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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brydekirk | Brydekirk | ["1 Based on 'Our Village Brydekirk' by the children of Brydekirk School in 2014","1.1 History","1.2 Mains Farm","1.3 Lieutenant General Alexander Dirom"] | Coordinates: 55°01′19″N 3°16′37″W / 55.022°N 3.277°W / 55.022; -3.277This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Brydekirk" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Village and civil parish in ScotlandBrydekirk
Eaglais BhrideBridechapel, BrydekyrkVillage and civil parishApproaching Brydekirk from the southeastNickname: The White Wash CityBrydekirkLocation within ScotlandShow map of ScotlandBrydekirkLocation within the United KingdomShow map of the United KingdomCoordinates: 55°01′19″N 3°16′37″W / 55.022°N 3.277°W / 55.022; -3.277Sovereign state United KingdomCountry ScotlandCountyDumfries and GallowayShireDumfriesshireDistrictUK ParliamentConstituencyDumfriesshire, Clydesdale, and TweeddaleScottish ParliamentDumfriesshireTime zoneUTC±0 (Greenwich Mean Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)Postcode districtDG12Post townAnnanDialling code01461PoliceFireAmbulanceScotlandScottishScottishOS grid reference
• LondonNY184705
440 km (270 mi) SLanguageEnglish
Brydekirk (Scottish Gaelic: Eaglais Bhride) is a village in Annandale in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland located approximately 4 km north of Annan.
The village was a planned the concept of the Paisley-Dirom family of Mount Annan, set around a bridge over the River Annan. Construction began in around 1822.
Based on 'Our Village Brydekirk' by the children of Brydekirk School in 2014
History
The original village was called Bridechapel and was north west of what is now Mains Farm. The name has changed over time, from Bridechapel in 1507, Brydekyrk in 1517, and finally Brydekirk in 1660. It had its own water from St Brydes well, whose spring is still there.St Bryde's Kirk ruins.
The overgrown pond was the village pond at Brydekirk Mains Farm. You may see signs of the old village. The chapel had a rough stone wall surrounding it in 1100. Before Dirom's time, the village north west of Brydekirk called Brydechaple was built round a small chapel dedicated to Saint Bryde. In 1983, it was excavated by archaeologists who found coins dating back to 1496, now in the Dumfries Museum.
Mains Farm
The Bell family have lived at Mains Farm since at least the early 1800s. St Brides Tower is about 15 m high. The people lived above, and the animals lived underneath to help keep the people warm. The beams that held the floor are still visible to this day. A pond in front of the farm where water was dammed, so it could power the waterwheel. Brydekirk Mains Farm had their own corn mill, which the Bell family has worked in since at least the 1940s. The quarry, where the boys from school probably went to work, is nearly all filled in. It is about a field away from the school park. That field is known locally as "The American" because of its size.
Lieutenant General Alexander Dirom
A landowner, Lieutenant General Alexander Dirom, wanted to build an industrial village by the River Annan to increase the value of his land. Dirom made many plans for Brydekirk.
Born in 1757 at Banff, Aberdeenshire, Dirom came to Annan when he married Magdalene Paisley, the heiress of the Mount Annan estate. They lived at Mount Annan for many years with seven sons and five daughters.
To begin the industrialisation, Dirom had roads and a bridge constructed between 1799 and 1800. A stone bridge with three arches went over the river Annan. Dirom also built a mile long road from Mount Annan to Brydekirk, with a gate and a porters' lodge at each end. Dirom used the river to power Brydekirk's industries, including a corn mill, woollen mill, and a bleach field to bleach the cloth by the sun. Dirom was also interested in quarrying his land's fine sandstone from Corsehill and a lime from a quarry at Brownmoor. In 1791, he unsuccessfully tried to bore for coal. The houses were to be built by the people themselves, and then a set rent was paid to Dirom. He wanted hard-working people to live in the village. The first six houses were built by Dirom. The houses were all built to his plan, each with a slated roof and built with limestone from quarries at Brownmoor. Each house was to be white washed in the spring of every year, the cottages were said to glisten in the sun and Brydekirk was nicknamed "The White Wash City".
In 1837, the list of people in the village were:
1 clergy
2 Clogmakers
1 cooper
3 grocers and spirit dealer
4 mason builders
1 miller
1 tailor
1 vintner
1 flax dresser
2 blacksmiths.
The village was thriving, but Dirom never completed his elaborate plan. New power came along like steam and water power was not going to last.
Dirom died at Mount Annan in October 1830, aged 74. He and his family were buried in the churchyard at Annan old parish church.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brydekirk. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations"},{"link_name":"Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annandale,_Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Dumfries and Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annan,_Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"River Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Annan"}],"text":"Village and civil parish in ScotlandBrydekirk (Scottish Gaelic: Eaglais Bhride) is a village in Annandale in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland located approximately 4 km north of Annan.The village was a planned the concept of the Paisley-Dirom family of Mount Annan, set around a bridge over the River Annan. Construction began in around 1822.","title":"Brydekirk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Based on 'Our Village Brydekirk' by the children of Brydekirk School in 2014"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Bryde%27s_Kirk,_Brydekirk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1303775.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Bryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Dumfries Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries_Museum"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The original village was called Bridechapel and was north west of what is now Mains Farm. The name has changed over time, from Bridechapel in 1507, Brydekyrk in 1517, and finally Brydekirk in 1660. It had its own water from St Brydes well, whose spring is still there.St Bryde's Kirk ruins.The overgrown pond was the village pond at Brydekirk Mains Farm. You may see signs of the old village. The chapel had a rough stone wall surrounding it in 1100. Before Dirom's time, the village north west of Brydekirk called Brydechaple was built round a small chapel dedicated to Saint Bryde. In 1983, it was excavated by archaeologists who found coins dating back to 1496, now in the Dumfries Museum.","title":"Based on 'Our Village Brydekirk' by the children of Brydekirk School in 2014"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mains Farm","text":"The Bell family have lived at Mains Farm since at least the early 1800s. St Brides Tower is about 15 m high. The people lived above, and the animals lived underneath to help keep the people warm. The beams that held the floor are still visible to this day. A pond in front of the farm where water was dammed, so it could power the waterwheel. Brydekirk Mains Farm had their own corn mill, which the Bell family has worked in since at least the 1940s. The quarry, where the boys from school probably went to work, is nearly all filled in. It is about a field away from the school park. That field is known locally as \"The American\" because of its size.","title":"Based on 'Our Village Brydekirk' by the children of Brydekirk School in 2014"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dirom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dirom"},{"link_name":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"porters' lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porters%27_lodge"},{"link_name":"corn mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_mill"},{"link_name":"Clogmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogmaker"},{"link_name":"cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)"},{"link_name":"miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller"},{"link_name":"tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailor"},{"link_name":"vintner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintner"},{"link_name":"blacksmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"Brydekirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brydekirk"}],"sub_title":"Lieutenant General Alexander Dirom","text":"A landowner, Lieutenant General Alexander Dirom, wanted to build an industrial village by the River Annan to increase the value of his land. Dirom made many plans for Brydekirk.Born in 1757 at Banff, Aberdeenshire, Dirom came to Annan when he married Magdalene Paisley, the heiress of the Mount Annan estate. They lived at Mount Annan for many years with seven sons and five daughters.To begin the industrialisation, Dirom had roads and a bridge constructed between 1799 and 1800. A stone bridge with three arches went over the river Annan. Dirom also built a mile long road from Mount Annan to Brydekirk, with a gate and a porters' lodge at each end. Dirom used the river to power Brydekirk's industries, including a corn mill, woollen mill, and a bleach field to bleach the cloth by the sun. Dirom was also interested in quarrying his land's fine sandstone from Corsehill and a lime from a quarry at Brownmoor. In 1791, he unsuccessfully tried to bore for coal. The houses were to be built by the people themselves, and then a set rent was paid to Dirom. He wanted hard-working people to live in the village. The first six houses were built by Dirom. The houses were all built to his plan, each with a slated roof and built with limestone from quarries at Brownmoor. Each house was to be white washed in the spring of every year, the cottages were said to glisten in the sun and Brydekirk was nicknamed \"The White Wash City\".In 1837, the list of people in the village were:1 clergy\n2 Clogmakers\n1 cooper\n3 grocers and spirit dealer\n4 mason builders\n1 miller\n1 tailor\n1 vintner\n1 flax dresser\n2 blacksmiths.The village was thriving, but Dirom never completed his elaborate plan. New power came along like steam and water power was not going to last.Dirom died at Mount Annan in October 1830, aged 74. He and his family were buried in the churchyard at Annan old parish church.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brydekirk.","title":"Based on 'Our Village Brydekirk' by the children of Brydekirk School in 2014"}] | [{"image_text":"St Bryde's Kirk ruins.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/St_Bryde%27s_Kirk%2C_Brydekirk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1303775.jpg/250px-St_Bryde%27s_Kirk%2C_Brydekirk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1303775.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brydekirk¶ms=55.022_N_3.277_W_type:city","external_links_name":"55°01′19″N 3°16′37″W / 55.022°N 3.277°W / 55.022; -3.277"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brydekirk%22","external_links_name":"\"Brydekirk\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Brydekirk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Brydekirk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Brydekirk%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Brydekirk%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Brydekirk%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brydekirk¶ms=55.022_N_3.277_W_type:city","external_links_name":"55°01′19″N 3°16′37″W / 55.022°N 3.277°W / 55.022; -3.277"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brydekirk¶ms=55.022316_N_3.277868_W_region:GB_dim:4083m","external_links_name":"NY184705"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Stupanus | Johann Nikolaus Stupanus | ["1 Life","2 Work","3 Notes","4 External links"] | Italian-Swiss physician
Johann Nikolaus StupanusGuillaume Rondelet in 1545BornJohann Nikolaus Stuppa1542PontresinaDied1621BaselScientific careerFieldsMedicineInstitutionsUniversity of BaselNotable studentsEmmanuel Stupanus
Johann Nikolaus Stupanus (born Johann Nikolaus Stuppa; 1542–1621) was an Italian-Swiss physician, known also as a translator. He was the father of Emmanuel Stupanus (1587–1664).
Life
He was originally from Pontresina, and joined the faculty of medicine at the University of Basel. He taught theoretical medicine there from 1589 to 1620 and developed a systematic medical semiology.
Work
Stupanus wrote an introduction to the second edition (1581) of The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli: it was a Latin translation by Silvestro Tegli and published at Basel by Pietro Perna, both Italian Protestants in exile and followers of Caelius Secundus Curio (whose panegyric oration Stupanus had given at Basel in 1570). Stupanus committed a provocation by dedicating the work to the Catholic bishop Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, and for a time was deprived of his teaching post. In 1588 a Latin translation of Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy by Stupanus himself was published.
Notes
^ a b Théodore de Bèze (2000). Correspondance de Théodore de Bèze. Librairie Droz. p. 48 note 11. ISBN 978-2-600-00401-5. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
^ (in German) Alumni Basel: Medizinische Fakultät 1460-1900 Archived 2011-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Ian Maclean (23 April 2007). Logic, Signs and Nature in the Renaissance: The Case of Learned Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-03627-6. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
^ Published in J.G. Schelhorn, Amoenitates Literariae XIV (1730-1731), pp. 325-402.
^ Silvia Ruffo-Fiore (1990). Niccolò Machiavelli: An Annotated Bibliography of Modern Criticism and Scholarship. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-313-25238-9. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
External links
WorldCat page, alternate WorldCat page
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
Germany
Italy
United States
Sweden
Croatia
Poland
2
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Mathematics Genealogy Project
People
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Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%A8ze2000-1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Stupanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Stupanus"}],"text":"Johann Nikolaus Stupanus (born Johann Nikolaus Stuppa; 1542–1621) was an Italian-Swiss physician, known also as a translator.[1] He was the father of Emmanuel Stupanus (1587–1664).","title":"Johann Nikolaus Stupanus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontresina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontresina"},{"link_name":"University of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%A8ze2000-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"semiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He was originally from Pontresina, and joined the faculty of medicine at the University of Basel.[1] He taught theoretical medicine there from 1589 to 1620[2] and developed a systematic medical semiology.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"Pietro Perna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Perna"},{"link_name":"Caelius Secundus Curio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelius_Secundus_Curio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Christoph_Blarer_von_Wartensee"},{"link_name":"Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"Discourses on Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruffo-Fiore1990-5"}],"text":"Stupanus wrote an introduction to the second edition (1581) of The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli: it was a Latin translation by Silvestro Tegli and published at Basel by Pietro Perna, both Italian Protestants in exile and followers of Caelius Secundus Curio (whose panegyric oration Stupanus had given at Basel in 1570[4]). Stupanus committed a provocation by dedicating the work to the Catholic bishop Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, and for a time was deprived of his teaching post. 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Correspondance de Théodore de Bèze. Librairie Droz. p. 48 note 11. ISBN 978-2-600-00401-5. Retrieved 1 August 2012.\n\n^ (in German) Alumni Basel: Medizinische Fakultät 1460-1900 Archived 2011-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Ian Maclean (23 April 2007). Logic, Signs and Nature in the Renaissance: The Case of Learned Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-03627-6. Retrieved 1 August 2012.\n\n^ Published in J.G. Schelhorn, Amoenitates Literariae XIV (1730-1731), pp. 325-402.\n\n^ Silvia Ruffo-Fiore (1990). Niccolò Machiavelli: An Annotated Bibliography of Modern Criticism and Scholarship. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-313-25238-9. Retrieved 1 August 2012.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Théodore de Bèze (2000). Correspondance de Théodore de Bèze. Librairie Droz. p. 48 note 11. ISBN 978-2-600-00401-5. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Poulsen | Axel Poulsen | ["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 References","4 Literature","5 External links"] | Danish sculptor
Axel Poulsen's memorial in Ryvangen Memorial Park
Rikard Axel Poulsen (1 December 1887 – 22 August 1972) was a Danish sculptor. He is remembered for his memorials in Copenhagen's Fælledparken and Aarhus' Marselisborg Mindeparken.
Biography
Born in Copenhagen, he was brought up in Odense where he was introduced to wood carving by his father. He went on to study sculpture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts under Carl Aarsleff and Joakim Skovgaard. He was awarded the Academy's gold medal in 1913 for his relief Christus uddriver Kræmmerne af Templet (Christ drive the moneylenders from the temple). From 1912, he exhibited at the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition. He then spend a few years in Rome and Florence where in 1914 he completed his Den første Kærlighed (First Love) in the Italian Renaissance style, inspired by Donatello's figure of St John. The work represented a new theme, the sexuality youth.
In 1917, he married the Swedish writer and artist Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen. They lived in Charlottenlund to the north of Copenhagen and had two sons, Ivar (1918) and Hans (1920).
In 1926, he won the competition for a bronze memorial of the First World War. Known as the Genforenings-monument (Reunion Monument), it is installed at the entrance to Copenhagen's Fælledparken. Other monuments included the Marselisborg memorial to the First World War, the Second World War memorial in Ryvangen (1946) and Kongehyldningsmonument (King's Tribute Monument) in Viborg (1965) depicting Margrethe I and Eric of Pomerania. In all these works, Poulsen succeeds in expressing human feelings in natural and simple style.
Awards
In 1914 Poulsen was awarded the Eckersberg Medal and in 1963 he received the Thorvaldsen Medal. In 1962, he was decorated Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog.
References
^ a b c d e "Axel Poulsen" (in Danish). Dansk Biografisk Leksikon'. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ Anette Sørensen. "Axel Poulsen" (in Danish). Kunstindeks Danmark & Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ Hvidberg-Hansen, Gertrud; Oelsner, Gertrud (2011). The Spirit of Vitalism: Health, Beauty and Strength in Danish Art, 1890-1940. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-87-635-3134-4.
^ Rasmussen, Vera. "Elisabeth Bergstrand Poulsen (1887 - 1955)" (in Danish). Kvinfo. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
^ "Kongehyldningsmonumentet" (in Danish). Visit Viborg. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ "Axel Poulsen". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Literature
Adriansen, Inge (2003). Nationale symboler i det Danske Rige, 1830-2000: Fra fyrstestat til nationalstater. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 476–. ISBN 978-87-7289-794-3.
External links
Photographs of Poulsen's Den første kærligheden (The First Love) from wishu2008
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mindelunden_i_Ryvangen_-_grave-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryvangen Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryvangen_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"Fælledparken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6lledparken"},{"link_name":"Marselisborg Mindeparken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselisborg_Mindeparken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"}],"text":"Axel Poulsen's memorial in Ryvangen Memorial ParkRikard Axel Poulsen (1 December 1887 – 22 August 1972) was a Danish sculptor. He is remembered for his memorials in Copenhagen's Fælledparken and Aarhus' Marselisborg Mindeparken.[1]","title":"Axel Poulsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Carl Aarsleff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Aarsleff"},{"link_name":"Joakim Skovgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joakim_Skovgaard"},{"link_name":"Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenborg_Spring_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hvidberg-HansenOelsner2011-3"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Bergstrand-Poulsen"},{"link_name":"Charlottenlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenlund"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"},{"link_name":"Ryvangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryvangen"},{"link_name":"Viborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viborg,_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Margrethe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Eric of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"}],"text":"Born in Copenhagen, he was brought up in Odense where he was introduced to wood carving by his father. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL_(radio) | KSL (radio network) | ["1 Programming","1.1 Weekdays","1.2 Weekends","2 History","2.1 KZN/KFPT/KSL","2.2 KSL-FM","3 Personalities","3.1 Hosts","3.2 Reporters, anchors & producers","3.3 Past personalities","4 See also","5 References","6 External links","6.1 KSL","6.2 KSL-FM"] | Radio station in Utah, United StatesKSLSalt Lake City, UtahUnited StatesBroadcast areaSalt Lake City metroWasatch FrontFrequency1160 kHz (HD Radio)BrandingKSL Newsradio 102.7 FM/1160 AMProgrammingFormatNews/talkNetworkABC News RadioAffiliations
NBC News Radio
Westwood One
BYU Cougars
Real Salt Lake
OwnershipOwnerBonneville International(Bonneville International Corporation)Sister stationsKSL-TV, KRSP-FM, KSFIHistoryFirst air dateMay 6, 1922; 102 years ago (1922-05-06)Former call signsKZN (1922–1924)KFPT (1924–1925)Call sign meaningSalt LakeTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID6375ClassAPower50,000 watts unlimitedTransmitter coordinates40°46′48″N 112°5′51″W / 40.78000°N 112.09750°W / 40.78000; -112.09750 (main)40°46′50″N 112°6′2″W / 40.78056°N 112.10056°W / 40.78056; -112.10056 (aux)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveWebsitekslnewsradio.comFM simulcastRadio station in Utah, United StatesKSL-FMMidvale, UtahUnited StatesFrequency102.7 MHz (HD Radio)ProgrammingFormatNews/talkSubchannelsHD2: KZNS (Sports)HD3: Latter-day Saints ChannelOwnershipOwnerBonneville International(Bonneville International Corporation)HistoryFirst air dateDecember 1, 1985; 38 years ago (1985-12-01)Former call signsKQMB (1985–2005)Technical informationFacility ID54156ClassCERP25,000 wattsHAAT1,140 meters (3,740 ft)Transmitter coordinates40°39′34″N 112°12′5″W / 40.65944°N 112.20139°W / 40.65944; -112.20139LinksPublic license information Public fileLMS
KSL Newsradio is a pair of radio stations serving the Salt Lake City, Utah region, consisting of the original AM station, KSL, licensed to Salt Lake City on 1160 kHz, and FM station KSL-FM, licensed to Midvale on 102.7 MHz. Owned by Bonneville International, a broadcasting subsidiary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the stations share studios with sister television station KSL-TV in the Broadcast House building at the Triad Center in downtown Salt Lake City.
The AM station broadcasts with 50,000 watts non-directional, day and night, the maximum power permitted by the Federal Communications Commission. A Class A clear channel station, it covers most of north-central Utah in the daytime and can be heard in much of western North America at night. The KSL transmitter site is located west of Salt Lake City International Airport, while the KSL-FM transmitter is located on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains, southwest of Salt Lake City.
The AM station is Utah's primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System. Both KSL's AM and FM transmissions broadcast in HD Radio. KSL-FM carries the Latter-day Saints Channel over its HD2 subchannel.
Programming
Both stations simulcast a format of all-news during key hours on weekdays and talk programming the rest of the time.
Weekdays
Once a month during non-election cycles (usually on the last Thursday of the month), the Governor of Utah has airtime on the station for a "Let Me Speak to the Governor" segment, where calls are taken from constituents, with the governor answering questions and concerns.
A notable program from KSL's history was Herb Jepko's Nitecap , a call-in show airing overnight on 1160 KSL from 1964 to 1990. Nightcaps was one of the first U.S. radio talk shows to be syndicated nationally, airing on numerous Mutual Broadcasting System Network stations.
Weekends
Programming airing on weekends includes KSL Outdoors, The KSL Greenhouse Show, Cougar Sports Saturday, The Movie Show Matinee, Best of The Doug Wright Show, Meet The Press, Ric Edelman as well as numerous LDS religious shows and paid programming.
KSL was the flagship station of Brigham Young University's football and men's basketball teams until BYU Radio took over the duties in 2017. KSL remains an affiliate for those teams though. Commentary for football games is provided by Greg Wrubell, the "Voice of the Cougars".
Due to its affiliation with the LDS Church, KSL, along with its television counterparts and other LDS-affiliated outlets in Utah, airs simulcasts of the General Conferences, held twice a year during April and October.
On Sunday mornings, KSL airs its longest-running show, Music and the Spoken Word, a weekly broadcast of The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square which is also syndicated nationwide via CBS Radio and television. Continuously airing since 1929, it is one of the longest-running radio programs in the world, and one of only two radio shows to be inaugurated into the National Association of Broadcasters' Hall of Fame, along with the Grand Ole Opry.
On Sunday mornings and evenings for 22 years, KSL has broadcast "Religion Today" with host Martin Tanner, which focuses on Christian and Jewish history and doctrine.
History
KZN/KFPT/KSL
The May 6, 1922, debut broadcast (as KZN) included a dedication speech by LDS Church president Heber J. Grant.
Effective December 1, 1921, the U.S. Department of Commerce, in charge of radio at the time, adopted a regulation formally establishing a broadcasting station category, which set aside the wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz) for entertainment broadcasts, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for farm market and weather reports.
On April 21, 1922, the Deseret News, a Salt Lake City newspaper owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), was issued a license for a new station on both broadcasting wavelengths. This was the first broadcasting station licensed in the state of Utah. The new station's call sign was KZN. At this time call letters were generally randomly assigned from a roster of available call signs, but it is possible that the KZN call sign was derived from the Zion concept and common motif in the Latter Day Saint movement.
The station was located on the roof of the Deseret News Building. KZN's first broadcast began at 3:00 p.m. on May 6, 1922, and included an 8:00 p.m. dedication address by LDS Church president Heber J. Grant, followed by a speech by Salt Lake City Mayor C. Clarence Nelson.
A 1947 advertisement, oriented toward potential sponsors, boasted that "KSL's high commercial standards mean high listener acceptance".
In 1924, KZN was sold to John Cope and his father, F.W. Cope, who formed the Radio Service Corporation of Utah. Ownership was changed to Cope & Johnson, and the station's frequency to 1120 kHz. The call letters became KFPT, with this new call sign coming from an alphabetical roster of available call letters that were normally assigned to new stations. KFPT, still located atop the Deseret New Building, made its formal debut on June 13, 1924. In early 1925 ownership was changed to the Radio Service Corporation of Utah, and the station's frequency to 1150 kHz.
On March 24, 1925, the call letters were changed from KFPT to KSL, and the frequency to 1000 kHz, with the "S" and "L" standing for "Salt Lake". (The KSL call sign had been assigned to a San Francisco station from March 1922 until it was deleted in June 1923.) Earl J. Glade (later a four-term mayor of Salt Lake City) joined the station in 1925 and guided KSL's operations for the next fourteen years. John F. Fitzpatrick, publisher of The Salt Lake Tribune (owned by the Kearns Corporation) acquired a quarter interest of KSL for a modest price, as did the LDS Church. This was the Tribune's first business partnership with the LDS Church, though the Church later reacquired full interest in the station. In 1927, the station moved to 990 kHz.
The recently formed Federal Radio Commission adopted General Order 40 in 1928, which included 40 "clear channel" allocations, which were assignments providing for high-powered stations with extensive nighttime coverage. The resulting reallocation was implemented on November 11, 1928, with KSL given one of the "clear channel" assignments, on 1130 kHz. An upgrade from 5,000 to the current 50,000 watts was dedicated October 22, 1932. In March 1941, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, KSL was shifted to 1160 kHz, although it maintained its status as a "clear channel" station.
In 1932, KSL joined the CBS Radio Network. It remained with CBS until 2005, when it switched to ABC News Radio. The station gained a television counterpart in 1949, the CBS affiliate KSL-TV. (KSL-TV switched to NBC in 1995 after KUTV Channel 2 came under the ownership of CBS, following its acquisition by Westinghouse). These stations remained subsidiaries of the Deseret News until 1964, when Bonneville International Corporation was formed as the parent company for the LDS Church's broadcasting interests.
In the mid-1980s KSL adopted an all-talk format, completely dropping music programming, aside from its Sunday broadcasts of the Tabernacle Choir.
KSL-FM
There have been two separate stations that have held the KSL-FM call letters. The original KSL-FM debuted in 1946 on the then sparsely-populated FM band at 100.1 (later 100.3) MHz. After simulcasting KSL for a number of years, the FM station switched to a beautiful music format, a contrast to the then-current KSL format of news and talk interspersed with middle of the road music. KSL-FM was sold to Simmons Family Inc. in 1977, due to FCC restrictions on multiple station ownership, and the new owners changed the call letters to KSFI. The ownership limitations were later loosened, and KSFI and KSL returned to common ownership in 2003 when Bonneville repurchased the station, along with classic rock KRSP-FM (103.5) and then-hot AC KQMB (102.7).
The second, and current KSL-FM, began broadcasting in 1985 as KQMB on 102.7 MHz. In September 2005, KQMB was converted to a simulcast of KSL, and changed its call letters to KSL-FM. The joint operation has been branded as "KSL Newsradio 102.7 FM & 1160 AM", though the AM signal was the main station. KQMB's former branding, call sign, and hot adult contemporary format were picked up by an unrelated company as 96.7 FM in Levan, Utah. But KQMB 96.7 has been flipped from hot adult contemporary format to classic hits format on November 16, 2021.
Personalities
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Hosts
KSL Radio is located in the Triad Center in Salt Lake City.
Amanda Dickson, "Utah's Morning News", "A Woman's View"
Tim Hughes, "Utah's Morning News","KSL Outdoors"
Dave Noriega, "Dave and Dujanovic"
Debbie Dujanovic, "Dave and Dujanovic"
Maria Shilaos, "Utah's Noon News", "KSL Greenhouse Show"
Boyd Matheson, "Inside Sources with Boyd Matheson"
Jeff Caplan, "Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News"
Alex Kirry, "Unrivaled"
Scott Mitchell, "Unrivaled"
Steve Salles, "The KSL Movie Show"
Doug Wright, "The KSL Movie Show"
Greg Wrubell, "The Kalani Sitake Show", "The Dave Rose Show", BYU football & men's basketball game broadcasts, Voice of the BYU Cougars
Lindsey Aerts, "The KSL Mom Show"
Justin and Merrill Osmond, "Sound Advice"
Reporters, anchors & producers
Don Brinkerhoff
Randall Jeppeson (Executive Producer, "Utah's Morning News" with Tim & Amanda)
Marc Giauque (News Director)
Mark Jackson
Aimee Cobabe (Executive Producer, "Utah's Noon News")
Heather Kelly
Kira Hoffelmeyer (Executive Producer, "Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News")
Nick Wyatt
Paul Nelson
Mary Richards
Maria Shilaos (National News Desk)
Past personalities
Parley Baer (1930s) Director of Special Events
Grant Nielsen (retired), "Utah's Morning News"
Paul James (retired), Voice of the BYU Cougars
Rod Arquette, host of "Utah's Afternoon News" (now "Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News")
Scott Seeger, host of "Utah's Afternoon News" (now "Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News")
Mark Eubank (retired), KSL (radio) & KSL-TV meteorologist
Rebecca Cressman, host of "Utah's Noon News"
Doug Wright (retired), host of the "Doug Wright Show"
Herb Jepko (1960s), known for his Nitecaps show
See also
Bonneville International
KSL-TV
Media in Salt Lake City
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for KSL". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "Facility Technical Data for KSL-FM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "Salt Lake City's AM signals" (ubstudios.com)
^ "HD Radio Stations".
^ NAB Radio Hall of Fame Inductees, National Association of Broadcasters. Retrieved on March 28, 2007.
^ a b "Speeches Sent Broadcast By Deseret News Radio", Deseret News, May 8, 1922, Second section, page 1.
^ "Amendments to Regulations", Radio Service Bulletin, January 3, 1922, page 10.
^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, May 1, 1922, page 4. Limited Commercial license for station KZN, serial #661, issued April 21, 1922 to The Deseret News for a three month period, for operation on 360 and 485 meters.
^ "Deseret News Radio Station Now In Operation" by Jack Cannon, Deseret News, May 6, 1922, page 1.
^ KSL (advertisement), Broadcasting, August 11, 1947, page 45.
^ "KSL Radio: On-air highlights". Deseret News. May 3, 2002. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ "Alterations and corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, April 1, 1924, page 9.
^ "Alterations and corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, June 2, 1924, page 7.
^ "'KFPT' Station to be Formally Opened June 13", Deseret News, June 7, 1924, page 6.
^ "Alterations and corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, February 2, 1925, page 8.
^ "Alterations and corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, April 1, 1925, page 20.
^ "Strike out all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, July 2, 1923, page 10.
^ O. N. Malmquist, The First 100 Years: A History of the Salt Lake Tribune, Utah State Historical Society, 1971, pp. 388
^ "Revised list of broadcasting stations, by frequencies, effective 3 a. m., November 11, 1928, eastern standard time", Second Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission for the Year Ended June 30, 1928, Together With Supplemental Report for the Period From July 1, 1928, to September 30, 1928, page 206.
^ "High Power Transmitter Of KSL Goes on the Air". Broadcasting. November 1, 1932. p. 9. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
^ "Assignments of United States Standard Broadcast Stations Listed by Frequency", page 1429.
^ "KSL NewsRadio to Be Heard on FM", September 2, 2005 (KSL.com)
^ "Call Sign History" (Facility ID #54156) (FCC.gov)
^ "Parley Baer Goes Into Lion's Den". The Daily Mail. The Daily Mail. December 8, 1962. p. 29. Retrieved March 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
KSL NewsRadio
KSL
KSL in the FCC AM station database
KSL in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
FCC History Cards for KSL (covering 1927-1980)
KSL-FM
KSL-FM in the FCC FM station database
KSL-FM on Radio-Locator
KSL-FM in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
FCC History Cards for KFSI (was KSL-FM from 1943 to 1978)
vteRadio stations in the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan area, including Ogden and ProvoThis region consists of the Wasatch Front.By AM frequency
570
700
730
820
860
960
1010
1060
1120
1160
1230
1280
1320
1340
1370
1400
1430
1450
1490
1550
1580
1600
1640
By FM frequency
88.1
88.3
88.7
89.1
90.1
90.9
91.7
KOHS
KPCW
KUFR
92.1
92.5
93.3
94.1
94.9
95.5
96.3
96.7
97.1
97.5
97.9
98.7
99.5
100.3
100.7
101.1
101.5
101.9
102.3
102.7
103.1
103.5
104.3
104.7
105.1
105.9
106.3
106.7
107.1
107.5
107.9
LPFM
99.9
Translators
88.1
91.3
91.9
92.1
94.5
K233DI
K233DP
95.3
95.5
96.7
98.3
K252DI
K252EH
99.1
99.9
K260DC
K260DS
103.9
104.7
105.5
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.55
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
1160
89.1-1
89.1-2
90.1-1
90.1-2
90.1-3
90.9-1
92.5-1
92.5-2
94.1-1
96.3-1
96.3-2
97.1-1
98.7-1
99.5-1
99.5-2
100.3-1
101.1-1
102.7-1
102.7-2
103.5-1
103.5-2
105.1-1
105.1-2
105.1-3
105.9-1
105.9-2
106.7-1
106.7-2
By call sign
K201AE
K217CL
K220AY
K221GK
K233DI
K233DP
K237FG
K238CE
K244EN
K252DI
K252EH
K256AE
K260DC
K260DS
K280GJ
K284AY
K288GY
KAAZ-FM
HD2
KALL
KANN
KBEE
KBER
KBJA
KBMG
KBYU-FM
HD2
KBZN
KDUT
KDYL
KEC78
KEGH
KENZ
KEYY
KHTB
KIHU
KIXR
KJJC
KJMY
HD2
KKAT
KKLV
KKUT
KLO-FM
KMES
KMRI
KNAH
KNIT
KNIV
KNRS
KNRS-FM
KODJ
KOGN
KOHS
KOVO
KPCW
KPGR
KRCL
KRSP-FM
KSFI
KSL
KSL-FM
HD2
KSOP
KSOP-FM
KSVN
KTCE
KTMP
KTUB
KUAA-LP
KUAO
KUBL-FM
KUDD
KUER-FM
HD2
HD3
KUFR
KUMT
KUTN
KUTR
KUUB
KUUU
HD2
KWLO
KXRK
HD2
KYFO-FM
KYMV
KZHT
KZNS
KZNS-FM
Transmitter sites
Ensign Peak
Farnsworth Peak
Humpy Peak
Lake Mountains
West Mountain
Defunct
KLLB (1510 AM)
KNFL (1470 AM)
KSOS (800 AM)
KTKK (630 AM)
KWDZ (910 AM)
KXOL (1660 AM)
Nearby regions
Central Utah
Logan
Southwestern Wyoming
See also
List of radio stations in Utah
vteNews/Talk radio stations in the state of UtahStations
KBJA - Sandy
KCPX – Spanish Valley
KDXU – Saint George
KHQN – Spanish Fork
KJJC – Murray
KKAT – Salt Lake City
KNRS – Salt Lake City
KNRS-FM – Centerville
KOAL – Price
KSGO – Saint George
KSL (AM/FM) – Salt Lake City/Midvale
KSUB – Cedar City
KVEL – Vernal
KVNU – Logan
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Utah
vteBonneville InternationalRadio stations
KBLX-FM
KEPN
KIRO
KIRO-FM
KKFN
KHTK
KMVP-FM
KMVQ-FM
KNCI
KOIT
KOSI
KRSP-FM
KSFI
KSL
KSL-FM
KTAR
KTAR-FM
KTTH
KUFX
KYGO-FM
KYMX
KZZO
Television stations
KSL-TV (NBC)
See also: BYU Broadcasting
vteClear-channel stationsThese AM radio stations have a full-power nighttime skywave signal well beyond their daytime groundwave coverage, by international agreements.Canada
CBEF
CBK
CBN
CBR
CBW
CBY
CFNV
CFRB
CFZM
CJBC
CKAC
CKDO
CKGM
CKWX
United States
KAAY
KBBI
KBRW
KBYR
KCBF
KCHU
KDKA
KDLG
KENI
KEX
KFAB
KFAR
KFBK
KFI
KFQD
KGO
KICY
KIRO
KJNP
KMOX
KNBR
KNOM
KNWN
KNX
KNZR
KOA
KOAN
KOKC
KOTZ
KRLD
KSL
KSTP
KTSB
KVNT
KWKH
KXEL
KYUK
KYW
WABC
WBAL
WBAP
WBBM
WBBR
WBT
WBZ
WCBS
WCCO
WCKY
WFAN
WFED
WFME
WGN
WGY
WHAM
WHAS
WHO
WJR
WLAC
WLS
WLW
WMVP
WOAI
WOR
WPHT
WRVA
WSB
WSCR
WSM
WTAM
WTIC
WWKB
WWL
WWVA
Mexico
XEB
XECPAE
XEG
XEMR
XEPRS
XEQ
XERF
XEROK
XEW
XEWA
XEWK
XEWW
XEX
Bahamas
ZNS-1
By frequency
540 (SK)
540 (S.L.P.)
640 (NL)
640 (CA)
640 (AK)
650 (AK)
650 (TN)
660 (AK)
660 (NY)
670 (AK)
670 (IL)
680 (AK)
680 (CA)
690 (B.C.)
690 (QC)
700 (AK)
700 (OH)
710 (WA)
710 (NY)
720 (AK)
720 (IL)
730 (QC)
730 (CDMX)
740 (ON)
750 (AK)
750 (GA)
760 (MI)
770 (AK)
770 (NY)
780 (AK)
780 (IL)
800 (Chih.)
810 (CA)
810 (NY)
820 (AK)
820 (TX)
830 (MN)
840 (KY)
850 (AK)
850 (CO)
860 (ON)
870 (LA)
880 (NY)
890 (AK)
890 (IL)
900 (CDMX)
940 (CDMX)
940 (QC)
990 (MB)
990 (NL)
1000 (IL)
1000 (WA)
1010 (AB)
1010 (ON)
1020 (AK)
1020 (PA)
1030 (MA)
1040 (IA)
1050 (N.L.)
1060 (PA)
1060 (CDMX)
1070 (CA)
1080 (AK)
1080 (CT)
1080 (TX)
1090 (AR)
1090 (MD)
1090 (B.C.)
1100 (OH)
1110 (NC)
1110 (NE)
1120 (MO)
1130 (BC)
1130 (LA)
1130 (NY)
1140 (VA)
1140 (N.L.)
1160 (UT)
1170 (AK)
1170 (OK)
1170 (WV)
1180 (NY)
1190 (OR)
1190 (Jal.)
1200 (TX)
1210 (PA)
1220 (CDMX)
1500 (DC)
1500 (MN)
1510 (TN)
1520 (NY)
1520 (OK)
1530 (CA)
1530 (OH)
1540 (IA)
1540 (Bah.)
1550 (ON)
1560 (CA)
1560 (NY)
1570 (Coah.)
1580 (ON)
See also
Daytime-only radio stations
vteAll-news radio stations in the United StatesABC News Radio
WINS/WINS-FM (New York City)
KNWN/KNWN-FM (Seattle)
Black Information Network
KFOO (Riverside, California)
KHHO (Tacoma–Seattle)
KHVN (Fort Worth–Dallas)
KKGM (Fort Worth–Dallas)
KKSF (Oakland–San Francisco)
W227BF/KQQL-HD2 (Shoreview–Minneapolis–St. Paul)
W254AZ/WRFX-HD2 (Belmont–Charlotte)
W256BT/WMMS-HD2 (Cleveland)
WBIN (Atlanta)
WDFN (Detroit)
WGVL (Greenville, South Carolina)
WHTY (Phenix City, Alabama–Columbus, Georgia)
WIZE (Springfield-Dayton)
WMGE (Dry Branch–Macon)
WNOH (Norfolk)
WODT (New Orleans)
WWRL (New York City)
WQLL (Pikesville-Baltimore)
WTEL ( Philadelphia)
WXBN (Miami)
WYNF (Augusta)
CBS News Radio
KCBS/KFRC-FM (San Francisco)
KNX/KNX-FM (Los Angeles)
KRLD (Dallas)
KYW/WPHI-FM (Philadelphia)
WBBM/WCFS-FM (Chicago)
WBZ (Boston)
WCBS (New York City)
WTOP-FM (Washington, D.C.)
WWJ (Detroit)
WGL (Fort Wayne, Indiana)
Independent
WNUZ-LP (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Midvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midvale,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Bonneville International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_International"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"KSL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV"},{"link_name":"Triad Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_Center"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"clear channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Farnsworth Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnsworth_Peak"},{"link_name":"Oquirrh Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oquirrh_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saints Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Radio station in Utah, United StatesKSL Newsradio is a pair of radio stations serving the Salt Lake City, Utah region, consisting of the original AM station, KSL, licensed to Salt Lake City on 1160 kHz, and FM station KSL-FM, licensed to Midvale on 102.7 MHz. Owned by Bonneville International, a broadcasting subsidiary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the stations share studios with sister television station KSL-TV in the Broadcast House building at the Triad Center in downtown Salt Lake City.The AM station broadcasts with 50,000 watts non-directional, day and night, the maximum power permitted by the Federal Communications Commission. A Class A clear channel station, it covers most of north-central Utah in the daytime and can be heard in much of western North America at night. The KSL transmitter site is located west of Salt Lake City International Airport,[3] while the KSL-FM transmitter is located on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains, southwest of Salt Lake City.The AM station is Utah's primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System. Both KSL's AM and FM transmissions broadcast in HD Radio. KSL-FM carries the Latter-day Saints Channel over its HD2 subchannel.[4]","title":"KSL (radio network)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"all-news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"talk programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"}],"text":"Both stations simulcast a format of all-news during key hours on weekdays and talk programming the rest of the time.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Herb Jepko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Jepko"},{"link_name":"Mutual Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System"}],"sub_title":"Weekdays","text":"Once a month during non-election cycles (usually on the last Thursday of the month), the Governor of Utah has airtime on the station for a \"Let Me Speak to the Governor\" segment, where calls are taken from constituents, with the governor answering questions and concerns.A notable program from KSL's history was Herb Jepko's Nitecap [Radio Network], a call-in show airing overnight on 1160 KSL from 1964 to 1990. Nightcaps was one of the first U.S. radio talk shows to be syndicated nationally, airing on numerous Mutual Broadcasting System Network stations.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meet The Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_The_Press"},{"link_name":"Ric Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Edelman"},{"link_name":"paid programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football"},{"link_name":"men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"BYU Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Radio"},{"link_name":"Greg Wrubell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Wrubell"},{"link_name":"General Conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Music and the Spoken Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_the_Spoken_Word"},{"link_name":"The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabernacle_Choir_at_Temple_Square"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_in_radio"},{"link_name":"National Association of Broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters"},{"link_name":"Grand Ole Opry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Weekends","text":"Programming airing on weekends includes KSL Outdoors, The KSL Greenhouse Show, Cougar Sports Saturday, The Movie Show Matinee, Best of The Doug Wright Show, Meet The Press, Ric Edelman as well as numerous LDS religious shows and paid programming.KSL was the flagship station of Brigham Young University's football and men's basketball teams until BYU Radio took over the duties in 2017. KSL remains an affiliate for those teams though. Commentary for football games is provided by Greg Wrubell, the \"Voice of the Cougars\".Due to its affiliation with the LDS Church, KSL, along with its television counterparts and other LDS-affiliated outlets in Utah, airs simulcasts of the General Conferences, held twice a year during April and October.On Sunday mornings, KSL airs its longest-running show, Music and the Spoken Word, a weekly broadcast of The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square which is also syndicated nationwide via CBS Radio and television. Continuously airing since 1929, it is one of the longest-running radio programs in the world, and one of only two radio shows to be inaugurated into the National Association of Broadcasters' Hall of Fame, along with the Grand Ole Opry.[5]On Sunday mornings and evenings for 22 years, KSL has broadcast \"Religion Today\" with host Martin Tanner, which focuses on Christian and Jewish history and doctrine.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_KSL_broadcast.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speeches-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion"},{"link_name":"Latter Day Saint movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Heber J. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_J._Grant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speeches-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_radio_station_KSL_(1947).gif"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Earl J. Glade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_J._Glade"},{"link_name":"John F. Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"The Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Federal Radio Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission"},{"link_name":"General Order 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_40"},{"link_name":"clear channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"ABC News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"KSL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"KUTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUTV"},{"link_name":"ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)"},{"link_name":"Bonneville International Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_International"}],"sub_title":"KZN/KFPT/KSL","text":"The May 6, 1922, debut broadcast (as KZN) included a dedication speech by LDS Church president Heber J. Grant.[6]Effective December 1, 1921, the U.S. Department of Commerce, in charge of radio at the time, adopted a regulation formally establishing a broadcasting station category, which set aside the wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz) for entertainment broadcasts, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for farm market and weather reports.[7]On April 21, 1922, the Deseret News, a Salt Lake City newspaper owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), was issued a license for a new station on both broadcasting wavelengths.[8] This was the first broadcasting station licensed in the state of Utah. The new station's call sign was KZN. At this time call letters were generally randomly assigned from a roster of available call signs, but it is possible that the KZN call sign was derived from the Zion concept and common motif in the Latter Day Saint movement. \nThe station was located on the roof of the Deseret News Building. KZN's first broadcast began at 3:00 p.m. on May 6, 1922,[9] and included an 8:00 p.m. dedication address by LDS Church president Heber J. Grant, followed by a speech by Salt Lake City Mayor C. Clarence Nelson.[6]A 1947 advertisement, oriented toward potential sponsors, boasted that \"KSL's high commercial standards mean high listener acceptance\".[10]In 1924, KZN was sold to John Cope and his father, F.W. Cope, who formed the Radio Service Corporation of Utah.[11] Ownership was changed to Cope & Johnson, and the station's frequency to 1120 kHz.[12] The call letters became KFPT,[13] with this new call sign coming from an alphabetical roster of available call letters that were normally assigned to new stations. KFPT, still located atop the Deseret New Building, made its formal debut on June 13, 1924.[14] In early 1925 ownership was changed to the Radio Service Corporation of Utah, and the station's frequency to 1150 kHz.[15]On March 24, 1925, the call letters were changed from KFPT to KSL, and the frequency to 1000 kHz,[16] with the \"S\" and \"L\" standing for \"Salt Lake\". (The KSL call sign had been assigned to a San Francisco station from March 1922 until it was deleted in June 1923.)[17] Earl J. Glade (later a four-term mayor of Salt Lake City) joined the station in 1925 and guided KSL's operations for the next fourteen years. John F. Fitzpatrick, publisher of The Salt Lake Tribune (owned by the Kearns Corporation) acquired a quarter interest of KSL for a modest price, as did the LDS Church. This was the Tribune's first business partnership with the LDS Church, though the Church later reacquired full interest in the station.[18] In 1927, the station moved to 990 kHz.The recently formed Federal Radio Commission adopted General Order 40 in 1928, which included 40 \"clear channel\" allocations, which were assignments providing for high-powered stations with extensive nighttime coverage. The resulting reallocation was implemented on November 11, 1928, with KSL given one of the \"clear channel\" assignments, on 1130 kHz.[19] An upgrade from 5,000 to the current 50,000 watts was dedicated October 22, 1932.[20] In March 1941, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, KSL was shifted to 1160 kHz, although it maintained its status as a \"clear channel\" station.[21]In 1932, KSL joined the CBS Radio Network. It remained with CBS until 2005, when it switched to ABC News Radio. The station gained a television counterpart in 1949, the CBS affiliate KSL-TV. (KSL-TV switched to NBC in 1995 after KUTV Channel 2 came under the ownership of CBS, following its acquisition by Westinghouse). These stations remained subsidiaries of the Deseret News until 1964, when Bonneville International Corporation was formed as the parent company for the LDS Church's broadcasting interests.In the mid-1980s KSL adopted an all-talk format, completely dropping music programming, aside from its Sunday broadcasts of the Tabernacle Choir.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simulcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"KSFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSFI"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"KRSP-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRSP-FM"},{"link_name":"hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music#Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"96.7 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUTN"},{"link_name":"Levan, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levan,_Utah"}],"sub_title":"KSL-FM","text":"There have been two separate stations that have held the KSL-FM call letters. The original KSL-FM debuted in 1946 on the then sparsely-populated FM band at 100.1 (later 100.3) MHz. After simulcasting KSL for a number of years, the FM station switched to a beautiful music format, a contrast to the then-current KSL format of news and talk interspersed with middle of the road music. KSL-FM was sold to Simmons Family Inc. in 1977, due to FCC restrictions on multiple station ownership, and the new owners changed the call letters to KSFI. The ownership limitations were later loosened, and KSFI and KSL returned to common ownership in 2003 when Bonneville repurchased the station, along with classic rock KRSP-FM (103.5) and then-hot AC KQMB (102.7).The second, and current KSL-FM, began broadcasting in 1985 as KQMB on 102.7 MHz. In September 2005, KQMB was converted to a simulcast of KSL,[22] and changed its call letters to KSL-FM.[23] The joint operation has been branded as \"KSL Newsradio 102.7 FM & 1160 AM\", though the AM signal was the main station. KQMB's former branding, call sign, and hot adult contemporary format were picked up by an unrelated company as 96.7 FM in Levan, Utah. But KQMB 96.7 has been flipped from hot adult contemporary format to classic hits format on November 16, 2021.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triad_center_slc_utah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Triad Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_Center"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Merrill Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Osmond"}],"sub_title":"Hosts","text":"KSL Radio is located in the Triad Center in Salt Lake City.Amanda Dickson, \"Utah's Morning News\", \"A Woman's View\"\nTim Hughes, \"Utah's Morning News\",\"KSL Outdoors\"\nDave Noriega, \"Dave and Dujanovic\"\nDebbie Dujanovic, \"Dave and Dujanovic\"\nMaria Shilaos, \"Utah's Noon News\", \"KSL Greenhouse Show\"\nBoyd Matheson, \"Inside Sources with Boyd Matheson\"\nJeff Caplan, \"Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News\"\nAlex Kirry, \"Unrivaled\"\nScott Mitchell, \"Unrivaled\"\nSteve Salles, \"The KSL Movie Show\"\nDoug Wright, \"The KSL Movie Show\"\nGreg Wrubell, \"The Kalani Sitake Show\", \"The Dave Rose Show\", BYU football & men's basketball game broadcasts, Voice of the BYU Cougars\nLindsey Aerts, \"The KSL Mom Show\"\nJustin and Merrill Osmond, \"Sound Advice\"","title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reporters, anchors & producers","text":"Don Brinkerhoff\nRandall Jeppeson (Executive Producer, \"Utah's Morning News\" with Tim & Amanda)\nMarc Giauque (News Director)\nMark Jackson\nAimee Cobabe (Executive Producer, \"Utah's Noon News\")\nHeather Kelly\nKira Hoffelmeyer (Executive Producer, \"Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News\")\nNick Wyatt\nPaul Nelson\nMary Richards\nMaria Shilaos (National News Desk)","title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parley Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parley_Baer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Herb Jepko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Jepko"}],"sub_title":"Past personalities","text":"Parley Baer (1930s) Director of Special Events[24]\nGrant Nielsen (retired), \"Utah's Morning News\"\nPaul James (retired), Voice of the BYU Cougars\nRod Arquette, host of \"Utah's Afternoon News\" (now \"Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News\")\nScott Seeger, host of \"Utah's Afternoon News\" (now \"Jeff Caplan's Afternoon News\")\nMark Eubank (retired), KSL (radio) & KSL-TV meteorologist\nRebecca Cressman, host of \"Utah's Noon News\"\nDoug Wright (retired), host of the \"Doug Wright Show\"\nHerb Jepko (1960s), known for his Nitecaps show","title":"Personalities"}] | [{"image_text":"The May 6, 1922, debut broadcast (as KZN) included a dedication speech by LDS Church president Heber J. Grant.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/First_KSL_broadcast.jpg/250px-First_KSL_broadcast.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1947 advertisement, oriented toward potential sponsors, boasted that \"KSL's high commercial standards mean high listener acceptance\".[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Advertisement_for_radio_station_KSL_%281947%29.gif/250px-Advertisement_for_radio_station_KSL_%281947%29.gif"},{"image_text":"KSL Radio is located in the Triad Center in Salt Lake City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Triad_center_slc_utah.jpg/300px-Triad_center_slc_utah.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bonneville International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_International"},{"title":"KSL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV"},{"title":"Media in Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Salt_Lake_City"}] | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KSL\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=6375","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KSL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KSL-FM\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=54156","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KSL-FM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"HD Radio Stations\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hdradio.com/stations","url_text":"\"HD Radio Stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"KSL Radio: On-air highlights\". Deseret News. May 3, 2002. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2002/5/3/19652749/ksl-radio-on-air-highlights","url_text":"\"KSL Radio: On-air highlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Power Transmitter Of KSL Goes on the Air\". Broadcasting. November 1, 1932. p. 9. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/broadcasting13unse/page/n872/mode/1up","url_text":"\"High Power Transmitter Of KSL Goes on the Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parley Baer Goes Into Lion's Den\". The Daily Mail. The Daily Mail. December 8, 1962. p. 29. Retrieved March 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2082131/baer_ksl/","url_text":"\"Parley Baer Goes Into Lion's Den\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KSL_(radio_network)¶ms=40_46_48_N_112_5_51_W_","external_links_name":"40°46′48″N 112°5′51″W / 40.78000°N 112.09750°W / 40.78000; -112.09750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KSL_(radio_network)¶ms=40_46_50_N_112_6_2_W_","external_links_name":"40°46′50″N 112°6′2″W / 40.78056°N 112.10056°W / 40.78056; -112.10056"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/KSL","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=6375","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://tuner.bonneville.com/?KSL-AM","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://kslnewsradio.com/","external_links_name":"kslnewsradio.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KSL_(radio_network)¶ms=40_39_34_N_112_12_5_W_","external_links_name":"40°39′34″N 112°12′5″W / 40.65944°N 112.20139°W / 40.65944; -112.20139"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/KSL-FM","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=54156","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=6375","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for KSL\""},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=54156","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for KSL-FM\""},{"Link":"http://www.ubstudios.com/rtli/slcams.html","external_links_name":"\"Salt Lake City's AM signals\""},{"Link":"http://www.hdradio.com/stations","external_links_name":"\"HD Radio Stations\""},{"Link":"http://www.nab.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=7444","external_links_name":"NAB Radio Hall of Fame Inductees"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2dIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=I1MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6230%2C818305","external_links_name":"\"Speeches Sent Broadcast By Deseret News Radio\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705633&view=1up&seq=200","external_links_name":"\"Amendments to Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxhh8g&view=1up&seq=1072","external_links_name":"\"New Stations\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R_4uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1dwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6197%2C594824","external_links_name":"\"Deseret News Radio Station Now In Operation\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-08-11-BC.pdf#page=45","external_links_name":"KSL"},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2002/5/3/19652749/ksl-radio-on-air-highlights","external_links_name":"\"KSL Radio: On-air highlights\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&view=1up&seq=311","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&view=1up&seq=349","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and corrections\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6uMQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4531%2C5723054","external_links_name":"\"'KFPT' Station to be Formally Opened June 13\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106763060&view=1up&seq=28","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106763060&view=1up&seq=76","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&view=1up&seq=136","external_links_name":"\"Strike out all particulars\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c021003683&view=1up&seq=242","external_links_name":"\"Revised list of broadcasting stations, by frequencies, effective 3 a. m., November 11, 1928, eastern standard time\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/broadcasting13unse/page/n872/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"High Power Transmitter Of KSL Goes on the Air\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437010939748&view=1up&seq=573","external_links_name":"\"Assignments of United States Standard Broadcast Stations Listed by Frequency\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksl.com/article/101701","external_links_name":"\"KSL NewsRadio to Be Heard on FM\""},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=54156","external_links_name":"\"Call Sign History\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2082131/baer_ksl/","external_links_name":"\"Parley Baer Goes Into Lion's Den\""},{"Link":"https://kslnewsradio.com/","external_links_name":"KSL NewsRadio"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=KSL","external_links_name":"KSL"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=KSL","external_links_name":"KSL"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=44622&.pdf","external_links_name":"FCC History Cards for KSL"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KSL-FM","external_links_name":"KSL-FM"},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/info/KSL-FM","external_links_name":"KSL-FM"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=WI22&band=fm&callLetter=KSL","external_links_name":"KSL-FM"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=77303&.pdf","external_links_name":"FCC History Cards for KFSI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305367903","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013107519","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_A._Gregory_Neighborhood_Library | Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°51′53″N 76°57′15″W / 38.86485°N 76.95419°W / 38.86485; -76.95419Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library38°51′53″N 76°57′15″W / 38.86485°N 76.95419°W / 38.86485; -76.95419Location3660 Alabama Ave. S.E., Washington, D.C. 20019, United StatesTypePublic libraryEstablished1961Branch ofDistrict of Columbia Public LibraryOther informationWebsitehttp://dclibrary.org/francis
Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library is part of the District of Columbia Public Library (DCPL) System. It was originally opened to the public in 1961. A new building on the same site, designed by award-winning architect David Adjaye, opened on June 19, 2012.
History
The original Francis A. Gregory Library was built in 1961 as the fifth of eleven branch libraries funded under a public works program for the District of Columbia. The original building was designed by architect Victor DeMers. Originally named the Fort Davis Branch, the library opened in January 1961 on former parkland (Fort Davis Park) that was transferred to the District from the National Capital Planning Commission. In 1986, the library was named for Francis A. Gregory, a local public servant who had been the first black president of the DC Public Library Board of Trustees.
The new Francis A. Gregory Library was described in Architectural Record as a “shimmering pavilion.” The building is a two-story, glass-sheathed box with an aluminum roof that juts out over every side. It cost $11 million to construct and is a LEED Gold-certified building.
See also
District of Columbia Public Library
Fort Davis (Washington, D.C.)
References
^ a b "Francis A. Gregory Library History". DC Public Library. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ Stephens, Suzanne (16 Oct 2012). "Shrine of the Book: A library by David Adjaye fits into a city park with serenity and dynamism". Architectural Record. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ Shinn, Annys (7 Jan 2016). "10 buildings you must see around the new boom-time Washington". Washington Post Magazine. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ "Francis Gregory Library". U.S. Green Building Council. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
External links
DC Public Library Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library page | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Adjaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adjaye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCPLHistory-1"}],"text":"Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library is part of the District of Columbia Public Library (DCPL) System. It was originally opened to the public in 1961. A new building on the same site, designed by award-winning architect David Adjaye, opened on June 19, 2012.[1]","title":"Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Davis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davis_Park"},{"link_name":"National Capital Planning Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCPLHistory-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LEED Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEED_Gold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The original Francis A. Gregory Library was built in 1961 as the fifth of eleven branch libraries funded under a public works program for the District of Columbia. The original building was designed by architect Victor DeMers. Originally named the Fort Davis Branch, the library opened in January 1961 on former parkland (Fort Davis Park) that was transferred to the District from the National Capital Planning Commission. In 1986, the library was named for Francis A. Gregory, a local public servant who had been the first black president of the DC Public Library Board of Trustees.[1]The new Francis A. Gregory Library was described in Architectural Record as a “shimmering pavilion.”[2] The building is a two-story, glass-sheathed box with an aluminum roof that juts out over every side.[3] It cost $11 million to construct and is a LEED Gold-certified building.[4]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"District of Columbia Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Library"},{"title":"Fort Davis (Washington, D.C.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Davis_(Washington,_D.C.)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Francis A. Gregory Library History\". DC Public Library. Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dclibrary.org/node/724","url_text":"\"Francis A. Gregory Library History\""}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Suzanne (16 Oct 2012). \"Shrine of the Book: A library by David Adjaye fits into a city park with serenity and dynamism\". Architectural Record. Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/7426-francis-gregory-library?v=preview","url_text":"\"Shrine of the Book: A library by David Adjaye fits into a city park with serenity and dynamism\""}]},{"reference":"Shinn, Annys (7 Jan 2016). \"10 buildings you must see around the new boom-time Washington\". Washington Post Magazine. Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/10-buildings-you-must-see-around-the-new-boom-time-washington/2016/01/06/a3a8eeee-8e1a-11e5-ae1f-af46b7df8483_story.html","url_text":"\"10 buildings you must see around the new boom-time Washington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francis Gregory Library\". U.S. Green Building Council. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgbc.org/projects/francis-gregory-library","url_text":"\"Francis Gregory Library\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Francis_A._Gregory_Neighborhood_Library¶ms=38.86485_N_76.95419_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC","external_links_name":"38°51′53″N 76°57′15″W / 38.86485°N 76.95419°W / 38.86485; -76.95419"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Francis_A._Gregory_Neighborhood_Library¶ms=38.86485_N_76.95419_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC","external_links_name":"38°51′53″N 76°57′15″W / 38.86485°N 76.95419°W / 38.86485; -76.95419"},{"Link":"http://dclibrary.org/francis","external_links_name":"http://dclibrary.org/francis"},{"Link":"http://dclibrary.org/node/724","external_links_name":"\"Francis A. Gregory Library History\""},{"Link":"http://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/7426-francis-gregory-library?v=preview","external_links_name":"\"Shrine of the Book: A library by David Adjaye fits into a city park with serenity and dynamism\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/10-buildings-you-must-see-around-the-new-boom-time-washington/2016/01/06/a3a8eeee-8e1a-11e5-ae1f-af46b7df8483_story.html","external_links_name":"\"10 buildings you must see around the new boom-time Washington\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgbc.org/projects/francis-gregory-library","external_links_name":"\"Francis Gregory Library\""},{"Link":"https://dclibrary.org/francis","external_links_name":"DC Public Library Francis A. Gregory Neighborhood Library page"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C4%9Bnice | Hostěnice | ["1 Administrative parts","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°14′12″N 16°46′36″E / 49.23667°N 16.77667°E / 49.23667; 16.77667Municipality in South Moravian, Czech RepublicHostěniceMunicipalityView towards Hostěnice
FlagCoat of armsHostěniceLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°14′12″N 16°46′36″E / 49.23667°N 16.77667°E / 49.23667; 16.77667Country Czech RepublicRegionSouth MoravianDistrictBrno-CountryFirst mentioned1371Area • Total19.99 km2 (7.72 sq mi)Elevation396 m (1,299 ft)Population (2024-01-01) • Total847 • Density42/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codes664 04Websitewww.hostenice.cz
Hostěnice is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
Hostěnice lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Brno and 195 km (121 mi) south-east of Prague.
Administrative parts
The village of Lhotky is an administrative part of Hostěnice.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1869435— 1880510+17.2%1890534+4.7%1900560+4.9%1910657+17.3%1921596−9.3%1930598+0.3%1950539−9.9%1961590+9.5%1970534−9.5%1980510−4.5%1991457−10.4%2001450−1.5%2011644+43.1%2021841+30.6%Source: Censuses
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 3–4.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hostěnice.
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Brno-Country District
Babice nad Svitavou
Babice u Rosic
Běleč
Bílovice nad Svitavou
Biskoupky
Blažovice
Blučina
Borač
Borovník
Braníškov
Branišovice
Bratčice
Brumov
Březina (Blansko)
Březina (Tišnov)
Bukovice
Čebín
Černvír
Česká
Chudčice
Čučice
Cvrčovice
Deblín
Dolní Kounice
Dolní Loučky
Domašov
Doubravník
Drahonín
Drásov
Hajany
Heroltice
Hlína
Hluboké Dvory
Holasice
Horní Loučky
Hostěnice
Hradčany
Hrušovany u Brna
Hvozdec
Ivaň
Ivančice
Javůrek
Jinačovice
Jiříkovice
Kaly
Kanice
Katov
Ketkovice
Kobylnice
Kovalovice
Kratochvilka
Křižínkov
Kupařovice
Kuřim
Kuřimská Nová Ves
Kuřimské Jestřabí
Lažánky
Ledce
Lelekovice
Lesní Hluboké
Litostrov
Loděnice
Lomnice
Lomnička
Lubné
Lukovany
Malešovice
Malhostovice
Maršov
Medlov
Mělčany
Měnín
Modřice
Mokrá-Horákov
Moravany
Moravské Bránice
Moravské Knínice
Moutnice
Nebovidy
Nedvědice
Nelepeč-Žernůvka
Němčičky
Neslovice
Nesvačilka
Níhov
Nosislav
Nová Ves
Nové Bránice
Ochoz u Brna
Ochoz u Tišnova
Odrovice
Olší
Omice
Opatovice
Ořechov
Osiky
Oslavany
Ostopovice
Ostrovačice
Otmarov
Pasohlávky
Pernštejnské Jestřabí
Podolí
Pohořelice
Ponětovice
Popovice
Popůvky
Pozořice
Prace
Pravlov
Předklášteří
Přibice
Příbram na Moravě
Přibyslavice
Přísnotice
Prštice
Radostice
Rajhrad
Rajhradice
Rašov
Rebešovice
Říčany
Říčky
Řícmanice
Řikonín
Rohozec
Rojetín
Rosice
Rozdrojovice
Rudka
Senorady
Sentice
Šerkovice
Silůvky
Sivice
Skalička
Skryje
Šlapanice
Sobotovice
Sokolnice
Stanoviště
Štěpánovice
Střelice
Strhaře
Šumice
Svatoslav
Synalov
Syrovice
Telnice
Těšany
Tetčice
Tišnov
Tišnovská Nová Ves
Trboušany
Troskotovice
Troubsko
Tvarožná
Újezd u Brna
Újezd u Rosic
Újezd u Tišnova
Unín
Unkovice
Úsuší
Velatice
Veverská Bítýška
Veverské Knínice
Viničné Šumice
Vlasatice
Vohančice
Vojkovice
Vranov
Vranovice
Vratislávka
Všechovice
Vysoké Popovice
Žabčice
Zakřany
Zálesná Zhoř
Zastávka
Žatčany
Zbraslav
Zbýšov
Žďárec
Želešice
Železné
Zhoř
Židlochovice
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
This South Moravian Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brno-Country District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno-Country_District"},{"link_name":"South Moravian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Moravian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"text":"Municipality in South Moravian, Czech RepublicHostěnice is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.Hostěnice lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Brno and 195 km (121 mi) south-east of Prague.","title":"Hostěnice"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The village of Lhotky is an administrative part of Hostěnice.","title":"Administrative parts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 3–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150643.pdf/47ac850e-b40a-4704-8fa7-201d6a738d83?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Host%C4%9Bnice¶ms=49_14_12_N_16_46_36_E_type:city(847)","external_links_name":"49°14′12″N 16°46′36″E / 49.23667°N 16.77667°E / 49.23667; 16.77667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Host%C4%9Bnice¶ms=49_14_12_N_16_46_36_E_type:city(847)","external_links_name":"49°14′12″N 16°46′36″E / 49.23667°N 16.77667°E / 49.23667; 16.77667"},{"Link":"https://www.hostenice.cz/","external_links_name":"www.hostenice.cz"},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","external_links_name":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150643.pdf/47ac850e-b40a-4704-8fa7-201d6a738d83?version=1.2","external_links_name":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Brno-venkov\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","external_links_name":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.hostenice.cz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge451611&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Host%C4%9Bnice&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun-sur-Garonne | Verdun-sur-Garonne | ["1 Population","2 Monuments","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 43°51′14″N 1°14′11″E / 43.8539°N 1.2364°E / 43.8539; 1.2364Commune in Occitania, FranceVerdun-sur-GaronneCommuneThe clock tower in Verdun-sur-Garonne
Coat of armsLocation of Verdun-sur-Garonne
Verdun-sur-GaronneShow map of FranceVerdun-sur-GaronneShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°51′14″N 1°14′11″E / 43.8539°N 1.2364°E / 43.8539; 1.2364CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentTarn-et-GaronneArrondissementMontaubanCantonVerdun-sur-GaronneIntercommunalityGrand Sud Tarn et GaronneGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Stéphane TuyeresArea136.26 km2 (14.00 sq mi)Population (2021)4,866 • Density130/km2 (350/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code82190 /82600Elevation90–166 m (295–545 ft) (avg. 110 m or 360 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Verdun-sur-Garonne (French pronunciation: , literally Verdun on Garonne; Occitan: Verdun de Garona) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 2,370— 1975 2,353−0.10%1982 2,510+0.93%1990 2,872+1.70%1999 3,067+0.73%2007 3,910+3.08%2012 4,394+2.36%2017 4,764+1.63%Source: INSEE
Monuments
Town Hall
St. Michel Church
St. Michel Church
The Market hall.
War memorial
See also
Communes of the Tarn-et-Garonne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verdun-sur-Garonne.
vteCommunes of the Tarn-et-Garonne department
Albefeuille-Lagarde
Albias
Angeville
Asques
Aucamville
Auterive
Auty
Auvillar
Balignac
Bardigues
Barry-d'Islemade
Les Barthes
Beaumont-de-Lomagne
Beaupuy
Belbèze-en-Lomagne
Belvèze
Bessens
Bioule
Boudou
Bouillac
Bouloc-en-Quercy
Bourg-de-Visa
Bourret
Brassac
Bressols
Bruniquel
Campsas
Canals
Castanet
Castelferrus
Castelmayran
Castelsagrat
Castelsarrasinsubpr
Castéra-Bouzet
Caumont
Le Causé
Caussade
Caylus
Cayrac
Cayriech
Cazals
Cazes-Mondenard
Comberouger
Corbarieu
Cordes-Tolosannes
Coutures
Cumont
Dieupentale
Donzac
Dunes
Durfort-Lacapelette
Escatalens
Escazeaux
Espalais
Esparsac
Espinas
Fabas
Fajolles
Faudoas
Fauroux
Féneyrols
Finhan
Garganvillar
Gariès
Gasques
Génébrières
Gensac
Gimat
Ginals
Glatens
Goas
Golfech
Goudourville
Gramont
Grisolles
L'Honor-de-Cos
Labarthe
Labastide-de-Penne
Labastide-du-Temple
Labastide-Saint-Pierre
Labourgade
Lacapelle-Livron
Lachapelle
Lacour
Lacourt-Saint-Pierre
Lafitte
Lafrançaise
Laguépie
Lamagistère
Lamothe-Capdeville
Lamothe-Cumont
Lapenche
Larrazet
Lauzerte
Lavaurette
Lavit
Léojac
Lizac
Loze
Malause
Mansonville
Marignac
Marsac
Mas-Grenier
Maubec
Maumusson
Meauzac
Merles
Mirabel
Miramont-de-Quercy
Moissac
Molières
Monbéqui
Monclar-de-Quercy
Montagudet
Montaigu-de-Quercy
Montaïn
Montalzat
Montastruc
Montaubanpref
Montbarla
Montbartier
Montbeton
Montech
Monteils
Montesquieu
Montfermier
Montgaillard
Montjoi
Montpezat-de-Quercy
Montricoux
Mouillac
Nègrepelisse
Nohic
Orgueil
Parisot
Perville
Le Pin
Piquecos
Pommevic
Pompignan
Poupas
Puycornet
Puygaillard-de-Lomagne
Puygaillard-de-Quercy
Puylagarde
Puylaroque
Réalville
Reyniès
Roquecor
Saint-Aignan
Saint-Amans-de-Pellagal
Saint-Amans-du-Pech
Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val
Saint-Arroumex
Saint-Beauzeil
Saint-Cirice
Saint-Cirq
Saint-Clair
Sainte-Juliette
Saint-Étienne-de-Tulmont
Saint-Georges
Saint-Jean-du-Bouzet
Saint-Loup
Saint-Michel
Saint-Nauphary
Saint-Nazaire-de-Valentane
Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave
Saint-Paul-d'Espis
Saint-Porquier
Saint-Projet
Saint-Sardos
Saint-Vincent-d'Autéjac
Saint-Vincent-Lespinasse
La Salvetat-Belmontet
Sauveterre
Savenès
Septfonds
Sérignac
Sistels
Touffailles
Tréjouls
Vaïssac
Valeilles
Valence
Varen
Varennes
Vazerac
Verdun-sur-Garonne
Verfeil
Verlhac-Tescou
Vigueron
Villebrumier
La Ville-Dieu-du-Temple
Villemade
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Other
NARA
This Tarn-et-Garonne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[vɛʁdœ̃ syʁ ɡaʁɔn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garonne"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_France"},{"link_name":"Tarn-et-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Occitanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceVerdun-sur-Garonne (French pronunciation: [vɛʁdœ̃ syʁ ɡaʁɔn], literally Verdun on Garonne; Occitan: Verdun de Garona) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.","title":"Verdun-sur-Garonne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verdun-sur-Garonne_Hotel_de_Ville.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_de_l%27Assomption-et-de-Saint-Michel_de_Verdun-sur-Garonne_Clocher.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_de_l%27Assomption-et-de-Saint-Michel_de_Verdun-sur-Garonne_Les_deux_nefs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verdun-sur-Garonne_-_La_Halle_-_Exterieur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verdun-sur-Garonne_-_Monument_aux_Morts.jpg"}],"text":"Town Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Michel Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Michel Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Market hall.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWar memorial","title":"Monuments"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Tarn-et-Garonne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Tarn-et-Garonne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-82190","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verdun-sur-Garonne¶ms=43.8539_N_1.2364_E_type:city(4866)_region:FR-82","external_links_name":"43°51′14″N 1°14′11″E / 43.8539°N 1.2364°E / 43.8539; 1.2364"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verdun-sur-Garonne¶ms=43.8539_N_1.2364_E_type:city(4866)_region:FR-82","external_links_name":"43°51′14″N 1°14′11″E / 43.8539°N 1.2364°E / 43.8539; 1.2364"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-82190","external_links_name":"82190"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-82190","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-82190#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158325647","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15277822v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15277822v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564656305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84100112","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045555","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdun-sur-Garonne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Schimmelbusch | Wayne Schimmelbusch | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Australian rules footballer
Australian rules footballer
Wayne SchimmelbuschPersonal informationFull name
Wayne Clifford SchimmelbuschNickname(s)
SchimmelDate of birth
(1953-01-19) 19 January 1953 (age 71)Original team(s)
Brunswick (VFA)Height
179 cm (5 ft 10 in)Weight
74 kg (163 lb)Position(s)
Midfielder/half back/half forwardPlaying career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)1973–1987
North Melbourne
306 (354)Coaching careerYears
Club
Games (W–L–D)1990–1992
North Melbourne
66 (31–35–0)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1987.Career highlights
North Melbourne captain 1979-1987
North Melbourne club leading goalkicker 1976
North Melbourne premierships 1975, 1977
Victorian representative (7 games, 12 goals)
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Wayne Schimmelbusch (born 19 January 1953) is a former Australian rules footballer in the (then) Victorian Football League (VFL).
