not only in Cambodia but the entire region.
Figures and assessments are numerous as are available sources. as seen in numbers below, which provide a wide range for interpretation. About 69,000 ha (170,503 acres) (1%) of forest cover is planted forest. Overall Cambodia’s forests contain an estimated 464 million metric tonnes of carbon stock in living forest biomass. Approximately 40% of Cambodia’s Forests have some level of protection, while one of the Cambodia Millennium Development Goals targets is to achieve a 60% forest cover by 2015.
Cambodia Forest Cover, 2002
Forest Types
Area (ha)
Percentage
Evergreen Forest
3,720,506
20.49
Semi-evergreen forest
1,455,190
8.01
Deciduous forest
4,833,861
26.62
Other forest
1,094,726
6.03
Non-forest
7,056,388
38.85
Source: United Nations
Cambodia Forest Cover, 2002
Forest Types
Area (ha)
Percentage
forests - commercially unattractive
3.200.000
30
forests - commercially attractive
630.000
6
flooded forest - cut and/or converted
30
flooded forest - healthy
450.000
lost area
550.000
55
Source: CAMBODIA DEVELOPMENT RESOURCE INSTITUTE
According to the Forestry Administration statistics, a total of 380,000 hectares of forest were cleared between 2002 and 2005/2006 - a deforestation rate of 0.5% per year. The main cause of deforestation has been determined to be large-scale agricultural expansions.
Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests ecoregion
The Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests ecoregion of the montane forests of Kontuey Nea, "the dragon's tail" in the remote north-west of Cambodia, where the boundaries of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam meet , is remarkably rich in biodiversity. The relatively intact forests occupy a broad topographic range - from lowlands with wet evergreen forests to montane habitats with evergreen hardwood and conifer forests. The complex geological, topographic and climatic ( rainfall and temperature ) facets that characterize the region make forest structure and composition unique and very variable. There is an unusually high number of near-endemic and endemic species among the many species to be found in the area. The entire eco-region has a size of 94,000 km2 (36,294 sq mi).
Southern Annamites montane rain forests: ecoregion territory (in purple)
The Great Lake ecosystem
Dipterocarpaceae
The Tonle Sap, also known as the Great Lake in central Cambodia is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia and one of the richest inland fishing grounds in the world. The Lake functions as a natural flood water reservoir for the Mekong system as a whole and therefore is an important source of water for the Mekong Delta during the dry season. The ecosystem has developed as a result of the Mekong’s seasonal flow fluctuations.
A belt of freshwater mangroves known as the "flooded forest" surrounds the lake. The floodplains in turn are surrounded by low hills, covered with evergreen seasonal tropical forest with substantial dipterocarp vegetation or deciduous dry forest. The eco-region consists of a mosaic of habitats for a great number of species. The forest gradually yields to bushes and finally grassland with increasing distance from the lake.
Henri Mouhot: "Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China" 1864
"During more than five months of the year, the great lake of Cambodia, Touli-Sap, covers an immense space of ground: after that period there is a diminution in depth owing to the great evaporation, but its width remains nearly unaltered. Although its waters increase in volume during the rainy season, these are not swelled by the streams from the mountains on its western boundary, but by the strength of the current from the Mekon which pours into it its overflow."
On higher quality soils or at higher elevation, areas of mixed deciduous forest and semi-evergreen forests occur. This variety of vegetation types accounts for the quantity and diversity of species of the Great Lake ecosystem. Interlocking forest, - grassland and marshland patches provide the many facets and refugia for the abundant local wildlife.
The lake’s flooded forest and the surrounding floodplains are of utmost importance for Cambodia's agriculture as the region represents the cultural heart of Cambodia, the center of the national freshwater fishery industry - the nation's primary protein source.
Threats to the lake include widespread pollution, stress through growth of the local population which is dependent on the lake for subsistence and livelihood, over-harvesting of fish and other aquatic - often endangered - species, habitat destruction and potential changes in the hydrology, such as the construction and operation of dams, that disrupt the lake's natural flood cycle. However, concerns that the lake is rapidly filling with sediment seem - according to studies - to be unfounded at the present time.
Wetlands
Coastal wetlands near Ream, Sihanoukville Province
Wetlands cover more than 30% of Cambodia. In addition to the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap floodplain there are the Stung Sen River and the coastal Stung Koh Pao - and Stung Kep estuaries of Koh Kong Province and Kep Province. The freshwater wetlands of Cambodia represent one of the most diverse ecosystems worldwide. The area’s extensive wetland habitats are the product of the annual Mekong maximum, the simultaneous wet season and the drainage paths of a number of minor rivers. See also:Geography of Cambodia#Hydrology The numerous and varied wetlands are Cambodia's central and traditional settlement area, the productive environments for rice cultivation, freshwater fisheries, other forms of agriculture and aquaculture and the constantly growing tourism sector. Considering the eco-region's importance, a variety of plans for local wetland management consolidation exist with varying degrees of completion.
Coastal habitats
Mangrove forests in Koh Kong Province Cambodia, September 2013
The Cambodian coastline consists of 60,000 ha (150,000 acres) of over 30 species of mangroves - among the most biologically diverse wetlands on earth. The most pristine mangrove forests are found in Koh Kong Province. In addition to mangroves, sea-grass beds extend throughout the coastal areas, especially in Kampot Province, the Sihanoukville Bay Delta and the Kep municipal waters. The meadows are highly productive, but few animals feed directly on the grasses. Those that do tend to be vertebrates such as sea turtles, dabbling ducks and geese.
"With their roots deep in mud, jagged and gnarled mangrove trees are able to grow in the brackish wetlands between land and sea where other plant life cannot survive. The trees offer refuge and nursery grounds for fish, crabs, shrimp, and mollusks. They are nesting - and migratory sites for hundreds of bird species. They also provide homes for monkeys, lizards, sea turtles, and many other animals as well as countless insects."
"Until relatively recently, the mangroves of Koh Kong, Cambodia have remained relatively intact. This is partly because of the region’s location — it is an isolated, inaccessible place — and because decades of war and conflict perversely protected the forests from over-exploitation. Local people, however, tended to use the forest's sustainability, for food, fuel, medicine, building materials, and other basic needs."
Fauna
The endangered Agile gibbon
Main article: Wildlife of Cambodia
Cambodia is home to a wide array of wildlife. There are 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 176 reptile species (including 89 subspecies), 850 freshwater fish species (Tonlé Sap Lake area), and 435 marine fish species.
Many of the country's species are recognized by the IUCN or World Conservation Union as threatened, endangered, or critically endangered due to deforestation and habitat destruction, poaching, illegal wildlife trade, farming, fishing, and unauthorized forestry concessions. Intensive poaching may have already driven Cambodia's national animal, the Kouprey, to extinction. Wild tigers, Eld's deer, wild water buffaloes and hog deer are at critically low numbers.
Protected areas
See also: List of protected areas of Cambodia
"The 1993 Royal Decree on the Protection of Natural Areas recognized 23 protected areas, which at the time covered more than 18% of the country’s total land area."
Natural parks (sometimes described as ‘national parks’)
Wildlife reserves
Protected scenic view areas (sometimes described as ‘protected landscapes’)
Multi-purpose areas
Political and human geography
See also: Administrative divisions of Cambodia and List of cities and towns in Cambodia
Cambodia borders Vietnam over a length of 1,228 km (763 mi), Thailand over a length of 803 km (499 mi) and Laos over a length of 541 km (336 mi), with 2,572 km (1,598 mi) in total and an additional 443 km (275 mi) of coastline. The capital (reach thani) and provinces (khaet) of Cambodia are first-level administrative divisions. Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital.
Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes (khum) and quarters (sangkat).
Land use
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam have experienced major changes in land use and land cover over the last two decades. The emergence from cold war rivalries and recent major economic reforms result in a shift from subsistence agrarian modes of production to market-based agricultural production and industrialized economies, which are heavily integrated into regional and global trade systems.
Land Use in Cambodia - Sources: World Bank, FAO UN
1990
2000
2002
2010
Agricultural land (km2) in Cambodia
44550.0
47700.0
Agricultural land (% of land area) in Cambodia
25.2
27.0
23.0
Arable land (hectares) in Cambodia
3695000.0
3700000.0
Arable land (hectares per person) in Cambodia
0.4
0.3
Arable land (% of land area) in Cambodia
20.9
21.0
Permanent cropland (% of land area) in Cambodia
0.6
0.8
Forest area (km2) in Cambodia
129460.0
115460.0
100940.0
Forest area (% of land area) in Cambodia
73.3
65.4
54.0
57.2
Regional divisions
Cambodia's boundaries were for the most part based upon those recognized by France and by neighboring countries during the colonial period. The 800 km (500 mi) boundary with Thailand runs along the watershed of the Dangrek Mountains, although only in its northern sector. The 541 km (336 mi) border with Laos and the 1,228 km (763 mi) border with Vietnam result from French administrative decisions and do not follow major natural features. Border disputes have broken out in the past and do persist between Cambodia and Thailand as well as between Cambodia and Vietnam.
Number
Province
Capital
Area (km²)
Population
1
Banteay Meanchey
Serei Saophoan
6,679
678,033
2
Battambang
Battambang
11,702
1,036,523
3
Kampong Cham
Kampong Cham
4,549
1,010,098
4
Kampong Chhnang
Kampong Chhnang
5,521
472,616
5
Kampong Speu
Kampong Speu
7,017
718,008
6
Kampong Thom
Kampong Thom
13,814
908,398
7
Kampot
Kampot
4,873
585,110
8
Kandal
Ta Khmau
3,568
1,265,805
9
Kep
Kep
336
80,208
10
Koh Kong
Koh Kong
11,160
139,722
11
Kratié
Kratié
11,094
318,523
12
Mondulkiri
Senmonorom
14,288
60,811
13
Oddar Meanchey
Samraong
6,158
185,443
14
Pailin
Pailin
803
70,482
15
Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh
758
2,234,566
16
Preah Sihanouk
Sihanoukville
2,536.68
199,902
17
Preah Vihear
Tbeng Meanchey
13,788
170,852
18
Pursat
Pursat
12,692
397,107
19
Prey Veng
Prey Veng
4,883
947,357
20
Ratanakiri
Banlung
10,782
217,453
21
Siem Reap
Siem Reap
10,229
1,000,309
22
Stung Treng
Stung Treng
11,092
111,734
23
Svay Rieng
Svay Rieng
2,966
498,785
24
Takéo
Doun Kaev
3,563
843,931
25
Tboung Khmum
Suong
4,928
754,000
Area and boundaries
Area
total: 181,035 km2 (69,898.0 sq mi)
country rank in the world: 88th
land: 176,515 km2 (68,152.8 sq mi)
water: 4,520 km2 (1,745.2 sq mi)
Area comparative
Australia comparative: slightly less than 4/5 the size of Victoria
Canada comaparative: slightly more than 2+1/2 times the size of New Brunswick
United States comparative: approximately the size of Oklahoma
United Kingdom comparative: approximately 3/4 the size of the United Kingdom
EU comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Portugal
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nmi (13.8 mi; 22.2 km)
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (27.6 mi; 44.4 km)
exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)
continental shelf: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)
Elevation extremes
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m (0 ft)
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m (5,940 ft)
Border disputes
Cambodian–Thai border dispute
Cambodian–Vietnamese land dispute
Lakes
Tonlé Sap Lake
Yak Loum Crater Lake — Ratanakiri
Natural resources
See also: Natural resources of Cambodia
Oil and natural gas - In addition to the four parts of mining project, the oilfield, Block A was discovered in 2005 and located 200 km (120 mi) offshore in the gulf of Thailand Chevron would operate and hold a 30% interest Block A which cover 4,079 km2 (1,575 sq mi). It is expected to get 30-year-production permit in the second quarter of 2011.
In late 1969, the Cambodian government granted a permit to a French company to explore for petroleum in the Gulf of Thailand. By 1972 none had been located, and exploration ceased when the Khmer Republic (see Appendix B) fell in 1975. Subsequent oil and gas discoveries in the Gulf of Thailand and in the South China Sea, however, could spark renewed interest in Cambodia's offshore area, especially because the country is on the same continental shelf as its Southeast Asian oil-producing neighbors.
Timber
Dipterocarpus alatus (chheuteal tan) sawnwood, veneer, plywood
Anisoptera glabra (mersawa, phdiek) sawnwood, veneer, plywood
Hopea odorata (koki) Sawmilling, construction (bridges, boats)
Shorea vulgaris (choë(r) chông) sawmilling, construction (housing)
Heritiera javanica (synonym Tarrietia javanica) sawnwood (decorative, furniture)
Gemstones - Gemstone areas are located in Samlot district of Battambang, Paillin, Ratanakkiri, and Takéo Province
Iron ore - Hermatite (Fe2O3); Magnetite (Fe3O4); Limonite (2Fe2O3, 3H2O) - was found in two areas, one located in Phnom Deck and the others located in Koh Keo of Preah Vihear Province, and Thalaborivath of Stung Treng Province. According to General Department of Mineral, the total iron reserves in Phnom Deck area are estimated at 5 to 6 Million tons and other deposits may add 2 to 3 Million tons.
Gold - Gold deposit was found in four provinces: Kampong Cham (The Rumchek in Memot area), Kampong Thom (Phnom Chi area), Preah Vihear (Phnom Deck in Roveing district), Ratanakiri (Oyadav district) and Mondulkiri
Bauxite – was found in Battambang Province and Chhlong district in Mondulkiri Province.
Antimony (Sb) – found in Sre Peang area, Pursat Province
Chromium (Cr) – found in Sre Peang area, Pursat Province
manganese
phosphates
Hydro-power - Hydroelectric dams: Lower Se San 2 Dam, Stung Treng Dam
Arable land
Marine resources
Total renewable water resources:
476.1 km3 (114.22 cu mi) (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Total: 2.18 km3 or 0.523 cu mi/yr (4%/2%/94%)
Per capita: 159.8 km3 or 38.3 cu mi/yr (2006)
Environmental issues
Unauthorized sand mining at the Tatai River in the Koh Kong Conservation Corridor, Cambodia 2012
A polluted estuary near Ream commune in Sihanoukville province, Cambodia 2014
Natural hazards
Monsoonal rains (June to November)
Mekong flooding
Occasional droughts
Human impact
"Environmental and natural resources in Cambodia are threatened by short-sighted over-exploitation on an increasing and threatening scale. This reduces the Country’s overall natural capital, yet whilst great benefits flow to the few; equally great burdens fall on the many."
Issues
Illegal logging activities throughout the country
rubber tree mono-cultures and strip mining for gold in the eastern highlands
gem mining in the western region along the border with Thailand
destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries, illegal fishing and over-fishing
large scale sand mining in river beds and estuaries of Koh Kong's mangrove marshes affects tidal balance
A nascent environmental movement has been noticed by NGO's - and it is gaining strength, as the example of local resistance against the building of a Chinese hydro-electric dam in the Areng Valley shows.
Cambodia has a bad but improving performance in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall ranking of 146 out of 180 countries in 2016. This is among the worst in the Southeast Asian region, only ahead of Laos and Myanmar. The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
The environmental areas where Cambodia performs worst on the EPI (i.e. highest ranking) are air quality (148), water resource management (140) and health impacts of environmental issues (137), with the areas of sanitation, environmental impacts of fisheries and forest management following closely. Cambodia has an unusually large expanse of protected areas, both on land and at sea, with the land-based protections covering about 20% of the country. This secures Cambodia a better than average ranking of 61 in relation to biodiversity and habitat, despite the fact deforestation, illegal logging, construction and poaching are heavily deteriorating these protections and habitats in reality, partly fueled by the government's placement of economic land concessions and plantations within protected areas.
In November 2017, the U.S. cut funds to help clear unexploded ordnance including land mines and chemical weapons in Cambodia which it had dropped during the Vietnam War.