Schimmelbusch played in 306 games, including 29 finals games, for the North Melbourne Football Club, which was then a club games played record. He was recruited in 1973 from the Brunswick Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA), where he won the J. J. Field Trophy as the VFA second division's best and fairest in 1972. His retirement in 1987 was forced due to a serious knee injury sustained during a match against the Sydney Swans.
Schimmelbusch was appointed coach of the North Melbourne Football Club in 1990. The team did not perform well; and, in the 1993 pre-season, after a 147-point loss to Adelaide, Schimmelbusch was sacked and replaced by Denis Pagan, who had previously coached North Melbourne's under-19 and Essendon Football Club's reserves teams.
Schimmelbusch's brother Daryl also played for the North Melbourne Football Club.
Schimmelbusch was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1997 and named in the North Melbourne "Team of the Century" (half-forward flank) in 2001.
References
^ "Wayne Schimmelbusch R19 1982". Retrieved 6 November 2023.
^ "Schimmelbusch bows to Archer rivalry". Herald Sun. 22 August 2007.
^ Blake, Martin (2 June 1987). "Surgery for Schimmelbusch". The Age. p. 52.
Ross, John (1999). The Australian Football Hall of Fame. Australia: HarperCollinsPublishers. p. 117. ISBN 0-7322-6426-X.
North Melbourne Hall of Fame
External links
Wayne Schimmelbusch's playing statistics from AFL Tables
vteNorth Melbourne Football Club 1975/77 VFL premiers1975: North Melbourne 19.8 (122) defeated Hawthorn 9.13 (67), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground1977: North Melbourne 9.22 (76) drew with Collingwood 10.16 (76), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground;1977 replay: North Melbourne 21.25 (151) defeated Collingwood 19.10 (124), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
6/49. Briedis
8. Crosswell
13. Cowton
15. Blight
20. Schimmelbusch
23. Dench (c, 1977)
34. Henshaw
38/30. Gumbleton
44/9. Cable
Coach: Barassi
vteCaptains of the North Melbourne Football ClubVFL/AFL
1925–1926: Eicke
1926: Donnelly
1927: Barker
1927–1929: Tyson
1929: Trevaskis
1930–1931: Lewis
1932–1934: Taylor
1934–1935: Fitzmaurice
1935: Llewellyn
1936–1937: Gaudion
1937: Adamson
1938–1939: Forbes
1940: Thomas
1940: Adamson
1941: Cordner
1941–1943: Findlay
1944–1945: O'Brien
1946: Fairweather
1947: Dynon
1948–1951: Foote
1952–1953: Dynon
1954: Marchesi
1955: Lawrence
1956: Brooker
1957–1959: Brady
1960: Mantello
1961–1964: Aylett
1965–1967: Teasdale
1968–1970: Dugdale
1971: Goodingham
1972: Dench
1973–1975: Davis
1976–1979: Greig
1979–1988: Schimmelbusch
1988–1989: Law
1990–1992: Larkin
1993–2001: Carey
2002–2003: Stevens
2004–2008: Simpson
2009–2011: Harvey
2012–2016: Swallow
2017–2022: Ziebell
2023–: McDonald/Simpkin
AFL Women's
2019–: Kearney
vteCoaches of the North Melbourne Football ClubVFL/AFL
1925–1926: Eicke
1926: S. Thomas
1926: Donnelly
1927: Barker
1928–1929: Tyson
1929: Noonan
1930: Lewis
1931: Clark
1931: Pemberton
1932: Cameron
1932–1934: Taylor
1934-1935: Fitzmaurice
1935–1937: Scanlan
1938–1939: Forbes
1939: Cusack
1940: L. Thomas
1940: Adamson
1941–1942: McCaskill
1942–1943: Findlay
1944–1947: McCaskill
1948–1953: Carter
1954–1955: McCorkell
1956–1957: Gaudion
1958–1962: Carter
1963–1966: Killigrew
1966–1970: McKenzie
1971–1972: Dixon
1973–1980: Barassi
1981: Blight
1981–1984: Cable
1985–1989: Kennedy
1990–1992: Schimmelbusch
1993–2002: Pagan
2003–2009: Laidley
2009, 2015, 2016: Crocker
2010–2019: Scott
2019–2020: Shaw
2021–2022: Noble
2022: Adams
2023–: Clarkson
2023: Ratten
AFL Women's
2019–2020: Gowans
2021–: Crocker
Italics denote caretaker coach
vteNorth Melbourne Football Club: Team of the CenturyFull-back
Glenn Archer
David Dench
Mick Martyn
Half-back
John Rantall
Ross Glendinning
Ted Jarrard
Centre
Keith Greig
Les Foote
Laurie Dwyer
Half-forward
Malcolm Blight
Wayne Carey (c)
Wayne Schimmelbusch
Full-forward
John Dugdale
Jock Spencer
Allen Aylett
Ruck
Noel Teasdale
Anthony Stevens
Barry Cable
Interchange
Brent Crosswell
Barry Davis
Peter Steward
Sam Kekovich
Jim Krakouer
Brent Harvey
Emergencies
David King
John Blakey
Wayne Schwass
Gary Dempsey
Coach
Denis Pagan
vteNorth Melbourne Football Club · leading goalkickersVFL/AFL
1925: Wood
1926: Metcalf
1927: Tyson
1928: Nolan
1929: Dowling
1930: Mathews
1931: Lewis
1932: Fitzmaurice
1933: Fitzmaurice
1934: Fitzmaurice
1935: Lewis
1936: Cassidy
1937: Anderson
1938: Murray
1939: Murray
1940: Murray
1941: Murray
1942: Murray
1943: Findlay
1944: Findlay
1945: Findlay
1946: Dyer
1947: Dyer
1948: Condon
1949: Spencer
1950: Spencer
1951: Spencer
1952: Spencer
1953: Marchesi
1954: Spencer
1955: Spencer
1956: Spencer
1957: Dugdale
1958: Dugdale
1959: Schofield
1960: Dugdale
1961: Dugdale
1962: Dugdale
1963: Dugdale
1964: Dugdale
1965: Goode
1966: Goode
1967: G. Farrant
1968: D. Farrant
1969: Kekovich
1970: G. Farrant
1971: Kekovich
1972: Doolan/Kekovich
1973: Wade
1974: Wade
1975: Wade
1976: Schimmelbusch
1977: Crosswell
1978: Blight
1979: Blight
1980: Briedis
1981: Blight
1982: Blight
1983: P. Krakouer/J. Krakouer
1984: McDonald
1985: P. Krakouer
1986: J. Krakouer
1987: P. Krakouer
1988: J. Krakouer
1989: Fairley
1990: Longmire
1991: Longmire
1992: Longmire
1993: Longmire
1994: Longmire
1995: Carey
1996: Carey
1997: Allison
1998: Carey
1999: Carey
2000: Carey
2001: Rocca
2002: Rocca
2003: Harding
2004: Rocca
2005: Thompson
2006: Thompson
2007: Jones
2008: Hale
2009: Petrie
2010: Thomas
2011: Petrie
2012: Petrie
2013: Thomas
2014: Petrie
2015: Petrie/Waite
2016: Brown
2017: Brown
2018: Brown
2019: Brown
2020: Zurhaar
2021: Larkey
2022: Larkey
2023: Larkey
AFL Women's
2019: Hope/King
2020: Ashmore
2021: Abbatangelo/Garner
2022 (S6): Garner
2022 (S7): Randall
2023: Randall
vteAustralian Football Media Association · Player of the Year
1973: Bisset
1974: Sheedy
1975: Jesaulenko/Roberts
1976: Knights
1977: Scott
1978: Blight
1979: Bartlett
1980: Templeton
1981: Moore
1982: Matthews
1983: Schimmelbusch
1984: Daniher
1985: Beasley
1986: Roos
1987: Platten
1988: Healy
1989: Watson
1990: Daicos
1991: Stynes
1992: Dunstall
1993: Ablett Sr.
1994: Williams
1995: Lyon
1996: Hird
1997: R. Harvey
1998: Carey
1999: Crawford
2000: Koutoufides
2001: Voss
2002: Darcy
2004: Riewoldt
2005: Cousins
2006: Goodes
2007: Ablett Jr.
2008: B. Harvey
2009: Swan
2010: Swan
This Australian rules football biography of a person born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-games-2"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Sydney Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Denis Pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Pagan"},{"link_name":"Essendon Football Club's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Daryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Schimmelbusch"},{"link_name":"Australian Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne \"Team of the Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club#North_Melbourne_Team_of_the_Century"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerWayne Schimmelbusch (born 19 January 1953) is a former Australian rules footballer in the (then) Victorian Football League (VFL).Schimmelbusch played in 306 games, including 29 finals games, for the North Melbourne Football Club, which was then a club games played record.[2] He was recruited in 1973 from the Brunswick Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA), where he won the J. J. Field Trophy as the VFA second division's best and fairest in 1972. His retirement in 1987 was forced due to a serious knee injury sustained during a match against the Sydney Swans.[3]Schimmelbusch was appointed coach of the North Melbourne Football Club in 1990. The team did not perform well; and, in the 1993 pre-season, after a 147-point loss to Adelaide, Schimmelbusch was sacked and replaced by Denis Pagan, who had previously coached North Melbourne's under-19 and Essendon Football Club's reserves teams.Schimmelbusch's brother Daryl also played for the North Melbourne Football Club.Schimmelbusch was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1997 and named in the North Melbourne \"Team of the Century\" (half-forward flank) in 2001.","title":"Wayne Schimmelbusch"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wayne Schimmelbusch R19 1982\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-states | Microstate | ["1 Definitions","1.1 Quantitative","1.2 Qualitative","2 Politics","2.1 Microstates and international relations","3 Historical anomalies and aspirant states","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area
For the specific configuration of particles of a material in statistical mechanics, see Microstate (statistical mechanics).
Not to be confused with Micronation.
The world's five smallest sovereign states by area, from largest to smallest: San Marino, Tuvalu, Nauru, Monaco, and Vatican City shown in the same scale for size comparison
Map of the smallest states in the world by population or land area.
Part of the Politics seriesPolitics
Outline
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Category
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Index of politics articles
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Politics by subdivision
Political economy
Political history
Political history of the world
Political philosophy
Political systems
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City-state
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Democracy
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Federacy
Feudalism
Hybrid regime
Meritocracy
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Parliamentary
Presidential
Republic
Semi-parliamentary
Semi-presidential
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Academic disciplines
Political science (political scientists)
International relations (theory)
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Election science
Political analysis
Political theory
Policy studies
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Political sociology
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Technocracy
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Policy
Public policy (doctrine)
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
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Public interest
Government branches
Separation of powers
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Related topics
Sovereignty
Polity / State
(Politeia / Nation / Civilization / Territorial / Rump / Quasi / Warlord)
Theories of political behavior
Biology and political orientation
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Critique of political economy
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voting
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(forms / Governance)
Ideology
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Politics portalvte
A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or land area, usually both. However, the meanings of "state" and "very small" are not well-defined in international law. Some recent attempts to define microstates have focused on identifying qualitative features that are linked to their size and population, such as partial delegation of their sovereignty to larger states, such as for international defense.
Commonly accepted examples of microstates include Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, San Marino, and Tuvalu. The smallest political entity recognized as a sovereign state is Vatican City, with fewer than 1,000 residents and an area of only 49 hectares (120 acres). Some microstates – such as Monaco and Vatican City – are city-states consisting of a single municipality.
Definitions
Quantitative
Most scholars identify microstates by using a quantitative threshold and applying it to either one variable (such as the size of its territory or population) or a composite of different variables. While it is agreed that microstates are the smallest of all states, there is no consensus on what variable (or variables) or cut-off point should be used to determine which political units should be labelled as "microstates" (as opposed to small "normal" states). According to some scholars the quantitative approach to defining microstates suffers from such problems as "inconsistency, arbitrariness, vagueness and inability to meaningfully isolate qualitatively distinct political units".
Qualitative
Vatican City, the smallest independent country in Europe with 0.44 km2 (110 acres), is also the smallest in the world
Some academics have suggested defining microstates according to the unique features that are linked to their geographic or demographic smallness. Newer approaches have proposed looking at the behaviour or capacity to operate in the international arena in order to determine which states should deserve the microstate label. Yet, it has been argued that such approaches could lead to either confusing microstates with weak states (or failed states) or relying too much on subjective perceptions.
An alternative approach is to define microstates as "modern protected states". According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." Adopting this approach permits limiting the number of microstates and separating them from both small states and autonomies or dependencies. Examples of microstates understood as modern protected states include such states as Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Niue, Andorra, the Cook Islands or Palau.
The smallest political unit recognized as a sovereign state is the Vatican City, though its precise status is sometimes disputed, e.g., Maurice Mendelson argued in 1972 that "n two respects it may be doubted whether the territorial entity, the Vatican City, meets the traditional criteria of statehood".
St. Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean Sea, the smallest independent country in the Americas with 261 km2 (101 sq mi).
Politics
Statistical research has shown that microstates are more likely to be democracies than larger states. In 2012, Freedom House classified 86% of the countries with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants as "free". This shows that countries with small populations often had a high degree of political freedom and civil liberties, which is one of the hallmarks of democracies. Some scholars have taken the statistical correlation between small size and democracy as a sign that smallness is beneficial to the development of a democratic political system, mentioning social cohesiveness, opportunities for direct communication and homogeneity of interests as possible explanations for why this is the case.
Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, the smallest independent country in Africa with 459 km2 (177 sq mi)
Case study research, however, has led some researchers to believe that the statistical evidence belies the anti-democratic elements of microstate politics. Due to small populations, family and personal relations are often decisive in microstate politics. In some cases, this impedes neutral and formal decision-making and instead leads to undemocratic political activity, such as clientelism, corruption, particularism and executive dominance.
The high number of democracies amongst microstates could be explained by their colonial history. Most microstates adopted the same political system as their colonial ruler. Because of the high number of microstates that were British colonies in the past, microstates often have a majoritarian and parliamentary political system similar to the Westminster system. Some microstates with a history as British colony have implemented some aspects of a consensus political system, to adapt to their geographic features or societal make-up. While the colonial history often determines what political systems microstates have, they do implement changes to better accommodate their specific characteristics.
Microstates and international relations
Microstates often rely on other countries in order to survive, as they have a small military capacity and a lack of resources. This had led some researchers to believe that microstates are forced to subordinate themselves to larger states which reduces their sovereignty. Research, however, has shown that microstates strategically engage in patron-client relationships with other countries. This allows them to trade some privileges to countries that can advance their interests the most. Examples of this are microstates that establish a tax haven or sell their support in international committees in exchange for military and economic support.
Historical anomalies and aspirant states
A small number of tiny sovereign political units have been founded on historic anomalies or eccentric interpretations of law. Those types of states, often labelled as "microstates," are usually located on small (usually disputed) territorial enclaves, generate limited economic activity founded on tourism and philatelic and numismatic sales, and are tolerated or ignored by the nations from which they claim to have seceded.
The Republic of Indian Stream, now the town of Pittsburg, New Hampshire, was a geographic anomaly that had been left unresolved by the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War, and was claimed by both the United States and Canada. Between 1832 and 1835, the area's residents refused to acknowledge either claimant.
The Cospaia Republic became independent by a treaty error and survived from 1440 to 1826. Its independence made it important in the introduction of tobacco cultivation to Italy.
Maldives in the Indian Ocean, the smallest independent country in Asia with an area of 298 km2 (115 sq mi)
Couto Misto was disputed by Spain and Portugal and operated as a sovereign state until the 1864 Treaty of Lisbon partitioned the territory, with the larger part becoming part of Spain.
Jaxa was a small state that existed during the 17th century at the border between Tsardom of Russia and Qing China. Despite its location in East Asia, the state's primary language was Polish.
See also
City-state
European microstates
Free State of Fiume
Free Territory of Trieste
Island country
List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries and outlying territories by total area
List of countries by population
Microstates and the United Nations
Neutral Moresnet
References
^ a b Warrington, Edward (June 1994). "Lilliput Revisited". Asian Journal of Public Administration. 16 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1080/02598272.1994.10800284.
^ Mehmet, Ozay; Tahiroglu, M. (1 January 2002). "Growth and equity in microstates: Does size matter in development?". International Journal of Social Economics. 29 (1/2): 152–162. doi:10.1108/03068290210413047.
^ Boyce, Peter J.; Herr, Richard A. (April 1974). "Microstate diplomacy in the south pacific". Australian Outlook. 28 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1080/10357717408444489.
^ Reid, George L. (1974). The impact of very small size on the international behavior of microstates. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780803904064.
^ a b c d e f g Dumienski, Zbigniew (2014). Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood (PDF) (Report). Occasional Paper. Centre for Small State Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
^ a b Neemia, U. (1995). Smallness, islandness and foreign policy behaviour: aspects of island microstates foreign policy behaviour with special reference to Cook Islands and Kiribati (Thesis). University of Wollongong. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024.
^ Dommen, E. (1985). Hein, P. (ed.). States, Microstates and Islands. London ; Dover, N.H: Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 978-0-7099-0862-3.
^ a b Amstrup, Niels (June 1976). "The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts". Cooperation and Conflict. 11 (2): 163–182. doi:10.1177/001083677601100202. ISSN 0010-8367.
^ a b Ingebritsen, Christine; Neumann, Iver; Gstöhl, Sieglinde; Beyer, Jessica, eds. (May 2006). Small States in International Relations: Lilliputians in Gulliver's World?. New directions in Scandinavian studies. Seattle : Reykjavik: University of Washington Press ; University of Iceland Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98524-4. OCLC 63171147.
^ Wivel, Anders; Oest, Kajsa Ji Noe (September 2010). "Security, profit or shadow of the past? Explaining the security strategies of microstates". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 23 (3): 429–453. doi:10.1080/09557571.2010.484047. ISSN 0955-7571.
^ Mendelson, M. H. (October 1972). "Diminutive States in the United Nations". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 21 (4): 609–630. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/21.4.609. ISSN 0020-5893.
^ a b c d e Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2015). "Democracy in microstates: why smallness does not produce a democratic political system". Democratization. 22 (1): 92–112. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.820710. ISSN 1351-0347.
^ a b c Anckar, Dag (July 2004). "Regime choices in microstates: the cultural constraint". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 42 (2): 206–223. doi:10.1080/1466204042000299263. ISSN 1466-2043.
^ Corbett, Jack (January 2015). ""Everybody knows everybody": practising politics in the Pacific Islands". Democratization. 22 (1): 51–72. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.811233. hdl:10072/60226. ISSN 1351-0347.
^ Erk, Jan; Veenendaal, Wouter (July 2014). "Is Small Really Beautiful?: The Microstate Mistake". Journal of Democracy. 25 (3): 135–148. doi:10.1353/jod.2014.0054. ISSN 1086-3214.
^ a b Anckar, Dag (February 2008). "Microstate Democracy: Majority or Consensus; Diffusion or Problem-Solving?". Democratization. 15 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1080/13510340701768158. ISSN 1351-0347.
^ a b Sharman, J.C. (October 2017). "Sovereignty at the Extremes: Micro-States in World Politics". Political Studies. 65 (3): 559–575. doi:10.1177/0032321716665392. hdl:10072/353417. ISSN 0032-3217.
^ Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2017). "Analyzing the Foreign Policy of Microstates: The Relevance of the International Patron-Client Model". Foreign Policy Analysis: 561–577. doi:10.1111/fpa.12068.
^ Doan, Daniel; Daniell, Jere R.; MacDougall, Ruth Doan (1997). Indian Stream Republic: settling a New England frontier, 1785-1842. Library of New England. Jere R. Daniell, Ruth Doan MacDougall. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-767-5. OCLC 35651345.
^ Jepson, Tim (2009). The rough guide to Tuscany & Umbria. Jonathan Buckley, Mark Ellingham, Rough Guides (7th ed.). New York: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-4053-8529-9. OCLC 743223039.
^ United Nations (2001-02-14). "Treaty Series 1889". United Nations Treaty Series. UN. doi:10.18356/a43b73bc-en-fr. ISBN 978-92-1-045419-3. ISSN 2412-1495. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Sulewski, Wojciech (1973). Konterfekty dziwnych Polaków. Iskry. OCLC 69483582.
Further reading
Sack, John; Silverstein, Shel (1959). Report from Practically Nowhere. Harper & Brothers. ASIN B0006D96LU. OCLC 1321371.
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Microstate (statistical mechanics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate_(statistical_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"Micronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microstates.PNG"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMap-World-v8_small_states.svg"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"city-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state"}],"text":"For the specific configuration of particles of a material in statistical mechanics, see Microstate (statistical mechanics).Not to be confused with Micronation.The world's five smallest sovereign states by area, from largest to smallest: San Marino, Tuvalu, Nauru, Monaco, and Vatican City shown in the same scale for size comparisonMap of the smallest states in the world by population or land area.A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or land area, usually both. However, the meanings of \"state\" and \"very small\" are not well-defined in international law.[1] Some recent attempts to define microstates have focused on identifying qualitative features that are linked to their size and population, such as partial delegation of their sovereignty to larger states, such as for international defense.Commonly accepted examples of microstates include Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, San Marino, and Tuvalu. The smallest political entity recognized as a sovereign state is Vatican City, with fewer than 1,000 residents and an area of only 49 hectares (120 acres). Some microstates – such as Monaco and Vatican City – are city-states consisting of a single municipality.","title":"Microstate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Quantitative","text":"Most scholars identify microstates by using a quantitative threshold and applying it to either one variable (such as the size of its territory[2] or population[3]) or a composite of different variables.[4] While it is agreed that microstates are the smallest of all states, there is no consensus on what variable (or variables) or cut-off point should be used to determine which political units should be labelled as \"microstates\" (as opposed to small \"normal\" states).[1][5][6][7] According to some scholars the quantitative approach to defining microstates suffers from such problems as \"inconsistency, arbitrariness, vagueness and inability to meaningfully isolate qualitatively distinct political units\".[5]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Vatican,_St._Peter%27s_Basilica_and_Gardens_of_Vatican_City_(39834994173).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"failed states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_states"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"the Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"its precise status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Maurice Mendelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Mendelson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St.Kitts_and_Nevis_-Two_Islands_One_Paradise.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"}],"sub_title":"Qualitative","text":"Vatican City, the smallest independent country in Europe with 0.44 km2 (110 acres), is also the smallest in the worldSome academics have suggested defining microstates according to the unique features that are linked to their geographic or demographic smallness.[5][8][9] Newer approaches have proposed looking at the behaviour or capacity to operate in the international arena in order to determine which states should deserve the microstate label.[9][10] Yet, it has been argued[by whom?] that such approaches could lead to either confusing microstates with weak states[6][8] (or failed states) or relying too much on subjective perceptions.[5]An alternative approach is to define microstates as \"modern protected states\".[5] According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): \"microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints.\"[5] Adopting this approach permits limiting the number of microstates and separating them from both small states and autonomies or dependencies.[5] Examples of microstates understood as modern protected states include such states as Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Niue, Andorra, the Cook Islands or Palau.The smallest political unit recognized as a sovereign state is the Vatican City, though its precise status is sometimes disputed, e.g., Maurice Mendelson argued in 1972 that \"[i]n two respects it may be doubted whether the territorial entity, the Vatican City, meets the traditional criteria of statehood\".[11]St. Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean Sea, the smallest independent country in the Americas with 261 km2 (101 sq mi).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"democracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"political freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom"},{"link_name":"civil liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"social cohesiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_cohesiveness"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_hotel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Case study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_study"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"clientelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clientelism"},{"link_name":"corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"particularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_particularism"},{"link_name":"executive dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"majoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarianism"},{"link_name":"parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"Westminster system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_democracy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"}],"text":"Statistical research has shown that microstates are more likely to be democracies than larger states. In 2012, Freedom House classified 86% of the countries with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants as \"free\".[12] This shows that countries with small populations often had a high degree of political freedom and civil liberties, which is one of the hallmarks of democracies. Some scholars have taken the statistical correlation between small size and democracy as a sign that smallness is beneficial to the development of a democratic political system,[13] mentioning social cohesiveness, opportunities for direct communication and homogeneity of interests as possible explanations for why this is the case.[12][14]Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, the smallest independent country in Africa with 459 km2 (177 sq mi)Case study research, however, has led some researchers to believe that the statistical evidence belies the anti-democratic elements of microstate politics.[12][15] Due to small populations, family and personal relations are often decisive in microstate politics. In some cases, this impedes neutral and formal decision-making and instead leads to undemocratic political activity, such as clientelism, corruption, particularism and executive dominance.[12]The high number of democracies amongst microstates could be explained by their colonial history.[12][13] Most microstates adopted the same political system as their colonial ruler.[16] Because of the high number of microstates that were British colonies in the past, microstates often have a majoritarian and parliamentary political system similar to the Westminster system.[13] Some microstates with a history as British colony have implemented some aspects of a consensus political system, to adapt to their geographic features or societal make-up.[16] While the colonial history often determines what political systems microstates have, they do implement changes to better accommodate their specific characteristics.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-17"},{"link_name":"patron-client relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clientelism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"tax haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-17"}],"sub_title":"Microstates and international relations","text":"Microstates often rely on other countries in order to survive, as they have a small military capacity and a lack of resources. This had led some researchers to believe that microstates are forced to subordinate themselves to larger states which reduces their sovereignty.[17] Research, however, has shown that microstates strategically engage in patron-client relationships with other countries.[18] This allows them to trade some privileges to countries that can advance their interests the most. Examples of this are microstates that establish a tax haven or sell their support in international committees in exchange for military and economic support.[17]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"philatelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philatelic"},{"link_name":"numismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatic"},{"link_name":"Republic of Indian Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cospaia Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cospaia_Republic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malediven_Atoll_Luftbild_(28800485916).jpg"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Couto Misto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couto_Misto"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"1864 Treaty of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1864)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaxa_(state)"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Qing China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A small number of tiny sovereign political units have been founded on historic anomalies or eccentric interpretations of law. Those types of states, often labelled as \"microstates,\" are usually located on small (usually disputed) territorial enclaves, generate limited economic activity founded on tourism and philatelic and numismatic sales, and are tolerated or ignored by the nations from which they claim to have seceded.The Republic of Indian Stream, now the town of Pittsburg, New Hampshire, was a geographic anomaly that had been left unresolved by the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War, and was claimed by both the United States and Canada. Between 1832 and 1835, the area's residents refused to acknowledge either claimant.[19]The Cospaia Republic became independent by a treaty error and survived from 1440 to 1826.[20] Its independence made it important in the introduction of tobacco cultivation to Italy.Maldives in the Indian Ocean, the smallest independent country in Asia with an area of 298 km2 (115 sq mi)Couto Misto was disputed by Spain and Portugal and operated as a sovereign state until the 1864 Treaty of Lisbon partitioned the territory, with the larger part becoming part of Spain.[21]Jaxa was a small state that existed during the 17th century at the border between Tsardom of Russia and Qing China. Despite its location in East Asia, the state's primary language was Polish.[22]","title":"Historical anomalies and aspirant states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sack, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sack"},{"link_name":"Silverstein, Shel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shel_Silverstein"},{"link_name":"Report from Practically Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reportfrompracti00sack"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006D96LU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006D96LU"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1321371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1321371"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244381#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005878s"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005878s"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4191314-0"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531735305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127535"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000136978&P_CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Sack, John; Silverstein, Shel (1959). Report from Practically Nowhere. Harper & Brothers. ASIN B0006D96LU. OCLC 1321371.Authority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The world's five smallest sovereign states by area, from largest to smallest: San Marino, Tuvalu, Nauru, Monaco, and Vatican City shown in the same scale for size comparison","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Microstates.PNG/310px-Microstates.PNG"},{"image_text":"Map of the smallest states in the world by population or land area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BlankMap-World-v8_small_states.svg/220px-BlankMap-World-v8_small_states.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Vatican City, the smallest independent country in Europe with 0.44 km2 (110 acres), is also the smallest in the world","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Panorama_Vatican%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica_and_Gardens_of_Vatican_City_%2839834994173%29.jpg/250px-Panorama_Vatican%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica_and_Gardens_of_Vatican_City_%2839834994173%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean Sea, the smallest independent country in the Americas with 261 km2 (101 sq mi).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St.Kitts_and_Nevis_-Two_Islands_One_Paradise.jpg/250px-St.Kitts_and_Nevis_-Two_Islands_One_Paradise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, the smallest independent country in Africa with 459 km2 (177 sq mi)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/General_hotel.jpg/250px-General_hotel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maldives in the Indian Ocean, the smallest independent country in Asia with an area of 298 km2 (115 sq mi)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Malediven_Atoll_Luftbild_%2828800485916%29.jpg/250px-Malediven_Atoll_Luftbild_%2828800485916%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"City-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state"},{"title":"European microstates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_microstates"},{"title":"Free State of Fiume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume"},{"title":"Free Territory of Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste"},{"title":"Island country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_country"},{"title":"List of countries and dependencies by population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density"},{"title":"List of countries and outlying territories by total area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area"},{"title":"List of countries by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population"},{"title":"Microstates and the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstates_and_the_United_Nations"},{"title":"Neutral Moresnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet"}] | [{"reference":"Warrington, Edward (June 1994). \"Lilliput Revisited\". Asian Journal of Public Administration. 16 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1080/02598272.1994.10800284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02598272.1994.10800284","url_text":"10.1080/02598272.1994.10800284"}]},{"reference":"Mehmet, Ozay; Tahiroglu, M. (1 January 2002). \"Growth and equity in microstates: Does size matter in development?\". International Journal of Social Economics. 29 (1/2): 152–162. doi:10.1108/03068290210413047.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2F03068290210413047","url_text":"10.1108/03068290210413047"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, Peter J.; Herr, Richard A. (April 1974). \"Microstate diplomacy in the south pacific\". Australian Outlook. 28 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1080/10357717408444489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357717408444489","url_text":"10.1080/10357717408444489"}]},{"reference":"Reid, George L. (1974). The impact of very small size on the international behavior of microstates. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780803904064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803904064","url_text":"9780803904064"}]},{"reference":"Dumienski, Zbigniew (2014). Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood (PDF) (Report). Occasional Paper. Centre for Small State Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195156/http://ams.hi.is/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Microstates_OccasionalPaper.pdf","url_text":"Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood"},{"url":"http://ams.hi.is/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Microstates_OccasionalPaper.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neemia, U. (1995). Smallness, islandness and foreign policy behaviour: aspects of island microstates foreign policy behaviour with special reference to Cook Islands and Kiribati (Thesis). University of Wollongong. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2439&context=theses","url_text":"Smallness, islandness and foreign policy behaviour: aspects of island microstates foreign policy behaviour with special reference to Cook Islands and Kiribati"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240219212327/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2439&context=theses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dommen, E. (1985). Hein, P. (ed.). States, Microstates and Islands. London ; Dover, N.H: Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 978-0-7099-0862-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0862-3","url_text":"978-0-7099-0862-3"}]},{"reference":"Amstrup, Niels (June 1976). \"The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts\". Cooperation and Conflict. 11 (2): 163–182. doi:10.1177/001083677601100202. ISSN 0010-8367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001083677601100202","url_text":"10.1177/001083677601100202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-8367","url_text":"0010-8367"}]},{"reference":"Ingebritsen, Christine; Neumann, Iver; Gstöhl, Sieglinde; Beyer, Jessica, eds. (May 2006). Small States in International Relations: Lilliputians in Gulliver's World?. New directions in Scandinavian studies. Seattle : Reykjavik: University of Washington Press ; University of Iceland Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98524-4. OCLC 63171147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98524-4","url_text":"978-0-295-98524-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63171147","url_text":"63171147"}]},{"reference":"Wivel, Anders; Oest, Kajsa Ji Noe (September 2010). \"Security, profit or shadow of the past? Explaining the security strategies of microstates\". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 23 (3): 429–453. doi:10.1080/09557571.2010.484047. ISSN 0955-7571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09557571.2010.484047","url_text":"10.1080/09557571.2010.484047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0955-7571","url_text":"0955-7571"}]},{"reference":"Mendelson, M. H. (October 1972). \"Diminutive States in the United Nations\". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 21 (4): 609–630. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/21.4.609. ISSN 0020-5893.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F21.4.609","url_text":"10.1093/iclqaj/21.4.609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5893","url_text":"0020-5893"}]},{"reference":"Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2015). \"Democracy in microstates: why smallness does not produce a democratic political system\". Democratization. 22 (1): 92–112. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.820710. ISSN 1351-0347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2013.820710","url_text":"10.1080/13510347.2013.820710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347","url_text":"1351-0347"}]},{"reference":"Anckar, Dag (July 2004). \"Regime choices in microstates: the cultural constraint\". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 42 (2): 206–223. doi:10.1080/1466204042000299263. ISSN 1466-2043.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1466204042000299263","url_text":"10.1080/1466204042000299263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-2043","url_text":"1466-2043"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Jack (January 2015). \"\"Everybody knows everybody\": practising politics in the Pacific Islands\". Democratization. 22 (1): 51–72. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.811233. hdl:10072/60226. ISSN 1351-0347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2013.811233","url_text":"10.1080/13510347.2013.811233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F60226","url_text":"10072/60226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347","url_text":"1351-0347"}]},{"reference":"Erk, Jan; Veenendaal, Wouter (July 2014). \"Is Small Really Beautiful?: The Microstate Mistake\". Journal of Democracy. 25 (3): 135–148. doi:10.1353/jod.2014.0054. ISSN 1086-3214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2014.0054","url_text":"10.1353/jod.2014.0054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214","url_text":"1086-3214"}]},{"reference":"Anckar, Dag (February 2008). \"Microstate Democracy: Majority or Consensus; Diffusion or Problem-Solving?\". Democratization. 15 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1080/13510340701768158. ISSN 1351-0347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510340701768158","url_text":"10.1080/13510340701768158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347","url_text":"1351-0347"}]},{"reference":"Sharman, J.C. (October 2017). \"Sovereignty at the Extremes: Micro-States in World Politics\". Political Studies. 65 (3): 559–575. doi:10.1177/0032321716665392. hdl:10072/353417. ISSN 0032-3217.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032321716665392","url_text":"10.1177/0032321716665392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F353417","url_text":"10072/353417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217","url_text":"0032-3217"}]},{"reference":"Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2017). \"Analyzing the Foreign Policy of Microstates: The Relevance of the International Patron-Client Model\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Front_Banner | Urad Front Banner | ["1 Demographics","2 Administrative divisions","3 Climate","4 References"] | Coordinates: 40°44′13″N 108°39′07″E / 40.737°N 108.652°E / 40.737; 108.652Banner in Inner Mongolia, ChinaUrad Front Banner
乌拉特前旗 · ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤBannerUrad Front Banner in BayannurBayannur in Inner MongoliaUrad FrontLocation in Inner MongoliaShow map of Inner MongoliaUrad FrontUrad Front (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates: 40°44′13″N 108°39′07″E / 40.737°N 108.652°E / 40.737; 108.652CountryChinaAutonomous regionInner MongoliaPrefecture-level cityBayannurBanner seatUlashanArea • Total7,460 km2 (2,880 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total257,826 • Density35/km2 (90/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitewww.wltqq.gov.cn
Urad Front BannerChinese nameSimplified Chinese乌拉特前旗Traditional Chinese烏拉特前旗TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWūlātè Qián QíMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicУрадын Өмнөд ХошууMongolian scriptᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤTranscriptionsSASM/GNCUrad-un Emünedü Qosiɣu
Urad Front Banner (Mongolian: ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ; Chinese: 乌拉特前旗) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is located in the west of the region, situated on the northern (left) bank of the Yellow River, on the Ordos Loop, and in between the cities of Bayan Nur and Baotou. Administratively, it is part of Bayan Nur City, and has a total area of 7,476 square kilometres (2,886 sq mi) and in 2020 had 257,826 inhabitants.
Map including part of modern-day Urad Front Banner (AMS, 1963)
Demographics
The proportion of nationalities in Urad Front Banner (2020)
Nationality
Percentage
Han
94.7%
Mongols
4.4%
Hui People
0.3%
Manchus
0.3%
Tujia
0.1%
Others
0.2%
Source of the population statistics :
Administrative divisions
Urad Front Banner is made up of 9 towns and 2 sums. The banner's seat of government is located in Ulashan.
Name
Simplified Chinese
Hanyu Pinyin
Mongolian (Hudum Script)
Mongolian (Cyrillic)
Administrative division code
Towns
Ulashan Town(Mona-uul, Wulashan)
乌拉山镇
Wūlāshān Zhèn
ᠮᠤᠨᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Муна уул балгас
150823100
Bayan Hua Town
白彦花镇
Báiyànhuā Zhèn
ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Баянхуа балгас
150823101
Xianfeng Town
先锋镇
Xiānfēng Zhèn
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠹᠧᠩ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Шиан фен балгас
150823102
Xin'an Town
新安镇
Xīn'ān Zhèn
ᠰᠢᠨ ᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Шинь-Ань балгас
150823103
Xixiao Ju Town
西小召镇
Xīxiǎozhào Zhèn
ᠰᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠵᠤᠤ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Ший шяо жуу балгас
150823104
Ih Xigtei Town(Dashetai, Tashetai)
大佘太镇
Dàshétài Zhèn
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Их шээтэй балгас
150823105
Minggan Town
明安镇
Míng'ān Zhèn
ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Мянган балгас
150823106
Bag Xigtei Town
小佘太镇
Xiǎoshétài Zhèn
ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Бага шээтэй балгас
150823107
Sudalin Hudag Town
苏独仑镇
Sūdúlún Zhèn
ᠰᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ
Судлын худаг балгас
150823108
Sums
Erden Bulag Sum
额尔登布拉格苏木
É'ěrdēngbùlāgé Sūmù
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ
Эрдэнэбулаг сум
150823200
Sadag Sum
沙德格苏木
Shādégé Sūmù
ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ
Саадаг сум
150823201
Others
Bayannur Zhongtan Farm
巴彦淖尔市中滩农场
Bāyànnào’ěr Shì Zhōngtān Nóngchǎng
ᠵᠦᠩ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ
Жүн дан тариалангийн талбай
150823400
Bayannur Xishanzui Farm
巴彦淖尔市西山嘴农场
Bāyànnào’ěr Shì Xīshānzuǐ Nóngchǎng
ᠰᠢ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠽᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ
Ший шин жуу тариалангийн талбай
150823401
Bayannur Xin'an Farm
巴彦淖尔市新安农场
Bāyànnào’ěr Shì Xīn’ān Nóngchǎng
ᠰᠢᠨ ᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ
Шин аан тариалангийн талбай
150823402
Bayannur Sudalin Hudag Farm
巴彦淖尔市苏独隆农场
Bāyànnào’ěr Shì Sūdúlún Nóngchǎng
ᠰᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ
Судлын худаг тариалангийн талбай
150823403
Bayannur Ih Xigtei Ranch
巴彦淖尔市大佘太牧场
Bāyànnào’ěr Shì Dàshétài Mùchǎng
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠮᠠᠯᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ
Их шээтэй малжлын талбай
150823404
Bayannur Uliastai Nur Fishery Farm
巴彦淖尔市乌梁素海渔场
Bāyànnào’ěr Shì Wūliángsùhǎi Yúchǎng
ᠤᠯᠢᠶᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ
Улиастай нуур загасан талбай
150823405
Climate
Climate data for Urad Front Banner, elevation 1,021 m (3,350 ft), (2005–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
7.1(44.8)
17.7(63.9)
23.9(75.0)
32.9(91.2)
36.0(96.8)
39.7(103.5)
40.0(104.0)
36.5(97.7)
36.0(96.8)
27.8(82.0)
20.9(69.6)
10.7(51.3)
40.0(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−3.8(25.2)
1.7(35.1)
10.5(50.9)
19.0(66.2)
25.4(77.7)
29.8(85.6)
31.7(89.1)
29.3(84.7)
23.9(75.0)
16.7(62.1)
6.5(43.7)
−2.0(28.4)
15.7(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−9.6(14.7)
−4.9(23.2)
3.5(38.3)
12.2(54.0)
18.7(65.7)
23.6(74.5)
25.8(78.4)
23.5(74.3)
17.7(63.9)
9.9(49.8)
0.9(33.6)
−7.2(19.0)
9.5(49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−14.2(6.4)
−10.1(13.8)
−2.1(28.2)
5.9(42.6)
12.3(54.1)
17.6(63.7)
20.3(68.5)
18.6(65.5)
12.6(54.7)
4.8(40.6)
−3.2(26.2)
−11.4(11.5)
4.3(39.7)
Record low °C (°F)
−30.5(−22.9)
−27.8(−18.0)
−22.3(−8.1)
−9.5(14.9)
−3.3(26.1)
4.1(39.4)
10.5(50.9)
7.6(45.7)
−1.3(29.7)
−9.7(14.5)
−21.6(−6.9)
−26.1(−15.0)
−30.5(−22.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
1.2(0.05)
2.4(0.09)
5.0(0.20)
6.2(0.24)
19.2(0.76)
25.5(1.00)
57.9(2.28)
53.8(2.12)
37.4(1.47)
10.1(0.40)
4.3(0.17)
1.2(0.05)
224.2(8.83)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
1.4
1.5
2.6
2.2
4.6
6.2
9.0
7.8
5.9
3.0
1.7
1.6
47.5
Average snowy days
2.6
2.2
1.9
0.7
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.4
1.6
2.5
12
Average relative humidity (%)
54
46
39
33
34
41
52
56
54
51
53
53
47
Mean monthly sunshine hours
220.3
224.8
264.9
287.5
316.7
307.2
305.3
292.6
259.8
260.7
220.5
206.3
3,166.6
Percent possible sunshine
74
74
71
72
70
68
67
69
71
77
75
72
72
Source: China Meteorological Administration
Climate data for Dashetaizhen, Urad Front Banner, elevation 1,079 m (3,540 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−3.8(25.2)
1.6(34.9)
9.3(48.7)
17.9(64.2)
24.4(75.9)
29.1(84.4)
30.9(87.6)
28.9(84.0)
23.6(74.5)
15.7(60.3)
5.7(42.3)
−2.3(27.9)
15.1(59.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−11.7(10.9)
−6.5(20.3)
1.6(34.9)
10.5(50.9)
17.4(63.3)
22.6(72.7)
24.6(76.3)
22.5(72.5)
16.4(61.5)
7.9(46.2)
−1.6(29.1)
−9.5(14.9)
7.9(46.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−17.5(0.5)
−12.6(9.3)
−4.9(23.2)
3.0(37.4)
9.9(49.8)
15.4(59.7)
18.0(64.4)
16.3(61.3)
10.0(50.0)
1.6(34.9)
−6.9(19.6)
−14.6(5.7)
1.5(34.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
1.7(0.07)
2.7(0.11)
5.2(0.20)
7.7(0.30)
22.0(0.87)
29.7(1.17)
57.1(2.25)
52.0(2.05)
36.6(1.44)
12.1(0.48)
4.8(0.19)
1.8(0.07)
233.4(9.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.1
2.0
2.6
2.7
5.2
6.6
9.3
8.1
6.3
3.5
2.2
1.9
52.5
Average snowy days
2.6
2.3
1.9
0.7
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.5
2.0
2.4
12.5
Average relative humidity (%)
55
46
38
30
33
41
52
55
52
50
54
56
47
Mean monthly sunshine hours
231.4
234.9
282.4
301.3
333.7
324.4
320.3
310.3
276.6
269.9
229.4
216.9
3,331.5
Percent possible sunshine
77
77
76
75
74
72
70
74
75
80
78
76
75
Source: China Meteorological Administration
References
^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
^ 内蒙古自治区第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室、内蒙古自治区统计局. "内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020".
^ "2018年统计用区划代码".
^ a b 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
vteCounty-level divisions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionHohhot (capital)Prefecture-level citiesHohhot
Huimin District
Xincheng District
Yuquan District
Saihan District
Togtoh County
Wuchuan County
Horinger County
Qingshuihe County
Tumed Left Banner
Baotou
Hondlon District
Donghe District
Qingshan District
Shiguai District
Bayan'obo Mining District
Jiuyuan District
Guyang County
Tumed Right Banner
Darhan'muminggan United Banner
Wuhai
Haibowan District
Hainan District
Wuda District
Chifeng
Hongshan District
Yuanbaoshan District
Songshan District
Ningcheng County
Linxi County
Ar'horqin Banner
Bairin Left Banner
Bairin Right Banner
Hexigten Banner
Ongniud Banner
Harqin Banner
Aohan Banner
Tongliao
Horqin District
Holingol city
Kailu County
Hure Banner
Naiman Banner
Jarud Banner
Horqin Left Middle Banner
Horqin Left Rear Banner
Ordos
Dongsheng District
Kangbashi District
Dalad Banner
Jungar Banner
Otog Front Banner
Otog Banner
Hanggin Banner
Uxin Banner
Ejin'horo Banner
Hulunbuir
Hailar District
Zhalainuo'er District
Manzhouli city
Zalantun city
Yakeshi city
Genhe city
Ergun city
Arun Banner
New Barag Right Banner
New Barag Left Banner
Old Barag Banner
Oroqin Banner
Evenk Banner
Morin'dawa Daur Banner
Bayannur
Linhe District
Wuyuan County
Dengkou County
Urad Front Banner
Urad Middle Banner
Urad Rear Banner
Hanggin Rear Banner
Ulanqab
Jining District
Fengzhen city
Zhuozi County
Huade County
Shangdu County
Xinghe County
Liangcheng County
Qahar Right Front Banner
Qahar Right Middle Banner
Qahar Right Rear Banner
Dorbod Banner
LeaguesHinggan
Ulanhot city
Arxan city
Tuquan County
Horqin Right Front Banner
Horqin Right Middle Banner
Jalaid Banner
Xilingol
Xilinhot city
Erenhot city
Duolun County
Abag Banner
Sonid Left Banner
Sonid Right Banner
East Ujimqin Banner
West Ujimqin Banner
Taibus Banner
Bordered Yellow Banner
Plain and Bordered White Banner
Plain Blue Banner
Alxa
Alxa Left Banner
Alxa Right Banner
Ejin Banner
vteBaotou–Lanzhou railway
(← Beijing–Baotou Railway)
Baotou
Baotou West
Dalagai
Haye Hutong
Baiyanhua
Gongmiaozi
Wulashan
Urat Front Banner
Xixiaozhao
Wuyuan
Sifentan
Linhe
Toudaoqiao
Bayan Gol
Hanggin Banner
Jiangui
Wuhai North
Wuhai
Huangbaici
Wuhai West
Huinong
Yanzidun
Pingluo
Shizuishan
Xidatan
Nuanquan
Luhuatai
Yinchuan
Shuangqukou
Yinchuan South
Xigan
Huangyangtan
Xishao
Yuquanying
Yinguang
Daba
Xiaoba
Qingtongxia
Qingfen
Fenshouling
Guangwubao
Qukoubao
Tietongbao
Zaoyuanbao
Xinshigou
Zhongning
Yuding
Huangyangwan
Liujiazhuang
Zhenluobao
Zhongwei
Yingshuiqiao
Shapotou
Mengjiawan
Changliushui
Hongwei
Yiwanquan
Gantang
Xiaohongshan
Yingpanshui
Dageda
Baidunzi
Changcheng
Jingtai
Xingquanbao
Xijishui
Huangya
Zhaojiashui
Langbaoshui
Hongxiantai
Wujiayao
Doujiagou
Hongshaxian
Baiyin West
Houchangchuan
Zhujiayao
Fengshuicun
Tulongchuan
Gaolan
Hongquangou
Qianchangchuan
Shaojiatang
Shuiyuan
Qingbaishi
Lanzhou East
Lanzhou
(Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway →)
Connecting Railways: Chongqing–Lanzhou railway
Baoji–Zhongwei railway
Baotou–Bayan Obo Railway
Baotou–Xi'an railway
Beijing–Baotou Railway
Gantang–Wuwei railway
Honghui railway
Jilantai Railway
Lanzhou–Qinghai railway
Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
Linhe–Ejin Railway
Longhai railway
Shizuishan–Rujigou Railway
Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway
Wuhai–Gongwusu Railway
Xixiaozhao–Jinquan Railway
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Inner Mongolia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_(Inner_Mongolia)"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Ordos Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos_Loop"},{"link_name":"Bayan Nur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_Nur"},{"link_name":"Baotou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"AMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Map_Service"}],"text":"Banner in Inner Mongolia, ChinaUrad Front Banner (Mongolian: ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ; Chinese: 乌拉特前旗) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is located in the west of the region, situated on the northern (left) bank of the Yellow River, on the Ordos Loop, and in between the cities of Bayan Nur and Baotou. Administratively, it is part of Bayan Nur City, and has a total area of 7,476 square kilometres (2,886 sq mi) and in 2020 had 257,826 inhabitants.Map including part of modern-day Urad Front Banner (AMS, 1963)","title":"Urad Front Banner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"sums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"Ulashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulashan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Urad Front Banner is made up of 9 towns and 2 sums. The banner's seat of government is located in Ulashan.[3]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Climate data for Urad Front Banner, elevation 1,021 m (3,350 ft), (2005–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n39.7(103.5)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−9.6(14.7)\n\n−4.9(23.2)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n−7.2(19.0)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−14.2(6.4)\n\n−10.1(13.8)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n−11.4(11.5)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−30.5(−22.9)\n\n−27.8(−18.0)\n\n−22.3(−8.1)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n−1.3(29.7)\n\n−9.7(14.5)\n\n−21.6(−6.9)\n\n−26.1(−15.0)\n\n−30.5(−22.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n1.2(0.05)\n\n2.4(0.09)\n\n5.0(0.20)\n\n6.2(0.24)\n\n19.2(0.76)\n\n25.5(1.00)\n\n57.9(2.28)\n\n53.8(2.12)\n\n37.4(1.47)\n\n10.1(0.40)\n\n4.3(0.17)\n\n1.2(0.05)\n\n224.2(8.83)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n1.4\n\n1.5\n\n2.6\n\n2.2\n\n4.6\n\n6.2\n\n9.0\n\n7.8\n\n5.9\n\n3.0\n\n1.7\n\n1.6\n\n47.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n2.6\n\n2.2\n\n1.9\n\n0.7\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.4\n\n1.6\n\n2.5\n\n12\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n54\n\n46\n\n39\n\n33\n\n34\n\n41\n\n52\n\n56\n\n54\n\n51\n\n53\n\n53\n\n47\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n220.3\n\n224.8\n\n264.9\n\n287.5\n\n316.7\n\n307.2\n\n305.3\n\n292.6\n\n259.8\n\n260.7\n\n220.5\n\n206.3\n\n3,166.6\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n74\n\n74\n\n71\n\n72\n\n70\n\n68\n\n67\n\n69\n\n71\n\n77\n\n75\n\n72\n\n72\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[4][5]Climate data for Dashetaizhen, Urad Front Banner, elevation 1,079 m (3,540 ft), (1991–2020 normals)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n−2.3(27.9)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−11.7(10.9)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n7.9(46.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−17.5(0.5)\n\n−12.6(9.3)\n\n−4.9(23.2)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n−14.6(5.7)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n1.7(0.07)\n\n2.7(0.11)\n\n5.2(0.20)\n\n7.7(0.30)\n\n22.0(0.87)\n\n29.7(1.17)\n\n57.1(2.25)\n\n52.0(2.05)\n\n36.6(1.44)\n\n12.1(0.48)\n\n4.8(0.19)\n\n1.8(0.07)\n\n233.4(9.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.1\n\n2.0\n\n2.6\n\n2.7\n\n5.2\n\n6.6\n\n9.3\n\n8.1\n\n6.3\n\n3.5\n\n2.2\n\n1.9\n\n52.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n2.6\n\n2.3\n\n1.9\n\n0.7\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.5\n\n2.0\n\n2.4\n\n12.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n55\n\n46\n\n38\n\n30\n\n33\n\n41\n\n52\n\n55\n\n52\n\n50\n\n54\n\n56\n\n47\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n231.4\n\n234.9\n\n282.4\n\n301.3\n\n333.7\n\n324.4\n\n320.3\n\n310.3\n\n276.6\n\n269.9\n\n229.4\n\n216.9\n\n3,331.5\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n77\n\n77\n\n76\n\n75\n\n74\n\n72\n\n70\n\n74\n\n75\n\n80\n\n78\n\n76\n\n75\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[4][6]","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"Map including part of modern-day Urad Front Banner (AMS, 1963)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-10.jpg/220px-Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-10.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"内蒙古自治区第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室、内蒙古自治区统计局. \"内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tj.nmg.gov.cn/files_pub/content/PAGEPACK/zk2020/indexce.htm","url_text":"\"内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018年统计用区划代码\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/15/08/150823.html","url_text":"\"2018年统计用区划代码\""}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Nash_equilibrium | Strong Nash equilibrium | ["1 Existence","2 Properties","3 Criticism","4 References"] | Concept in game theory
Strong Nash equilibriumA solution concept in game theoryRelationshipSubset ofEvolutionarily stable strategy (if the strong Nash equilibrium is not also weak)SignificanceUsed forAll non-cooperative games of more than 2 players
In game theory, a strong Nash equilibrium (SNE) is a combination of actions of the different players, in which no coalition of players can cooperatively deviate in a way that strictly benefits all of its members, given that the actions of the other players remain fixed. This is in contrast to simple Nash equilibrium, which considers only deviations by individual players. The concept was introduced by Israel Aumann in 1959. SNE is particularly useful in areas such as the study of voting systems, in which there are typically many more players than possible outcomes, and so plain Nash equilibria are far too abundant.
Existence
Nessah and Tian prove that an SNE exists if the following conditions are satisfied:
The strategy space of each player is compact and convex;
The payoff function of each player is concave and continuous;
The coalition consistency property: there exists a weight-vector-tuple w, assigning a weight-vector wS to each possible coalition S, such that for each strategy-profile x, there exists a strategy-profile z in which zS maximizes the weighted (by wS) social welfare to members of S, given x-S.
Note that if x is itself an SNE, then z can be taken to be equal to x. If x is not an SNE, the condition requires that one can move to a different strategy-profile which is a social-welfare-best-response for all coalitions simultaneously.
For example, consider a game with two players, with strategy spaces and , which are clearly compact and convex. The utility functions are:
u1(x) = - x12 + x2 + 1
u2(x) = x1 - x22 + 1
which are continuous and convex. It remains to check coalition consistency. For every strategy-tuple x, we check the weighted-best-response of each coalition:
For the coalition {1}, we need to find, for every x2, maxy1 (-y12 + x2 + 1); it is clear that the maximum is attained at the smallest point of the strategy space, which is y1=1/3.
For the coalition {2}, we similarly see that for every x1, the maximum payoff is attained at the smallest point, y2=3/4.
For the coalition {1,2}, with weights w1,w2, we need to find maxy1,y2 (w1*(-y12 + y2 + 1)+w2*(y1 - y22 + 1)). Using the derivative test, we can find out that the maximum point is y1=w2/(2*w1) and y2=w1/(2*w2). By taking w1=0.6,w2=0.4 we get y1=1/3 and y2=3/4.
So, with w1=0.6,w2=0.4 the point (1/3,3/4) is a consistent social-welfare-best-response for all coalitions simultaneously. Therefore, an SNE exists, at the same point (1/3,3/4).
Here is an example in which the coalition consistency fails, and indeed there is no SNE.: Example.3.1 There are two players, with strategy space . Their utility functions are:
u1(x) = -x1 + 2*x2;
u2(x) = 2*x1 - x2.
There is a unique Nash equilibrium at (0,0), with payoff vector (0,0). However, it is not SNE as the coalition {1,2} can deviate to (1,1), with payoff vector (1,1). Indeed, coalition consistency is violated at x=(0,0): for the coalition {1,2}, for any weight-vector wS, the social-welfare-best-response is either on the line (1,0)--(1,1) or on the line (0,1)--(1,1); but any such point is not a best-response for the player playing 1.
Nessah and Tian also present a necessary and sufficient condition for SNE existence, along with an algorithm that finds an SNE if and only if it exists.
Properties
Every SNE is a Nash equilibrium. This can be seen by considering a deviation of the n singleton coalitions.
Every SNE is weakly Pareto-efficient. This can be seen by considering a deviation of the grand coalition - the coalition of all players.
Every SNE is in the weak alpha-core and in the weak-beta core.
Criticism
The strong Nash concept is criticized as too "strong" in that the environment allows for unlimited private communication. As a result of these requirements, Strong Nash rarely exists in games interesting enough to deserve study. Nevertheless, it is possible for there to be multiple strong Nash equilibria. For instance, in Approval voting, there is always a strong Nash equilibrium for any Condorcet winner that exists, but this is only unique (apart from inconsequential changes) when there is a majority Condorcet winner.
A relatively weaker yet refined Nash stability concept is called coalition-proof Nash equilibrium (CPNE) in which the equilibria are immune to multilateral deviations that are self-enforcing. Every correlated strategy supported by iterated strict dominance and on the Pareto frontier is a CPNE. Further, it is possible for a game to have a Nash equilibrium that is resilient against coalitions less than a specified size k. CPNE is related to the theory of the core.
Confusingly, the concept of a strong Nash equilibrium is unrelated to that of a weak Nash equilibrium. That is, a Nash equilibrium can be both strong and weak, either, or neither.
References
^ R. Aumann (1959), Acceptable points in general cooperative n-person games in "Contributions to the Theory of Games IV", Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J..
^ a b B. D. Bernheim; B. Peleg; M. D. Whinston (1987), "Coalition-Proof Equilibria I. Concepts", Journal of Economic Theory, 42: 1–12, doi:10.1016/0022-0531(87)90099-8.
^ a b c d Nessah, Rabia; Tian, Guoqiang (2014-06-15). "On the existence of strong Nash equilibria". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 414 (2): 871–885. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.01.030. ISSN 0022-247X.
^ D. Moreno; J. Wooders (1996), "Coalition-Proof Equilibrium", Games and Economic Behavior, 17: 80–112, doi:10.1006/game.1996.0095, hdl:10016/4408.
vteTopics of game theoryDefinitions
Congestion game
Cooperative game
Determinacy
Escalation of commitment
Extensive-form game
First-player and second-player win
Game complexity
Graphical game
Hierarchy of beliefs
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Preference
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Mechanism design
Equilibriumconcepts
Bayes correlated equilibrium
Bayesian Nash equilibrium
Berge equilibrium
Core
Correlated equilibrium
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium
Epsilon-equilibrium
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Gibbs equilibrium
Mertens-stable equilibrium
Markov perfect equilibrium
Nash equilibrium
Pareto efficiency
Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
Proper equilibrium
Quantal response equilibrium
Quasi-perfect equilibrium
Risk dominance
Satisfaction equilibrium
Self-confirming equilibrium
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Shapley value
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Subgame perfection
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Strategies
Appeasement
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Escalation
Forward induction
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Strategy-stealing argument
Tit for tat
Classesof games
Auction
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Games
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Chicken
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Stag hunt
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Rock paper scissors
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War of attrition
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Fair division
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Guess 2/3 of the average
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Theorems
Aumann's agreement theorem
Folk theorem
Minimax theorem
Nash's theorem
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Sprague–Grundy theorem
Zermelo's theorem
Keyfigures
Albert W. Tucker
Amos Tversky
Antoine Augustin Cournot
Ariel Rubinstein
Claude Shannon
Daniel Kahneman
David K. Levine
David M. Kreps
Donald B. Gillies
Drew Fudenberg
Eric Maskin
Harold W. Kuhn
Herbert Simon
Hervé Moulin
John Conway
Jean Tirole
Jean-François Mertens
Jennifer Tour Chayes
John Harsanyi
John Maynard Smith
John Nash
John von Neumann
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Binmore
Leonid Hurwicz
Lloyd Shapley
Melvin Dresher
Merrill M. Flood
Olga Bondareva
Oskar Morgenstern
Paul Milgrom
Peyton Young
Reinhard Selten
Robert Axelrod
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Robert B. Wilson
Roger Myerson
Samuel Bowles
Suzanne Scotchmer
Thomas Schelling
William Vickrey
Miscellaneous
Alpha–beta pruning
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Combinatorial game theory
Confrontation analysis
Coopetition
Evolutionary game theory
Glossary of game theory
List of game theorists
List of games in game theory
No-win situation
Topological game
Tragedy of the commons
This game theory article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Israel Aumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Aumann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNE-1"},{"link_name":"voting systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_systems"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoalitionProof-2"}],"text":"In game theory, a strong Nash equilibrium (SNE) is a combination of actions of the different players, in which no coalition of players can cooperatively deviate in a way that strictly benefits all of its members, given that the actions of the other players remain fixed. This is in contrast to simple Nash equilibrium, which considers only deviations by individual players. The concept was introduced by Israel Aumann in 1959.[1] SNE is particularly useful in areas such as the study of voting systems, in which there are typically many more players than possible outcomes, and so plain Nash equilibria are far too abundant.[2]","title":"Strong Nash equilibrium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_set"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"},{"link_name":"concave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave_set"},{"link_name":"derivative test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_test"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Nessah and Tian[3] prove that an SNE exists if the following conditions are satisfied:The strategy space of each player is compact and convex;\nThe payoff function of each player is concave and continuous;\nThe coalition consistency property: there exists a weight-vector-tuple w, assigning a weight-vector wS to each possible coalition S, such that for each strategy-profile x, there exists a strategy-profile z in which zS maximizes the weighted (by wS) social welfare to members of S, given x-S.\nNote that if x is itself an SNE, then z can be taken to be equal to x. If x is not an SNE, the condition requires that one can move to a different strategy-profile which is a social-welfare-best-response for all coalitions simultaneously.For example, consider a game with two players, with strategy spaces [1/3, 2] and [3/4, 2], which are clearly compact and convex. The utility functions are:u1(x) = - x12 + x2 + 1\nu2(x) = x1 - x22 + 1which are continuous and convex. It remains to check coalition consistency. For every strategy-tuple x, we check the weighted-best-response of each coalition:For the coalition {1}, we need to find, for every x2, maxy1 (-y12 + x2 + 1); it is clear that the maximum is attained at the smallest point of the strategy space, which is y1=1/3.\nFor the coalition {2}, we similarly see that for every x1, the maximum payoff is attained at the smallest point, y2=3/4.\nFor the coalition {1,2}, with weights w1,w2, we need to find maxy1,y2 (w1*(-y12 + y2 + 1)+w2*(y1 - y22 + 1)). Using the derivative test, we can find out that the maximum point is y1=w2/(2*w1) and y2=w1/(2*w2). By taking w1=0.6,w2=0.4 we get y1=1/3 and y2=3/4.So, with w1=0.6,w2=0.4 the point (1/3,3/4) is a consistent social-welfare-best-response for all coalitions simultaneously. Therefore, an SNE exists, at the same point (1/3,3/4).Here is an example in which the coalition consistency fails, and indeed there is no SNE.[3]: Example.3.1 There are two players, with strategy space [0,1]. Their utility functions are:u1(x) = -x1 + 2*x2;\nu2(x) = 2*x1 - x2.There is a unique Nash equilibrium at (0,0), with payoff vector (0,0). However, it is not SNE as the coalition {1,2} can deviate to (1,1), with payoff vector (1,1). Indeed, coalition consistency is violated at x=(0,0): for the coalition {1,2}, for any weight-vector wS, the social-welfare-best-response is either on the line (1,0)--(1,1) or on the line (0,1)--(1,1); but any such point is not a best-response for the player playing 1.Nessah and Tian[3] also present a necessary and sufficient condition for SNE existence, along with an algorithm that finds an SNE if and only if it exists.","title":"Existence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pareto-efficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Every SNE is a Nash equilibrium. This can be seen by considering a deviation of the n singleton coalitions.Every SNE is weakly Pareto-efficient. This can be seen by considering a deviation of the grand coalition - the coalition of all players.Every SNE is in the weak alpha-core and in the weak-beta core.[3]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Approval voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approval_voting"},{"link_name":"Condorcet winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_winner"},{"link_name":"coalition-proof Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition-proof_Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoalitionProof-2"},{"link_name":"iterated strict dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(game_theory)"},{"link_name":"Pareto frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_frontier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPNE-4"},{"link_name":"theory of the core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(economics)"},{"link_name":"weak Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_Nash_equilibrium"}],"text":"The strong Nash concept is criticized as too \"strong\" in that the environment allows for unlimited private communication. As a result of these requirements, Strong Nash rarely exists in games interesting enough to deserve study. Nevertheless, it is possible for there to be multiple strong Nash equilibria. For instance, in Approval voting, there is always a strong Nash equilibrium for any Condorcet winner that exists, but this is only unique (apart from inconsequential changes) when there is a majority Condorcet winner.A relatively weaker yet refined Nash stability concept is called coalition-proof Nash equilibrium (CPNE) [2] in which the equilibria are immune to multilateral deviations that are self-enforcing. Every correlated strategy supported by iterated strict dominance and on the Pareto frontier is a CPNE.[4] Further, it is possible for a game to have a Nash equilibrium that is resilient against coalitions less than a specified size k. CPNE is related to the theory of the core.Confusingly, the concept of a strong Nash equilibrium is unrelated to that of a weak Nash equilibrium. That is, a Nash equilibrium can be both strong and weak, either, or neither.","title":"Criticism"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"R. Aumann (1959), Acceptable points in general cooperative n-person games in \"Contributions to the Theory of Games IV\", Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J..","urls":[]},{"reference":"B. D. Bernheim; B. Peleg; M. D. Whinston (1987), \"Coalition-Proof Equilibria I. Concepts\", Journal of Economic Theory, 42: 1–12, doi:10.1016/0022-0531(87)90099-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-0531%2887%2990099-8","url_text":"10.1016/0022-0531(87)90099-8"}]},{"reference":"Nessah, Rabia; Tian, Guoqiang (2014-06-15). \"On the existence of strong Nash equilibria\". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 414 (2): 871–885. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.01.030. ISSN 0022-247X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022247X14000377","url_text":"\"On the existence of strong Nash equilibria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmaa.2014.01.030","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.01.030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-247X","url_text":"0022-247X"}]},{"reference":"D. Moreno; J. Wooders (1996), \"Coalition-Proof Equilibrium\", Games and Economic Behavior, 17: 80–112, doi:10.1006/game.1996.0095, hdl:10016/4408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgame.1996.0095","url_text":"10.1006/game.1996.0095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F4408","url_text":"10016/4408"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-0531%2887%2990099-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0022-0531(87)90099-8"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022247X14000377","external_links_name":"\"On the existence of strong Nash equilibria\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmaa.2014.01.030","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.01.030"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-247X","external_links_name":"0022-247X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgame.1996.0095","external_links_name":"10.1006/game.1996.0095"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F4408","external_links_name":"10016/4408"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strong_Nash_equilibrium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Eleutherna | Museum of Ancient Eleutherna | ["1 History of the museum","2 Collections","2.1 Room A","2.2 Room B","2.3 Room C","3 Notable exhibits","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°19′26.8″N 24°40′13.8″E / 35.324111°N 24.670500°E / 35.324111; 24.670500Archaeological museum in Rethymno, GreeceMuseum of Ancient EleuthernaΜουσείο Αρχαίας ΕλεύθερναςEstablished2016LocationEleutherna, Rethymno, GreeceTypeArchaeological museumWebsitehttp://mae.uoc.gr/
The Museum of Ancient Eleutherna (Greek: Μουσείο Αρχαίας Ελεύθερνας) is an on-site museum of Greece in the archaeological park of Eleutherna, Rethymno, and houses artifacts found in the nearby archaeological site of Eleutherna and the necropolis of Orthi Petra. as seen in the virtual tour of museum and the archaeological sites.
History of the museum
The archaeological site of Eleutherna
The Museum of Ancient Eleutherna displays exhibits from the site of Eleutherna (Greek: Ἐλεύθερνα), a city-state in Crete, Greece which flourished from the Greek Dark Ages until Byzantine times. The site lies 25 km southeast of Rethymno, on a narrow northern spur of Mount Ida, the highest mountain in Crete.
The Museum of Ancient Eleutherna was inaugurated on 19 June 2016 and is the fourth museum in Greece exclusively focusing on a single archaeological site, after the museums of Olympia, Delphi and Vergina. The exhibits span a period of three and a half millennia (3000 BC to 1300 AD) and include objects of art and everyday life from Prehistoric, Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras. The excavations at the site of Eleutherna began in the mid 1980s under the supervision of the University of Crete and continue to the present day directed by Prof. Nikolaos Stampolidis.
Collections
Room A
Room A displays artefacts imported from regions outside Crete such as Attica, Peloponnese, Cyclades, east Aegean islands, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Phoenicia and Egypt, which showcase aspects of the public, political, religious, social and private life in Eleutherna. Some digital installations are also present.
Room B
Room B is devoted to the religious and worship life in Eleutherna from the early Iron Age till the Byzantine era. It also includes the archaic sculpture of the Lady of Eleutherna, which relates to the Lady of Auxerre displayed at the Louvre Museum in Paris.
Room C
Room C focuses on the finds from the necropolis of Orthi Petra and illustrates burial customs from Homeric Greece, such as the funeral pyre of Patroclus as described in the Iliad. The excavations have unearthed treasures such as fine jewelry, weapons, grave objects from glass, faience and ivory, bronze and ceramic vessels, and figurines. A prominent exhibit is a bronze shield.