Consequences
Flooding
Deforestation
Soil erosion in rural areas
Declining fish stocks
Decreasing access to clean water
Habitat loss and declining biodiversity
International agreements and conventions
See also: Category:Treaties of Cambodia
Cambodia is party to the following treaties:
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on Climate Change
MARPOL 73/78
Tropical Timber 94
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea
See also
Cambodia portal
List of rivers of Cambodia
List of islands of Cambodia
List of Cambodian inland islands
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Asia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_Topography.png"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"mainland Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"Indomalayan realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalayan_realm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indochina Time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B07:00"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"Mekong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"},{"link_name":"Bassac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassac_River"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"peninsulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Phnom Aural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Aural"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mekong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"},{"link_name":"turbulent sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khone_Falls"},{"link_name":"cataracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Stung Treng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stung_Treng"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tropical savanna climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_showers"},{"link_name":"south-west monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Tropical monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Topography of CambodiaCambodia is a country in mainland Southeast Asia. It borders Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, the Gulf of Thailand and covers a total area of approximately 181,035 km2 (69,898 sq mi). The country is situated in its entirety inside the tropical Indomalayan realm[1] and the Indochina Time zone (ICT).[2][3]Cambodia's main geographical features are the low lying Central Plain that includes the Tonlé Sap basin, the lower Mekong River flood-plains and the Bassac River plain surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, east, in the south-west and south. The central lowlands extend into Vietnam to the south-east. The south and south-west of the country constitute a 443 km (275 mi) long coast at the Gulf of Thailand, characterized by sizable mangrove marshes, peninsulas, sandy beaches and headlands and bays. Cambodia's territorial waters account for over 50 islands. The highest peak is Phnom Aural, sitting 1,810 metres (5,938 ft) above sea level.[4][5][6]The landmass is bisected by the Mekong River, which at 486 km (302 mi) is the longest river in Cambodia. After extensive rapids, turbulent sections and cataracts in Laos, the river enters the country at Stung Treng province, is predominantly calm and navigable during the entire year as it widens considerably in the lowlands. The Mekong's waters disperse into the surrounding wetlands of central Cambodia and strongly affect the seasonal nature of the Tonlé Sap lake.[7][8]Two third of the country's population live in the lowlands, where the rich sediment deposited during the Mekong's annual flooding makes the agricultural lands highly fertile. As deforestation and over-exploitation affected Cambodia only in recent decades, forests, low mountain ranges and local eco-regions still retain much of their natural potential and although still home to the largest areas of contiguous and intact forests in mainland Southeast Asia, multiple serious environmental issues persist and accumulate, which are closely related to rapid population growth, uncontrolled globalization and inconsequential administration.[9][10][11][12][13]The majority of the country lies within the Tropical savanna climate zone, as the coastal areas in the South and West receive noticeably more and steady rain before and during the wet season. These areas constitute the easternmost fringes of the south-west monsoon, determined to be inside the Tropical monsoon climate. Countrywide there are two seasons of relatively equal length, defined by varying precipitation as temperatures and humidity are generally high and steady throughout the entire year.[14]","title":"Geography of Cambodia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_geology2.jpg"},{"link_name":"allochthonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allochthon"},{"link_name":"Gondwanaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"Sibumasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibumasu"},{"link_name":"West Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Burma_block"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny"},{"link_name":"rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"thermal subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_subsidence"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent"},{"link_name":"Suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"suture zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"shear zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_zone"},{"link_name":"metamorphic complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_core_complex"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"terrigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"loam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behance.net-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Mainland Southeast Asia consists of allochthonous continental blocks from Gondwanaland. These include the South China, Indochina, Sibumasu, and West Burma blocks, which amalgamated to form the Southeast Asian continent during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods.[15]The current geological structure of South China and South-East Asia is determined to be the response to the \"Indo-sinian\" collision in South-East Asia during the Carboniferous.[16] The Indo-Sinian orogeny was followed by extension of the Indo-Chinese block, the formation of rift basins and thermal subsidence during the early Triassic.[17][18][19]The Indochina continental block, which is separated from the South China Block by the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Suture zone, is an amalgamation of the Viet-Lao, Khorat-Kontum, Uttaradit (UTD), and Chiang Mai-West Kachin terranes, all of which are separated by suture zones or ductile shear zones.\nThe Khorat-Kontum terrane, which includes western Laos, Cambodia and southern Vietnam, consists of the Kontum metamorphic complex, Paleozoic shallow marine deposits, upper Permian arc volcanic rocks and Mesozoic terrigenous sedimentary rocks.[20]The central plains consist mainly of Quaternary sands, loam and clay, as most of the northern mountain regions and the coastal region are largely composed of Cretaceous granite, Triassic stones and Jurassic sandstone formations.[21][22]","title":"Geological development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takeo_farmland_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Takéo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borassus_flabellifer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borassus flabellifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Indochinese peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"tropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"Mekong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong"},{"link_name":"Bassac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassac_River"},{"link_name":"wet-rice agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field"},{"link_name":"cultivated lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"sugar palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer"},{"link_name":"Coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"low mountain ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelgebirge"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dangrek Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangrek_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Annamite Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamite_Range"},{"link_name":"Cardamom Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Elephant Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mrei_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Central Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Geographic map of CambodiaCultivated lowlands in rural Takéo Province at the end of the dry season, May 2010Borassus flabellifer - sugar palmBowl- or saucer-shaped,[23][24] Cambodia covers 181,035 km2 (69,898 sq mi) in the south-western part of the Indochinese peninsula as its landmass and marine territory is situated entirely within the tropics.The bowl's bottom represents Cambodia's interior, about 75 percent, consisting of alluvial flood-plains of the Tonlé Sap basin, the lower Mekong River and the Bassac River plain, whose waters feed the large and almost centrally located wetlands. As humans preferably settle in these fertile and easily accessible central lowlands, major transformations and widespread cultivation through wet-rice agriculture have over the centuries shaped the landscape into distinctive regional cultivated lands.[25][26]Domestic plants, such as sugar palms, Coconut trees and banana groves almost exclusively skirt extensive rice paddies, as natural vegetation is confined to elevated lands and near waterways.[27] The Mekong traverses the north to south-east portions of the country, where the low-lying plains extend into Vietnam and reach the South China Sea at the Mekong Delta region.Cambodia's low mountain ranges - representing the walls of the bowl - remain as the result of only rather recent substantial infrastructural development and economic exploitation - in particular in remote areas - formidably forested.[28] The country is fringed to the north by the Dangrek Mountains plateau, bordering Thailand and Laos, to the north-east by the Annamite Range, in the south-west by the Cardamom Mountains and in the South by the Elephant Mountains. Highlands to the north-east and to the east merge into the Central Highlands and the Mekong Delta lowlands of Vietnam.[29][30]A heavily indented coastline at the Gulf of Thailand of 443 km (275 mi) length and 60 offshore islands, that dot the territorial waters and locally merge with tidal mangrove marshes - the environmental basis for a remarkable range of marine and coastal eco-regions.[31]","title":"General topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acrisolprof.JPG"},{"link_name":"Acrisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisol"},{"link_name":"siliceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliceous_rock"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Arenosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenosol"},{"link_name":"Acrisols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisol"},{"link_name":"Leptosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosol"},{"link_name":"rubber tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_tree"},{"link_name":"oil palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"sugar cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao.org-33"}],"sub_title":"Soils","text":"Low fertile Acrisol\"Sandy materials cover a large proportion of the landscape of Cambodia, on account of the siliceous sedimentary formations that underlie much of the Kingdom. Mesozoic sandstone dominates most of the basement geology in Cambodia and hence has a dominating influence on the properties of upland soils. Arenosols (sandy soils featuring very weak or no soil development) are mapped on only 1.6% of the land area.\"\"Sandy surface textures are more prevalent than the deep sandy soils that fit the definition for Arenosols. Sandy textured profiles are common amongst the most prevalent soil groups, including Acrisols and Leptosols. The Acrisols are the most prevalent soil group occupying the lowlands - nearly half of the land area of Cambodia. Low fertility and toxic amounts of aluminium pose limitations to its agricultural use, crops that can be successfully cultivated include rubber tree, oil palm, coffee and sugar cane.[32]\nThe main subgroups are: Gleyic Acrisols (20.5%, Haplic Acrisols (13.3%), Plinthic Acrisol (8.7%) and Ferric Acrisol (6.3%).\"[33]","title":"General topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ta Veaeng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Veaeng_District"},{"link_name":"Rattanakiri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakiri"},{"link_name":"14°41′N 107°32′E / 14.683°N 107.533°E / 14.683; 107.533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Cambodia¶ms=14_41_N_107_32_E_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Koh Poulo Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Poulo_Wai"},{"link_name":"Kampot Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_Province"},{"link_name":"9°54′N 102°53′E / 9.900°N 102.883°E / 9.900; 102.883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Cambodia¶ms=9_54_N_102_53_E_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Ou Ya Dav District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Ya_Dav_District"},{"link_name":"13°22′N 107°37′E / 13.367°N 107.617°E / 13.367; 107.617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Cambodia¶ms=13_22_N_107_37_E_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Malai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malai_District"},{"link_name":"Banteay Meanchey Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey_Province"},{"link_name":"13°53′N 102°33′E / 13.883°N 102.550°E / 13.883; 102.550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Cambodia¶ms=13_53_N_102_33_E_type:landmark"}],"sub_title":"Geographical extremes","text":"Northernmost point: Ta Veaeng District, Rattanakiri Province (14°41′N 107°32′E / 14.683°N 107.533°E / 14.683; 107.533)\nSouthernmost point: Koh Poulo Wai, Kampot Province (9°54′N 102°53′E / 9.900°N 102.883°E / 9.900; 102.883)\nEasternmost point: Ou Ya Dav District, Rattanakiri Province (13°22′N 107°37′E / 13.367°N 107.617°E / 13.367; 107.617)\nWesternmost point: Malai District, Banteay Meanchey Province (13°53′N 102°33′E / 13.883°N 102.550°E / 13.883; 102.550)","title":"General topography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambo_152.jpg"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain"},{"link_name":"lacustrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacustrine_plain"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Central plain","text":"Extensive flooding in central CambodiaThe vast alluvial and lacustrine interconnected Cambodian flood-plain is a geologically relatively recent depression where the sediments of the Mekong and its tributaries accumulate as waters are subject to frequent course changes.[34] The area covers 25,069 km2 (9,679 sq mi). The Tonlé Sap lake and - river system occupies the lowest area. The Tonle Sap river is a waterway that branches off the Mekong near Phnom Penh in the north-westerly direction and meets the Tonle Sap lake after around 115 km (71 mi). Its waters' flow reverses direction every year, caused by greatly varying amounts of water carried by the Mekong over the course of a year and the impact of monsoonal rains, that coincides with the river's maximum.[35]The plains of the Mekong and Tonle Sap basin are confined in the North by the Dangrek and Central Annamite Mountains, and to the South by the Cardamom Mountains and Elephant Mountains. The plains completely surround the Tonle Sap Lake in the western half of the country and wind their way through the middle of the country following the course of the Mekong River. The two basins actually form a single body of water, the whole of which effects about 75% of Cambodia’s land cover.[36]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonle_Sap_Lake_phases.gif"},{"link_name":"Tonle Sap Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonle_Sap_Lake"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonle_Sap_Cambodia_-_River_Lake-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_of_water_:_Cambodia-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tonle_Sap_Cambodia_-_River_Lake-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_of_water_:_Cambodia-39"},{"link_name":"several arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassac_River"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Kandal Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandal_Province"}],"sub_title":"Flow reversal","text":"The volume of Tonle Sap Lake over the course of one yearThe Mekong river and its tributaries increase water volumes in spring (May) on the northern hemisphere, mainly caused by melting snows. As the Mekong enters Cambodia (over 95% of its waters have already joined the river) it widens and inundates large areas.\"There is extreme hydrodynamic complexity in both time and space and it becomes impossible to measure channel discharge. Water levels, not flow rates and volumes, determine the movement of water across the landscape.\"[37]The plain's deepest point - the Tonle Sap - flooded area varies from a low of around 2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi) with a depth of around 1 meter at the end of the dry season (April) to 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) and a depth of up to 9 meters in October/November. This figure rose to 45,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) during 2000 when some of the worst flood conditions recorded caused over 800 deaths in Cambodia and Vietnam.Inflow starts in May/June with maximum rates of flow of around 10,000 m3/s by late August and ends in October/November, amplified by precipitation of the annual monsoon. In November the lake reaches its maximum size. The annual monsoon coincides to cease around this time of the year. As the Mekong river begins its minimum around this time of the year and its water level falls deeper than the inundated Tonle Sap lake, Tonle Sap river and surrounding wetlands, waters of the lake's basin now drains via the Tonle Sap river into the Mekong.[38][39]As a result the Tonle Sap River (length around 115 km (71 mi)) flows 6 months a year from South-East (Mekong) to North-West (lake) and 6 month a year in the opposite direction. The mean annual reverse flow volume in the Tonle Sap is 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi), or about half of the maximum lake volume. A further 10% is estimated to enter the system by overland flow from the Mekong.[38][39] The Mekong branches off into several arms near Phnom Penh and reaches Vietnamese territory south of Koh Thom and Loek Daek districts of Kandal Province.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatai_River,_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardamom Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kampot_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kampot Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_Province"},{"link_name":"Elephant Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mrei_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"South-West monsoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"Kampong Speu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Speu_Province"},{"link_name":"Phnom Aural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Aural"},{"link_name":"Aoral District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoral_District"},{"link_name":"Kampong Speu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Speu_Province"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phnom_Penh_Post-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bok Koŭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bok_Ko%C5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"}],"sub_title":"Southern Mountains","text":"Tatai River, draining the southern slopes of the Cardamom MountainsKampot Province, countryside with remote Elephant MountainsThis region represents the eastern parts of the original extent of the wet evergreen forests that cover the Cardamom - and Elephant Mountains in South-West Cambodia and along the mountains east of Bangkok in Thailand.[40]The densely wooded hills receive rainfall of 3,000 to 5,000 mm (120 to 200 in) annually on their western slopes (which are subject to the South-West monsoons) but only 1,020 to 1,520 mm (40 to 60 in) on their eastern - rain shadow - slopes.[41]The Cardamom/Krâvanh MountainsOccupying Koh Kong Province and Kampong Speu Province, running in a north-western to south-eastern direction and rising to more than 1,500 m (4,900 ft). The highest mountain of Cambodia, Phnom Aural, at 1,810 m (5,940 ft) is located in Aoral District in Kampong Speu Province.\nThe Cardamom Mountains form - including the north-western part of Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, the 'Soi Dao Mountains' - the Cardamom Mountains Moist Forests Ecoregion, that is considered to be one of the most species-rich and intact natural habitats in the region. The climate, size inaccessibility and seclusion of the mountains have allowed a rich variety of wildlife to thrive. The Cardamom and Elephant Mountains remain to be fully researched and documented.[42][43][44][45]The Elephant MountainsChuŏr Phnum Dâmrei - A north-south-trending range of high hills, an extension of the Cardamom/Krâvanh Mountains, in south-eastern Cambodia, rising to elevations of between 500 and 1,000 meters. Extending 110 km (68 mi) north from the Gulf of Thailand, they reach a high point in the Bok Koŭ ridge at Mount Bokor 1,081 m (3,547 ft) near the sea.[46][47][48][49]To the south-west of the Southern mountain ranges extends a narrow coastal plain that contains the Kampong Saom Bay area and the Sihanoukville peninsula, facing the Gulf of Thailand.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dangrek09.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dangrek09.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dângrêk Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2ngr%C3%AAk_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Khorat Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorat_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"evergreen forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_forest"},{"link_name":"dipterocarp forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarp_forest"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"Pterocarpus macrocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_macrocarpus"},{"link_name":"Shorea siamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_siamensis"},{"link_name":"Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylia_xylocarpa"},{"link_name":"Illegal logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging"},{"link_name":"Dalbergia cochinchinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbergia_cochinchinensis"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrey_Thom_Waterfall_Mondulkiri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mondulkiri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province"},{"link_name":"moist forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Northern Mountains","text":"Dângrêk Mountains panorama, seen from Cambodia (south)The Dangrek MountainsA forested range of hills averaging 450 to 600 m (1,480 to 1,970 ft), dividing Thailand from Cambodia, mainly formed of massive sandstone with slate and silt. A few characteristic basalt hills are located on the northern side of the mountain chain. This east–west-trending range extends from the Mekong River westward for approximately 320 km (200 mi), merging with the highland area near San Kamphaeng, Thailand. Essentially the southern escarpment of the sandstone Khorat Plateau of northeastern Thailand, the Dângrêk range slopes gradually northward to the Mun River in Thailand but falls more abruptly in the south to the Cambodian plain. Its highest point is 761 m (2,497 ft).The watershed along the escarpment in general terms marks the boundary between Thailand and Cambodia, however there are exceptions. The region is covered in dry evergreen forest, mixed dipterocarp forest, and deciduous dipterocarp forests. Tree species like Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Shorea siamensis and Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii dominate. Illegal logging are issues on both, the Thai as well as on the Cambodian side, leaving large hill stretches denuded, vulnerable tree species such as Dalbergia cochinchinensis have been affected.[50] Forest fires are common during the dry season.[51]Chrey Thom Waterfall Mondulkiri ProvinceAnnamite RangeLying to the east of the Mekong River, the long chain of mountains called the Annamite Mountains of Indochina and the lowlands that surround them make up the Greater Annamites ecoregion. Levels of rainfall vary from 1,500 to 3,850 mm (59 to 152 in) annually. Mean annual temperatures are about 20 °C (68 °F). This eco-region contains some of the last relatively intact moist forests in Indochina. Moisture-laden monsoon winds, that blow in from the Gulf of Tonkin ensure permanent high air humidity. Plants and animals adapted to moist conditions, to seek refuge here and evolve into highly specialized types that are found nowhere else on Earth.[52][53][54]Ethnically diverse\nMore than 30 ethnic groups of indigenous people live in the Annamites, each with their distinctive and traditional music, language, dress and customs. The natural resources of the Greater Annamites are vital to all of these people.