Notable exhibits
Lady of Eleutherna
Bronze shields
Funerary pyre remains
See also
List of museums in Greece
Lady of Auxerre
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Eleutherna Museum.
References
^ Σταμπολίδης, Νικόλαος Χρ. Οδηγός Μουσείου αρχαίας Ελεύθερνας, Μέλισσα, 2016. ISBN 9786188066625
^ Museum of ancient Eleutherna virtual tour
^ Ο ΠτΔ εγκαινίασε το Μουσείο της Αρχαίας Ελεύθερνας, kathimerini.gr, 19 June 2016
^ a b c Το μουσείο “μαγνητίζει” μικρούς και μεγάλους, Πατρίς onLine, 21 June 2016
^ Ν. Κοντράρου-Ρασσιά: Πολύχρυση ταφή στην Ελεύθερνα, Ελευθεροτυπία OnLine, 28 Σεπτεμβρίου 2010, archived here
^ Ν. Κοντράρου-Ρασσιά: Γυναικεία μυστικά και κοσμήματα από το βάθος των αιώνων, Ελευθεροτυπία OnLine, 28 Αυγούστου 2009, archived here
External links
On-site museum to host ancient Eleutherna treasures
Eleutherna, an Exemplary Museum to Open in Crete
35°19′26.8″N 24°40′13.8″E / 35.324111°N 24.670500°E / 35.324111; 24.670500 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Rethymno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Eleutherna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherna"},{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide_Stampolidis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_of_ancient_Eleutherna_virtual_tour-2"}],"text":"Archaeological museum in Rethymno, GreeceThe Museum of Ancient Eleutherna (Greek: Μουσείο Αρχαίας Ελεύθερνας) is an on-site museum of Greece in the archaeological park of Eleutherna, Rethymno, and houses artifacts found in the nearby archaeological site of Eleutherna and the necropolis of Orthi Petra.[1] as seen in the virtual tour of museum and the archaeological sites.[2]","title":"Museum of Ancient Eleutherna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eleftherna2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eleutherna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherna"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"city-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rethymno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethymno"},{"link_name":"Mount Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida,_Crete"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia"},{"link_name":"Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vergina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergina"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece#Prehistoric_Greece"},{"link_name":"Geometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_art"},{"link_name":"Archaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greece"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Greece"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greece"},{"link_name":"University of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Stampolidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Stampolidis"}],"text":"The archaeological site of EleuthernaThe Museum of Ancient Eleutherna displays exhibits from the site of Eleutherna (Greek: Ἐλεύθερνα), a city-state in Crete, Greece which flourished from the Greek Dark Ages until Byzantine times. The site lies 25 km southeast of Rethymno, on a narrow northern spur of Mount Ida, the highest mountain in Crete.The Museum of Ancient Eleutherna was inaugurated on 19 June 2016[3] and is the fourth museum in Greece exclusively focusing on a single archaeological site, after the museums of Olympia, Delphi and Vergina. The exhibits span a period of three and a half millennia (3000 BC to 1300 AD) and include objects of art and everyday life from Prehistoric, Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras. The excavations at the site of Eleutherna began in the mid 1980s under the supervision of the University of Crete and continue to the present day directed by Prof. Nikolaos Stampolidis.","title":"History of the museum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Cyclades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades"},{"link_name":"east Aegean islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Islands"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patris21.6.16-4"}],"sub_title":"Room A","text":"Room A displays artefacts imported from regions outside Crete such as Attica, Peloponnese, Cyclades, east Aegean islands, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Phoenicia and Egypt, which showcase aspects of the public, political, religious, social and private life in Eleutherna. Some digital installations are also present.[4]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady of Eleutherna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_of_Eleutherna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lady of Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patris21.6.16-4"}],"sub_title":"Room B","text":"Room B is devoted to the religious and worship life in Eleutherna from the early Iron Age till the Byzantine era. It also includes the archaic sculpture of the Lady of Eleutherna, which relates to the Lady of Auxerre displayed at the Louvre Museum in Paris.[4]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homeric Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"pyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyre"},{"link_name":"Patroclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"faience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faience"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patris21.6.16-4"}],"sub_title":"Room C","text":"Room C focuses on the finds from the necropolis of Orthi Petra and illustrates burial customs from Homeric Greece, such as the funeral pyre of Patroclus as described in the Iliad. The excavations have unearthed treasures such as fine jewelry, weapons, grave objects from glass, faience and ivory, bronze and ceramic vessels, and figurines.[5][6] A prominent exhibit is a bronze shield.[4]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady of Eleutherna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_of_Eleutherna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyre"}],"text":"Lady of Eleutherna\nBronze shields\nFunerary pyre remains","title":"Notable exhibits"}] | [{"image_text":"The archaeological site of Eleutherna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eleftherna2.JPG/220px-Eleftherna2.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of museums in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Greece"},{"title":"Lady of Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Auxerre"},{"title":"Ancient Eleutherna Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Eleutherna_Museum"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Museum_of_Ancient_Eleutherna¶ms=35_19_26.8_N_24_40_13.8_E_region:GR_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"35°19′26.8″N 24°40′13.8″E / 35.324111°N 24.670500°E / 35.324111; 24.670500"},{"Link":"http://mae.uoc.gr/","external_links_name":"http://mae.uoc.gr/"},{"Link":"http://www.melissabooks.com/#!product-page/gba22/75b87deb-ffce-9f7a-f861-8164dd459fa0","external_links_name":"Σταμπολίδης, Νικόλαος Χρ. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_King_Edward%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles) | 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) | ["1 History","1.1 Formation and early service","1.2 First World War","1.3 Second World War","1.4 Indian independence","1.5 Post Indian independence","2 Battle honours","3 Victoria Crosses","4 Colonels-in-Chief","5 Regimental Colonels","6 Uniforms","7 See also","8 Notes","8.1 Footnotes","8.2 Citations","9 References","10 External links"] | 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha RiflesCap badgeActive1815–1994Country India United KingdomTypeInfantryRoleLight InfantryGarrison/HQBritish Hong KongNickname(s)The Sirmoor Rifles, Second (2nd) GRColorsGreen; faced and piped red, 1888 scarletMarchLützow's Wild Chase-Quick MarchCommandersColonel in ChiefThe Prince of WalesNotablecommandersLieutenant-Colonel BegbieMajor General D Macintyre VCColonel H T Macpherson VCSubadar-Major Santbir GurungLieutenant-Colonel Frederick William NicolayInsigniaShoulder FlashAbbreviation2 GRMilitary unit
The 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army on India's independence in 1947. The 4th Battalion joined the Indian Army as the 5th Battalion, 8th Gorkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles), where it exists to this day. As part of the British Army, the regiment served in Malaya, Hong Kong and Brunei until 1994 when it was amalgamated with the other three British Army Gurkha infantry regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles. It is the only Gurkha regiment which did not have a khukuri on its cap badge.
History
Formation and early service
The regiment was first raised in 1815 as The Sirmoor Battalion. This was the first Gurkha unit in the service of the East India Company to see action, during the 3rd Mahratta War in 1817. The regiment, by now named the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion, gained its first battle honour at Bhurtpore in 1825. During the First Sikh War, the regiment fought at Bhudaiwal and Sobraon, as well as the Battle of Aliwal. Personnel carried colours at the time, and the flagpole was broken by cannon fire. The colour itself was seized by the Sikhs but reclaimed by a small party of Gurkhas led by a Havildar who chopped their way into the densely packed enemy lines.
Kabul expeditionary force on the march: Quarter Guard of the 3 Gorkha Rifles. 30 November 1878.
During the Indian Mutiny, the Sirmoor Battalion was one of the Indian regiments that remained loyal to Britain. It was during this that the regiment took part in the defence of Hindu Rao's House, near Delhi. For their part in the action, the Sirmoor Battalion was presented with the Queen's Truncheon, which became a replacement for the colours that they relinquished when the regiment became a rifle regiment in 1858. With the decision to number the Gurkha regiments in 1861, the Sirmoor Rifles became the 2nd Gúrkha Regiment. In 1876, the battalion acquired a royal patron in the then Prince of Wales, becoming the 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Gúrkha Regiment (the Sirmoor Rifles).
First World War
During the First World War, the 2nd Gurkhas (by now named the 2nd King Edward's Own Gurkha Rifles), along with the other regiments of the Gurkha Brigade, served initially in Flanders. In 1915, the 2nd Battalion moved to Egypt, before returning to India in 1916. The 1st Battalion went to Persia and Mesopotamia in 1916, assisting in the fall of Baghdad. In 1919 it was assigned to the Norperforce in Iran.
Second World War
The Second World War saw the 2nd Gurkhas serving in many different theatres; the 1st Battalion was initially in Cyprus before moving to North Africa as part of 7th Indian Infantry Brigade, 4th Indian Division, where it fought at El Alamein. Following this it took part in the invasion of Italy, taking part in the battle for Monte Cassino. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile spent much of the war as prisoners of the Japanese after being captured in Malaya. The 3rd Battalion (raised during the war) took part in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943.
Indian independence
In 1947, as part of India's independence, it was agreed that the Gurkha regiments would be split between the British and Indian armies—the British Army would take on four regiments (the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th), while the Indian Army would retain the rest.
While the 2nd Gurkhas became one of the four Gurkha regiments to transfer to the British Army, the regiment's 4th Battalion was transferred to the Indian Army as 5th Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles) where it exists to this day. The first Indian commanding officer of this battalion, Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Nisi Kanta Chatterji, requested Army Headquarters, to let the battalion keep the title 'Sirmoor Rifles', which was accepted. This battalion saw action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War (as part of the 3rd (Independent) Armoured Brigade, 28 and 191 Infantry Brigades) where it stopped the advance of the Pakistani armour to Akhnur in the Battle of the Fatwal Ridge. In the 1971 war against Pakistan, the battalion now as part of the 68th Mountain Brigade, the corps reserves, once again saw fierce action in the defence of Chamb-Akhnur. It launched five successful counterattacks and recaptured the bridge over the Tawi river.
It also fought in the Indian North east against the Naga insurgents and in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. Here it distinguished itself by killing the Supreme Commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen, the leading Kashmiri insurgent group. It was awarded the Northern Army Commanders Citation in 1998. It was deployed in Sierra Leone as part of UNAMSIL and distinguished itself in Operation Khukri in which the Revolutionary United Front rebels were decisively defeated.
Post Indian independence
Following this, the 2nd Gurkhas spent several years in the Far East, initially during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960. Following this, the regiment's two battalions alternated between Malaya, Borneo, Brunei and Hong Kong, before receiving a regimental depot at Church Crookham in Hampshire. In 1992, while serving in Hong Kong, the 1st and 2nd Battalions amalgamated to form a single 1st Battalion. This was followed in 1994 by the regiment being amalgamated with the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles to form the 1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles.
Battle honours
The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:
Bhurtpore, Aliwal, Sobraon, Delhi 1857, Kabul 1879, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90, Tirah, Punjab Frontier
First World War: La Bassée 1914, Festubert 1914 '15, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Loos, France and Flanders 1914–15, Egypt 1915, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–18, Persia 1918, Baluchistan 1918
Afghanistan 1919
The Second World War: El Alamein, Mareth, Akarit, Djebel el Meida, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1942–43, Cassino I, Monastery Hill, Pian di Maggio, Gothic Line, Coriano, Poggio San Giovanni, Monte Reggiano, Italy 1944–45, Greece 1944–45, North Malaya, Jitra, Central Malaya, Kampar, Slim River, Johore, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, North Arakan, Irrawaddy, Magwe, Sittang 1945, Point 1433, Arakan Beaches, Myebon, Tanbingon, Tamandu, Chindits 1943, Burma 1943–45.
Victoria Crosses
Major Donald MacIntyre (Bengal Staff Corps attached to the regiment) – 4 January 1872, Lalgnoora, India.
Subedar Lalbahadur Thapa – 6 April 1943, Tunisia.
Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung – 5 March 1945, Burma.
Colonels-in-Chief
1904–: F.M. King Edward VII
1910–: F.M. King George V
1977–: Lt-Gen. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, AK, QSO, ADC
Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
1946–1956: Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Ivan Simms Tuker, KCIE, CB, DSO, OBE, FRGS, FRSA
1956–1969: Maj-Gen. Lewis Henry Owain Pugh, CB, CBE, DSO
1969–1976: Brig. Simon Patrick Martin Kent, CBE
1976–1986: F.M. Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall, KG, GCB, OBE, MC, KStJ
1986–1994: F.M. Sir John Lyon Chapple, KCB, CBE
1994: Regiment amalgamated with 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles to form The Royal Gurkha Rifles
Uniforms
After a brief period of wearing their own indigenous clothing, the Sirmoor battalion adopted green jackets with red facings. These were worn with loose fitting blue trousers and a bonnet like headdress. By 1828 black facings, black leather equipment, white trousers and sandals had been issued. A variety of changes followed but the round Kilmarnock cap with red and black dicing had appeared by 1848. While the Kilmarnock was to become common to all Gurkha regiments, the red trim was to remain a distinctive feature of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1858 links forged during the Siege of Delhi led to the authorization of the Gurkha regiment to adopt the red piping and facings of the British 60th Rifles. Formally recognized as a rifle regiment since 1850 the 2nd Gurkha Regiment underwent various changes of title as recorded above. Throughout it wore the standard Gurkha parade and cold weather uniform of rifle green with leggings and then puttees, silver insignia and black metal buttons. A red toorie (bobble) on the cap was to remain a distinction of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1883 khaki (initially blue/grey) hot weather dress was adopted. The broad brimmed hat was worn with khaki drill service dress from 1902 and was retained as normal uniform between the two world wars. After World War I the historic rifle green was limited to a few limited dress orders such as officers' mess uniforms and full dress for mess orderlies. During World War II red and black patches were worn on the jungle slouch hats.
See also
List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross
Notes
Footnotes
^ Rifle regiments by tradition did not possess Colours.
Citations
^ Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges
^ Parker 2005, p. 46.
^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 15.
^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 13.
^ Chappell 1993, p. 14.
^ Chappell 1993, pp. 14–15.
^ Cecil John Edmonds (2009), East and West of Zagros, Brill Academic Publishers, OCLC 593346009, OL 25432016M
^ Parker 2005, p. 224.
^ Regimental History of the 8th Gorkha Rifles 1947–1991 by Colonel (Retd) R.D. Palsokar
^ "Article 35A and the basic structure".
^ Parker 2005, p. 302.
^ Parker 2005, pp. 385–386.
^ Parker 2005, pp. 391–393.
^ "2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ W. Y. Carman, page 189 "Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969
^ W. Y. Carman, pages 202–202 "Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969
References
Chappell, Mike (1993). The Gurkhas. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-357-5.
Parker, John (2005). The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7553-1415-7.
External links
"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rifle regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_regiment"},{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"8th Gorkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Royal Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"khukuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khukuri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Military unitThe 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army on India's independence in 1947. The 4th Battalion joined the Indian Army as the 5th Battalion, 8th Gorkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles), where it exists to this day. As part of the British Army, the regiment served in Malaya, Hong Kong and Brunei until 1994 when it was amalgamated with the other three British Army Gurkha infantry regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles. It is the only Gurkha regiment which did not have a khukuri on its cap badge.[1]","title":"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"3rd Mahratta War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Mahratta_War"},{"link_name":"battle honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"Bhurtpore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurtpore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell15-3"},{"link_name":"First Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"Sobraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aliwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal"},{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Havildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havildar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell13-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AfghanWarIllustration1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"3 Gorkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Gorkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Hindu Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Hindu_Rao"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell13-4"},{"link_name":"Queen's Truncheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Truncheon"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell13-4"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early service","text":"The regiment was first raised in 1815 as The Sirmoor Battalion.[2] This was the first Gurkha unit in the service of the East India Company to see action, during the 3rd Mahratta War in 1817. The regiment, by now named the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion, gained its first battle honour at Bhurtpore in 1825.[3] During the First Sikh War, the regiment fought at Bhudaiwal and Sobraon, as well as the Battle of Aliwal. Personnel carried colours at the time, and the flagpole was broken by cannon fire. The colour itself was seized by the Sikhs but reclaimed by a small party of Gurkhas led by a Havildar who chopped their way into the densely packed enemy lines.[4]Kabul expeditionary force on the march: Quarter Guard of the 3 Gorkha Rifles. 30 November 1878.During the Indian Mutiny, the Sirmoor Battalion was one of the Indian regiments that remained loyal to Britain. It was during this that the regiment took part in the defence of Hindu Rao's House, near Delhi.[4] For their part in the action, the Sirmoor Battalion was presented with the Queen's Truncheon, which became a replacement for the colours that they relinquished when the regiment became a rifle regiment in 1858.[nb 1][4] With the decision to number the Gurkha regiments in 1861, the Sirmoor Rifles became the 2nd Gúrkha Regiment. In 1876, the battalion acquired a royal patron in the then Prince of Wales, becoming the 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Gúrkha Regiment (the Sirmoor Rifles).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"fall of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norperforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norperforce"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"First World War","text":"During the First World War, the 2nd Gurkhas (by now named the 2nd King Edward's Own Gurkha Rifles), along with the other regiments of the Gurkha Brigade, served initially in Flanders. In 1915, the 2nd Battalion moved to Egypt, before returning to India in 1916. The 1st Battalion went to Persia and Mesopotamia in 1916, assisting in the fall of Baghdad.[6] In 1919 it was assigned to the Norperforce in Iran.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"7th Indian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"4th Indian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Indian_Division"},{"link_name":"El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"invasion of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"battle for Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Chindit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindit"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell15-3"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"The Second World War saw the 2nd Gurkhas serving in many different theatres; the 1st Battalion was initially in Cyprus before moving to North Africa as part of 7th Indian Infantry Brigade, 4th Indian Division, where it fought at El Alamein. Following this it took part in the invasion of Italy, taking part in the battle for Monte Cassino. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile spent much of the war as prisoners of the Japanese after being captured in Malaya. The 3rd Battalion (raised during the war) took part in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"8th Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"1965 Indo-Pakistan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965"},{"link_name":"1971 war against Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Indian independence","text":"In 1947, as part of India's independence, it was agreed that the Gurkha regiments would be split between the British and Indian armies—the British Army would take on four regiments (the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th), while the Indian Army would retain the rest.[8]While the 2nd Gurkhas became one of the four Gurkha regiments to transfer to the British Army, the regiment's 4th Battalion was transferred to the Indian Army as 5th Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles) where it exists to this day. The first Indian commanding officer of this battalion, Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Nisi Kanta Chatterji, requested Army Headquarters, to let the battalion keep the title 'Sirmoor Rifles', which was accepted. This battalion saw action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War (as part of the 3rd (Independent) Armoured Brigade, 28 and 191 Infantry Brigades) where it stopped the advance of the Pakistani armour to Akhnur in the Battle of the Fatwal Ridge. In the 1971 war against Pakistan, the battalion now as part of the 68th Mountain Brigade, the corps reserves, once again saw fierce action in the defence of Chamb-Akhnur. It launched five successful counterattacks and recaptured the bridge over the Tawi river.[9]It also fought in the Indian North east against the Naga insurgents and in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. Here it distinguished itself by killing the Supreme Commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen, the leading Kashmiri insurgent group. It was awarded the Northern Army Commanders Citation in 1998. It was deployed in Sierra Leone as part of UNAMSIL and distinguished itself in Operation Khukri in which the Revolutionary United Front rebels were decisively defeated.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayan Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Church Crookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Crookham"},{"link_name":"6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Royal Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Post Indian independence","text":"Following this, the 2nd Gurkhas spent several years in the Far East, initially during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960. Following this, the regiment's two battalions alternated between Malaya, Borneo, Brunei and Hong Kong, before receiving a regimental depot at Church Crookham in Hampshire. In 1992, while serving in Hong Kong, the 1st and 2nd Battalions amalgamated to form a single 1st Battalion. This was followed in 1994 by the regiment being amalgamated with the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles to form the 1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"Bhurtpore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bharatpur"},{"link_name":"Aliwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal"},{"link_name":"Sobraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon"},{"link_name":"Delhi 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_1857"},{"link_name":"Kabul 1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_1879"},{"link_name":"Kandahar 1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan 1878–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Chin-Lushai Expedition 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1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Kut al Amara 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_al_Amara_1917"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia 1916–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Persia 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#Southern_theatres"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Mareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareth_Line"},{"link_name":"Akarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"North Africa 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1942–43, Cassino I, Monastery Hill, Pian di Maggio, Gothic Line, Coriano, Poggio San Giovanni, Monte Reggiano, Italy 1944–45, Greece 1944–45, North Malaya, Jitra, Central Malaya, Kampar, Slim River, Johore, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, North Arakan, Irrawaddy, Magwe, Sittang 1945, Point 1433, Arakan Beaches, Myebon, Tanbingon, Tamandu, Chindits 1943, Burma 1943–45.[3][12]","title":"Battle honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald MacIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Macintyre_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Lalbahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Bhanbhagta Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanbhagta_Gurung"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Major Donald MacIntyre (Bengal Staff Corps attached to the regiment) – 4 January 1872, Lalgnoora, India.\nSubedar Lalbahadur Thapa – 6 April 1943, Tunisia.\nRifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung – 5 March 1945, Burma.[13]","title":"Victoria Crosses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"}],"text":"1904–:\tF.M. King Edward VII\n1910–:\tF.M. King George V\n1977–: Lt-Gen. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, AK, QSO, ADC","title":"Colonels-in-Chief"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Francis Ivan Simms Tuker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Tuker"},{"link_name":"Lewis Henry Owain Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Pugh_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Bramall"},{"link_name":"John Lyon Chapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Princess_Mary%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"The Royal Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Gurkha_Rifles"}],"text":"Colonels of the Regiment were:[14]1946–1956: Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Ivan Simms Tuker, KCIE, CB, DSO, OBE, FRGS, FRSA\n1956–1969: Maj-Gen. Lewis Henry Owain Pugh, CB, CBE, DSO\n1969–1976: Brig. Simon Patrick Martin Kent, CBE\n1976–1986: F.M. Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall, KG, GCB, OBE, MC, KStJ\n1986–1994: F.M. Sir John Lyon Chapple, KCB, CBE\n1994: Regiment amalgamated with 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles to form The Royal Gurkha Rifles","title":"Regimental Colonels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Siege of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"60th Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Rifles"},{"link_name":"rifle green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_green"},{"link_name":"toorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toorie"},{"link_name":"khaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki"},{"link_name":"mess uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess_uniform"},{"link_name":"slouch hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slouch_hat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After a brief period of wearing their own indigenous clothing, the Sirmoor battalion adopted green jackets with red facings. These were worn with loose fitting blue trousers and a bonnet like headdress. By 1828 black facings, black leather equipment, white trousers and sandals had been issued. A variety of changes followed but the round Kilmarnock cap with red and black dicing had appeared by 1848.[15] While the Kilmarnock was to become common to all Gurkha regiments, the red trim was to remain a distinctive feature of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1858 links forged during the Siege of Delhi led to the authorization of the Gurkha regiment to adopt the red piping and facings of the British 60th Rifles. Formally recognized as a rifle regiment since 1850 the 2nd Gurkha Regiment underwent various changes of title as recorded above. Throughout it wore the standard Gurkha parade and cold weather uniform of rifle green with leggings and then puttees, silver insignia and black metal buttons. A red toorie (bobble) on the cap was to remain a distinction of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1883 khaki (initially blue/grey) hot weather dress was adopted. The broad brimmed hat was worn with khaki drill service dress from 1902 and was retained as normal uniform between the two world wars. After World War I the historic rifle green was limited to a few limited dress orders such as officers' mess uniforms and full dress for mess orderlies. During World War II red and black patches were worn on the jungle slouch hats.[16]","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"sub_title":"Footnotes","text":"^ Rifle regiments by tradition did not possess Colours.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100704052614/http://www.lawranceordnance.com/khaki_and_green/badges_british_gurkha/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell15_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell15_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell15_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell13_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell13_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell13_4-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"593346009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/593346009"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25432016M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL25432016M"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Article 35A and the basic structure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//usiofindia.org/Article/?ano=609%20&pubno=550%20&pub=Journal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051229185523/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges\n\n^ Parker 2005, p. 46.\n\n^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 15.\n\n^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 13.\n\n^ Chappell 1993, p. 14.\n\n^ Chappell 1993, pp. 14–15.\n\n^ Cecil John Edmonds (2009), East and West of Zagros, Brill Academic Publishers, OCLC 593346009, OL 25432016M\n\n^ Parker 2005, p. 224.\n\n^ Regimental History of the 8th Gorkha Rifles 1947–1991 by Colonel (Retd) R.D. Palsokar\n\n^ \"Article 35A and the basic structure\".\n\n^ Parker 2005, p. 302.\n\n^ Parker 2005, pp. 385–386.\n\n^ Parker 2005, pp. 391–393.\n\n^ \"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2017.\n\n^ W. Y. Carman, page 189 \"Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry\", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969\n\n^ W. Y. Carman, pages 202–202 \"Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry\", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Kabul expeditionary force on the march: Quarter Guard of the 3 Gorkha Rifles. 30 November 1878.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/AfghanWarIllustration1878.jpg/220px-AfghanWarIllustration1878.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brigade_of_Gurkhas_recipients_of_the_Victoria_Cross"}] | [{"reference":"Cecil John Edmonds (2009), East and West of Zagros, Brill Academic Publishers, OCLC 593346009, OL 25432016M","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593346009","url_text":"593346009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25432016M","url_text":"25432016M"}]},{"reference":"\"Article 35A and the basic structure\".","urls":[{"url":"http://usiofindia.org/Article/?ano=609%20&pubno=550%20&pub=Journal","url_text":"\"Article 35A and the basic structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051229185523/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","url_text":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chappell, Mike (1993). The Gurkhas. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-357-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-357-5","url_text":"978-1-85532-357-5"}]},{"reference":"Parker, John (2005). The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7553-1415-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1415-7","url_text":"978-0-7553-1415-7"}]},{"reference":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills\". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715140005/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","url_text":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills\""},{"url":"http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.krrcassociation.com/music/lutzows_wild_hunt.mp3","external_links_name":"Lützow's Wild Chase"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100704052614/http://www.lawranceordnance.com/khaki_and_green/badges_british_gurkha/index.php","external_links_name":"Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593346009","external_links_name":"593346009"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25432016M","external_links_name":"25432016M"},{"Link":"http://usiofindia.org/Article/?ano=609%20&pubno=550%20&pub=Journal","external_links_name":"\"Article 35A and the basic structure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051229185523/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","external_links_name":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\""},{"Link":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715140005/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","external_links_name":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills\""},{"Link":"http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_123_(Virginia_1928-1933) | Virginia State Route 63 | ["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"] | Route map: State highway in western Virginia, US
For the former State Route 63, see State Route 63 (Virginia 1933-1946).
State Route 63Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength39.28 mi (63.22 km)Existed1958–presentTouristroutes Virginia BywayMajor junctionsSouth end US 58 Alt. in St. PaulMajor intersections SR 83 in ClinchcoNorth end SR 80 / SR 83 in Haysi
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountiesWise, Russell, Dickenson
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 62→ I-64
State Route 63 (SR 63) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 39.28 miles (63.22 km) from U.S. Route 58 Alternate (US 58 Alternate) in St. Paul north to SR 80 and SR 83 in Haysi.
Route description
View south along SR 63 at SR 83 in Fremont
SR 63 begins at an intersection with US 58 Alternate (Bull Run Road) in the town of St. Paul. The state highway heads east through town as Wise Street, which passes under Norfolk Southern Railway's Clinch Valley District. The highway intersects SR 270 (4th Street) in the center of town. SR 63 parallels the Clinch River and CSX's Kingsport Subdivision, formerly the Clinchfield Railroad, east to Lick Creek. The highway and railroad turn north to follow Lick Creek out of St. Paul and cross the Wise–Russell county line. The state highway heads north as Dante Road to Dante, where the rail line diverges to pass through the Sandy Ridge Tunnel. SR 63 crosses Sandy Ridge and the Tennessee Valley Divide at Flint Gap and enters Dickenson County. SR 63 descends as Dante Mountain Road into the valley of McClure Creek and rejoins the Kingsport Subdivision at Trammel. The state highway heads northwest through the village of Nora, where McClure Creek merges with Open Fork to become the McClure River.
SR 63 begins to run concurrently with SR 83 (Dickenson Highway) at Fremont; SR 83 heads west toward Clintwood, the county seat of Dickenson County. The two highways diverge after passing through the town of Clinchco. SR 83 and the railroad continue to follow the river to Haysi while SR 63 turns onto Big Ridge Road. The state highway ascends and has a winding path atop Big Ridge. SR 63 leaves the ridge to descend to the town of Haysi. The state highway passes over the Kingsport Subdivision at the south end of the railroad's short tunnel and crosses Russell Fork of the Big Sandy River just north of its confluence with the McClure River. SR 63 turns east and becomes the town's Main Street before the highway reaches its northern terminus in the center of town at its three-way intersection with SR 80 and SR 83, which follow Main Street east and Sandlick Drive south to cross Russell Prater Fork at its confluence with Russell Fork.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
RussellSt. Paul0.000.00 US 58 Alt. (Bull Run Road) – Norton, AbingdonSouthern terminus
Wise SR 270 south (4th Avenue)Northern terminus of SR 270
Russell
No major junctions
DickensonFremont24.3339.16 SR 83 west (Dickenson Highway) – ClintwoodSouthern end of SR 83 concurrency
Clinchco29.2747.11 SR 83 east (Dickenson Highway) – Haysi, Breaks Interstate Park, GrundyNorthern end of SR 83 concurrency
Haysi39.2863.22 SR 80 / SR 83 (Dickenson Highway) – Breaks Interstate Park, Grundy, HonakerNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
References
^ a b c d "2009 Traffic Data". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Wise County (PDF)
Russell County (PDF)
Dickenson County (PDF)
^ a b Google (September 8, 2011). "Virginia State Route 63" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia State Route 63.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 63KML is from Wikidata
Virginia Highways Project: VA 63
< SR 112
Spurs of SR 111923–1928
SR 114 >
< SR 122
District 1 State Routes1928–1933
SR 124 > | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 63 (Virginia 1933-1946)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_63_(Virginia_1933-1946)"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 58 Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Alternate"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_80"},{"link_name":"SR 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_83"},{"link_name":"Haysi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haysi,_Virginia"}],"text":"State highway in western Virginia, USFor the former State Route 63, see State Route 63 (Virginia 1933-1946).State Route 63 (SR 63) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 39.28 miles (63.22 km) from U.S. Route 58 Alternate (US 58 Alternate) in St. Paul north to SR 80 and SR 83 in Haysi.","title":"Virginia State Route 63"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_10_00_19_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_63_at_Virginia_State_Route_83_(Fremont_Avenue)_in_Fremont,_Dickenson_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Clinch Valley District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinch_Valley_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SR 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_270"},{"link_name":"Clinch River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_River"},{"link_name":"CSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Kingsport Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Clinchfield Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Divide"},{"link_name":"Dickenson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickenson_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"McClure River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_63-2"},{"link_name":"run concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Clintwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clintwood,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Clinchco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinchco,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Russell Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Fork"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy_River_(Ohio_River)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_63-2"}],"text":"View south along SR 63 at SR 83 in FremontSR 63 begins at an intersection with US 58 Alternate (Bull Run Road) in the town of St. Paul. The state highway heads east through town as Wise Street, which passes under Norfolk Southern Railway's Clinch Valley District. The highway intersects SR 270 (4th Street) in the center of town. SR 63 parallels the Clinch River and CSX's Kingsport Subdivision, formerly the Clinchfield Railroad, east to Lick Creek. The highway and railroad turn north to follow Lick Creek out of St. Paul and cross the Wise–Russell county line. The state highway heads north as Dante Road to Dante, where the rail line diverges to pass through the Sandy Ridge Tunnel. SR 63 crosses Sandy Ridge and the Tennessee Valley Divide at Flint Gap and enters Dickenson County. SR 63 descends as Dante Mountain Road into the valley of McClure Creek and rejoins the Kingsport Subdivision at Trammel. The state highway heads northwest through the village of Nora, where McClure Creek merges with Open Fork to become the McClure River.[1][2]SR 63 begins to run concurrently with SR 83 (Dickenson Highway) at Fremont; SR 83 heads west toward Clintwood, the county seat of Dickenson County. The two highways diverge after passing through the town of Clinchco. SR 83 and the railroad continue to follow the river to Haysi while SR 63 turns onto Big Ridge Road. The state highway ascends and has a winding path atop Big Ridge. SR 63 leaves the ridge to descend to the town of Haysi. The state highway passes over the Kingsport Subdivision at the south end of the railroad's short tunnel and crosses Russell Fork of the Big Sandy River just north of its confluence with the McClure River. SR 63 turns east and becomes the town's Main Street before the highway reaches its northern terminus in the center of town at its three-way intersection with SR 80 and SR 83, which follow Main Street east and Sandlick Drive south to cross Russell Prater Fork at its confluence with Russell Fork.[1][2]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"View south along SR 63 at SR 83 in Fremont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2017-06-12_10_00_19_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_63_at_Virginia_State_Route_83_%28Fremont_Avenue%29_in_Fremont%2C_Dickenson_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-06-12_10_00_19_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_63_at_Virginia_State_Route_83_%28Fremont_Avenue%29_in_Fremont%2C_Dickenson_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2009 Traffic Data\". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2009_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","url_text":"\"2009 Traffic Data\""}]},{"reference":"Google (September 8, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 63\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Wise+St&daddr=VA-63+N+to:VA-63+N&hl=en&sll=37.198886,-82.320557&sspn=0.033295,0.077162&geocode=FQUgMwIdM_EX-w%3BFXp9NwIdyG0X-w%3BFRa0NwId0FEY-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=10","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 63\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2009_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","external_links_name":"\"2009 Traffic Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_097_Wise_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Wise County"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_083_Russell_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Russell County"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_025_Dickenson_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"Dickenson County"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Wise+St&daddr=VA-63+N+to:VA-63+N&hl=en&sll=37.198886,-82.320557&sspn=0.033295,0.077162&geocode=FQUgMwIdM_EX-w%3BFXp9NwIdyG0X-w%3BFRa0NwId0FEY-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=10","external_links_name":"\"Virginia State Route 63\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Virginia_State_Route_63&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Virginia_State_Route_63&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.vahighways.com/route-log/va061-070.htm#va63","external_links_name":"Virginia Highways Project: VA 63"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives_election | 2008 New Mexico House of Representatives election | [] | Not to be confused with 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico.
2008 New Mexico House of Representatives election
← 2006
November 4, 2008
2010 →
All 70 seats in the New Mexico House of Representatives36 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Ben Luján
Tom Taylor
Party
Democratic
Republican
Leader's seat
46th - Nambé
1st - Farmington
Last election
42
28
Seats won
45
25
Seat change
3
3
Popular vote
397,618
292,683
Percentage
57.54%
42.35%
Results: Democratic hold Democratic gain Republican hold
Speaker of the House before election
Ben Luján
Democratic
Elected Speaker of the House
Ben Luján
Democratic
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vte
The 2008 New Mexico House of Representatives election took place as part of the biennial United States elections. New Mexico voters elected state representatives in all 70 of the state house's districts. State representatives serve two-year terms in the New Mexico House of Representatives. The election coincided with elections for other offices, including for U.S. President, U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and State Senate.
A primary election held on June 3, 2008, determined which candidates appear on the November 4th general election ballot.
Results summary
District
Incumbent
Party
Elected representative
Party
1st
Tom Taylor
Rep
Tom Taylor
Rep
2nd
James Strickler
Rep
James Strickler
Rep
3rd
Paul Bandy
Rep
Paul Bandy
Rep
4th
Ray Begaye
Dem
Ray Begaye
Dem
5th
John Pena
Dem
Sandra Jeff
Dem
6th
George Hanosh
Dem
Eliseo Alcon
Dem
7th
Andrew Barreras
Dem
Andrew Barreras
Dem
8th
Elias Barela
Dem
Elias Barela
Dem
9th
Patricia Lundstrom
Dem
Patricia Lundstrom
Dem
10th
Henry Saavedra
Dem
Henry Saavedra
Dem
11th
Rick Miera
Dem
Rick Miera
Dem
12th
Ernest Chavez
Dem
Ernest Chavez
Dem
13th
Daniel Silva
Dem
Eleanor Chavez
Dem
14th
Miguel Garcia
Dem
Miguel Garcia
Dem
15th
Teresa Zanetti
Rep
Bill O'Neill
Dem
16th
Moe Maestas
Dem
Moe Maestas
Dem
17th
Edward Sandoval
Dem
Edward Sandoval
Dem
18th
Gail Chasey
Dem
Gail Chasey
Dem
19th
Sheryl Williams Stapleton
Dem
Sheryl Williams Stapleton
Dem
20th
Richard Berry
Rep
Richard Berry
Rep
21st
Mimi Stewart
Dem
Mimi Stewart
Dem
22nd
Kathy McCoy
Rep
Kathy McCoy
Rep
23rd
Eric Youngberg
Rep
Benjamin Hayden Rodefer
Dem
24th
Janice Arnold-Jones
Rep
Janice Arnold-Jones
Rep
25th
Danice Picraux
Dem
Danice Picraux
Dem
26th
Al Park
Dem
Al Park
Dem
27th
Larry Larrañaga
Rep
Larry Larrañaga
Rep
28th
Jimmie Hall
Rep
Jimmie Hall
Rep
29th
Thomas Anderson
Rep
Thomas Anderson
Rep
30th
Justine Fox-Young
Rep
Karen Giannini
Dem
31st
Bill Rehm
Rep
Bill Rehm
Rep
32nd
Dona Irwin
Dem
Dona Irwin
Dem
33rd
Joni Gutierrez
Dem
Joni Gutierrez
Dem
34th
Mary Helen Garcia
Dem
Mary Helen Garcia
Dem
35th
Antonio Luján
Dem
Antonio Luján
Dem
36th
Andy Nuñez
Dem
Andy Nuñez
Dem
37th
Jeff Steinborn
Dem
Jeff Steinborn
Dem
38th
Dianne Hamilton
Rep
Dianne Hamilton
Rep
39th
Rodolpho Martinez
Dem
Rodolpho Martinez
Dem
40th
Nick Salazar
Dem
Nick Salazar
Dem
41st
Debbie Rodella
Dem
Debbie Rodella
Dem
42nd
Roberto Gonzales
Dem
Roberto Gonzales
Dem
43rd
Jeannette Wallace
Rep
Jeannette Wallace
Rep
44th
Jane Powdrell-Culbert
Rep
Jane Powdrell-Culbert
Rep
45th
Jim Trujillo
Dem
Jim Trujillo
Dem
46th
Ben Luján
Dem
Ben Luján
Dem
47th
Peter Wirth
Dem
Brian Egolf
Dem
48th
Lucky Varela
Dem
Lucky Varela
Dem
49th
Don Tripp
Rep
Don Tripp
Rep
50th
Rhonda Sue King
Dem
Rhonda Sue King
Dem
51st
Gloria Vaughn
Rep
Gloria Vaughn
Rep
52nd
Joe Cervantes
Dem
Joe Cervantes
Dem
53rd
Nate Cote
Dem
Nate Cote
Dem
54th
Bill Gray
Rep
Bill Gray
Rep
55th
John Heaton
Dem
John Heaton
Dem
56th
Dub Williams
Rep
Dub Williams
Rep
57th
Dan Foley
Rep
Dennis Kintigh
Rep
58th
Candy Ezzell
Rep
Candy Ezzell
Rep
59th
Nora Espinoza
Rep
Nora Espinoza
Rep
60th
Thomas Swisstack
Dem
Jack Thomas
Dem
61st
Shirley Tyler
Rep
Shirley Tyler
Rep
62nd
Donald Bratton
Rep
Donald Bratton
Rep
63rd
Jose Campos II
Dem
Jose Campos II
Dem
64th
Anna Crook
Rep
Anna Crook
Rep
65th
James Madalena
Dem
James Madalena
Dem
66th
Keith Gardner
Rep
Keith Gardner
Rep
67th
Brian Moore
Rep
Dennis Roch
Rep
68th
Thomas Garcia
Dem
Thomas Garcia
Dem
69th
Ken Martinez
Dem
Ken Martinez
Dem
70th
Richard Vigil
Dem
Richard Vigil
Dem
Party
Candi-dates
Votes
Seats
No.
%
No.
+/–
%
Democratic
55
397,618
57.54
45
3
64.29
Republican
46
292,683
42.35
25
3
35.71
Independent
1
766
0.11
0
0.00
Total
102
691,067
100%
70
100%
Popular vote
Democratic
57.54%
Republican
42.35%
Independent
0.11%
House seats
Democratic
64.29%
Republican
35.71%
Incumbents defeated in the primary election
John Pena (D-District 5), defeated by Sandra Jeff (D)
Daniel Silva (D-District 13), defeated by Eleanor Chavez (D)
Dan Foley (R-District 57), defeated by Dennis Kintigh (R)
Incumbents defeated in the general election
Teresa Zanetti (R-District 15), defeated by Bill O'Neill (D)
Eric Youngberg (R-District 23), defeated by Benjamin Hayden Rodefer (D)
Justine Fox-Young (R-District 30), defeated by Karen Giannini (D)
Detailed results
District 1 • District 2 • District 3 • District 4 • District 5 • District 6 • District 7 • District 8 • District 9 • District 10 • District 11 • District 12 • District 13 • District 14 • District 15 • District 16 • District 17 • District 18 • District 19 • District 20 • District 21 • District 22 • District 23 • District 24 • District 25 • District 26 • District 27 • District 28 • District 29 • District 30 • District 31 • District 32 • District 33 • District 34 • District 35 • District 36 • District 37 • District 38 • District 39 • District 40 • District 41 • District 42 • District 43 • District 44 • District 45 • District 46 • District 47 • District 48 • District 49 • District 50 • District 51 • District 52 • District 53 • District 54 • District 55 • District 56 • District 57 • District 58 • District 59 • District 60 • District 61 • District 62 • District 63 • District 64 • District 65 • District 66 • District 67 • District 68 • District 69 • District 70
Source for primary election results:New Mexico Secretary of State
Source for general election results:New Mexico Secretary of State
District 1
Incumbent Republican and Minority Leader Tom Taylor has represented the 1st district and its predecessors since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 1st district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Tom Taylor (incumbent)
9,762
100%
Total votes
9,762
100%
Republican hold
District 2
Incumbent Republican James Strickler has represented the 2nd district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 2nd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
James Strickler (incumbent)
6,120
63.84%
Democratic
Alice Marie Slaven-Emond
3,467
36.16%
Total votes
9,587
100%
Republican hold
District 3
Incumbent Republican Paul Bandy has represented the 3rd district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 3rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Paul Bandy (incumbent)
8,335
100%
Total votes
8,335
100%
Republican hold
District 4
Incumbent Democrat Ray Begaye has represented the 4th district since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 4th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ray Begaye (incumbent)
7,646
100%
Total votes
7,646
100%
Democratic hold
District 5
Incumbent Democrat John Pena has represented the 5th district since 2007. Pena lost re-nomination to fellow Democrat Sandra Jeff, who went on to win the general election.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 5th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Sandra Jeff
1,055
33.30%
Democratic
John Pena (incumbent)
970
30.62%
Democratic
Kevin Mitchell
656
20.71%
Democratic
Irvin Harrison
487
15.37%
Total votes
3,168
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 5th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Sandra Jeff
6,490
74.44%
Republican
Michael Lunnon
2,229
25.56%
Total votes
8,719
100%
Democratic hold
District 6
Incumbent Democrat George Hanosh has represented the 6th district since 1998. Hanosh didn't seek re-election and fellow Democrat Eliseo Alcon won the open seat.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 6th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Eliseo Alcon
1,226
42.54%
Democratic
Martha Garcia
1,092
37.89%
Democratic
Eldred Bowekaty
564
19.57%
Total votes
2,882
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 6th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Eliseo Alcon
5,494
61.97%
Republican
R. Grant Clawson
3,371
38.03%
Total votes
8,865
100%
Democratic hold
District 7
Incumbent Democrat Andrew Barreras has represented the 7th district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 7th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Andrew Barreras (incumbent)
6,185
55.50%
Republican
Timothy Lardner
4,960
44.50%
Total votes
11,145
100%
Democratic hold
District 8
Incumbent Democrat Elias Barela has represented the 8th district since 2007.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 8th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Elias Barela (incumbent)
1,203
64.99%
Democratic
Salomon Montano
648
35.01%
Total votes
1,851
100%
Republican primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 8th district Republican primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Paul Gabaldon
675
53.78%
Republican
Avililo Chavez
580
46.22%
Total votes
1,255
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 8th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Elias Barela (incumbent)
6,582
60.60%
Republican
Paul Gabaldon
4,279
39.40%
Total votes
10,861
100%
Democratic hold
District 9
Incumbent Democrat Patricia Lundstrom has represented the 9th district since 2003.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 9th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Patricia Lundstrom (incumbent)
1,861
74.98%
Democratic
Peter Watchman
621
25.02%
Total votes
2,482
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 9th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Patricia Lundstrom (incumbent)
6,511
100%
Total votes
6,511
100%
Democratic hold
District 10
Incumbent Democrat Henry Saavedra has represented the 10th district since 1977.
New Mexico House of Representatives 10th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Henry Saavedra (incumbent)
6,332
100%
Total votes
6,332
100%
Democratic hold
District 11
Incumbent Democrat Rick Miera has represented the 11th district since 1991.
New Mexico House of Representatives 11th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Rick Miera (incumbent)
9,600
100%
Total votes
9,600
100%
Democratic hold
District 12
Incumbent Democrat Ernest Chavez has represented the 12th district since 2005.
New Mexico House of Representatives 12th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ernest Chavez (incumbent)
6,265
65.53%
Republican
Clyde Wheeler
2,529
26.45%
Independent
Robert Schiller
766
8.01%
Total votes
9,560
100%
Democratic hold
District 13
Incumbent Democrat Daniel Silva has represented the 13th district since 1985. Silva lost re-nomination to fellow Democrat Eleanor Chavez, who went on to win the general election.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 13th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Eleanor Chavez
1,201
53.71%
Democratic
Daniel Silva (incumbent)
1,035
46.29%
Total votes
2,236
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 13th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Eleanor Chavez
9,992
100%
Total votes
9,992
100%
Democratic hold
District 14
Incumbent Democrat Miguel Garcia has represented the 14th district since 1997.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 14th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Miguel Garcia (incumbent)
1,943
75.43%
Democratic
Jerry James Sanchez
633
24.57%
Total votes
2,576
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 14th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Miguel Garcia (incumbent)
6,713
77.58%
Republican
Clara Pena
1,940
22.42%
Total votes
8,653
100%
Democratic hold
District 15
Incumbent Republican Teresa Zanetti has represented the 15th district since 2003. Zanetti lost re-election to Democrat Bill O'Neill.
New Mexico House of Representatives 15th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Bill O'Neill
7,532
52.08%
Republican
Teresa Zanetti (incumbent)
6,929
47.92%
Total votes
14,461
100%
Democratic gain from Republican
District 16
Incumbent Democrat Moe Maestas has represented the 16th district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 16th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Moe Maestas (incumbent)
9,474
100%
Total votes
9,474
100%
Democratic hold
District 17
Incumbent Democrat Edward Sandoval has represented the 17th district since 1983.
New Mexico House of Representatives 17th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Edward Sandoval (incumbent)
9,637
66.57%
Republican
Ronald Toya
4,839
33.43%
Total votes
14,476
100%
Democratic hold
District 18
Incumbent Democrat Gail Chasey has represented the 18th district since 1997.
New Mexico House of Representatives 18th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Gail Chasey (incumbent)
10,237
100%
Total votes
10,237
100%
Democratic hold
District 19
Incumbent Democrat Sheryl Williams Stapleton has represented the 19th district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 19th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Sheryl Williams Stapleton (incumbent)
7,764
100%
Total votes
7,764
100%
Democratic hold
District 20
Incumbent Republican Richard Berry has represented the 20th district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 20th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Richard Berry (incumbent)
9,462
100%
Total votes
9,462
100%
Republican hold
District 21
Incumbent Democrat Mimi Stewart has represented the 21st district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 21st district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Mimi Stewart (incumbent)
6,015
67.38%
Republican
Howard Louis De La Cruz-Bancroft
2,912
32.62%
Total votes
8,927
100%
Democratic hold
District 22
Incumbent Republican Kathy McCoy has represented the 22nd district since 2005.
Republican primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 22nd district Republican primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kathy McCoy (incumbent)
2,413
68.73%
Republican
James Smith
556
15.84%
Republican
Daniel Allen Salzwedel
542
15.44%
Total votes
3,511
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 22nd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kathy McCoy (incumbent)
10,140
58.37%
Democratic
Janice Saxton
7,233
41.63%
Total votes
17,373
100%
Republican hold
District 23
Incumbent Republican Eric Youngberg has represented the 23rd district since 2003. Youngberg lost re-election to Democrat Benjamin Hayden Rodefer.
New Mexico House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Benjamin Hayden Rodefer
8,149
51.37%
Republican
Eric Youngberg (incumbent)
7,713
48.63%
Total votes
15,862
100%
Democratic gain from Republican
District 24
Incumbent Republican Janice Arnold-Jones has represented the 24th district since 2003.
New Mexico House of Representatives 24th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Janice Arnold-Jones (incumbent)
8,704
100%
Total votes
8,704
100%
Republican hold
District 25
Incumbent Democrat Danice Picraux has represented the 25th district since 1991.
New Mexico House of Representatives 25th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Danice Picraux (incumbent)
9,572
100%
Total votes
9,572
100%
Democratic hold
District 26
Incumbent Democrat Al Park has represented the 26th district since 2001.
New Mexico House of Representatives 26th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Al Park (incumbent)
5,502
74.99%
Republican
Rhead Story
1,835
25.01%
Total votes
7,337
100%
Democratic hold
District 27
Incumbent Republican Larry Larrañaga has represented the 27th district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 27th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Larry Larrañaga (incumbent)
11,882
100%
Total votes
11,882
100%
Republican hold
District 28
Incumbent Republican Jimmie Hall has represented the 28th district since 2005.
New Mexico House of Representatives 28th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Jimmie Hall (incumbent)
7,274
53.56%
Democratic
Shay Rose
6,306
46.44%
Total votes
13,580
100%
Republican hold
District 29
Incumbent Republican Thomas Anderson has represented the 29th district since 2003.
New Mexico House of Representatives 29th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Thomas Anderson (incumbent)
14,871
100%
Total votes
14,871
100%
Republican hold
District 30
Incumbent Republican Justine Fox-Young has represented the 30th district since 2005. Fox-Young lost re-election to Democrat Karen Giannini.
New Mexico House of Representatives 30th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Karen Giannini
6,647
50.62%
Republican
Justine Fox-Young (incumbent)
6,483
49.38%
Total votes
13,130
100%
Democratic gain from Republican
District 31
Incumbent Republican Bill Rehm has represented the 31st district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 31st district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Bill Rehm (incumbent)
11,117
100%
Total votes
11,117
100%
Republican hold
District 32
Incumbent Democrat Dona Irwin has represented the 32nd district since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 32nd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Dona Irwin (incumbent)
5,325
65.38%
Republican
Philip Skinner
2,820
34.62%
Total votes
8,145
100%
Democratic hold
District 33
Incumbent Democrat Joni Gutierrez has represented the 33rd district since 2005.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 33rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Joni Gutierrez (incumbent)
1,268
71.28%
Democratic
Jesus Caro Jr.
511
28.72%
Total votes
1,779
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 33rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Joni Gutierrez (incumbent)
7,647
100%
Total votes
7,647
100%
Democratic hold
District 34
Incumbent Democrat Mary Helen Garcia has represented the 34th district since 1997.
New Mexico House of Representatives 34th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Mary Helen Garcia (incumbent)
5,111
100%
Total votes
5,111
100%
Democratic hold
District 35
Incumbent Democrat Antonio Luján has represented the 35th district since 2003.
New Mexico House of Representatives 35th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Antonio Luján (incumbent)
6,937
100%
Total votes
6,937
100%
Democratic hold
District 36
Incumbent Democrat Andy Nuñez has represented the 36th district since 2001.
New Mexico House of Representatives 36th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Andy Nuñez (incumbent)
5,432
53.60%
Republican
Mike Tellez
4,703
46.40%
Total votes
10,135
100%
Democratic hold
District 37
Incumbent Democrat Jeff Steinborn has represented the 37th district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 37th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Jeff Steinborn (incumbent)
9,305
60.53%
Republican
D. Kent Evans
6,068
39.47%
Total votes
15,373
100%
Democratic hold
District 38
Incumbent Republican Dianne Hamilton has represented the 38th district since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 38th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Dianne Hamilton (incumbent)
7,754
100%
Total votes
7,754
100%
Republican hold
District 39
Incumbent Democrat Rodolpho Martinez has represented the 39th district since 2007.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 39th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Rodolpho Martinez (incumbent)
1,827
57.22%
Democratic
Charles Kelly
1,366
42.78%
Total votes
3,193
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 39th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Rodolpho Martinez (incumbent)
7,254
100%
Total votes
7,254
100%
Democratic hold
District 40
Incumbent Democrat Nick Salazar has represented the 40th district since 1974.
New Mexico House of Representatives 40th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Nick Salazar (incumbent)
8,758
100%
Total votes
8,758
100%
Democratic hold
District 41
Incumbent Democrat Debbie Rodella has represented the 41st district since 1993.
New Mexico House of Representatives 41st district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Debbie Rodella (incumbent)
7,812
100%
Total votes
7,812
100%
Democratic hold
District 42
Incumbent Democrat Roberto Gonzales has represented the 42nd district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 42nd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Roberto Gonzales (incumbent)
11,597
100%
Total votes
11,597
100%
Democratic hold
District 43
Incumbent Republican Jeannette Wallace has represented the 43rd district since 1991.
New Mexico House of Representatives 43rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Jeannette Wallace (incumbent)
9,677
100%
Total votes
9,677
100%
Republican hold
District 44
Incumbent Republican Jane Powdrell-Culbert has represented the 44th district since 2003.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 44th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Lisa Cour
1,373
72.99%
Democratic
Gary Alan Van Valin
508
27.01%
Total votes
1,881
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 44th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Jane Powdrell-Culbert (incumbent)
11,581
54.13%
Democratic
Lisa Cour
9,812
45.87%
Total votes
21,393
100%
Republican hold
District 45
Incumbent Democrat Jim Trujillo has represented the 45th district since 2003.
New Mexico House of Representatives 45th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Jim Trujillo (incumbent)
8,678
100%
Total votes
8,678
100%
Democratic hold
District 46
Incumbent Democrat House Speaker Ben Luján has represented the 46th district since 1975.
New Mexico House of Representatives 46th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ben Luján (incumbent)
11,025
100%
Total votes
11,025
100%
Democratic hold
District 47
Incumbent Democrat Peter Wirth has represented the 47th district since 2005. Wirth retired to run for the State Senate and fellow Democrat Brian Egolf won the open seat.
New Mexico House of Representatives 47th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Brian Egolf
14,305
100%
Total votes
14,305
100%
Democratic hold
District 48
Incumbent Democrat Lucky Varela has represented the 48th district since 1987.
New Mexico House of Representatives 48th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Lucky Varela (incumbent)
11,173
100%
Total votes
11,173
100%
Democratic hold
District 49
Incumbent Republican Don Tripp has represented the 49th district since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 49th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Don Tripp (incumbent)
9,688
100%
Total votes
9,688
100%
Republican hold
District 50
Incumbent Democrat Rhonda Sue King has represented the 50th district since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 50th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Rhonda Sue King (incumbent)
9,487
100%
Total votes
9,487
100%
Democratic hold
District 51
Incumbent Republican Gloria Vaughn has represented the 51st district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 51st district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Gloria Vaughn (incumbent)
3,819
54.24%
Democratic
Douglas Matthew Post
3,222
45.76%
Total votes
7,041
100%
Republican hold
District 52
Incumbent Democrat Joe Cervantes has represented the 52nd district since 2001.
New Mexico House of Representatives 52nd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Joe Cervantes (incumbent)
6,443
100%
Total votes
6,443
100%
Democratic hold
District 53
Incumbent Democrat Nate Cote has represented the 53rd district since 2007.
Republican primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 53rd district Republican primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Stanford Eric Locke
619
61.65%
Republican
T.E. Fry
385
38.35%
Total votes
1,004
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 53rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Nate Cote (incumbent)
5,864
59.02%
Republican
Stanford Eric Locke
4,072
40.98%
Total votes
9,936
100%
Democratic hold
District 54
Incumbent Republican Bill Gray has represented the 54th district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 54th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Bill Gray (incumbent)
4,833
100%
Total votes
4,833
100%
Republican hold
District 55
Incumbent Democrat John Heaton has represented the 55th district since 1997.
New Mexico House of Representatives 55th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
John Heaton (incumbent)
5,676
54.16%
Republican
Cathrynn Brown
4,805
45.84%
Total votes
10,481
100%
Democratic hold
District 56
Incumbent Republican Dub Williams has represented the 56th district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 56th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Dub Williams (incumbent)
7,288
100%
Total votes
7,288
100%
Republican hold
District 57
Incumbent Republican Dan Foley has represented the 57th district since 1999. Foley lost re-nominantion to fellow Republican Dennis Kintigh, who went on to win the general election.
Republican primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 57th district Republican primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Dennis Kintigh
2,417
56.88%
Republican
Dan Foley (incumbent)
1,832
43.12%
Total votes
4,249
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 57th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Dennis Kintigh
8,229
66.05%
Democratic
Mary Frances Barron
4,230
33.95%
Total votes
12,459
100%
Republican hold
District 58
Incumbent Republican Candy Ezzell has represented the 58th district since 2005.
New Mexico House of Representatives 58th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Candy Ezzell (incumbent)
4,208
61.62%
Democratic
George Peterson
2,621
38.38%
Total votes
6,829
100%
Republican hold
District 59
Incumbent Republican Nora Espinoza has represented the 59th district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 59th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Nora Espinoza (incumbent)
6,469
65.24%
Democratic
Ellen Wedum
3,446
34.76%
Total votes
9,915
100%
Republican hold
District 60
Incumbent Democrat Thomas Swisstack has represented the 60th district since 2003. Swisstack didn't seek re-election and fellow Democrat Jack Thomas won the open seat.
New Mexico House of Representatives 60th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Jack Thomas
8,362
50.85%
Republican
Paula Papponi
8,084
49.15%
Total votes
16,446
100%
Democratic hold
District 61
Incumbent Republican Shirley Tyler has represented the 61st district since 2007.
New Mexico House of Representatives 61st district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Shirley Tyler (incumbent)
4,713
100%
Total votes
4,713
100%
Republican hold
District 62
Incumbent Republican Donald Bratton has represented the 62nd district since 2001.
New Mexico House of Representatives 62nd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Donald Bratton (incumbent)
8,402
100%
Total votes
8,402
100%
Republican hold
District 63
Incumbent Democrat Jose Campos II has represented the 63rd district since 2003.
New Mexico House of Representatives 63rd district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Jose Campos II (incumbent)
4,001
58.77%
Republican
Matthew Rush
2,807
41.23%
Total votes
6,808
100%
Democratic hold
District 64
Incumbent Republican Anna Crook has represented the 64th district since 1995.
New Mexico House of Representatives 64th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Anna Crook (incumbent)
5,977
63.95%
Democratic
Mario Trujillo
3,370
36.05%
Total votes
9,347
100%
Republican hold
District 65
Incumbent Democrat James Madalena has represented the 65th district since 1985.
New Mexico House of Representatives 65th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
James Madalena (incumbent)
8,049
100%
Total votes
8,049
100%
Democratic hold
District 66
Incumbent Republican Keith Gardner has represented the 66th district since 2005.
New Mexico House of Representatives 66th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Keith Gardner (incumbent)
7,330
100%
Total votes
7,330
100%
Republican hold
District 67
Incumbent Republican Brian Moore has represented the 67th district since 2001. Moore didn't seek re-election and fellow Republican Dennis Roch won the open seat.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 67th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Craig Cosner
1,248
58.70%
Democratic
Van Robertson
878
41.30%
Total votes
2,126
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 67th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Dennis Roch
5,496
55.19%
Democratic
Craig Cosner
4,463
44.81%
Total votes
9,959
100%
Republican hold
District 68
Incumbent Democrat Thomas Garcia has represented the 68th district since 2007.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 68th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Thomas Garcia (incumbent)
2,823
63.54%
Democratic
Bengie Regensberg
1,620
36.46%
Total votes
4,443
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 68th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Thomas Garcia (incumbent)
8,226
72.84%
Republican
Sylvia Olson
3,067
27.16%
Total votes
11,293
100%
Democratic hold
District 69
Incumbent Democrat and Majority Leader Ken Martinez had represented the 69th district since 1999.
New Mexico House of Representatives 69th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ken Martinez (incumbent)
7,457
100%
Total votes
7,457
100%
Democratic hold
District 70
Incumbent Democrat Richard Vigil has represented the 70th district since 1999.
Democratic primary
New Mexico House of Representatives 70th district Democratic primary election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Richard Vigil (incumbent)
1,986
43.61%
Democratic
Naomi Montoya
1,549
34.01%
Democratic
Travis Regensberg
1,019
22.38%
Total votes
4,554
100%
General election
New Mexico House of Representatives 70th district general election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Richard Vigil (incumbent)
7,185
69.81%
Republican
Mel Root
3,107
30.19%
Total votes
10,292
100%
Democratic hold
See also
2008 United States elections
2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico
Elections in New Mexico
References
^ "New Mexico House of Representatives elections, 2008". Ballotpedia. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
^ "Canvass of Returns of Primary Election Held on June 3, 2008" (PDF). New Mexico Secretary of State. June 3, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
^ "Canvass of Returns of General Election Held on November 4, 2008" (PDF). New Mexico Secretary of State. November 4, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
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Valencia New Mexico portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biennial"},{"link_name":"United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Mexico_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico.The 2008 New Mexico House of Representatives election took place as part of the biennial United States elections. New Mexico voters elected state representatives in all 70 of the state house's districts. State representatives serve two-year terms in the New Mexico House of Representatives. The election coincided with elections for other offices, including for U.S. President, U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and State Senate.[1]\nA primary election held on June 3, 2008, determined which candidates appear on the November 4th general election ballot.","title":"2008 New Mexico House of Representatives election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandra Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Jeff"},{"link_name":"Daniel Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_P._Silva"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Chavez"},{"link_name":"Dan Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_R._Foley"}],"sub_title":"Incumbents defeated in the primary election","text":"John Pena (D-District 5), defeated by Sandra Jeff (D)\nDaniel Silva (D-District 13), defeated by Eleanor Chavez (D)\nDan Foley (R-District 57), defeated by Dennis Kintigh (R)","title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teresa Zanetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Zanetti"},{"link_name":"Bill O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Neill_(New_Mexico_politician)"},{"link_name":"Justine Fox-Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Fox-Young"}],"sub_title":"Incumbents defeated in the general election","text":"Teresa Zanetti (R-District 15), defeated by Bill O'Neill (D)\nEric Youngberg (R-District 23), defeated by Benjamin Hayden Rodefer (D)\nJustine Fox-Young (R-District 30), defeated by Karen Giannini (D)","title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Source for primary election results:New Mexico Secretary of State[2]\nSource for general election results:New Mexico Secretary of State[3]","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Taylor"}],"sub_title":"District 1","text":"Incumbent Republican and Minority Leader Tom Taylor has represented the 1st district and its predecessors since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Strickler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strickler"}],"sub_title":"District 2","text":"Incumbent Republican James Strickler has represented the 2nd district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bandy"}],"sub_title":"District 3","text":"Incumbent Republican Paul Bandy has represented the 3rd district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Begaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Begaye"}],"sub_title":"District 4","text":"Incumbent Democrat Ray Begaye has represented the 4th district since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandra Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Jeff"}],"sub_title":"District 5","text":"Incumbent Democrat John Pena has represented the 5th district since 2007. Pena lost re-nomination to fellow Democrat Sandra Jeff, who went on to win the general election.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Hanosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hanosh"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Alcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Alcon"}],"sub_title":"District 6","text":"Incumbent Democrat George Hanosh has represented the 6th district since 1998. Hanosh didn't seek re-election and fellow Democrat Eliseo Alcon won the open seat.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 7","text":"Incumbent Democrat Andrew Barreras has represented the 7th district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elias Barela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Barela"}],"sub_title":"District 8","text":"Incumbent Democrat Elias Barela has represented the 8th district since 2007.Democratic primaryRepublican primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patricia Lundstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Lundstrom"}],"sub_title":"District 9","text":"Incumbent Democrat Patricia Lundstrom has represented the 9th district since 2003.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Saavedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Saavedra"}],"sub_title":"District 10","text":"Incumbent Democrat Henry Saavedra has represented the 10th district since 1977.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Miera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Miera"}],"sub_title":"District 11","text":"Incumbent Democrat Rick Miera has represented the 11th district since 1991.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Chavez_(politician)"}],"sub_title":"District 12","text":"Incumbent Democrat Ernest Chavez has represented the 12th district since 2005.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_P._Silva"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Chavez"}],"sub_title":"District 13","text":"Incumbent Democrat Daniel Silva has represented the 13th district since 1985. Silva lost re-nomination to fellow Democrat Eleanor Chavez, who went on to win the general election.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miguel Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Garcia_(politician)"}],"sub_title":"District 14","text":"Incumbent Democrat Miguel Garcia has represented the 14th district since 1997.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teresa Zanetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Zanetti"},{"link_name":"Bill O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Neill_(New_Mexico_politician)"}],"sub_title":"District 15","text":"Incumbent Republican Teresa Zanetti has represented the 15th district since 2003. Zanetti lost re-election to Democrat Bill O'Neill.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moe Maestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_Maestas"}],"sub_title":"District 16","text":"Incumbent Democrat Moe Maestas has represented the 16th district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sandoval"}],"sub_title":"District 17","text":"Incumbent Democrat Edward Sandoval has represented the 17th district since 1983.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gail Chasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Chasey"}],"sub_title":"District 18","text":"Incumbent Democrat Gail Chasey has represented the 18th district since 1997.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheryl Williams Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Williams_Stapleton"}],"sub_title":"District 19","text":"Incumbent Democrat Sheryl Williams Stapleton has represented the 19th district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Berry"}],"sub_title":"District 20","text":"Incumbent Republican Richard Berry has represented the 20th district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mimi Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Stewart"}],"sub_title":"District 21","text":"Incumbent Democrat Mimi Stewart has represented the 21st district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 22","text":"Incumbent Republican Kathy McCoy has represented the 22nd district since 2005.Republican primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 23","text":"Incumbent Republican Eric Youngberg has represented the 23rd district since 2003. Youngberg lost re-election to Democrat Benjamin Hayden Rodefer.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janice Arnold-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Arnold-Jones"}],"sub_title":"District 24","text":"Incumbent Republican Janice Arnold-Jones has represented the 24th district since 2003.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 25","text":"Incumbent Democrat Danice Picraux has represented the 25th district since 1991.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Park"}],"sub_title":"District 26","text":"Incumbent Democrat Al Park has represented the 26th district since 2001.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Larrañaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Larra%C3%B1aga"}],"sub_title":"District 27","text":"Incumbent Republican Larry Larrañaga has represented the 27th district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_C._Hall"}],"sub_title":"District 28","text":"Incumbent Republican Jimmie Hall has represented the 28th district since 2005.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Anderson_(New_Mexico_politician)"}],"sub_title":"District 29","text":"Incumbent Republican Thomas Anderson has represented the 29th district since 2003.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justine Fox-Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Fox-Young"}],"sub_title":"District 30","text":"Incumbent Republican Justine Fox-Young has represented the 30th district since 2005. Fox-Young lost re-election to Democrat Karen Giannini.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Rehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rehm"}],"sub_title":"District 31","text":"Incumbent Republican Bill Rehm has represented the 31st district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dona Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_Irwin"}],"sub_title":"District 32","text":"Incumbent Democrat Dona Irwin has represented the 32nd district since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joni Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Gutierrez"}],"sub_title":"District 33","text":"Incumbent Democrat Joni Gutierrez has represented the 33rd district since 2005.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Helen Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Helen_Garcia"}],"sub_title":"District 34","text":"Incumbent Democrat Mary Helen Garcia has represented the 34th district since 1997.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Luján","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luj%C3%A1n"}],"sub_title":"District 35","text":"Incumbent Democrat Antonio Luján has represented the 35th district since 2003.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Nuñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Nu%C3%B1ez"}],"sub_title":"District 36","text":"Incumbent Democrat Andy Nuñez has represented the 36th district since 2001.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Steinborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Steinborn"}],"sub_title":"District 37","text":"Incumbent Democrat Jeff Steinborn has represented the 37th district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dianne Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Hamilton"}],"sub_title":"District 38","text":"Incumbent Republican Dianne Hamilton has represented the 38th district since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodolpho Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolpho_Martinez"}],"sub_title":"District 39","text":"Incumbent Democrat Rodolpho Martinez has represented the 39th district since 2007.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Salazar"}],"sub_title":"District 40","text":"Incumbent Democrat Nick Salazar has represented the 40th district since 1974.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debbie Rodella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Rodella"}],"sub_title":"District 41","text":"Incumbent Democrat Debbie Rodella has represented the 41st district since 1993.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Gonzales"}],"sub_title":"District 42","text":"Incumbent Democrat Roberto Gonzales has represented the 42nd district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeannette Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Wallace"}],"sub_title":"District 43","text":"Incumbent Republican Jeannette Wallace has represented the 43rd district since 1991.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Powdrell-Culbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Powdrell-Culbert"}],"sub_title":"District 44","text":"Incumbent Republican Jane Powdrell-Culbert has represented the 44th district since 2003.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Trujillo"}],"sub_title":"District 45","text":"Incumbent Democrat Jim Trujillo has represented the 45th district since 2003.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Luján","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Luj%C3%A1n"}],"sub_title":"District 46","text":"Incumbent Democrat House Speaker Ben Luján has represented the 46th district since 1975.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Wirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wirth_(politician)"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Mexico_Senate_election#District_25"},{"link_name":"Brian Egolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Egolf"}],"sub_title":"District 47","text":"Incumbent Democrat Peter Wirth has represented the 47th district since 2005. Wirth retired to run for the State Senate and fellow Democrat Brian Egolf won the open seat.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucky Varela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Varela"}],"sub_title":"District 48","text":"Incumbent Democrat Lucky Varela has represented the 48th district since 1987.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Tripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Tripp"}],"sub_title":"District 49","text":"Incumbent Republican Don Tripp has represented the 49th district since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 50","text":"Incumbent Democrat Rhonda Sue King has represented the 50th district since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Vaughn"}],"sub_title":"District 51","text":"Incumbent Republican Gloria Vaughn has represented the 51st district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cervantes"}],"sub_title":"District 52","text":"Incumbent Democrat Joe Cervantes has represented the 52nd district since 2001.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nate Cote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_P._Cote"}],"sub_title":"District 53","text":"Incumbent Democrat Nate Cote has represented the 53rd district since 2007.Republican primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gray_(New_Mexico_politician)"}],"sub_title":"District 54","text":"Incumbent Republican Bill Gray has represented the 54th district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 55","text":"Incumbent Democrat John Heaton has represented the 55th district since 1997.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dub Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_Williams"}],"sub_title":"District 56","text":"Incumbent Republican Dub Williams has represented the 56th district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_R._Foley"}],"sub_title":"District 57","text":"Incumbent Republican Dan Foley has represented the 57th district since 1999. Foley lost re-nominantion to fellow Republican Dennis Kintigh, who went on to win the general election.Republican primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candy Ezzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Ezzell"}],"sub_title":"District 58","text":"Incumbent Republican Candy Ezzell has represented the 58th district since 2005.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nora Espinoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Espinoza"}],"sub_title":"District 59","text":"Incumbent Republican Nora Espinoza has represented the 59th district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 60","text":"Incumbent Democrat Thomas Swisstack has represented the 60th district since 2003. Swisstack didn't seek re-election and fellow Democrat Jack Thomas won the open seat.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirley Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Tyler"}],"sub_title":"District 61","text":"Incumbent Republican Shirley Tyler has represented the 61st district since 2007.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Bratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bratton"}],"sub_title":"District 62","text":"Incumbent Republican Donald Bratton has represented the 62nd district since 2001.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 63","text":"Incumbent Democrat Jose Campos II has represented the 63rd district since 2003.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Crook"}],"sub_title":"District 64","text":"Incumbent Republican Anna Crook has represented the 64th district since 1995.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Madalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madalena"}],"sub_title":"District 65","text":"Incumbent Democrat James Madalena has represented the 65th district since 1985.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 66","text":"Incumbent Republican Keith Gardner has represented the 66th district since 2005.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Roch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Roch"}],"sub_title":"District 67","text":"Incumbent Republican Brian Moore has represented the 67th district since 2001. Moore didn't seek re-election and fellow Republican Dennis Roch won the open seat.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 68","text":"Incumbent Democrat Thomas Garcia has represented the 68th district since 2007.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ken_Martinez"}],"sub_title":"District 69","text":"Incumbent Democrat and Majority Leader Ken Martinez had represented the 69th district since 1999.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vigil"}],"sub_title":"District 70","text":"Incumbent Democrat Richard Vigil has represented the 70th district since 1999.Democratic primaryGeneral election","title":"Detailed results"}] | [] | [{"title":"2008 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections"},{"title":"2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Mexico"},{"title":"Elections in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico"}] | [{"reference":"\"New Mexico House of Representatives elections, 2008\". 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Retrieved July 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://klvg4oyd4j.execute-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prod/PublicFiles/ee3072ab0d43456cb15a51f7d82c77a2/f3ccb568-5e18-4105-85f8-2c3add21a433/StatewideGen08.pdf","url_text":"\"Canvass of Returns of General Election Held on November 4, 2008\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2008","external_links_name":"\"New Mexico House of Representatives elections, 2008\""},{"Link":"https://klvg4oyd4j.execute-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prod/PublicFiles/ee3072ab0d43456cb15a51f7d82c77a2/53c6e200-0e73-4e32-a962-003b811e6487/StatewidePrim08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Canvass of Returns of Primary Election Held on June 3, 2008\""},{"Link":"https://klvg4oyd4j.execute-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prod/PublicFiles/ee3072ab0d43456cb15a51f7d82c77a2/f3ccb568-5e18-4105-85f8-2c3add21a433/StatewideGen08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Canvass of Returns of General Election Held on November 4, 2008\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_When_You_Dream_(song) | Innocent When You Dream (song) | ["1 Accolades","2 Personnel","3 See also","4 References"] | 1987 song by Tom Waits"Innocent When You Dream"Song by Tom Waitsfrom the album Franks Wild Years ReleasedAugust 1987 (1987-08)RecordedSunset Sound Factory, Los Angeles, CALos Angeles, Universal Recording Corp., Chicago, ILGenreExperimental rockLength4:15LabelIslandSongwriter(s)Tom WaitsProducer(s)Tom Waits
Innocent When You Dream is a song by Tom Waits appearing on his tenth studio album Franks Wild Years. The song was used as the soundtrack to the closing sequence, Auggie Wren's Christmas Story, in the 1995 film, Smoke.