[55]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mondulkiri_province_Northeastern_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mondulkiri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous_tree"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover"},{"link_name":"Mondulkiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondulkiri"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Highlands","text":"Mountain panorama view in Mondulkiri Province, north-eastern Cambodia, November 2012Tall grasses and deciduous forests cover the ground east of the Mekong River in Mondulkiri, where the transitional plains merge with the eastern highlands at altitudes from 200 to 1,000 m (660 to 3,280 ft). The landscape has suffered from rubber farming, logging and particularly mining, although sizable areas of pristine jungle survive, which are home to rare and endemic wildlife.[56]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sihanoukville province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihanoukville_province"},{"link_name":"Kampot province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_province"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_province"},{"link_name":"Kep province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep_province"},{"link_name":"DANIDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_International_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_province"},{"link_name":"Ream National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ream_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_of_water_:_Cambodia-39"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Coast","text":"Cambodia's coastal area covers 17,237 km2 (6,655 sq mi), distributed among four provinces: Sihanoukville province, Kampot province, Koh Kong province, and Kep province. The total length of the Cambodian coastal area has been disputed. The most widely accepted length is 440 km (273 mi), a 1997 survey by the DANIDA organization announced a length at 435 km (270 mi), and in 1973 the Oil Authority found the coast to be 450 km (280 mi) long.[57] The Food and Agriculture Organization claims a length of 557 km (346 mi) in one of its studies.[58]The southern mountain ranges drain to the south and west towards the shallow sea. Sediments on the continental shelf are the basis for extensive mangroves marshes, in particular in the Koh Kong province and the Ream National Park.[39][59]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"Kampot province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_Province"},{"link_name":"Sihanoukville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihanoukville_Province"},{"link_name":"Kep city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krong_Kep_(town)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behance.net-21"},{"link_name":"Kaoh Pao river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koh_Rong_Sanloem_west_coast_2014.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koh_Rong_Sanloem_west_coast_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Koh Rong Sanloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Rong_Sanloem"}],"sub_title":"Islands","text":"Cambodia’s islands fall under administration of the 4 coastal provinces.[60] \"There are 60 islands in Cambodia's coastal waters. They include 23 in Koh Kong province, 2 in Kampot province, 22 in Sihanoukville and 13 in Kep city.[sic]\"[61] Most islands are, apart from the two small groups of the outer islands, in relative proximity to the coast. The islands and the coastal region of Koh Kong Province are mainly composed of upper Jurassic and lower Cretaceous sandstone massives.[21] The north-westernmost islands near and around the Kaoh Pao river delta (Prek Kaoh Pao) area are to a great extent sediments of estuaries and rivers, very flat and engulfed in contiguous mangrove marshes.[62][63]panorama of Koh Rong Sanloem's west coast, shot from the light-house in the south, Cambodia 2014","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate change in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_rainfall_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"DANIDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_International_Development_Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Aw_present.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Am_present.svg"},{"link_name":"monsoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"south-west monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Tropical cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao.org-33"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambodia's_climate-67"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao.org-33"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambodia's_climate-67"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KOS-68"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIPP-69"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CISM-70"}],"text":"See also: Climate change in CambodiaA map of Cambodia's Köppen climate classification zonesA map of rainfall regimes in Cambodia, source: DANIDAWorldwide zones of Tropical savanna climate (Aw).Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).Cambodia's climate, like that of much of the rest of mainland Southeast Asia is dominated by monsoons, which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences. The monsoonal air-flows are caused by annual alternating high pressure and low pressure over the Central Asian landmass. In summer, moisture-laden air—the southwest monsoon—is drawn landward from the Indian Ocean.The flow is reversed during the winter, and the northeast monsoon sends back dry air. The southwest monsoon brings the rainy season from mid-May to mid-September or to early October, and the northeast monsoon flow of drier and cooler air lasts from early November to March. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the Tonlé Sap Basin area, with only small variations from the average annual mean of around 25 °C (77.0 °F).The maximum mean is about 30 °C (86 °F) ; the minimum mean, about 24 °C (75 °F). Maximum temperatures of higher than 32 °C (90 °F), however, are common and, just before the start of the rainy season, they may rise to more than 38 °C (100 °F). Minimum night temperatures sporadically fall below 20 °C (68 °F).[64] in January, the coldest month. May is the warmest month - although strongly influenced by the beginning of the wet season, as the area constitutes the easternmost fringe of the south-west monsoon. Tropical cyclones only rarely cause damage in Cambodia.[65][66]The total annual rainfall average is between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39.4 and 59.1 in), and the heaviest amounts fall in the southeast. Rainfall from April to September in the Tonlé Sap Basin-Mekong Lowlands area averages 1,300 to 1,500 mm (51.2 to 59.1 in) annually, but the amount varies considerably from year to year. Rainfall around the basin increases with elevation. It is heaviest in the mountains along the coast in the southwest, which receive from 2,500 mm (98.4 in) to more than 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of precipitation annually as the southwest monsoon reaches the coast.[33][67]This area of greatest rainfall drains mostly to the sea; only a small quantity goes into the rivers flowing into the basin. Relative humidity is high throughout the entire year; usually exceeding 90%. During the dry season daytime humidity rates average around 50 percent or slightly lower, climbing to about 90% during the rainy season.[33][67]Climate data for Sihanoukville, Cambodia\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n31(88)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(85)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n25(77)\n\n26(79)\n\n27(81)\n\n28(82)\n\n28(82)\n\n28(82)\n\n27(81)\n\n27(81)\n\n27(81)\n\n27(81)\n\n26(79)\n\n25(77)\n\n27(80)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n44(1.7)\n\n30.6(1.20)\n\n63.1(2.48)\n\n129.5(5.10)\n\n190(7.5)\n\n301.1(11.85)\n\n305(12.0)\n\n378.9(14.92)\n\n351.1(13.82)\n\n226.9(8.93)\n\n120.8(4.76)\n\n55.5(2.19)\n\n2,196.5(86.45)\n\n\nSource: world weather online[68]Climate data for Phnom Penh, Cambodia\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n32(90)\n\n35(95)\n\n36(97)\n\n35(95)\n\n35(95)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n31(88)\n\n31(88)\n\n31(88)\n\n33(92)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22(72)\n\n23(73)\n\n25(77)\n\n26(79)\n\n26(79)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n22(72)\n\n24(76)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n12.8(0.50)\n\n12.2(0.48)\n\n36.6(1.44)\n\n106.2(4.18)\n\n113.4(4.46)\n\n116.8(4.60)\n\n92.0(3.62)\n\n123.9(4.88)\n\n179.4(7.06)\n\n177.0(6.97)\n\n71.4(2.81)\n\n34.1(1.34)\n\n1,075.8(42.34)\n\n\nSource: world weather online[69]Climate data for Senmonorom, Cambodia\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n27(81)\n\n31(88)\n\n33(91)\n\n34(93)\n\n33(91)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n28(82)\n\n27(81)\n\n30(86)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n17(63)\n\n18(64)\n\n19(66)\n\n21(70)\n\n22(72)\n\n21(70)\n\n21(70)\n\n21(70)\n\n21(70)\n\n20(68)\n\n19(66)\n\n18(64)\n\n20(68)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n5.7(0.22)\n\n16.6(0.65)\n\n65.2(2.57)\n\n154.1(6.07)\n\n183.5(7.22)\n\n217.7(8.57)\n\n225.9(8.89)\n\n231.4(9.11)\n\n151.9(5.98)\n\n98.4(3.87)\n\n15.3(0.60)\n\n1,373.7(54.05)\n\n\nSource: world weather online[70]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of rivers of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"List of lakes of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mekong_floating_homes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drainage_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"drainage divides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mekong_tributary_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stung Treng Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stung_Treng_Province"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Sen river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stung_Sen_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Sreng River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreng_River"},{"link_name":"Stung Pouthisat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stung_Pouthisat_River"},{"link_name":"Sisophon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisophon_River"},{"link_name":"Mongkol Borei River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkol_Borei_River"},{"link_name":"Sangkae River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkae_River"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"drainage divides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Kratié (town)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kratie city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kampong Cham Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province"},{"link_name":"levees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"Bassac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassac_River"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Further information: List of rivers of Cambodia and List of lakes of CambodiaFloating homes on the MekongAn overview of drainage dividesMekong tributary, Stung Treng ProvinceThe Mekong River and its tributaries comprise one of the largest river systems\nin the world.[71] The central Tonle Sap, the Great Lake has several input rivers, the most important being the Tonle Sap River, which contributes 62% of the total water supply during the rainy season. Direct rainfall on the lake and the other rivers in the sub-basin contribute the remaining 38%. Major rivers are the Sen river, Sreng River, Stung Pouthisat River, Sisophon River, Mongkol Borei River, and Sangkae River.[72][73]Smaller rivers in the southeast, the Cardamom Mountains and Elephant Range form separate drainage divides. To the east the rivers flow into the Tonle Sap, as in the south-west rivers flow into the Gulf of Thailand. Toward the southern slopes of the Elephant Mountains, small rivers flow south-eastward on the eastern side of the divide.The Mekong River flows southward from the Cambodia-Laos border to a point south of Kratié (town), where it turns west for about 50 km (31 mi) and then turns southwest towards Phnom Penh. Extensive rapids run north of Kratie city. From Kampong Cham Province the gradient slopes very gently, and inundation of areas along the river occurs at flood stage. From June through November—through breaks in the natural levees that have built up along its course. At Phnom Penh four major water courses meet at a point called the Chattomukh (Four Faces). The Mekong River flows in from the northeast and the Tonle Sap river emanates from the Tonle Sap—flows in from the northwest. They divide into two parallel channels, the Mekong River proper and the Bassac River, and flow independently through the delta areas of Cambodia and Vietnam to the South China Sea.The flow of water into the Tonle Sap is seasonal. In spring, the flow of the Mekong River, fed by monsoon rains, increases to a point where its outlets through the delta can't handle the enormous volume of water. At this point, the water pushes northward up the Tonle Sap river and empties into the Tonle Sap lake, thereby increasing the size of the lake from about 2,590 km2 (1,000 sq mi) to about 24,605 km2 (9,500 sq mi) at the height of the flooding. After the Mekong's waters crest — when its downstream channels can handle the volume of water — the flow reverses, and water flows out of the engorged lake.As the level of the Tonle Sap retreats, it deposits a new layer of sediment. The annual flooding, combined with poor drainage immediately around the lake, transforms the surrounding area into marshlands, unusable for agricultural purposes during the dry season. The sediment deposited into the lake during the Mekong's flood stage appears to be greater than the quantity carried away later by the Tonle Sap River. Gradual silting of the lake would seem to be occurring; during low-water level, it is only about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) deep, while at flood stage it is between 10 and 15 m (33 and 49 ft) deep.[74][75]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deforestation in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_and_land_cover_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"deforestation in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"metric tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Cambodia Millennium Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning_(Cambodia)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"Further information: Deforestation in CambodiaA map of forests, vegetation and land use in CambodiaCambodia has one of the highest levels of forest cover in the region as the interdependence of Cambodia’s geography and hydrology makes it rich in natural resources and biological diversity - among the bio-richest countries in Southeast Asia. The Royal Government of Cambodia estimates Cambodia contains approximately 10.36 million hectares of forest cover, representing approximately 57.07% of Cambodia’s land area (2011).[76] On the contrary, international observers and independent sources provide rather different numbers. Consensus permeates, as most sources agree, that deforestation in Cambodia, loss of seasonal wetlands and habitat destruction - among countless minor factors - correlates with the absence of strict administrative control and indifference in law enforcement - not only in Cambodia but the entire region.[77][78][79]Figures and assessments are numerous as are available sources. as seen in numbers below, which provide a wide range for interpretation. About 69,000 ha (170,503 acres) (1%) of forest cover is planted forest. Overall Cambodia’s forests contain an estimated 464 million metric tonnes of carbon stock in living forest biomass.[80] Approximately 40% of Cambodia’s Forests have some level of protection, while one of the Cambodia Millennium Development Goals targets is to achieve a 60% forest cover by 2015.[81][82]According to the Forestry Administration statistics, a total of 380,000 hectares of forest were cleared between 2002 and 2005/2006 - a deforestation rate of 0.5% per year. The main cause of deforestation has been determined to be large-scale agricultural expansions.[85][86]","title":"Vegetation & ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamite_Range"},{"link_name":"montane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_ecology"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"conifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecoregion_IM0152.png"}],"sub_title":"Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests ecoregion","text":"The Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests ecoregion of the montane forests of Kontuey Nea, \"the dragon's tail\" in the remote north-west of Cambodia, where the boundaries of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam meet [this is in the northeast, not the northwest?], is remarkably rich in biodiversity. The relatively intact forests occupy a broad topographic range - from lowlands with wet evergreen forests to montane habitats with evergreen hardwood and conifer forests. The complex geological, topographic and climatic ( rainfall and temperature ) facets that characterize the region make forest structure and composition unique and very variable. There is an unusually high number of near-endemic and endemic species among the many species to be found in the area. The entire eco-region has a size of 94,000 km2 (36,294 sq mi).[87][88][89]Southern Annamites montane rain forests: ecoregion territory (in purple)","title":"Vegetation & ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engkabang_(Shorea_sp.)_(15607560356).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dipterocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Tonle Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonle_Sap"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"seasonal tropical forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_tropical_forest"},{"link_name":"dipterocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"dry forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Henri Mouhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mouhot"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"The Great Lake ecosystem","text":"DipterocarpaceaeThe Tonle Sap, also known as the Great Lake in central Cambodia is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia and one of the richest inland fishing grounds in the world. The Lake functions as a natural flood water reservoir for the Mekong system as a whole and therefore is an important source of water for the Mekong Delta during the dry season.[90] The ecosystem has developed as a result of the Mekong’s seasonal flow fluctuations.[91]A belt of freshwater mangroves known as the \"flooded forest\" surrounds the lake. The floodplains in turn are surrounded by low hills, covered with evergreen seasonal tropical forest with substantial dipterocarp vegetation or deciduous dry forest.[92] The eco-region consists of a mosaic of habitats for a great number of species.[93] The forest gradually yields to bushes and finally grassland with increasing distance from the lake.Henri Mouhot: \"Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China\" 1864\"During more than five months of the year, the great lake of Cambodia, Touli-Sap, covers an immense space of ground: after that period there is a diminution in depth owing to the great evaporation, but its width remains nearly unaltered. Although its waters increase in volume during the rainy season, these are not swelled by the streams from the mountains on its western boundary, but by the strength of the current from the Mekon which pours into it its overflow.[sic]\"[94]On higher quality soils or at higher elevation, areas of mixed deciduous forest and semi-evergreen forests[95] occur. This variety of vegetation types accounts for the quantity and diversity of species of the Great Lake ecosystem. Interlocking forest, - grassland and marshland patches provide the many facets and refugia for the abundant local wildlife.[96][97]The lake’s flooded forest and the surrounding floodplains are of utmost importance for Cambodia's agriculture as the region represents the cultural heart of Cambodia, the center of the national freshwater fishery industry - the nation's primary protein source.[98]\nThreats to the lake include widespread pollution, stress through growth of the local population which is dependent on the lake for subsistence and livelihood, over-harvesting of fish and other aquatic - often endangered - species, habitat destruction and potential changes in the hydrology, such as the construction and operation of dams, that disrupt the lake's natural flood cycle. However, concerns that the lake is rapidly filling with sediment seem - according to studies[99] - to be unfounded at the present time.[100]","title":"Vegetation & ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coastal_plains_near_Sihanoukville.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sihanoukville Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihanoukville_Province"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"Kep Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep_Province"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Geography of Cambodia#Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hydrology"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Wetlands","text":"Coastal wetlands near Ream, Sihanoukville ProvinceWetlands cover more than 30% of Cambodia. In addition to the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap floodplain there are the Stung Sen River and the coastal Stung Koh Pao - and Stung Kep estuaries of Koh Kong Province and Kep Province. The freshwater wetlands of Cambodia represent one of the most diverse ecosystems worldwide.[101] The area’s extensive wetland habitats are the product of the annual Mekong maximum, the simultaneous wet season and the drainage paths of a number of minor rivers. See also:Geography of Cambodia#Hydrology The numerous and varied wetlands are Cambodia's central and traditional settlement area, the productive environments for rice cultivation, freshwater fisheries, other forms of agriculture and aquaculture and the constantly growing tourism sector.[102] Considering the eco-region's importance, a variety of plans for local wetland management consolidation exist[103][104] with varying degrees of completion.[105]","title":"Vegetation & ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koh_Kong_mangrove_forest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idrc.ca-106"},{"link_name":"sea-grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idrc.ca-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idrc.ca-106"}],"sub_title":"Coastal habitats","text":"Mangrove forests in Koh Kong Province Cambodia, September 2013The Cambodian coastline consists of 60,000 ha (150,000 acres) of over 30 species of mangroves - among the most biologically diverse wetlands on earth.[106] The most pristine mangrove forests are found in Koh Kong Province. In addition to mangroves, sea-grass beds extend throughout the coastal areas, especially in Kampot Province, the Sihanoukville Bay Delta and the Kep municipal waters. The meadows are highly productive, but few animals feed directly on the grasses. Those that do tend to be vertebrates such as sea turtles, dabbling ducks and geese.[107][108][109]\"With their roots deep in mud, jagged and gnarled mangrove trees are able to grow in the brackish wetlands between land and sea where other plant life cannot survive. The trees offer refuge and nursery grounds for fish, crabs, shrimp, and mollusks. They are nesting - and migratory sites for hundreds of bird species. They also provide homes for monkeys, lizards, sea turtles, and many other animals as well as countless insects.\"[106]\"Until relatively recently, the mangroves of Koh Kong, Cambodia have remained relatively intact. This is partly because of the region’s location — it is an isolated, inaccessible place — and because decades of war and conflict perversely protected the forests from over-exploitation. Local people, however, tended to use the forest's sustainability, for food, fuel, medicine, building materials, and other basic needs.\"[106]","title":"Vegetation & ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agilegibbon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agile gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_gibbon"},{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"wildlife trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_trade"},{"link_name":"Kouprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouprey"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"The endangered Agile gibbonCambodia is home to a wide array of wildlife. There are 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 176 reptile species (including 89 subspecies), 850 freshwater fish species (Tonlé Sap Lake area), and 435 marine fish species.\nMany of the country's species are recognized by the IUCN or World Conservation Union as threatened, endangered, or critically endangered due to deforestation and habitat destruction, poaching, illegal wildlife trade, farming, fishing, and unauthorized forestry concessions. Intensive poaching may have already driven Cambodia's national animal, the Kouprey, to extinction. Wild tigers, Eld's deer, wild water buffaloes and hog deer are at critically low numbers.[110][111][112][113]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of protected areas of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"text":"See also: List of protected areas of Cambodia\"The 1993 Royal Decree on the Protection of Natural Areas recognized 23 protected areas, which at the time covered more than 18% of the country’s total land area.\"[114]Natural parks (sometimes described as ‘national parks’)\nWildlife reserves\nProtected scenic view areas (sometimes described as ‘protected landscapes’)\nMulti-purpose areas","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Administrative divisions of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"List of cities and towns in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"text":"See also: Administrative divisions of Cambodia and List of cities and towns in CambodiaCambodia borders Vietnam over a length of 1,228 km (763 mi), Thailand over a length of 803 km (499 mi) and Laos over a length of 541 km (336 mi), with 2,572 km (1,598 mi) in total and an additional 443 km (275 mi) of coastline. The capital (reach thani) and provinces (khaet) of Cambodia are first-level administrative divisions. Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital.Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces are subdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are further divided into communes (khum) and quarters (sangkat).[115]","title":"Political and human geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Land use","text":"Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam have experienced major changes in land use and land cover over the last two decades. The emergence from cold war rivalries and recent major economic reforms result in a shift from subsistence agrarian modes of production to market-based agricultural production and industrialized economies, which are heavily integrated into regional and global trade systems.[116]","title":"Political and human geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_divide"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Regional divisions","text":"Cambodia's boundaries were for the most part based upon those recognized by France and by neighboring countries during the colonial period. The 800 km (500 mi) boundary with Thailand runs along the watershed of the Dangrek Mountains, although only in its northern sector. The 541 km (336 mi) border with Laos and the 1,228 km (763 mi) border with Vietnam result from French administrative decisions and do not follow major natural features. Border disputes have broken out in the past and do persist between Cambodia and Thailand as well as between Cambodia and Vietnam.[120][121][122][123]","title":"Political and human geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provincial_Boundaries_in_Cambodia.svg"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(state)"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Phnum Aoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnum_Aoral"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Cambodian–Thai border dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute"},{"link_name":"Cambodian–Vietnamese land dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations#Reasons_behind_anti-Vietnamese_sentiments"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"Ratanakiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanakiri"}],"text":"Area\n\ntotal: 181,035 km2 (69,898.0 sq mi)\ncountry rank in the world: 88th\nland: 176,515 km2 (68,152.8 sq mi)\nwater: 4,520 km2 (1,745.2 sq mi)Area comparative\n\nAustralia comparative: slightly less than 4/5 the size of Victoria\nCanada comaparative: slightly more than 2+1/2 times the size of New Brunswick\nUnited States comparative: approximately the size of Oklahoma\nUnited Kingdom comparative: approximately 3/4 the size of the United Kingdom\nEU comparative: slightly less than twice the size of PortugalMaritime claims\n\nterritorial sea: 12 nmi (13.8 mi; 22.2 km)\ncontiguous zone: 24 nmi (27.6 mi; 44.4 km)\nexclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)\ncontinental shelf: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)Elevation extremes\n\nlowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m (0 ft)\nhighest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m (5,940 ft)[125]Border disputes\n\nCambodian–Thai border dispute\nCambodian–Vietnamese land disputeLakes\n\nTonlé Sap Lake\nYak Loum Crater Lake — Ratanakiri","title":"Area and boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural resources of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Khmer Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"Dipterocarpus alatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus_alatus"},{"link_name":"Anisoptera glabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera_glabra"},{"link_name":"Hopea odorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopea_odorata"},{"link_name":"Shorea vulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shorea_vulgaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heritiera javanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritiera_javanica"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Gemstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone"},{"link_name":"Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Bauxite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite"},{"link_name":"Antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"Pursat Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursat_Province"},{"link_name":"Chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"Pursat Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursat_Province"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"phosphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"Hydro-power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower"},{"link_name":"Lower Se San 2 Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Se_San_2_Dam"},{"link_name":"Stung Treng Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stung_Treng_Dam"},{"link_name":"Arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"See also: Natural resources of CambodiaOil and natural gas - In addition to the four parts of mining project, the oilfield, Block A was discovered in 2005 and located 200 km (120 mi) offshore in the gulf of Thailand Chevron would operate and hold a 30% interest Block A which cover 4,079 km2 (1,575 sq mi). It is expected to get 30-year-production permit in the second quarter of 2011.In late 1969, the Cambodian government granted a permit to a French company to explore for petroleum in the Gulf of Thailand. By 1972 none had been located, and exploration ceased when the Khmer Republic (see Appendix B) fell in 1975. Subsequent oil and gas discoveries in the Gulf of Thailand and in the South China Sea, however, could spark renewed interest in Cambodia's offshore area, especially because the country is on the same continental shelf as its Southeast Asian oil-producing neighbors.[126]Timber\nDipterocarpus alatus (chheuteal tan) sawnwood, veneer, plywood\nAnisoptera glabra (mersawa, phdiek) sawnwood, veneer, plywood\nHopea odorata (koki) Sawmilling, construction (bridges, boats)\nShorea vulgaris (choë(r) chông) sawmilling, construction (housing)\nHeritiera javanica (synonym Tarrietia javanica) sawnwood (decorative, furniture)[127]\nGemstones - Gemstone areas are located in Samlot district of Battambang, Paillin, Ratanakkiri, and Takéo Province\nIron ore - Hermatite (Fe2O3); Magnetite (Fe3O4); Limonite (2Fe2O3, 3H2O) - was found in two areas, one located in Phnom Deck and the others located in Koh Keo of Preah Vihear Province, and Thalaborivath of Stung Treng Province. According to General Department of Mineral, the total iron reserves in Phnom Deck area are estimated at 5 to 6 Million tons and other deposits may add 2 to 3 Million tons.\nGold - Gold deposit was found in four provinces: Kampong Cham (The Rumchek in Memot area), Kampong Thom (Phnom Chi area), Preah Vihear (Phnom Deck in Roveing district), Ratanakiri (Oyadav district) and Mondulkiri\nBauxite – was found in Battambang Province and Chhlong district in Mondulkiri Province.\nAntimony (Sb) – found in Sre Peang area, Pursat Province\nChromium (Cr) – found in Sre Peang area, Pursat Province\nmanganese\nphosphates\nHydro-power - Hydroelectric dams: Lower Se San 2 Dam, Stung Treng Dam\nArable land\nMarine resources[128][129]Total renewable water resources:476.1 km3 (114.22 cu mi) (2011)Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):Total: 2.18 km3 or 0.523 cu mi/yr (4%/2%/94%)\nPer capita: 159.8 km3 or 38.3 cu mi/yr (2006)","title":"Natural resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandmining_tatai_river_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"sand mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_mining"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollution_coastal_Cambodia_2014.jpg"}],"text":"Unauthorized sand mining at the Tatai River in the Koh Kong Conservation Corridor, Cambodia 2012A polluted estuary near Ream commune in Sihanoukville province, Cambodia 2014","title":"Environmental issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"Natural hazards","text":"Monsoonal rains (June to November)\nMekong flooding[130]\nOccasional droughts","title":"Environmental issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_capital"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"NGO's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Environmental Performance Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"air quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality"},{"link_name":"water resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"sanitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation"},{"link_name":"environmental impacts of fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fisheries"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreenList-140"},{"link_name":"unexploded ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Soil erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion"}],"sub_title":"Human impact","text":"\"Environmental and natural resources in Cambodia are threatened by short-sighted over-exploitation on an increasing and threatening scale. This reduces the Country’s overall natural capital, yet whilst great benefits flow to the few; equally great burdens fall on the many.\"[131]IssuesIllegal logging activities throughout the country[132]\nrubber tree mono-cultures and strip mining for gold in the eastern highlands\ngem mining in the western region along the border with Thailand[133]\ndestruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries, illegal fishing and over-fishing[134][135]\nlarge scale sand mining in river beds and estuaries of Koh Kong's mangrove marshes affects tidal balance[136]A nascent environmental movement has been noticed by NGO's - and it is gaining strength, as the example of local resistance against the building of a Chinese hydro-electric dam in the Areng Valley shows.[137]Cambodia has a bad but improving performance in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall ranking of 146 out of 180 countries in 2016. This is among the worst in the Southeast Asian region, only ahead of Laos and Myanmar. The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.The environmental areas where Cambodia performs worst on the EPI (i.e. highest ranking) are air quality (148), water resource management (140) and health impacts of environmental issues (137), with the areas of sanitation, environmental impacts of fisheries and forest management following closely. Cambodia has an unusually large expanse of protected areas, both on land and at sea, with the land-based protections covering about 20% of the country. This secures Cambodia a better than average ranking of 61 in relation to biodiversity and habitat, despite the fact deforestation, illegal logging, construction and poaching are heavily deteriorating these protections and habitats in reality, partly fueled by the government's placement of economic land concessions and plantations within protected areas.[138][139][140]In November 2017, the U.S. cut funds to help clear unexploded ordnance including land mines and chemical weapons in Cambodia which it had dropped during the Vietnam War.[141]ConsequencesFlooding[142]\nDeforestation\nSoil erosion in rural areas\nDeclining fish stocks\nDecreasing access to clean water\nHabitat loss and declining biodiversity","title":"Environmental issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Treaties of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Convention on Biological Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Convention on Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"MARPOL 73/78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARPOL_73/78"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Tropical Timber 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Timber_94"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Ramsar Convention on Wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"International agreements and conventions","text":"See also: Category:Treaties of CambodiaCambodia is party to the following treaties:Convention on Biological Diversity[143]\nConvention on Climate Change[144]\nMARPOL 73/78[145]\nTropical Timber 94[146][147]\nRamsar Convention on Wetlands[148]Signed, but not ratified:Law of the Sea[149]","title":"Environmental issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stories from the Mekong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mrcmekong.org/mekong-basin/stories-from-the-mekong/"},{"link_name":"Cardamoms 'one of the crown jewels...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.phnompenhpost.com/national/cardamoms-one-crown-jewels-global"},{"link_name":"Kampot's forgotten Karst formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kampots-forgotten-karst-formations"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Geography of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Geography by province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Cambodia_by_province"},{"link_name":"Geography-related lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cambodia_geography-related_lists"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Landforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Populated places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Geography stubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cambodia_geography_stubs"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cambodia_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cambodia_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodia_topics"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history"},{"link_name":"Early history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Nokor Phnom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokor_Phnom"},{"link_name":"Chenla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenla"},{"link_name":"Khmer Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Post-Angkor period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Angkor_period"},{"link_name":"French protectorate of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Japanese occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Sihanouk era (1953–70)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)"},{"link_name":"Khmer Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Democratic Kampuchea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea"},{"link_name":"Cambodian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Cambodian–Vietnamese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Kampuchea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea"},{"link_name":"Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea"},{"link_name":"State of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition"},{"link_name":"UNTAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Modern Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"Protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation,_Religion,_King"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Child labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Riel (currency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_riel"},{"link_name":"Science and 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groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Human trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Sex trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Social 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portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"Climate of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Sovereign 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Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Maldives"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"States withlimited recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Macau"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"}],"text":"Stories from the Mekong\nCardamoms 'one of the crown jewels...\nKampot's forgotten Karst formationsvteGeography of CambodiaSubcategories\nGeography by province\nGeography-related lists\nBorders\nForests\nGeology\nLandforms\nParks\nPopulated places\nProtected areas\nSubdivisions\nGeography stubsvteCambodia articlesHistory\nTimeline\nEarly history\nNokor Phnom\nChenla\nKhmer Empire\nPost-Angkor period\nFrench protectorate of Cambodia\nJapanese occupation\nPuppet state\nSihanouk era (1953–70)\nKhmer Republic\nCivil War\nDemocratic Kampuchea\nCambodian genocide\nCambodian–Vietnamese War\nPeople's Republic of Kampuchea\nCoalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea\nState of Cambodia\nUNTAC\nModern Cambodia\nGeography\nAdministrative divisions\nBorders\nCities\nClimate change\nDeforestation\nEcoregions\nIslands\nLakes\nTonlé Sap\nProtected areas\nRivers\nWildlife\nWorld Heritage Sites\nPolitics\nCabinet\nElections\nForeign relations\nGovernment\nHuman rights\nLGBT\nJudiciary\nLaw\nLaw enforcement\nMilitary\nMonarchy\nMotto\nParliament\nPolitical parties\nPrime Minister\nEconomy\nAgriculture\nBanking\nChild labour\nEnergy\nEconomic history\nMining\nNatural resources\nRiel (currency)\nScience and technology\nSpecial Economic Zones\nTelecommunications\nTourism\nTransportation\nSociety\nCrime\nDemographics\nEducation\nEthnic groups\nGambling\nHealth\nHIV/AIDS\nHunting\nHuman trafficking\nLanguages\nProstitution\nReligion\nWomen\nSex trafficking\nSocial class\nSocial organization\nSquatting\nYouth\nCulture\nArchitecture\nArt\nCinema\nClothing\nCourtship, marriage, and divorce\nCuisine (royal cuisine)\nDance\nEpigraphy\nJewellery\nKeyboard\nLiterature\nManuscripts\nMat weaving\nMedia\nMusic\nOrnamentation\nPublic holidays\nSport\nTheatre\nOutlineIndex\nCategory\nPortalvteGeography of AsiaSovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates withlimited recognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacau\n\n Category\n Asia portalvteClimate of Asia Sovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates withlimited recognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacau\n\n Category\n Asia portal","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Topography of Cambodia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cambodia_Topography.png/350px-Cambodia_Topography.png"},{"image_text":"Geographic map of Cambodia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg/300px-Cambodia_Geographic_map_en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cultivated lowlands in rural Takéo Province at the end of the dry season, May 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Takeo_farmland_2010.jpg/300px-Takeo_farmland_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Borassus flabellifer - sugar palm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Borassus_flabellifer.jpg/220px-Borassus_flabellifer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Low fertile Acrisol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Acrisolprof.JPG/120px-Acrisolprof.JPG"},{"image_text":"Extensive flooding in central Cambodia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cambo_152.jpg/220px-Cambo_152.jpg"},{"image_text":"The volume of Tonle Sap Lake over the course of one year","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tonle_Sap_Lake_phases.gif/220px-Tonle_Sap_Lake_phases.gif"},{"image_text":"Tatai River, draining the southern slopes of the Cardamom Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tatai_River%2C_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Tatai_River%2C_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kampot Province, countryside with remote Elephant Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kampot_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Kampot_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chrey Thom Waterfall Mondulkiri Province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chrey_Thom_Waterfall_Mondulkiri.jpg/220px-Chrey_Thom_Waterfall_Mondulkiri.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mountain panorama view in Mondulkiri Province, north-eastern Cambodia, November 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mondulkiri_province_Northeastern_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Mondulkiri_province_Northeastern_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map of Cambodia's Köppen climate classification zones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KHM_present.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A map of rainfall regimes in Cambodia, source: DANIDA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_rainfall_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Map_rainfall_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worldwide zones of Tropical savanna climate (Aw).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Aw_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Aw_present.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Am_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Am_present.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Floating homes on the Mekong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mekong_floating_homes.jpg/220px-Mekong_floating_homes.jpg"},{"image_text":"An overview of drainage divides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Drainage_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Drainage_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mekong tributary, Stung Treng Province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mekong_tributary_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Mekong_tributary_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map of forests, vegetation and land use in Cambodia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Forest_and_land_cover_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Forest_and_land_cover_Cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southern Annamites montane rain forests: ecoregion territory (in purple)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ecoregion_IM0152.png/300px-Ecoregion_IM0152.png"},{"image_text":"Dipterocarpaceae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Engkabang_%28Shorea_sp.%29_%2815607560356%29.jpg/220px-Engkabang_%28Shorea_sp.%29_%2815607560356%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coastal wetlands near Ream, Sihanoukville Province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Coastal_plains_near_Sihanoukville.jpg/220px-Coastal_plains_near_Sihanoukville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mangrove forests in Koh Kong Province Cambodia, September 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Koh_Kong_mangrove_forest.jpg/220px-Koh_Kong_mangrove_forest.jpg"},{"image_text":"The endangered Agile gibbon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Agilegibbon.jpg/200px-Agilegibbon.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cambodia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored%2C_2013.svg/550px-Cambodia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored%2C_2013.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Provincial_Boundaries_in_Cambodia.svg/500px-Provincial_Boundaries_in_Cambodia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Unauthorized sand mining at the Tatai River in the Koh Kong Conservation Corridor, Cambodia 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sandmining_tatai_river_2012.jpg/220px-Sandmining_tatai_river_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"A polluted estuary near Ream commune in Sihanoukville province, Cambodia 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_coastal_Cambodia_2014.jpg/220px-Pollution_coastal_Cambodia_2014.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cambodia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cambodia"},{"title":"List of rivers of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia"},{"title":"List of islands of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cambodia"},{"title":"List of Cambodian inland islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cambodian_inland_islands"}] | [{"reference":"\"Land and Resource of Cambodia\". Ministry of Rural Development. January 26, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrd.gov.kh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:land-and-resource-of-cambodia-&catid=36:2009-01-26-09-00-25&Itemid=58&lang=en","url_text":"\"Land and Resource of Cambodia\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICT – Indochina Time (Standard Time)\". Time and Date AS. Retrieved October 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/ict","url_text":"\"ICT – Indochina Time (Standard Time)\""}]},{"reference":"\"GEOGRAPHY\". The Royal Embassy of Cambodia. Archived from the original on 2009-09-14. Retrieved June 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914153000/http://www.embassyofcambodia.org.nz/geography.htm","url_text":"\"GEOGRAPHY\""},{"url":"http://www.embassyofcambodia.org.nz/geography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cambodia Study Area\" (PDF). Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific(RRC.AP). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore | Labour movement of Singapore | ["1 Tripartism in Singapore","2 History","3 Major strikes","3.1 1955 Hock Lee bus riots","3.2 1980 Singapore Airline Pilots' Association industrial action","3.3 1986 Hydril strike","3.4 2012 SMRT wildcat bus strikes","4 References"] | Labour movement of Singapore
Labour movement of SingaporeNational organization(s)NTUCRegulatory authorityMinistry of ManpowerPrimary legislationEmployment Act of 1968International Labour OrganizationSingapore is a member of the ILOConvention ratificationRight to Organise25 October 1965
The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) spearheads the labour movement of Singapore, which represents almost a million workers in the country across more than 70 unions, affiliated associations and related organisations. Singapore runs on a tripartism model which aims to offers competitive advantages for the country by promoting economic competitiveness, harmonious government-labour-management relations and the overall progress of the nation.
NTUC, along with its tripartite partners, the Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) and Ministry of Manpower (MOM), work together to tackle issues such as job re-creation, raising the effective retirement age, skills training and upgrading of the workforce, promotion of fair and progressive employment practices, and a flexible wage system, among other labour-related issues.
The modernisation of the labour movement in the late 1960s has nurtured cooperation-based rather than confrontational labour relations between employees and employers. Today, rather than engaging in traditional adversarial unionism, union leaders in Singapore also sit on major statutory boards and are actively involved in state policymaking, allowing them to use negotiation, conciliation and arbitration, thus eradicating strikes and other industrial action as a form of settling labour disputes.
Major strikes are a rare occurrence in Singapore; only two major strikes were observed in recent decades, once by shipyard workers in 1986 that was sanctioned by then NTUC secretary-general Ong Teng Cheong, and the November 2012 wildcat strike by SMRT Corporation's bus drivers.
Tripartism in Singapore
Tripartism in Singapore, which refers to the collaboration among Singapore unions, employers and the government, has been practised since 1965 when the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and the Singapore government signed a Charter for Industrial Progress and a Productivity Code of Practice. In the 1960s, the tripartism institution was still weak, but the formation of the National Wages Council (NWC) in 1972 and later the Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) in 2007 helped strengthen ties between the members.
The tripartite was set up to strive for better working conditions for employees in Singapore and to maintain harmonious employment relations through the implementation of specific policies governing labour relations.
The Singapore General Labour Union (SGLU) was formed in October 1945 to help Singapore develop a stable employment environment in times of turmoil and uncertainty. SGLU was quickly renamed as the Singapore Federation of Trade Union (SFTU) in 1946, which eventually became the NTUC as we know it today.
The role of NWC is to formulate wage guidelines in line with Singapore's social development and long-term economic growth. Every year, NWC convenes to discuss wage and wage-related matters, and issues guidelines pertaining to the remuneration of Singapore workers based on tripartite consensus.
TAFEP works in partnership with employer organisations, unions and the government to create awareness and facilitate the adoption of fair, responsible and merit-based employment practices, providing tools and resources, including training workshops, advisory services, and educational materials, to help organisations implement fair employment practices.
With the Protection from Harassment Act 2014, the Ministry of Manpower (Singapore), NTUC and the Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) have also developed an advisory since 23 December 2015 fighting workplace harassment.
History
Part of a series onOrganised labour
Labour movement
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Trade unions by country
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International comparisons
ITUCWFTU
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newspapers
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vte
A month after the Japanese forces formally surrendered Singapore to the British on 12 September 1945, the Singapore General Labour Union (SGLU) was formed. The British Military Administration was established shortly after to govern the island-colony until March 1946, working alongside the SGLU. The restoration process of Singapore's economy and employment conditions was facilitated by the cooperation between the two. SGLU was then renamed as the Singapore Federation of Trade Union (SFTU) in 1946.
On 13 June 1951, the Singapore Trade Union Congress (STUC) was established to replace the SFTU. However, the STUC split in 1961 into the left-wing Singapore Association of Trade Unions (SATU) and the non-communist National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). SATU led a general strike against the government and was banned from operation when the leaders were arrested in the Operation Coldstore. NTUC quickly became the leading trade union organization due to their effectiveness and the symbiotic relationship with the People's Action Party (PAP), which was then institutionalized by formal links.
In 1968, when the British withdrew all their military forces in Singapore, the government was faced with anxiety over Singapore's economy fearing that the retreat would leave thousands jobless . Laws were enacted to clearly delineate functions of management and those of trade unions. NTUC endorsed the Employment Act after being assured by the government that employers would not be allowed to exploit workers. NTUC's support for the new law led to a massive inflow of foreign investments thus resulting in a rapid expansion of Singapore's economy.
Changes in the labour scene brought unsettling effects on workers in the unionized sector, causing membership to drop. In response, NTUC held a seminar to discuss ways to modernize the labour movement. It resulted in a decision to set up cooperatives to help meet the social needs of their members.
In 1965, NTUC and the government signed a Charter for Industrial Progress and a Productivity Code of Practice. During the 1960s, the tripartism institution was still weak, but the formation of the National Wages Council (NWC) in the 1970s boosted the collaboration within the labour movement. NWC would review the state of the economy and offer rational recommendations on wage negotiations.
The labour movement then introduced the Central Provident Fund, a social security scheme sustained by compulsory contributions by employer and employee, which provided the necessary capital for government projects and financial security for the country's workers in their old age. Towards the end of the 1970s, NTUC supported the government's efforts in restructuring the economy. The government changed its strategic focus from labour-intensive manufacturing to more skilled and technology-focused, causing workers without basic education to face unemployment. The labour movement started programmes for these workers so that they could have the basis to go on to skills courses.
Singapore went into a recession in the mid-1980s that caused conflict between productivity and wage increases. To help the nation recover, NWC recommended the unions to forgo the 1985 wage increase and accept cuts in the employers' contributions to the Central Provident Fund (CPF). This drove Singapore into a quick recovery from the recession. During this period, a flexible wage system was introduced by the NTUC with full support from the labour movement.
In 1990, the Singapore Institute of Labour Studies (SILS) was set up dedicating Singapore's desire to have a labour college.
The Labour Movement 2011 (LM2011) vision was launched by NTUC to push for an all-inclusive labour movement that seeks to represent workers of all colors, nationalities, and ages and those in the new and high-growth sectors that have not been reached out to before.
Major strikes
1955 Hock Lee bus riots
Main article: Hock Lee bus riots
Workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company started a strike on 23 April 1955 to protest against poor working conditions, long working hours and low wages. The protesters which include some Chinese students blocked buses from leaving the depots, crippling the city's entire transport system. The protests further escalated into a major riot on 12 May 1955, which later came to be known as “Black Thursday”.
Some 2,000 students and strikers were involved in the riots, which the police tried to break up with water cannons and tear gas. The crowd retaliated to the police actions by stoning policemen and buses. In total, two police officers, a student and an American press correspondent were killed in the riot while many others sustained serious injuries.
1980 Singapore Airline Pilots' Association industrial action
In October 1980, Singapore Airlines' (SIA) flight crews began a work-to-rule which was organised by executive council of the Singapore Airline Pilots' Association (SIAPA) after disputes with SIA over a series of claims. The industrial action was ruled illegal for allegedly failing to ballot members to start the industrial action. With the Ministry of Labour and the NTUC failing to bring a stop to the industrial action, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew intervened in the industrial action with the result of fifteen ex-co members were charged and convicted. SIAPA was deregistered with a new union being created to replace SIAPA.
1986 Hydril strike
On 2 January 1986, 61 workers from American oilfield equipment company Hydril voted to strike and picketed outside their factory. The two-day strike, which was sanctioned by then Secretary General of the NTUC, Ong Teng Cheong, was over the alleged victimisation and dismissal of six union members and officials. The strike resulted in an agreement to reinstate Abdul Rahman, who was the treasurer of the Hydril branch union, as well as compensate each of the five others who were dismissed the year before.
2012 SMRT wildcat bus strikes
Main article: 2012 Singapore bus drivers strike
On 26 November 2012, up to 171 bus drivers from mainland China, who were employed by SMRT Buses, refused to go to work in protest against the disparity in salary between them and other foreign bus captains. 88 workers carried the wildcat strike into the next day by continuing the refusal to go to work. The strike was considered illegal due to the strikers' failure to give their employer 14 days' notice of their intent to go on strike, which was required by law for essential services such as transport. Kit Wei Zheng, an economist at Citibank Singapore argued that given the increase in labour activism across the world, the fact that it had come to Singapore was unsurprising.
The strike resulted in five of the drivers who instigated the strike being charged in court. Out of the five, Bao Feng Shan was handed a six-week jail sentence for his role in the strike. Twenty-nine other drivers who participated in the illegal strike had their work permits revoked and were sent back to China, while over 150 drivers were let off with warning letters from the local police.
References
^ "NTUC & Tripartism". ntuc.org.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^ Aw, Cheng Wei (24 December 2015). "Experts welcome anti-workplace harassment guidelines in Singapore". Straits Times. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
^ Ho, Olivia. "Tripartite advisory advocates zero tolerance for workplace harassment". Straits Times. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
^ "Singapore - LABOR". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^ "A Brief History of Singapore". guidemesingapore.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^ a b Leggett, Chris (1984). "Airline Pilots and Public Industrial Relations: The Case of Singapore Airlines". Indian Journal of Industrial Relations. 20 (1): 27–43. ISSN 0019-5286.
^ a b "When the gloves came off". TODAY. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
^ "SMRT bus driver strike". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27.
^ "Strike by China bus drivers tests Singapore's patience". Reuters. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
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Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"tripartism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Manpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Ong Teng Cheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong"},{"link_name":"wildcat strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Singapore_bus_drivers_strike"},{"link_name":"SMRT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMRT_Corporation"}],"text":"The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) spearheads the labour movement of Singapore, which represents almost a million workers in the country across more than 70 unions, affiliated associations and related organisations. Singapore runs on a tripartism model which aims to offers competitive advantages for the country by promoting economic competitiveness, harmonious government-labour-management relations and the overall progress of the nation.[1]NTUC, along with its tripartite partners, the Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) and Ministry of Manpower (MOM), work together to tackle issues such as job re-creation, raising the effective retirement age, skills training and upgrading of the workforce, promotion of fair and progressive employment practices, and a flexible wage system, among other labour-related issues.The modernisation of the labour movement in the late 1960s has nurtured cooperation-based rather than confrontational labour relations between employees and employers. Today, rather than engaging in traditional adversarial unionism, union leaders in Singapore also sit on major statutory boards and are actively involved in state policymaking, allowing them to use negotiation, conciliation and arbitration, thus eradicating strikes and other industrial action as a form of settling labour disputes.Major strikes are a rare occurrence in Singapore; only two major strikes were observed in recent decades, once by shipyard workers in 1986 that was sanctioned by then NTUC secretary-general Ong Teng Cheong, and the November 2012 wildcat strike by SMRT Corporation's bus drivers.","title":"Labour movement of Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"Protection from Harassment Act 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_2014"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tripartism in Singapore, which refers to the collaboration among Singapore unions, employers and the government, has been practised since 1965 when the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and the Singapore government signed a Charter for Industrial Progress and a Productivity Code of Practice. In the 1960s, the tripartism institution was still weak, but the formation of the National Wages Council (NWC) in 1972 and later the Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) in 2007 helped strengthen ties between the members.\nThe tripartite was set up to strive for better working conditions for employees in Singapore and to maintain harmonious employment relations through the implementation of specific policies governing labour relations.The Singapore General Labour Union (SGLU) was formed in October 1945 to help Singapore develop a stable employment environment in times of turmoil and uncertainty. SGLU was quickly renamed as the Singapore Federation of Trade Union (SFTU) in 1946, which eventually became the NTUC as we know it today. \nThe role of NWC is to formulate wage guidelines in line with Singapore's social development and long-term economic growth. Every year, NWC convenes to discuss wage and wage-related matters, and issues guidelines pertaining to the remuneration of Singapore workers based on tripartite consensus.TAFEP works in partnership with employer organisations, unions and the government to create awareness and facilitate the adoption of fair, responsible and merit-based employment practices, providing tools and resources, including training workshops, advisory services, and educational materials, to help organisations implement fair employment practices.With the Protection from Harassment Act 2014, the Ministry of Manpower (Singapore), NTUC and the Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) have also developed an advisory since 23 December 2015[2] fighting workplace harassment.[3]","title":"Tripartism in Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Central Provident Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund"}],"text":"A month after the Japanese forces formally surrendered Singapore to the British on 12 September 1945, the Singapore General Labour Union (SGLU) was formed. The British Military Administration was established shortly after to govern the island-colony until March 1946, working alongside the SGLU. The restoration process of Singapore's economy and employment conditions was facilitated by the cooperation between the two. SGLU was then renamed as the Singapore Federation of Trade Union (SFTU) in 1946.On 13 June 1951, the Singapore Trade Union Congress (STUC) was established to replace the SFTU. However, the STUC split in 1961 into the left-wing Singapore Association of Trade Unions (SATU) and the non-communist National Trades Union Congress (NTUC).[4] SATU led a general strike against the government and was banned from operation when the leaders were arrested in the Operation Coldstore. NTUC quickly became the leading trade union organization due to their effectiveness and the symbiotic relationship with the People's Action Party (PAP), which was then institutionalized by formal links.In 1968, when the British withdrew all their military forces in Singapore, the government was faced with anxiety over Singapore's economy fearing that the retreat would leave thousands jobless . Laws were enacted to clearly delineate functions of management and those of trade unions. NTUC endorsed the Employment Act after being assured by the government that employers would not be allowed to exploit workers. NTUC's support for the new law led to a massive inflow of foreign investments thus resulting in a rapid expansion of Singapore's economy.[5]Changes in the labour scene brought unsettling effects on workers in the unionized sector, causing membership to drop. In response, NTUC held a seminar to discuss ways to modernize the labour movement. It resulted in a decision to set up cooperatives to help meet the social needs of their members.In 1965, NTUC and the government signed a Charter for Industrial Progress and a Productivity Code of Practice. During the 1960s, the tripartism institution was still weak, but the formation of the National Wages Council (NWC) in the 1970s boosted the collaboration within the labour movement. NWC would review the state of the economy and offer rational recommendations on wage negotiations.The labour movement then introduced the Central Provident Fund, a social security scheme sustained by compulsory contributions by employer and employee, which provided the necessary capital for government projects and financial security for the country's workers in their old age. Towards the end of the 1970s, NTUC supported the government's efforts in restructuring the economy. The government changed its strategic focus from labour-intensive manufacturing to more skilled and technology-focused, causing workers without basic education to face unemployment. The labour movement started programmes for these workers so that they could have the basis to go on to skills courses.Singapore went into a recession in the mid-1980s that caused conflict between productivity and wage increases. To help the nation recover, NWC recommended the unions to forgo the 1985 wage increase and accept cuts in the employers' contributions to the Central Provident Fund (CPF). This drove Singapore into a quick recovery from the recession. During this period, a flexible wage system was introduced by the NTUC with full support from the labour movement.\nIn 1990, the Singapore Institute of Labour Studies (SILS) was set up dedicating Singapore's desire to have a labour college.\nThe Labour Movement 2011 (LM2011) vision was launched by NTUC to push for an all-inclusive labour movement that seeks to represent workers of all colors, nationalities, and ages and those in the new and high-growth sectors that have not been reached out to before.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major strikes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1955 Hock Lee bus riots","text":"Workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company started a strike on 23 April 1955 to protest against poor working conditions, long working hours and low wages. The protesters which include some Chinese students blocked buses from leaving the depots, crippling the city's entire transport system. The protests further escalated into a major riot on 12 May 1955, which later came to be known as “Black Thursday”.Some 2,000 students and strikers were involved in the riots, which the police tried to break up with water cannons and tear gas. The crowd retaliated to the police actions by stoning policemen and buses. In total, two police officers, a student and an American press correspondent were killed in the riot while many others sustained serious injuries.","title":"Major strikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airlines"},{"link_name":"work-to-rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-to-rule"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Lee Kuan Yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"1980 Singapore Airline Pilots' Association industrial action","text":"In October 1980, Singapore Airlines' (SIA) flight crews began a work-to-rule which was organised by executive council of the Singapore Airline Pilots' Association (SIAPA) after disputes with SIA over a series of claims.[6] The industrial action was ruled illegal for allegedly failing to ballot members to start the industrial action.[6] With the Ministry of Labour and the NTUC failing to bring a stop to the industrial action, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew intervened in the industrial action with the result of fifteen ex-co members were charged and convicted.[7] SIAPA was deregistered with a new union being created to replace SIAPA.[7]","title":"Major strikes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1986 Hydril strike","text":"On 2 January 1986, 61 workers from American oilfield equipment company Hydril voted to strike and picketed outside their factory. The two-day strike, which was sanctioned by then Secretary General of the NTUC, Ong Teng Cheong, was over the alleged victimisation and dismissal of six union members and officials. The strike resulted in an agreement to reinstate Abdul Rahman, who was the treasurer of the Hydril branch union, as well as compensate each of the five others who were dismissed the year before.","title":"Major strikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wildcat strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_strike"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Citibank Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibank_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2012 SMRT wildcat bus strikes","text":"On 26 November 2012, up to 171 bus drivers from mainland China, who were employed by SMRT Buses, refused to go to work in protest against the disparity in salary between them and other foreign bus captains. 88 workers carried the wildcat strike into the next day by continuing the refusal to go to work.[8] The strike was considered illegal due to the strikers' failure to give their employer 14 days' notice of their intent to go on strike, which was required by law for essential services such as transport. Kit Wei Zheng, an economist at Citibank Singapore argued that given the increase in labour activism across the world, the fact that it had come to Singapore was unsurprising.[9]The strike resulted in five of the drivers who instigated the strike being charged in court. Out of the five, Bao Feng Shan was handed a six-week jail sentence for his role in the strike. Twenty-nine other drivers who participated in the illegal strike had their work permits revoked and were sent back to China, while over 150 drivers were let off with warning letters from the local police.","title":"Major strikes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NTUC & Tripartism\". ntuc.org.sg. Retrieved 3 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntuc.org.sg/wps/portal/up2/home/aboutntuc/whoweare/tripartism","url_text":"\"NTUC & Tripartism\""}]},{"reference":"Aw, Cheng Wei (24 December 2015). \"Experts welcome anti-workplace harassment guidelines in Singapore\". Straits Times. 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Retrieved 2020-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-strike-idUSLNE8AR01J20121128","url_text":"\"Strike by China bus drivers tests Singapore's patience\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ntuc.org.sg/wps/portal/up2/home/aboutntuc/whoweare/tripartism","external_links_name":"\"NTUC & Tripartism\""},{"Link":"http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/experts-welcome-anti-workplace-harassment-guidelines-in-singapore","external_links_name":"\"Experts welcome anti-workplace harassment guidelines in Singapore\""},{"Link":"http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/manpower/tripartite-advisory-advocates-zero-tolerance-for-workplace-harassment","external_links_name":"\"Tripartite advisory advocates zero tolerance for workplace harassment\""},{"Link":"http://countrystudies.us/singapore/34.htm","external_links_name":"\"Singapore - LABOR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413180453/http://www.guidemesingapore.com/relocation/introduction/brief-history-of-singapore","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Singapore\""},{"Link":"http://www.guidemesingapore.com/relocation/introduction/brief-history-of-singapore","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27768796","external_links_name":"\"Airline Pilots and Public Industrial Relations: The Case of Singapore Airlines\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5286","external_links_name":"0019-5286"},{"Link":"https://www.todayonline.com/rememberinglky/when-gloves-came","external_links_name":"\"When the gloves came off\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121127175810/http://www.straitstimes.com/smrt_bus_driver_dispute","external_links_name":"\"SMRT bus driver strike\""},{"Link":"http://www.straitstimes.com/smrt_bus_driver_dispute","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-strike-idUSLNE8AR01J20121128","external_links_name":"\"Strike by China bus drivers tests Singapore's patience\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1773%E2%80%931832) | Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia | ["1 Early life","2 Marriage","2.1 Beginnings at the Savoyard court","3 Queen","4 Issue","5 Ancestry","6 References","6.1 Works cited","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Queen of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821
Not to be confused with Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Sardinia.