Accolades
Year
Publication
Country
Accolade
Rank
2000
Elvis Costello
United Kingdom
The Best Songs from the 500 Best Albums Ever
*
2005
Bruce Pollock
United States
The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944–2000
*
2006
Blow Up
Italy
100 Songs to Remember
18
2011
Toby Creswell
Australia
1001 Songs
*
(*) designates unordered lists.
Personnel
Adapted from the Franks Wild Years liner notes.
Tom Waits – vocals
Musicians
Ralph Carney – violin
William Shimmel – piano
Production and additional personnel
Biff Dawes – recording, mixing
Danny Leake – recording
Howie Weinberg – mastering
See also
Tom Waits discography
References
^ "Costello's 500". Vanity Fair. November 1, 2000. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
^ The All-Time Top 100 Singles (2000). Routledge. 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
^ "100 Songs to Remember". Blow Up. December 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Creswell, Toby (2005). 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them. Hardie Grant. ISBN 1742731481. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
^ Franks Wild Years (booklet). Tom Waits. London, United Kingdom: Island Records. 1987.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
vteTom WaitsStudio albums
Closing Time
The Heart of Saturday Night
Nighthawks at the Diner
Small Change
Foreign Affairs
Blue Valentine
Heartattack and Vine
Swordfishtrombones
Rain Dogs
Franks Wild Years
Bone Machine
Mule Variations
Blood Money
Alice
Real Gone
Bad as Me
Live albums
Big Time
Romeo Bleeding: Live from Austin
Glitter and Doom Live
Soundtracks
One from the Heart
Night on Earth
The Black Rider
Compilations
Bounced Checks
Anthology of Tom Waits
Asylum Years
The Early Years, Volume One
The Early Years, Volume Two
Beautiful Maladies
Used Songs 1973–1980
Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards
Notable songs
"Ol' '55"
"(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night"
"Tom Traubert's Blues"
"The Piano Has Been Drinking (Not Me) (An Evening with Pete King)"
"Somewhere"
"Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis"
"Romeo Is Bleeding"
"Kentucky Avenue"
"Heartattack and Vine"
"Jersey Girl"
"In the Neighborhood
"16 Shells From a Thirty-Ought-Six
"Jockey Full of Bourbon"
"Hang Down Your Head"
"Time"
"Downtown Train"
"Hang On St. Christopher"
"Innocent When You Dream"
"Way Down in the Hole"
"Come On Up to the House"
"Bad as Me"
"Back in the Crowd"
Tours
Glitter and Doom Tour
Musicals
The Black Rider
Woyzeck
Related articles
Discography
Kathleen Brennan
Greg Cohen
Bones Howe
Jim Jarmusch
Rickie Lee Jones
Marc Ribot
Larry Taylor
Chuck E. Weiss
Big Time (film)
Wicked Grin
Come On Up to the House: Women Sing Waits
New Coat of Paint
Step Right Up: The Songs of Tom Waits
Tom Waits for No One
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Franks Wild Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks_Wild_Years"},{"link_name":"Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_(film)"}],"text":"Innocent When You Dream is a song by Tom Waits appearing on his tenth studio album Franks Wild Years. The song was used as the soundtrack to the closing sequence, Auggie Wren's Christmas Story, in the 1995 film, Smoke.","title":"Innocent When You Dream (song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(*) designates unordered lists.","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linearnotes-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Ralph Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Carney"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Howie Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"Adapted from the Franks Wild Years liner notes.[5]Tom Waits – vocalsMusiciansRalph Carney – violin\nWilliam Shimmel – pianoProduction and additional personnelBiff Dawes – recording, mixing\nDanny Leake – recording\nHowie Weinberg – mastering","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | [{"title":"Tom Waits discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits_discography"}] | [{"reference":"\"Costello's 500\". Vanity Fair. November 1, 2000. Retrieved October 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elviscostello.info/articles/t-z/vanity_fair.001101a.html","url_text":"\"Costello's 500\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"The All-Time Top 100 Singles (2000). Routledge. 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930224933/http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S4461.htm","url_text":"The All-Time Top 100 Singles (2000)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S4461.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Songs to Remember\". Blow Up. December 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S3928.htm","url_text":"\"100 Songs to Remember\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_Up_(magazine)","url_text":"Blow Up"}]},{"reference":"Creswell, Toby (2005). 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them. Hardie Grant. ISBN 1742731481. Retrieved October 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bhYnNaM0zEUC","url_text":"1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1742731481","url_text":"1742731481"}]},{"reference":"Franks Wild Years (booklet). Tom Waits. London, United Kingdom: Island Records. 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks_Wild_Years","url_text":"Franks Wild Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits","url_text":"Tom Waits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records","url_text":"Island Records"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.elviscostello.info/articles/t-z/vanity_fair.001101a.html","external_links_name":"\"Costello's 500\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930224933/http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S4461.htm","external_links_name":"The All-Time Top 100 Singles (2000)"},{"Link":"http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S4461.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S3928.htm","external_links_name":"\"100 Songs to Remember\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bhYnNaM0zEUC","external_links_name":"1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/d4f9aefe-194a-3459-bc5e-925186685d74","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Car_Corporation | Electric Car Corporation | ["1 Board of directors","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°30′33″N 0°09′23″W / 51.509167°N 0.156389°W / 51.509167; -0.156389
The Electric Car Corporation plc was an electric car manufacturer and dealer based in Mayfair, London with an assembly plant in Flitwick, Bedfordshire. It made and sold the Citroën C1 ev'ie, an electric car adapted from the Citroën C1. The car was first released on 30 April 2009 with a list price of £16,850 ($24,989 US).
The company was dissolved in 2012.
The company was dissolved in 2012. Starting with a complete vehicle, The Electric Car Corporation removed components from the new car such as the petrol engine, transmission and other unnecessary parts. These were sold to the motor trade to offset some of the price of the initial new vehicle purchase.
Board of directors
Its board of directors comprised:
David Martell (secretary and 98% shareholder), the founder of Trafficmaster.
Robert Williams (2% shareholder), a former Trafficmaster director.
References
^ Four-seater electric car unveiled, BBC News, 30 April 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009
^ Ben, Webster (30 April 2009), "Electric Citroën C1 car is ready, but government grants are not", The Times, London, retrieved 30 April 2009
^ "Car Reviews – First Drive", Autocar, 30 April 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009
^ "The Electric Car Corporation Launches the Citroën C1 ev'ie – The UK's First 4 Seat All-Electric Production Car", theautochannel.com, 30 April 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009
^ "THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Overview". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.
^ "THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Overview". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.
^ "THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Officers". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.
^ "Ian Robert WILLIAMS – Personal Appointments". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.
External links
Electric Car Corporation website
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51°30′33″N 0°09′23″W / 51.509167°N 0.156389°W / 51.509167; -0.156389
This article about an automotive industry corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Car_Corporation_logo.png"},{"link_name":"plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company"},{"link_name":"electric car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car"},{"link_name":"Mayfair, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"Flitwick, Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flitwick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Citroën C1 ev'ie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C1_ev%27ie"},{"link_name":"electric car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car"},{"link_name":"Citroën C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Electric Car Corporation plc was an electric car manufacturer and dealer based in Mayfair, London with an assembly plant in Flitwick, Bedfordshire.[1] It made and sold the Citroën C1 ev'ie, an electric car adapted from the Citroën C1. The car was first released on 30 April 2009 with a list price of £16,850 ($24,989 US).[2][3][4]\nThe company was dissolved in 2012.[5]The company was dissolved in 2012.[6] Starting with a complete vehicle, The Electric Car Corporation removed components from the new car such as the petrol engine, transmission and other unnecessary parts. These were sold to the motor trade to offset some of the price of the initial new vehicle purchase.","title":"Electric Car Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trafficmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficmaster"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Its board of directors comprised:David Martell (secretary and 98% shareholder),[7] the founder of Trafficmaster.[citation needed]\nRobert Williams (2% shareholder), a former Trafficmaster director.[8]","title":"Board of directors"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Electric_Car_Corporation_logo.png/220px-Electric_Car_Corporation_logo.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Four-seater electric car unveiled, BBC News, 30 April 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/beds/bucks/herts/8026380.stm","url_text":"Four-seater electric car unveiled"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Ben, Webster (30 April 2009), \"Electric Citroën C1 car is ready, but government grants are not\", The Times, London, retrieved 30 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article6194754.ece","url_text":"\"Electric Citroën C1 car is ready, but government grants are not\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Reviews – First Drive\", Autocar, 30 April 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/CarReviews/FirstDrives/ECC-C1-Ev%27ie-30kw/239834/","url_text":"\"Car Reviews – First Drive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)","url_text":"Autocar"}]},{"reference":"\"The Electric Car Corporation Launches the Citroën C1 ev'ie – The UK's First 4 Seat All-Electric Production Car\", theautochannel.com, 30 April 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2009/04/29/458863.html","url_text":"\"The Electric Car Corporation Launches the Citroën C1 ev'ie – The UK's First 4 Seat All-Electric Production Car\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Overview\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07164942","url_text":"\"THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Overview\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07164942","url_text":"\"THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Officers\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07164942/officers","url_text":"\"THE ELECTRIC CAR CORPORATION PLC – Officers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Robert WILLIAMS – Personal Appointments\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/QH9oxh7AwY-1GGlk1UwyvaSwF-A/appointments","url_text":"\"Ian Robert WILLIAMS – Personal Appointments\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Electric_Car_Corporation¶ms=51.509167_N_0.156389_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°30′33″N 0°09′23″W / 51.509167°N 0.156389°W / 51.509167; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Bachrach | Howard Bachrach | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Berkeley","2.2 Agricultural Research Service","3 Later life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American scientist
Howard BachrachBorn(1920-05-21)May 21, 1920Faribault, MinnesotaDiedJune 26, 2008(2008-06-26) (aged 88)Atlantis, FloridaAlma materUniversity of MinnesotaKnown forFirst vaccine created through genetic engineeringAwardsNational Medal of ScienceScientific careerFieldsVirologyInstitutionsUnited States Department of Agriculture
Howard Lloyd Bachrach (May 21, 1920 – June 26, 2008) was an American scientist who made research contributions to the understanding of viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease and polio. Bachrach's work led to the first vaccination developed through genetic engineering techniques. He worked for the United States Department of Agriculture and was chief scientist at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Bachrach was a recipient of the National Medal of Science and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Early life
Born in Faribault, Minnesota to a Jewish family, Bachrach had two brothers. His family owned a men's clothing store that remained in Faribault until 2006. Bachrach graduated from Faribault High School in 1938. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he completed a chemistry degree. During World War II, Bachrach was affiliated with the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied chemical explosives as part of the Manhattan Project.
Bachrach later researched measures to prevent bread from becoming stale, then returned to Minnesota and studied classical swine fever (also known as hog cholera). Bachrach found that the disease could be transmitted by a protein produced by the virus, even in the absence of the virus itself. After Bachrach earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry, the United States Department of Agriculture sent him to Europe to study foot-and-mouth disease. The disease, previously thought to be under control, had reemerged in Mexico and the U.S. government felt that it posed a significant threat to U.S. cattle. Bachrach was able to purify the virus responsible for foot-and-mouth disease.
Career
Berkeley
In 1950, having spent a year in Europe, Bachrach secured a position in the laboratory of Wendell Meredith Stanley at the University of California, Berkeley. Working with biochemist Carleton Schwerdt, and using the principles he learned from foot-and-mouth disease, Bachrach purified laboratory samples of type II (Lansing type) poliovirus. Bachrach was able to produce lab specimens which contained 10% virus. The other 90% of the specimen was "gunk" from the cells involved in the process of growing the virus, but no previous researcher had been able to produce a sample purified beyond one percent. The purification techniques of Bachrach and Schwerdt made it feasible to develop and test polio vaccines.
Agricultural Research Service
Beginning in 1953, Bachrach was associated with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. He was named chief scientist at the center in 1961. At Plum Island, Bachrach and associates spliced a foot-and-mouth disease protein, VP3, into a bacterium. In turn, the bacterium produced a large amount of VP3, and the Bachrach team felt that this could lead to a vaccine against the disease. In 1979, the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee issued a recommendation to the National Institutes of Health that the team be allowed to work with Genentech on the production of a foot-and-mouth disease vaccine that would not contain the actual virus.
The development of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, which was only effective against a single strain of the illness, taught scientists that immunological principles might not hold true from one subtype of the disease to the next. This vaccine was the first one developed using genetic engineering.
Later life
Bachrach retired in 1981. In 1982, he was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences and he received the Kenneth A. Spencer Award from the American Chemical Society. He received the National Medal of Science the next year. He died of heart disease in 2008 at JFK Medical Center in Atlantis, Florida. When he died, he had been married to the former Shirley Lichterman for 65 years. They had two children and one grandchild.
See also
List of National Medal of Science laureates
References
^ Schreiber, Pauline (August 9, 2008). "A Life Well Lived: Bachrach helped the world with his research". Faribault Daily News. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ a b c d Maugh, Thomas H. (July 17, 2008). "Virologist pioneered engineered vaccines". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
^ "Obituaries". Chemical & Engineering News. July 28, 2008. doi:10.1021/cen-v086n030.p076.
^ a b Pearce, Jeremy (25 July 2008). "Howard L. Bachrach, 88, early polio researcher, is dead". The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
^ "Agricultural Research Service Science Hall of Fame". Agricultural Research Service. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
^ Marwick, Charles (December 13, 1979). "Genetic engineers tackle foot and mouth vaccine". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ Kendall, Don (June 20, 1981). "Vaccine to aid human, animal diseases". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ a b "Obituaries". The Washington Post. July 13, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
^ "Howard Bachrach". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
^ "Call for Nominations: 2017 Kenneth A. Spencer Award" (PDF). American Chemical Society. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ "Howard L. Bachrach". National Science & Technology Medal Foundation. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ "Howard Bachrach, pioneer in fight against polio and other viruses". Star Tribune. July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
External links
George F. Vande Woude, "Howard L. Bachrach", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)
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Theodor O. Diener
Harry Eagle
Har Gobind Khorana
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988
Michael S. Brown
Stanley Norman Cohen
Joseph L. Goldstein
Maurice R. Hilleman
Eric R. Kandel
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989
Katherine Esau
Viktor Hamburger
Philip Leder
Joshua Lederberg
Roger W. Sperry
Harland G. Wood
1990s
1990
Baruj Benacerraf
Herbert W. Boyer
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Edward B. Lewis
David G. Nathan
E. Donnall Thomas
1991
Mary Ellen Avery
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Elvin A. Kabat
Robert W. Kates
Salvador Luria
Paul A. Marks
Folke K. Skoog
Paul C. Zamecnik
1992
Maxine Singer
Howard Martin Temin
1993
Daniel Nathans
Salome G. Waelsch
1994
Thomas Eisner
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995
Alexander Rich
1996
Ruth Patrick
1997
James Watson
Robert A. Weinberg
1998
Bruce Ames
Janet Rowley
1999
David Baltimore
Jared Diamond
Lynn Margulis
2000s
2000
Nancy C. Andreasen
Peter H. Raven
Carl Woese
2001
Francisco J. Ayala
George F. Bass
Mario R. Capecchi
Ann Graybiel
Gene E. Likens
Victor A. McKusick
Harold Varmus
2002
James E. Darnell
Evelyn M. Witkin
2003
J. Michael Bishop
Solomon H. Snyder
Charles Yanofsky
2004
Norman E. Borlaug
Phillip A. Sharp
Thomas E. Starzl
2005
Anthony Fauci
Torsten N. Wiesel
2006
Rita R. Colwell
Nina Fedoroff
Lubert Stryer
2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Bert W. O'Malley
2008
Francis S. Collins
Elaine Fuchs
J. Craig Venter
2009
Susan L. Lindquist
Stanley B. Prusiner
2010s
2010
Ralph L. Brinster
Rudolf Jaenisch
2011
Lucy Shapiro
Leroy Hood
Sallie Chisholm
2012
May Berenbaum
Bruce Alberts
2013
Rakesh K. Jain
2014
Stanley Falkow
Mary-Claire King
Simon Levin
Chemistry1960s
1964
Roger Adams
1980s
1982
F. Albert Cotton
Gilbert Stork
1983
Roald Hoffmann
George C. Pimentel
Richard N. Zare
1986
Harry B. Gray
Yuan Tseh Lee
Carl S. Marvel
Frank H. Westheimer
1987
William S. Johnson
Walter H. Stockmayer
Max Tishler
1988
William O. Baker
Konrad E. Bloch
Elias J. Corey
1989
Richard B. Bernstein
Melvin Calvin
Rudolph A. Marcus
Harden M. McConnell
1990s
1990
Elkan Blout
Karl Folkers
John D. Roberts
1991
Ronald Breslow
Gertrude B. Elion
Dudley R. Herschbach
Glenn T. Seaborg
1992
Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1993
Donald J. Cram
Norman Hackerman
1994
George S. Hammond
1995
Thomas Cech
Isabella L. Karle
1996
Norman Davidson
1997
Darleane C. Hoffman
Harold S. Johnston
1998
John W. Cahn
George M. Whitesides
1999
Stuart A. Rice
John Ross
Susan Solomon
2000s
2000
John D. Baldeschwieler
Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001
Ernest R. Davidson
Gábor A. Somorjai
2002
John I. Brauman
2004
Stephen J. Lippard
2005
Tobin J. Marks
2006
Marvin H. Caruthers
Peter B. Dervan
2007
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008
Joanna Fowler
JoAnne Stubbe
2009
Stephen J. Benkovic
Marye Anne Fox
2010s
2010
Jacqueline K. Barton
Peter J. Stang
2011
Allen J. Bard
M. Frederick Hawthorne
2012
Judith P. Klinman
Jerrold Meinwald
2013
Geraldine L. Richmond
2014
A. Paul Alivisatos
Engineering sciences1960s
1962
Theodore von Kármán
1963
Vannevar Bush
John Robinson Pierce
1964
Charles S. Draper
Othmar H. Ammann
1965
Hugh L. Dryden
Clarence L. Johnson
Warren K. Lewis
1966
Claude E. Shannon
1967
Edwin H. Land
Igor I. Sikorsky
1968
J. Presper Eckert
Nathan M. Newmark
1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970s
1970
George E. Mueller
1973
Harold E. Edgerton
Richard T. Whitcomb
1974
Rudolf Kompfner
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Abel Wolman
1975
Manson Benedict
William Hayward Pickering
Frederick E. Terman
Wernher von Braun
1976
Morris Cohen
Peter C. Goldmark
Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979
Emmett N. Leith
Raymond D. Mindlin
Robert N. Noyce
Earl R. Parker
Simon Ramo
1980s
1982
Edward H. Heinemann
Donald L. Katz
1983
Bill Hewlett
George Low
John G. Trump
1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
Tung-Yen Lin
Bernard M. Oliver
1987
Robert Byron Bird
H. Bolton Seed
Ernst Weber
1988
Daniel C. Drucker
Willis M. Hawkins
George W. Housner
1989
Harry George Drickamer
Herbert E. Grier
1990s
1990
Mildred Dresselhaus
Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991
George H. Heilmeier
Luna B. Leopold
H. Guyford Stever
1992
Calvin F. Quate
John Roy Whinnery
1993
Alfred Y. Cho
1994
Ray W. Clough
1995
Hermann A. Haus
1996
James L. Flanagan
C. Kumar N. Patel
1998
Eli Ruckenstein
1999
Kenneth N. Stevens
2000s
2000
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001
Andreas Acrivos
2002
Leo Beranek
2003
John M. Prausnitz
2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005
Jan D. Achenbach
2006
Robert S. Langer
2007
David J. Wineland
2008
Rudolf E. Kálmán
2009
Amnon Yariv
2010s
2010
Shu Chien
2011
John B. Goodenough
2012
Thomas Kailath
Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences1960s
1963
Norbert Wiener
1964
Solomon Lefschetz
H. Marston Morse
1965
Oscar Zariski
1966
John Milnor
1967
Paul Cohen
1968
Jerzy Neyman
1969
William Feller
1970s
1970
Richard Brauer
1973
John Tukey
1974
Kurt Gödel
1975
John W. Backus
Shiing-Shen Chern
George Dantzig
1976
Kurt Otto Friedrichs
Hassler Whitney
1979
Joseph L. Doob
Donald E. Knuth
1980s
1982
Marshall H. Stone
1983
Herman Goldstine
Isadore Singer
1986
Peter Lax
Antoni Zygmund
1987
Raoul Bott
Michael Freedman
1988
Ralph E. Gomory
Joseph B. Keller
1989
Samuel Karlin
Saunders Mac Lane
Donald C. Spencer
1990s
1990
George F. Carrier
Stephen Cole Kleene
John McCarthy
1991
Alberto Calderón
1992
Allen Newell
1993
Martin David Kruskal
1994
John Cocke
1995
Louis Nirenberg
1996
Richard Karp
Stephen Smale
1997
Shing-Tung Yau
1998
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999
Felix Browder
Ronald R. Coifman
2000s
2000
John Griggs Thompson
Karen Uhlenbeck
2001
Calyampudi R. Rao
Elias M. Stein
2002
James G. Glimm
2003
Carl R. de Boor
2004
Dennis P. Sullivan
2005
Bradley Efron
2006
Hyman Bass
2007
Leonard Kleinrock
Andrew J. Viterbi
2009
David B. Mumford
2010s
2010
Richard A. Tapia
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011
Solomon W. Golomb
Barry Mazur
2012
Alexandre Chorin
David Blackwell
2013
Michael Artin
Physical sciences1960s
1963
Luis W. Alvarez
1964
Julian Schwinger
Harold Urey
Robert Burns Woodward
1965
John Bardeen
Peter Debye
Leon M. Lederman
William Rubey
1966
Jacob Bjerknes
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Henry Eyring
John H. Van Vleck
Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967
Jesse Beams
Francis Birch
Gregory Breit
Louis Hammett
George Kistiakowsky
1968
Paul Bartlett
Herbert Friedman
Lars Onsager
Eugene Wigner
1969
Herbert C. Brown
Wolfgang Panofsky
1970s
1970
Robert H. Dicke
Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf
1980s
1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel
1990s
1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff
2000s
2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington
2010s
2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foot-and-mouth disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_Island_Animal_Disease_Center"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"}],"text":"Howard Lloyd Bachrach (May 21, 1920 – June 26, 2008) was an American scientist who made research contributions to the understanding of viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease and polio. Bachrach's work led to the first vaccination developed through genetic engineering techniques. He worked for the United States Department of Agriculture and was chief scientist at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Bachrach was a recipient of the National Medal of Science and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.","title":"Howard Bachrach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faribault, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faribault,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDN-1"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACS-3"},{"link_name":"classical swine fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_swine_fever"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-2"}],"text":"Born in Faribault, Minnesota to a Jewish family, Bachrach had two brothers. His family owned a men's clothing store that remained in Faribault until 2006. Bachrach graduated from Faribault High School in 1938.[1] He attended the University of Minnesota, where he completed a chemistry degree.[2] During World War II, Bachrach was affiliated with the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied chemical explosives as part of the Manhattan Project.[3]Bachrach later researched measures to prevent bread from becoming stale, then returned to Minnesota and studied classical swine fever (also known as hog cholera). Bachrach found that the disease could be transmitted by a protein produced by the virus, even in the absence of the virus itself. After Bachrach earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry, the United States Department of Agriculture sent him to Europe to study foot-and-mouth disease. The disease, previously thought to be under control, had reemerged in Mexico and the U.S. government felt that it posed a significant threat to U.S. cattle. Bachrach was able to purify the virus responsible for foot-and-mouth disease.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wendell Meredith Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Carleton Schwerdt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carleton_Schwerdt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"poliovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"}],"sub_title":"Berkeley","text":"In 1950, having spent a year in Europe, Bachrach secured a position in the laboratory of Wendell Meredith Stanley at the University of California, Berkeley. Working with biochemist Carleton Schwerdt, and using the principles he learned from foot-and-mouth disease, Bachrach purified laboratory samples of type II (Lansing type) poliovirus. Bachrach was able to produce lab specimens which contained 10% virus. The other 90% of the specimen was \"gunk\" from the cells involved in the process of growing the virus, but no previous researcher had been able to produce a sample purified beyond one percent.[2] The purification techniques of Bachrach and Schwerdt made it feasible to develop and test polio vaccines.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agricultural Research Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARS-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-2"},{"link_name":"spliced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_splicing"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Genentech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genentech"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marwick-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nashua-7"}],"sub_title":"Agricultural Research Service","text":"Beginning in 1953, Bachrach was associated with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center.[5] He was named chief scientist at the center in 1961.[2] At Plum Island, Bachrach and associates spliced a foot-and-mouth disease protein, VP3, into a bacterium. In turn, the bacterium produced a large amount of VP3, and the Bachrach team felt that this could lead to a vaccine against the disease. In 1979, the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee issued a recommendation to the National Institutes of Health that the team be allowed to work with Genentech on the production of a foot-and-mouth disease vaccine that would not contain the actual virus.[6]The development of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, which was only effective against a single strain of the illness, taught scientists that immunological principles might not hold true from one subtype of the disease to the next.[4] This vaccine was the first one developed using genetic engineering.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-8"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spencer-10"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSTMF-11"},{"link_name":"JFK Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_Medical_Center_(Atlantis,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star-12"}],"text":"Bachrach retired in 1981.[8] In 1982, he was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences and he received the Kenneth A. Spencer Award from the American Chemical Society.[9][10] He received the National Medal of Science the next year.[11] He died of heart disease in 2008 at JFK Medical Center in Atlantis, Florida.[8] When he died, he had been married to the former Shirley Lichterman for 65 years. They had two children and one grandchild.[12]","title":"Later life"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of National Medal of Science laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates"}] | [{"reference":"Schreiber, Pauline (August 9, 2008). \"A Life Well Lived: Bachrach helped the world with his research\". Faribault Daily News. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southernminn.com/faribault_daily_news/archives/article_2ba0362b-805c-59a0-9301-2b4d66bbf5a2.html","url_text":"\"A Life Well Lived: Bachrach helped the world with his research\""}]},{"reference":"Maugh, Thomas H. (July 17, 2008). \"Virologist pioneered engineered vaccines\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jul/17/local/me-bachrach17","url_text":"\"Virologist pioneered engineered vaccines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituaries\". Chemical & Engineering News. July 28, 2008. doi:10.1021/cen-v086n030.p076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News","url_text":"Chemical & Engineering News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v086n030.p076","url_text":"10.1021/cen-v086n030.p076"}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Jeremy (25 July 2008). \"Howard L. Bachrach, 88, early polio researcher, is dead\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/us/25bachrach.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Howard L. Bachrach, 88, early polio researcher, is dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Agricultural Research Service Science Hall of Fame\". Agricultural Research Service. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412082557/http://www.ars.usda.gov/careers/hof/browse.htm","url_text":"\"Agricultural Research Service Science Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://www.ars.usda.gov/careers/hof/browse.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marwick, Charles (December 13, 1979). \"Genetic engineers tackle foot and mouth vaccine\". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=66VHTgzbIEUC&pg=PA853","url_text":"\"Genetic engineers tackle foot and mouth vaccine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist","url_text":"New Scientist"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Don (June 20, 1981). \"Vaccine to aid human, animal diseases\". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19810620&id=AasrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6878,4566969&hl=en","url_text":"\"Vaccine to aid human, animal diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua_Telegraph","url_text":"Nashua Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituaries\". The Washington Post. July 13, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/12/AR2008071201713.html","url_text":"\"Obituaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Howard Bachrach\". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved May 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/58083.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/","url_text":"\"Howard Bachrach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Call for Nominations: 2017 Kenneth A. Spencer Award\" (PDF). American Chemical Society. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agrodiv.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Nomination-for-Kenneth-A-Spencer-Award-2017_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Call for Nominations: 2017 Kenneth A. Spencer Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society","url_text":"American Chemical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Howard L. Bachrach\". National Science & Technology Medal Foundation. Retrieved 2 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/howard-l-bachrach","url_text":"\"Howard L. Bachrach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howard Bachrach, pioneer in fight against polio and other viruses\". Star Tribune. July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/howard-bachrach-pioneer-in-fight-against-polio-and-other-viruses/25921389/","url_text":"\"Howard Bachrach, pioneer in fight against polio and other viruses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.southernminn.com/faribault_daily_news/archives/article_2ba0362b-805c-59a0-9301-2b4d66bbf5a2.html","external_links_name":"\"A Life Well Lived: Bachrach helped the world with his research\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jul/17/local/me-bachrach17","external_links_name":"\"Virologist pioneered engineered vaccines\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v086n030.p076","external_links_name":"10.1021/cen-v086n030.p076"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/us/25bachrach.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Howard L. 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Spencer Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/howard-l-bachrach","external_links_name":"\"Howard L. Bachrach\""},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/howard-bachrach-pioneer-in-fight-against-polio-and-other-viruses/25921389/","external_links_name":"\"Howard Bachrach, pioneer in fight against polio and other viruses\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bachrach_howard.pdf","external_links_name":"George F. Vande Woude, \"Howard L. Bachrach\", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000384511539","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/276550658","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMjjQ9k6tqqCCgwQcQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007335825605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13970223","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85085621","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071365435","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa_(grape) | Madrasa (grape) | ["1 Origins and specifics","2 Wines","3 Synonyms","4 See also","5 References"] | Variety of grape
MadrasaMədrəsəՄադրասաGrape (Vitis)Color of berry skinPinkAlso calledMatrassaNotable regionsMədrəsə village of Shamakhi, Goygol, Samukh, Gabala raions, Ganja, AzerbaijanNotable winesMadrasaVIVC number7514
Madrasa (Armenian: Մադրասա, Azerbaijani: Mədrəsə, also known as Matrassa and Madrasi) is a pink-skinned red grape variety cultivated in the southern Caucasus at least since the nineteenth century, in particular in Azerbaijan and Armenia, as well as several Central Asia countries. Most plantings of Madrasa are found near the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Origins and specifics
Madrasa is indigenous to the village of Madrasa, located in Shamakhi Rayon, Azerbaijan. This variety falls into the sweet grape category. It is claimed that Madrasa was grown as early as the 15th century. In the beginning of the 20th century, the Madrasa variety was brought to the Ganjabasar region of Azerbaijan. The vines are midsize, and have strong roots and sharp leaves. The grapes are round and thick-skinned. Madrasa grapes mature in the beginning of September in Shamakhi, and in August in Ganja. The concentration of sugar ranges from 23-24% in Shamakhi and 20-21% in Ganja.
Wines
During the crushing and fermentation, 50% of the spirit is recovered. Widely sold "Giz Galasi" (Maiden Tower), "Yeddi Gozal" (Seven Beauties), "Gara Gila" and "Naznazi" wines are made from Madrasa. "Xan Madrasa" red table wine produced by Vinagro is made by fermentation of Madrasa grape juice. The grapes are grown in Goygol and Samukh districts of Azerbaijan, and squashed for juice. The wine is then stored for two years. Its alcoholic content is 9-14%. Xan Madrasa was awarded 2 gold and 1 bronze medals at the International Wine Contest of Monde Selection.
Synonyms
Various synonyms have been used to describe Matrassa and its wines, including Chirai, Chirai kara, Kara Chirei, Kara Chirai, Kara Schirai, Kara Scirai, Kara Scirei, Kara Shirai, Kara Shirei, Madrasa, Matrasa, Matrasse, Sevi shirai, Shirai, Shirai kara, Shirei, Shirei kara and Sirei.
See also
Agh Shani
References
^ A. Kalantaryan, ed., Wine in Traditional Armenian Culture, Yerevan, 2005, p. 245 ISBN 99941-2-000-X
^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes pg 104 Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 0-19-860098-4
^ a b Arzu Aghayeva (Autumn 2000). "Seeds of Change. Transition in Azerbaijan's Agriculture". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "MEYVƏ VƏ TƏRƏVƏZİN ƏMTƏƏŞÜNASLIĞI" (PDF). p. 99. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "Shemakha (Samaxi)". Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "АТЛАС: МАТРАСА" . Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "TÜND VƏ DESERT ŞƏRABLARIN İSTEHSAL TEXNOLOGİYASI" . Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "Vinagro. Xan Madrasa". Archived from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
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Wine portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"grape variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_variety"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_wine"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wine_grapes-2"}],"text":"Madrasa (Armenian: Մադրասա, Azerbaijani: Mədrəsə, also known as Matrassa and Madrasi) is a pink-skinned red grape variety cultivated in the southern Caucasus at least since the nineteenth century,[1] in particular in Azerbaijan and Armenia, as well as several Central Asia countries. 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The grapes are grown in Goygol and Samukh districts of Azerbaijan, and squashed for juice. The wine is then stored for two years. Its alcoholic content is 9-14%. Xan Madrasa was awarded 2 gold and 1 bronze medals at the International Wine Contest of Monde Selection.[8]","title":"Wines"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Various synonyms have been used to describe Matrassa and its wines, including Chirai, Chirai kara, Kara Chirei, Kara Chirai, Kara Schirai, Kara Scirai, Kara Scirei, Kara Shirai, Kara Shirei, Madrasa, Matrasa, Matrasse, Sevi shirai, Shirai, Shirai kara, Shirei, Shirei kara and Sirei.","title":"Synonyms"}] | [] | [{"title":"Agh Shani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agh_Shani"}] | [{"reference":"Arzu Aghayeva (Autumn 2000). \"Seeds of Change. Transition in Azerbaijan's Agriculture\". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved 2010-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/83_folder/83_articles/83_agriculture.html","url_text":"\"Seeds of Change. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Accord | Assam Accord | ["1 Signatories","2 References","3 Bibliography"] | 1985 agreement between the Indian government and the Assam Movement
Assam AccordAssam Accord, 1985TypePeaceContextAssam MovementSigned15 August 1985; 38 years ago (1985-08-15)LocationNew Delhi, IndiaOriginalsignatories
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and others
R. D. Pradhan
Parties
AASU and others
Government of India
Government of Assam
LanguageEnglish
The Assam Accord agreed to protect Assamese cultural, economic and political rights. It was signed after six years of Assam Movement.
The Assam Accord was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement. It was signed in the presence of the then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in New Delhi on 15 August 1985. Later, the Citizenship Act was amended for the first time the following year, in 1986. It followed a six-year agitation that started in 1979. Led by the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), the protestors demanded the identification and deportation of all illegal foreigners – predominantly Bangladeshi immigrants. They feared that past and continuing large scale migration was overwhelming the native population, impacting their political rights, culture, language and land rights. The Assam Movement caused the estimated death of over 855 people. The movement ended with the signing of the Assam Accord.
The leaders of the Assam Movement agreed to accept all migrants who had entered into Assam prior to 1 January 1966. The Government of India acknowledged the political, social, cultural and economic concerns of the Assamese people and agreed to revise the electoral database based on that date. Further, the government agreed to identify and deport any and all refugees and migrants after March 25 1971. In 1971, millions of citizens of Bangladesh – then called East Pakistan – fled the abuses of a civil war and associated genocide between East Pakistan and West Pakistan triggering a mass influx of refugees into Assam, West Bengal, Tripura, various other nearby states of India as well as Myanmar.
According to the Assam Accord, the Government of India agreed to secure the international border against future infiltration by the "erection of physical barriers like walls, barbed wire fencing and other obstacles at appropriate places" and deploying a patrol by security forces on land and river routes all along the international Bangladesh-India border. To aid this effort, the Government also agreed to build a road near the border for the patrol and quicker deployment of Indian security forces, as well as maintain a mandatory birth and death list of citizens. All open police charges against the participants and the leaders of the Assam Movement, prior to and on the date of signing the Accord, were also withdrawn and closed. The families of those who died during the Assam Movement were given monetary compensation. The Government also agreed to open an oil refinery, reopen paper mills and establish educational institutions in the state.
The accord brought an end to the Assam Movement and paved the way for the leaders of the agitation to form a political party and form a government in the state of Assam soon after. Though the accord brought an end to the agitation, some of the key clauses are yet to be implemented, which kept some of the issues festering. According to Sanjib Baruah – a professor of Political Studies, the task of identifying foreigners became politically difficult, affected vote banks, and attracted accusations of religious or ethnic discrimination. Hiteswar Saikia, a chief minister of Assam in early 1990s and senior Congress party leader, for example gave conflicting statements in his speeches. In the front of some crowds, he denied there were any foreigners; before other crowds, he said there were hundreds of thousands of illegal foreigners in Assam that need to be deported. In 1997, the state government completed a study and marked numerous names in its voter list with "d" meaning "disputed citizenship", with plans to block them from voting. Critics complained of disenfranchisement. The High Court of the state ascertained that the "d" is based on suspicion, not documentary evidence. All residents – citizens and foreigners – were allowed to vote in subsequent Assam elections. The supporters of the Assam Movement stated that the government has failed to implement the Assam Accord.
Signatories
Representatives of Assam Movement
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, President, All Assam Students Union
Bhrigu Kumar Phukan, General Secretary, All Assam Students Union
Biraj Kumar Sarma, General Secretary, All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad
Representatives of Governments of India and Assam
R. D. Pradhan, Home Secretary, Government of India
P P Trivedi, Chief Secretary, Government of Assam
In the presence of
Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Assam Accord" (PDF). United Nations Peace Accord Archives. 1985.
^ Text of Assam Accord, according to the Part II (A) The Assam Gazette 23 June 2015, pp 7
^ Assam Accord SATP.org Archives
^ Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty (2019). Assam: The Accord, The Discord. Penguin Random House. pp. 1–14, Chapter 2, 9 and 10. ISBN 978-93-5305-622-3.
^ Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty (2019). Assam: The Accord, The Discord. Penguin Random House. pp. 1–7, Introduction chapter. ISBN 978-93-5305-622-3.
^ Yasmin Saikia (2011). Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. Duke University Press. pp. 40–47. ISBN 978-0-8223-5038-5.
^ Sarah Kenyon Lischer (2015). Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid. Cornell University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-5017-0039-2.
^ AASU questions Govts’ sincerity on Accord Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Assam Tribune, 13 May 2007.
^ "Union Cabinet clears panel to promote Assam's cultural identity". The Hindu. 2 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
^ a b c d e Sanjib Baruah (1999). India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 160–168. ISBN 0-8122-3491-X.
^ a b Pinar Bilgin; L.H.M. Ling (2017). Asia in International Relations: Unlearning Imperial Power Relations. Taylor & Francis. pp. 56–60. ISBN 978-1-317-15379-5.
Bibliography
""Assam Accord"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2021.
vte State of AssamCapital: DispurState symbols
Song: O Mur Apunar Desh
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Culture
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Dihanaam
Hiranaam
Dhol
Gogona
Pepa
Cinema
Joymati, first Assamese motion picture
Guwahati Theatre Festival
People
History
Assamese people
Ahom
Brahmin
Kalita
Koch
Chutia
Tribes of Assam
Bodo
Deori
Dimasa
Karbi
Mising
List of people from Assam
Notable surnames
Barua (and its variations)
Bhuiyan
Borah
Bharali
Borbarua
Borgohain
Borpatrogohain
Borphukan
Burhagohain
Chakraborty
Choudhury (and its variations)
Das
Deka
Dutta
Gayen
Gogoi
Gohain
Goswami
Hazarika
Kalita
Majumdar
Saikia
Sarma
Chutia
Sutradhar
Urban areas
Barpeta
Bongaigaon
Dhubri
Dibrugarh
Diphu
Goalpara
Golaghat
Guwahati
Jorhat
Karimganj
Nagaon
North Lakhimpur
Sivasagar
Silchar
Tezpur
Tinsukia
Fairs and Festivals
Hindu Temples
History | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assam_movement_symbol.svg"},{"link_name":"Assam Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Movement"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Assam Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Movement"},{"link_name":"All Assam Students’ Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Assam_Students%E2%80%99_Union"},{"link_name":"deportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"illegal foreigners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_India"},{"link_name":"overwhelming the native population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pisharoty2019-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"Assamese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"a civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"associated genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide"},{"link_name":"West Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tripura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saikia2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh-India border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh-India_border"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peacemaker-1"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah1999p160-10"},{"link_name":"Hiteswar Saikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiteswar_Saikia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah1999p160-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah1999p160-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah1999p160-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BilginLing2017p56-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BilginLing2017p56-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baruah1999p160-10"}],"text":"The Assam Accord agreed to protect Assamese cultural, economic and political rights. It was signed after six years of Assam Movement.The Assam Accord was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement.[1] It was signed in the presence of the then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in New Delhi on 15 August 1985. Later, the Citizenship Act was amended for the first time the following year, in 1986.[1][2][3] It followed a six-year agitation that started in 1979. Led by the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), the protestors demanded the identification and deportation of all illegal foreigners – predominantly Bangladeshi immigrants. They feared that past and continuing large scale migration was overwhelming the native population, impacting their political rights, culture, language and land rights.[4] The Assam Movement caused the estimated death of over 855 people. The movement ended with the signing of the Assam Accord.[5]The leaders of the Assam Movement agreed to accept all migrants who had entered into Assam prior to 1 January 1966.[1] The Government of India acknowledged the political, social, cultural and economic concerns of the Assamese people and agreed to revise the electoral database based on that date.[1] Further, the government agreed to identify and deport any and all refugees and migrants after March 25 1971.[1] In 1971, millions of citizens of Bangladesh – then called East Pakistan – fled the abuses of a civil war and associated genocide between East Pakistan and West Pakistan triggering a mass influx of refugees into Assam, West Bengal, Tripura, various other nearby states of India as well as Myanmar.[6][7]According to the Assam Accord, the Government of India agreed to secure the international border against future infiltration by the \"erection of physical barriers like walls, barbed wire fencing and other obstacles at appropriate places\" and deploying a patrol by security forces on land and river routes all along the international Bangladesh-India border.[1] To aid this effort, the Government also agreed to build a road near the border for the patrol and quicker deployment of Indian security forces, as well as maintain a mandatory birth and death list of citizens.[1] All open police charges against the participants and the leaders of the Assam Movement, prior to and on the date of signing the Accord, were also withdrawn and closed.[1] The families of those who died during the Assam Movement were given monetary compensation. The Government also agreed to open an oil refinery, reopen paper mills and establish educational institutions in the state.[1]The accord brought an end to the Assam Movement and paved the way for the leaders of the agitation to form a political party and form a government in the state of Assam soon after. Though the accord brought an end to the agitation, some of the key clauses are yet to be implemented, which kept some of the issues festering.[8][9] According to Sanjib Baruah – a professor of Political Studies, the task of identifying foreigners became politically difficult, affected vote banks, and attracted accusations of religious or ethnic discrimination.[10] Hiteswar Saikia, a chief minister of Assam in early 1990s and senior Congress party leader, for example gave conflicting statements in his speeches.[10] In the front of some crowds, he denied there were any foreigners; before other crowds, he said there were hundreds of thousands of illegal foreigners in Assam that need to be deported.[10] In 1997, the state government completed a study and marked numerous names in its voter list with \"d\" meaning \"disputed citizenship\", with plans to block them from voting.[10][11] Critics complained of disenfranchisement.[11] The High Court of the state ascertained that the \"d\" is based on suspicion, not documentary evidence. All residents – citizens and foreigners – were allowed to vote in subsequent Assam elections. The supporters of the Assam Movement stated that the government has failed to implement the Assam Accord.[10]","title":"Assam Accord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prafulla Kumar Mahanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Kumar_Mahanta"},{"link_name":"All Assam Students Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Assam_Students_Union"},{"link_name":"Bhrigu Kumar Phukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrigu_Kumar_Phukan"},{"link_name":"Biraj Kumar Sarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraj_Kumar_Sarma"},{"link_name":"R. D. Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Pradhan"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Government of Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"}],"text":"Representatives of Assam MovementPrafulla Kumar Mahanta, President, All Assam Students Union\nBhrigu Kumar Phukan, General Secretary, All Assam Students Union\nBiraj Kumar Sarma, General Secretary, All Assam Gana Sangram ParishadRepresentatives of Governments of India and AssamR. D. Pradhan, Home Secretary, Government of India\nP P Trivedi, Chief Secretary, Government of AssamIn the presence ofRajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India","title":"Signatories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"\"Assam Accord\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211225190628/https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assamaccord_medhassu_in_oid_3/portlet/level_1/files/The%20Assam%20Accord%20-%20English.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//assamaccord.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assamaccord_medhassu_in_oid_3/portlet/level_1/files/The%20Assam%20Accord%20-%20English.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Assam"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Assam"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assam"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India"},{"link_name":"Dispur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispur"},{"link_name":"State symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs"},{"link_name":"O Mur Apunar Desh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Desh"},{"link_name":"Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds"},{"link_name":"White-winged duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_duck"},{"link_name":"Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers"},{"link_name":"Foxtail Orchids (Kopouful)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtail_Orchids"},{"link_name":"Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees"},{"link_name":"Dipterocarpus retusus (Hollong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpus_retusus"},{"link_name":"Topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Assam"},{"link_name":"Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"Institutions of higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"Physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"Assam tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_tea"},{"link_name":"Assam silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_silk"},{"link_name":"Assam Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Assam Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Regiment"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Kamarupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarupa"},{"link_name":"Chutia Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kamata Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ahom kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kachari Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachari_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Colonial Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Assam"},{"link_name":"Assam Province (1912 – 1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Province"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly (Since 1937)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Assam Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Mail"},{"link_name":"Assam Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Golaghat Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaghat_Convention"},{"link_name":"Assam History Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Chief Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauhati_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Human rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Human_rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Police"},{"link_name":"Political Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Parties_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"North Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Assam_Division"},{"link_name":"Biswanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biswanath_district"},{"link_name":"Darrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrang_district"},{"link_name":"Sonitpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonitpur_district"},{"link_name":"Udalguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udalguri_district"},{"link_name":"Lower Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Assam_Division"},{"link_name":"Baksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksa_district"},{"link_name":"Barpeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barpeta_district"},{"link_name":"Bongaigaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongaigaon_district"},{"link_name":"Chirang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirang_district"},{"link_name":"Dhubri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubri_district"},{"link_name":"Kokrajhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokrajhar_district"},{"link_name":"Kamrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamrup_district"},{"link_name":"Kamrup Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamrup_Metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Goalpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalpara_district"},{"link_name":"Nalbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalbari_district"},{"link_name":"South Salmara Mankachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Salmara_district"},{"link_name":"Central Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Assam_Division"},{"link_name":"Dima Hasao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district"},{"link_name":"Hojai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hojai_district"},{"link_name":"Karbi Anglong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district"},{"link_name":"Karbi Anglong (West)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Karbi_Anglong_district"},{"link_name":"Morigaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morigaon_district"},{"link_name":"Nagaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaon_district"},{"link_name":"Upper Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Assam_Division"},{"link_name":"Charaideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charaideo_district"},{"link_name":"Dibrugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarh_district"},{"link_name":"Dhemaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhemaji_district"},{"link_name":"Golaghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaghat_district"},{"link_name":"Jorhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorhat_district"},{"link_name":"Lakhimpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhimpur_district"},{"link_name":"Majuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli_district"},{"link_name":"Sivasagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivasagar_district"},{"link_name":"Tinsukia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukia_district"},{"link_name":"Barak Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachar_district"},{"link_name":"Hailakandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailakandi_district"},{"link_name":"Karimganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimganj_district"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Upper-Assam (East Assam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Assam_Division"},{"link_name":"Lower-Assam (West Assam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Assam"},{"link_name":"Barak Valley (South Assam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Valley"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River"},{"link_name":"Majuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli"},{"link_name":"Mora Dhansiri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_Dhansiri_River"},{"link_name":"Dhansiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhansiri_River"},{"link_name":"Dihing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihing_River"},{"link_name":"Diphlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Diphlu"},{"link_name":"Halflong (The Hill station of Assam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haflong"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Assamese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language"},{"link_name":"Assamese alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Jolpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_Jolpan"},{"link_name":"Traditional crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Bihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihu"},{"link_name":"Folk dances of Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Bagurumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagurumba"},{"link_name":"Bihu dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihu_dance"},{"link_name":"Ekasarana Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma"},{"link_name":"Borgeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgeet"},{"link_name":"Satra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)"},{"link_name":"Sattriya Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattriya"},{"link_name":"Saraai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorai"},{"link_name":"Gamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamosa"},{"link_name":"Textiles and dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles_and_dresses_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Muga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_silk"},{"link_name":"Eri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_silk"},{"link_name":"Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_literature"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_cinema"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_cinema"},{"link_name":"Assamese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_literature"},{"link_name":"Assamese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_poetry"},{"link_name":"List of poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assamese-language_poets"},{"link_name":"List of Assamese writers Pen Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assamese_writers_with_their_pen_names"},{"link_name":"List of Assamese Periodicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assamese_periodicals"},{"link_name":"The Arunodoi (Orunodoi - 1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orunodoi"},{"link_name":"The Hemkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemkosh"},{"link_name":"The Assam Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Assam Rhetorical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Sahitya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Buranji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buranji"},{"link_name":"Kirtan Ghoxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan_Ghoxa"},{"link_name":"Dasham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavat_of_Sankardev"},{"link_name":"Naam Ghosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Ghosa"},{"link_name":"Saptakanda Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Jonaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonaki"},{"link_name":"Music of Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Goalpariya Lokgeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalpariya_Lokgeet"},{"link_name":"Tokari Geet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokari_geet"},{"link_name":"Dihanaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihanaam"},{"link_name":"Hiranaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranaam"},{"link_name":"Dhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhol"},{"link_name":"Gogona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogona"},{"link_name":"Pepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_cinema"},{"link_name":"Joymati, first Assamese motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joymoti_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Guwahati Theatre Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati_Theatre_Festival"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Assamese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_people"},{"link_name":"Ahom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_people"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_Brahmins"},{"link_name":"Kalita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalita_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbanshi_people"},{"link_name":"Chutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutia_people"},{"link_name":"Tribes of Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Assam"},{"link_name":"Bodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro_people"},{"link_name":"Deori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deori_people"},{"link_name":"Dimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimasa_people"},{"link_name":"Karbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbi_people"},{"link_name":"Mising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mising_people"},{"link_name":"List of people from Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Assam"},{"link_name":"Barua (and its variations)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barua"},{"link_name":"Bhuiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuiyan"},{"link_name":"Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Bharali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharali"},{"link_name":"Borbarua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borbarua"},{"link_name":"Borgohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgohain"},{"link_name":"Borpatrogohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borpatrogohain"},{"link_name":"Borphukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borphukan"},{"link_name":"Burhagohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhagohain"},{"link_name":"Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Choudhury (and its variations)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutta"},{"link_name":"Gayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayen"},{"link_name":"Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goswami"},{"link_name":"Hazarika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazarika"},{"link_name":"Kalita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalita_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majumdar"},{"link_name":"Saikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikia"},{"link_name":"Sarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Barpeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barpeta"},{"link_name":"Bongaigaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongaigaon"},{"link_name":"Dhubri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubri"},{"link_name":"Dibrugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarh"},{"link_name":"Diphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphu"},{"link_name":"Goalpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalpara"},{"link_name":"Golaghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaghat"},{"link_name":"Guwahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"},{"link_name":"Jorhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorhat"},{"link_name":"Karimganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimganj"},{"link_name":"Nagaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaon"},{"link_name":"North Lakhimpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lakhimpur"},{"link_name":"Sivasagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivasagar"},{"link_name":"Silchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silchar"},{"link_name":"Tezpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezpur"},{"link_name":"Tinsukia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsukia"},{"link_name":"Fairs and Festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"Hindu Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Assam"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Assam"}],"text":"\"\"Assam Accord\"\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2021.vte State of AssamCapital: DispurState symbols\nSong: O Mur Apunar Desh\nAnimal: Indian rhinoceros\nBird: White-winged duck\nFlower: Foxtail Orchids (Kopouful)\nTree: Dipterocarpus retusus (Hollong)\nTopics\nEtymology\nBiodiversity\nBrahmaputra Valley\nCuisine\nCulture\nEconomy\nEducation\nInstitutions of higher education\nPhysical geography\nPolitics\nTourism\nAssam tea\nAssam silk\nAssam Rifles\nAssam Regiment\nHistory\nKamarupa\nChutia Kingdom\nKamata Kingdom\nAhom kingdom\nKachari Kingdom\nColonial Assam\nAssam Province (1912 – 1947)\nLegislative Assembly (Since 1937)\nAssam Mail\nAssam Accord\nGolaghat Convention\nAssam History Timeline\nAdministration\nGovernment\nLegislative Assembly\nChief Ministers\nGovernors\nHigh Court\nHuman rights Commission\nPolice\nPolitical Party\nDistricts and divisionsNorth Assam\nBiswanath\nDarrang\nSonitpur\nUdalguri\nLower Assam\nBaksa\nBarpeta\nBongaigaon\nChirang\nDhubri\nKokrajhar\nKamrup\nKamrup Metro\nGoalpara\nNalbari\nSouth Salmara Mankachar\nCentral Assam\nDima Hasao\nHojai\nKarbi Anglong\nKarbi Anglong (West)\nMorigaon\nNagaon\nUpper Assam\nCharaideo\nDibrugarh\nDhemaji\nGolaghat\nJorhat\nLakhimpur\nMajuli\nSivasagar\nTinsukia\nBarak Valley\nCachar\nHailakandi\nKarimganj\nGeography\nUpper-Assam (East Assam)\nLower-Assam (West Assam)\n Barak Valley (South Assam)\nBrahmaputra River\nMajuli\nMora Dhansiri River\nDhansiri\nDihing\nDiphlu\nHalflong (The Hill station of Assam)\nCulture\nAssamese language\nAssamese alphabet\nJolpan\nTraditional crafts\nBihu\nFolk dances of Assam\nBagurumba\nBihu dance\nEkasarana Dharma\nBorgeet\nSatra\nSattriya Dance\nSaraai\nGamosa\nTextiles and dresses (Muga and Eri)\nArts, literature, music and cinema\nCinema\nAssamese literature\nAssamese poetry\nList of poets\nList of Assamese writers Pen Names\nList of Assamese Periodicals\nThe Arunodoi (Orunodoi - 1846)\nThe Hemkosh\nThe Assam Tribune\nAssam Rhetorical Congress\nBuranji\nKirtan Ghoxa\nDasham\nNaam Ghosa\nSaptakanda Ramayana\nJonaki\nMusic of Assam\nGoalpariya Lokgeet\nTokari Geet\nDihanaam\nHiranaam\nDhol\nGogona\nPepa\nCinema\nJoymati, first Assamese motion picture\nGuwahati Theatre Festival\nPeople\nHistory\nAssamese people\nAhom\nBrahmin\nKalita\nKoch\nChutia\nTribes of Assam\nBodo\nDeori\nDimasa\nKarbi\nMising\nList of people from Assam\nNotable surnames\nBarua (and its variations)\nBhuiyan\nBorah\nBharali\nBorbarua\nBorgohain\nBorpatrogohain\nBorphukan\nBurhagohain\nChakraborty\nChoudhury (and its variations)\nDas\nDeka\nDutta\nGayen\nGogoi\nGohain\nGoswami\nHazarika\nKalita\nMajumdar\nSaikia\nSarma\nChutia\nSutradhar\nUrban areas\nBarpeta\nBongaigaon\nDhubri\nDibrugarh\nDiphu\nGoalpara\nGolaghat\nGuwahati\nJorhat\nKarimganj\nNagaon\nNorth Lakhimpur\nSivasagar\nSilchar\nTezpur\nTinsukia\n\nFairs and Festivals\nHindu Temples\nHistory","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Assam Accord agreed to protect Assamese cultural, economic and political rights. It was signed after six years of Assam Movement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assam_movement_symbol.svg/220px-Assam_movement_symbol.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Assam Accord\" (PDF). United Nations Peace Accord Archives. 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_850815_Assam%20Accord.pdf","url_text":"\"Assam Accord\""}]},{"reference":"Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty (2019). Assam: The Accord, The Discord. Penguin Random House. pp. 1–14, Chapter 2, 9 and 10. ISBN 978-93-5305-622-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F46nDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Assam: The Accord, The Discord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-622-3","url_text":"978-93-5305-622-3"}]},{"reference":"Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty (2019). Assam: The Accord, The Discord. Penguin Random House. pp. 1–7, Introduction chapter. ISBN 978-93-5305-622-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F46nDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Assam: The Accord, The Discord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-622-3","url_text":"978-93-5305-622-3"}]},{"reference":"Yasmin Saikia (2011). Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. Duke University Press. pp. 40–47. ISBN 978-0-8223-5038-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Saikia","url_text":"Yasmin Saikia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YdQaz1ddI-wC","url_text":"Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5038-5","url_text":"978-0-8223-5038-5"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Kenyon Lischer (2015). Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid. Cornell University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-5017-0039-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VAXhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT24","url_text":"Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0039-2","url_text":"978-1-5017-0039-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Cabinet clears panel to promote Assam's cultural identity\". The Hindu. 2 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-panel-to-promote-assams-cultural-identity/article25892099.ece","url_text":"\"Union Cabinet clears panel to promote Assam's cultural identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Sanjib Baruah (1999). India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 160–168. ISBN 0-8122-3491-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&pg=PA160","url_text":"India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3491-X","url_text":"0-8122-3491-X"}]},{"reference":"Pinar Bilgin; L.H.M. Ling (2017). Asia in International Relations: Unlearning Imperial Power Relations. Taylor & Francis. pp. 56–60. ISBN 978-1-317-15379-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LjklDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Asia in International Relations: Unlearning Imperial Power Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-15379-5","url_text":"978-1-317-15379-5"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Assam Accord\"\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211225190628/https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assamaccord_medhassu_in_oid_3/portlet/level_1/files/The%20Assam%20Accord%20-%20English.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Assam Accord\"\""},{"url":"https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assamaccord_medhassu_in_oid_3/portlet/level_1/files/The%20Assam%20Accord%20-%20English.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN_850815_Assam%20Accord.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Assam Accord\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060117130811/http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20(GOA)/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Assam%20Accord.pdf","external_links_name":"Text of Assam Accord"},{"Link":"http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/assam_accord_1985.htm#Assam_Accord","external_links_name":"Assam Accord"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F46nDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Assam: The Accord, The Discord"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F46nDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Assam: The Accord, The Discord"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YdQaz1ddI-wC","external_links_name":"Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VAXhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT24","external_links_name":"Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid"},{"Link":"http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=may1307/at01","external_links_name":"AASU questions Govts’ sincerity on Accord"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043632/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=may1307%2Fat01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-panel-to-promote-assams-cultural-identity/article25892099.ece","external_links_name":"\"Union Cabinet clears panel to promote Assam's cultural identity\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LjklDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Asia in International Relations: Unlearning Imperial Power Relations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211225190628/https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assamaccord_medhassu_in_oid_3/portlet/level_1/files/The%20Assam%20Accord%20-%20English.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Assam Accord\"\""},{"Link":"https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assamaccord_medhassu_in_oid_3/portlet/level_1/files/The%20Assam%20Accord%20-%20English.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerteh_Airport | Kerteh Airport | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 04°32′15″N 103°25′36″E / 4.53750°N 103.42667°E / 4.53750; 103.42667Airport in Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia
Kerteh AirportLapangan Terbang KertehIATA: KTEICAO: WMKESummaryAirport typePrivateOwnerPetronasOperatorSenai Airport Terminal Services Sdn BhdServesKemaman, Terengganu, MalaysiaLocationKerteh, Terengganu, MalaysiaTime zoneMST (UTC+08:00)Elevation AMSL18 ft / 5 mCoordinates04°32′15″N 103°25′36″E / 4.53750°N 103.42667°E / 4.53750; 103.42667Map KTE /WMKELocation in Kemaman , TerengganuShow map of Terengganu KTE /WMKE KTE /WMKE (Peninsular Malaysia)Show map of Peninsular Malaysia KTE /WMKE KTE /WMKE (Malaysia)Show map of MalaysiaRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
16/34
1,362
4,469
Asphalt
Source: AIP Malaysia
Kerteh Airport (IATA: KTE, ICAO: WMKE) is an airport in Kerteh, Kemaman District, Terengganu in Malaysia.
The airport is owned by Petroleum Nasional Berhad or Petronas via its East Coast Regional Office (ECRO), and was built to serve the purpose of airlifting its employees and ExxonMobil employees to their various oil platforms located 100–200 km offshore South China Sea. The airport is operated by Senai Airport Terminal Services Sdn Bhd which is the operator of Senai International Airport since 2019. The airport although small, has a single 1,362 m (4,469 ft) long runway which can accommodate a Boeing 737-400 aircraft.
Most of the airport's operations are centred on the helicopters operated by Malaysia Helicopter Services (MHS) used to transport workers to the platforms. The airport also used to have a weekday fixed-wing chartered service using a Beechcraft 1900 Airliner turboprop aircraft, also operated by MHS, which shuttles Petronas and ExxonMobil employees from Kerteh to the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (SZB) in Subang near Kuala Lumpur.
In 1990, the Terengganu state government discussed with Petronas on expanding the airport to cater to bigger aircraft.
References
^ WMKE - KERTEH at Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia
^ "Senai International Airport now manages Kertih Airport operations". 2 January 2019.
^ "Proposal for direct flight between Kuala Trengganu and Singapore". The Straits Times. 31 July 1990. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
External links
Accident history for KTE at Aviation Safety Network
vteAirports in Malaysia (Statistics)West Malaysia
Alor Setar
Ipoh
Johor Bahru
Kota Bharu
Kuala Terengganu
Kuala Lumpur–International
Kuala Lumpur–Subang
Kuantan
Langkawi
Pangkor
Penang
Redang
Tioman
East Malaysia
Ba'kelalan
Bario
Bintulu
Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
Kudat
Labuan
Lahad Datu
Lawas
Limbang
Long Akah
Long Banga
Long Lellang
Long Seridan
Marudi
Miri
Mukah
Mulu
Sandakan
Sibu
Tanjung Manis
Tawau
This lists airports in Malaysia with scheduled passenger services. Airports with scheduled international services are bolded.
Aviation portal
This article about a Malaysian airport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Kerteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerteh"},{"link_name":"Kemaman District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaman_District"},{"link_name":"Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Petronas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"oil platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Senai International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_1900"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Petronas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Aziz_Shah_Airport"},{"link_name":"Subang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subang,_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Airport in Kemaman, Terengganu, MalaysiaKerteh Airport (IATA: KTE, ICAO: WMKE) is an airport in Kerteh, Kemaman District, Terengganu in Malaysia.The airport is owned by Petroleum Nasional Berhad or Petronas via its East Coast Regional Office (ECRO), and was built to serve the purpose of airlifting its employees and ExxonMobil employees to their various oil platforms located 100–200 km offshore South China Sea. The airport is operated by Senai Airport Terminal Services Sdn Bhd which is the operator of Senai International Airport since 2019.[2] The airport although small, has a single 1,362 m (4,469 ft) long runway which can accommodate a Boeing 737-400 aircraft.Most of the airport's operations are centred on the helicopters operated by Malaysia Helicopter Services (MHS) used to transport workers to the platforms. The airport also used to have a weekday fixed-wing chartered service using a Beechcraft 1900 Airliner turboprop aircraft, also operated by MHS, which shuttles Petronas and ExxonMobil employees from Kerteh to the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (SZB) in Subang near Kuala Lumpur.In 1990, the Terengganu state government discussed with Petronas on expanding the airport to cater to bigger aircraft.[3]","title":"Kerteh Airport"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Senai International Airport now manages Kertih Airport operations\". 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/senai-international-airport-now-manages-kertih-airport-operations","url_text":"\"Senai International Airport now manages Kertih Airport operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proposal for direct flight between Kuala Trengganu and Singapore\". The Straits Times. 31 July 1990. Retrieved 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19900731-1.2.58.9","url_text":"\"Proposal for direct flight between Kuala Trengganu and Singapore\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerteh_Airport¶ms=04_32_15_N_103_25_36_E_region:MY_type:airport","external_links_name":"04°32′15″N 103°25′36″E / 4.53750°N 103.42667°E / 4.53750; 103.42667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerteh_Airport¶ms=04_32_15_N_103_25_36_E_region:MY_type:airport","external_links_name":"04°32′15″N 103°25′36″E / 4.53750°N 103.42667°E / 4.53750; 103.42667"},{"Link":"http://aip.dca.gov.my/aip%20pdf/AD/AD2/WMKE/WMKE-Kerteh%20Airport.pdf","external_links_name":"WMKE - KERTEH"},{"Link":"https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/senai-international-airport-now-manages-kertih-airport-operations","external_links_name":"\"Senai International Airport now manages Kertih Airport operations\""},{"Link":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19900731-1.2.58.9","external_links_name":"\"Proposal for direct flight between Kuala Trengganu and Singapore\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=KTE","external_links_name":"Accident history for KTE"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerteh_Airport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Open | Charleston Open | ["1 Past finals","1.1 Singles","1.2 Doubles","1.3 Exhibition team tournament","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°51′41″N 79°54′13″W / 32.86139°N 79.90361°W / 32.86139; -79.90361Tennis tournamentCharleston Open 2024 Credit One Charleston OpenTournament informationFounded1973; 51 years ago (1973)Editions52 (2024)LocationHilton Head Island, SC, U.S. (1973–74, 1977–2000) Amelia Island, FL, U.S. (1975–76) Daniel Island, SC, U.S. (2001–current)VenueLTP-Daniel IslandCategoryWTA 500SurfaceClay (green) - outdoorsDraw48S / 32Q / 16DPrize moneyUS$922,573 (2024)Websitecreditonecharlestonopen.comCurrent champions (2024)Singles Danielle CollinsDoubles Ashlyn Krueger Sloane Stephens
The Charleston Open, currently sponsored by Credit One, is a WTA Tour-affiliated professional tennis tournament for women, held every year since 1973. It is the oldest professional all-women's tournament in America with a $888,636 purse. The tournament celebrated 50 years in 2022 at the newly renovated Credit One Stadium located in Charleston, South Carolina.
The tournament is played on the green clay courts at LTP-Daniel Island (which contains the 10,200-seat Credit One Stadium) on Daniel Island in Charleston, South Carolina, US. From its inception in 1973 to 2000, the tournament was held at the Sea Pines Plantation on Hilton Head Island with the exception of 1975 and 1976 when it was played on Amelia Island off the coast of Florida. The event moved to Charleston, and specifically Daniel Island, in 2001.
From 1973 to 2015, the title sponsor was Family Circle magazine, which had made it the longest-running title sponsor in professional tennis. Volvo Cars took over sponsorship from 2016 to 2021. Credit One Bank became the title sponsor of both the tournament and stadium in July 2021. Also in 2021, two tournaments were organised in consecutive weeks as a makeup tournament for those cancelled by pandemic restrictions. The Medical University of South Carolina sponsored the event.
From 1990 to 2008, the tournament was classified as a WTA Tier I event. In 2009, it was downgraded to a WTA Premier tournament. It celebrated its 40th year in 2012 by naming its main stadium court in honor of Billie Jean King. With the reorganization of the WTA's schedule in 2021, the tournament became a WTA 500 tournament. The 2021 second tournament held the week afterwards was part of the WTA 250 tournaments list.
The current champion is Danielle Collins, who won the singles tournament in April 2024.
Past finals
Singles
Year
Champion
Runner-up
Score
1973
Rosemary Casals
Nancy Richey
3–6, 6–1, 7–5
1974
Chris Evert
Kerry Melville
6–1, 6–3
1975
Chris Evert (2)
Martina Navratilova
7–5, 6–4
1976
Chris Evert (3)
Kerry Reid
6–2, 6–2
1977
Chris Evert (4)
Billie Jean King
6–0, 6–1
1978
Chris Evert (5)
Kerry Reid
6–2, 6–0
1979
Tracy Austin
Kerry Reid
7–6(7–3), 7–6(9–7)
1980
Tracy Austin (2)
Regina Maršíková
3–6, 6–1, 6–0
1981
Chris Evert (6)
Pam Shriver
6–3, 6–2
1982
Martina Navratilova
Andrea Jaeger
6–4, 6–2
1983
Martina Navratilova (2)
Tracy Austin
5–7, 6–1, 6–0
1984
Chris Evert (7)
Claudia Kohde-Kilsch
6–2, 6–3
1985
Chris Evert (8)
Gabriela Sabatini
6–4, 6–0
1986
Steffi Graf
Chris Evert
6–4, 7–5
1987
Steffi Graf (2)
Manuela Maleeva-Fragnière
6–2, 4–6, 6–3
↓ Tier II event ↓
1988
Martina Navratilova (3)
Gabriela Sabatini
6–1, 4–6, 6–4
1989
Steffi Graf (3)
Natasha Zvereva
6–1, 6–1
↓ Tier I event ↓
1990
Martina Navratilova (4)
Jennifer Capriati
6–2, 6–4
1991
Gabriela Sabatini
Leila Meskhi
6–1, 6–1
1992
Gabriela Sabatini (2)
Conchita Martínez
6–1, 6–4
1993
Steffi Graf (4)
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
7–6(10–8), 6–1
1994
Conchita Martínez
Natalia Zvereva
6–4, 6–0
1995
Conchita Martínez (2)
Magdalena Maleeva
6–1, 6–1
1996
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
Barbara Paulus
6–2, 2–6, 6–2
1997
Martina Hingis
Monica Seles
3–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–5)
1998
Amanda Coetzer
Irina Spîrlea
6–3, 6–4
1999
Martina Hingis (2)
Anna Kournikova
6–4, 6–3
2000
Mary Pierce
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
6–1, 6–0
2001
Jennifer Capriati
Martina Hingis
6–0, 4–6, 6–4
2002
Iva Majoli
Patty Schnyder
7–6(7–5), 6–4
2003
Justine Henin
Serena Williams
6–3, 6–4
2004
Venus Williams
Conchita Martínez
2–6, 6–2, 6–1
2005
Justine Henin (2)
Elena Dementieva
7–5, 6–4
2006
Nadia Petrova
Patty Schnyder
6–3, 4–6, 6–1
2007
Jelena Janković
Dinara Safina
6–2, 6–2
2008
Serena Williams
Vera Zvonareva
6–4, 3–6, 6–3
↓ Premier event ↓
2009
Sabine Lisicki
Caroline Wozniacki
6–2, 6–4
2010
Samantha Stosur
Vera Zvonareva
6–0, 6–3
2011
Caroline Wozniacki
Elena Vesnina
6–2, 6–3
2012
Serena Williams (2)
Lucie Šafářová
6–0, 6–1
2013
Serena Williams (3)
Jelena Janković
3–6, 6–0, 6–2
2014
Andrea Petkovic
Jana Čepelová
7–5, 6–2
2015
Angelique Kerber
Madison Keys
6–2, 4–6, 7–5
2016
Sloane Stephens
Elena Vesnina
7–6(7–4), 6–2
2017
Daria Kasatkina
Jeļena Ostapenko
6–3, 6–1
2018
Kiki Bertens
Julia Görges
6–2, 6–1
2019
Madison Keys
Caroline Wozniacki
7–6(7–5), 6–3
↓ WTA 500 event ↓
2021 (a)
Veronika Kudermetova
Danka Kovinić
6–4, 6–2
↓ WTA 250 event ↓
2021 (b)
Astra Sharma
Ons Jabeur
2–6, 7–5, 6–1
↓ WTA 500 event ↓
2022
Belinda Bencic
Ons Jabeur
6–1, 5–7, 6–4
2023
Ons Jabeur
Belinda Bencic
7–6(8–6), 6–4
2024
Danielle Collins
Daria Kasatkina
6–2, 6–1
Doubles
Year
Champions
Runners-up
Score
1973
Françoise Dürr Betty Stöve
Rosemary Casals Billie Jean King
3–6, 6–4, 6–3
1974
Rosemary Casals Olga Morozova
Helen Gourlay Karen Krantzcke
6–2, 6–1
1975
Evonne Goolagong Cawley Virginia Wade
Rosemary Casals Olga Morozova
4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1976
Ilana Kloss Linky Boshoff
Kathy Kuykendall Valerie Ziegenfuss
6–3, 6–2
1977
Rosemary Casals (2) Chris Evert
Françoise Dürr Virginia Wade
1–6, 6–2, 6–3
1978
Billie Jean King Martina Navratilova
Mona Guerrant Greer Stevens
6–3, 7–5
1979
Rosemary Casals (3) Martina Navratilova (2)
Françoise Dürr Betty Stöve
6–4, 7–5
1980
Kathy Jordan Anne Smith
Candy Reynolds Paula Smith
6–2, 6–1
1981
Rosemary Casals (4) Wendy Turnbull
Mima Jaušovec Pam Shriver
7–5, 7–5
1982
Martina Navratilova (3) Pam Shriver
JoAnne Russell Virginia Ruzici
6–1, 6–2
1983
Martina Navratilova (4) Candy Reynolds
Andrea Jaeger Paula Smith
6–2, 6–3
1984
Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Hana Mandlíková
Anne Hobbs Sharon Walsh
7–5, 6–2
1985
Rosalyn Fairbank Pam Shriver (2)
Svetlana Parkhomenko Larisa Savchenko
6–4, 6–1
1986
Chris Evert (2) Anne White
Steffi Graf Catherine Tanvier
6–3, 6–3
1987
Mercedes Paz Eva Pfaff
Zina Garrison Lori McNeil
7–6(8–6), 7–5
1988
Lori McNeil Martina Navratilova (5)
Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Gabriela Sabatini
6–2, 2–6, 6–3
1989
Hana Mandlíková Martina Navratilova (6)
Mary-Lou Daniels Wendy White
6–4, 6–1
↓ Tier I event ↓
1990
Martina Navratilova (7) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
Mercedes Paz Natasha Zvereva
6–2, 6–1
1991
Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (2) Natasha Zvereva
Mary-Lou Daniels Lise Gregory
6–4, 6–0
1992
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (2) Natasha Zvereva (2)
Larisa Savchenko-Neiland Jana Novotná
6–4, 6–2
1993
Gigi Fernández Natasha Zvereva (3)
Katrina Adams Manon Bollegraf
6–3, 6–1
1994
Lori McNeil (2) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (3)
Gigi Fernández Natasha Zvereva
6–4, 4–1 retired
1995
Nicole Arendt Manon Bollegraf
Gigi Fernández Natasha Zvereva
0–6, 6–3, 6–4
1996
Jana Novotná Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (4)
Gigi Fernández Mary Joe Fernández
6–2, 6–3
1997
Mary Joe Fernández Martina Hingis
Lindsay Davenport Jana Novotná
7–5, 4–6, 6–1
1998
Conchita Martínez Patricia Tarabini
Lisa Raymond Rennae Stubbs
3–6, 6–4, 6–4
1999
Elena Likhovtseva Jana Novotná (2)
Barbara Schett Patty Schnyder
6–1, 6–4
2000
Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez
Conchita Martínez Patricia Tarabini
7–5, 6–3
2001
Lisa Raymond Rennae Stubbs
Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez
5–7, 7–6(7–5), 6–3
2002
Lisa Raymond (2) Rennae Stubbs (2)
Alexandra Fusai Caroline Vis
6–4, 3–6, 7–6(7–4)
2003
Virginia Ruano Pascual (2) Paola Suárez (2)
Janette Husárová Conchita Martínez
6–0, 6–3
2004
Virginia Ruano Pascual (3) Paola Suárez (3)
Martina Navratilova Lisa Raymond
6–4, 6–1
2005
Conchita Martínez (2) Virginia Ruano Pascual (4)
Iveta Benešová Květa Hrdličková Peschke
6–1, 6–4
2006
Lisa Raymond (3) Samantha Stosur
Virginia Ruano Pascual Meghann Shaughnessy
3–6, 6–1, 6–1
2007
Yan Zi Zheng Jie
Peng Shuai Sun Tiantian
7–5, 6–0
2008
Katarina Srebotnik Ai Sugiyama
Edina Gallovits Olga Govortsova
6–2, 6–2
↓ Premier event ↓
2009
Bethanie Mattek-Sands Nadia Petrova
Līga Dekmeijere Patty Schnyder
6–7(5–7), 6–2,
2010
Liezel Huber Nadia Petrova (2)
Vania King Michaëlla Krajicek
6–3, 6–4
2011
Sania Mirza Elena Vesnina
Bethanie Mattek-Sands Meghann Shaughnessy
6–4, 6–4
2012
Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova Lucie Šafářová
Anabel Medina Garrigues Yaroslava Shvedova
5–7, 6–4,
2013
Kristina Mladenovic Lucie Šafářová (2)
Andrea Hlaváčková Liezel Huber
6–3, 7–6(8–6)
2014
Anabel Medina Garrigues Yaroslava Shvedova
Chan Hao-ching Chan Yung-jan
7–6(7–4), 6–2
2015
Martina Hingis (2) Sania Mirza (2)
Casey Dellacqua Darija Jurak
6–0, 6–4
2016
Caroline Garcia Kristina Mladenovic (2)
Bethanie Mattek-Sands Lucie Šafářová
6–2, 7–5
2017
Bethanie Mattek-Sands (2) Lucie Šafářová (3)
Lucie Hradecká Kateřina Siniaková
6–1, 4–6,
2018
Alla Kudryavtseva Katarina Srebotnik (2)
Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez
6–3, 6–3
2019
Anna-Lena Grönefeld Alicja Rosolska
Irina Khromacheva Veronika Kudermetova
7–6(9–7), 6–2
↓ WTA 500 event ↓
2021 (a)
Nicole Melichar Demi Schuurs
Marie Bouzková Lucie Hradecká
6–2, 6–4
↓ WTA 250 event ↓
2021 (b)
Hailey Baptiste Caty McNally
Ellen Perez Storm Sanders
6–7(4–7), 6–4,
↓ WTA 500 event ↓
2022
Andreja Klepač Magda Linette
Lucie Hradecká Sania Mirza
6–2, 4–6,
2023
Danielle Collins Desirae Krawczyk
Giuliana Olmos Ena Shibahara
0–6, 6–4,
2024
Ashlyn Krueger Sloane Stephens
Lyudmyla Kichenok Nadiia Kichenok
1–6, 6–3,
Exhibition team tournament
Because of an ongoing pandemic, the tournament in 2020 was reformatted into a Laver Cup style team tournament. Each team captain's name in BOLD and listed first.
Year
Winner
Loser
Score
2020
Bethanie Mattek-Sands Sofia Kenin Jennifer Brady Eugenie Bouchard Caroline Dolehide Danielle Collins Emma Navarro Ajla Tomljanović
Madison Keys Victoria Azarenka Sloane Stephens Amanda Anisimova Alison Riske Shelby Rogers Leylah Annie Fernandez Monica Puig
26–22
References
^ "Venus Williams powered into the third round of the Charleston open". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
^ "WTA Tournaments - Family Circle Cup". WTA. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ "Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor for Family Circle Cup". Volvo Cars Open. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ "ABC: Andrea Petkovic in straight sets to reach the final of the Charleston Open". ABC News. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ "2021 Volvo Car Open Charleston Prize Money with $565,530 on Offer". Tennis Up To Date. April 4, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
^ "Bencic holds off Jabeur in Charleston, wins sixth career title". Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Family Circle Cup (Tennis Tournament)". Daniel Island, South Carolina. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Daniel Kaplan (March 13, 2000). "After 28 years, Family Circle moving to a new $9M home". SportsBusiness Daily. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
^ Gene Sapakoff (August 30, 2015). "Tourney to take a ride with Volvo Tennis cup's new sponsor might help draw big names". The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022.
^ Ashley Heffernan (September 1, 2015). "Family Circle Cup tennis tournament renamed to Volvo Cars Open". Columbia Regional Business Report.
^ "Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor For The Family Circle Cup". Meredith Corporation. August 31, 2015. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
^ Bilodeau, Kevin (2021-07-21). "Credit One Bank to take over as title sponsor of Charleston tennis tournament and stadium". live5news.com. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
^ "CHARLESTON TENNIS TO HOST WTA 250 TOURNAMENT FOLLOWING VOLVO CAR OPEN". Charleston Open. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
^ "Family Circle Cup celebrates 40th year". ABC News. April 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ "Family Circle Cup names its stadium court after women's pioneer Billie Jean King". The Washington Post. April 7, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ "Court named after Billie Jean King". ESPN. April 8, 2012.
External links
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(Singles and Doubles) records & statistics
WTA Tour
32°51′41″N 79°54′13″W / 32.86139°N 79.90361°W / 32.86139; -79.90361 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Credit One Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_One_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"clay courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"LTP-Daniel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Circle_Tennis_Center"},{"link_name":"Daniel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Island"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sea Pines Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Pines_Plantation"},{"link_name":"Hilton Head Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Amelia Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Island"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Family Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Circle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Credit One Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_One_Bank"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Medical University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"WTA Tier I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tier_I_tournaments"},{"link_name":"WTA Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"WTA 500 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_500_tournaments"},{"link_name":"WTA 250 tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_250_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Danielle Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Collins"}],"text":"Tennis tournamentThe Charleston Open, currently sponsored by Credit One, is a WTA Tour-affiliated professional tennis tournament for women, held every year since 1973.[1][2][3][4] It is the oldest professional all-women's tournament in America with a $888,636 purse.[5] The tournament celebrated 50 years in 2022 at the newly renovated Credit One Stadium located in Charleston, South Carolina.[6]The tournament is played on the green clay courts at LTP-Daniel Island (which contains the 10,200-seat Credit One Stadium) on Daniel Island in Charleston, South Carolina, US.[7] From its inception in 1973 to 2000, the tournament was held at the Sea Pines Plantation on Hilton Head Island with the exception of 1975 and 1976 when it was played on Amelia Island off the coast of Florida. The event moved to Charleston, and specifically Daniel Island, in 2001.[8]From 1973 to 2015, the title sponsor was Family Circle magazine, which had made it the longest-running title sponsor in professional tennis.[9] Volvo Cars took over sponsorship from 2016 to 2021.[10][11] Credit One Bank became the title sponsor of both the tournament and stadium in July 2021.[12] Also in 2021, two tournaments were organised in consecutive weeks as a makeup tournament for those cancelled by pandemic restrictions. The Medical University of South Carolina sponsored the event.[13]From 1990 to 2008, the tournament was classified as a WTA Tier I event. In 2009, it was downgraded to a WTA Premier tournament. It celebrated its 40th year in 2012[14] by naming its main stadium court in honor of Billie Jean King.[15][16] With the reorganization of the WTA's schedule in 2021, the tournament became a WTA 500 tournament. The 2021 second tournament held the week afterwards was part of the WTA 250 tournaments list.The current champion is Danielle Collins, who won the singles tournament in April 2024.","title":"Charleston Open"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Past finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles","title":"Past finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laver Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laver_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Exhibition team tournament","text":"Because of an ongoing pandemic, the tournament in 2020 was reformatted into a Laver Cup style team tournament. Each team captain's name in BOLD and listed first.","title":"Past finals"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Venus Williams powered into the third round of the Charleston open\". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411190246/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/257229-venus-williams-powers-into-third-round-of-charleston-open","url_text":"\"Venus Williams powered into the third round of the Charleston open\""},{"url":"http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/257229-venus-williams-powers-into-third-round-of-charleston-open","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WTA Tournaments - Family Circle Cup\". WTA. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Tournaments/Info/0,,12781~738,00.html","url_text":"\"WTA Tournaments - Family Circle Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association","url_text":"WTA"}]},{"reference":"\"Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor for Family Circle Cup\". Volvo Cars Open. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905040808/http://www.volvocarsopen.com/articles/20150831135227.html","url_text":"\"Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor for Family Circle Cup\""},{"url":"http://www.volvocarsopen.com/articles/20150831135227.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC: Andrea Petkovic in straight sets to reach the final of the Charleston Open\". ABC News. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-12/kerber-defeats-petkovic-to-face-keys-in-charleston-final/6386494","url_text":"\"ABC: Andrea Petkovic in straight sets to reach the final of the Charleston Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Volvo Car Open Charleston Prize Money with $565,530 on Offer\". Tennis Up To Date. April 4, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tennisuptodate.com/wta/2021-volvo-car-open-charleston-prize-money-with-565530-on-offer","url_text":"\"2021 Volvo Car Open Charleston Prize Money with $565,530 on Offer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bencic holds off Jabeur in Charleston, wins sixth career title\". Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2572275/bencic-holds-off-jabeur-in-charleston-wins-6th-career-title","url_text":"\"Bencic holds off Jabeur in Charleston, wins sixth career title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Circle Cup (Tennis Tournament)\". Daniel Island, South Carolina. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930205812/https://discoversouthcarolina.com/products/1269","url_text":"\"Family Circle Cup (Tennis Tournament)\""},{"url":"http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/products/1269","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Kaplan (March 13, 2000). \"After 28 years, Family Circle moving to a new $9M home\". SportsBusiness Daily. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181300/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/03/20000313/No-Topic-Name/After-28-Years-Family-Circle-Moving-To-A-New-$9M-Home.aspx","url_text":"\"After 28 years, Family Circle moving to a new $9M home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsBusiness_Daily","url_text":"SportsBusiness Daily"},{"url":"http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/03/20000313/No-Topic-Name/After-28-Years-Family-Circle-Moving-To-A-New-$9M-Home.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gene Sapakoff (August 30, 2015). \"Tourney to take a ride with Volvo Tennis cup's new sponsor might help draw big names\". The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postandcourier.com/sports/tourney-to-take-a-ride-with-volvo-tennis-cup-s/article_fe5b51fc-a71c-5074-8dfb-fc4630874531.html","url_text":"\"Tourney to take a ride with Volvo Tennis cup's new sponsor might help draw big names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier","url_text":"The Post and Courier"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20221030181619/https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/tourney-to-take-a-ride-with-volvo-tennis-cup-s/article_fe5b51fc-a71c-5074-8dfb-fc4630874531.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashley Heffernan (September 1, 2015). \"Family Circle Cup tennis tournament renamed to Volvo Cars Open\". Columbia Regional Business Report.","urls":[{"url":"http://columbiabusinessreport.com/news/automotive/67555/","url_text":"\"Family Circle Cup tennis tournament renamed to Volvo Cars Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor For The Family Circle Cup\". Meredith Corporation. August 31, 2015. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082359/http://ir.meredith.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=929502","url_text":"\"Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor For The Family Circle Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Corporation","url_text":"Meredith Corporation"},{"url":"http://ir.meredith.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=929502","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bilodeau, Kevin (2021-07-21). \"Credit One Bank to take over as title sponsor of Charleston tennis tournament and stadium\". live5news.com. Retrieved 2024-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.live5news.com/2021/07/21/credit-one-bank-take-over-title-sponsor-charleston-tennis-tournament-stadium/","url_text":"\"Credit One Bank to take over as title sponsor of Charleston tennis tournament and stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHARLESTON TENNIS TO HOST WTA 250 TOURNAMENT FOLLOWING VOLVO CAR OPEN\". Charleston Open. Retrieved 2024-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.creditonecharlestonopen.com/articles/charleston-tennis-to-host-wta-250-tournament-following-volvo-car-open/","url_text":"\"CHARLESTON TENNIS TO HOST WTA 250 TOURNAMENT FOLLOWING VOLVO CAR OPEN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Circle Cup celebrates 40th year\". ABC News. April 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abcnews4.com/story/17306443/family-circle-cup-celebrates-40th-year","url_text":"\"Family Circle Cup celebrates 40th year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Family Circle Cup names its stadium court after women's pioneer Billie Jean King\". The Washington Post. April 7, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/family-circle-cup-names-its-stadium-court-after-womens-pioneer-billie-jean-king/2012/04/07/gIQAeEcj2S_story.html","url_text":"\"Family Circle Cup names its stadium court after women's pioneer Billie Jean King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Court named after Billie Jean King\". ESPN. April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/7787798/family-circle-tennis-center-names-court-billie-jean-king","url_text":"\"Court named after Billie Jean King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charleston_Open¶ms=32_51_41_N_79_54_13_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°51′41″N 79°54′13″W / 32.86139°N 79.90361°W / 32.86139; -79.90361"},{"Link":"https://www.creditonecharlestonopen.com/","external_links_name":"creditonecharlestonopen.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411190246/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/257229-venus-williams-powers-into-third-round-of-charleston-open","external_links_name":"\"Venus Williams powered into the third round of the Charleston open\""},{"Link":"http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/257229-venus-williams-powers-into-third-round-of-charleston-open","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Tournaments/Info/0,,12781~738,00.html","external_links_name":"\"WTA Tournaments - Family Circle Cup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905040808/http://www.volvocarsopen.com/articles/20150831135227.html","external_links_name":"\"Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor for Family Circle Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.volvocarsopen.com/articles/20150831135227.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-12/kerber-defeats-petkovic-to-face-keys-in-charleston-final/6386494","external_links_name":"\"ABC: Andrea Petkovic in straight sets to reach the final of the Charleston Open\""},{"Link":"https://tennisuptodate.com/wta/2021-volvo-car-open-charleston-prize-money-with-565530-on-offer","external_links_name":"\"2021 Volvo Car Open Charleston Prize Money with $565,530 on Offer\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2572275/bencic-holds-off-jabeur-in-charleston-wins-6th-career-title","external_links_name":"\"Bencic holds off Jabeur in Charleston, wins sixth career title\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930205812/https://discoversouthcarolina.com/products/1269","external_links_name":"\"Family Circle Cup (Tennis Tournament)\""},{"Link":"http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/products/1269","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181300/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/03/20000313/No-Topic-Name/After-28-Years-Family-Circle-Moving-To-A-New-$9M-Home.aspx","external_links_name":"\"After 28 years, Family Circle moving to a new $9M home\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/03/20000313/No-Topic-Name/After-28-Years-Family-Circle-Moving-To-A-New-$9M-Home.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.postandcourier.com/sports/tourney-to-take-a-ride-with-volvo-tennis-cup-s/article_fe5b51fc-a71c-5074-8dfb-fc4630874531.html","external_links_name":"\"Tourney to take a ride with Volvo Tennis cup's new sponsor might help draw big names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20221030181619/https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/tourney-to-take-a-ride-with-volvo-tennis-cup-s/article_fe5b51fc-a71c-5074-8dfb-fc4630874531.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://columbiabusinessreport.com/news/automotive/67555/","external_links_name":"\"Family Circle Cup tennis tournament renamed to Volvo Cars Open\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082359/http://ir.meredith.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=929502","external_links_name":"\"Meredith Corporation Unveils New Title Sponsor For The Family Circle Cup\""},{"Link":"http://ir.meredith.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=929502","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.live5news.com/2021/07/21/credit-one-bank-take-over-title-sponsor-charleston-tennis-tournament-stadium/","external_links_name":"\"Credit One Bank to take over as title sponsor of Charleston tennis tournament and stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.creditonecharlestonopen.com/articles/charleston-tennis-to-host-wta-250-tournament-following-volvo-car-open/","external_links_name":"\"CHARLESTON TENNIS TO HOST WTA 250 TOURNAMENT FOLLOWING VOLVO CAR OPEN\""},{"Link":"http://www.abcnews4.com/story/17306443/family-circle-cup-celebrates-40th-year","external_links_name":"\"Family Circle Cup celebrates 40th year\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/family-circle-cup-names-its-stadium-court-after-womens-pioneer-billie-jean-king/2012/04/07/gIQAeEcj2S_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Family Circle Cup names its stadium court after women's pioneer Billie Jean King\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/7787798/family-circle-tennis-center-names-court-billie-jean-king","external_links_name":"\"Court named after Billie Jean King\""},{"Link":"https://www.creditonecharlestonopen.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/804/charleston","external_links_name":"WTA tournament profile"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charleston_Open¶ms=32_51_41_N_79_54_13_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°51′41″N 79°54′13″W / 32.86139°N 79.90361°W / 32.86139; -79.90361"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Team_System | Azure DevOps Server | ["1 On-premises vs. online","2 Architecture","2.1 Server architecture","2.2 Extensibility","2.3 Clients","3 Work items","4 Source control","4.1 Team Foundation Version Control","4.2 Git","5 Reporting","6 Team Build","7 Release management","8 History","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Source code management software
Azure DevOps ServerDeveloper(s)MicrosoftInitial release2005; 19 years ago (2005)Stable release2022
/ December 6, 2022; 18 months ago (2022-12-06)
Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsTypeApplication lifecycle managementLicenseTrialwareWebsiteazure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/devops/server/
Azure DevOps Server, formerly known as Team Foundation Server (TFS) and Visual Studio Team System (VSTS), is a Microsoft product that provides version control (either with Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) or Git), reporting, requirements management, project management (for both agile software development and waterfall teams), automated builds, testing and release management capabilities. It covers the entire application lifecycle and enables DevOps capabilities. Azure DevOps can be used as a back-end to numerous integrated development environments (IDEs) but is tailored for Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse on all platforms.
On-premises vs. online
Azure DevOps is available in two different forms: on-premises ("Server") and online ("Services"). The latter form is called Azure DevOps Services (formerly Visual Studio Online before it was renamed to Visual Studio Team Services in 2015). The cloud service is backed by the Microsoft Azure cloud platform. It uses the same code as the on-premises version of Azure DevOps, with minor modifications, and implements the most recent features. A user signs in using a Microsoft account to set up an environment, creating projects and adding team members. New features developed in short development cycles are added to the cloud version first. These features migrate to the on-premises version as updates, at approximately three-month intervals.
Architecture
Server architecture
Azure DevOps is built on multi-tier, scalable architecture. The primary structure consists of an application tier responsible for processing logic and maintaining the web application portal (referred to as Team Web Access or TWA). Azure DevOps is built using Windows Communication Foundation web services. These may be consumed by any client, although the client object model is recommended. The data tier and application tier can exist on the same machine.
To support scalability, the application tier can be load balanced and the data tier can be clustered. If using Microsoft SQL Server 2012 or later, AlwaysOn SQL Server Failover Clusters and Availability Groups are supported which allows for geographic replication of data. The primary container is the project collection. A project collection is a database that contains a group of Team Projects. The Project Collection is another scalability mechanism, in that each collection can be placed on different SQL Servers or SQL Server instances. 'Oe' configuration database per Azure DevOps instance stores project collection metadata. Data from the project collection databases is aggregated into the warehouse database, which denormalizes the data in preparation for loading into an Analysis Services cube. The warehouse and the cube allow complex trend reporting and data analysis.
Azure DevOps can integrate with an existing SharePoint farm. SQL Server Reporting Services are supported for more advanced reporting against the data warehouse or the Analysis Services data cube. These installations can be on the same system or on different systems. Build servers, lab management servers, release management servers and proxy servers (to reduce some of the load on the application tier), test machines and load test machines can also be added to the infrastructure. To support teams requiring enterprise project scheduling, Azure DevOps also integrates with Microsoft Project Server, which allows enterprise level portfolio management, resource management and project tracking.
Extensibility
Microsoft provides two standalone redistributed APIs for connecting to Azure DevOps. One is a Java SDK, the other is a .NET Framework SDK. These APIs allow for client connectivity to Azure DevOps. Because Azure DevOps is written on a service-oriented architecture, it can communicate with virtually any tool that can call a web service. Another extensible mechanism is subscribing to system alerts: for example, alerts that a work item was changed, or a build completed. There are approximately 20 preconfigured alerts, and teams can configure as many additional alerts as needed. When used in an extensible scenario, these alerts can be sent to a web service, triggering actions to alter or update work items (such as implementing advanced business rules or generating work items programmatically based on a given scenario).
The data warehouse can also be extended through the creation of custom data warehouse adapters. With the introduction of TFS 2012, custom add-ins can also be created for Team Web Access, called Web Access Extensions.
Clients
Azure DevOps supports Visual Studio 2010 and later, Microsoft Test Manager (MTM) 2012, and 2013. Eclipse, older versions of Visual Studio, and other environments can be plugged into Azure DevOps using the Microsoft Source Code Control Integration Provider (MSSCCI Provider – pronounced “Miss-Key”). These tools provide full access to the features in Azure DevOps.
Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Project are also supported to help manage work items which allows for bulk update, bulk entry and bulk export of work items. Microsoft Project can be used to schedule work when conforming to a waterfall software development methodology. Both Excel and Project support bi-directional updates of data. This allows, for example, project managers to put a schedule in Project, have that work imported into Azure DevOps where developers update the work and then the schedule can be updated without the project manager having to perform extra work.
With Team Foundation Server 2012, Microsoft PowerPoint was also integrated with Azure DevOps to enable rapid storyboard development to help with the requirements management process. The integration provides extensible storyboard shapes that can be used to build any type of interface mockup that can then be animated with PowerPoint's built-in functions. These storyboards can then be linked to work items.
In an effort to handle the growing geographic dispersion of teams and to involve stakeholders earlier and more often in the process, Microsoft added the Feedback Client. This tool allows users to exercise an application, annotate what they are seeing with audio and video, capture screens and provide contextual feedback to the development team. This provides specific feedback on the functions of an application from a users’ perspective without requiring meetings and demonstration sessions. Azure DevOps also provides for command line tools for both Unix and Windows environments. The Power Tools for TFS include a Windows shell integration that allows users to check files in and out, add files and perform other basic tasks by right-clicking on a file or folder.
Work items
At the heart of Azure DevOps is the "work item". A work item represents a thing – it can be work that needs to be accomplished, a risk to track, a test case, a bug or virtually anything else a user can imagine. Work items are defined through the XML documents and are highly extensible. Work items are combined into a Process Template that contains these and other pieces of information to provide a development framework. Azure DevOps includes Process Templates for the Microsoft Solutions Framework for Agile, Scrum and CMMI. Teams can choose to use a built-in template or one of the many templates available for use created by third parties. Process templates can be customized using the Process Template Editor, which is part of the Power Tools.
Work items can be linked to each other using different relationships to create a hierarchical tree of work items or a flat relationship between work items. Work items can also be linked to external artifacts such as web pages, documents on a file share or documents stored in another repository such as SharePoint. Work items can also be linked to source code, build results, test results and specific versions of items in source control.
The flexibility in the work item system allows Azure DevOps to play many roles from requirements management to bug tracking, risk and issue tracking, as well as recording the results of reviews. The extensible linking capabilities ensure that traceability from requirements to source code to test cases and results can be accomplished and reported on for auditing purposes as well as historical understanding of changes.
Source control
Azure DevOps supports two different types of source control – its original source control engine called Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) and with the release of TFS 2013, it supports Git as a core source control repository.
Team Foundation Version Control
TFVC is a centralized version control system allowing teams to store any type of artifact within its repository. TFVC supports two different types of workspaces when working with client tools – Server Workspaces and Local Workspaces. Server workspaces allow developers to lock files for check-out and provide notification to other developers that files are being edited. A frequent complaint for this model is that files on the development machine are marked as read-only. It also requires developers to "go offline" when the server can't be contacted. Local workspaces were designed to avoid these problems. In a local workspace scenario files are not read-only and they do not have to be checked out before working on them. As long as the files are on the developer's local machine, it doesn't matter if the server is connected or not. Conflicts are dealt with at check-in time.
To improve performance for remote clients, Azure DevOps includes the ability to install Proxy Servers. Proxy servers allow source control contents to be cached at a site closer to the developers to avoid long network trips and the associated latency. Check-ins are still performed directly against the Azure DevOps application tier so the Proxy Server is most beneficial in read scenarios.
As part of the source control engine, Azure DevOps supports a number of features to help developers ensure the code that is checked in follows configurable rules. This rule engine is called a Check-in Policy. There are several out of the box policies such as the Changeset Comments Policy which will not allow a check-in unless the developer enters a check-in comment. These policies are extensible and can be used to examine all aspects of the code being checked in, the comments and the related work items. Azure DevOps also supports a Code Analysis feature that when used independently is known as FxCop. The inclusion in Azure DevOps means that the analysis can run against code checked into the server and during automated builds.
The Azure Repos extension for Visual Studio Code supports TFVC.
Git
With the release of TFS 2013, Microsoft added native support for Git. This is not a Microsoft specific implementation but a standard implementation based on the libgit2 library. This is the same library that powers the popular GitHub and the code is freely available from GitHub. Because Microsoft took the approach of using a standard library, any Git client can now be used natively with Azure DevOps (in other words, developers can use their favorite tools and never install the standard Azure DevOps clients). This allows tools on any platform and any IDE that support Git to connect to Azure DevOps. For example, both Xcode and Android Studio support Git plug-ins. In addition, if developers do not want to use Microsoft's Team Explorer Everywhere plug-in for Eclipse, they can choose to use eGit to connect to Azure DevOps.
Using Git does not preclude the benefit of using Azure DevOps work item or build system. When checking code in with Git, referencing the work item ID in the check-in comment will associate the check-in with the given work item. Likewise, Team Build will also build Git projects.
One of the major reasons to use Azure DevOps as a Git repository is that it is backed by SQL Server and is afforded the same protection as Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC). This gives developers some choices when choosing the type of project and work style that works best for them.
Reporting
Reporting has been a core component of Azure DevOps since its initial release in 2005. The reporting infrastructure consists of a data warehouse (Tfs_Warehouse) which is a relational database and a SQL Server Analysis Services data cube. Both of these sources are available for reporting through SQL Server Reporting Services when this option is installed. Since these are standard database and cube structures, any tool which can point to these data sources can report from them. This includes tools such as Cognos, Tableau, Excel and other reporting tools. Included with each out of the box process template is a set of reports for reporting services which cover Build information, Test results and progress, project management, agile reports (Backlog Overview, Release Burndown, Sprint Burndown and Velocity), bug and issue data. New reports can be created using Report Builder for SSRS and any of the existing reports can be modified.
More specialized reporting is available for load test results. This data is available directly within Visual Studio and can be exported to Excel for detailed analysis.
TFS 2013 introduced a new feature called "light-weight reporting" which provides for the ability to create real-time reports based on query results and which do not rely on the warehouse or cube. TFS 2012 (and continuing into 2013) offers real-time burndown, velocity and CFD diagrams directly within Team Web Access.
Team Build
Team Build (prior to TFS 2015) is a build server application included with Team Foundation Server. Two components make up Team Build – MSBuild and Windows Workflow Foundation. MSBuild is a declarative XML language similar to Apache Ant. WF was added to the build process starting with TFS 2010; prior to that only MSBuild was available. The build capabilities have continued to evolve with each subsequent release of Azure DevOps. In TFS 2010 and 2012, the WF templates (Extensible Application Markup Language) files were stored in source control and could be edited and versioned directly from source control. In TFS 2013, these files were removed to eliminate clutter and streamline the build process. The WF templates can still be downloaded, edited and stored in source control if desired and TFS 2013 does not break existing TFS 2010 or 2012 build process templates. With the support of Git in TFS 2013, Team Build has been enhanced to allow automated building of Git projects as well as TFVC projects.
Windows Workflow controls the overall flow of the build process and Azure DevOps includes many pre-built workflow activities for managing common tasks that are performed during a build. MSBuild is the markup language that is found in the .proj (csproj for C# projects and vbproj for Visual Basic projects) files. The build system is extensible with users being able to create their own workflow activities, the ability to inject MSBuild into the process and to execute external processes. The workflow nature of the build allows for unlimited flexibility, but it may take some work to achieve that flexibility. Shared and open source projects have been started to build community backed activities to enhance the capabilities of Team Build.
The build process can be configured for various types of builds including scheduled builds, continuous integration, gated check-in and rolling builds. A gated check-in build will shelve code that a developer checks in, perform a "get latest" on the server code and perform a build. If the build succeeds, the code is checked in on behalf of the developer who submitted the code. If the build fails, the developer is notified and can fix the code before trying another check-in.
Builds have retention policies with them so that they do not accumulate when not needed (or builds can be directed not to produce any saved output) or build output can be locked and saved forever. New with TFS 2013 is the ability to check in the build results into source control. This was a necessary enhancement to support automated builds on the Azure DevOps Services where there is no drop location to place the builds. In the on-premises version build output can be configured to end up in any accessible shared folder location.
The build process in Azure DevOps is also part of the traceability mechanism in that Team Build brings together many of the artifacts that are created and stored in Azure DevOps. Assuming developers associate source code with work items on check-in, Team Build has the ability to report on the changes in each build – both source code changes and work item changes as well as test results (this includes unit testing results as well as automated functional testing (CodedUI) results). As bugs and PBIs are resolved and integrated into builds, the work items which track these artifacts are automatically updated to indicate in which build they were successfully integrated. Combined with the testing tools, testers then get an integrated view of what code was changed in each build, but also which bugs, PBIs and other work changed from build to build.
Initially, in TFS 2015 and with Visual Studio Team Services (VSTS), Microsoft has reinvented the architecture for the build engine to be based on a cross-platform friendly Node.js application. Windows, Mac, and Linux build agents are currently supported. Azure DevOps provides for elastic build capabilities via build hosting in Microsoft Azure.
Release management
In mid-2013 Microsoft purchased a product called InRelease from InCycle Software. InRelease was fully incorporated into Team Foundation Server 2013. This capability complemented the automated build and testing processes by allowing a true continuous deployment solution. The tools were re-branded "Release Management" for TFS 2013. The Release Management capabilities give teams the ability to perform a controlled, workflow (provided by Windows Workflow Foundation) driven release to development, test and production environments and provides dashboards for monitoring the progress of one or more releases.
Microsoft has rebuilt Release Management for Visual Studio Team Services and on-premises version of TFS with the new changes in 2015 Update 2. The new version of Release Management leverages the web browser as the client and relies on the same agent architecture as Team Foundation Build. Release Management enables DevOps capabilities for Azure DevOps.
History
This first version of Team Foundation Server was released March 17, 2006.
Product name
Form
Release year
Version Number
Team Foundation Server 2005
On-premises
2006
8
Team Foundation Server 2008
On-premises
2008
9
Team Foundation Server 2010
On-premises
2010
10
Team Foundation Service Preview
Cloud
2012
Team Foundation Server 2012
On-premises
2012
11
Visual Studio Online
Cloud
2013
Team Foundation Server 2013
On-premises
2013
12
Team Foundation Server 2015
On-premises
2015
14
Visual Studio Team Services
Cloud
2015
Team Foundation Server 2017
On-premises
2017
15
Team Foundation Server 2018
On-premises
2017
16
Azure DevOps Services
Cloud
2018
Azure DevOps Server 2019
On-premises
2019
17
Azure DevOps Server 2020
On-premises
2020
18
Azure DevOps Server 2022
On-premises
2022
See also
Comparison of version-control software
Comparison of issue-tracking systems
Microsoft Visual SourceSafe (VSS)
List of version-control software
Rational Team Concert
SVNBridge, a Windows client or server side extension to TFS that allows access to TFS revision controlled items from Subversion client applications.
WinOps
References
^ "Azure DevOps Server 2022". Microsoft Docs. 14 November 2023.
^ "Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio and Team Foundation Server". MSDN. Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ "Adopting Team Explorer Everywhere". MSDN. Microsoft. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ "What Is Azure DevOps? Services, Examples, and Best Practices". codefresh.io.
^ "New Release 'Cadence' Begins with Visual Studio 2012 Update 2". 1105 Media. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ "Availability Enhancements (Database Engine)". Microsoft. 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Team Foundation Server Architecture". Microsoft. 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Set alerts, get notified when changes occur". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "How to create an adapter". Microsoft. 2008. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Server 2012 MSSCCI Provider". Microsoft. 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Request and review feedback". Microsoft. 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "How to customize TFS 2010 work items and workflows". Ted Gustaf. 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Server 2013 Power Tools". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC)". Azure DevOps. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
^ "Server workspaces vs. local workspaces". Phil Kelley. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "How to: Install Team Foundation Proxy and set up a remote site". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) Support". Azure Repos Extension for Visual Studio Code. GitHub. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
^ "GitHub libgit2/libgit2". GitHub. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
^ "EGit". Eclipse. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
^ "Components of the TFS data warehouse". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Perspectives and measure groups provided in the Analysis Services cube for Team System". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Team Foundation Build Activities". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Community TFS Build Extensions". Codeplex. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "Microsoft Azure - Portal". Microsoft. 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
^ "Microsoft acquires InRelease, adding continuous deployment to Visual Studio, Team Foundation Server". The Next Web. 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
^ Taft, Darryl K. (March 16, 2006). "Microsoft Announces Release of Team Foundation Server". Development. eWeek. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
^ kexugit (21 November 2013). "What version of Team Foundation Server do I have?". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
^ "Azure DevOps Feature Timeline". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
^ "Microsoft Unveils Next Version of Visual Studio and .NET Framework". Company News. Microsoft. September 29, 2008. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
^ Bright, Peter (November 12, 2013). "Microsoft takes development into the cloud with Visual Studio Online". Information Technology. Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
^ Cool, Jamie (September 10, 2018). "Introducing Azure DevOps". Blog. Microsoft Azure. Microsoft. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
^ Mackie, Kurt (March 5, 2019). "Now available: Azure DevOps Server 2019". Blog. Microsoft Azure. Microsoft. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
^ Morales, Gloridel (2022-12-06). "Now available: Azure DevOps Server 2022 RTW". Blog. Azure DevOps Blog. Microsoft.
External links
Official website
Azure DevOps documentation on Microsoft Learn
vteVersion control softwareYears, where available, indicate the date of first stable release. Systems with names in italics are no longer maintained or have planned end-of-life dates.Local onlyFree/open-source
RCS (1982)
SCCS (1973)
Proprietary
The Librarian (1969)
Panvalet (1970s)
PVCS (1985)
QVCS (1991)
Client–serverFree/open-source
CVS (1986, 1990 in C)
CVSNT (1998)
QVCS Enterprise (1998)
Subversion (2000)
Proprietary
AccuRev SCM (2002)
Azure DevOps
Server (via TFVC) (2005)
Services (via TFVC) (2014)
ClearCase (1992)
CMVC (1994)
Dimensions CM (1980s)
DSEE (1984)
Integrity (2001)
Perforce Helix (1995)
SCLM (1980s?)
Software Change Manager (1970s)
StarTeam (1995)
Surround SCM (2002)
Synergy (1990)
Team Concert (2008)
Vault (2003)
Visual SourceSafe (1994)
DistributedFree/open-source
BitKeeper (2000)
Breezy (2017)
Code Co-op (1997)
Darcs (2002)
DCVS (2002)
Fossil (2007)
Git (2005)
GNU arch (2001)
GNU Bazaar (2005)
Mercurial (2005)
Monotone (2003)
Proprietary
Azure DevOps
Server (via Git) (2013)
Services (via Git) (2014)
TeamWare (1992)
Plastic SCM (2006)
Concepts
Baseline
Branch
Trunk
Changeset
Commit
Gated
Delta compression
Interleaved
File comparison
Fork
Merge
Monorepo
Repository
Tag
Category
Comparison
List
vteMicrosoft AzureAzure Platform
Microsoft Azure
Azure RTOS ThreadX
Azure Sphere
Azure Virtual Desktop
Azure Linux
Compute
Azure Web Apps
Storage
Azure Cognitive Search
Azure Cosmos DB
Azure Data Explorer
Azure Data Lake
Azure SQL Database
Messaging
Azure Stream Analytics
Developer Tools
Azure DevOps Server
Azure DevOps Services
Azure Kinect
Related
Entra ID
Azure AD Connect
Azure Dev Tools for Teaching
Service Management Automation
Windows Azure Caching
vteMicrosoft
History
Outline
PeopleFounders
Bill Gates
Paul Allen
Board of directors
Satya Nadella (Chairman and CEO)
John W. Thompson
John W. Stanton
Reid Hoffman
Sandi Peterson
Penny Pritzker
Carlos A. Rodriguez
Charles Scharf
Emma Walmsley
Padmasree Warrior
Senior leadership team
Satya Nadella (CEO)
Chris Capossela (CMO)
Scott Guthrie
Amy Hood (CFO)
Kevin Scott (CTO)
Brad Smith (CLO)
Harry Shum
Phil Spencer
Kathleen Hogan (CPO)
Corporate VPs
Joe Belfiore
Richard Rashid (SVP)
César Cernuda
Panos Panay (CVP)
Employee groups
Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft
Microsoft and unions
ProductsHardware
Azure Kinect
HoloLens
LifeCam
Surface
Hub
Go
Laptop
Laptop Go
Pro
Studio
Duo
Neo
Xbox
Software
365
Clipchamp
Dynamics
Havok
Open source software
Office
Power Platform
Servers
Start
Tay
Visual Studio
Visual Studio Code
Windows
Xbox OS
Programming languages
BASIC
VB.NET
VBA
VBScript
Visual Basic
C#
C/AL a.k.a Navision Attain
F#
MVPL
Power Fx
PowerShell
Transact-SQL
TypeScript
Q#
Visual J#
Visual J++
Web properties
Azure
Bing
Microsoft Learn
Channel 9
Developer Network
TechNet
GitHub
LinkedIn
LinkedIn Learning
MSN
Outlook.com
Store
Translator
CompanyConferences
Build
Ignite
Inspire
MIX
PDC
WinHEC
Divisions
Engineering groups
Mobile
Skype unit
Digital Crimes Unit
Garage
Press
Research
Retail stores
.NET Foundation
Outercurve Foundation
Gaming
Xbox Game Studios
ZeniMax Media
Activision Blizzard
Estates
Microsoft campus
Microsoft Egypt
Microsoft India
Microsoft Japan
Campaigns
"Where do you want to go today?" (1994)
"Champagne" (2002)
"Mojave Experiment" (2006)
"I'm a PC" (2008)
"Scroogled" (2012)
Criticism
Bundling of Microsoft Windows
Clippy
iLoo
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Bob
_NSAKEY
Windows
XP
Vista
10
Litigation
Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft
Apple v. Microsoft
Microsoft v. Commission
FTC v. Microsoft
Microsoft v. Lindows
Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft
Microsoft v. Shah
United States v. Microsoft (2001 antitrust case)
Microsoft v. United States (2018 data privacy case)
AcquisitionsCompleted
6Wunderkinder
Access Software
Acompli
Activision Blizzard
acquisition
Altamira Software
AltspaceVR
aQuantive
Azyxxi
The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks
Beam
Bungie
Clipchamp
Colloquis
Compulsion Games
Connectix
Consumers Software
Danger
Double Fine Productions
Farecast
FASA Studio
Fast Search & Transfer
Firefly
Forethought
GIANT Company Software
GitHub
GreenButton
Groove Networks
Havok Group
High Heat Major League Baseball
Hotmail
inXile Entertainment
Jellyfish.com
LinkedIn
LinkExchange
Lionhead Studios
Maluuba
Massive Incorporated
Metaswitch
Mobile Data Labs
Mojang Studios
Ninja Theory
Nokia Devices and Services
npm
Nuance Communications
Obsidian Entertainment
Onfolio
Pando Networks
Perceptive Pixel
Playground Games
PlaceWare
Powerset
Press Play
ProClarity
Rare
Revolution Analytics
RiskIQ
ScreenTonic
Secure Islands
Simplygon
Skype
Sunrise Atelier
SwiftKey
Winternals Software
Teleo
Tellme Networks
Twisted Pixel Games
Undead Labs
Vermeer Technologies
Visio Corporation
Vivaty
VoloMetrix
VXtreme
WebTV Networks
Xamarin
Xandr
AppNexus
Yammer
Yupi
ZeniMax Media
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"version control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control"},{"link_name":"Team Foundation Version Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TFVC"},{"link_name":"Git","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)"},{"link_name":"requirements management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_management"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"agile software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development"},{"link_name":"waterfall teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model"},{"link_name":"testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing"},{"link_name":"release management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_management"},{"link_name":"application lifecycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_Lifecycle_Management"},{"link_name":"DevOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"integrated development environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Visual Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Azure DevOps Server, formerly known as Team Foundation Server (TFS) and Visual Studio Team System (VSTS), is a Microsoft product that provides version control (either with Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) or Git), reporting, requirements management, project management (for both agile software development and waterfall teams), automated builds, testing and release management capabilities. It covers the entire application lifecycle and enables DevOps capabilities.[2] Azure DevOps can be used as a back-end to numerous integrated development environments (IDEs) but is tailored for Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse on all platforms.[3]","title":"Azure DevOps Server"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Azure DevOps Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_DevOps_Services"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Azure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure"},{"link_name":"signs in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_in"},{"link_name":"Microsoft account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_account"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Azure DevOps is available in two different forms: on-premises (\"Server\") and online (\"Services\").[4] The latter form is called Azure DevOps Services (formerly Visual Studio Online before it was renamed to Visual Studio Team Services in 2015). The cloud service is backed by the Microsoft Azure cloud platform. It uses the same code as the on-premises version of Azure DevOps, with minor modifications, and implements the most recent features. A user signs in using a Microsoft account to set up an environment, creating projects and adding team members. New features developed in short development cycles are added to the cloud version first. These features migrate to the on-premises version as updates, at approximately three-month intervals.[5]","title":"On-premises vs. online"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitier_architecture"},{"link_name":"Windows Communication Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Microsoft SQL Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"SharePoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharePoint"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Project Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project_Server"}],"sub_title":"Server architecture","text":"Azure DevOps is built on multi-tier, scalable architecture. The primary structure consists of an application tier responsible for processing logic and maintaining the web application portal (referred to as Team Web Access or TWA). Azure DevOps is built using Windows Communication Foundation web services. These may be consumed by any client, although the client object model is recommended. The data tier and application tier can exist on the same machine.To support scalability, the application tier can be load balanced and the data tier can be clustered. If using Microsoft SQL Server 2012 or later, AlwaysOn SQL Server Failover Clusters and Availability Groups are supported which allows for geographic replication of data.[6] The primary container is the project collection. A project collection is a database that contains a group of Team Projects. The Project Collection is another scalability mechanism, in that each collection can be placed on different SQL Servers or SQL Server instances. 'Oe' configuration database per Azure DevOps instance stores project collection metadata. Data from the project collection databases is aggregated into the warehouse database, which denormalizes the data in preparation for loading into an Analysis Services cube. The warehouse and the cube allow complex trend reporting and data analysis.Azure DevOps can integrate with an existing SharePoint farm. SQL Server Reporting Services are supported for more advanced reporting against the data warehouse or the Analysis Services data cube. These installations can be on the same system or on different systems. Build servers, lab management servers, release management servers and proxy servers (to reduce some of the load on the application tier), test machines and load test machines can also be added to the infrastructure.[7] To support teams requiring enterprise project scheduling, Azure DevOps also integrates with Microsoft Project Server, which allows enterprise level portfolio management, resource management and project tracking.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":".NET Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"},{"link_name":"service-oriented architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Extensibility","text":"Microsoft provides two standalone redistributed APIs for connecting to Azure DevOps. One is a Java SDK, the other is a .NET Framework SDK. These APIs allow for client connectivity to Azure DevOps. Because Azure DevOps is written on a service-oriented architecture, it can communicate with virtually any tool that can call a web service. Another extensible mechanism is subscribing to system alerts: for example, alerts that a work item was changed, or a build completed. There are approximately 20 preconfigured alerts, and teams can configure as many additional alerts as needed.[8] When used in an extensible scenario, these alerts can be sent to a web service, triggering actions to alter or update work items (such as implementing advanced business rules or generating work items programmatically based on a given scenario).The data warehouse can also be extended through the creation of custom data warehouse adapters.[9] With the introduction of TFS 2012, custom add-ins can also be created for Team Web Access, called Web Access Extensions.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project"},{"link_name":"Microsoft PowerPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Windows shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_shell"}],"sub_title":"Clients","text":"Azure DevOps supports Visual Studio 2010 and later, Microsoft Test Manager (MTM) 2012, and 2013. Eclipse, older versions of Visual Studio, and other environments can be plugged into Azure DevOps using the Microsoft Source Code Control Integration Provider (MSSCCI Provider – pronounced “Miss-Key”).[10] These tools provide full access to the features in Azure DevOps.Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Project are also supported to help manage work items which allows for bulk update, bulk entry and bulk export of work items. Microsoft Project can be used to schedule work when conforming to a waterfall software development methodology. Both Excel and Project support bi-directional updates of data. This allows, for example, project managers to put a schedule in Project, have that work imported into Azure DevOps where developers update the work and then the schedule can be updated without the project manager having to perform extra work.With Team Foundation Server 2012, Microsoft PowerPoint was also integrated with Azure DevOps to enable rapid storyboard development to help with the requirements management process. The integration provides extensible storyboard shapes that can be used to build any type of interface mockup that can then be animated with PowerPoint's built-in functions. These storyboards can then be linked to work items.In an effort to handle the growing geographic dispersion of teams and to involve stakeholders earlier and more often in the process, Microsoft added the Feedback Client.[11] This tool allows users to exercise an application, annotate what they are seeing with audio and video, capture screens and provide contextual feedback to the development team. This provides specific feedback on the functions of an application from a users’ perspective without requiring meetings and demonstration sessions. Azure DevOps also provides for command line tools for both Unix and Windows environments. The Power Tools for TFS include a Windows shell integration that allows users to check files in and out, add files and perform other basic tasks by right-clicking on a file or folder.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Solutions Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"At the heart of Azure DevOps is the \"work item\". A work item represents a thing – it can be work that needs to be accomplished, a risk to track, a test case, a bug or virtually anything else a user can imagine. Work items are defined through the XML documents and are highly extensible.[12] Work items are combined into a Process Template that contains these and other pieces of information to provide a development framework. Azure DevOps includes Process Templates for the Microsoft Solutions Framework for Agile, Scrum and CMMI. Teams can choose to use a built-in template or one of the many templates available for use created by third parties. Process templates can be customized using the Process Template Editor, which is part of the Power Tools.[13]Work items can be linked to each other using different relationships to create a hierarchical tree of work items or a flat relationship between work items. Work items can also be linked to external artifacts such as web pages, documents on a file share or documents stored in another repository such as SharePoint. Work items can also be linked to source code, build results, test results and specific versions of items in source control.The flexibility in the work item system allows Azure DevOps to play many roles from requirements management to bug tracking, risk and issue tracking, as well as recording the results of reviews. The extensible linking capabilities ensure that traceability from requirements to source code to test cases and results can be accomplished and reported on for auditing purposes as well as historical understanding of changes.","title":"Work items"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"source control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_control"},{"link_name":"Git","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Git"}],"text":"Azure DevOps supports two different types of source control – its original source control engine called Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) and with the release of TFS 2013, it supports Git as a core source control repository.","title":"Source control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSD-TFVC-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"check-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control"},{"link_name":"Proxy Servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_Server"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"FxCop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FxCop"},{"link_name":"Visual Studio Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Team Foundation Version Control","text":"TFVC is a centralized version control system allowing teams to store any type of artifact within its repository.[14] TFVC supports two different types of workspaces when working with client tools – Server Workspaces and Local Workspaces.[15] Server workspaces allow developers to lock files for check-out and provide notification to other developers that files are being edited. A frequent complaint for this model is that files on the development machine are marked as read-only. It also requires developers to \"go offline\" when the server can't be contacted. Local workspaces were designed to avoid these problems. In a local workspace scenario files are not read-only and they do not have to be checked out before working on them. As long as the files are on the developer's local machine, it doesn't matter if the server is connected or not. Conflicts are dealt with at check-in time.To improve performance for remote clients, Azure DevOps includes the ability to install Proxy Servers.[16] Proxy servers allow source control contents to be cached at a site closer to the developers to avoid long network trips and the associated latency. Check-ins are still performed directly against the Azure DevOps application tier so the Proxy Server is most beneficial in read scenarios.As part of the source control engine, Azure DevOps supports a number of features to help developers ensure the code that is checked in follows configurable rules. This rule engine is called a Check-in Policy. There are several out of the box policies such as the Changeset Comments Policy which will not allow a check-in unless the developer enters a check-in comment. These policies are extensible and can be used to examine all aspects of the code being checked in, the comments and the related work items. Azure DevOps also supports a Code Analysis feature that when used independently is known as FxCop. The inclusion in Azure DevOps means that the analysis can run against code checked into the server and during automated builds.The Azure Repos extension for Visual Studio Code supports TFVC.[17]","title":"Source control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Git","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GitHub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub"},{"link_name":"Xcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode"},{"link_name":"Android Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Studio"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Git","text":"With the release of TFS 2013, Microsoft added native support for Git. This is not a Microsoft specific implementation but a standard implementation based on the libgit2[18] library. This is the same library that powers the popular GitHub and the code is freely available from GitHub. Because Microsoft took the approach of using a standard library, any Git client can now be used natively with Azure DevOps (in other words, developers can use their favorite tools and never install the standard Azure DevOps clients). This allows tools on any platform and any IDE that support Git to connect to Azure DevOps. For example, both Xcode and Android Studio support Git plug-ins. In addition, if developers do not want to use Microsoft's Team Explorer Everywhere plug-in for Eclipse, they can choose to use eGit[19] to connect to Azure DevOps.Using Git does not preclude the benefit of using Azure DevOps work item or build system. When checking code in with Git, referencing the work item ID in the check-in comment will associate the check-in with the given work item. Likewise, Team Build will also build Git projects.One of the major reasons to use Azure DevOps as a Git repository is that it is backed by SQL Server and is afforded the same protection as Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC). This gives developers some choices when choosing the type of project and work style that works best for them.","title":"Source control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Reporting has been a core component of Azure DevOps since its initial release in 2005. The reporting infrastructure consists of a data warehouse[20] (Tfs_Warehouse) which is a relational database and a SQL Server Analysis Services data cube.[21] Both of these sources are available for reporting through SQL Server Reporting Services when this option is installed. Since these are standard database and cube structures, any tool which can point to these data sources can report from them. This includes tools such as Cognos, Tableau, Excel and other reporting tools. Included with each out of the box process template is a set of reports for reporting services which cover Build information, Test results and progress, project management, agile reports (Backlog Overview, Release Burndown, Sprint Burndown and Velocity), bug and issue data. New reports can be created using Report Builder for SSRS and any of the existing reports can be modified.More specialized reporting is available for load test results. This data is available directly within Visual Studio and can be exported to Excel for detailed analysis.TFS 2013 introduced a new feature called \"light-weight reporting\" which provides for the ability to create real-time reports based on query results and which do not rely on the warehouse or cube. TFS 2012 (and continuing into 2013) offers real-time burndown, velocity and CFD diagrams directly within Team Web Access.","title":"Reporting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSBuild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSBuild"},{"link_name":"Windows Workflow Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Apache Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Ant"},{"link_name":"Extensible Application Markup Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAML"},{"link_name":"Git","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"continuous integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration"},{"link_name":"unit testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing"},{"link_name":"PBIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Product_backlog"},{"link_name":"PBIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Product_backlog"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Team Build (prior to TFS 2015) is a build server application included with Team Foundation Server. Two components make up Team Build – MSBuild and Windows Workflow Foundation. MSBuild is a declarative XML language similar to Apache Ant. WF was added to the build process starting with TFS 2010; prior to that only MSBuild was available. The build capabilities have continued to evolve with each subsequent release of Azure DevOps. In TFS 2010 and 2012, the WF templates (Extensible Application Markup Language) files were stored in source control and could be edited and versioned directly from source control. In TFS 2013, these files were removed to eliminate clutter and streamline the build process. The WF templates can still be downloaded, edited and stored in source control if desired and TFS 2013 does not break existing TFS 2010 or 2012 build process templates. With the support of Git in TFS 2013, Team Build has been enhanced to allow automated building of Git projects as well as TFVC projects.Windows Workflow controls the overall flow of the build process and Azure DevOps includes many pre-built workflow activities for managing common tasks that are performed during a build.[22] MSBuild is the markup language that is found in the .proj (csproj for C# projects and vbproj for Visual Basic projects) files. The build system is extensible with users being able to create their own workflow activities, the ability to inject MSBuild into the process and to execute external processes. The workflow nature of the build allows for unlimited flexibility, but it may take some work to achieve that flexibility. Shared[23] and open source projects have been started to build community backed activities to enhance the capabilities of Team Build.The build process can be configured for various types of builds including scheduled builds, continuous integration, gated check-in and rolling builds. A gated check-in build will shelve code that a developer checks in, perform a \"get latest\" on the server code and perform a build. If the build succeeds, the code is checked in on behalf of the developer who submitted the code. If the build fails, the developer is notified and can fix the code before trying another check-in.Builds have retention policies with them so that they do not accumulate when not needed (or builds can be directed not to produce any saved output) or build output can be locked and saved forever. New with TFS 2013 is the ability to check in the build results into source control. This was a necessary enhancement to support automated builds on the Azure DevOps Services where there is no drop location to place the builds. In the on-premises version build output can be configured to end up in any accessible shared folder location.The build process in Azure DevOps is also part of the traceability mechanism in that Team Build brings together many of the artifacts that are created and stored in Azure DevOps. Assuming developers associate source code with work items on check-in, Team Build has the ability to report on the changes in each build – both source code changes and work item changes as well as test results (this includes unit testing results as well as automated functional testing (CodedUI) results). As bugs and PBIs are resolved and integrated into builds, the work items which track these artifacts are automatically updated to indicate in which build they were successfully integrated. Combined with the testing tools, testers then get an integrated view of what code was changed in each build, but also which bugs, PBIs and other work changed from build to build.Initially, in TFS 2015 and with Visual Studio Team Services (VSTS), Microsoft has reinvented the architecture for the build engine to be based on a cross-platform friendly Node.js application. Windows, Mac, and Linux build agents are currently supported. Azure DevOps provides for elastic build capabilities via build hosting in Microsoft Azure.[24]","title":"Team Build"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"continuous deployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_delivery"},{"link_name":"Windows Workflow Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation"},{"link_name":"DevOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps"}],"text":"In mid-2013 Microsoft purchased a product called InRelease from InCycle Software.[25] InRelease was fully incorporated into Team Foundation Server 2013. This capability complemented the automated build and testing processes by allowing a true continuous deployment solution. The tools were re-branded \"Release Management\" for TFS 2013. The Release Management capabilities give teams the ability to perform a controlled, workflow (provided by Windows Workflow Foundation) driven release to development, test and production environments and provides dashboards for monitoring the progress of one or more releases.Microsoft has rebuilt Release Management for Visual Studio Team Services and on-premises version of TFS with the new changes in 2015 Update 2. The new version of Release Management leverages the web browser as the client and relies on the same agent architecture as Team Foundation Build. Release Management enables DevOps capabilities for Azure DevOps.","title":"Release management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"This first version of Team Foundation Server was released March 17, 2006.[26]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Comparison of version-control software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_version-control_software"},{"title":"Comparison of issue-tracking systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_issue-tracking_systems"},{"title":"Microsoft Visual SourceSafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe"},{"title":"List of version-control software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_version-control_software"},{"title":"Rational Team Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_Team_Concert"},{"title":"SVNBridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVNBridge"},{"title":"Subversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Azure DevOps Server 2022\". Microsoft Docs. 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/fr-fr/azure/devops/server/release-notes/azuredevops2022?view=azure-devops","url_text":"\"Azure DevOps Server 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Docs","url_text":"Microsoft Docs"}]},{"reference":"\"Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio and Team Foundation Server\". MSDN. Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/fda2bad5(v=vs.120).aspx","url_text":"\"Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio and Team Foundation Server\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network","url_text":"MSDN"}]},{"reference":"\"Adopting Team Explorer Everywhere\". MSDN. Microsoft. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg413285.aspx","url_text":"\"Adopting Team Explorer Everywhere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDN","url_text":"MSDN"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Azure DevOps? Services, Examples, and Best Practices\". codefresh.io.","urls":[{"url":"https://codefresh.io/learn/azure-devops/","url_text":"\"What Is Azure DevOps? Services, Examples, and Best Practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Release 'Cadence' Begins with Visual Studio 2012 Update 2\". 1105 Media. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2013/05/10/new-visual-studio-release-cadence-begins.aspx","url_text":"\"New Release 'Cadence' Begins with Visual Studio 2012 Update 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Availability Enhancements (Database Engine)\". Microsoft. 2012. 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Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/f017b10c-02b4-4d6d-9845-58a06545627f","url_text":"\"Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Server 2013 Power Tools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC)\". Azure DevOps. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2019-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/azure/devops/repos/tfvc/index","url_text":"\"Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Docs","url_text":"Microsoft Docs"}]},{"reference":"\"Server workspaces vs. local workspaces\". Phil Kelley. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.msdn.com/b/phkelley/archive/2013/05/29/server-workspaces-vs-local-workspaces.aspx","url_text":"\"Server workspaces vs. local workspaces\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to: Install Team Foundation Proxy and set up a remote site\". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee248710.aspx","url_text":"\"How to: Install Team Foundation Proxy and set up a remote site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) Support\". Azure Repos Extension for Visual Studio Code. GitHub. Retrieved 2019-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/microsoft/azure-repos-vscode/blob/master/TFVC_README.md","url_text":"\"Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) Support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"GitHub libgit2/libgit2\". GitHub. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2","url_text":"\"GitHub libgit2/libgit2\""}]},{"reference":"\"EGit\". Eclipse. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eclipse.org/egit/","url_text":"\"EGit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Components of the TFS data warehouse\". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms244687.aspx","url_text":"\"Components of the TFS data warehouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perspectives and measure groups provided in the Analysis Services cube for Team System\". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms244710.aspx","url_text":"\"Perspectives and measure groups provided in the Analysis Services cube for Team System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Foundation Build Activities\". Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/gg265783.aspx","url_text":"\"Team Foundation Build Activities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Community TFS Build Extensions\". Codeplex. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-11. 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Retrieved 2019-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/now-available-azure-devops-server-2019/","url_text":"\"Now available: Azure DevOps Server 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure","url_text":"Microsoft Azure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"Morales, Gloridel (2022-12-06). \"Now available: Azure DevOps Server 2022 RTW\". Blog. Azure DevOps Blog. Microsoft.","urls":[{"url":"https://devblogs.microsoft.com/devops/now-available-azure-devops-server-2022-rtw/","url_text":"\"Now available: Azure DevOps Server 2022 RTW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/devops/server/","external_links_name":"azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/devops/server/"},{"Link":"https://learn.microsoft.com/fr-fr/azure/devops/server/release-notes/azuredevops2022?view=azure-devops","external_links_name":"\"Azure DevOps Server 2022\""},{"Link":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/fda2bad5(v=vs.120).aspx","external_links_name":"\"Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio and Team Foundation Server\""},{"Link":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg413285.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Adopting Team Explorer Everywhere\""},{"Link":"https://codefresh.io/learn/azure-devops/","external_links_name":"\"What Is Azure DevOps? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Satanic_Church | First Satanic Church | ["1 History","2 Activities","3 References","4 External links"] | Satanic religious organisation
First Satanic ChurchChurch founder Karla LaVey during a "Black X-Mass" celebration.AbbreviationFSCTypeNew religious movement (Satanism)ClassificationAtheistic SatanismOrientationLaVeyan SatanismScriptureThe Satanic BibleTheologyAutotheismHigh PriestessKarla LaVeyHeadquartersSan Francisco, CaliforniaFounderKarla LaVeyOriginOctober 31, 1999 San Francisco, CaliforniaSeparated fromChurch of Satan (1999)Official websitewww.firstsatanicchurch.com
Part of a series onLaVeyan SatanismThe Sigil of Baphomet is the official symbol of LaVeyan Satanism and the Church of Satan.
Organizations
Church of Satan
First Satanic Church
Grotto)
Notable people
Anton LaVey
Blanche Barton
Peter H. Gilmore
Peggy Nadramia
Diane Hegarty
Karla LaVey
Texts
The Satanic Bible
The Satanic Rituals
The Satanic Witch
The Devil's Notebook
Satan Speaks!
Letters from the Devil
The Secret Life of a Satanist
The Church of Satan
The Satanic Scriptures
Media
The Satanic Mass
Satanis: The Devil's Mass
Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey
Satan Takes a Holiday
Strange Music
Death Scenes
Related Topics
The Black House
Greater and lesser magic
Satanic holidays
The Black Flame
The infernal names
Enochian Keys
Hail Satan
Sign of the horns
An Interview with Peter H. Gilmore
vte
The First Satanic Church is an organization founded by Karla LaVey on October 31, 1999, in San Francisco, California. The church is dedicated to LaVeyan Satanism as codified by Anton LaVey in The Satanic Bible. The church's stated mission is to carry on the legacy of Anton LaVey through "the study of Satanism and the occult sciences". For over a decade the church operated The 600 Club, a now-defunct Internet forum dedicated to discussions of Satanism.
The church's website claims the organization to have been founded in 1966, and the 1999 date to be a "re-establishment" of the original Church of Satan, claiming direct continuity with Anton LaVey. Karla asserts that she is re-representing the original teachings of her father from which the current administration of the Church of Satan has departed, and maintains an elitist stance of her father's original organization. Anton LaVey's book The Satanic Bible is stated as required reading prior to joining the First Satanic Church.
History
On Walpurgisnacht, April 30, 1966, Anton LaVey founded the "Satanic Church" (which he would later rename the "Church of Satan"). On October 29, 1997, Anton LaVey died of pulmonary edema. On November 7, 1997, Karla held a press conference to announce Anton's death. It was at this time that Blanche Barton and Karla LaVey announced that they would run the Church of Satan as co-High Priestesses. Several days later, Barton produced a hand written will claiming that LaVey had left all of his belongings, property, writings, and royalties, including the Church of Satan, to be put in a trust managed by Barton. Karla contested this will, which was later found to be invalid. A settlement was later reached in which Anton's belongings, intellectual property and royalties would be split among his three children, Karla, Zeena and Xerxes, and that Barton would receive the “corporation known as Church of Satan.”
After LaVey's death, Blanche Barton assumed the administrative leadership of the Church of Satan, although Karla LaVey had not abdicated her role as High Priestess. Shortly thereafter, Barton appointed Peter H. Gilmore and his wife Peggy Nadramia to the positions of High Priest and Priestess, and the Church's headquarters were subsequently moved to New York City. Karla LaVey was critical of Barton's administration of the Church, as she felt the Church's move to New York to be a disservice to her father's legacy. Karla LaVey and Blanche Barton's parting of ways was primarily due to legal disputes regarding Anton LaVey's will and inheritance. Consequently, to carry on the legacy of her father, Karla LaVey founded the "First Satanic Church" and continues to run it out of San Francisco, California.
Activities
The organization maintains only a modest Internet presence. The church held a Walpurgisnacht Show in April 2005 at the 12 Galaxies nightclub in San Francisco, as well as a pre-Halloween benefit show in October 2005 at Edinburgh Castle (also in San Francisco) to help the victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Since 1998, the Satanic Church has been presenting its Annual Black X-Mass Show every December. These events are open to the public, although membership to the First Satanic Church is only possible by a careful screening after applying through their website.
Karla LaVey hosts a Satanic radio show every week in San Francisco in which she talks and plays the music that she grew up enjoying with her father. Listeners are encouraged to send in their CDs for playing.