For other people named Maria Theresa of Austria, see Maria Theresa of Austria (disambiguation).
Maria Theresa of Austria-EsteArchudchess of Austria-EsteQueen consort of SardiniaTenure4 June 1802 – 12 March 1821Born(1773-11-01)1 November 1773Royal Palace of Milan, Milan, Duchy of MilanDied29 March 1832(1832-03-29) (aged 58)Geneva, SwitzerlandBurialBasilica of Superga, TurinSpouse
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia
(m. 1789; died 1824)Issueamong others...Maria Beatrice, Duchess of ModenaMaria Teresa, Duchess of ParmaMaria Anna, Empress of AustriaMaria Cristina, Queen of the Two SiciliesNamesMaria Theresia Josefa JohannaHouseAustria-EsteFatherFerdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-EsteMotherMaria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa
Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (German: Maria Theresia Josefa Johanna; 1 November 1773 – 29 March 1832) was Queen of Sardinia as the wife of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. She was born an archduchess of Austria-Este and a princess of Modena as the daughter of Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este, and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa. Her husband’s reign as King of Sardinia ended in abdication in 1821, when he elected his brother Charles Felix king after a liberal revolution, during which Victor Emmanuel proved unwilling to accept a liberal constitution. She was a part of the then newly-founded House of Austria-Este.
Early life
Maria Theresa was born on 1 November 1773 at the Royal Palace of Milan in Milan. She was the second child and first daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria, governor of Milan, and Maria Beatrice d'Este, heir to the Duchy of Modena. She was named after her paternal grandmother, Empress Maria Theresa, as all eldest granddaughters of the empress were. Maria Theresa had one older brother, Josef Franz, but he died in infancy in 1772 before she was born.
The Duke of Aosta, Victor Emmanuel, was still unmarried when he reached the age of twenty-nine. This was rare for royalty during the 18th century and was considered late by standards of the time. The choice for the royal bride fell on Maria Theresa. A lot of information had been gathered regarding the appearance, personality and manners about the princess before her marriage.
Marriage
Portrait of Maria Theresa in the 18th century, at the time of her marriage (by an unknown artist). This portrait is a part of the Castello Cavour di Santena collection
Maria Theresa was married by proxy on 29 June 1788 in Milan. Finally, on 25 April 1789, she married the 29-year-old Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta, in person in Novara. She was 15 years old. Their relationship was described as a happy and harmonious one, and Victor Emmanuel spent ample time with their children. They had seven children, four of whom survived into adulthood.
Beginnings at the Savoyard court
Maria Theresa became a good friend of Marie Clotilde of France, the childless consort of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. She was also close to the Duchess of Chablais. At the time of her marriage, her spouse was the Duke of Aosta. As such, she was styled as Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Aosta until she became queen. The couple had six daughters and one son, who died young. Upon the invasion of Piedmont by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, she left with her family first to Tuscany and then to Sardinia.
Queen
After the abdication of Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia in 1802, her husband succeeded to the throne as the new King of Sardinia, with Maria Theresa becoming his Queen consort. However, due the ongoing war, she had to wait on the island of Sardinia for the end of the war in 1814 to return to the capital Turin.
Maria Theresa was initially enthusiastically welcomed in Turin, but she soon aroused great discontent among the public. She was accused of wishing to undermine and abolish so much as possible of the reforms initiated during the French occupation, and was additionally said to treat all whom cooperated with the French with contempt. Her conduct has been suggested as one of the reasons behind the discontent which led to the rebellions of 1821 which led to her consort's abdication. After the outbreak of a liberal revolution in 1821, her husband Victor Emmanuel abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix. During the riots, she declared herself willing to assume regency if necessary. Instead, she followed her abdicated spouse to Nice.
Maria Theresa survived Victor Emmanuel by eight years. She was accused of having tried to convince her childless brother-in-law Charles Felix to assign Francis IV, Duke of Modena (her brother and the husband of her eldest daughter Maria Beatrice), as heir to the throne. Due to the hostility directed toward her, she was not allowed to return to Turin until 1831. She was buried in the Basilica of Superga.
A daybed that belonged to Maria Theresa is held at the Attingham Park.
Issue
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Maria Theresa with her husband and their daughters Maria Anna, Maria Teresa and Maria Cristina.
Princess Maria Beatrice Vittoria Josepha of Savoy (6 December 1792 – 15 September 1840); married Francis IV, Duke of Modena, and had issue. Became the Duchess of Modena.
Princess Maria Adelaide Clothilde Xaveria Borbonia of Savoy (1 October 1794 – 9 March 1802); died in childhood.
Prince Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (3 September 1796 – 9 August 1799); died in childhood due to smallpox.
A daughter (13 November 1800 – 10 January 1801); died in infancy.
Princess Maria Teresa Fernanda Felicitas Gaetana Pia of Savoy (19 September 1803 – 16 July 1879); married Charles II, Duke of Parma, and had issue. Became the Duchess of Parma and Piacenza, and the Duchess of Lucca.
Princess Maria Anna Ricciarda Carolina Margherita Pia of Savoy (19 September 1803 – 4 May 1884); married Ferdinand I of Austria, no issue. Became the Empress of Austria and the Queen of Hungary, among other titles.
Princess Maria Cristina Carlotta Giuseppina Gaetana Elise of Savoy (14 November 1812 – 21 January 1836); married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, had issue. Became the Queen of the Two Sicilies.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia 8. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 4. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 9. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 2. Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este 10. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 5. Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 11. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 12. Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena 6. Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena 13. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans 3. Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 14. Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina, Duke of Massa 7. Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa 15. Ricciardia Gonzaga
References
^ Festorazzi 2002, p. 33.
^ d'Artemont 1911, p. 86.
^ Festorazzi 2002, p. 50.
^ Festorazzi 2002, p. 43.
^ Festorazzi 2002, p. 81.
^ Trust, National. "The daybed of Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia (1773-1832), at Attingham Park 608172". www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
Works cited
d'Artemont, Louis Leopold (1911). A Sister of Louis XVI, Marie-Clotilde de France, Queen of Sardinia (1759-1802). J. Murray.
Festorazzi, Roberto (2002). La regina infelice: Lettere d'amore segrete di Maria Teresa di Savoia. Milano: Mursia. ISBN 88-425-3060-3.
Further reading
Hamann, Brigitte. Die Habsburger: Ein biographisches Lexikon. Wien: Carl Ueberreuter, 1988, page. 345f.
External links
Media related to Maria Theresa of Austria-Este at Wikimedia Commons
Queen Maria TheresaHabsburg-EsteCadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of EsteBorn: 1 November 1773 Died: 29 March 1832
Italian royalty
VacantTitle last held byMarie Clotilde of France
Queen consort of Sardinia 4 June 1802 – 12 March 1821
Succeeded byMaria Cristina of Naples and Sicily
Titles in pretence
VacantTitle last held byPrincess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
— TITULAR — Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland 1819–1824Reason for succession failure:Glorious Revolution
Succeeded byFrancis IV, Duke of Modenaas Prince consort
vteAustrian archduchesses by descentGenerations are numbered by male-line descent from Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.1st generation
Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria
2nd generation
Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
3rd generation
Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France*
Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway*
Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia*
Catherine, Queen of Portugal*
4th generation
Maria, Holy Roman Empress*
Joanna, Princess of Portugal*
Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Magdalena
Catherine, Queen of Poland
Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
Margaret
Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
Helena
Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
5th generation
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands**
Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy**
Anna, Queen of Spain
Elisabeth, Queen of France
Margaret (1567–1633)
Maria (1584–1649)
Anna, Holy Roman Empress
Anna, Queen of Poland
Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
Catherine Renata
Gregoria Maximiliana
Eleanor (1582–1620)
Margaret, Queen of Spain
Constance, Queen of Poland
Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
6th generation
Anna, Queen of France**
María**
Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress**
Margarita**
Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress
7th generation
Maria Theresa, Queen of France**
Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress*
Maria Anna, Queen of Spain
Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine
Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress
8th generation
Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
Maria Theresa
Maria Josepha
Maria Magdalena
9th generation
Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
Maria Theresa
Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine
10th generation
Maria Elisabeth^
Maria Anna^
Maria Carolina^
Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen^
Maria Elisabeth^
Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma^
Johanna^
Maria Josepha^
Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples^
Maria Antonia, Queen of France^
11th generation
Maria Theresa
Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony^
Maria Anna^
Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria^
Maria Amalia^
Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia#
Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria#
Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria#
12th generation
Marie Louise, Empress of the French
Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
Clementina, Princess of Salerno
Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
Maria Anna
Maria Luisa^
Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia^
Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
Maria Caroline
Hermine
Elisabeth Franziska
Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord#
Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón#
13th generation
Maria Anna
Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria^
Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani^
Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen^
Mathilda
Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria#
14th generation
Sophie
Princess Gisela of Bavaria
Marie Valerie
Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg
Maria Annunciata
Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
Maria Antonietta^
Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony^
Maria Theresa^
Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^
Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
Princess Isabella of Bavaria
Eleonora
Renata, Princess Radziwill
Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski
15th generation
Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
Helena, Duchess of Württemberg^
Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg^
Dolores^
Maria Inmaculata^
Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio^
Princess Maria Antonia^
Assunta^
Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil^
Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg^
Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg
16th generation
Adelheid
Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
17th generation
Gabriela
Walburga, Countess Douglas
Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine
Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
18th generation
Eleonore
Zsófia
Ildikó
* also an infanta of Spain
** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
^ also a princess of Tuscany
# also a princess of Modena
vtePrincesses of ModenaGenerations start from Ercole I d'Este, first Duke of Modena1st generation
Isabella, Marchioness of Mantua
Beatrice, Duchess of Milan
3rd generation
Anna, Duchess of Guise, Duchess of Nemours
6th generation
Isabella, Duchess of Parma
Maria, Duchess of Parma
Maria Angela Caterina, Princess of Carignan
7th generation
Maria Beatrice, Queen of England
Princess Benedetta
Enrichetta, Duchess of Parma
8th generation
Maria Teresa Felicitas, Duchess of Penthièvre
Princess Matilde
Maria Fortunata, Princess of Conti
9th generation
Maria Beatrice, Duchess of Massa
10th generation
Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia*
Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria*
Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria*
11th generation
Maria Theresa, Duchess of Orléans*
Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón*
12th generation
Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria*
* also Archduchess of Austria
vtePrincesses of Savoy by marriage2nd generation
Princess Anne of Cyprus
3rd generation
Princess Yolande of Valois
Princess Margaret of Bourbon
Princess Marie of Luxembourg
Princess Annabella of Scotland
Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus
4th generation
None
5th generation
Anna d'Este
7th generation
Princess Christine of Bourbon
Princess Marie, Countess of Soissons
Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy*
Princess Élisabeth of Bourbon
Princess Marie d'Orléans
8th generation
Princess Maria Angela of Modena
Olympia Mancini
9th generation
Princess Maria Vittoria of Savoy*
10th generation
Anne Christine of Sulzbach
Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
Princess Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg
Princess Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein
11th generation
Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain
Princess Maria Anna of Savoy*
Princess Joséphine of Lorraine
12th generation
Princess Marie Clotilde of France
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este
Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily
Princess Maria Christina of Saxony
13th generation
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
14th generation
Archduchess Adelaide of Austria
Princess Elisabeth of Saxony
15th generation
Princess Margherita of Savoy*
Princess Isabella of Bavaria**
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, 6th Princess della Cisterna***
Princess Maria Letizia Bonaparte***
16th generation
Princess Elena of Montenegro
Princess Hélène of Orléans***
17th generation
Princess Marie José of Belgium
Princess Anne of Orléans***
Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark***
18th generation
Marina Ricolfi-Doria
Princess Claude of Orléans***
Silvia Paternò di Spedalotto***
19th generation
Clotilde Marie Pascale Courau
Princess Olga of Greece***
*also a princess of Savoy by birth **Princess of Savoy-Genoa ***Princess of Savoy-Aosta
vteDuchesses of Aosta
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1789–1802)
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, 6th Princess della Cisterna (1863–76)
Princess Maria Letizia Bonaparte (1888–90)
Princess Hélène of Orléans (1895–1931)
Princess Anne of Orléans (1931–42)
Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (1942–48)
Princess Claude of Orléans (1964–87)
Silvia Paternò di Spedalotto (1987–2021)
Princess Olga of Greece (2021–present)
vteQueens of Sardinia
Anne Marie d'Orléans (1720–1728)
Landgravine Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg (1730–1735)
Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1737–1741)
Infanta Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (1773–1785)
Princess Marie Clotilde of France (1796–1802)
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1802–1821)
Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily (1821–1831)
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1831–1849)
Archduchess Adelaide of Austria (1849–1855)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Italy