References
^ "About the Church". Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
^ Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2005). Controversial New Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-19-515683-6.
^ a b c Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-313-05078-7.
^ Sward, Susan. "Satanist's Daughter To Keep the 'Faith'". Sfgate.
^ Lattin, Don. "Satan's Den in Great Disrepair / Relatives of S.F. hellhound Anton LaVey battle over 'Black House'". Sfgate.
^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition . ABC-CLIO. p. 701. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
^ LaVey, Karla. "How To Acquire Membership in the First Satanic Church". satanicchurch.com. First Satanic Church. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
^ First Satanic Church Answers.com
External links
First Satanic Church - Official website Archived 2014-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
The 600 Club - Satanic Discussion Forum
vteLaVeyan SatanismHigh Priest
Anton LaVey (1966–1997)
Peter H. Gilmore (2001–present)
High Priestess
Diane Hegarty (1966–1985)
Zeena LaVey (1985–1990)
Karla LaVey (1990–1999)
Blanche Barton (1997–2002)
Peggy Nadramia (2002–present)
Organizations
Church of Satan
First Satanic Church
(see also The Black House, Grotto, Council of Nine)
Influential figures
Friedrich Nietzsche
Ayn Rand
Herbert Spencer
Arthur Desmond
Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud
Niccolò Machiavelli
Carl Jung
Wilhelm Reich
P.T. Barnum
William Mortensen
Aleister Crowley
Maria de Naglowska
Stanisław Przybyszewski
Helena Blavatsky
Grigori Rasputin
Benjamin Franklin
H. P. Lovecraft
Edward Bernays
H. L. Mencken
Jack London
Ambrose Bierce
Benjamin De Casseres
Arthur Schopenhauer
Max Stirner
Bernardino Nogara
Basil Zaharoff
Mark Twain
John Milton
Literature
The Satanic Bible
The Satanic Witch
The Satanic Rituals
The Secret Life of a Satanist
We Are Satanists
The Devil's Notebook
Satan Speaks!
Letters from the Devil
The Satanic Scriptures
Other media
The Satanic Mass
Satanis: The Devil's Mass
Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey
The Black Flame
Satan Takes a Holiday
Strange Music
Death Scenes
Satanic holidays
Birthday
Equinoxes
Walpurgisnacht
Solstices
Halloween
Yule
Ideas and concepts
Amorality
Animalism
Antihumanism
Balance of nature
Blasphemy
Burlesque
Carnality
Carnivalesque
Carpe diem, carpe noctem
Elitism
Epicureanism
Egoism
Egotheism
Eugenics
Grotesque body
Hierarchy
Individualism
Iconoclasm
Jungian psychology
Law of the jungle
Lex talionis
Materialism
Meritocracy
Misanthropy
Naturalism
Pragmatism
Psychic vampire
Realism
Self-preservation
Social Darwinism
Social stratification
Universal Darwinism
Related topics
An Interview with Peter H. Gilmore
Satanic panic
Hellfire Club
The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karla LaVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla_LaVey"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"LaVeyan Satanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism"},{"link_name":"Anton LaVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_LaVey"},{"link_name":"The Satanic Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GallagherAshcroft-3"}],"text":"The First Satanic Church is an organization founded by Karla LaVey on October 31, 1999, in San Francisco, California. 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Several days later, Barton produced a hand written will claiming that LaVey had left all of his belongings, property, writings, and royalties, including the Church of Satan, to be put in a trust managed by Barton. Karla contested this will, which was later found to be invalid.[5] A settlement was later reached in which Anton's belongings, intellectual property and royalties would be split among his three children, Karla, Zeena and Xerxes, and that Barton would receive the “corporation known as Church of Satan.”After LaVey's death, Blanche Barton assumed the administrative leadership of the Church of Satan, although Karla LaVey had not abdicated her role as High Priestess. Shortly thereafter, Barton appointed Peter H. Gilmore and his wife Peggy Nadramia to the positions of High Priest and Priestess, and the Church's headquarters were subsequently moved to New York City. Karla LaVey was critical of Barton's administration of the Church, as she felt the Church's move to New York to be a disservice to her father's legacy.[3] Karla LaVey and Blanche Barton's parting of ways was primarily due to legal disputes regarding Anton LaVey's will and inheritance.[6] Consequently, to carry on the legacy of her father, Karla LaVey founded the \"First Satanic Church\" and continues to run it out of San Francisco, California.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GallagherAshcroft-3"},{"link_name":"nightclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rita"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Satanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism"},{"link_name":"radio show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"The organization maintains only a modest Internet presence.[3] The church held a Walpurgisnacht Show in April 2005 at the 12 Galaxies nightclub in San Francisco, as well as a pre-Halloween benefit show in October 2005 at Edinburgh Castle (also in San Francisco) to help the victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Since 1998, the Satanic Church has been presenting its Annual Black X-Mass Show every December. These events are open to the public, although membership to the First Satanic Church is only possible by a careful screening after applying through their website.[7]Karla LaVey hosts a Satanic radio show every week in San Francisco in which she talks and plays the music that she grew up enjoying with her father. Listeners are encouraged to send in their CDs for playing.[8][needs update]","title":"Activities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About the Church\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2010-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418075803/http://www.satanicchurch.com/content/about.aspx","url_text":"\"About the Church\""},{"url":"http://www.satanicchurch.com/content/about.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2005). Controversial New Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 453. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Frederick_Utz | Stanley Frederick Utz | ["1 References"] | Australian businessman
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Stanley Frederick Utz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023)
Stanley Frederick UtzBorn(1898-05-17)May 17, 1898DiedMay 6, 1974(1974-05-06) (aged 75)NationalityAustralianCitizenshipAustralianOccupationBusinessmanSpouseJanet Cuthbertson Saxton
Stanley Frederick Utz (17 May 1898 - 6 May 1974) was an Australian businessman and official of the Australian Liberal Party. Hailing from Sydney with German ancestry, Utz served in the Australian Imperial Force for the closing months of the First World War before being discharged in 1919 to follow in his father's footsteps in the milling industry. He became manager of MacRae Knitting Mills Ltd prior to becoming a stockbroker in 1927.
Married in 1935 to Janet Cuthbertson Saxton, Utz then began to diversify into tin mining in Malaya and Thailand as well as becoming managing director of several businesses and helping found International Pacific Corporation Ltd. He was widowed in 1952, and became treasurer to the Australian Liberal Party in 1956. He served the party until 1962, raising substantial funds. An avid golfer, cricketer and horse racing enthusiast, he was an active benefactor to these causes and to that of cancer research, to which he left his $725,706 estate.
References
^ a b c Bain Jim (2002). "Utz, Stanley Frederick (1898–1974)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Authority control databases: People
Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_Salt | Kosher salt | ["1 Etymology","2 Usage","2.1 General cooking","2.2 Brining or kashering meat","2.3 Cleaning","3 Manufacturing","4 See also","5 References"] | "Kitchen salt" and "coarse salt" redirect here. For other coarse salts, see Rock salt and Brining salt.
This article is about generic coarse-grained salt. For foods meeting Kosher dietary guidelines, see Kashrut.
Coarse additive-free edible salt
Comparison of table salt (left) with kosher salt (right)
Kosher salt or kitchen salt (also called cooking salt, rock salt, kashering salt, or koshering salt) is coarse edible salt usually without common additives such as iodine, typically used in cooking and not at the table. It consists mainly of sodium chloride and may include anticaking agents.
Etymology
Coarse edible salt is a kitchen staple, but its name varies widely in various cultures and countries. The term kosher salt gained common usage in the United States and refers to its use in the Jewish religious practice of dry brining meats, known as kashering, and not to the salt itself being manufactured under any religious guidelines. Some brands further identify kosher-certified salt as being approved by a religious body.
Grain of kosher salt taken at 60× magnification
Usage
General cooking
Due to the lack of metallic or off-tasting additives such as iodine, fluoride or dextrose, it is often used in the kitchen instead of additive-containing table salt. Estimating the amount of salt when salting by hand can also be easier due to the larger grain size. Some recipes specifically call for volume measurement of kosher/kitchen salt, which for some brands weighs less per measure due to its lower density and is therefore less salty than an equal volume measurement of table salt; recipes which call for a specified weight of salt are more consistent. Different brands of salt vary dramatically in density; for one brand the same volume measure may contain twice as much salt (by mass) as for another brand.
Brining or kashering meat
Kosher salt applied to chicken showing extracted moisture after one hour
Main articles: Brining and Kashering
The coarse-grained salt is used to create a dry brine, which increases succulence and flavor and satisfies some religious requirements, sometimes with flavor additions such as herbs, spices or sugar. The meat is typically soaked in cool water and drained and then completely covered with a thin layer of salt—and then allowed to stand on a rack or board for an hour or more. The larger salt granules remain on the surface of the meat, for the most part undissolved, and absorb fluids from the meat, which are then partially reabsorbed with the salt and any added flavors, essentially brining the meat in its own juices. The salt rub is then rinsed off and discarded before cooking.
Cleaning
Due to its grain size, the salt is also used as an abrasive cleaner for cookware such as cast iron skillets. Mixed with oil, it retains its abrasiveness but can be easily dissolved with water after cleaning, unlike cleansers based on pumice or calcium carbonate, which can leave a gritty residue if not thoroughly rinsed away.
Manufacturing
Rather than cubic crystals, kosher salt has a flat plate-like shape and for some brands may also have a hollow pyramidal shape. Morton Salt produces flat kosher salt while Diamond Crystal produces pyramidal. The flat form is usually made when cubic crystals are forced into this shape under pressure, usually between rollers. The pyramidal salt crystals are generally made by an evaporative process called the Alberger process. Kosher salt is usually manufactured with a grain size larger than table salt grains. Diamond Crystal salt is made by Cargill in St. Clair, MI and Morton Salt is from Chicago, IL.
See also
Pickling salt – Fine-grained salt used for manufacturing pickles
Korean brining salt – Coarse salt
Pickling – Procedure of preserving food in brine or vinegar
Curing (food preservation) – Food preservation and flavouring processes based on drawing moisture out of the food by osmosis
Kosher foods – Foods conforming to Jewish dietary law
References
^ "Kitchen salt definition". Collins. 2018.
^ The Good housekeeping cookbook. New York: Hearst Books. 2001. pp. 15. ISBN 1588163989. OCLC 54962450.
^ Bader, Myles. (1998). The wizard of food presents 10,001 food facts, chef's secrets & household hints : more usable food facts and household hints than any single book ever published. Las Vegas, Nev.: Northstar Pub. ISBN 0964674173. OCLC 40460309.
^ Simmons, Marie (April 2008). Things cooks love (First ed.). Kansas City. pp. 67. ISBN 9780740769764. OCLC 167764416.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Morgan, Diane (2010). Gifts cooks love : recipes for giving. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Pub. pp. 14. ISBN 9780740793509. OCLC 555648047.
^ "Kosher Salt Guide". SaltWorks. 2010.
^ Iodine Nutriture in the United States: Summary of a Conference, October 31, 1970. National Academies. October 31, 1970. pp. 36–. NAP:13984.
^ World Health Organization (2011). Bulletin of the World Health Organization: Bulletin de L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. World Health Organization.
^ Nosrat, Samin (April 25, 2017). "The Single Most Important Ingredient". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
^ Kaiser, Emily (February 25, 2004). "Chefs Who Salt Early if Not Often". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ "The Kosher Salt Question: What Box Does What? There's a Difference". TASTE. October 11, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^ a b Benwick, Bonnie S. (November 14, 2007). "Wet Brining vs. Dry: Give That Bird a Bath". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
^ Luban, Yaakov (2010). "Orthodox Union Kosher Primer". Orthodox Union.
^ Lewis, Hunter (January 23, 2012). "How to Clean Your Cast-Iron Skillet". Bon Appetit. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ "Kosher Salt" (PDF). Salt Institute.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kosher salt.
vteSaltHistory
History
In the American Civil War
International Salt Co. v. United States
In Middlewich
Old Salt Route
In Chinese history
Salt March
Salt road
Types
Abraum
Alaea
Alberger
Asín tibuok
Bittern
Black lava
Butter
Calcium chloride
Celery
Curing
Cyclic
Dairy
Flake
Fleur de sel
Garlic
Himalayan
Iodised
Jugyeom
Kala namak
Korean brining
Kosher
Monosodium glutamate
Moshio salt
Pickling
Potassium chloride
Potassium nitrate
River reed salt
Sodium nitrate
Onion
Rock
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Salt substitute
Sea salt
Seasoned
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Truffle
Túltul
Food usage
Brining
Salting
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Salt-cured meat
Salted fish
Health effects
Salt and cardiovascular disease
Commerceand industry
Salt Industry Commission
Evaporation pond
Salt mining
Salt well
Sink works
Open-pan salt making
List of countries by salt production
Salt tectonics
By region
In Cheshire
In Ghana
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Culture
Grain of salt
Salt in the Bible
Salting the earth
Miscellaneous
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Category
Portal: Food | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_salt"},{"link_name":"Brining salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brining_salt"},{"link_name":"Kashrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodized_salt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghccb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sodium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"anticaking agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticaking_agent"}],"text":"\"Kitchen salt\" and \"coarse salt\" redirect here. For other coarse salts, see Rock salt and Brining salt.This article is about generic coarse-grained salt. For foods meeting Kosher dietary guidelines, see Kashrut.Coarse additive-free edible saltComparison of table salt (left) with kosher salt (right)Kosher salt or kitchen salt[1] (also called cooking salt, rock salt, kashering salt, or koshering salt) is coarse edible salt usually without common additives such as iodine,[2][3][4][5] typically used in cooking and not at the table. It consists mainly of sodium chloride and may include anticaking agents.","title":"Kosher salt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dry brining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_brining"},{"link_name":"kashering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechita#Kashering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grain_of_Kosher_Salt.jpg"}],"text":"Coarse edible salt is a kitchen staple, but its name varies widely in various cultures and countries. The term kosher salt gained common usage in the United States and refers to its use in the Jewish religious practice of dry brining meats, known as kashering, and not to the salt itself being manufactured under any religious guidelines. Some brands further identify kosher-certified salt as being approved by a religious body.[6]Grain of kosher salt taken at 60× magnification","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride"},{"link_name":"dextrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrose"},{"link_name":"table salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Organization2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-9"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"General cooking","text":"Due to the lack of metallic or off-tasting additives such as iodine, fluoride or dextrose, it is often used in the kitchen instead of additive-containing table salt.[7][8] Estimating the amount of salt when salting by hand can also be easier due to the larger grain size.[9] Some recipes specifically call for volume measurement of kosher/kitchen salt, which for some brands weighs less per measure due to its lower density and is therefore less salty than an equal volume measurement of table salt; recipes which call for a specified weight of salt are more consistent.[10] Different brands of salt vary dramatically in density; for one brand the same volume measure may contain twice as much salt (by mass) as for another brand.[11]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dry_brining_chicken.png"},{"link_name":"dry brine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_brining"},{"link_name":"religious requirements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashering"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPo1-12"}],"sub_title":"Brining or kashering meat","text":"Kosher salt applied to chicken showing extracted moisture after one hourThe coarse-grained salt is used to create a dry brine, which increases succulence and flavor and satisfies some religious requirements, sometimes with flavor additions such as herbs, spices or sugar.[12] The meat is typically soaked in cool water and drained and then completely covered with a thin layer of salt—and then allowed to stand on a rack or board for an hour or more. The larger salt granules remain on the surface of the meat, for the most part undissolved, and absorb fluids from the meat, which are then partially reabsorbed with the salt and any added flavors, essentially brining the meat in its own juices. The salt rub is then rinsed off and discarded before cooking.[13][12]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"pumice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice"},{"link_name":"calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bon1-14"}],"sub_title":"Cleaning","text":"Due to its grain size, the salt is also used as an abrasive cleaner for cookware such as cast iron skillets. Mixed with oil, it retains its abrasiveness but can be easily dissolved with water after cleaning, unlike cleansers based on pumice or calcium carbonate, which can leave a gritty residue if not thoroughly rinsed away.[14]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morton Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Salt"},{"link_name":"Diamond Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Alberger process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberger_process"},{"link_name":"St. Clair, MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair,_MI"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saltinstitute-15"}],"text":"Rather than cubic crystals, kosher salt has a flat plate-like shape and for some brands may also have a hollow pyramidal shape. Morton Salt produces flat kosher salt while Diamond Crystal produces pyramidal. The flat form is usually made when cubic crystals are forced into this shape under pressure, usually between rollers. The pyramidal salt crystals are generally made by an evaporative process called the Alberger process. Kosher salt is usually manufactured with a grain size larger than table salt grains. Diamond Crystal salt is made by Cargill in St. Clair, MI and Morton Salt is from Chicago, IL.[15]","title":"Manufacturing"}] | [{"image_text":"Comparison of table salt (left) with kosher salt (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png/350px-Comparison_of_Table_Salt_with_Kitchen_Salt.png"},{"image_text":"Grain of kosher salt taken at 60× magnification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grain_of_Kosher_Salt.jpg/220px-Grain_of_Kosher_Salt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kosher salt applied to chicken showing extracted moisture after one hour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dry_brining_chicken.png/220px-Dry_brining_chicken.png"}] | [{"title":"Pickling salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling_salt"},{"title":"Korean brining salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_brining_salt"},{"title":"Pickling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling"},{"title":"Curing (food preservation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)"},{"title":"Kosher foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_foods"}] | [{"reference":"\"Kitchen salt definition\". Collins. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kitchen-salt","url_text":"\"Kitchen salt definition\""}]},{"reference":"The Good housekeeping cookbook. New York: Hearst Books. 2001. pp. 15. ISBN 1588163989. OCLC 54962450.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goodhousekeeping0000unse_d6d9/page/15","url_text":"The Good housekeeping cookbook"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goodhousekeeping0000unse_d6d9/page/15","url_text":"15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588163989","url_text":"1588163989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54962450","url_text":"54962450"}]},{"reference":"Bader, Myles. (1998). The wizard of food presents 10,001 food facts, chef's secrets & household hints : more usable food facts and household hints than any single book ever published. 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OCLC 167764416.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780740769764/page/67","url_text":"Things cooks love"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780740769764/page/67","url_text":"67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780740769764","url_text":"9780740769764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/167764416","url_text":"167764416"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Diane (2010). Gifts cooks love : recipes for giving. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Pub. pp. 14. ISBN 9780740793509. OCLC 555648047.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/giftscookslovere0000morg/page/14","url_text":"Gifts cooks love : recipes for giving"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/giftscookslovere0000morg/page/14","url_text":"14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780740793509","url_text":"9780740793509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/555648047","url_text":"555648047"}]},{"reference":"\"Kosher Salt Guide\". SaltWorks. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://seasalt.com/salt-101/about-salt/kosher-salt-guide","url_text":"\"Kosher Salt Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Iodine Nutriture in the United States: Summary of a Conference, October 31, 1970. National Academies. October 31, 1970. pp. 36–. NAP:13984.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VEMrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36","url_text":"Iodine Nutriture in the United States: Summary of a Conference, October 31, 1970"}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization (2011). Bulletin of the World Health Organization: Bulletin de L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. World Health Organization.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iB78fxDMeL0C","url_text":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization: Bulletin de L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé"}]},{"reference":"Nosrat, Samin (April 25, 2017). \"The Single Most Important Ingredient\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/25/dining/how-to-season-food-with-salt.html","url_text":"\"The Single Most Important Ingredient\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Kaiser, Emily (February 25, 2004). \"Chefs Who Salt Early if Not Often\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/25/dining/chefs-who-salt-early-if-not-often.html","url_text":"\"Chefs Who Salt Early if Not Often\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Kosher Salt Question: What Box Does What? There's a Difference\". TASTE. October 11, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tastecooking.com/kosher-salt-question/","url_text":"\"The Kosher Salt Question: What Box Does What? There's a Difference\""}]},{"reference":"Benwick, Bonnie S. (November 14, 2007). \"Wet Brining vs. Dry: Give That Bird a Bath\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/13/AR2007111300427.html","url_text":"\"Wet Brining vs. Dry: Give That Bird a Bath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Luban, Yaakov (2010). \"Orthodox Union Kosher Primer\". Orthodox Union.","urls":[{"url":"https://oukosher.org/the-kosher-primer/","url_text":"\"Orthodox Union Kosher Primer\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Hunter (January 23, 2012). \"How to Clean Your Cast-Iron Skillet\". Bon Appetit. Retrieved April 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/inside-our-kitchen/article/how-to-wash-your-cast-iron-skillet","url_text":"\"How to Clean Your Cast-Iron Skillet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Appetit","url_text":"Bon Appetit"}]},{"reference":"\"Kosher Salt\" (PDF). Salt Institute.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saltinstitute.org/content/download/9458/51295/file/Kosher%20Salt.pdf","url_text":"\"Kosher Salt\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kitchen-salt","external_links_name":"\"Kitchen salt definition\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/goodhousekeeping0000unse_d6d9/page/15","external_links_name":"The Good housekeeping cookbook"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/goodhousekeeping0000unse_d6d9/page/15","external_links_name":"15"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54962450","external_links_name":"54962450"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40460309","external_links_name":"40460309"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780740769764/page/67","external_links_name":"Things cooks love"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780740769764/page/67","external_links_name":"67"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/167764416","external_links_name":"167764416"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/giftscookslovere0000morg/page/14","external_links_name":"Gifts cooks love : recipes for giving"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/giftscookslovere0000morg/page/14","external_links_name":"14"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/555648047","external_links_name":"555648047"},{"Link":"https://seasalt.com/salt-101/about-salt/kosher-salt-guide","external_links_name":"\"Kosher Salt Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VEMrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"Iodine Nutriture in the United States: Summary of a Conference, October 31, 1970"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iB78fxDMeL0C","external_links_name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization: Bulletin de L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/25/dining/how-to-season-food-with-salt.html","external_links_name":"\"The Single Most Important Ingredient\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/25/dining/chefs-who-salt-early-if-not-often.html","external_links_name":"\"Chefs Who Salt Early if Not Often\""},{"Link":"https://www.tastecooking.com/kosher-salt-question/","external_links_name":"\"The Kosher Salt Question: What Box Does What? There's a Difference\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/13/AR2007111300427.html","external_links_name":"\"Wet Brining vs. Dry: Give That Bird a Bath\""},{"Link":"https://oukosher.org/the-kosher-primer/","external_links_name":"\"Orthodox Union Kosher Primer\""},{"Link":"https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/inside-our-kitchen/article/how-to-wash-your-cast-iron-skillet","external_links_name":"\"How to Clean Your Cast-Iron Skillet\""},{"Link":"http://www.saltinstitute.org/content/download/9458/51295/file/Kosher%20Salt.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kosher Salt\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Martin_Steindorff | Johann Martin Steindorff | ["1 References"] | Johann Martin Steindorff (born 18 March 1663 in Teutleben, Thuringia; d. 3 May 1744 in Zwickau, Saxony) was a Baroque musician who served as Kantor at Zwickau. In 1722 he applied for the vacant post of Thomaskantor in Leipzig, but did not succeed and remained in Zwickau for the rest of his life.
References
^ Boyd, Malcolm. Oxford Composer Companions: J.S. Bach, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 468 | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Johann Martin Steindorff"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Pillar_to_Post | From Pillar to Post | ["1 Digital Release (2009)","2 Physical Release (2010)","3 Track listing","4 Release history","5 References"] | 2009 studio album by Logan LynnFrom Pillar to PostStudio album by Logan LynnReleasedNovember 24, 2009 (2009-11-24)Recorded2007–2009GenreElectropopLabelBeat the World RecordsCaroline RecordsEMILogan Lynn MusicProducerCarlos CortesLogan Lynn chronology
Feed Me to the Wolves(2007)
From Pillar to Post(2009)
The Last High(2010)
From Pillar to Post was the first official release by Logan Lynn from Beat the World Records, a Caroline Records / EMI 3rd party label and was Lynn's first record to be released on a major label. A special pre-release and digital release was issued from Beat the World on September 4, 2009. This was followed by a physical release in selected stores, as well as a debut on iTunes, on November 24, 2009. The mass release in all stores nationwide happened in February 2010.
Digital Release (2009)
Main article: Logan Lynn
The album's title, From Pillar To Post, was borrowed from an expression that was commonly used by his maternal grandmother. Lynn released a video for "Write It On My Left Arm" in August 2009.
On November 23, 2009, Logan Lynn released a music video for his new single, "Bottom Your Way to the Top".
"From Pillar to Post" was named Album of the Year by multiple media outlets in 2009, including The Deli, Indie Rock Cafe, Oregon Music News, MondoSonoro (Spain), GO Magazine, Just Out Portland and others.
Physical Release (2010)
The widespread physical release date for "From Pillar To Post", for all stores nationwide and select stores internationally, happened via Caroline Records/EMI in February 2010, alongside an international digital release.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."Feed Me To The Wolves"4:262."Alone Together"4:073."If He Hollers"3:254."Prey on the Power"0:445."Bottom Your Way to the Top"4:186."Write It on My Left Arm"4:217."Burning Your Glory (Album Version)"6:088."Aftermath"2:489."I Have to Do It"0:4510."Bleed Him Out"3:5611."You Win the War"3:1112."To Bed, Up the Wooden Mountain"0:5013."The Dotted Line"3:34
Release history
Country
Date
United States & Worldwide (digital & physical pre-release)
September 4, 2009
United States & Europe (selected in-store/iTunes release)
November 24, 2009
United States (full in-store/iTunes release via Caroline Records)
February 9, 2010
Worldwide (selected in-store/iTunes release via Caroline Records)
February 9, 2010
References
^ "Logan Lynn Music". Logan Lynn Music. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
^ "DIRTY MAGAZINE | Logan Lynn's Last High". Dirty-mag.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Logan Lynn - Write It On My Left Arm (Official Music Video). YouTube.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Logan Lynn - Bottom Your Way to the Top (Official Music Video). YouTube.
^ ""The Deli Magazine" Review Calls "From Pillar to Post" the Best Album to Come Out of Portland This Year!!! | Logan Lynn // Official Website". 4 September 2009.
^ "2010 | Logan Lynn // Official Website". 18 December 2013.
^ "Unhappiness is a Strange Muse". HuffPost. 3 January 2012.
^ "From Pillar To Post - Logan Lynn". Billboard.com. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
vteLogan LynnStudio albums
This Is Folk Techno/Pull the Plug (1998)
GLEE (2000, 2005, 2008)
Logan Lynn (2006, 2008)
From Pillar to Post (2009)
I Killed Tomorrow Yesterday (2010)
Blood in the Water (2011)
Tramp Stamps and Birthmarks (2012)
Adieu. (2016)
My Movie Star (2018)
EPs
Clean & Stupid EP (2007)
Feed Me to the Wolves (2007)
Blood in the Water EP Collection (2009)
Everything You Touch Turns to Gold (2011)
Turn Me Out (Remix EP) (2012)
Dance Alone (2013)
Singles
The Last High (2010)
Turn Me Out (2012)
Do You Want Me or Not? (2012)
We Can't Stop (2013)
We Will Overcome (2014)
The One (2016)
Go There When You Want to Be Loved (2016)
Can You Get Me Off (2016)
Live Albums
Live from Seattle (2013)
Compilation Records
Live from Nowhere Near You Volume 2 (2011)
Comp 175 (2012)
AB//XO Volume 1 (2013)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logan Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Lynn"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"From Pillar to Post was the first official release by Logan Lynn from Beat the World Records, a Caroline Records / EMI 3rd party label and was Lynn's first record to be released on a major label. A special pre-release and digital release was issued from Beat the World on September 4, 2009. This was followed by a physical release in selected stores, as well as a debut on iTunes, on November 24, 2009. The mass release in all stores nationwide happened in February 2010.[1]","title":"From Pillar to Post"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From Pillar To Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Pillar_To_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The album's title, From Pillar To Post,[2] was borrowed from an expression that was commonly used by his maternal grandmother. Lynn released a video for \"Write It On My Left Arm\" in August 2009.[3]On November 23, 2009, Logan Lynn released a music video for his new single, \"Bottom Your Way to the Top\".[4]\"From Pillar to Post\" was named Album of the Year by multiple media outlets in 2009, including The Deli, Indie Rock Cafe, Oregon Music News, MondoSonoro (Spain), GO Magazine, Just Out Portland and others.[5][6]","title":"Digital Release (2009)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The widespread physical release date for \"From Pillar To Post\", for all stores nationwide and select stores internationally, happened via Caroline Records/EMI in February 2010, alongside an international digital release.[7]","title":"Physical Release (2010)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Feed Me To The Wolves\"4:262.\"Alone Together\"4:073.\"If He Hollers\"3:254.\"Prey on the Power\"0:445.\"Bottom Your Way to the Top\"4:186.\"Write It on My Left Arm\"4:217.\"Burning Your Glory (Album Version)\"6:088.\"Aftermath\"2:489.\"I Have to Do It\"0:4510.\"Bleed Him Out\"3:5611.\"You Win the War\"3:1112.\"To Bed, Up the Wooden Mountain\"0:5013.\"The Dotted Line\"3:34[8]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Logan Lynn Music\". Logan Lynn Music. Retrieved 2012-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://loganlynnmusic.com/","url_text":"\"Logan Lynn Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"DIRTY MAGAZINE | Logan Lynn's Last High\". Dirty-mag.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2013-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818051556/http://dirty-mag.com/01/ent_logan.html","url_text":"\"DIRTY MAGAZINE | Logan Lynn's Last High\""},{"url":"http://dirty-mag.com/01/ent_logan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Logan Lynn - Write It On My Left Arm (Official Music Video). YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feIEk5-EAGM","url_text":"Logan Lynn - Write It On My Left Arm (Official Music Video)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Logan Lynn - Bottom Your Way to the Top (Official Music Video). YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fITh16vboRw","url_text":"Logan Lynn - Bottom Your Way to the Top (Official Music Video)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Deli Magazine\" Review Calls \"From Pillar to Post\" the Best Album to Come Out of Portland This Year!!! | Logan Lynn // Official Website\". 4 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loganlynnmusic.com/2009/09/deli-magazine-review-calls-pillar-post-album-portland-year/","url_text":"\"\"The Deli Magazine\" Review Calls \"From Pillar to Post\" the Best Album to Come Out of Portland This Year!!! | Logan Lynn // Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 | Logan Lynn // Official Website\". 18 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loganlynnmusic.com/bio-press/theyear2010/","url_text":"\"2010 | Logan Lynn // Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unhappiness is a Strange Muse\". HuffPost. 3 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://huffingtonpost.com/logan-lynn/unhappiness-is-a-strange-_b_1180299.html","url_text":"\"Unhappiness is a Strange Muse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"From Pillar To Post - Logan Lynn\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 12 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/#/album/logan-lynn/from-pillar-to-post/1274366","url_text":"\"From Pillar To Post - Logan Lynn\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://loganlynnmusic.com/","external_links_name":"\"Logan Lynn Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818051556/http://dirty-mag.com/01/ent_logan.html","external_links_name":"\"DIRTY MAGAZINE | Logan Lynn's Last High\""},{"Link":"http://dirty-mag.com/01/ent_logan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/feIEk5-EAGM","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224101932/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feIEk5-EAGM&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feIEk5-EAGM","external_links_name":"Logan Lynn - Write It On My Left Arm (Official Music Video)"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/fITh16vboRw","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224101917/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fITh16vboRw&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fITh16vboRw","external_links_name":"Logan Lynn - Bottom Your Way to the Top (Official Music Video)"},{"Link":"http://www.loganlynnmusic.com/2009/09/deli-magazine-review-calls-pillar-post-album-portland-year/","external_links_name":"\"\"The Deli Magazine\" Review Calls \"From Pillar to Post\" the Best Album to Come Out of Portland This Year!!! | Logan Lynn // Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.loganlynnmusic.com/bio-press/theyear2010/","external_links_name":"\"2010 | Logan Lynn // Official Website\""},{"Link":"https://huffingtonpost.com/logan-lynn/unhappiness-is-a-strange-_b_1180299.html","external_links_name":"\"Unhappiness is a Strange Muse\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/#/album/logan-lynn/from-pillar-to-post/1274366","external_links_name":"\"From Pillar To Post - Logan Lynn\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/85aa5e2c-5d0c-4af7-814b-8139a5d3d7ce","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Bennett | Val Bennett | ["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Val BennettBirth nameLovall BennettDied1991GenresSka, rocksteady, reggae, jazzOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Tenor saxophone, tromboneYears activeLate 1940s – 1991Formerly ofThe Val Bennett OrchestraPrince BusterBunny Lee All StarsThe UpsettersMusical artist
Val Bennett (born Lovall Bennett, ?, died 1991) was a Jamaican tenor saxophonist and jazz and roots reggae musician who began his career in the 1940s. He made a number of releases on the Island Records and Crab Records labels.
Biography
In the late 1940s, Bennett led his own band, the Val Bennett Orchestra. Artists that played in Bennett's band included Jah Jerry Haynes, Lloyd Knibb, and Ernest Ranglin, whose first professional experience was with this band. The Val Bennett Orchestra performed regularly at the Colony Club, performing mainly for foreign visitors to Jamaica. The band also toured abroad, performing in countries including Haiti, where they picked up méringue and played it on their return to Jamaica.
In the early to mid-1960s, Bennett was a regular member of Prince Buster's band, playing on many of the singer's best-known recordings, including "Al Capone". Bennett was also a regular studio session musician, appearing on many releases from artists including Theophilus Beckford, Pat Kelly, Barrington Levy, and Delroy Wilson. Bennett's session work included saxophone, horn, and trombone. In the late 1960s, Bennett joined Bunny Lee's "All Stars".
Notable tracks by Bennett include "The Russians Are Coming" (1968), a cover of "Take Five" by the Dave Brubeck Quartet, which would later go on to be used as the theme tune to the British television series The Secret Life of Machines in the late-1980s; and "Tons Of Gold" (1970), with the Harry J Allstars, a version of their track "The Liquidator". Bennett also worked for producer Lee "Scratch" Perry, and his Spaghetti Western-inspired "Return of Django", recorded with Perry's studio band The Upsetters was a major UK hit in 1969. His track "Baby Baby" was also included on The Upsetters' album Eastwood Rides Again. Perry was the only producer to get Bennett to perform vocals, "Baby Baby" being one of these examples, the other being "Barbara".
See also
Island Records discography
Music of Jamaica
References
^ a b c d Moskowitz, David V. (2006) Caribbean Popular Music: an Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33158-8, p. 28
^ a b c d Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn., Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-329-4, p. 31
^ Campbell, Olivia Leigh (2004) "ERNIE RANGLIN: Making people happy with music", Jamaica Observer, 29 March 2004
^ Thompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6, p. 392
^ Munroe, Norman (2003) "Lee 'Scratch' Perry wins Reggae Grammy", Jamaica Observer, 24 February 2003
^ Katz, David (2000) People Funny Boy: the Genius of Lee "Scratch" Perry, Payback Press, ISBN 0-86241-854-2, p. 72
External links
Val Bennett discography at discogs.com
Val Bennett discography at Roots Archives
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"roots reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_reggae"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Crab Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_Records"}],"text":"Musical artistVal Bennett (born Lovall Bennett, ?, died 1991) was a Jamaican tenor saxophonist and jazz and roots reggae musician who began his career in the 1940s. He made a number of releases on the Island Records and Crab Records labels.","title":"Val Bennett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moskowitz-1"},{"link_name":"Jah Jerry Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah_Jerry_Haynes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrow-2"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Knibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Knibb"},{"link_name":"Ernest Ranglin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ranglin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moskowitz-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-3"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"méringue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merengue_music"},{"link_name":"Prince Buster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Buster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrow-2"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Beckford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Beckford"},{"link_name":"Pat Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Kelly_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Barrington Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Levy"},{"link_name":"Delroy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delroy_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moskowitz-1"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moskowitz-1"},{"link_name":"Bunny Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Lee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrow-2"},{"link_name":"Take Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Five"},{"link_name":"Dave Brubeck Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brubeck_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-4"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Machines"},{"link_name":"Harry J Allstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J_Allstars"},{"link_name":"The Liquidator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liquidator_(song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrow-2"},{"link_name":"Lee \"Scratch\" Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"The Upsetters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upsetters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munroe-5"},{"link_name":"The Upsetters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upsetters"},{"link_name":"Eastwood Rides Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwood_Rides_Again"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz-6"}],"text":"In the late 1940s, Bennett led his own band, the Val Bennett Orchestra.[1] Artists that played in Bennett's band included Jah Jerry Haynes,[2] Lloyd Knibb, and Ernest Ranglin, whose first professional experience was with this band.[1] The Val Bennett Orchestra performed regularly at the Colony Club, performing mainly for foreign visitors to Jamaica.[3] The band also toured abroad, performing in countries including Haiti, where they picked up méringue and played it on their return to Jamaica.In the early to mid-1960s, Bennett was a regular member of Prince Buster's band, playing on many of the singer's best-known recordings, including \"Al Capone\".[2] Bennett was also a regular studio session musician, appearing on many releases from artists including Theophilus Beckford, Pat Kelly, Barrington Levy, and Delroy Wilson.[1] Bennett's session work included saxophone, horn, and trombone.[1] In the late 1960s, Bennett joined Bunny Lee's \"All Stars\".[2]Notable tracks by Bennett include \"The Russians Are Coming\" (1968), a cover of \"Take Five\" by the Dave Brubeck Quartet,[4] which would later go on to be used as the theme tune to the British television series The Secret Life of Machines in the late-1980s; and \"Tons Of Gold\" (1970), with the Harry J Allstars, a version of their track \"The Liquidator\".[2] Bennett also worked for producer Lee \"Scratch\" Perry, and his Spaghetti Western-inspired \"Return of Django\", recorded with Perry's studio band The Upsetters was a major UK hit in 1969.[5] His track \"Baby Baby\" was also included on The Upsetters' album Eastwood Rides Again. Perry was the only producer to get Bennett to perform vocals, \"Baby Baby\" being one of these examples, the other being \"Barbara\".[6]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Island Records discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records_discography"},{"title":"Music of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20040329T060000-0500_57824_OBS_ERNIE_RANGLIN_.asp","external_links_name":"ERNIE RANGLIN: Making people happy with music"},{"Link":"http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20030224T000000-0500_40150_OBS_LEE__SCRATCH__PERRY_WINS_REGGAE_GRAMMY.asp","external_links_name":"Lee 'Scratch' Perry wins Reggae Grammy"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Val+Bennett","external_links_name":"Val Bennett discography at discogs.com"},{"Link":"http://www.roots-archives.com/artist/1340","external_links_name":"Val Bennett"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/55150033019311180008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmtXQQvbBBWrfPThKfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006114409","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0068778&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b800e4ac-4493-4a88-8f78-c207a90d67aa","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisexual_flowers | Plant reproductive morphology | ["1 Use of sexual terminology","2 Flowering plants","2.1 Basic flower morphology","2.2 Variations","2.3 Terminology","2.4 Outcrossing","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Parts of plant enabling sexual reproduction
Close-up of a flower of Schlumbergera (Christmas or Holiday Cactus), showing part of the gynoecium (the stigma and part of the style is visible) and the stamens that surround it
Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction.
Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction. Plants that are not flowering plants (green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions. Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection utilized this work to build his theory of evolution, which includes analysis of the coevolution of flowers and their insect pollinators.
Use of sexual terminology
Dioicous gametophytes of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In this species, gametes are produced on different plants on umbrella-shaped gametophores with different morphologies. The radiating arms of female gametophores (left) protect archegonia that produce eggs. Male gametophores (right) are topped with antheridia that produce sperm.
Plants have complex lifecycles involving alternation of generations. One generation, the sporophyte, gives rise to the next generation, the gametophyte asexually via spores. Spores may be identical isospores or come in different sizes (microspores and megaspores), but strictly speaking, spores and sporophytes are neither male nor female because they do not produce gametes. The alternate generation, the gametophyte, produces gametes, eggs and/or sperm. A gametophyte can be monoicous (bisexual), producing both eggs and sperm, or dioicous (unisexual), either female (producing eggs) or male (producing sperm).
In the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses, and hornworts), the sexual gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants (including cycads, conifers, flowering plants, etc.) the sporophyte is the dominant generation; the obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small. In bryophytes and ferns, the gametophytes are independent, free-living plants, while in seed plants, each female megagametophyte, and the megaspore that gives rise to it, is hidden within the sporophyte and is entirely dependent on it for nutrition. Each male gametophyte typically consists of two to four cells enclosed within the protective wall of a pollen grain.
The sporophyte of a flowering plant is often described using sexual terms (e.g. "female" or "male") based on the sexuality of the gametophyte it gives rise to. For example, a sporophyte that produces spores that give rise only to male gametophytes may be described as "male", even though the sporophyte itself is asexual, producing only spores. Similarly, flowers produced by the sporophyte may be described as "unisexual" or "bisexual", meaning that they give rise to either one sex of gametophyte or both sexes of the gametophyte.
Flowering plants
Basic flower morphology
Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimus
The flower is the characteristic structure concerned with sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). Flowers vary enormously in their structure (morphology). A perfect flower, like that of Ranunculus glaberrimus shown in the figure, has a calyx of outer sepals and a corolla of inner petals and both male and female sex organs. The sepals and petals together form the perianth. Next inwards there are numerous stamens, which produce pollen grains, each containing a microscopic male gametophyte. Stamens may be called the "male" parts of a flower and collectively form the androecium. Finally in the middle there are carpels, which at maturity contain one or more ovules, and within each ovule is a tiny female gametophyte. Carpels may be called the "female" parts of a flower and collectively form the gynoecium.
Each carpel in Ranunculus species is an achene that produces one ovule, which when fertilized becomes a seed. If the carpel contains more than one seed, as in Eranthis hyemalis, it is called a follicle. Two or more carpels may be fused together to varying degrees and the entire structure, including the fused styles and stigmas may be called a pistil. The lower part of the pistil, where the ovules are produced, is called the ovary. It may be divided into chambers (locules) corresponding to the separate carpels.
Variations
See also: Flower § Floral function
Alnus serrulata has unisexual flowers and is monoecious. A pair of maturing male-flower catkins are on the right; female catkins (of the previous year) on the left.
Ilex aquifolium has unisexual flowers and is dioecious. (Above and top right): A 'shoot' with flowers from a male plant; and a male flower enlarged, showing robust stamens with pollen; and showing a female-flower stigma, reduced and sterile. + (Below and bottom right): A shoot with flowers from a female plant; and a female flower enlarged, showing a robust stigma; and showing male-flower stamens (staminodes), reduced, sterile, and with no pollen.
A perfect flower has both stamens and carpels, and is described as "bisexual" or "hermaphroditic". A unisexual flower is one in which either the stamens or the carpels are missing, vestigial or otherwise non-functional. Each flower is either staminate (having only functional stamens and thus male), or carpellate or pistillate (having only functional carpels and thus female). If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on the same plant, the species is described as monoecious. If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on different plants, the species is described as dioecious. A 1995 study found that about 6% of angiosperm species are dioecious, and that 7% of genera contain some dioecious species.
Members of the birch family (Betulaceae) are examples of monoecious plants with unisexual flowers. A mature alder tree (Alnus species) produces long catkins containing only male flowers, each with four stamens and a minute perianth, and separate stalked groups of female flowers, each without a perianth. (See the illustration of Alnus serrulata.)
Most hollies (members of the genus Ilex) are dioecious. Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In Ilex aquifolium (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and a four-celled ovary. Since only female plants are able to set fruit and produce berries, this has consequences for gardeners. Amborella represents the first known group of flowering plants to separate from their common ancestor. It too is dioecious; at any one time, each plant produces either flowers with functional stamens but no carpels, or flowers with a few non-functional stamens and a number of fully functional carpels. However, Amborella plants may change their "sex" over time. In one study, five cuttings from a male plant produced only male flowers when they first flowered, but at their second flowering three switched to producing female flowers.
In extreme cases, almost all of the parts present in a complete flower may be missing, so long as at least one carpel or one stamen is present. This situation is reached in the female flowers of duckweeds (Lemna), which consist of a single carpel, and in the male flowers of spurges (Euphorbia) which consist of a single stamen.
The basic cases of sexuality of flowering plants.
A species such as Fraxinus excelsior, the common ash of Europe, demonstrates one possible kind of variation. Ash flowers are wind-pollinated and lack petals and sepals. Structurally, the flowers may be bisexual, consisting of two stamens and an ovary, or may be male (staminate), lacking a functional ovary, or female (carpellate), lacking functional stamens. Different forms may occur on the same tree, or on different trees. The Asteraceae (sunflower family), with close to 22,000 species worldwide, have highly modified inflorescences made up of flowers (florets) collected together into tightly packed heads. Heads may have florets of one sexual morphology – all bisexual, all carpellate or all staminate (when they are called homogamous), or may have mixtures of two or more sexual forms (heterogamous). Thus goatsbeards (Tragopogon species) have heads of bisexual florets, like other members of the tribe Cichorieae, whereas marigolds (Calendula species) generally have heads with the outer florets bisexual and the inner florets staminate (male).
Like Amborella, some plants undergo sex-switching. For example, Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit) expresses sexual differences at different stages of growth: smaller plants produce all or mostly male flowers; as plants grow larger over the years the male flowers are replaced by more female flowers on the same plant. Arisaema triphyllum thus covers a multitude of sexual conditions in its lifetime: nonsexual juvenile plants, young plants that are all male, larger plants with a mix of both male and female flowers, and large plants that have mostly female flowers. Other plant populations have plants that produce more male flowers early in the year and as plants bloom later in the growing season they produce more female flowers.
Terminology
The complexity of the morphology of flowers and its variation within populations has led to a rich terminology.
Androdioecious: having male flowers on some plants, bisexual ones on others.
Androecious: having only male flowers (the male of a dioecious population); producing pollen but no seed.
Androgynous: see bisexual.
Androgynomonoecious: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant, also called trimonoecious.
Andromonoecious: having both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant.
Bisexual: each flower of each individual has both male and female structures, i.e. it combines both sexes in one structure. Flowers of this kind are called perfect, having both stamens and carpels. Other terms used for this condition are androgynous, hermaphroditic, monoclinous and synoecious.
Dichogamous: having sexes developing at different times; producing pollen when the stigmas are not receptive, either protandrous or protogynous. This promotes outcrossing by limiting self-pollination. Some dichogamous plants have bisexual flowers, others have unisexual flowers.
Diclinous: see Unisexual.
Dioecious: having either only male or only female flowers. No individual plant of the population produces both pollen and ovules. (From the Greek for "two households". See also the Wiktionary entry for dioecious.)
Gynodioecious: having hermaphrodite flowers and female flowers on separate plants.
Gynoecious: having only female flowers (the female of a dioecious population); producing seed but not pollen.
Gynomonoecious: having both bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.
Hermaphroditic: see bisexual.
Homogamous: male and female sexes reach maturity in synchrony; producing mature pollens when stigma is receptive.
Imperfect: (of flowers) having some parts that are normally present not developed, e.g. lacking stamens. See also Unisexual.
Monoclinous: see bisexual.
Monoecious: In the commoner narrow sense of the term, it refers to plants with unisexual flowers which occur on the same individual. In the broad sense of the term, it also includes plants with bisexual flowers. Individuals bearing separate flowers of both sexes at the same time are called simultaneously or synchronously monoecious and individuals that bear flowers of one sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious. (From the Greek monos "single" + oikia "house". See also the Wiktionary entry for monoecious.)
Perfect: (of flowers) see bisexual.
Polygamodioecious: mostly dioecious, but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few bisexual flowers on the same plant.
Polygamomonoecious: see polygamous. Or, mostly monoecious, but also partly polygamous.
Polygamous: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Also called polygamomonoecious or trimonoecious. Or, with bisexual and at least one of male and female flowers on the same plant.
Protandrous: (of dichogamous plants) having male parts of flowers developed before female parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as male and then change to female or producing pollen before the stigmas of the same plant are receptive. (Protoandrous is also used.)
Protogynous: (of dichogamous plants) having female parts of flowers developed before male parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as female and then change to male or producing pollen after the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.
Subandroecious: having mostly male flowers, with a few female or bisexual flowers.
Subdioecious: having some individuals in otherwise dioecious populations with flowers that are not clearly male or female. The population produces normally male or female plants with unisexual flowers, but some plants may have bisexual flowers, some both male and female flowers, and others some combination thereof, such as female and bisexual flowers. The condition is thought to represent a transition between bisexuality and dioecy.
Subgynoecious: having mostly female flowers, with a few male or bisexual flowers.
Synoecious: see bisexual.
Trimonoecious: see polygamous and androgynomonoecious.
Trioecious: with male, female and bisexual flowers on different plants.
Unisexual: having either functionally male or functionally female flowers. This condition is also called diclinous, incomplete or imperfect.
Outcrossing
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Outcrossing, cross-fertilization or allogamy, in which offspring are formed by the fusion of the gametes of two different plants, is the most common mode of reproduction among higher plants. About 55% of higher plant species reproduce in this way. An additional 7% are partially cross-fertilizing and partially self-fertilizing (autogamy). About 15% produce gametes but are principally self-fertilizing with significant out-crossing lacking. Only about 8% of higher plant species reproduce exclusively by non-sexual means. These include plants that reproduce vegetatively by runners or bulbils, or which produce seeds without embryo fertilization (apomixis). The selective advantage of outcrossing appears to be the masking of deleterious recessive mutations.
The primary mechanism used by flowering plants to ensure outcrossing involves a genetic mechanism known as self-incompatibility. Various aspects of floral morphology promote allogamy. In plants with bisexual flowers, the anthers and carpels may mature at different times, plants being protandrous (with the anthers maturing first) or protogynous (with the carpels mature first). Monoecious species, with unisexual flowers on the same plant, may produce male and female flowers at different times.
Dioecy, the condition of having unisexual flowers on different plants, necessarily results in outcrossing, and probably evolved for this purpose. However, "dioecy has proven difficult to explain simply as an outbreeding mechanism in plants that lack self-incompatibility". Resource-allocation constraints may be important in the evolution of dioecy, for example, with wind-pollination, separate male flowers arranged in a catkin that vibrates in the wind may provide better pollen dispersal. In climbing plants, rapid upward growth may be essential, and resource allocation to fruit production may be incompatible with rapid growth, thus giving an advantage to delayed production of female flowers. Dioecy has evolved separately in many different lineages, and monoecy in the plant lineage correlates with the evolution of dioecy, suggesting that dioecy can evolve more readily from plants that already produce separate male and female flowers.
See also
Apomixis
Vegetative reproduction
Botany
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Flower
Evolutionary history of plants: Flowers
Flower: Development
Meiosis
References
Citations
^ Barrett, S.C.H. (2002). "The evolution of plant sexual diversity" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (4): 274–284. doi:10.1038/nrg776. PMID 11967552. S2CID 7424193.
^ a b c d e Hickey, M. & King, C. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press.
^ Sporne 1974, pp. 14–15.
^ Whittemore, Alan T. "Ranunculus". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2013-03-04 – via www.eFloras.org.
^ Sporne 1974, pp. 125–127.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Beentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.
^ a b c d e Renner, S.S. & Ricklefs, R.E. (1995). "Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants". American Journal of Botany. 82 (5): 596–606. doi:10.2307/2445418. JSTOR 2445418.
^ a b Stace 2010, pp. 292–296.
^ Stace 2010, p. 669.
^ Buzgo, Matyas; Soltis, Pamela S. & Soltis, Douglas E. (2004). "Floral Developmental Morphology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165 (6): 925–947. doi:10.1086/424024. S2CID 84793812.
^ Sporne 1974, pp. 15–16.
^ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc & Strother, John L. "Asteraceae". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2013-03-04 – via www.eFloras.org.
^ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc & Strother, John L. "Chichorieae". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2013-03-04 – via www.eFloras.org.
^ Strother, John L. "Calendula". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2013-03-04 – via www.eFloras.org.
^ Ewing, J.W. & Klein, R.M. (1982). "Sex Expression in Jack-in-the-Pulpit". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 109 (1): 47–50. doi:10.2307/2484467. JSTOR 2484467.
^ a b c Janick, J. (2010). Plant Breeding Reviews. Wiley. ISBN 9780470650028.
^ Stace, H.M. (1995). "Protogyny, Self-Incompatibility and Pollination in Anthocercis gracilis (Solanaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 43 (5): 451–459. doi:10.1071/BT9950451.
^ Baskauf, Steve (2002). "Sexual systems in angiosperms". Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
^ "Gynodioecious". Dictionary of Botany. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
^ G. J. H. Grubben (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9.
^ Cook 1968, p. 131.
^ Dinesh Kumar (20 August 2008). Definitional Glossary of Agricultural Terms. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-81-906757-4-1.
^ Geber, Monica A. (1999). Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-64597-7. p. 4
^ Testolin, R; Cipriani, G; Costa, G (May 1995). "Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia". Sexual Plant Reproduction. 8 (3). doi:10.1007/BF00242255. S2CID 25414438. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
^ Olson, Matthew S. & Antonovics, Janis (2000). "Correlation between male and female reproduction in the subdioecious herb Astilbe biternata (Saxifragaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 87 (6): 837–44. doi:10.2307/2656891. JSTOR 2656891. PMID 10860914.
^ Strittmatter, L.I.; Negrón-Ortiz, V. & Hickey, R.J. (2002). "Subdioecy in Consolea spinosissima (Cactaceae): breeding system and embryological studies". American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1373–1387. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1373. PMID 21665739.
^ Beentje, Henk (2016). The Kew Plant Glossary (second ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-604-9.
^ Bernstein, C. & Bernstein, H. (1991). Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-092860-6.
Sources
Cook, J. Gordon (1968). ABC of plant terms. Watford, UK: Merrow. OCLC 474319451.
Sporne, K.R. (1974). The Morphology of Angiosperms. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-120611-6.
Stace, Clive (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
Further reading
Darwin, Charles (1877). The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. London: J. Murray.
Linnaeus, Carl (1735). Systema Naturae.
Sattler, Rolf (1973). Organogenesis of Flowers: a Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1864-9.
External links
Media related to Plant reproductive morphology at Wikimedia Commons
Images of sexual systems in flowering plants at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlumbergera_04_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schlumbergera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlumbergera"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology"},{"link_name":"sexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barr02-1"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_alga"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"hornworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornwort"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"ovum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell"},{"link_name":"Christian Konrad Sprengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"biotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_component"},{"link_name":"abiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"theory of evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_evolution"},{"link_name":"coevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"pollinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"}],"text":"Close-up of a flower of Schlumbergera (Christmas or Holiday Cactus), showing part of the gynoecium (the stigma and part of the style is visible) and the stamens that surround itPlant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction.Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction.[1] Plants that are not flowering plants (green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions. Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection utilized this work to build his theory of evolution, which includes analysis of the coevolution of flowers and their insect pollinators.","title":"Plant reproductive morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marchantia_polymorpha_gametophytes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dioicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoicous"},{"link_name":"Marchantia polymorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantia_polymorpha"},{"link_name":"gametophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophore"},{"link_name":"archegonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archegonium"},{"link_name":"antheridia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridium"},{"link_name":"alternation of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyte"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"microspores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microspore"},{"link_name":"megaspores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaspore"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"monoicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoicous"},{"link_name":"bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytes"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"hornworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornwort"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"seed plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte"},{"link_name":"cycads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick01-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Dioicous gametophytes of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In this species, gametes are produced on different plants on umbrella-shaped gametophores with different morphologies. The radiating arms of female gametophores (left) protect archegonia that produce eggs. Male gametophores (right) are topped with antheridia that produce sperm.Plants have complex lifecycles involving alternation of generations. One generation, the sporophyte, gives rise to the next generation, the gametophyte asexually via spores. Spores may be identical isospores or come in different sizes (microspores and megaspores), but strictly speaking, spores and sporophytes are neither male nor female because they do not produce gametes. The alternate generation, the gametophyte, produces gametes, eggs and/or sperm. A gametophyte can be monoicous (bisexual), producing both eggs and sperm, or dioicous (unisexual), either female (producing eggs) or male (producing sperm).In the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses, and hornworts), the sexual gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants (including cycads, conifers, flowering plants, etc.) the sporophyte is the dominant generation; the obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small. In bryophytes and ferns, the gametophytes are independent, free-living plants, while in seed plants, each female megagametophyte, and the megaspore that gives rise to it, is hidden within the sporophyte and is entirely dependent on it for nutrition. Each male gametophyte typically consists of two to four cells enclosed within the protective wall of a pollen grain.The sporophyte of a flowering plant is often described using sexual terms (e.g. \"female\" or \"male\") based on the sexuality of the gametophyte it gives rise to. For example, a sporophyte that produces spores that give rise only to male gametophytes may be described as \"male\", even though the sporophyte itself is asexual, producing only spores. Similarly, flowers produced by the sporophyte may be described as \"unisexual\" or \"bisexual\", meaning that they give rise to either one sex of gametophyte or both sexes of the gametophyte.[2][page needed]","title":"Use of sexual terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flowering plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ranunculus_glaberrimus_labelled.jpg"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#perfect"},{"link_name":"Ranunculus glaberrimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus_glaberrimus"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_(botany)"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"carpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium"},{"link_name":"ovules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESporne197414%E2%80%9315-3"},{"link_name":"achene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA_127971-4"},{"link_name":"Eranthis hyemalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eranthis_hyemalis"},{"link_name":"follicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(botany)"},{"link_name":"locules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESporne1974125%E2%80%93127-5"}],"sub_title":"Basic flower morphology","text":"Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimusThe flower is the characteristic structure concerned with sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). Flowers vary enormously in their structure (morphology). A perfect flower, like that of Ranunculus glaberrimus shown in the figure, has a calyx of outer sepals and a corolla of inner petals and both male and female sex organs. The sepals and petals together form the perianth. Next inwards there are numerous stamens, which produce pollen grains, each containing a microscopic male gametophyte. Stamens may be called the \"male\" parts of a flower and collectively form the androecium. Finally in the middle there are carpels, which at maturity contain one or more ovules, and within each ovule is a tiny female gametophyte.[3] Carpels may be called the \"female\" parts of a flower and collectively form the gynoecium.Each carpel in Ranunculus species is an achene that produces one ovule,[4] which when fertilized becomes a seed. If the carpel contains more than one seed, as in Eranthis hyemalis, it is called a follicle. Two or more carpels may be fused together to varying degrees and the entire structure, including the fused styles and stigmas may be called a pistil. The lower part of the pistil, where the ovules are produced, is called the ovary. It may be divided into chambers (locules) corresponding to the separate carpels.[5]","title":"Flowering plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flower § Floral function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower#Floral_function"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagalder8139.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alnus serrulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_serrulata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hollyflowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilex aquifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel"},{"link_name":"staminodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminode"},{"link_name":"vestigial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecious"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RennRick95-7"},{"link_name":"Betulaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulaceae"},{"link_name":"Alnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStace2010292%E2%80%93296-8"},{"link_name":"Alnus serrulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"Ilex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex"},{"link_name":"Ilex aquifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStace2010669-9"},{"link_name":"Amborella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amborella"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuzgSoltSolt04-10"},{"link_name":"Lemna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESporne197415%E2%80%9316-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monoecy_dioecy_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus excelsior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStace2010292%E2%80%93296-8"},{"link_name":"homogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogamy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA_10074-12"},{"link_name":"Tragopogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragopogon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA_20701-13"},{"link_name":"Calendula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendula"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA_105062-14"},{"link_name":"Arisaema triphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisaema_triphyllum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EwinKlei82-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Variations","text":"See also: Flower § Floral functionAlnus serrulata has unisexual flowers and is monoecious. A pair of maturing male-flower catkins are on the right; female catkins (of the previous year) on the left.Ilex aquifolium has unisexual flowers and is dioecious. (Above and top right): A 'shoot' with flowers from a male plant; and a male flower enlarged, showing robust stamens with pollen; and showing a female-flower stigma, reduced and sterile. + (Below and bottom right): A shoot with flowers from a female plant; and a female flower enlarged, showing a robust stigma; and showing male-flower stamens (staminodes), reduced, sterile, and with no pollen.A perfect flower has both stamens and carpels, and is described as \"bisexual\" or \"hermaphroditic\". A unisexual flower is one in which either the stamens or the carpels are missing, vestigial or otherwise non-functional. Each flower is either staminate (having only functional stamens and thus male), or carpellate or pistillate (having only functional carpels and thus female). If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on the same plant, the species is described as monoecious. If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on different plants, the species is described as dioecious.[6] A 1995 study found that about 6% of angiosperm species are dioecious, and that 7% of genera contain some dioecious species.[7]Members of the birch family (Betulaceae) are examples of monoecious plants with unisexual flowers. A mature alder tree (Alnus species) produces long catkins containing only male flowers, each with four stamens and a minute perianth, and separate stalked groups of female flowers, each without a perianth.[8] (See the illustration of Alnus serrulata.)Most hollies (members of the genus Ilex) are dioecious. Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In Ilex aquifolium (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and a four-celled ovary.[9] Since only female plants are able to set fruit and produce berries, this has consequences for gardeners. Amborella represents the first known group of flowering plants to separate from their common ancestor. It too is dioecious; at any one time, each plant produces either flowers with functional stamens but no carpels, or flowers with a few non-functional stamens and a number of fully functional carpels. However, Amborella plants may change their \"sex\" over time. In one study, five cuttings from a male plant produced only male flowers when they first flowered, but at their second flowering three switched to producing female flowers.[10]In extreme cases, almost all of the parts present in a complete flower may be missing, so long as at least one carpel or one stamen is present. This situation is reached in the female flowers of duckweeds (Lemna), which consist of a single carpel, and in the male flowers of spurges (Euphorbia) which consist of a single stamen.[11]The basic cases of sexuality of flowering plants.A species such as Fraxinus excelsior, the common ash of Europe, demonstrates one possible kind of variation. Ash flowers are wind-pollinated and lack petals and sepals. Structurally, the flowers may be bisexual, consisting of two stamens and an ovary, or may be male (staminate), lacking a functional ovary, or female (carpellate), lacking functional stamens. Different forms may occur on the same tree, or on different trees.[8] The Asteraceae (sunflower family), with close to 22,000 species worldwide, have highly modified inflorescences made up of flowers (florets) collected together into tightly packed heads. Heads may have florets of one sexual morphology – all bisexual, all carpellate or all staminate (when they are called homogamous), or may have mixtures of two or more sexual forms (heterogamous).[12] Thus goatsbeards (Tragopogon species) have heads of bisexual florets, like other members of the tribe Cichorieae,[13] whereas marigolds (Calendula species) generally have heads with the outer florets bisexual and the inner florets staminate (male).[14]Like Amborella, some plants undergo sex-switching. For example, Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit) expresses sexual differences at different stages of growth: smaller plants produce all or mostly male flowers; as plants grow larger over the years the male flowers are replaced by more female flowers on the same plant. Arisaema triphyllum thus covers a multitude of sexual conditions in its lifetime: nonsexual juvenile plants, young plants that are all male, larger plants with a mix of both male and female flowers, and large plants that have mostly female flowers.[15] Other plant populations have plants that produce more male flowers early in the year and as plants bloom later in the growing season they produce more female flowers.[citation needed]","title":"Flowering plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dioecious"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janick-16"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janick-16"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"carpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"protandrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Protandrous"},{"link_name":"protogynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Protogynous"},{"link_name":"outcrossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stac95-17"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unisexual"},{"link_name":"Unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"Dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bask02-18"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dioecious"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dioecious"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grubben2004-20"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1968131-21"},{"link_name":"Unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unisexual"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"Monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecious"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unisexual"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick01-2"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar2008-22"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monoecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dioecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick01-2"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Polygamous"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick01-2"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gebe99-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hick01-2"},{"link_name":"dichogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dichogamous"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"dichogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dichogamous"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dioecious"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unisexual"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"dioecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dioecous"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OlsoAnto00-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StritNegrHick02-26"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bisexual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Polygamous"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"},{"link_name":"androgynomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Androgynomonoecious"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janick-16"},{"link_name":"Trioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioecy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje16-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beentje-6"}],"sub_title":"Terminology","text":"The complexity of the morphology of flowers and its variation within populations has led to a rich terminology.Androdioecious: having male flowers on some plants, bisexual ones on others.[6]\nAndroecious: having only male flowers (the male of a dioecious population); producing pollen but no seed.[16]\nAndrogynous: see bisexual.[6]\nAndrogynomonoecious: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant, also called trimonoecious.[16]\nAndromonoecious: having both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant.[6]\nBisexual: each flower of each individual has both male and female structures, i.e. it combines both sexes in one structure.[6] Flowers of this kind are called perfect, having both stamens and carpels. Other terms used for this condition are androgynous, hermaphroditic, monoclinous and synoecious.\nDichogamous: having sexes developing at different times; producing pollen when the stigmas are not receptive,[6] either protandrous or protogynous. This promotes outcrossing by limiting self-pollination.[17] Some dichogamous plants have bisexual flowers, others have unisexual flowers.\nDiclinous: see Unisexual.[6]\nDioecious: having either only male or only female flowers.[6] No individual plant of the population produces both pollen and ovules.[18] (From the Greek for \"two households\". See also the Wiktionary entry for dioecious.)\nGynodioecious: having hermaphrodite flowers and female flowers on separate plants.[19]\nGynoecious: having only female flowers (the female of a dioecious population); producing seed but not pollen.[20]\nGynomonoecious: having both bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.[6]\nHermaphroditic: see bisexual.[6]\nHomogamous: male and female sexes reach maturity in synchrony; producing mature pollens when stigma is receptive.\nImperfect: (of flowers) having some parts that are normally present not developed,[21] e.g. lacking stamens. See also Unisexual.\nMonoclinous: see bisexual.[6]\nMonoecious: In the commoner narrow sense of the term, it refers to plants with unisexual flowers which occur on the same individual.[2] In the broad sense of the term, it also includes plants with bisexual flowers.[6] Individuals bearing separate flowers of both sexes at the same time are called simultaneously or synchronously monoecious and individuals that bear flowers of one sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious.[22] (From the Greek monos \"single\" + oikia \"house\". See also the Wiktionary entry for monoecious.)\nPerfect: (of flowers) see bisexual.[6]\nPolygamodioecious: mostly dioecious, but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few bisexual flowers on the same plant.[2]\nPolygamomonoecious: see polygamous.[6] Or, mostly monoecious, but also partly polygamous.[2]\nPolygamous: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant.[6] Also called polygamomonoecious or trimonoecious.[23] Or, with bisexual and at least one of male and female flowers on the same plant.[2]\nProtandrous: (of dichogamous plants) having male parts of flowers developed before female parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as male and then change to female or producing pollen before the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.[6] (Protoandrous is also used.)\nProtogynous: (of dichogamous plants) having female parts of flowers developed before male parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as female and then change to male or producing pollen after the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.[6]\nSubandroecious: having mostly male flowers, with a few female or bisexual flowers.[24]\nSubdioecious: having some individuals in otherwise dioecious populations with flowers that are not clearly male or female. The population produces normally male or female plants with unisexual flowers, but some plants may have bisexual flowers, some both male and female flowers, and others some combination thereof, such as female and bisexual flowers. The condition is thought to represent a transition between bisexuality and dioecy.[25][26]\nSubgynoecious: having mostly female flowers, with a few male or bisexual flowers.[citation needed]\nSynoecious: see bisexual.[6]\nTrimonoecious: see polygamous[6] and androgynomonoecious.[16]\nTrioecious: with male, female and bisexual flowers on different plants.[27]\nUnisexual: having either functionally male or functionally female flowers.[6] This condition is also called diclinous, incomplete or imperfect.","title":"Flowering plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outcrossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"higher plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"apomixis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bern91-28"},{"link_name":"self-incompatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plants"},{"link_name":"protandrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RennRick95-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RennRick95-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RennRick95-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RennRick95-7"}],"sub_title":"Outcrossing","text":"Outcrossing, cross-fertilization or allogamy, in which offspring are formed by the fusion of the gametes of two different plants, is the most common mode of reproduction among higher plants. About 55% of higher plant species reproduce in this way. An additional 7% are partially cross-fertilizing and partially self-fertilizing (autogamy). About 15% produce gametes but are principally self-fertilizing with significant out-crossing lacking. Only about 8% of higher plant species reproduce exclusively by non-sexual means. These include plants that reproduce vegetatively by runners or bulbils, or which produce seeds without embryo fertilization (apomixis). The selective advantage of outcrossing appears to be the masking of deleterious recessive mutations.[28]The primary mechanism used by flowering plants to ensure outcrossing involves a genetic mechanism known as self-incompatibility. Various aspects of floral morphology promote allogamy. In plants with bisexual flowers, the anthers and carpels may mature at different times, plants being protandrous (with the anthers maturing first) or protogynous (with the carpels mature first).[citation needed] Monoecious species, with unisexual flowers on the same plant, may produce male and female flowers at different times.[citation needed]Dioecy, the condition of having unisexual flowers on different plants, necessarily results in outcrossing, and probably evolved for this purpose. However, \"dioecy has proven difficult to explain simply as an outbreeding mechanism in plants that lack self-incompatibility\".[7] Resource-allocation constraints may be important in the evolution of dioecy, for example, with wind-pollination, separate male flowers arranged in a catkin that vibrates in the wind may provide better pollen dispersal.[7] In climbing plants, rapid upward growth may be essential, and resource allocation to fruit production may be incompatible with rapid growth, thus giving an advantage to delayed production of female flowers.[7] Dioecy has evolved separately in many different lineages, and monoecy in the plant lineage correlates with the evolution of dioecy, suggesting that dioecy can evolve more readily from plants that already produce separate male and female flowers.[7]","title":"Flowering plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darwin, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus, Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8020-1864-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-1864-9"}],"text":"Darwin, Charles (1877). The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. London: J. Murray.\nLinnaeus, Carl (1735). Systema Naturae.\nSattler, Rolf (1973). Organogenesis of Flowers: a Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1864-9.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Close-up of a flower of Schlumbergera (Christmas or Holiday Cactus), showing part of the gynoecium (the stigma and part of the style is visible) and the stamens that surround it","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Schlumbergera_04_ies.jpg/250px-Schlumbergera_04_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dioicous gametophytes of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In this species, gametes are produced on different plants on umbrella-shaped gametophores with different morphologies. The radiating arms of female gametophores (left) protect archegonia that produce eggs. Male gametophores (right) are topped with antheridia that produce sperm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Marchantia_polymorpha_gametophytes.jpg/250px-Marchantia_polymorpha_gametophytes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ranunculus_glaberrimus_labelled.jpg/450px-Ranunculus_glaberrimus_labelled.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alnus serrulata has unisexual flowers and is monoecious. A pair of maturing male-flower catkins are on the right; female catkins (of the previous year) on the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tagalder8139.jpg/170px-Tagalder8139.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ilex aquifolium has unisexual flowers and is dioecious. (Above and top right): A 'shoot' with flowers from a male plant; and a male flower enlarged, showing robust stamens with pollen; and showing a female-flower stigma, reduced and sterile. + (Below and bottom right): A shoot with flowers from a female plant; and a female flower enlarged, showing a robust stigma; and showing male-flower stamens (staminodes), reduced, sterile, and with no pollen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hollyflowers.jpg/300px-Hollyflowers.jpg"},{"image_text":"The basic cases of sexuality of flowering plants.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monoecy_dioecy_en.svg/459px-Monoecy_dioecy_en.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Apomixis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis"},{"title":"Vegetative reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"title":"Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"title":"Evolution of sexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction"},{"title":"Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"title":"Evolutionary history of plants: Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants#Flowers"},{"title":"Flower: Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower#Development"},{"title":"Meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"}] | [{"reference":"Barrett, S.C.H. (2002). \"The evolution of plant sexual diversity\" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (4): 274–284. doi:10.1038/nrg776. PMID 11967552. S2CID 7424193.","urls":[{"url":"http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/barrett/pdf/schb_189.pdf","url_text":"\"The evolution of plant sexual diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg776","url_text":"10.1038/nrg776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11967552","url_text":"11967552"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7424193","url_text":"7424193"}]},{"reference":"Hickey, M. & King, C. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whittemore, Alan T. \"Ranunculus\". Flora of North America. 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JSTOR 2445418.","urls":[{"url":"https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14619/","url_text":"\"Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2445418","url_text":"10.2307/2445418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2445418","url_text":"2445418"}]},{"reference":"Buzgo, Matyas; Soltis, Pamela S. & Soltis, Douglas E. (2004). \"Floral Developmental Morphology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae)\". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165 (6): 925–947. doi:10.1086/424024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_G._Honavar | Santosh G. Honavar | ["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Awards and honors","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Indian ophthalmologist
Santosh G. HonavarBornPune, Maharashtra, IndiaNationalityIndianAlma materBangalore Medical College and Research InstituteAIIMS DelhiWills Eye HospitalKnown forStudies on ocular oncologyAwards1990 Pfizer National Award1992 AIOS Col. Rangachari Gold Medal2000 ISO Young Scientist Award2001 APSOS Dr. Vengala Rao Award2001 APSOS Achievement Award2002 AAO Best of Show Award2002 AAO Achievement Award2006 AAO Best of Show Award2007 AIOS Dr. Siva Reddy International Award2009 AAO Senior Achievement Award2009 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize 2013: MA Matin Award, Bangladesh Academy of Ophthalmology,2013: Jerry Shields International Award, APAO; 2019: Distinguished Service Award, APAO; 2019: Peter Rogers Oration, RANZCO; 2019: Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2020: Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK.Scientific careerFieldsOphthalmologyInstitutionsL. V. Prasad Eye InstituteCentre for SightDoctoral advisorJerry A. ShieldsCarol ShieldsArun Singh
Santosh Gajanan Honavar is an Indian ophthalmologist and is currently the Honorary General Secretary of the All India Ophthalmological Society; Director of Medical Services (Centre for Sight Group); Director, Department of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty at Centre for Sight, Hyderabad; and Director, National Retinoblastoma Foundation. He was the Editor of the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology and Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports, the official journals of the All India Ophthalmological Society from 2017 to 2023.