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Austria (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Queen of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"archduchess of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"princess of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Este"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa"},{"link_name":"abdication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication"},{"link_name":"Charles Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"House of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Austria-Este"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Sardinia.For other people named Maria Theresa of Austria, see Maria Theresa of Austria (disambiguation).Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (German: Maria Theresia Josefa Johanna; 1 November 1773 – 29 March 1832) was Queen of Sardinia as the wife of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. She was born an archduchess of Austria-Este and a princess of Modena as the daughter of Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este, and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa. Her husband’s reign as King of Sardinia ended in abdication in 1821, when he elected his brother Charles Felix king after a liberal revolution, during which Victor Emmanuel proved unwilling to accept a liberal constitution. She was a part of the then newly-founded House of Austria-Este.","title":"Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Karl of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_of_Austria_(1754%E2%80%931806)"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrice d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_Ricciarda_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Maria Theresa was born on 1 November 1773 at the Royal Palace of Milan in Milan. She was the second child and first daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria, governor of Milan, and Maria Beatrice d'Este, heir to the Duchy of Modena. She was named after her paternal grandmother, Empress Maria Theresa, as all eldest granddaughters of the empress were.[citation needed] Maria Theresa had one older brother, Josef Franz, but he died in infancy in 1772 before she was born.The Duke of Aosta, Victor Emmanuel, was still unmarried when he reached the age of twenty-nine.[citation needed] This was rare for royalty during the 18th century and was considered late by standards of the time. The choice for the royal bride fell on Maria Theresa. A lot of information had been gathered regarding the appearance, personality and manners about the princess before her marriage.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_-_Castello_Cavour_di_Santena.png"},{"link_name":"by proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_marriage"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novara"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestorazzi200233-1"}],"text":"Portrait of Maria Theresa in the 18th century, at the time of her marriage (by an unknown artist). This portrait is a part of the Castello Cavour di Santena collectionMaria Theresa was married by proxy on 29 June 1788 in Milan.[citation needed] Finally, on 25 April 1789, she married the 29-year-old Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta, in person in Novara.[citation needed] She was 15 years old. Their relationship was described as a happy and harmonious one,[citation needed] and Victor Emmanuel spent ample time with their children.[1] They had seven children, four of whom survived into adulthood.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marie Clotilde of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Clotilde_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Chablais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Ana_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'Artemont191186-2"},{"link_name":"Duke of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aosta"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestorazzi200250-3"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings at the Savoyard court","text":"Maria Theresa became a good friend of Marie Clotilde of France, the childless consort of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont.[citation needed] She was also close to the Duchess of Chablais.[2] At the time of her marriage, her spouse was the Duke of Aosta. As such, she was styled as Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Aosta until she became queen. The couple had six daughters and one son, who died young. Upon the invasion of Piedmont by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, she left with her family first to Tuscany and then to Sardinia.[3]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestorazzi200243-4"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Francis IV, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFestorazzi200281-5"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Superga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Superga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"daybed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daybed"},{"link_name":"Attingham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attingham_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After the abdication of Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia in 1802,[4] her husband succeeded to the throne as the new King of Sardinia, with Maria Theresa becoming his Queen consort. However, due the ongoing war, she had to wait on the island of Sardinia for the end of the war in 1814 to return to the capital Turin.[citation needed]Maria Theresa was initially enthusiastically welcomed in Turin, but she soon aroused great discontent among the public. She was accused of wishing to undermine and abolish so much as possible of the reforms initiated during the French occupation, and was additionally said to treat all whom cooperated with the French with contempt. Her conduct has been suggested as one of the reasons behind the discontent which led to the rebellions of 1821 which led to her consort's abdication. After the outbreak of a liberal revolution in 1821, her husband Victor Emmanuel abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix. During the riots, she declared herself willing to assume regency if necessary. Instead, she followed her abdicated spouse to Nice.[citation needed]Maria Theresa survived Victor Emmanuel by eight years. She was accused of having tried to convince her childless brother-in-law Charles Felix to assign Francis IV, Duke of Modena (her brother and the husband of her eldest daughter Maria Beatrice), as heir to the throne.[5] Due to the hostility directed toward her, she was not allowed to return to Turin until 1831. She was buried in the Basilica of Superga.[citation needed]A daybed that belonged to Maria Theresa is held at the Attingham Park.[6]","title":"Queen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia_and_his_family_by_Luigi_Bernero.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Maria Cristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Beatrice Vittoria Josepha of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Francis IV, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Teresa Fernanda Felicitas Gaetana Pia of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Charles II, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Anna Ricciarda Carolina Margherita Pia of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"among other titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_emperor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Cristina Carlotta Giuseppina Gaetana Elise of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies"}],"text":"Maria Theresa with her husband and their daughters Maria Anna, Maria Teresa and Maria Cristina.Princess Maria Beatrice Vittoria Josepha of Savoy (6 December 1792 – 15 September 1840); married Francis IV, Duke of Modena, and had issue. Became the Duchess of Modena.\nPrincess Maria Adelaide Clothilde Xaveria Borbonia of Savoy (1 October 1794 – 9 March 1802); died in childhood.\nPrince Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (3 September 1796 – 9 August 1799); died in childhood due to smallpox.\nA daughter (13 November 1800 – 10 January 1801); died in infancy.\nPrincess Maria Teresa Fernanda Felicitas Gaetana Pia of Savoy (19 September 1803 – 16 July 1879); married Charles II, Duke of Parma, and had issue. Became the Duchess of Parma and Piacenza, and the Duchess of Lucca.\nPrincess Maria Anna Ricciarda Carolina Margherita Pia of Savoy (19 September 1803 – 4 May 1884); married Ferdinand I of Austria, no issue. Became the Empress of Austria and the Queen of Hungary, among other titles.\nPrincess Maria Cristina Carlotta Giuseppina Gaetana Elise of Savoy (14 November 1812 – 21 January 1836); married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, had issue. Became the Queen of the Two Sicilies.","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopold, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Agla%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa"},{"link_name":"Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Cybo-Malaspina,_Duchess_of_Massa"}],"text":"Ancestors of Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia 8. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 4. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 9. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 2. Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este 10. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 5. Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 11. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 12. Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena 6. Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena 13. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans 3. Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 14. Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina, Duke of Massa 7. Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa 15. Ricciardia Gonzaga","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hamann, Brigitte. Die Habsburger: Ein biographisches Lexikon. Wien: Carl Ueberreuter, 1988, page. 345f.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Maria Theresa in the 18th century, at the time of her marriage (by an unknown artist). This portrait is a part of the Castello Cavour di Santena collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_-_Castello_Cavour_di_Santena.png/230px-Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_-_Castello_Cavour_di_Santena.png"},{"image_text":"Maria Theresa with her husband and their daughters Maria Anna, Maria Teresa and Maria Cristina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Portrait_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia_and_his_family_by_Luigi_Bernero.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_King_Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia_and_his_family_by_Luigi_Bernero.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Trust, National. \"The daybed of Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia (1773-1832), at Attingham Park 608172\". www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object","url_text":"\"The daybed of Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia (1773-1832), at Attingham Park 608172\""}]},{"reference":"d'Artemont, Louis Leopold (1911). A Sister of Louis XVI, Marie-Clotilde de France, Queen of Sardinia (1759-1802). J. Murray.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jwQOAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"A Sister of Louis XVI, Marie-Clotilde de France, Queen of Sardinia (1759-1802)"}]},{"reference":"Festorazzi, Roberto (2002). La regina infelice: Lettere d'amore segrete di Maria Teresa di Savoia. Milano: Mursia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Weyn | Suzanne Weyn | ["1 Biography","2 Books and novels","2.1 The Bar Code Tattoo Trilogy","2.2 The Haunted Museum Series","3 References","4 External links"] | American author (born 1955)
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Suzanne WeynBorn (1955-07-06) July 6, 1955 (age 68)Flushing, Queens, United StatesOccupationNovelist, editorAlma materNassau Community CollegeBinghamton UniversityGenreFantasy, Science fiction, Romantic comedy, Children's literature, Young adult fictionNotable worksThe Bar Code Tattoo, The Bar Code Rebellion, The Bar Code Prophecy, ReincarnationWebsitesuzanneweynbooks.com
Suzanne Weyn (born July 7, 1955) is an American author. She primarily writes children's and young adult science fiction and fantasy novels and has written over fifty novels and short stories. She is best known for The Bar Code Tattoo, The Bar Code Rebellion and The Bar Code Prophecy. The Bar Code Tattoo has been translated into German, and in 2007 was nominated for the Jugendliteraturpreis for youth literature given by the German government. It was a 2007 Nevada Library nominee for Young Adult literature and American Library Association 2005 Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers.
Biography
Weyn spent her childhood in New York State and graduated from Nassau Community College and Binghamton University. Following college, Weyn worked as an editor of teen magazines, at Starlog Press, and at Scholastic Inc. before starting her writing career. She has been both an editor, project manager, and an author at Scholastic, Inc. Suzanne Weyn has taught expository, children's, and business writing at New York University. She continues to write and currently also teaches writing at City College of New York and Medgar Evers College. She has a Masters of Science in teaching adolescents from Pace University.
Books and novels
Return to Cybertron
The Revenge of the Decepticons
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (based on the 1937 film)
The Day the Frogs Came to Lunch
Love Song
Little Women Diary
Into the Dream
All Alone in the Eighth Grade
Elliot's Ghost
My Brother, the Ghost
Jeepers Creepers (House of Horrors 3)
Catch That Kid (film novelization)
Mission without Permission
The Renaissance Kids
The Museum Chase
Sleepover (film novelization)
An Amazing Journey
The Night Dance: a Retelling of The Twelve Dancing PrincessesSimon Pulse
South Beach Sizzle, with Diana Gonzalez, Simon Pulse
Water Song: A Retelling of The Frog Prince Simon Pulse
Snowflake
Gracie (film novelization)
Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (film novelization)
Reincarnation Scholastic Press
The Crimson Thread: A Retelling of Rumpelstiltskin Simon Pulse
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (juvenile film novelization)
The Diamond Secret: A Retelling of Anastasia, Simon Pulse
Distant Waves: A Novel of the Titanic, Scholastic Press
Empty, Scholastic Press
Invisible World Scholastic Press
Faces of the Dead Scholastic Press
Bionic Scholastic Press
Snapstreak Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Novels in the Baby-Sitters Club series (ghostwritten), Scholastic
The Bar Code Tattoo Trilogy
The Bar Code Tattoo, 2004, Scholastic Point Thriller
The Bar Code Rebellion, 2006, Scholastic Point Thriller
The Bar Code Prophecy, 2012, Scholastic Press
The Haunted Museum Series
The Titanic Locket, 2013, Scholastic Inc.
The Phantom Music Box, 2014, Scholastic Inc.
The Pearl Earring, 2015, Scholastic Inc.
The Cursed Scarab, 2015, Scholastic Inc.
References
^ Author website
^ Scholastic Publishers: Author biography Archived February 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Marvel Books- Transformers Sticker Book: Return to Cybertron". Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
^ Martin, Ann M. (November 24, 2015). Claudia and the Little Liar (The Baby-Sitters Club #128). Scholastic Inc. ISBN 978-0-545-87478-6.
External links
Suzanne Weyn at Fantastic Fiction
Author website
Suzanne Weyn at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Children and Young Adult Literature portal
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"children's and young adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"}],"text":"Suzanne Weyn (born July 7, 1955) is an American author. She primarily writes children's and young adult science fiction and fantasy novels[1] and has written over fifty novels and short stories. She is best known for The Bar Code Tattoo, The Bar Code Rebellion and The Bar Code Prophecy. 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Following college, Weyn worked as an editor of teen magazines, at Starlog Press, and at Scholastic Inc. before starting her writing career. She has been both an editor, project manager, and an author at Scholastic, Inc. Suzanne Weyn has taught expository, children's, and business writing at New York University. She continues to write and currently also teaches writing at City College of New York and Medgar Evers College. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_S_Battye_Library | J S Battye Library | ["1 Founder","2 Librarians","3 Location","4 Friends","5 Publications","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Publications","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 31°56′56″S 115°51′38″E / 31.94889°S 115.86056°E / -31.94889; 115.86056Division of the State Library of Western Australia
The J S Battye Library (more properly known as the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History) is an arm of the State Library of Western Australia. It stores much of the state's historical records and original publications including books, newspapers, periodicals, maps, and ephemera, as well as oral history tapes, photographs and artworks, films and video, and non-government records which are kept in the library's Private Archives collection. The Library provides a range of services, including reference, copying, and genealogical services, as well as consultancy and reader education.
Founder
James Battye bust found in Alexander Library Building, Perth, Western Australia
The Library is named after James Sykes Battye, the first State Librarian, who began the collection in the early 1900s. It was established in December 1956.
Librarians
Mollie Lukis and Margaret Medcalf were successors to Battye as Battye librarians, and their long service to the Library was an important part of the library's development.
Location
The Battye Library is housed on the Level 3 of the State Library of Western Australia (formerly known as the Alexander Library Building). The public access can access rare and precious material from the Leah Jane Chen Reading Room. There is a help desk, microfiche readers, reference materials and computers.
The separate State Records Office of Western Australia houses the State and local government archives.
The current administrative structure of the State Library has removed mention of the name of the library from the library catalogue and now refers to it as 3rd Floor of the Alexander building, however it still has a web page.
Friends
The Friends of Battye Library has been a significant support to the library during an era where staffing and funding have been reduced by government restrictions on funding. The organisation has been instrumental in attracting external funding for a range of projects including publishing.
Publications
At different stages in the library history, publications have been an important indicator of the library collection and its holdings.
See also
Izzy Orloff, Fremantle photographer who has a significant collection held by the library
Notes
^ "The J S Battye Library of West Australian History". State Library of Western Australia: Dead Reckoning. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ Medcalf, Margaret; J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1967), The Battye Library : two decades of development, retrieved 19 November 2012
^ Ives, Alan (1978), Archives in Western Australia : the Battye Library: M.F.F. Lukis and M. Medcalf: a bibliography, Pearce Press Processed Publications, ISBN 978-0-908410-28-6
^
"J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History". State Library of Western Australia. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^ Friends of Battye Library - history and description of the organisation in Newsletter: Friends of the Battye Library, No.49 (July 1991), p. 7-9.
^ Campbell, Heather; Friends of the Battye Library; State Library of Western Australia; Campbell, Heather; Friends of the Battye Library (2004), Katitjin : a guide to indigenous records in the Battye Library, Friends of Battye Library Inc, ISBN 978-0-9580986-1-8
^ Library Board of Western Australia; J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1981), Select bibliography of the natural history of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia, Library Board of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-6923-9
^ Hays, Leigh; Library Board of Western Australia; State Library of Western Australia (2002), Worth telling, worth keeping : a guide to the collections of the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History, Library Board of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-9581167-0-1
^ Howell, Steve (Stephen Edward); Library Board of Western Australia (1997), Dead reckoning : how to find your way through the genealogical jungle of Western Australia, Library Board of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-6979-6
References
Jamieson, Ronda. A people with a past and the J S Battye Library of West Australian history . Fremantle studies, Vol. 4 (2005), p. 22-31.
Publications
J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History; Library Board of Western Australia (1983), Tracing your ancestors : a guide to genealogical sources in the J.S. Battye Library of West Australian history, Library Board of W.A, ISBN 978-0-7244-6929-1
J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History; Oakley, Glenda; Library and Information Service of Western Australia; State Archives of Western Australia (1991), Our military ancestors : a guide to sources in the J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History and the State Archives of Western Australia, Library and Information Service of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-6944-4
External links
Official website of the State Library of Western Australia
Official website of the State Records Office of Western Australia
Friends of J. S. Battye Library Inc.