A former head of the Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and Ocular Oncology and associate director at L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, he is known for his research on retinoblastoma. He is counted among the top 2% of world researchers and tops the list of researchers in Ophthalmology in India.
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2009.. Dr Honavar is the only Indian Ophthalmologist to receive the Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, London, UK.
Biography
Bangalore Medical College
Santosh Honavar, born in Pune in the Indian state Maharashtra to Bhavani Ganapi Melinkeri and Gajanan Narayan Honavar, graduated in medicine from Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute and did his post-graduate training and Senior Residency in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Glaucoma and Pediatric Ophthalmology at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi. Subsequently, he moved to the US to undergo advanced training at Wills Eye Hospital of Thomas Jefferson University where he had the opportunity to train under Jerry A. Shields, Carol Shields and Arun Singh. On his return to India, he continued to work with L. V. Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) where he strengthened the Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and founded Ocular Oncology Service, the first facility for ocular oncology in India. He rose to become the associate director of LVPEI and last held the position of the director of Patient Care Policies and Planning at LVPEI. Subsequently, he moved to Centre for Sight, Hyderabad (CFS) and heads the Department of Ocular Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery. He is also the director of National Retinoblastoma Foundation since 2013 and CFS Education, the educational and training division of Centre for Sight. He has been working in close association with the renowned oncologist Vijay Anand Reddy for over 20 years now, managing the entire spectrum of tumors of the eye and adnexa. In addition to his clinical responsibilities, Dr Honavar is currently the editor of Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, and Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports.
Legacy
Leukocoria in a child with retinoblastoma
Ocular oncology, especially retinoblastoma, has been the principal research area of Honavar and he is known to have contributed to the understanding and treatment of various tumors affecting the ocular surface and orbit. Working on retinoblastoma, he developed various therapeutic and management protocols which included high-dose and periocular chemotherapy, adjuvant therapy to mitigate the high risk of metastasis and multimodal management of orbital affection of the disease and he is reported to have treated over 2000 pediatric retinoblastoma patients with a success rate above of 85%. At L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, he was the first to perform intra-ocular brachytherapy procedure, along with Vijay Anand Reddy. His article can be found in online repositories such as Google Scholar and ResearchGate. Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others. He is a section editor for Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and is a member of the advisory committee of International Council of Ophthalmology. He serves as the scientific program coordinator of Oculoplastic Association of India and has also mentored research scholars in their studies. The invited speeches delivered by him include the BOPSS 2016 of the British Oculoplastic Surgery Society.
Awards and honors
Honavar, who held the ARVO-Santen International Fellowship in 1996 and Zeigler International Fellowship of Orbis International in 1999, is a recipient of the Pfizer National Award (1990) and the Col. Rangachari Gold Medal (1992) of the All India Ophthalmological Society.
The Indian Society of Oncology awarded him the Young Scientist Award in 2000 and he received two awards from the Andhra Pradesh State Ophthalmological Society in 2001 viz. Dr. Vengala Rao Award and Career Achievement Award.
He has received five honors from American Academy of Ophthalmology, the Best of Show Award in 2002, 2006 and 2010, Achievement Award in 2002, and the Senior Achievement Award in 2009. In between, he received the Dr. Siva Reddy International Award of All India Ophthalmological Society in 2007.
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2009.
He also delivered the Dr. Surya Prasad Rao Award Oration of the Andhra Pradesh State Ophthalmological Association in 2006.
MA Matin Award, Bangladesh Academy of Ophthalmology, 2013
Jerry Shields International Award, APAO, 2013
Distinguished Service Award, APAO, 2019
Peter Rogers Oration, RANZCO, 2019
In December, 2019, he was awarded the Life Achievement Honor Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, he's the first Indian to receive the award.
Dr Honavar is the only Indian to be bestowed upon the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK, 2020.
See also
Retinoblastoma protein
Coats' disease
Trilateral retinoblastoma
Pinealoblastoma
India portalMedicine portal
Notes
^ Long link – please select award year to see details
References
^ "View Bhatnagar Awardees". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ a b c d "Biography". Eye Cancer Network. 2017.
^ a b "Santosh G Honavar, MD, FACS" (PDF). Incredb. 2017.
^ a b "Dr. Santosh G Honavar on HBG". HBG Medical Assistance. 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Profile on Sehat". Sehat. 2017.
^ a b "1,500 new cases of RB detected in this year". Siasat Daily. 12 May 2014.
^ "Centre for Sight opens National Retinoblastoma Foundation in Hyderabad". PharmaBiz. 10 May 2013.
^ "Dr. Santosh G Honavar on Practo". Practo. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.
^ Taraprasad Das. Flights of a bumblebee: Journey in compassionate eye care. Notion Press. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-93-84878-29-0.
^ "Brief Profile of the Awardee". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2017.
^ "Achievements". drvijayanandreddy.com. 2017.
^ "On Google Scholar". Google Scholar. 2017.
^ "On ResearchGate". 2017.
^ Amar Agarwal (2007). Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Textbook and Atlas. SLACK Incorporated. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-55642-787-9.
^ Ashok Garg; Jorge L Alio (1 September 2010). Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology: Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-8448-817-3.
^ Ashok Garg (28 February 2010). Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology (Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery). Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-93-5025-727-2.
^ a b "Section editor". Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. 2017.
^ "Scientific Program Coordinator". Oculoplastic Association of India. 2017. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Armine-Garashishyan" (PDF). Eye Care Project. 2017.
^ "BOPSS 2016 Speakers biographies". British Oculoplastic Surgery Society. 2016.
^ "Medical Sciences". Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013.
External links
Lists of publications
On Google Scholar
On ResearchGate
"Santosh National Retinoblastoma Foundation Director At Retinoblastoma Awareness". YouTube video. HyBiz TV. 8 May 2014.
"Dr Santosh G Honavar Director CFS Group". YouTube video. HyBiz TV. 12 May 2014.
vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Medical Science1960s
R. B. Arora (1961)
Bal Krishan Anand (1963)
N. K. Dutta (1965)
V. Ramalingaswami (1965)
J. B. Chatterjea (1966)
R.J. Vakil (1966)
A. K. Basu (1967)
M. J. Thirumalachar (1967)
S. R. Mukherjee (1968)
Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth (1968)
S. Kalyanaraman (1969)
Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1969)
1970s
J. R. Talwar (1970)
O. M. Gulati (1971)
A. K. Maiti (1971)
N. R. Moudgal (1976)
1980s
P. R. Adiga (1980)
T. Desiraju (1980)
U. C. Chaturvedi (1981)
Indira Nath (1983)
J. N. Sinha (1984)
B. S. Srivastava (1984)
D. K. Ganguly (1985)
S. S. Agarwal (1986)
P. Seth (1986)
1990s
Maharaj Kishan Bhan (1990)
Shashi Wadhwa (1991)
U. N. Das (1992)
N. K. Mehra (1992)
G. P. Pal (1993)
K. B. Sainis (1994)
Y. D. Sharma (1994)
S. K. Panda (1995)
A. K. Tyagi (1995)
V. Ravindranath (1996)
S. K. Sarin (1996)
S. K. Gupta (1997)
Vijay Kumar (1997)
G. Balakrish Nair (1998)
Ch. Mohan Rao (1999)
2000s
Shahid Jameel (2000)
Birendra Nath Mallick (2001)
Sunil Pradhan (2002)
C. S. Dey (2003)
Anil Kumar Mandal (2003)
C. E. Chitnis (2004)
Javed Naim Agrewala (2005)
V. S. Sangwan (2006)
Pundi Narasimhan Rangarajan (2007)
Ravinder Goswami (2008)
Santosh G. Honavar (2009)
2010s
Mitali Mukerji (2010)
K. Narayanaswamy Balaji (2011)
Sandip Basu (2012)
Pushkar Sharma (2013)
Anurag Agrawal (2014)
Vidita Ashok Vaidya (2015)
Niyaz Ahmed (2016)
Amit Dutt (2017)
Deepak Gaur (2017)
Ganesan Venkatasubramanian (2018)
Dhiraj Kumar (2019)
Mohammad Javed Ali (2019)
2020s
Bushra Ateeq (2020)
Ritesh Agarwal (2020)
Jeemon Panniyammakal (2021)
Rohit Srivastava (2021)
Dipyaman Ganguly (2022)
Authority control databases: Academics
Google Scholar
ORCID
Scopus | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._V._Prasad_Eye_Institute"},{"link_name":"retinoblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma"},{"link_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View_Bhatnagar_Awardees-1"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Santosh Gajanan Honavar is an Indian ophthalmologist and is currently the Honorary General Secretary of the All India Ophthalmological Society; Director of Medical Services (Centre for Sight Group); Director, Department of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty at Centre for Sight, Hyderabad; and Director, National Retinoblastoma Foundation. He was the Editor of the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology and Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports, the official journals of the All India Ophthalmological Society from 2017 to 2023.A former head of the Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and Ocular Oncology and associate director at L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, he is known for his research on retinoblastoma. He is counted among the top 2% of world researchers and tops the list of researchers in Ophthalmology in India.The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2009.[1][note 1]. Dr Honavar is the only Indian Ophthalmologist to receive the Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, London, UK.","title":"Santosh G. Honavar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangalore_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute.png"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-3"},{"link_name":"Wills Eye Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Eye_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University"},{"link_name":"Jerry A. Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_A._Shields"},{"link_name":"Carol Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Shields_(ophthalmologist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santosh_G_Honavar,_MD,_FACS-4"},{"link_name":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._V._Prasad_Eye_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Santosh_G_Honavar_on_HBG-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile_on_Sehat-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1,500_new_cases_of_RB_detected_in_this_year-7"},{"link_name":"Vijay Anand Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Anand_Reddy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centre_for_Sight_opens_National_Retinoblastoma_Foundation_in_Hyderabad-8"}],"text":"Bangalore Medical CollegeSantosh Honavar, born in Pune in the Indian state Maharashtra to Bhavani Ganapi Melinkeri and Gajanan Narayan Honavar, graduated in medicine from Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute and did his post-graduate training and Senior Residency in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Glaucoma and Pediatric Ophthalmology at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.[2] Subsequently, he moved to the US to undergo advanced training at Wills Eye Hospital of Thomas Jefferson University where he had the opportunity to train under Jerry A. Shields, Carol Shields and Arun Singh.[3] On his return to India, he continued to work with L. V. Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) where he strengthened the Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and founded Ocular Oncology Service, the first facility for ocular oncology in India.[4] He rose to become the associate director of LVPEI and last held the position of the director of Patient Care Policies and Planning at LVPEI.[5] Subsequently, he moved to Centre for Sight, Hyderabad (CFS) and heads the Department of Ocular Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery.[6] He is also the director of National Retinoblastoma Foundation since 2013 and CFS Education, the educational and training division of Centre for Sight. He has been working in close association with the renowned oncologist Vijay Anand Reddy for over 20 years now, managing the entire spectrum of tumors of the eye and adnexa.[7] In addition to his clinical responsibilities, Dr Honavar is currently the editor of Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, and Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rb_whiteeye.PNG"},{"link_name":"Leukocoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocoria"},{"link_name":"retinoblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Santosh_G_Honavar_on_Practo-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Das-10"},{"link_name":"adjuvant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief_Profile_of_the_Awardee-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1,500_new_cases_of_RB_detected_in_this_year-7"},{"link_name":"brachytherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachytherapy"},{"link_name":"Vijay Anand Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Anand_Reddy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Achievements-12"},{"link_name":"Google Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-On_Google_Scholar-13"},{"link_name":"ResearchGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-On_ResearchGate-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agarwal2007-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GargAlio2010-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garg2010-17"},{"link_name":"International Council of Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Section_editor-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scientific_Program_Coordinator-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armine-Garashishyan-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOPSS_2016_Speakers_biographies-21"}],"text":"Leukocoria in a child with retinoblastomaOcular oncology, especially retinoblastoma, has been the principal research area of Honavar[8] and he is known to have contributed to the understanding and treatment of various tumors affecting the ocular surface and orbit.[2] Working on retinoblastoma,[9] he developed various therapeutic and management protocols which included high-dose and periocular chemotherapy, adjuvant therapy to mitigate the high risk of metastasis and multimodal management of orbital affection of the disease[10] and he is reported to have treated over 2000 pediatric retinoblastoma patients with a success rate above of 85%.[6] At L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, he was the first to perform intra-ocular brachytherapy procedure, along with Vijay Anand Reddy.[11] His article can be found in online repositories such as Google Scholar[12] and ResearchGate.[13] Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others.[14][15][16] He is a section editor for Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and is a member of the advisory committee of International Council of Ophthalmology.[17] He serves as the scientific program coordinator of Oculoplastic Association of India[18] and has also mentored research scholars in their studies.[19] The invited speeches delivered by him include the BOPSS 2016 of the British Oculoplastic Surgery Society.[20]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orbis International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbis_International"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Section_editor-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santosh_G_Honavar,_MD,_FACS-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Santosh_G_Honavar_on_HBG-5"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medical_Sciences-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Ophthalmology"}],"text":"Honavar, who held the ARVO-Santen International Fellowship in 1996 and Zeigler International Fellowship of Orbis International in 1999, is a recipient of the Pfizer National Award (1990) and the Col. Rangachari Gold Medal (1992) of the All India Ophthalmological Society.[17]\nThe Indian Society of Oncology awarded him the Young Scientist Award in 2000 and he received two awards from the Andhra Pradesh State Ophthalmological Society in 2001 viz. Dr. Vengala Rao Award and Career Achievement Award.[2]\nHe has received five honors from American Academy of Ophthalmology, the Best of Show Award in 2002, 2006 and 2010, Achievement Award in 2002, and the Senior Achievement Award in 2009.[3] In between, he received the Dr. Siva Reddy International Award of All India Ophthalmological Society in 2007.[4]\nThe Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2009.[21]\nHe also delivered the Dr. Surya Prasad Rao Award Oration of the Andhra Pradesh State Ophthalmological Association in 2006.[2]MA Matin Award, Bangladesh Academy of Ophthalmology, 2013\nJerry Shields International Award, APAO, 2013\nDistinguished Service Award, APAO, 2019\nPeter Rogers Oration, RANZCO, 2019\nIn December, 2019, he was awarded the Life Achievement Honor Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, he's the first Indian to receive the award.\nDr Honavar is the only Indian to be bestowed upon the Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK, 2020.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Long link – please select award year to see details","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Bangalore Medical College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bangalore_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute.png/235px-Bangalore_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute.png"},{"image_text":"Leukocoria in a child with retinoblastoma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rb_whiteeye.PNG/235px-Rb_whiteeye.PNG"}] | [{"title":"Retinoblastoma protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein"},{"title":"Coats' disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coats%27_disease"},{"title":"Trilateral retinoblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilateral_retinoblastoma"},{"title":"Pinealoblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinealoblastoma"},{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"}] | [{"reference":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx","url_text":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Eye Cancer Network. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eyecancercure.com/member/3722/santosh-g-honavar","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santosh G Honavar, MD, FACS\" (PDF). Incredb. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.incredb.org/cv/Honavar.pdf","url_text":"\"Santosh G Honavar, MD, FACS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Santosh G Honavar on HBG\". HBG Medical Assistance. 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330154607/http://hbgmedicalassistance.com/dr-santosh-g-honavar/","url_text":"\"Dr. Santosh G Honavar on HBG\""},{"url":"http://hbgmedicalassistance.com/dr-santosh-g-honavar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile on Sehat\". Sehat. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sehat.com/dr-santosh-honavar-eye-doctor-hyderabad","url_text":"\"Profile on Sehat\""}]},{"reference":"\"1,500 new cases of RB detected in this year\". Siasat Daily. 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.siasat.com/news/1500-new-cases-rb-detected-year-580340/","url_text":"\"1,500 new cases of RB detected in this year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centre for Sight opens National Retinoblastoma Foundation in Hyderabad\". PharmaBiz. 10 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=75278&sid=2","url_text":"\"Centre for Sight opens National Retinoblastoma Foundation in Hyderabad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Santosh G Honavar on Practo\". Practo. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170027/https://www.practo.com/hyderabad/doctor/dr-santosh-g-honavar-ophthalmologist","url_text":"\"Dr. Santosh G Honavar on Practo\""},{"url":"https://www.practo.com/hyderabad/doctor/dr-santosh-g-honavar-ophthalmologist","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taraprasad Das. Flights of a bumblebee: Journey in compassionate eye care. Notion Press. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-93-84878-29-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2IboBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176","url_text":"Flights of a bumblebee: Journey in compassionate eye care"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84878-29-0","url_text":"978-93-84878-29-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=125","url_text":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Achievements\". drvijayanandreddy.com. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drvijayanandreddy.com/achievements.html","url_text":"\"Achievements\""}]},{"reference":"\"On Google Scholar\". Google Scholar. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GKJxt3wAAAAJ&hl=en","url_text":"\"On Google Scholar\""}]},{"reference":"\"On ResearchGate\". 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Santosh_Honavar","url_text":"\"On ResearchGate\""}]},{"reference":"Amar Agarwal (2007). Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Textbook and Atlas. SLACK Incorporated. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-55642-787-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YGfUBRWDaPgC&pg=PP18","url_text":"Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Textbook and Atlas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55642-787-9","url_text":"978-1-55642-787-9"}]},{"reference":"Ashok Garg; Jorge L Alio (1 September 2010). Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology: Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-8448-817-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLdUEeD_u0C&pg=PR8","url_text":"Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology: Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8448-817-3","url_text":"978-81-8448-817-3"}]},{"reference":"Ashok Garg (28 February 2010). Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology (Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery). Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-93-5025-727-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ER9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12","url_text":"Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology (Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5025-727-2","url_text":"978-93-5025-727-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Section editor\". Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.lww.com/apjoo/Pages/editorialboard.aspx","url_text":"\"Section editor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scientific Program Coordinator\". Oculoplastic Association of India. 2017. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180830033340/http://opai.in/committee","url_text":"\"Scientific Program Coordinator\""},{"url":"http://www.opai.in/committee","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Armine-Garashishyan\" (PDF). Eye Care Project. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://eyecareproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Armine-Garashishyan-CV.pdf","url_text":"\"Armine-Garashishyan\""}]},{"reference":"\"BOPSS 2016 Speakers biographies\". British Oculoplastic Surgery Society. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bopss.co.uk/meetings/bopss-2016-glasgow/bopss-2016-speakers-bios/","url_text":"\"BOPSS 2016 Speakers biographies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Sciences\". Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm","url_text":"\"Medical Sciences\""},{"url":"http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Santosh National Retinoblastoma Foundation Director At Retinoblastoma Awareness\". YouTube video. HyBiz TV. 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqnJhRPSRnI","url_text":"\"Santosh National Retinoblastoma Foundation Director At Retinoblastoma Awareness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Santosh G Honavar Director CFS Group\". YouTube video. HyBiz TV. 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4EkaYE6Tkk","url_text":"\"Dr Santosh G Honavar Director CFS Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx","external_links_name":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\""},{"Link":"http://www.eyecancercure.com/member/3722/santosh-g-honavar","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.incredb.org/cv/Honavar.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Santosh G Honavar, MD, FACS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330154607/http://hbgmedicalassistance.com/dr-santosh-g-honavar/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Santosh G Honavar on HBG\""},{"Link":"http://hbgmedicalassistance.com/dr-santosh-g-honavar/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sehat.com/dr-santosh-honavar-eye-doctor-hyderabad","external_links_name":"\"Profile on Sehat\""},{"Link":"http://archive.siasat.com/news/1500-new-cases-rb-detected-year-580340/","external_links_name":"\"1,500 new cases of RB detected in this year\""},{"Link":"http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=75278&sid=2","external_links_name":"\"Centre for Sight opens National Retinoblastoma Foundation in Hyderabad\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170027/https://www.practo.com/hyderabad/doctor/dr-santosh-g-honavar-ophthalmologist","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Santosh G Honavar on Practo\""},{"Link":"https://www.practo.com/hyderabad/doctor/dr-santosh-g-honavar-ophthalmologist","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2IboBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176","external_links_name":"Flights of a bumblebee: Journey in compassionate eye care"},{"Link":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=125","external_links_name":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\""},{"Link":"http://www.drvijayanandreddy.com/achievements.html","external_links_name":"\"Achievements\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GKJxt3wAAAAJ&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"On Google Scholar\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Santosh_Honavar","external_links_name":"\"On ResearchGate\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YGfUBRWDaPgC&pg=PP18","external_links_name":"Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Textbook and Atlas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLdUEeD_u0C&pg=PR8","external_links_name":"Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology: Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ER9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12","external_links_name":"Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology (Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery)"},{"Link":"http://journals.lww.com/apjoo/Pages/editorialboard.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Section editor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180830033340/http://opai.in/committee","external_links_name":"\"Scientific Program Coordinator\""},{"Link":"http://www.opai.in/committee","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://eyecareproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Armine-Garashishyan-CV.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Armine-Garashishyan\""},{"Link":"https://www.bopss.co.uk/meetings/bopss-2016-glasgow/bopss-2016-speakers-bios/","external_links_name":"\"BOPSS 2016 Speakers biographies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm","external_links_name":"\"Medical Sciences\""},{"Link":"http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GKJxt3wAAAAJ&hl=en","external_links_name":"On Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Santosh-Honavar","external_links_name":"On ResearchGate"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqnJhRPSRnI","external_links_name":"\"Santosh National Retinoblastoma Foundation Director At Retinoblastoma Awareness\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4EkaYE6Tkk","external_links_name":"\"Dr Santosh G Honavar Director CFS Group\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GKJxt3wAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1050-773X","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7003887441","external_links_name":"Scopus"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Spanish_Language | AP Spanish Language and Culture | ["1 The course","2 The exam","3 Grade distribution","4 References"] | Advanced Placement course
This article is about the Advanced Placement Spanish Language course and exam. For the literature course and exam, see AP Spanish Literature and Culture.
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This article is part of a series onAdvanced Placement
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Advanced Placement (AP) Spanish Language and Culture (also known as AP Spanish Language, AP Spanish V, or AP Spanish) is a course and examination offered by the College Board in the United States education system as part of the Advanced Placement Program.
The course
This course is primarily a comprehensive review of all previous knowledge pertaining to the Spanish language. This class builds upon the skills developed within introductory and intermediate Spanish classes by applying each skill to a specific, contemporary context; common themes include health, education, careers, literature, history, family, relationships, and the environment. Students also strive to refine their skills in writing, reading, speaking, and understanding spoken Spanish. Students concentrate on developing proficiency in such skills, specifically in preparation for the AP Spanish Language examination. In addition, the course emphasizes mastery of linguistic competencies at a very high level of proficiency.
Despite the best attempts by the College Board, the AP Spanish Language curriculum is very fluid. Individual teachers can choose to present the material in a variety of ways. Because teachers inherently have different methods of pedagogy, issues arise that pertain to the necessity of a standardized Spanish curriculum for the exam. Since the Spanish language is so eclectic and can be tested in a plethora of manners, a more solidified curriculum covering specific vocabulary, verb forms and usages, expressions, and other facets of the language is hard to develop.
While some students may be concerned about their ability to demonstrate proficiency in an assessment that native speakers of Spanish also take, only the scores of students who study Spanish as a second language are factored in when creating the distribution curve of scores 1–5. Native speakers or heritage language speakers of Spanish are then compared to non-native distribution and assigned a score accordingly.
There are six AP themes in the course, and within each theme there are six contexts.
Themes
Contexts
Families and Communities
Customs and Values, Education Communities, Family Structure, Global Citizenship, Human Geography, Social Networking
Personal and Public Identities
Alienation and Assimilation, Heroes and Historical Figures, National and Ethnic Identities, Personal Beliefs, Personal Interests, Self-Image
Beauty and Aesthetics
Architecture, Defining Beauty, Defining Creativity, Fashion and Design, Language and Literature, Visual and Performing Arts
Science and Technology
Access to Technology, Effects of Technology on Self and Society, Health Care and Medicine, Innovations, Natural Phenomena, Science and Ethics
Contemporary Life
Education and Careers, Entertainment, Travel and Leisure, Lifestyles, Relationships, Social Customs and Values
Global Challenges
Economic Issues, Environmental Issues, Philosophical Thought and Religions, Population and Demographics, Social Welfare, Social Conscience
The exam
As of May 2017, the exam, normally administered on a Tuesday morning in May, is divided into two sections with multiple parts each. Section One, Part A contains sections of reading comprehension, in which students read four different passages and then answer multiple-choice questions about them. This section is 40 minutes.
Section One, Part B contains readings with audio accompaniment and asks students multiple-choice questions to compare and contrast the two as well as synthesize each one individually. Section three contains audio presentations of approximately three minutes and has multiple-choice questions. The two sections combined are allotted 55 minutes.
In Section Two, Part A: Email Response, students respond to a formal e-mail with a short response and ask questions to the author. This section is 15 minutes.
In Section Two, Part A: Argumentative Essay, is a formal writing component takes the shape of a document-based question. Students must use two sources as well as listen to a recording to give a written answer to the question.
Section Two, Part B: Interpersonal Speaking, is an informal or formal speaking section, where students are expected to interact to a recorded dialogue, during which they have 20 seconds to answer each section.
Section Two, Part B: Presentational Speaking, asks students to give a formal oral presentation with a cultural comparison document and have four minutes to prepare and two minutes to record.
The test is approximately 3+1⁄2 hours in length.
Note: As of 2017, all audio responses must be digitally submitted online as a mp3 file. CD players are no longer accepted.
Section
Item Type
Number of Questions and % Weight of Final Score
Time
Section I
Multiple Choice
50%
95 minutes
Part A: Reading Section
Print Texts
30 questions
25%
40 minutes
Part B: Reading and Listening Section
Print and Audio Texts
35 questions
25%
55 minutes
Section II
Free Response
50%
90 minutes
Part A: Writing
Formal Writing: Email Response
1 prompt (12.5%)15 minutes
25%
70 minutes
Formal Writing: Argumentative Essay
1 prompt (12.5%)55 minutes
Part B: Speaking
Interpersonal Speaking(Simulated Conversation)
5-6 response prompts (12.5%)20 seconds to respond to each
25%
18 minutes
Presentational Speaking(Cultural Comparison)
1 prompt (12.5%)4 minutes to prepare, 2 minutes to respond
Grade distribution
Both tables range from 2014 and beyond since that is the last time the AP Spanish course and exam were changed.
The table below is the grade distribution combining both the native speakers and Standard Group:
Score
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
5
24.6%
27.4%
27.8%
19.5%
23.2%
24.9%
30.5%
17.3%
23.6%
24.3%
4
34.9%
35.1%
34.7%
34.8%
35.0%
34.6%
36.4%
39.7%
28.5%
30.0%
3
29.8%
27.5%
26.9%
34.2%
30.1%
29.5%
23.1%
33.0%
29.7%
29.6%
2
9.2%
8.7%
9.2%
10.0%
10.4%
9.3%
8.8%
16.5%
15.0%
13.5%
1
1.5%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
1.3%
1.7%
1.2%
3.5%
3.3%
2.7%
% of Scores 3 or Higher
89.3%
90.1%
89.4%
88.5%
88.3%
89.0%
90.0%
80.0%
81.7%
83.8%
Mean
3.72
3.79
3.78
3.61
3.68
3.72
3.86
3.41
3.54
3.60
Standard Deviation
0.98
0.98
1.00
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.06
1.10
1.08
Number of Students
135,341
144,561
155,258
168,307
159,351
187,133
168,998
148,486
155,931
164,434
The table below is the grade distribution from the Standard Group:
Score
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
5
18.5%
19.1%
19.4%
15.9%
16.5%
15.2%
17.0%
12.9%
15.5%
16.1%
4
33.2%
32.9%
32.2%
31.9%
31.8%
31.2%
37.1%
27.9%
27.5%
29.1%
3
32.9%
33.3%
32.4%
35.9%
34.6%
35.9%
30.1%
36.3%
35.4%
35.1%
2
12.6%
12.5%
13.7%
13.6%
14.6%
14.6%
13.6%
19%
18.1%
16.4%
1
2.8%
2.3%
2.2%
2.7%
2.5%
3.0%
2.2%
3.9%
3.5%
3.2%
% of Scores 3 or Higher
84.6%
85.2%
84.0%
83.7%
82.9%
82.4%
84.2%
77.1%
78.4%
80.4%
Mean
3.52
3.54
3.53
3.45
3.45
3.41
3.53
3.27
3.33
3.39
Standard Deviation
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.03
1.05
1.04
Number of Students
41,627
47,188
50,753
54,839
58,909
59,243
55,905
50,916
48,717
46,503
On the other hand, when considering only native speakers, they tend to perform outstandingly well on their own due to being already fluent in the language. For example, in 2020 (the year when overall scores peaked in recent times), the percentage of native speakers who earned each score is as follows: 5 - 37.2%, 4 - 36.0%, 3 - 19.6%, 2 - 6.4%, and 1 - 0.7%. Based on these scores, 92.8% passed the exam, with nearly three quarters earning a 4 or 5, and the mean score for this demographic was 4.03.
References
^ "AP Spanish Language and Culture Course". AP Central. College Board. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
^ a b "AP Spanish Language and Culture Course and Exam Description, Effective 2020" (PDF). College Board. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
^ a b "AP Spanish Distributions 2014" (PDF).
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved June 3, 2024.
^ a b "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved June 3, 2024.
^ a b "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved June 3, 2024.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-06.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2022.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-06.
^ a b "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-06-28.
^ a b "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved June 3, 2024.
^ Total Registration. "2015 AP Exam Score Distributions". www.totalregistration.net. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2022.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2022.
^ a b "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2022.
^ "Student Score Distributions" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AP Spanish Literature and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Spanish_Literature_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"},{"link_name":"Advanced Placement Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement_Program"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the Advanced Placement Spanish Language course and exam. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Cha_Dal-rae%27s_Lover | Lady Cha Dal-rae's Lover | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Supporting","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"] | 2018 South Korean TV series
Lady Cha Dal-rae's LoverPromotional posterHangul차달래 부인의 사랑
GenreFamilyCreated byKBS Drama ProductionWritten byChoi Soon-sikDirected byKo Yang-takStarringHa Hee-raAhn Sun-youngKo Eun-miCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes100ProductionExecutive producersLee Myung-sukSohn Ok-hyunRunning time40 minutesProduction companyYein E&MOriginal releaseNetworkKBS2ReleaseSeptember 3, 2018 (2018-09-03) –January 18, 2019 (2019-01-18)
Lady Cha Dal-rae's Lover (Korean: 차달래 부인의 사랑; RR: Chadallae Buinui Sarang) is a 2018 South Korean morning soap opera. It aired on KBS2 from September 3, 2018.
This followed the last-ever TV Novel drama, Through the Waves. It marked the revival of the KBS2 morning drama format, nearly seven years after Pit-a-pat, My Love was replaced by the TV Novel series in 2011. Due to low ratings averaging 7.3%, the morning drama timeslot was quickly cancelled again, and was replaced by reruns of KBS1's daily dramas.
Plot
This is a drama which tells the life of three middle-aged woman who graduated from the same high school.
Cast
Main
Ha Hee-ra as Cha Jin-ok
Ahn Sun-young as Oh Dal-sook
Ko Eun-mi as Nam Mi-rae
Kim Eung-soo as Kim Bok-man
Kim Hyeong-beom as Tak Ho-se
Jung Wook as Kam Sun-ho
Supporting
Kim Ha-rim as Kim So-young
Ahn Jae-sung as Kim Dae-young
Kim Se-hee as Tak Il-ran
Kim Ji-in as Tak Yi-ran
Jun Ho-young as Kang Dong-hyun
Hong Il-kwon as Baek Hyun-woo
Kim Jung-min as Baek Ho
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2018
KBS Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actress in a Daily Drama
Ha Hee-ra
Won
Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama
Kim Eung-soo
Nominated
References
^ " 하희라, 7년 만에 부활하는 KBS 아침일일극 출연". Sports Donga (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
^ " "Cha Dal-rae's Love for His Wife" Hits the Weekend Circuit". Hancinema. Archived from the original on 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
^ Woo, Bin (January 1, 2019). 유동근 대상 "장미희 덕분인데 내가 왜..대하드라마 부활 기원" Donggeun Lee Grand Prize "Why am I ... thanks to Jang Mi-hee.]. Ten Asia (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019 – via Naver.
External links
Official website (in Korean) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"KBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"TV Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS_TV_Novel"},{"link_name":"Through the Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Waves"},{"link_name":"Pit-a-pat, My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pit-a-pat,_My_Love&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KBS1's daily dramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Korean_Broadcasting_System#KBS1_Monday_to_Friday_dramas_(20:25)"}],"text":"Lady Cha Dal-rae's Lover (Korean: 차달래 부인의 사랑; RR: Chadallae Buinui Sarang) is a 2018 South Korean morning soap opera. It aired on KBS2 from September 3, 2018.[1][2]This followed the last-ever TV Novel drama, Through the Waves. It marked the revival of the KBS2 morning drama format, nearly seven years after Pit-a-pat, My Love was replaced by the TV Novel series in 2011. Due to low ratings averaging 7.3%, the morning drama timeslot was quickly cancelled again, and was replaced by reruns of KBS1's daily dramas.","title":"Lady Cha Dal-rae's Lover"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a drama which tells the life of three middle-aged woman who graduated from the same high school.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ha Hee-ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Hee-ra"},{"link_name":"Ko Eun-mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Eun-mi"},{"link_name":"Kim Eung-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Eung-soo"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Ha Hee-ra as Cha Jin-ok\nAhn Sun-young as Oh Dal-sook\nKo Eun-mi as Nam Mi-rae\nKim Eung-soo as Kim Bok-man\nKim Hyeong-beom as Tak Ho-se\nJung Wook as Kam Sun-ho","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Ji-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ji-in"},{"link_name":"Kim Jung-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-min_(entertainer)"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Kim Ha-rim as Kim So-young\nAhn Jae-sung as Kim Dae-young\nKim Se-hee as Tak Il-ran\nKim Ji-in as Tak Yi-ran\nJun Ho-young as Kang Dong-hyun\nHong Il-kwon as Baek Hyun-woo\nKim Jung-min as Baek Ho","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"[단독] 하희라, 7년 만에 부활하는 KBS 아침일일극 출연\". Sports Donga (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2018-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000665911","url_text":"\"[단독] 하희라, 7년 만에 부활하는 KBS 아침일일극 출연\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084422/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000665911","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[New Movie] \"Cha Dal-rae's Love for His Wife\" Hits the Weekend Circuit\". Hancinema. Archived from the original on 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2018-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hancinema.net/new-movie-cha-dal-rae-s-love-for-his-wife-hits-the-weekend-circuit-121825.html","url_text":"\"[New Movie] \"Cha Dal-rae's Love for His Wife\" Hits the Weekend Circuit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084421/https://www.hancinema.net/new-movie-cha-dal-rae-s-love-for-his-wife-hits-the-weekend-circuit-121825.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Woo, Bin (January 1, 2019). [2018 KBS 연기대상] 유동근 대상 \"장미희 덕분인데 내가 왜..대하드라마 부활 기원\" [[2018 KBS Drama Awards] Donggeun Lee Grand Prize \"Why am I ... thanks to Jang Mi-hee.]. Ten Asia (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190101002757/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000364968","url_text":"[2018 KBS 연기대상] 유동근 대상 \"장미희 덕분인데 내가 왜..대하드라마 부활 기원\""},{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000364968","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000665911","external_links_name":"\"[단독] 하희라, 7년 만에 부활하는 KBS 아침일일극 출연\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084422/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000665911","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/new-movie-cha-dal-rae-s-love-for-his-wife-hits-the-weekend-circuit-121825.html","external_links_name":"\"[New Movie] \"Cha Dal-rae's Love for His Wife\" Hits the Weekend Circuit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084421/https://www.hancinema.net/new-movie-cha-dal-rae-s-love-for-his-wife-hits-the-weekend-circuit-121825.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190101002757/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000364968","external_links_name":"[2018 KBS 연기대상] 유동근 대상 \"장미희 덕분인데 내가 왜..대하드라마 부활 기원\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000364968","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://program.kbs.co.kr/2tv/drama/ladychadalraeslover/pc/index.html","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics | Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Olympics | ["1 Competitors","2 Athletics","3 Boxing","4 Cycling","4.1 Track","5 Sailing","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Sporting event delegationAntigua and Barbuda at the1988 Summer OlympicsIOC codeANTNOCThe Antigua and Barbuda Olympic Associationin SeoulCompetitors15 (12 men and 3 women) in 4 sportsFlag bearer Jocelyn JosephMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)1976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Antigua and Barbuda competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Fifteen competitors, twelve men and three women, took part in nineteen events in four sports.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sport
Men
Women
Total
Athletics
7
3
10
Boxing
2
–
2
Cycling
2
0
2
Sailing
1
0
1
Total
12
3
15
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Men
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
St. Clair Soleyne
100 m
11.17
8
did not advance
Alfred Browne
400 m
48.92
8
did not advance
Oral Selkridge
400 m hurdles
53.44
7
did not advance
Dale Jones
800 m
1:49.31
5
did not advance
1500 m
3:51.22
42
did not advance
Howard Lindsay
200 m
22.60
65
did not advance
St. Clair SoleyneAlfred BrowneHoward LindsayLarry Miller
4 × 100 m relay
41.18
6
did not advance
Howard LindsayAlfred BrowneOral SelkridgeLarry Miller
4 × 400 m relay
3:11.04
6
did not advance
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
James Browne
Long jump
7.67
17
did not advance
Women
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Laverne Bryan
800 m
2:12.18
7
did not advance
1500 m
4:39.73
26
did not advance
Jocelyn Joseph
200 m
23.57
4 Q
23.59
7
did not advance
Barbara Selkridge
400 m
55.96
7
did not advance
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
1 Round
2 Round
3 Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Lionel Francis
Bantamweight
Ndaba Dube (ZIM)L RSC-2
did not advance
Daryl Joseph
Welterweight
BYE
Adewale Adgebusi (NIG)L TKO-1
did not advance
Cycling
Main article: Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Two male cyclists represented Antigua and Barbuda in 1988.
Track
1000m time trial
Athlete
Event
Time
Rank
Nigel Neil Lloyd
Men's 1000m time trial
1:18.324
30
Men's Sprint
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Round 1
Repechage 1
Round 2
Repechage 2
Repechage Finals
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
TimeSpeed (km/h)
Rank
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h)
Rank
Ira Fabian
Men's sprint
12.817
25
did not advance
25
Omnium
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Nigel Neil Lloyd
Points race
DNF
did not advance
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Race
Score
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Eli Fuller
Lechner Division II
YMP
30
36
36
RET
34
24
228.0
31
See also
Antigua and Barbuda at the 1987 Pan American Games
References
^ "Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
^ Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Olympics
External links
Official Olympic Reports
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South KoreaAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
America
Antigua-Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Vincent-Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad-Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Burma
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
South Korea
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam
North Yemen
South Yemen
Europe
Andorra
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Finland
France
East Germany
West Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
Western Samoa
vteAntigua and Barbuda at the Summer Olympics1976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Antigua and Barbuda did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott.
This article related to sport in Antigua and Barbuda is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1988 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationAntigua and Barbuda competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Fifteen competitors, twelve men and three women, took part in nineteen events in four sports.[1]","title":"Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.[2]","title":"Competitors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men\nTrack & road eventsField eventsWomen\nTrack & road events","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two male cyclists represented Antigua and Barbuda in 1988.","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track","text":"1000m time trialMen's SprintOmnium","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Sailing"}] | [] | [{"title":"Antigua and Barbuda at the 1987 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_1987_Pan_American_Games"}] | [{"reference":"\"Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Games\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093203/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ANT/summer/1988/","url_text":"\"Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ANT/summer/1988/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093203/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ANT/summer/1988/","external_links_name":"\"Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ANT/summer/1988/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/countries/ANT/editions/22","external_links_name":"Antigua and Barbuda at the 1988 Summer Olympics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080522105330/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signum_University | Signum University | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Online university focusing on the humanities
Signum UniversityTypePrivate graduate schoolEstablished2012; 12 years ago (2012)PresidentCorey OlsenAcademic staff22Administrative staff10LocationBedford, New Hampshire, United StatesWebsitesignumuniversity.org
Signum University is a non-profit, online graduate school based in New Hampshire, granting the degree of Master of Arts in Language and Literature. Its founder and president is Corey Olsen.
Signum's master's degree program has four areas of concentration: Classic Literature, Tolkien Studies, Germanic Philology, and Imaginative Literature. Instruction is done entirely via the Internet, with a combination of the use of webinars, live and pre-recorded lectures, Google Classroom, and Google Groups.
Signum is one of the few universities to offer multiple courses in Tolkien Studies. In addition to founder Corey Olsen, the university also draws from other notable Tolkien scholars such as Tom Shippey, Verlyn Flieger, Douglas A. Anderson, John Garth, Michael D. C. Drout, and Dimitra Fimi. The Germanic philology program is also robust and growing.
History
Signum's beginning was with the launch of the "Tolkien Professor" podcast in 2009 by Corey Olsen, who was teaching at Washington College at the time. In 2011 its first credit classes were offered, and in 2012 the university was founded.
In 2018, Olsen announced that Signum University was to be formally entered for state certification via the New Hampshire Department of Education. Following some days of crowdfunding, they raised the $23,720 required, and later in 2018, it began the ascension process, announcing that the New Hampshire Department of Education had accepted the request for Signum University to do business in the state after facing a difficult vote in the New Hampshire legislature.
In 2021, Signum received authorization from the State of New Hampshire to grant the Master of Arts degree.
References
^ "A possible future of online higher ed, with a heavy dose of Tolkien and Beowulf". Granite geek.
^ "History of Signum".
^ "'Sci-Fi University' comes to Nashua". Nashua Telegraph.
^ "Help Cover Signum's Accreditation Application Costs". Signum University. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
^ a b "Signum University: NH Dept. of Ed. Announces Signum's Approval". Signum University. February 9, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
^ "New Hampshire General Court - Bill Status System". gencourt.state.nh.us. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
^ "New Hampshire Approves Sci-Fi and Fantasy Online College". New Hampshire Public Radio.
^ "Online college with J.R.R. Tolkien emphasis faces a tough vote in N.H. House". Granite geek.
^ "Sci-fi literature university seeks degree-granting authority". WCAX.
^ "Governor Chris Sununu Signs 23 Bills Into Law, Vetoes 2". Office of the Governor of New Hampshire.
^ "A Long-Desired Signature!".
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graduate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Corey Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Olsen"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Classic Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_book"},{"link_name":"Tolkien Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_research"},{"link_name":"Germanic Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Philology"},{"link_name":"Imaginative Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_fiction"},{"link_name":"webinars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webinar"},{"link_name":"Google Classroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Classroom"},{"link_name":"Google Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"Verlyn Flieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger"},{"link_name":"Douglas A. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson"},{"link_name":"John Garth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garth_(author)"},{"link_name":"Michael D. C. Drout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout"},{"link_name":"Dimitra Fimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Signum University is a non-profit, online graduate school based in New Hampshire, granting the degree of Master of Arts in Language and Literature. Its founder and president is Corey Olsen.Signum's master's degree program has four areas of concentration: Classic Literature, Tolkien Studies, Germanic Philology, and Imaginative Literature. Instruction is done entirely via the Internet, with a combination of the use of webinars, live and pre-recorded lectures, Google Classroom, and Google Groups.Signum is one of the few universities to offer multiple courses in Tolkien Studies. In addition to founder Corey Olsen, the university also draws from other notable Tolkien scholars such as Tom Shippey, Verlyn Flieger, Douglas A. Anderson, John Garth, Michael D. C. Drout, and Dimitra Fimi. The Germanic philology program is also robust and growing.[1]","title":"Signum University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Signum's beginning was with the launch of the \"Tolkien Professor\" podcast in 2009 by Corey Olsen, who was teaching at Washington College at the time. In 2011 its first credit classes were offered, and in 2012 the university was founded.[2][3]In 2018, Olsen announced that Signum University was to be formally entered for state certification via the New Hampshire Department of Education. Following some days of crowdfunding, they raised the $23,720 required,[4] and later in 2018, it began the ascension process,[5] announcing that the New Hampshire Department of Education had accepted the request for Signum University to do business in the state[5][6][7] after facing a difficult vote in the New Hampshire legislature.[8][9]In 2021, Signum received authorization from the State of New Hampshire to grant the Master of Arts degree.[10][11]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"A possible future of online higher ed, with a heavy dose of Tolkien and Beowulf\". 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Office of the Governor of New Hampshire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.governor.nh.gov/news-and-media/governor-chris-sununu-signs-23-bills-law-vetoes-2","url_text":"\"Governor Chris Sununu Signs 23 Bills Into Law, Vetoes 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Long-Desired Signature!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://signumuniversity.org/news/a-long-desired-signature/","url_text":"\"A Long-Desired Signature!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://signumuniversity.org/","external_links_name":"signumuniversity.org"},{"Link":"https://granitegeek.concordmonitor.com/2019/01/29/a-possible-future-of-online-higher-ed-with-a-heavy-dose-of-tolkien-and-beowulf/","external_links_name":"\"A possible future of online higher ed, with a heavy dose of Tolkien and Beowulf\""},{"Link":"https://signumuniversity.org/history-of-signum/","external_links_name":"\"History of Signum\""},{"Link":"https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/local-news/2019/02/13/sci-fi-university-comes-to-nashua/","external_links_name":"\"'Sci-Fi University' comes to Nashua\""},{"Link":"https://signumuniversity.org/fund/donate/credentials/","external_links_name":"\"Help Cover Signum's Accreditation Application Costs\""},{"Link":"https://signumuniversity.org/news/nh-dept-of-ed-announces-signums-approval/","external_links_name":"\"Signum University: NH Dept. of Ed. 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House\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcax.com/content/news/Sci-fi-literature-university-seeks-degree-granting-authority-507039671.html","external_links_name":"\"Sci-fi literature university seeks degree-granting authority\""},{"Link":"https://www.governor.nh.gov/news-and-media/governor-chris-sununu-signs-23-bills-law-vetoes-2","external_links_name":"\"Governor Chris Sununu Signs 23 Bills Into Law, Vetoes 2\""},{"Link":"https://signumuniversity.org/news/a-long-desired-signature/","external_links_name":"\"A Long-Desired Signature!\""},{"Link":"http://signumuniversity.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell:_Operation_Barracuda | Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell | ["1 Games","1.1 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2002)","1.2 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow (2004)","1.3 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005)","1.4 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials (2006)","1.5 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent (2006)","1.6 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2010)","1.7 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist (2013)","1.8 Future","2 Novels","2.1 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2004)","2.2 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Operation Barracuda (2005)","2.3 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Checkmate (2006)","2.4 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Fallout (2007)","2.5 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2009)","2.6 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Endgame (2009)","2.7 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Blacklist: Aftermath (2013)","2.8 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall (2022)","2.9 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Dragonfire (2023)","3 Common elements","3.1 Plot and themes","3.2 Characters","3.3 Gameplay","4 Development and history","4.1 Origin","4.2 Graphics and technology","5 Reception","6 Other media","6.1 Film adaptation","6.2 Anime series adaptation","6.3 Radio drama","7 References","8 External links"] | Stealth video game series
"Splinter cell" redirects here. For the sleeper cell system, see Clandestine cell system.
This article is about the Splinter Cell video game series. For the first video game in the series, see Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (video game).
Video game seriesTom Clancy's Splinter CellGenre(s)Action-adventure, stealth, shooterDeveloper(s)Ubisoft MontrealUbisoft MilanUbisoft ShanghaiUbisoft TorontoGameloftRed Storm EntertainmentPublisher(s)UbisoftMicrosoft Game StudiosGameloftAspyr MediaPlatform(s)XboxMicrosoft WindowsPlayStation 2GameCubeGame Boy AdvanceMobile phoneN-GageOS XNintendo DSPlayStation PortableXbox 360WiiPlayStation 3iOSNintendo 3DSAndroidWindows PhoneWii UOculus QuestOculus RiftFirst releaseTom Clancy's Splinter CellNovember 17, 2002Latest releaseTom Clancy's Splinter Cell: BlacklistAugust 20, 2013
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell is a series of stealth action-adventure video games, the first of which was released in 2002, and their tie-in novels that were endorsed by Tom Clancy. The series follows Sam Fisher, a highly trained agent of a fictional black-ops sub-division within the NSA, dubbed "Third Echelon", as he overcomes his adversaries. Levels are created using Unreal Engine and emphasize light and darkness as gameplay elements. The series has been positively received, and was once considered to be one of Ubisoft's flagship franchises. The series had sold 19 million units by 2008. No further installments have been released since 2013. A remake of the first game was announced in December 2021. Some of the game's characters are featured in XDefiant.
Games
Release timeline2002Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell20032004Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow2005Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory2006Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double AgentTom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials2007200820092010Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction201120122013Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2002)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (video game)
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell was developed over a period of two years and developed by Ubisoft Montreal with original publishing by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox as an exclusive title. Later in 2003, Ubisoft ported the game to Microsoft Windows, Mac, PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance. Inspired by the Metal Gear series, it uses an Unreal Engine 2 that was modified to allow light-and-dark based gameplay.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow (2004)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow
Pandora Tomorrow was developed by Ubisoft Shanghai and Ubisoft Milan and introduced multiplayer gameplay to the series. In single-player mode, the game AI adapts to adjust to the player's skill level. Unlike other games in the series, which generally lean towards information-based threats, the plot of Pandora Tomorrow focuses on biological warfare, in which an Indonesian terrorist group threatens to infect people with the smallpox virus. Fisher is also given new abilities like SWAT turns and whistling to attract enemies' attention. It also introduced a revolutionary new online mode called spies versus mercenaries, in which one team would play from a 3rd person perspective on the spy team, and the more guns-blazing first-person perspective of the mercenaries.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory
Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Milan were again responsible for the third game in the series, Chaos Theory. It adds a cooperative multiplayer mode. Originally announced to be released in Fall 2004, its initial releases were made at the end of March 2005. The Unreal Engine was heavily modified, this time from version 2.5. The game includes a number of new features, including adding a combat knife to the player's inventory. Maps are also more open with multiple ways of achieving the end goal.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials (2006)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials
Essentials extends the Splinter Cell series to the PSP platform. Through a series of flashback missions, the player learns more about Fisher's backstory. The game was less positively received critically than previous installments, with criticism aimed at the control mechanics and the multiplayer mode.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent (2006)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent
For the series' fourth installment, Double Agent, two separate versions were created, one for generation six consoles and the Wii, and the other for Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, and PlayStation 3. Double Agent features a "trust system" that presents the player with moral dilemmas. It is the first game in the series with a hub-like area, where Sam can explore and do objectives between missions. This is also the only game in the series to have different endings based on player decisions, but only one ending is considered canon.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2010)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction
Conviction was officially announced on May 23, 2007, when Ubisoft released a trailer for the game. The game was due for release on November 16, 2007. However, the game missed its initial launch date, and on May 19, 2008, it was reported that Conviction was "officially on hold" and that the game had been taken "back to the drawing board". Ubisoft announced that the game had been pushed back to the 2009–10 fiscal year. At E3 2009, the developers confirmed that the "new" Conviction had been in development since early 2008, commenting that "the gameplay has evolved a lot" and "the visual direction is simply much better". The game's release date was pushed back several times. On March 18, 2010, the demo was released for Xbox 360. Ubisoft wanted to make the fifth game more accessible, so Conviction was designed around the new core elements "Mark and Execute" and "Last Known Position", while stealth elements present in the previous games were omitted, such as the ability to whistle, lock pick, and hide bodies. Conviction uses a cover system and adds simple interrogation sequences to the series.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist (2013)
Main article: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist
Blacklist is the sixth installment in the series, developed by Ubisoft Toronto and was released on August 20, 2013. Blacklist boasts new features combining gameplay from Chaos Theory and Conviction. Series veteran Michael Ironside was replaced in his role as Sam Fisher by actor Eric Johnson. In the game, Fisher has been appointed as the commander of the new "Fourth Echelon", a clandestine unit that answers solely to the President of the United States. She has denied any existence of the agency and Fourth Echelon is working to stop a new terror plot, known as the 'Blacklist'. Fourth Echelon also has the secondary objective of stopping all operations in which Third Echelon is still running. Features returning include a moving "Mark and Execute", Fisher's signature goggles and a new knife, the Karambit, and the ability to perform "abduction" stealth melee takedowns.
Future
At E3 2017 regarding Splinter Cell, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stated: "I can't say much about that. But, for sure, all the Clancy games are taken care of. It's just we have quite a lot on our plate at the moment...ll the Clancy games are really coming along, so we are not forgetting Splinter Cell." Later in an Ask Me Anything Reddit post, he stated: "We don't have anything specific to share at the moment but teams are working on different things, so stay tuned for more."
In May 2019, Julian Gerighty, Ubisoft Creative Director, announced on his social media page that a game is currently in development. In his statement, he said he had been working on the game with Ubisoft Montreal creative director, Roman Campos-Oriola, and executive producer Dan Hay. However, Ubisoft later disputed this.
On 16 September 2020, it was announced at Facebook Connect that a virtual reality version of the series is coming exclusively to the Oculus VR platform, along with an Assassin's Creed game. They are set to be developed by Red Storm Entertainment. On July 21, 2022, the VR Splinter Cell game was cancelled.
In December 2021, Ubisoft revealed that they are developing a remake of the first game. In October 2022, David Grivel, the director of the game, left Ubisoft.
Novels
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2004)
Splinter Cell is the first installment of a series of novels based on the video game series. It was written by Raymond Benson under the pseudonym David Michaels. The plot follows Sam Fisher as he investigates a terrorist group called "The Shadows" and a related arms-dealing organization named "The Shop". Members of "The Shop" use inside information to attempt to kill "Third Echelon" members, including Fisher. Shortly after its publication in December 2004, it spent 3 weeks on the New York Times list of bestsellers. It also made it to the list of Wall Street Journal mass-market paperback bestsellers.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Operation Barracuda (2005)
In Operation Barracuda, which was released on November 1, 2005, Raymond Benson (again as David Michaels) continues the story of the first Splinter Cell novel. The book was also featured on the New York Times bestseller list.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Checkmate (2006)
For Checkmate, Grant Blackwood took over as author behind the David Michaels pseudonym, Benson having declared that he was "finished with Splinter Cell". Unlike the first two books, Checkmate is not written from the first person perspective of Fisher, nor does Checkmate continue the running subplots that were established in the previous book. This novel was released on November 7, 2006.
The book begins with a ship by the name of Trego sailing towards the American East Coast. Sam Fisher is called in from a training mission to disable the ship. After Fisher stops the ship from irradiating the American West Coast with nuclear waste, he is informed that a town by the name of Slipstone has been attacked with a radiological weapon and over 5,000 people are dead. These events lead Fisher to Ukraine, Iran, Dubai, and Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Fallout (2007)
On November 6, 2007, Fallout, was published, Blackwood's second Splinter Cell novel and the fourth in the series. Like the previous novel, it was written by Grant Blackwood, under the pseudonym David Michaels. The story follows Sam Fisher as he combats Islamic fundamentalists who have taken over the government of Kyrgyzstan.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2009)
Conviction is the tie-in novel to the game with the same name. It was published on November 3, 2009, and was written by Peter Telep under the name David Michaels. It was published by Berkley Books, under Penguin Group. The book follows Sam Fisher after the killing of Lambert. Fisher is on the run and has "gone rogue," as he is believed to be a treasonous agent. He is chased by a team of rookie Splinter Cells led by Ben Hansen.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Endgame (2009)
Endgame, published on December 1, 2009, is the counterpart to the Conviction novel. The plot runs parallel to the Conviction novel, but from the point of view of Fisher's antagonists. The story is told from the perspective of Ben Hansen and the rest of the team pursuing Fisher.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Blacklist: Aftermath (2013)
Published in October 2013, this tie-in novel takes place after the events of the video game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist. It involves Fisher and Fourth Echelon finding and rescuing a Russian billionaire who disobeyed orders from the Kremlin to release a computer virus against the United States. Aftermath is written by Peter Telep and the first in the series to be authored without the use of the David Michaels pseudonym.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall (2022)
Firewall was released on March 1 for Kindle and on March 15 for paperback. It was written by James Swallow and features Sam Fisher's daughter, Sarah, working alongside her father. The plot involves Fisher dealing with a cyberwarfare technology known as "Gordian Sword" which is capable of defeating any firewall and will be auctioned to the highest bidder regardless of their motives for using it. Fisher must stop the technology being used or sold before it falls into the hands of terrorists, criminals, or rogue states.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Dragonfire (2023)
Dragonfire was released on January 24 for Kindle and on the same day for paperback. It was written by James Swallow and it features Sam Fisher's daughter, Sarah, working alongside her father and Isaac Briggs. The plot involves Fisher working behind enemy lines in North Korea while his daughter searches for him all the while trying to expose the sinister scheme of the conspirators known as The Dragons.
Common elements
This article is missing information about fifth freedom. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (November 2018)
Plot and themes
The first game explains that "Splinter Cell" refers to an elite recon-type unit of single covert operatives (such as Sam Fisher) who are supported in the field by a high-tech remote team.
In the first three games (Splinter Cell, Pandora Tomorrow, Chaos Theory), terrorists are planning attacks, usually by use of information warfare, which Fisher, an operative for Third Echelon, a secret branch of the NSA, must prevent. The missions range from gathering intelligence to capturing and/or eliminating terrorists.
In the fourth game, Double Agent, Fisher assumes the identity of a wanted criminal in order to infiltrate a terrorist ring.
The fifth game, Conviction, begins immediately after Double Agent. Having abandoned Third Echelon, Fisher discovers that the death of his daughter Sarah had not been an accident (as had been purported at the beginning of Double Agent), leading him to strike out on his own in search of those responsible, until his investigation uncovers a conspiracy within his old agency.
In the sixth and most recent game, Blacklist, Third Echelon has been disbanded by the President of the United States. A new outfit, Fourth Echelon, is formed by the President and placed under the command of Fisher with the mission of stopping the 'Blacklist' attacks and the Engineers, the organization behind them. Blacklist deals with the morality of war and how far Fisher and his team go in order to prevent these plots against America.
Characters
The characters of the games, as well as the organization "Third Echelon", were created by J. T. Petty. The main recurring ones are:
Sam Fisher is the main protagonist of the series.
Irving Lambert, leader of "Third Echelon", serves as the player's guide by leading Fisher through the games' missions, until he is killed by Sam in Double Agent.
Anna "Grim" Grimsdóttír is portrayed as an official Third Echelon hacker and analyst, who helps Fisher when technical obstacles need to be overcome. In Conviction she takes over the role of guide from the deceased Lambert; her character also becomes the source of dramatic tension in the story. In Blacklist, she is the technical operations officer and butts heads with Sam over morality, ethics, and Fourth Echelon's operating parameters.
Sarah Fisher, Sam's daughter and sole family member. She was presumed to be killed in Double Agent, but Conviction revealed her murder to be a deception.
Gameplay
The encouraged way to progress through the games is to remain hidden, select non-obvious routes, and utilize diversions to pass guards. The first game in the series only features a single-player mode, Pandora Tomorrow introduces a two-on-two multiplayer mode. Chaos Theory further develops that mode and introduces a cooperative mode. Cooperative mode plays similarly to the single player mode, but adds situations that can only be overcome as a team. The cooperative storylines in Chaos Theory and the sixth generation version of Double Agent parallel those of Fisher's actions in the single-player modes, letting players act on information he obtained or provide support in the field.
Double Agent introduces a morality factor: Fisher may now encounter conflicting objectives between his superiors and the terrorists. For example, the terrorists may assign a mission to assassinate someone, while the NSA simultaneously instructs the player to prevent the assassination. This creates a delicate balancing act between gaining the trust of the terrorists and fulfilling the mission assignments. In addition, Fisher must not do anything to reveal to the terrorists that he is a double agent (such as let himself be seen with an NSA gadget), otherwise he will lose instantly.
Conviction utilises a much faster and more violent form of stealth action gameplay than previous games in the series. It retains the cooperative multiplayer mode of the two preceding games.
The weapons that Sam Fisher uses are based more accurately on current real-world weapons which behave accordingly and all weapons can be upgraded by a points system. This points system is secondary to the main storyline and is achievement based. These points may be used to add silencers, sights, upgraded ammo, laser targeting and other upgrades, with up to three upgrades per weapon.
This game provides an interactive mission update sequence that is built into the levels themselves. Instead of getting an objective-bar popup, the objective may appear in bold white text on the side of a building or in front of a barricade. This adds to the immersion and keeps the HUD uncluttered. The stealth element of the game allows Fisher to hide in the shadows and become almost invisible. Guards may be assassinated by unsuppressed or silenced weapons, gadgets, or hand-to-hand combat. After successfully completing a hand-to-hand kill, the player is provided with an 'execution' bonus, which allows the player to mark two to four targets (depending on the weapon selected) such as enemies or objects, and trigger the execution animation. Fisher will then dispatch all targets within a few seconds in an extraordinary fashion.
Interactive interrogation cutscenes where Fisher beats up a target for information do not require the player to do anything other than press . Though if the player happens to be near an interactive object like a television or table, Fisher may use that to alter the standard animation.
Development and history
Origin
Although the series features his name, Tom Clancy had little to no involvement in the development of any of the installments.
According to series producer Mathieu Ferland, the original game was developed so that Ubisoft's Montreal studio could demonstrate its full potential. After Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six and Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon, "special ops was the natural next step" for Clancy-endorsed games.
Graphics and technology
The first game in the series modified the Unreal Engine to allow the light-and-dark-based gameplay style. The other games continued this, using updated versions of the engine.
By the release of the latest game – Blacklist – the engine had been upgraded to the LEAD engine, a heavily modified version of the Unreal Engine 2.5. The game had active shadows on all consoles not simply as a graphical function – as in most games – but as a gameplay enhancer for the sake of the game's stealth features. This meant that more coding for the game was required and overall, required a powerful desktop computer in order to get the best clarity and performance.
Reception
Aggregate review scores
Game
Metacritic
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
(GBA) 77/100(GC) 89/100(PC) 91/100(PS2) 89/100(Xbox) 93/100
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow
(GBA) 68/100(GC) 78/100(PC) 87/100(PS2) 87/100(Xbox) 93/100
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory
(3DS) 53/100(GC) 81/100(NDS) 50/100(PC) 92/100(PS2) 87/100(Xbox) 94/100
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials
(PSP) 58/100
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent
(GC) 64/100(PC) 80/100(PS2) 84/100(PS3) 78/100(Wii) 61/100(Xbox) 89/100(X360) 85/100
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction
(PC) 83/100(X360) 85/100
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist
(PC) 82/100(PS3) 84/100(WIIU) 75/100(X360) 82/100
By the end of 2004, sales of the Splinter Cell series totaled 9.6 million units. By October 2005, the series' global sales had surpassed 12.5 million units. By May 2008, the series had sold 19 million units.
Other media
Film adaptation
Originally announced as a special feature on Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, a film adaptation for the series was confirmed to be in development, as early as 2005.
In 2011, Ubisoft announced that Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon, and Assassin's Creed were all planned to receive film adaptations. The company officially stated, "We want to keep ownership, retain control over the film content, and we're open to work with studios on the development of our projects, and eventually collaborate on the pre-casting, pre-budget and script." The following year, it was reported that Warner Bros. Pictures and Paramount Pictures were the front-runners bidding to make a Splinter Cell film. By November, it was announced that British actor Tom Hardy was cast as Sam Fisher, while Eric Warren Singer was hired as screenwriter. By 2013, Ubisoft announced that the film would be made by New Regency, with Basil Iwanyk signed on as producer through his production company, Thunder Road Films.
In March 2014, Doug Liman joined the production as director, with Jean-Julien Baronnet and David Bartis attached as producers. Later that month, Sheldon Turner was brought into the production team, to write a new draft of the script. Hardy told Collider in an interview that the studio was hoping to start filming that August. By June that year, Liman stated that both he and Hardy were working on the film's script, which would focus on a young Sam Fisher, in his prime as opposed to the portrayal of a seasoned spy in the video games. In October of the same year, Iwanyk stated that filming would start in early 2015.
In April 2015, Liman stepped down as director, with reports stating that the studio were talking with Joseph Kahn as his replacement. By July, Ubisoft hired Frank John Hughes to rewrite the film's script. In January 2017, Iwanyk confirmed that the script had been completed and sent to Hardy to read over. The producer explained that the film was intended to have its own style within the action movie genre, and that the production team was aiming to make an "edgy" PG-13 rated film.
Anime series adaptation
In late July 2020, streaming service company Netflix announced that an anime series adaptation is in the works. John Wick writer Derek Kolstad will be serving as executive producer on the series, while the animation will be created by Sun Creature and Fost.
Radio drama
A radio drama for BBC Radio 4 Limelight called Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall was released 2 December 2022 and was adapted by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and Paul Cornell from the novel of the same name by James Swallow. It is an eight part series that follows the plot of the novel of the same name. It was recorded with binaural audio which is ideal for a headphone listening experience. The main voice actors include Andonis Anthony as Sam Fisher (replacing Michael Ironside as the traditional voice actor for the character), as well as Will Poulter, Daisy Head, Rosalie Craig, Sacha Dhawan, and Nikesh Patel. Other actors include Mihai Arsene, Olga Fedori, Rina Mahoney, Roger Ringrose, Riad Richie, David Hounslow, Tijan Sarr, Tom Kiteley, Joe Belham, Ali Gadema, Lloyd Thomas, and Charis Jardim-Hinds.
References
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^ "Paperback Fiction". The New York Times. January 9, 2005.
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^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Endgame – Books by David Michaels – Penguin Group (USA)". Us.penguingroup.com. December 1, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
^ "'Firewall: A Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Novel' Launches March 15". Ubisoft. January 6, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
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^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ "2004/05 Third-Quarter Sales: €186 Million Record Sales Projected for the Fourth Quarter: >€220 Million 2005/06: Increased Growth and Profitability" (Press release). Ubisoft. January 20, 2005. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017.
^ "Ubisoft Announces Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 4" (Press release). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Ubisoft. October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017.
^ Keslassy, Elsa; Hopewell, John (May 15, 2011). "Gallic vidgamer Ubisoft lines up 3 features". Variety. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 15, 2012). "Ubisoft Vidgame 'Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell' In Play For Film".
^ Scott Collura (November 14, 2012). "Tom Hardy to Play Sam Fisher in Splinter Cell Movie". IGN. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
^ Adam Chitwood (November 14, 2012). "Exclusive: Screenwriter Eric Singer to Adapt SPLINTER CELL for Ubisoft". Collider. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 10, 2013). "New Regency, Ubisoft Set Producer Basil Iwanyk To Steer 'Splinter Cell'".
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^ "New Regency & Ubisoft Hire 'Everest' Scribe Sheldon Turner For 'Splinter Cell'". deadline.com.
^ "Tom Hardy and Director Steven Knight Talk LOCKE, BMW's Generosity, Low Loaders, SPLINTER CELL and More". Collider.