Official website of State Library of Western Australia: Dead Reckoning
31°56′56″S 115°51′38″E / 31.94889°S 115.86056°E / -31.94889; 115.86056 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Library of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Division of the State Library of Western AustraliaThe J S Battye Library (more properly known as the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History) is an arm of the State Library of Western Australia. It stores much of the state's historical records and original publications including books, newspapers, periodicals, maps, and ephemera, as well as oral history tapes, photographs and artworks, films and video, and non-government records which are kept in the library's Private Archives collection. 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It was established in December 1956.[2]","title":"Founder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mollie Lukis and Margaret Medcalf were successors to Battye as Battye librarians, and their long service to the Library was an important part of the library's development.[3]","title":"Librarians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Library Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Library_Building"},{"link_name":"State Records Office of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Records_Office_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Battye Library is housed on the Level 3 of the State Library of Western Australia (formerly known as the Alexander Library Building). The public access can access rare and precious material from the Leah Jane Chen Reading Room. There is a help desk, microfiche readers, reference materials and computers.The separate State Records Office of Western Australia houses the State and local government archives.The current administrative structure of the State Library has removed mention of the name of the library from the library catalogue and now refers to it as 3rd Floor of the Alexander building, however it still has a web page.[4]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Friends of Battye Library has been a significant support to the library during an era where staffing and funding have been reduced by government restrictions on funding.[5] The organisation has been instrumental in attracting external funding for a range of projects including publishing.[6]","title":"Friends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"At different stages in the library history, publications have been an important indicator of the library collection and its holdings.[7][8][9]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The J S Battye Library of West Australian History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//slwa.wa.gov.au/dead_reckoning/battye_library"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Battye Library : two decades of development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trove.nla.gov.au/work/159322946"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-908410-28-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908410-28-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100430174843/http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/find/western_australian/battye_library"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//slwa.wa.gov.au/find/western_australian/battye_library"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9580986-1-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9580986-1-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7244-6923-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7244-6923-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9581167-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9581167-0-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7244-6979-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7244-6979-6"}],"text":"^ \"The J S Battye Library of West Australian History\". State Library of Western Australia: Dead Reckoning. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2016.\n\n^ Medcalf, Margaret; J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1967), The Battye Library : two decades of development, retrieved 19 November 2012\n\n^ Ives, Alan (1978), Archives in Western Australia : the Battye Library: M.F.F. Lukis and M. Medcalf: a bibliography, Pearce Press Processed Publications, ISBN 978-0-908410-28-6\n\n^ \n\"J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History\". State Library of Western Australia. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.\n\n^ Friends of Battye Library - history and description of the organisation in Newsletter: Friends of the Battye Library, No.49 (July 1991), p. 7-9.\n\n^ Campbell, Heather; Friends of the Battye Library; State Library of Western Australia; Campbell, Heather; Friends of the Battye Library (2004), Katitjin : a guide to indigenous records in the Battye Library, Friends of Battye Library Inc, ISBN 978-0-9580986-1-8\n\n^ Library Board of Western Australia; J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1981), Select bibliography of the natural history of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia, Library Board of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-6923-9\n\n^ Hays, Leigh; Library Board of Western Australia; State Library of Western Australia (2002), Worth telling, worth keeping : a guide to the collections of the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History, Library Board of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-9581167-0-1\n\n^ Howell, Steve (Stephen Edward); Library Board of Western Australia (1997), Dead reckoning : how to find your way through the genealogical jungle of Western Australia, Library Board of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-6979-6","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7244-6929-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7244-6929-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7244-6944-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7244-6944-4"}],"text":"J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History; Library Board of Western Australia (1983), Tracing your ancestors : a guide to genealogical sources in the J.S. Battye Library of West Australian history, Library Board of W.A, ISBN 978-0-7244-6929-1\nJ. S. Battye Library of West Australian History; Oakley, Glenda; Library and Information Service of Western Australia; State Archives of Western Australia (1991), Our military ancestors : a guide to sources in the J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History and the State Archives of Western Australia, Library and Information Service of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-6944-4","title":"Publications"}] | [{"image_text":"James Battye bust found in Alexander Library Building, Perth, Western Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/J_S_Battye_bust_at_Battye_Library.jpg/220px-J_S_Battye_bust_at_Battye_Library.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Izzy Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy_Orloff"}] | [{"reference":"\"The J S Battye Library of West Australian History\". State Library of Western Australia: Dead Reckoning. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://slwa.wa.gov.au/dead_reckoning/battye_library","url_text":"\"The J S Battye Library of West Australian History\""}]},{"reference":"Medcalf, Margaret; J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History (1967), The Battye Library : two decades of development, retrieved 19 November 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/159322946","url_text":"The Battye Library : two decades of development"}]},{"reference":"Ives, Alan (1978), Archives in Western Australia : the Battye Library: M.F.F. Lukis and M. Medcalf: a bibliography, Pearce Press Processed Publications, ISBN 978-0-908410-28-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908410-28-6","url_text":"978-0-908410-28-6"}]},{"reference":"\"J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History\". State Library of Western Australia. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100430174843/http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/find/western_australian/battye_library","url_text":"\"J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History\""},{"url":"http://slwa.wa.gov.au/find/western_australian/battye_library","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Heather; Friends of the Battye Library; State Library of Western Australia; Campbell, Heather; Friends of the Battye Library (2004), Katitjin : a guide to indigenous records in the Battye Library, Friends of Battye Library Inc, ISBN 978-0-9580986-1-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9580986-1-8","url_text":"978-0-9580986-1-8"}]},{"reference":"Library Board of Western Australia; J. S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pundits | The Pundits | ["1 Founding and History","2 Alumni","3 References","4 External links"] | Secret society at Yale University, US
The PunditsPundits Seal (1884))Founded1884; 140 years ago (1884)Yale UniversityTypeSenior secret societyStatusActiveScopeLocalChapters1HeadquartersNew Haven, Connecticut United States
The Pundits are an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. It is one of the oldest societies at Yale, often referred to as the "fourth of the big three". The Pundits were founded in 1884 as a society of "campus wits", and have a tradition of rebelling against Yale tradition, often through elaborate pranks.
The society is known for hosting naked parties and socials, which the group moderates to make sure they remain safe spaces for the individuals attending. The nudity is described as an experiment in social interaction, and any sexual behavior is prohibited at the parties. The society is also known for allegedly organizing naked runs through the various libraries of Yale.
Founding and History
The founder of the Pundits, as an undergraduate at Yale, was the illustrious William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943). Phelps went on to become essentially the leading humanities scholar in the United States in his day, and an enormously admired professor at Yale. Phelps was the original prototype of the star professor, whose lectures were considered so witty, so brilliant, and entertaining, that attendance at his course became known as a not-to-be-missed feature of the Yale undergraduate experience.Pundits' full logo
The Pundits doubtless did not originally hold naked parties but contented themselves with assembling the wittiest and most brilliant members of the senior class for a weekly dinner and participating in a series of elaborate pranks and lampoons intended to deflate pomposity and pretension among the student body.
The society has gained a reputation as "Yale's Merry Pranksters", and has been referred to as "the Antithesis of Skull of Bones". There is a rumor that they possess a secret island located between mainland Canada and the United States, which they use as a hide-out when fleeing the publicity caused by their pranks.
A different version of the Pundits logo, from the Yale Manuscripts and Archives Library
The society accrued many names during its time, including "The United People's Front of La Pundita". Speculation exists that the contemporary use of the term "pundit" may have its origins with the Pundits, which developed a reputation for including among its members the school's most incisive and humorous critics of contemporary society. The group's late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century focus on lampooning the social and political world was well-documented in the university's yearbook and the Yale Daily News, the entries of which are considered among the first use of the term "pundit" to refer to a critic of or expert on contemporary matters.
The Pundits select new members among Yale's students every spring, outside of Yale University's normal senior "Tap Day" process. The society values diversity and respect in recruiting its new membership, selecting students who it believes embody its values of love, affection, humor, political commentary, nudity, absurdity, and body positivity.
Alumni
Several members of the society have also gone on to become leading political pundits, including Pulitzer Prize-winning author and energy expert Daniel Yergin, and the 68th United States Secretary of State John Kerry. Other notable Yale Pundits include Alfred Whitney Griswold, Lewis H. Lapham and Joe Lieberman.
References
^ "Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters". universityventures.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ a b Aviv, Rachel (December 5, 2008). "Black Tie Optional". New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "Yalies join forces to prank Gaddis' 'Cold War' lecture". Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ "5 Best Harvard-Yale Pranks | The Boola". theboola.com. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ North, Anna. "The Collegiate Rites Of Naked Time, And The Adults Who Love It". Jezebel. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ "Yale Strips Down". Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ "Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters". universityventures.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ a b Hartwig, compiled by Daniel; [email protected], File format. "Guide to the Pundits, Yale University, Records". Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ a b c d Zincavage, David. "Never Yet Melted » Yale Pundits Make the News". neveryetmelted.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ a b "Yale's Merry Pranksters". tribunedigital-thecourant. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
^ a b "Political Pundits". elearning.kctcs.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
External links
Yale Secret Prank Society Investigated for Naked Hazing Rituals (New York magazine)
Dog Member of Yale Pundits Is Dead at the Age of 14 (New York Times)
Report: Naked Party At Yale University Prompts Sexual Assault Investigation (CBS News)
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Untitled , 2008
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Wikinews | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education#United_States_system"},{"link_name":"senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_(education)"},{"link_name":"secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society#Colleges_and_universities"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Tie_Optional-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Tie_Optional-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"libraries of Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"The Pundits are an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. It is one of the oldest societies at Yale, often referred to as the \"fourth of the big three\". The Pundits were founded in 1884 as a society of \"campus wits\", and have a tradition of rebelling against Yale tradition, often through elaborate pranks.[1][2][3][4]The society is known for hosting naked parties and socials, which the group moderates to make sure they remain safe spaces for the individuals attending. The nudity is described as an experiment in social interaction, and any sexual behavior is prohibited at the parties.[5][2][6] The society is also known for allegedly organizing naked runs through the various libraries of Yale.[7][8]","title":"The Pundits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lyon Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Phelps"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Updated_Full_Logo_for_The_Pundits.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pundits_Sanguinista-Movement-Parody_Logo.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"pundit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundit"},{"link_name":"Yale Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Yale's students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"},{"link_name":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(process)"},{"link_name":"diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"link_name":"recruiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment"},{"link_name":"love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love"},{"link_name":"affection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection"},{"link_name":"humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour"},{"link_name":"political commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commentary"},{"link_name":"nudity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity"},{"link_name":"absurdity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdity"}],"text":"The founder of the Pundits, as an undergraduate at Yale, was the illustrious William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943). Phelps went on to become essentially the leading humanities scholar in the United States in his day, and an enormously admired professor at Yale. Phelps was the original prototype of the star professor, whose lectures were considered so witty, so brilliant, and entertaining, that attendance at his course became known as a not-to-be-missed feature of the Yale undergraduate experience.[9]Pundits' full logoThe Pundits doubtless did not originally hold naked parties but contented themselves with assembling the wittiest and most brilliant members of the senior class for a weekly dinner and participating in a series of elaborate pranks and lampoons intended to deflate pomposity and pretension among the student body.[8][9]The society has gained a reputation as \"Yale's Merry Pranksters\", and has been referred to as \"the Antithesis of Skull of Bones\".[10] There is a rumor that they possess a secret island located between mainland Canada and the United States, which they use as a hide-out when fleeing the publicity caused by their pranks.[citation needed]A different version of the Pundits logo, from the Yale Manuscripts and Archives LibraryThe society accrued many names during its time, including \"The United People's Front of La Pundita\".[10] Speculation exists that the contemporary use of the term \"pundit\" may have its origins with the Pundits, which developed a reputation for including among its members the school's most incisive and humorous critics of contemporary society. The group's late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century focus on lampooning the social and political world was well-documented in the university's yearbook and the Yale Daily News, the entries of which are considered among the first use of the term \"pundit\" to refer to a critic of or expert on contemporary matters.[11][9]The Pundits select new members among Yale's students every spring, outside of Yale University's normal senior \"Tap Day\" process. The society values diversity and respect in recruiting its new membership, selecting students who it believes embody its values of love, affection, humor, political commentary, nudity, absurdity, and body positivity.","title":"Founding and History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Daniel Yergin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Yergin"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"Alfred Whitney Griswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Whitney_Griswold"},{"link_name":"Lewis H. Lapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Lapham"},{"link_name":"Joe Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lieberman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Several members of the society have also gone on to become leading political pundits, including Pulitzer Prize-winning author and energy expert Daniel Yergin, and the 68th United States Secretary of State John Kerry. Other notable Yale Pundits include Alfred Whitney Griswold, Lewis H. Lapham and Joe Lieberman.[11][9]","title":"Alumni"}] | [{"image_text":"Pundits' full logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Updated_Full_Logo_for_The_Pundits.png/304px-Updated_Full_Logo_for_The_Pundits.png"},{"image_text":"A different version of the Pundits logo, from the Yale Manuscripts and Archives Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pundits_Sanguinista-Movement-Parody_Logo.png/220px-Pundits_Sanguinista-Movement-Parody_Logo.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters\". universityventures.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://universityventures.com/publications.php?title=fooling-all-the-people-all-the-time","url_text":"\"Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters\""}]},{"reference":"Aviv, Rachel (December 5, 2008). \"Black Tie Optional\". New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/education/edlife/07nakedparties.html/","url_text":"\"Black Tie Optional\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Yalies join forces to prank Gaddis' 'Cold War' lecture\". Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/11/28/yalies-join-forces-to-prank-gaddis-cold-war-lecture/","url_text":"\"Yalies join forces to prank Gaddis' 'Cold War' lecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"5 Best Harvard-Yale Pranks | The Boola\". theboola.com. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboola.com/5-best-harvard-yale-pranks/","url_text":"\"5 Best Harvard-Yale Pranks | The Boola\""}]},{"reference":"North, Anna. \"The Collegiate Rites Of Naked Time, And The Adults Who Love It\". Jezebel. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://jezebel.com/5662861/the-collegiate-rites-of-naked-time-and-the-adults-who-love-it","url_text":"\"The Collegiate Rites Of Naked Time, And The Adults Who Love It\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Strips Down\". Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/02/19/yale-strips-down/","url_text":"\"Yale Strips Down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters\". universityventures.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://universityventures.com/publications.php?title=fooling-all-the-people-all-the-time","url_text":"\"Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters\""}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, compiled by Daniel; [email protected], File format. \"Guide to the Pundits, Yale University, Records\". Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://drs.library.yale.edu/HLTransformer/HLTransServlet?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ru.0308&query=&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&hlon=yes&big=&adv=&filter=&hitPageStart=&sortFields=&view=tp#titlepage","url_text":"\"Guide to the Pundits, Yale University, Records\""}]},{"reference":"Zincavage, David. \"Never Yet Melted » Yale Pundits Make the News\". neveryetmelted.com. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://neveryetmelted.com/2011/03/05/yale-pundits-make-the-news/","url_text":"\"Never Yet Melted » Yale Pundits Make the News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yale's Merry Pranksters\". tribunedigital-thecourant. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.courant.com/2001-03-16/features/0103161055_1_secret-society-skull-and-bones-yale-corporation","url_text":"\"Yale's Merry Pranksters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Pundits\". elearning.kctcs.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://elearning.kctcs.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/VLI%20Content%20Repository/Oral%20Communication%20and%20Writing/ENG%201022%20Module/ENG_1022_Unit_3_Lesson_Political_Points_of_View/chalkpoliticalpv6.html","url_text":"\"Political Pundits\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://universityventures.com/publications.php?title=fooling-all-the-people-all-the-time","external_links_name":"\"Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/education/edlife/07nakedparties.html/","external_links_name":"\"Black Tie Optional\""},{"Link":"https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/11/28/yalies-join-forces-to-prank-gaddis-cold-war-lecture/","external_links_name":"\"Yalies join forces to prank Gaddis' 'Cold War' lecture\""},{"Link":"http://theboola.com/5-best-harvard-yale-pranks/","external_links_name":"\"5 Best Harvard-Yale Pranks | The Boola\""},{"Link":"https://jezebel.com/5662861/the-collegiate-rites-of-naked-time-and-the-adults-who-love-it","external_links_name":"\"The Collegiate Rites Of Naked Time, And The Adults Who Love It\""},{"Link":"https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/02/19/yale-strips-down/","external_links_name":"\"Yale Strips Down\""},{"Link":"http://universityventures.com/publications.php?title=fooling-all-the-people-all-the-time","external_links_name":"\"Fooling All The People All The Time | University Ventures Letters\""},{"Link":"http://drs.library.yale.edu/HLTransformer/HLTransServlet?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ru.0308&query=&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&hlon=yes&big=&adv=&filter=&hitPageStart=&sortFields=&view=tp#titlepage","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Pundits, Yale University, Records\""},{"Link":"http://neveryetmelted.com/2011/03/05/yale-pundits-make-the-news/","external_links_name":"\"Never Yet Melted » Yale Pundits Make the News\""},{"Link":"http://articles.courant.com/2001-03-16/features/0103161055_1_secret-society-skull-and-bones-yale-corporation","external_links_name":"\"Yale's Merry Pranksters\""},{"Link":"https://elearning.kctcs.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/VLI%20Content%20Repository/Oral%20Communication%20and%20Writing/ENG%201022%20Module/ENG_1022_Unit_3_Lesson_Political_Points_of_View/chalkpoliticalpv6.html","external_links_name":"\"Political Pundits\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2011/03/yale_secret_prank_society_inve.html","external_links_name":"Yale Secret Prank Society Investigated for Naked Hazing Rituals"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1931/07/14/archives/dog-member-of-yale-pundits-is-dead-at-the-age-of-14.html","external_links_name":"Dog Member of Yale Pundits Is Dead at the Age of 14"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/report-naked-party-at-yale-university-prompts-sexual-assault-investigation/","external_links_name":"Report: Naked Party At Yale University Prompts Sexual Assault Investigation"}] |
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