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Net Force Explorers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clandestine cell system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"stealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_game"},{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"},{"link_name":"black-ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_operation"},{"link_name":"NSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"Unreal Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine"},{"link_name":"Ubisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contributor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"XDefiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDefiant"}],"text":"\"Splinter cell\" redirects here. For the sleeper cell system, see Clandestine cell system.This article is about the Splinter Cell video game series. For the first video game in the series, see Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (video game).Video game seriesTom Clancy's Splinter Cell is a series of stealth action-adventure video games, the first of which was released in 2002, and their tie-in novels that were endorsed by Tom Clancy. The series follows Sam Fisher, a highly trained agent of a fictional black-ops sub-division within the NSA, dubbed \"Third Echelon\", as he overcomes his adversaries. Levels are created using Unreal Engine and emphasize light and darkness as gameplay elements. The series has been positively received, and was once considered to be one of Ubisoft's flagship franchises.[1] The series had sold 19 million units by 2008.[2] No further installments have been released since 2013.[3] A remake of the first game was announced in December 2021.[4] Some of the game's characters are featured in XDefiant.","title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubisoft Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Game Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Game_Studios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_Splinter_Cell-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Ubisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Metal Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venturebeat-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Unreal Engine 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine_2"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2002)","text":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell was developed over a period of two years and developed by Ubisoft Montreal with original publishing by Microsoft Game Studios[5][6] for the Xbox as an exclusive title. Later in 2003, Ubisoft ported the game to Microsoft Windows, Mac, PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance. Inspired by the Metal Gear series,[7][8][9] it uses an Unreal Engine 2 that was modified to allow light-and-dark based gameplay.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubisoft Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Milan"},{"link_name":"single-player mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player_video_game"},{"link_name":"game AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow (2004)","text":"Pandora Tomorrow was developed by Ubisoft Shanghai and Ubisoft Milan and introduced multiplayer gameplay to the series. In single-player mode, the game AI adapts to adjust to the player's skill level.[10][11] Unlike other games in the series, which generally lean towards information-based threats, the plot of Pandora Tomorrow focuses on biological warfare, in which an Indonesian terrorist group threatens to infect people with the smallpox virus. Fisher is also given new abilities like SWAT turns and whistling to attract enemies' attention. It also introduced a revolutionary new online mode called spies versus mercenaries, in which one team would play from a 3rd person perspective on the spy team, and the more guns-blazing first-person perspective of the mercenaries.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005)","text":"Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Milan were again responsible for the third game in the series, Chaos Theory. It adds a cooperative multiplayer mode.[12] Originally announced to be released in Fall 2004, its initial releases were made at the end of March 2005. The Unreal Engine was heavily modified, this time from version 2.5. The game includes a number of new features, including adding a combat knife to the player's inventory. Maps are also more open with multiple ways of achieving the end goal.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials (2006)","text":"Essentials extends the Splinter Cell series to the PSP platform. Through a series of flashback missions, the player learns more about Fisher's backstory. The game was less positively received critically than previous installments, with criticism aimed at the control mechanics and the multiplayer mode.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generation six consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(fiction)"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent (2006)","text":"For the series' fourth installment, Double Agent, two separate versions were created, one for generation six consoles and the Wii, and the other for Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, and PlayStation 3. Double Agent features a \"trust system\"[13] that presents the player with moral dilemmas. It is the first game in the series with a hub-like area, where Sam can explore and do objectives between missions. This is also the only game in the series to have different endings based on player decisions, but only one ending is considered canon.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"E3 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2009"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edgeinterview-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2010)","text":"Conviction was officially announced on May 23, 2007, when Ubisoft released a trailer for the game. The game was due for release on November 16, 2007.[14] However, the game missed its initial launch date, and on May 19, 2008, it was reported that Conviction was \"officially on hold\" and that the game had been taken \"back to the drawing board\".[15] Ubisoft announced that the game had been pushed back to the 2009–10 fiscal year. At E3 2009, the developers confirmed that the \"new\" Conviction had been in development since early 2008, commenting that \"the gameplay has evolved a lot\" and \"the visual direction is simply much better\".[16] The game's release date was pushed back several times.[17][18] On March 18, 2010, the demo was released for Xbox 360.[19] Ubisoft wanted to make the fifth game more accessible,[20] so Conviction was designed around the new core elements \"Mark and Execute\" and \"Last Known Position\", while stealth elements present in the previous games were omitted, such as the ability to whistle, lock pick, and hide bodies. Conviction uses a cover system and adds simple interrogation sequences to the series.[21]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubisoft Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Michael Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ironside"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"},{"link_name":"Eric Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Johnson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Karambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karambit"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist (2013)","text":"Blacklist is the sixth installment in the series, developed by Ubisoft Toronto and was released on August 20, 2013. Blacklist boasts new features combining gameplay from Chaos Theory and Conviction. Series veteran Michael Ironside was replaced in his role as Sam Fisher by actor Eric Johnson. In the game, Fisher has been appointed as the commander of the new \"Fourth Echelon\", a clandestine unit that answers solely to the President of the United States. She has denied any existence of the agency and Fourth Echelon is working to stop a new terror plot, known as the 'Blacklist'. Fourth Echelon also has the secondary objective of stopping all operations in which Third Echelon is still running. Features returning include a moving \"Mark and Execute\", Fisher's signature goggles and a new knife, the Karambit, and the ability to perform \"abduction\" stealth melee takedowns.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E3 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2017"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"Oculus VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_VR"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed"},{"link_name":"Red Storm Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Storm_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.ubisoft.com-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Future","text":"At E3 2017 regarding Splinter Cell, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stated: \"I can't say much about that. But, for sure, all the Clancy games are taken care of. It's just we have quite a lot on our plate at the moment...[A]ll the Clancy games are really coming along, so we are not forgetting Splinter Cell.\"[22] Later in an Ask Me Anything Reddit post, he stated: \"We don't have anything specific to share at the moment but teams are working on different things, so stay tuned for more.\"[23]In May 2019, Julian Gerighty, Ubisoft Creative Director, announced on his social media page that a game is currently in development. In his statement, he said he had been working on the game with Ubisoft Montreal creative director, Roman Campos-Oriola, and executive producer Dan Hay.[24] However, Ubisoft later disputed this.[25]On 16 September 2020, it was announced at Facebook Connect that a virtual reality version of the series is coming exclusively to the Oculus VR platform, along with an Assassin's Creed game. They are set to be developed by Red Storm Entertainment.[26] On July 21, 2022, the VR Splinter Cell game was cancelled.[27]In December 2021, Ubisoft revealed that they are developing a remake of the first game.[28] In October 2022, David Grivel, the director of the game, left Ubisoft.[29]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Raymond Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Benson"},{"link_name":"David Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michaels_(author)"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2004)","text":"Splinter Cell[30] is the first installment of a series of novels based on the video game series. It was written by Raymond Benson under the pseudonym David Michaels. The plot follows Sam Fisher as he investigates a terrorist group called \"The Shadows\" and a related arms-dealing organization named \"The Shop\". Members of \"The Shop\" use inside information to attempt to kill \"Third Echelon\" members, including Fisher. Shortly after its publication in December 2004, it spent 3 weeks on the New York Times list of bestsellers.[31] It also made it to the list of Wall Street Journal mass-market paperback bestsellers.[32]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Operation Barracuda (2005)","text":"In Operation Barracuda, which was released on November 1, 2005, Raymond Benson (again as David Michaels) continues the story of the first Splinter Cell novel. The book was also featured on the New York Times bestseller list.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grant Blackwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Blackwood"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"first person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Checkmate (2006)","text":"For Checkmate, Grant Blackwood took over as author behind the David Michaels pseudonym, Benson having declared that he was \"finished with Splinter Cell\".[33] Unlike the first two books, Checkmate is not written from the first person perspective of Fisher, nor does Checkmate continue the running subplots that were established in the previous book. This novel was released on November 7, 2006.The book begins with a ship by the name of Trego sailing towards the American East Coast. Sam Fisher is called in from a training mission to disable the ship. After Fisher stops the ship from irradiating the American West Coast with nuclear waste, he is informed that a town by the name of Slipstone has been attacked with a radiological weapon and over 5,000 people are dead. These events lead Fisher to Ukraine, Iran, Dubai, and Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Fallout (2007)","text":"On November 6, 2007, Fallout, was published, Blackwood's second Splinter Cell novel and the fourth in the series. Like the previous novel, it was written by Grant Blackwood, under the pseudonym David Michaels. The story follows Sam Fisher as he combats Islamic fundamentalists who have taken over the government of Kyrgyzstan.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Berkley Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2009)","text":"Conviction[34] is the tie-in novel to the game with the same name. It was published on November 3, 2009, and was written by Peter Telep under the name David Michaels. It was published by Berkley Books, under Penguin Group. The book follows Sam Fisher after the killing of Lambert. Fisher is on the run and has \"gone rogue,\" as he is believed to be a treasonous agent. He is chased by a team of rookie Splinter Cells led by Ben Hansen.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Endgame (2009)","text":"Endgame,[35] published on December 1, 2009, is the counterpart to the Conviction novel. The plot runs parallel to the Conviction novel, but from the point of view of Fisher's antagonists. The story is told from the perspective of Ben Hansen and the rest of the team pursuing Fisher.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell:_Blacklist"},{"link_name":"Peter Telep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Telep"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Blacklist: Aftermath (2013)","text":"Published in October 2013, this tie-in novel takes place after the events of the video game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist. It involves Fisher and Fourth Echelon finding and rescuing a Russian billionaire who disobeyed orders from the Kremlin to release a computer virus against the United States. Aftermath is written by Peter Telep and the first in the series to be authored without the use of the David Michaels pseudonym.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swallow"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall (2022)","text":"Firewall was released on March 1 for Kindle and on March 15 for paperback. It was written by James Swallow and features Sam Fisher's daughter, Sarah, working alongside her father.[36] The plot involves Fisher dealing with a cyberwarfare technology known as \"Gordian Sword\" which is capable of defeating any firewall and will be auctioned to the highest bidder regardless of their motives for using it. Fisher must stop the technology being used or sold before it falls into the hands of terrorists, criminals, or rogue states.[37]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swallow"}],"sub_title":"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Dragonfire (2023)","text":"Dragonfire was released on January 24 for Kindle and on the same day for paperback. It was written by James Swallow and it features Sam Fisher's daughter, Sarah, working alongside her father and Isaac Briggs. The plot involves Fisher working behind enemy lines in North Korea while his daughter searches for him all the while trying to expose the sinister scheme of the conspirators known as The Dragons.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"},{"link_name":"information warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare"}],"sub_title":"Plot and themes","text":"The first game explains that \"Splinter Cell\" refers to an elite recon-type unit of single covert operatives (such as Sam Fisher) who are supported in the field by a high-tech remote team.In the first three games (Splinter Cell, Pandora Tomorrow, Chaos Theory), terrorists are planning attacks, usually by use of information warfare, which Fisher, an operative for Third Echelon, a secret branch of the NSA, must prevent. The missions range from gathering intelligence to capturing and/or eliminating terrorists.In the fourth game, Double Agent, Fisher assumes the identity of a wanted criminal in order to infiltrate a terrorist ring.The fifth game, Conviction, begins immediately after Double Agent. Having abandoned Third Echelon, Fisher discovers that the death of his daughter Sarah had not been an accident (as had been purported at the beginning of Double Agent), leading him to strike out on his own in search of those responsible, until his investigation uncovers a conspiracy within his old agency.In the sixth and most recent game, Blacklist, Third Echelon has been disbanded by the President of the United States. A new outfit, Fourth Echelon, is formed by the President and placed under the command of Fisher with the mission of stopping the 'Blacklist' attacks and the Engineers, the organization behind them. Blacklist deals with the morality of war and how far Fisher and his team go in order to prevent these plots against America.","title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. T. Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Petty"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"The characters of the games, as well as the organization \"Third Echelon\", were created by J. T. Petty. The main recurring ones are:Sam Fisher is the main protagonist of the series.\nIrving Lambert, leader of \"Third Echelon\", serves as the player's guide by leading Fisher through the games' missions, until he is killed by Sam in Double Agent.\nAnna \"Grim\" Grimsdóttír is portrayed as an official Third Echelon hacker and analyst, who helps Fisher when technical obstacles need to be overcome. In Conviction she takes over the role of guide from the deceased Lambert; her character also becomes the source of dramatic tension in the story. In Blacklist, she is the technical operations officer and butts heads with Sam over morality, ethics, and Fourth Echelon's operating parameters.\nSarah Fisher, Sam's daughter and sole family member. She was presumed to be killed in Double Agent, but Conviction revealed her murder to be a deception.","title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first game in the series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Pandora Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell:_Pandora_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Chaos Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell:_Chaos_Theory"},{"link_name":"sixth generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(sixth_generation)"},{"link_name":"Double Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell:_Double_Agent"},{"link_name":"Conviction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_Cell:_Conviction"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"}],"sub_title":"Gameplay","text":"The encouraged way to progress through the games is to remain hidden, select non-obvious routes, and utilize diversions to pass guards. The first game in the series only features a single-player mode, Pandora Tomorrow introduces a two-on-two multiplayer mode. Chaos Theory further develops that mode and introduces a cooperative mode. Cooperative mode plays similarly to the single player mode, but adds situations that can only be overcome as a team. The cooperative storylines in Chaos Theory and the sixth generation version of Double Agent parallel those of Fisher's actions in the single-player modes, letting players act on information he obtained or provide support in the field.Double Agent introduces a morality factor: Fisher may now encounter conflicting objectives between his superiors and the terrorists. For example, the terrorists may assign a mission to assassinate someone, while the NSA simultaneously instructs the player to prevent the assassination. This creates a delicate balancing act between gaining the trust of the terrorists and fulfilling the mission assignments. In addition, Fisher must not do anything to reveal to the terrorists that he is a double agent (such as let himself be seen with an NSA gadget), otherwise he will lose instantly.Conviction utilises a much faster and more violent form of stealth action gameplay than previous games in the series. It retains the cooperative multiplayer mode of the two preceding games.\nThe weapons that Sam Fisher uses are based more accurately on current real-world weapons which behave accordingly and all weapons can be upgraded by a points system. This points system is secondary to the main storyline and is achievement based. These points may be used to add silencers, sights, upgraded ammo, laser targeting and other upgrades, with up to three upgrades per weapon.\nThis game provides an interactive mission update sequence that is built into the levels themselves. Instead of getting an objective-bar popup, the objective may appear in bold white text on the side of a building or in front of a barricade. This adds to the immersion and keeps the HUD uncluttered. The stealth element of the game allows Fisher to hide in the shadows and become almost invisible. Guards may be assassinated by unsuppressed or silenced weapons, gadgets, or hand-to-hand combat. After successfully completing a hand-to-hand kill, the player is provided with an 'execution' bonus, which allows the player to mark two to four targets (depending on the weapon selected) such as enemies or objects, and trigger the execution animation. Fisher will then dispatch all targets within a few seconds in an extraordinary fashion.\nInteractive interrogation cutscenes where Fisher beats up a target for information do not require the player to do anything other than press [Interrogate]. Though if the player happens to be near an interactive object like a television or table, Fisher may use that to alter the standard animation.","title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathieu Ferland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Ferland"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_gamespot_qna-38"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Ghost_Recon"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_gamespot_qna-38"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Although the series features his name, Tom Clancy had little to no involvement in the development of any of the installments.\nAccording to series producer Mathieu Ferland, the original game was developed so that Ubisoft's Montreal studio could demonstrate its full potential.[38] After Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six and Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon, \"special ops was the natural next step\" for Clancy-endorsed games.[38]","title":"Development and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unreal Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_gamespot_qna-38"}],"sub_title":"Graphics and technology","text":"The first game in the series modified the Unreal Engine to allow the light-and-dark-based gameplay style.[38] The other games continued this, using updated versions of the engine.By the release of the latest game – Blacklist – the engine had been upgraded to the LEAD engine, a heavily modified version of the Unreal Engine 2.5. The game had active shadows on all consoles not simply as a graphical function – as in most games – but as a gameplay enhancer for the sake of the game's stealth features. This meant that more coding for the game was required and overall, required a powerful desktop computer in order to get the best clarity and performance.","title":"Development and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales8-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales9-70"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contributor-2"}],"text":"By the end of 2004, sales of the Splinter Cell series totaled 9.6 million units.[69] By October 2005, the series' global sales had surpassed 12.5 million units.[70] By May 2008, the series had sold 19 million units.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_Cell:_Chaos_Theory"},{"link_name":"Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Ghost_Recon"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"New Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Regency"},{"link_name":"Thunder Road Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Road_Films"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Doug Liman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Liman"},{"link_name":"David Bartis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bartis"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Turner"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Sam Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fisher_(Splinter_Cell)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Frank John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_John_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Film adaptation","text":"Originally announced as a special feature on Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, a film adaptation for the series was confirmed to be in development, as early as 2005.In 2011, Ubisoft announced that Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon, and Assassin's Creed were all planned to receive film adaptations. The company officially stated, \"We want to keep ownership, retain control over the film content, and we're open to work with studios on the development of our projects, and eventually collaborate on the pre-casting, pre-budget and script.\"[71] The following year, it was reported that Warner Bros. Pictures and Paramount Pictures were the front-runners bidding to make a Splinter Cell film.[72] By November, it was announced that British actor Tom Hardy was cast as Sam Fisher,[73] while Eric Warren Singer was hired as screenwriter.[74] By 2013, Ubisoft announced that the film would be made by New Regency, with Basil Iwanyk signed on as producer through his production company, Thunder Road Films.[75]In March 2014, Doug Liman joined the production as director, with Jean-Julien Baronnet and David Bartis attached as producers.[76] Later that month, Sheldon Turner was brought into the production team, to write a new draft of the script.[77] Hardy told Collider in an interview that the studio was hoping to start filming that August.[78] By June that year, Liman stated that both he and Hardy were working on the film's script, which would focus on a young Sam Fisher, in his prime as opposed to the portrayal of a seasoned spy in the video games.[79] In October of the same year, Iwanyk stated that filming would start in early 2015.[80]In April 2015, Liman stepped down as director, with reports stating that the studio were talking with Joseph Kahn as his replacement.[81] By July, Ubisoft hired Frank John Hughes to rewrite the film's script.[82] In January 2017, Iwanyk confirmed that the script had been completed and sent to Hardy to read over. The producer explained that the film was intended to have its own style within the action movie genre, and that the production team was aiming to make an \"edgy\" PG-13 rated film.[83]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"John Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wick"},{"link_name":"Derek Kolstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Kolstad"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Anime series adaptation","text":"In late July 2020, streaming service company Netflix announced that an anime series adaptation is in the works. John Wick writer Derek Kolstad will be serving as executive producer on the series,[84] while the animation will be created by Sun Creature and Fost.[85]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastian Baczkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Baczkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Paul Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornell"},{"link_name":"James Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swallow"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-86"},{"link_name":"Michael Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ironside"},{"link_name":"Will Poulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Poulter"},{"link_name":"Daisy Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Head"},{"link_name":"Rosalie Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Craig"},{"link_name":"Sacha Dhawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Dhawan"},{"link_name":"Nikesh Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikesh_Patel"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-86"}],"sub_title":"Radio drama","text":"A radio drama for BBC Radio 4 Limelight called Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall was released 2 December 2022 and was adapted by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and Paul Cornell from the novel of the same name by James Swallow.[86] It is an eight part series that follows the plot of the novel of the same name. It was recorded with binaural audio which is ideal for a headphone listening experience. The main voice actors include Andonis Anthony as Sam Fisher (replacing Michael Ironside as the traditional voice actor for the character), as well as Will Poulter, Daisy Head, Rosalie Craig, Sacha Dhawan, and Nikesh Patel.[87] Other actors include Mihai Arsene, Olga Fedori, Rina Mahoney, Roger Ringrose, Riad Richie, David Hounslow, Tijan Sarr, Tom Kiteley, Joe Belham, Ali Gadema, Lloyd Thomas, and Charis Jardim-Hinds.[86]","title":"Other media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The making of Splinter Cell: Blacklist\". February 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/the-making-of-splinter-cell-blacklist/","url_text":"\"The making of Splinter Cell: Blacklist\""}]},{"reference":"Contributor, Matt Martin (May 28, 2008). \"Tom Clancy series tops 55 million units sold\". GamesIndustry.biz. 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Retrieved July 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/splinter-cell-exclusive-to-xbox-only-in-2002/1100-2898340/","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell exclusive to Xbox only in 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell an Xbox exclusive for 2002\". Eurogamer. May 24, 2002. Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/article_46033","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell an Xbox exclusive for 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"\"EGM's Final Milestone: The Legendary 200th Issue (Part 2)\". VentureBeat. September 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2009/09/20/egms-final-milestone-the-legendary-200th-issue-part-2/","url_text":"\"EGM's Final Milestone: The Legendary 200th Issue (Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Clint Hocking\". GameCritics. Retrieved November 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamecritics.com/thom-moyles/3651/","url_text":"\"Interview with Clint Hocking\""}]},{"reference":"Dyer, Mitch (February 3, 2014). \"House of Dreams: The Ubisoft Montreal Story\". IGN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/03/house-of-dreams-the-ubisoft-montreal-story","url_text":"\"House of Dreams: The Ubisoft Montreal Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Thorsen, Tor (January 5, 2004). \"Pandora Tomorrow to adopt adaptive AI – News at GameSpot\". Gamespot.com. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6086055.html","url_text":"\"Pandora Tomorrow to adopt adaptive AI – News at GameSpot\""}]},{"reference":"Surette, Tim (March 22, 2005). \"Splinter Cell Chaos Theory golden – News at GameSpot\". Gamespot.com. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6120913.html","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell Chaos Theory golden – News at GameSpot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Double Agent Review for Xbox 360\". GameSpot. October 17, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/splintercell4/review.html","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Double Agent Review for Xbox 360\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Richard (June 19, 2007). \"Ubisoft dates its winter titles\". Joystiq. Retrieved December 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbox.joystiq.com/2007/06/19/ubisoft-dates-its-winter-titles/","url_text":"\"Ubisoft dates its winter titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell Conviction \"back to the drawing board\"\". CVG. May 19, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=189247","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell Conviction \"back to the drawing board\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction escapes original gameplay, visual design\". Joystiq. September 22, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2008/09/22/rumor-splinter-cell-conviction-escapes-original-gameplay-visu/","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction escapes original gameplay, visual design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell delayed\". Eurogamer. January 14, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/sc-conviction-delayed-for-polish","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell delayed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction infiltrates April 13\". GameSpot. February 4, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6249491.html","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction infiltrates April 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Fajardo, Mark (March 18, 2010). \"Splinter Cell: Conviction Demo Now Available\". Just Push Start. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justpushstart.com/2010/03/18/splinter-cell-conviction-demo-now-available/","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction Demo Now Available\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Ivan (April 13, 2010). \"Ubisoft Felt Splinter Cell Was Too Hardcore' – Edge Magazine\". Next-gen.biz. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815200434/http://www.next-gen.biz/news/ubisoft-felt-splinter-cell-was-too-hardcore","url_text":"\"Ubisoft Felt Splinter Cell Was Too Hardcore' – Edge Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.next-gen.biz/news/ubisoft-felt-splinter-cell-was-too-hardcore","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction Review for Xbox 360\". GameSpot. April 13, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/tomclancyssplintercellconviction/review.html","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction Review for Xbox 360\""}]},{"reference":"Osborn, Alex (June 12, 2017). \"E3 2017: Ubisoft 'Not Forgetting Splinter Cell,' Says CEO\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/06/13/e3-2017-ubisoft-not-forgetting-splinter-cell-says-ceo","url_text":"\"E3 2017: Ubisoft 'Not Forgetting Splinter Cell,' Says CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"r/IAmA - I am Yves Guillemot, CEO and co-founder of Ubisoft, currently enjoying E3 2017. AMA!\". reddit. June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/6h1azu/i_am_yves_guillemot_ceo_and_cofounder_of_ubisoft/diuoya7","url_text":"\"r/IAmA - I am Yves Guillemot, CEO and co-founder of Ubisoft, currently enjoying E3 2017. AMA!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ubisoft creative director casually confirms a new Splinter Cell on Twitter\". May 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/splinter-cell/e3-2019","url_text":"\"Ubisoft creative director casually confirms a new Splinter Cell on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update: Ubisoft Says Creative Director Was 'Obviously Joking' when He Announced a New Splinter Cell Game\". Game Informer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/2019/05/14/update-ubisoft-says-creative-director-was-obviously-joking-when-he-announced-a-new","url_text":"\"Update: Ubisoft Says Creative Director Was 'Obviously Joking' when He Announced a New Splinter Cell Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"}]},{"reference":"\"Assassin's Creed and Splinter Cell coming to Oculus VR\". ubisoft.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/6GznsIJyxNpulUSMJNxLs2/assassins-creed-and-splinter-cell-coming-to-oculus-vr","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed and Splinter Cell coming to Oculus VR\""}]},{"reference":"Wales, Matt (July 21, 2022). \"Splinter Cell VR and Ghost Recon Frontline cancelled\". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved July 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/splinter-cell-vr-and-ghost-recon-frontline-cancelled","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell VR and Ghost Recon Frontline cancelled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network","url_text":"Gamer Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell Remake Begins Development at Ubisoft Toronto\". news.ubisoft.com. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/4adJLuhgYrPboHAPRfK7Oz/splinter-cell-remake-begins-development-at-ubisoft-toronto","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell Remake Begins Development at Ubisoft Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Splinter Cell remake's director has left Ubisoft\". VGC. October 16, 2022. 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Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780425231449,00.html","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Endgame – Books by David Michaels – Penguin Group (USA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Firewall: A Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Novel' Launches March 15\". Ubisoft. January 6, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/5lteHWbnqMKyzQRY6ekdXJ/firewall-a-tom-clancys-splinter-cell-novel-launches-march-15","url_text":"\"'Firewall: A Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Novel' Launches March 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall by James Swallow\". March 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aconytebooks.com/shop/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-firewall-by-james-swallow/","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall by James Swallow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Q&A\". October 2, 2002. Retrieved February 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox/action/splintercell/news.html?sid=2882240&mode=previews","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Q&A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell/critic-reviews/?platform=gamecube","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-pandora-tomorrow/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-pandora-tomorrow/critic-reviews/?platform=gamecube","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-pandora-tomorrow/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-pandora-tomorrow/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-pandora-tomorrow/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-chaos-theory/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-chaos-theory/critic-reviews/?platform=gamecube","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/tom-clancys-splinter-cell-chaos-theory/critic-reviews/?platform=ds","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Reviews\". Metacritic. 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Retrieved June 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/1177788-splinter-cell-far-cry-blood-dragon-animated-series-first-images","url_text":"\"Splinter Cell and Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon Animated Series Get First Images\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComingSoon.net","url_text":"ComingSoon.net"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Limelight, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001fn5w","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Limelight, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall set for BBC Radio 4\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-splinter-cell-firewall","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall set for BBC Radio 4\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/the-making-of-splinter-cell-blacklist/","external_links_name":"\"The making of Splinter Cell: Blacklist\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/tom-clancy-series-tops-55-million-units-sold","external_links_name":"\"Tom Clancy series tops 55 million units sold\""},{"Link":"https://www.ubisoft.com/en-US/company/overview.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ubisoft - Company / Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/a-splinter-cell-remake-has-officially-been-announced/","external_links_name":"\"A Splinter Cell remake has officially been announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/splinter-cell-exclusive-to-xbox-only-in-2002/1100-2898340/","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell exclusive to Xbox only in 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/article_46033","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell an Xbox exclusive for 2002\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2009/09/20/egms-final-milestone-the-legendary-200th-issue-part-2/","external_links_name":"\"EGM's Final Milestone: The Legendary 200th Issue (Part 2)\""},{"Link":"https://gamecritics.com/thom-moyles/3651/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Clint Hocking\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/03/house-of-dreams-the-ubisoft-montreal-story","external_links_name":"\"House of Dreams: The Ubisoft Montreal Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6086055.html","external_links_name":"\"Pandora Tomorrow to adopt adaptive AI – News at GameSpot\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2010%2F536480","external_links_name":"10.1155/2010/536480"},{"Link":"http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcgt/2010/536480.html","external_links_name":"http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcgt/2010/536480.html"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6120913.html","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell Chaos Theory golden – News at GameSpot\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/splintercell4/review.html","external_links_name":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell Double Agent Review for Xbox 360\""},{"Link":"http://xbox.joystiq.com/2007/06/19/ubisoft-dates-its-winter-titles/","external_links_name":"\"Ubisoft dates its winter titles\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=189247","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell Conviction \"back to the drawing board\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.joystiq.com/2008/09/22/rumor-splinter-cell-conviction-escapes-original-gameplay-visu/","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction escapes original gameplay, visual design\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/sc-conviction-delayed-for-polish","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell delayed\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/6249491.html","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction infiltrates April 13\""},{"Link":"http://www.justpushstart.com/2010/03/18/splinter-cell-conviction-demo-now-available/","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell: Conviction Demo Now Available\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815200434/http://www.next-gen.biz/news/ubisoft-felt-splinter-cell-was-too-hardcore","external_links_name":"\"Ubisoft Felt Splinter Cell Was Too Hardcore' – Edge Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.next-gen.biz/news/ubisoft-felt-splinter-cell-was-too-hardcore","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/tomclancyssplintercellconviction/review.html","external_links_name":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction Review for Xbox 360\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/06/13/e3-2017-ubisoft-not-forgetting-splinter-cell-says-ceo","external_links_name":"\"E3 2017: Ubisoft 'Not Forgetting Splinter Cell,' Says CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/6h1azu/i_am_yves_guillemot_ceo_and_cofounder_of_ubisoft/diuoya7","external_links_name":"\"r/IAmA - I am Yves Guillemot, CEO and co-founder of Ubisoft, currently enjoying E3 2017. 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Profitability\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170921073325/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-US/company/press/detail.aspx?id=33167","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ubisoft.com/en-US/company/press/detail.aspx?id=33099","external_links_name":"\"Ubisoft Announces Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170921075738/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-US/company/press/detail.aspx?id=33099","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118037076","external_links_name":"\"Gallic vidgamer Ubisoft lines up 3 features\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2012/06/ubisoft-vidgame-tom-clancys-splinter-cell-in-play-for-film-286777/","external_links_name":"\"Ubisoft Vidgame 'Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell' In Play For Film\""},{"Link":"https://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/11/14/tom-hardy-to-star-in-splinter-cell-movie?abthid=50a40aba473b498207000035","external_links_name":"\"Tom Hardy to Play Sam Fisher in Splinter Cell 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More\""},{"Link":"https://ign.com/articles/2014/06/01/splinter-cell-movie-a-great-take-on-series","external_links_name":"\"SPLINTER CELL MOVIE \"A GREAT TAKE\" ON SERIES\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/basil-iwanyk-john-wick-sicario-splinter-cell-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Producer Basil Iwanyk Talks JOHN WICK, Script Changes, Keanu Reeves, GODS OF EGYPT, SICARIO, CIVILIAN, SPLINTER CELL, and More\""},{"Link":"http://www.tracking-board.com/tb-exclusive-doug-liman-out-joseph-kahn-targeted-to-direct-tom-hardy-in-splinter-cell/","external_links_name":"\"{TB EXCLUSIVE} DOUG LIMAN OUT, JOSEPH KAHN TARGETED TO DIRECT TOM HARDY IN \"SPLINTER CELL\"\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2015/07/ubisoft-splinter-cell-tom-hardy-doug-liman-film-frank-john-hughes-1201473514/","external_links_name":"\"Ubisoft's 'Splinter Cell' Gets New Scribe For Tom Hardy Film: Comic Com\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/splinter-cell-movie-tom-hardy/#rating","external_links_name":"\"'Splinter Cell' Movie Aims to Distance Itself from Bond, Bourne, and Video Game Adaptations\""},{"Link":"https://chaospin.com/splinter-cell-anime-coming-netflix-john-wick-co-creator/","external_links_name":"\"'Splinter Cell' Anime Series From 'John Wick' Writer Derek Kolstad Set at Netflix (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/1177788-splinter-cell-far-cry-blood-dragon-animated-series-first-images","external_links_name":"\"Splinter Cell and Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon Animated Series Get First Images\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001fn5w","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Limelight, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-splinter-cell-firewall","external_links_name":"\"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Firewall set for BBC Radio 4\""},{"Link":"http://www.splintercell.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Lema | Martín Lema | ["1 Political career","2 President of the Chamber of Representatives","3 Minister of Social Development","4 References","5 External links"] | Uruguayan lawyer and politician
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Lema and the second or maternal family name is Perretta.Martín LemaMartín Lema in 2020.Minister of Social Development of UruguayIncumbentAssumed office 3 May 2021PresidentLuis Lacalle PouPreceded byPablo BartolPresident of the Chamber of Representatives of UruguayIn office15 February 2020 – 1 March 2021Preceded byCecilia BottinoSucceeded byAlfredo FrattiRepresentative of Uruguayfor MontevideoIncumbentAssumed office 15 February 2015
Personal detailsBornMartín Alejandro Lema Peretta (1982-09-06) 6 September 1982 (age 41)Montevideo, UruguayPolitical partyNational PartyAlma materUniversity of the RepublicOccupationLawyer and politician
Martín Alejandro Lema Perretta (born September 6, 1982) is a Uruguayan lawyer and politician of the National Party, serving as Minister of Social Development since May 3, 2021.
Lema was born in Jacinto Vera, Montevideo and attended Elbio Fernández School. Graduated from the University of the Republic, he served as Representative between 2015 and 2020. And from February 15, 2020, he served President of the Chamber of Representatives.
Political career
He began his political career in 2006 with the current President of the Republic, Luis Lacalle Pou. Two years later, on September 11, 2008, and accompanied by other young people, they founded the Montevideo 404 list. In the October 2014 election, he was elected National Representative for Montevideo by List 404, effectively assuming his seat in February 2015. During the period, he focused on issues related to health and social policies. He was a member of the Health and Social Assistance Commission of the House of Representatives, for which he was appointed president during the second term of the legislature (2017). In the same year, the legislator encouraged the installation of the first cardiac IMAE in the north of the country.
Among initiatives and requests for a report, in 2017 he promoted and promoted the creation of the investigative Commission "Management of ASSE since 2008 and the scam of FONASA", whose work finally determined the removal of the ASSE leadership from the then President of the Republic, Tabaré Vázquez, on February 14, 2018.
President of the Chamber of Representatives
In the first session of the 49th Legislature of the Chamber of Representatives, he was elected President of the House, being voted by 98 votes of 99 deputies present. In his investiture speech, he announced that his measures will focus on a "strengthening of control" of parliamentary activity.
Minister of Social Development
On May 1, 2021, President Lacalle Pou announced that Lema would succeed Pablo Bartol as the head of the Ministry of Social Development. Bartol had been fired because "health, labor, social and educational consequences of the pandemic will demand a strong political and territorial articulation mark" and he had no political party ties until his approach to Lacalle Pou's campaign. Lema tweeted: "We will assume with great commitment and we will work hard to rise to the challenges." He also stated that Bartol's management had served as an "inspiration."
References
^ "Exalumnos Destacados | Escuela y Liceo Elbio Fernández". 2022-11-28. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
^ Observador, El. "Los diputados sub 40 que mueven la pelota en el parlamento". El Observador. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
^ "Martín Lema: "Nos proponemos hacer una rendición de cuentas desde el primer día"". subrayado.com.uy (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-02-18.
^ "Proyectos presentados | Parlamento". parlamento.gub.uy. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Pedidos de Informes | Parlamento". parlamento.gub.uy. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Observador, El. "Tabaré Vázquez remueve a directores políticos de ASSE: Muñiz, Ardus y Rodríguez Rienzi". El Observador. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ cronicas (2018-07-27). "Martín Lema: "Estoy evaluando seriamente plantear la eliminación del corralito mutual"". Crónicas (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Martín Lema prometió medidas para "fortalecer el control" de legisladores". Diario La República (in Spanish). 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
^ Observador, El. "Cambio de ministro en el Mides: Pablo Bartol deja su lugar a Martín Lema". El Observador. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ Uruguay, Presidencia de la República Oriental del. "Martín Lema asumirá como nuevo ministro de Desarrollo Social - Presidencia de la República". Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ "Lema tras su designación al frente del Mides: 'Asumiremos con gran compromiso'". Teledoce.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
External links
Martín Lema's virtual office | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Social Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Development_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Jacinto Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_Vera,_Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Elbio Fernández School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbio_Fern%C3%A1ndez_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Lema and the second or maternal family name is Perretta.Martín Alejandro Lema Perretta (born September 6, 1982) is a Uruguayan lawyer and politician of the National Party, serving as Minister of Social Development since May 3, 2021.Lema was born in Jacinto Vera, Montevideo and attended Elbio Fernández School.[1] Graduated from the University of the Republic, he served as Representative between 2015 and 2020. [2] And from February 15, 2020, he served President of the Chamber of Representatives.[3]","title":"Martín Lema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Lacalle Pou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Lacalle_Pou"},{"link_name":"October 2014 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Uruguayan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tabaré Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He began his political career in 2006 with the current President of the Republic, Luis Lacalle Pou. Two years later, on September 11, 2008, and accompanied by other young people, they founded the Montevideo 404 list. In the October 2014 election, he was elected National Representative for Montevideo by List 404, effectively assuming his seat in February 2015. During the period, he focused on issues related to health and social policies. He was a member of the Health and Social Assistance Commission of the House of Representatives, for which he was appointed president during the second term of the legislature (2017). In the same year, the legislator encouraged the installation of the first cardiac IMAE in the north of the country.Among initiatives[4] and requests for a report,[5] in 2017 he promoted and promoted the creation of the investigative Commission \"Management of ASSE since 2008 and the scam of FONASA\", whose work finally determined the removal of the ASSE leadership from the then President of the Republic, Tabaré Vázquez, on February 14, 2018. [6][7]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the first session of the 49th Legislature of the Chamber of Representatives, he was elected President of the House, being voted by 98 votes of 99 deputies present. In his investiture speech, he announced that his measures will focus on a \"strengthening of control\" of parliamentary activity. [8]","title":"President of the Chamber of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pablo Bartol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Bartol"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Social Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Development_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On May 1, 2021, President Lacalle Pou announced that Lema would succeed Pablo Bartol as the head of the Ministry of Social Development.[9] Bartol had been fired because \"health, labor, social and educational consequences of the pandemic will demand a strong political and territorial articulation mark\"[10] and he had no political party ties until his approach to Lacalle Pou's campaign. Lema tweeted: \"We will assume with great commitment and we will work hard to rise to the challenges.\" He also stated that Bartol's management had served as an \"inspiration.\"[11]","title":"Minister of Social Development"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Exalumnos Destacados | Escuela y Liceo Elbio Fernández\". 2022-11-28. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221128141559/https://www.elbiofernandez.edu.uy/ex-alumnos/ex-alumnos-destacados/","url_text":"\"Exalumnos Destacados | Escuela y Liceo Elbio Fernández\""},{"url":"https://www.elbiofernandez.edu.uy/ex-alumnos/ex-alumnos-destacados/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Observador, El. \"Los diputados sub 40 que mueven la pelota en el parlamento\". El Observador. Retrieved 2020-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/los-diputados-sub-40-que-mueven-la-pelota-en-el-parlamento-2017108500","url_text":"\"Los diputados sub 40 que mueven la pelota en el parlamento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martín Lema: \"Nos proponemos hacer una rendición de cuentas desde el primer día\"\". subrayado.com.uy (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.subrayado.com.uy/martin-lema-nos-proponemos-hacer-una-rendicion-cuentas-el-primer-dia-n600088","url_text":"\"Martín Lema: \"Nos proponemos hacer una rendición de cuentas desde el primer día\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proyectos presentados | Parlamento\". parlamento.gub.uy. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/camarasycomisiones/legisladores/11125/iniciativas-legislador?Fecha%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=15-02-2010&Fecha%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=24-03-2020%7C","url_text":"\"Proyectos presentados | Parlamento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedidos de Informes | Parlamento\". parlamento.gub.uy. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/camarasycomisiones/legisladores/11125/pedidosInf-legislador?Fecha%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=15-02-2010&Fecha%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=24-03-2020%7C","url_text":"\"Pedidos de Informes | Parlamento\""}]},{"reference":"Observador, El. \"Tabaré Vázquez remueve a directores políticos de ASSE: Muñiz, Ardus y Rodríguez Rienzi\". El Observador. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/tabare-vazquez-remueve-a-directores-politicos-de-asse-muniz-ardus-y-rodriguez-rienzi-201821412230","url_text":"\"Tabaré Vázquez remueve a directores políticos de ASSE: Muñiz, Ardus y Rodríguez Rienzi\""}]},{"reference":"cronicas (2018-07-27). \"Martín Lema: \"Estoy evaluando seriamente plantear la eliminación del corralito mutual\"\". Crónicas (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cronicas.com.uy/portada/martin-lema-estoy-evaluando-seriamente-plantear-la-eliminacion-del-corralito-mutual/","url_text":"\"Martín Lema: \"Estoy evaluando seriamente plantear la eliminación del corralito mutual\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martín Lema prometió medidas para \"fortalecer el control\" de legisladores\". Diario La República (in Spanish). 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.republica.com.uy/martin-lema-prometio-medidas-para-fortalecer-el-control-de-legisladores-id752205/","url_text":"\"Martín Lema prometió medidas para \"fortalecer el control\" de legisladores\""}]},{"reference":"Observador, El. \"Cambio de ministro en el Mides: Pablo Bartol deja su lugar a Martín Lema\". El Observador. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/cambio-de-ministro-en-el-mides-pablo-bartol-deja-su-lugar-a-martin-lema-20215118232","url_text":"\"Cambio de ministro en el Mides: Pablo Bartol deja su lugar a Martín Lema\""}]},{"reference":"Uruguay, Presidencia de la República Oriental del. \"Martín Lema asumirá como nuevo ministro de Desarrollo Social - Presidencia de la República\". Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/mides-bartol-lema","url_text":"\"Martín Lema asumirá como nuevo ministro de Desarrollo Social - Presidencia de la República\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lema tras su designación al frente del Mides: 'Asumiremos con gran compromiso'\". Teledoce.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teledoce.com/telemundo/nacionales/lema-tras-su-designacion-al-frente-del-mides-asumiremos-con-gran-compromiso/","url_text":"\"Lema tras su designación al frente del Mides: 'Asumiremos con gran compromiso'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221128141559/https://www.elbiofernandez.edu.uy/ex-alumnos/ex-alumnos-destacados/","external_links_name":"\"Exalumnos Destacados | Escuela y Liceo Elbio Fernández\""},{"Link":"https://www.elbiofernandez.edu.uy/ex-alumnos/ex-alumnos-destacados/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/los-diputados-sub-40-que-mueven-la-pelota-en-el-parlamento-2017108500","external_links_name":"\"Los diputados sub 40 que mueven la pelota en el parlamento\""},{"Link":"https://www.subrayado.com.uy/martin-lema-nos-proponemos-hacer-una-rendicion-cuentas-el-primer-dia-n600088","external_links_name":"\"Martín Lema: \"Nos proponemos hacer una rendición de cuentas desde el primer día\"\""},{"Link":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/camarasycomisiones/legisladores/11125/iniciativas-legislador?Fecha%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=15-02-2010&Fecha%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=24-03-2020%7C","external_links_name":"\"Proyectos presentados | Parlamento\""},{"Link":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/camarasycomisiones/legisladores/11125/pedidosInf-legislador?Fecha%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=15-02-2010&Fecha%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=24-03-2020%7C","external_links_name":"\"Pedidos de Informes | Parlamento\""},{"Link":"https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/tabare-vazquez-remueve-a-directores-politicos-de-asse-muniz-ardus-y-rodriguez-rienzi-201821412230","external_links_name":"\"Tabaré Vázquez remueve a directores políticos de ASSE: Muñiz, Ardus y Rodríguez Rienzi\""},{"Link":"http://www.cronicas.com.uy/portada/martin-lema-estoy-evaluando-seriamente-plantear-la-eliminacion-del-corralito-mutual/","external_links_name":"\"Martín Lema: \"Estoy evaluando seriamente plantear la eliminación del corralito mutual\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.republica.com.uy/martin-lema-prometio-medidas-para-fortalecer-el-control-de-legisladores-id752205/","external_links_name":"\"Martín Lema prometió medidas para \"fortalecer el control\" de legisladores\""},{"Link":"https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/cambio-de-ministro-en-el-mides-pablo-bartol-deja-su-lugar-a-martin-lema-20215118232","external_links_name":"\"Cambio de ministro en el Mides: Pablo Bartol deja su lugar a Martín Lema\""},{"Link":"https://www.presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/mides-bartol-lema","external_links_name":"\"Martín Lema asumirá como nuevo ministro de Desarrollo Social - Presidencia de la República\""},{"Link":"https://www.teledoce.com/telemundo/nacionales/lema-tras-su-designacion-al-frente-del-mides-asumiremos-con-gran-compromiso/","external_links_name":"\"Lema tras su designación al frente del Mides: 'Asumiremos con gran compromiso'\""},{"Link":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/camarasycomisiones/legisladores/11125","external_links_name":"Martín Lema's virtual office"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_65_SX | KTM 65 SX | ["1 Model progression","1.1 2010","1.2 65 SXS Factory Racing version","2 References","3 External links"] | Youth motorcycle made by KTMType of motorcycle
KTM 65 SXPredecessor(no information)Successor(no information)Torque(no information)Ignition typeAET digitalTransmission6 gearsFrame typeDouble grinded central double-cradle-type frameWheelbase1137 mm (44.76")Seat height750 mm (28.54")Weight53 kg (116.8 lbs) (dry)55.4 kg (122.13 lbs) (wet)Fuel capacity3.5 liters (0.93 gal)
The KTM 65 SX is a youth motorcycle made by KTM. The factory introduced the motorcycle in 1998, and it is still available. It has a 64 cc single-cylinder two-stroke water-cooled engine, a six-speed manual gearbox and 53 kg dry weight.
Model progression
2010
New ignition cover (improved sealing) and new engine case (improved reliability).
65 SXS Factory Racing version
KTM introduced the very limited edition SXS version. This version increases horsepower from 16 to 19.5, and includes FMF exhaust, a holeshot device, an aluminum ignition cover, and a tuned carburetor.
References
^ Edward Abdo (3 January 2012). Modern Motorcycle Technology. Cengage Learning. pp. 224–. ISBN 1-111-64064-5.
^ Cycle World Magazine. January 1998. pp. 7–.
External links
Official KTM model information
This motorcycle, scooter or moped-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdo2012-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Type of motorcycleThe KTM 65 SX is a youth motorcycle made by KTM.[1] The factory introduced the motorcycle in 1998,[2] and it is still available. It has a 64 cc single-cylinder two-stroke water-cooled engine, a six-speed manual gearbox and 53 kg dry weight.","title":"KTM 65 SX"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Model progression"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","text":"New ignition cover (improved sealing) and new engine case (improved reliability).","title":"Model progression"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"65 SXS Factory Racing version","text":"KTM introduced the very limited edition SXS version. This version increases horsepower from 16 to 19.5, and includes FMF exhaust, a holeshot device, an aluminum ignition cover, and a tuned carburetor.","title":"Model progression"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Edward Abdo (3 January 2012). Modern Motorcycle Technology. Cengage Learning. pp. 224–. ISBN 1-111-64064-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iQxsme0owiMC&pg=PA224","url_text":"Modern Motorcycle Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-111-64064-5","url_text":"1-111-64064-5"}]},{"reference":"Cycle World Magazine. January 1998. pp. 7–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dzSElH5E4AQC&pg=RA7-PA26","url_text":"Cycle World Magazine"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iQxsme0owiMC&pg=PA224","external_links_name":"Modern Motorcycle Technology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dzSElH5E4AQC&pg=RA7-PA26","external_links_name":"Cycle World Magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.ktm.com/","external_links_name":"Official KTM model information"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KTM_65_SX&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder_river | Oder | ["1 Names","2 Geography","3 Navigation","4 History","4.1 Canals and waterway modifications","4.2 Conditions in the Treaty of Versailles","4.3 1943 Border with Germany","4.4 2022 environmental disaster","5 Cities","6 Eastern tributaries","7 Western tributaries","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°40′19″N 14°31′25″E / 53.67194°N 14.52361°E / 53.67194; 14.52361River in Central Europe
This article is about the large river in Central Europe. For the smaller river in Lower Saxony, Germany, see Oder (Harz). For other uses, see Oder (disambiguation).
OderOder in the city of Wrocław, Poland. Rędzińska Island before the construction of the Rędziński Bridge.Polen (Poland), Deutschland (Germany), and Tschechien (Czech Republic)Native nameOdra (Polish)Wódra (Upper Sorbian)LocationCountriesPolandCzech RepublicGermanyPhysical characteristicsSource • locationFidlův kopec, Oderské vrchy, Olomouc Region, Czech Republic • coordinates49°36′47″N 017°31′15″E / 49.61306°N 17.52083°E / 49.61306; 17.52083 • elevation634 m (2,080 ft)
MouthSzczecin Lagoon • locationBaltic Sea, Poland • coordinates53°40′19″N 14°31′25″E / 53.67194°N 14.52361°E / 53.67194; 14.52361Length840 km (520 mi)Basin size119,074 km2 (45,975 sq mi)Discharge • locationMouth • average567 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s)
The Oder (/ˈoʊdər/ OH-dər, German: ⓘ; Czech, Lower Sorbian and Polish: Odra; Upper Sorbian: Wódra ) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres (461 mi) through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres (116 mi) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Świna and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.
Names
The Oder is known by several names in different languages, but the modern ones are very similar: English and German: Oder; Czech, Polish, and Lower Sorbian: Odra, Upper Sorbian: Wódra; Kashubian: Òdra (pronounced ); Medieval Latin: Od(d)era; Renaissance Latin: Viadrus (invented in 1534).
Ptolemy knew the modern Oder as the Συήβος (Suebos; Latin Suevus), a name apparently derived from the Suebi, a Germanic people. While he also refers to an outlet in the area as the Οὐιαδούα Ouiadoua (or Οὐιλδούα Ouildoua; Latin Viadua or Vildua), this was apparently the modern Wieprza, as it was said to be a third of the distance between the Suebos and Vistula. The name Suebos may be preserved in the modern name of the Świna river (German Swine), an outlet from the Szczecin Lagoon to the Baltic.
Geography
The Oder is 840 kilometres (522 miles) long: 112 km (70 miles) in the Czech Republic, 726 km (451 miles) in Poland (including 187 km (116 miles) on the border between Germany and Poland). It is the third longest river located within Poland (after the Vistula and Warta); however, it is the second longest river overall taking into account its total length, including parts in neighbouring countries.
The Oder drains a basin of 119,074 square kilometres (45,975 sq mi), 106,043 km2 (40,943 sq mi) of which are in Poland (89%), 7,246 km2 (2,798 sq mi) in the Czech Republic (6%), and 5,587 km2 (2,157 sq mi) in Germany (5%). Channels connect it to the Havel, Spree, Vistula system and Kłodnica. It flows through Silesian, Opole, Lower Silesian, Lubusz, and West Pomeranian voivodeships of Poland and the states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.
The main branch empties into the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. The Szczecin Lagoon is bordered on the north by the islands of Usedom (west) and Wolin (east). Between these two islands, there is only a narrow channel (Świna) going to the Bay of Pomerania, which forms a part of the Baltic Sea.
The largest city on the Oder is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia.
Navigation
The Oder dividing Poland and Germany seen from the Polish side near Kostrzyn nad Odrą
Estuary of the Lusatian Neisse into the Oder
The Oder is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Koźle, where the river connects to the Gliwice Canal. The upstream part of the river is canalized and permits larger barges (up to CEMT Class IV) to navigate between the industrial sites around the Wrocław area.
Further downstream the river is free-flowing, passing the towns of Eisenhüttenstadt (where the Oder–Spree Canal connects the river to the Spree in Berlin) and Frankfurt upon the Oder. Downstream of Frankfurt the river Warta forms a navigable connection with Poznań and Bydgoszcz for smaller vessels. At Hohensaaten the Oder–Havel Canal connects with the Berlin waterways again.
Near its mouth the Oder reaches the city of Szczecin, a major maritime port. The river finally reaches the Baltic Sea through the Szczecin Lagoon and the river mouth at Świnoujście.
History
Under Germania Magna, the river was known to the Romans as the Viadrus or Viadua in Classical Latin, as it was a branch of the Amber Road from the Baltic Sea to the Roman Empire. In Germanic languages, including English, it was and still is called the Oder, written in medieval Latin documents as Odera or Oddera. Most notably, it was mentioned in the Dagome iudex, which described territory of the Duchy of Poland under Duke Mieszko I in A.D. 990, as a part of Poland's western frontier, however, in most sections the border ran west of the river.
Before Slavs settled along its banks, the Oder was an important trade route, and towns in Germania were documented along with many tribes living between the rivers Albis (Elbe), Oder, and Vistula. Centuries later, after Germanic tribes, the Bavarian Geographer (ca. 845) specified the following West Slavic peoples: Sleenzane, Dadosesani, Opolanie, Lupiglaa, and Golensizi in Silesia and Wolinians with Pyrzycans in Western Pomerania. A document of the Bishopric of Prague (1086) mentions Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane, and Dedositze in Silesia.
In the 10th century, almost the entire course of the Oder River found itself within the borders of the newly formed Polish state, with the exception of the area around the source of the river, which was under Bohemian rule. Several important cities of medieval Poland developed along the Oder, including Opole which became the capital of Upper Silesia, Wrocław which became the capital of Lower Silesia and one of the main cities of the entire Kingdom of Poland (Latin: sedes regni principales), and Lubusz (now Lebus) which became the capital of the Lubusz Land, nicknamed "the key to the Kingdom of Poland" in medieval chronicles. Wrocław and Lubusz became seats of some of the oldest Catholic bishoprics of Poland, founded in 1000 (Wrocław) and 1125 (Lubusz). Located near the mouth of the river, Szczecin became one of the main cities and ports of the Pomerania region and the entire southern coast of the Baltic Sea.
From the 13th century on, the Oder valley was central to German Ostsiedlung, making the towns on its banks German-speaking over the following centuries. Over time, control over parts of the river was taken from Poland by other countries, including the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Kingdom of Bohemia, and later also by Hungary, Sweden, Prussia and Germany.
Canals and waterway modifications
The Finow Canal, first built in 1605, connects the Oder and Havel. After completion of the more straight Oder–Havel Canal in 1914, its economic relevance decreased.
The earliest important undertaking to modify the river to improve navigation was initiated by Frederick the Great, who recommended diverting the river into a new and straight channel in the swampy tract known as Oderbruch near Küstrin (Kostrzyn nad Odrą). The work was carried out in the years 1746–53, a large tract of marshland being brought under cultivation, a considerable detour cut off and the mainstream successfully confined to a canal.
In the late 19th century, three additional alterations were made to the waterway:
The canalization of the mainstream at Breslau (Wrocław), and from the confluence of the Glatzer Neisse to the mouth of the Klodnitz Canal (Kłodnica Canal), a distance of over 50 miles (80 km). These engineering works were completed in 1896.
During 1887–91 the Oder–Spree Canal was made to connect the two rivers.
The deepening and regulation of the mouth and lower course of the stream.
The Oder in Szczecin, Poland, flows along the banks of the Old Town and the Ducal Castle
Conditions in the Treaty of Versailles
By the Treaty of Versailles, navigation on the Oder became subject to International Commission of the Oder. Following the articles 363 and 364 of the Treaty Czechoslovakia was entitled to lease in Stettin (now Szczecin) its own section in the harbor, then called Tschechoslowakische Zone im Hafen Stettin. The contract of lease between Czechoslovakia and Germany, and supervised by the United Kingdom, was signed on 16 February 1929, and would end in 2028, however, after 1945 Czechoslovakia did not regain this legal position, de facto abolished in 1938–39.
1943 Border with Germany
At the 1943 Tehran Conference the Allies decided that the new eastern border of Germany would run along the Oder. After World War II, the former German areas east of the Oder and the Lusatian Neisse passed to Poland by decision of the victorious Allies at the Potsdam Conference (at the insistence of the Soviets). As a result, the so-called Oder–Neisse line formed the border between the Soviet occupation zone (from 1949 East Germany) and Poland. The final border between Germany and Poland was to be determined at a future peace conference. A part of the German population east of these two rivers was evacuated by the Nazis during the war or fled from the approaching Red Army. After the war, the remaining 8 million Germans were expelled from these territories by the Polish and Soviet administrations. East Germany confirmed the border with Poland under Soviet pressure in the Treaty of Zgorzelec in 1950. West Germany, after a period of refusal, confirmed the inviolability of the border in 1970 in the Treaty of Warsaw. In 1990 newly reunified Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty recognizing the Oder–Neisse line as their border.
2022 environmental disaster
Main article: 2022 Oder environmental disaster
On 11 August 2022, it was discovered that the Oder river had been contaminated and at least 135 tonnes of dead fish washed up on its shores. Water samples taken on 28 July indicated possible mesitylene contamination, although the toxin was not present in samples taken after 1 August.
Cities
Łarpia, a left distributary of the Oder in Police, Poland
Main section:
Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Zielona Góra – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Lebus – Kostrzyn – Cedynia – Schwedt – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police
Szczecin Lagoon:
Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde
east: Dziwna (German: Dievenow) branch (between Wolin Island and mainland Poland):
Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów
middle: Świna (German: Swine) branch (between Wolin and Usedom islands):
Świnoujście
west: Peenestrom (Peene) (Polish: Piana) branch (between Usedom Island and mainland Germany):
Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast
Eastern tributaries
Ostravice – Olza – Ruda – Bierawka – Kłodnica – Czarnka – Mała Panew – Stobrawa – Widawa – Jezierzyca – Barycz – Krzycki Rów – Obrzyca – Jabłonna – Pliszka – Ołobok – Gryżynka – Warta with the Noteć – Myśla – Kurzyca – Stubia – Rurzyca – Tywa – Płonia – Ina – Gowienica – Śmieszka
Western tributaries
Opava – Psina (Cyna) – Cisek – Olszówka – Stradunia – Osobłoga – Prószkowski Potok – Nysa Kłodzka – Oława – Ślęza – Bystrzyca – Średzka Woda – Cicha Woda – Kaczawa – Ślepca – Zimnica – Dębniak – Biała Woda – Czarna Struga – Śląska Ochla – Zimny Potok – Bóbr – Olcha – Racza – Lusatian Neisse – Finow – Gunica
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oder River.
List of rivers of Germany
List of rivers of Poland
Lower Oder Valley National Park
Oder–Neisse line
Odra Wodzisław
Ostrów Grabowski, a river island in Szczecin
Notes
^ Czech pronunciation: ⓘ, Polish pronunciation: ⓘ.
References
^ [email protected], naukowiec.org. "Największe rzeki w Polsce". Naukowiec.org. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
^ a b c Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2017, Statistics Poland, p. 85–86
^ Claudius Ptolemaios: Geographike Hyphegesis, Kap. 11: Germania Magna. (altgriech./lat./engl.)
^ Ralf Loock: Mündungen der Flüsse bestimmt. In: Märkische Oderzeitung, Frankfurt 2008,3 (März); Ralf Loock: Namenskrimi um Viadrus in: Märkische Oderzeitung – Journal. Frankfurt 25./26. Nov. 2006, S. 2; siehe auch Alfred Stückelberger, Gerd Graßhoff (Hrsg.): Ptolemaios – Handbuch der Geographie. Schwabe, Basel 2006, S. 223, ISBN 3-7965-2148-7
^ NoorderSoft Waterways Database Archived 9 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^ e.g. Charles Higounet. Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter (in German). p. 175.
^ The commission was staffed with one representative of Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom each and three representatives of Prussia, being the German state competent for the navigable section of the Oder, comprised within the latter's borders. Cf. Der Große Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens in zwanzig Bänden: 21 Bde., completely revised ed., Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 151928–1935, vol 13 (1932): Dreizehnter Band Mue–Ost, article: 'Oder', pp. 600seq., here p. 601. No ISBN.
^ Cf. Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie (State Archive of Szczecin), Rep. 126, Krajowy Urząd Skarbowy w Szczecinie Archived 24 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ Allen DJ (2003) The Oder-Neisse line: the United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War Praeger P13
^ Gregor Thum (2011). Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions. Princeton University Press. p. 56.
^ Auto, Hermes (11 August 2022). "Dead fish in River Oder on Poland-Germany border spur contamination probe | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ a b Strzelecki, Marek (11 August 2022). "Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe". Reuters. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ "Ten tonnes of dead fish hauled out of polluted River Odra". www.thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Mass death of fish in River Oder raises environmental stink". tvpworld.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
External links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Oder". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3.
multilingual information site on the Oder
Odra electronic shipping guide
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oder (Harz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder_(Harz)"},{"link_name":"Oder (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈoʊdər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"OH-dər","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[ˈoːdɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/De-Oder.ogg/De-Oder.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Oder.ogg"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Lower Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Upper Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈwʊtʁa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Oder–Neisse line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearbook-3"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Dziwna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziwna"},{"link_name":"Świna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awina"},{"link_name":"Peene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peene"},{"link_name":"Bay of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"}],"text":"River in Central EuropeThis article is about the large river in Central Europe. For the smaller river in Lower Saxony, Germany, see Oder (Harz). For other uses, see Oder (disambiguation).The Oder (/ˈoʊdər/ OH-dər, German: [ˈoːdɐ] ⓘ; Czech, Lower Sorbian and Polish: Odra;[a] Upper Sorbian: Wódra [ˈwʊtʁa]) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta.[1] The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres (461 mi) through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres (116 mi) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line.[2] The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Świna and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.","title":"Oder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"Upper Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"Kashubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈwɛdra]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Latin"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Suebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi"},{"link_name":"Wieprza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieprza"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Świna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awina"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Lagoon"}],"text":"The Oder is known by several names in different languages, but the modern ones are very similar: English and German: Oder; Czech, Polish, and Lower Sorbian: Odra, Upper Sorbian: Wódra; Kashubian: Òdra (pronounced [ˈwɛdra]); Medieval Latin: Od(d)era; Renaissance Latin: Viadrus (invented in 1534).Ptolemy knew the modern Oder as the Συήβος (Suebos; Latin Suevus), a name apparently derived from the Suebi, a Germanic people. While he also refers to an outlet in the area as the Οὐιαδούα Ouiadoua (or Οὐιλδούα Ouildoua; Latin Viadua or Vildua), this was apparently the modern Wieprza, as it was said to be a third of the distance between the Suebos and Vistula.[3][4] The name Suebos may be preserved in the modern name of the Świna river (German Swine), an outlet from the Szczecin Lagoon to the Baltic.","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearbook-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearbook-3"},{"link_name":"Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havel"},{"link_name":"Spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spree_(river)"},{"link_name":"Kłodnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lubusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"},{"link_name":"Police, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Usedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedom"},{"link_name":"Wolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolin"},{"link_name":"Bay of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Oder is 840 kilometres (522 miles) long: 112 km (70 miles) in the Czech Republic, 726 km (451 miles) in Poland (including 187 km (116 miles) on the border between Germany and Poland). It is the third longest river located within Poland (after the Vistula and Warta); however, it is the second longest river overall taking into account its total length, including parts in neighbouring countries.[2]The Oder drains a basin of 119,074 square kilometres (45,975 sq mi), 106,043 km2 (40,943 sq mi) of which are in Poland (89%),[2] 7,246 km2 (2,798 sq mi) in the Czech Republic (6%), and 5,587 km2 (2,157 sq mi) in Germany (5%). Channels connect it to the Havel, Spree, Vistula system and Kłodnica. It flows through Silesian, Opole, Lower Silesian, Lubusz, and West Pomeranian voivodeships of Poland and the states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.The main branch empties into the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. The Szczecin Lagoon is bordered on the north by the islands of Usedom (west) and Wolin (east). Between these two islands, there is only a narrow channel (Świna) going to the Bay of Pomerania, which forms a part of the Baltic Sea.The largest city on the Oder is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C5%82up_graniczny_Odra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kostrzyn nad Odrą","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oder_Fluss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Neisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse"},{"link_name":"Koźle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BAle"},{"link_name":"Gliwice Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice_Canal"},{"link_name":"CEMT Class IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_European_Inland_Waterways"},{"link_name":"Eisenhüttenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenh%C3%BCttenstadt"},{"link_name":"Oder–Spree Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Spree_Canal"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt upon the Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Hohensaaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohensaaten"},{"link_name":"Oder–Havel Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Havel_Canal"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Świnoujście","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Oder dividing Poland and Germany seen from the Polish side near Kostrzyn nad OdrąEstuary of the Lusatian Neisse into the OderThe Oder is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Koźle, where the river connects to the Gliwice Canal. The upstream part of the river is canalized and permits larger barges (up to CEMT Class IV) to navigate between the industrial sites around the Wrocław area.Further downstream the river is free-flowing, passing the towns of Eisenhüttenstadt (where the Oder–Spree Canal connects the river to the Spree in Berlin) and Frankfurt upon the Oder. Downstream of Frankfurt the river Warta forms a navigable connection with Poznań and Bydgoszcz for smaller vessels. At Hohensaaten the Oder–Havel Canal connects with the Berlin waterways again.Near its mouth the Oder reaches the city of Szczecin, a major maritime port. The river finally reaches the Baltic Sea through the Szczecin Lagoon and the river mouth at Świnoujście.[5]","title":"Navigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germania Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Classical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin"},{"link_name":"Amber Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Road"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dagome iudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagome_iudex"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Mieszko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Albis (Elbe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer"},{"link_name":"West Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Sleenzane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99%C5%BCanie"},{"link_name":"Opolanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opolanie"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Pyrzycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrzyce"},{"link_name":"Western Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Lubusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubusz"},{"link_name":"Lubusz Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubusz_Land"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Lubusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Lebus"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Ostsiedlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Under Germania Magna, the river was known to the Romans as the Viadrus or Viadua in Classical Latin, as it was a branch of the Amber Road from the Baltic Sea to the Roman Empire. In Germanic languages, including English, it was and still is called the Oder, written in medieval Latin documents as Odera or Oddera. Most notably, it was mentioned in the Dagome iudex, which described territory of the Duchy of Poland under Duke Mieszko I in A.D. 990, as a part of Poland's western frontier, however, in most sections the border ran west of the river.Before Slavs settled along its banks, the Oder was an important trade route, and towns in Germania were documented along with many tribes living between the rivers Albis (Elbe), Oder, and Vistula. Centuries later, after Germanic tribes, the Bavarian Geographer (ca. 845) specified the following West Slavic peoples: Sleenzane, Dadosesani, Opolanie, Lupiglaa, and Golensizi in Silesia and Wolinians with Pyrzycans in Western Pomerania. A document of the Bishopric of Prague (1086) mentions Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane, and Dedositze in Silesia.In the 10th century, almost the entire course of the Oder River found itself within the borders of the newly formed Polish state, with the exception of the area around the source of the river, which was under Bohemian rule. Several important cities of medieval Poland developed along the Oder, including Opole which became the capital of Upper Silesia, Wrocław which became the capital of Lower Silesia and one of the main cities of the entire Kingdom of Poland (Latin: sedes regni principales), and Lubusz (now Lebus) which became the capital of the Lubusz Land, nicknamed \"the key to the Kingdom of Poland\" in medieval chronicles. Wrocław and Lubusz became seats of some of the oldest Catholic bishoprics of Poland, founded in 1000 (Wrocław) and 1125 (Lubusz). Located near the mouth of the river, Szczecin became one of the main cities and ports of the Pomerania region and the entire southern coast of the Baltic Sea.From the 13th century on, the Oder valley was central to German Ostsiedlung, making the towns on its banks German-speaking over the following centuries.[6] Over time, control over parts of the river was taken from Poland by other countries, including the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Kingdom of Bohemia, and later also by Hungary, Sweden, Prussia and Germany.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finow_Canal"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Oderbruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oderbruch"},{"link_name":"Kostrzyn nad Odrą","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Glatzer Neisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glatzer_Neisse"},{"link_name":"Kłodnica Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica_Canal"},{"link_name":"Oder–Spree Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Spree_Canal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WOPR,_Barka_i_Zamek_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%85t_Pomorskich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Ducal Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducal_Castle,_Szczecin"}],"sub_title":"Canals and waterway modifications","text":"The Finow Canal, first built in 1605, connects the Oder and Havel. After completion of the more straight Oder–Havel Canal in 1914, its economic relevance decreased.The earliest important undertaking to modify the river to improve navigation was initiated by Frederick the Great, who recommended diverting the river into a new and straight channel in the swampy tract known as Oderbruch near Küstrin (Kostrzyn nad Odrą). The work was carried out in the years 1746–53, a large tract of marshland being brought under cultivation, a considerable detour cut off and the mainstream successfully confined to a canal.In the late 19th century, three additional alterations were made to the waterway:The canalization of the mainstream at Breslau (Wrocław), and from the confluence of the Glatzer Neisse to the mouth of the Klodnitz Canal (Kłodnica Canal), a distance of over 50 miles (80 km). These engineering works were completed in 1896.\nDuring 1887–91 the Oder–Spree Canal was made to connect the two rivers.\nThe deepening and regulation of the mouth and lower course of the stream.The Oder in Szczecin, Poland, flows along the banks of the Old Town and the Ducal Castle","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#International_organizations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Conditions in the Treaty of Versailles","text":"By the Treaty of Versailles, navigation on the Oder became subject to International Commission of the Oder.[7] Following the articles 363 and 364 of the Treaty Czechoslovakia was entitled to lease in Stettin (now Szczecin) its own section in the harbor, then called Tschechoslowakische Zone im Hafen Stettin.[8] The contract of lease between Czechoslovakia and Germany, and supervised by the United Kingdom, was signed on 16 February 1929, and would end in 2028, however, after 1945 Czechoslovakia did not regain this legal position, de facto abolished in 1938–39.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehran Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Neisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference"},{"link_name":"Oder–Neisse line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Zgorzelec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Oder–Neisse line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line"}],"sub_title":"1943 Border with Germany","text":"At the 1943 Tehran Conference the Allies decided that the new eastern border of Germany would run along the Oder.[9] After World War II, the former German areas east of the Oder and the Lusatian Neisse passed to Poland by decision of the victorious Allies at the Potsdam Conference (at the insistence of the Soviets). As a result, the so-called Oder–Neisse line formed the border between the Soviet occupation zone (from 1949 East Germany) and Poland. The final border between Germany and Poland was to be determined at a future peace conference. A part of the German population east of these two rivers was evacuated by the Nazis during the war or fled from the approaching Red Army. After the war, the remaining 8 million Germans were expelled from these territories by the Polish and Soviet administrations.[10] East Germany confirmed the border with Poland under Soviet pressure in the Treaty of Zgorzelec in 1950. West Germany, after a period of refusal, confirmed the inviolability of the border in 1970 in the Treaty of Warsaw. In 1990 newly reunified Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty recognizing the Oder–Neisse line as their border.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"mesitylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesitylene"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"2022 environmental disaster","text":"On 11 August 2022, it was discovered that the Oder river had been contaminated and at least 135 tonnes of dead fish washed up on its shores.[11][12][13] Water samples taken on 28 July indicated possible mesitylene contamination, although the toxin was not present in samples taken after 1 August.[14][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%81arpia-rzeka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Łarpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81arpia"},{"link_name":"distributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary"},{"link_name":"Police, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Ostrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava"},{"link_name":"Bohumín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Racibórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"Kędzierzyn-Koźle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle"},{"link_name":"Krapkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapkowice"},{"link_name":"Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole"},{"link_name":"Brzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg"},{"link_name":"Oława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Jelcz-Laskowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelcz-Laskowice"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Brzeg Dolny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg_Dolny"},{"link_name":"Ścinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Acinawa"},{"link_name":"Szlichtyngowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlichtyngowa"},{"link_name":"Głogów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Bytom Odrzański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom_Odrza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Nowa Sól","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l"},{"link_name":"Zielona Góra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra"},{"link_name":"Krosno Odrzańskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krosno_Odrza%C5%84skie"},{"link_name":"Eisenhüttenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenh%C3%BCttenstadt"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt (Oder)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"link_name":"Słubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82ubice"},{"link_name":"Lebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebus"},{"link_name":"Kostrzyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85"},{"link_name":"Cedynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedynia"},{"link_name":"Schwedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedt"},{"link_name":"Gartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartz"},{"link_name":"Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Nowe Warpno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_Warpno"},{"link_name":"Ueckermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueckerm%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Dziwna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziwna"},{"link_name":"Wolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolin"},{"link_name":"Wolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolin"},{"link_name":"Kamień Pomorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_Pomorski"},{"link_name":"Dziwnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziwn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Świna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awina"},{"link_name":"Usedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedom"},{"link_name":"Świnoujście","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie"},{"link_name":"Peenestrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenestrom"},{"link_name":"Peene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peene"},{"link_name":"Usedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedom"},{"link_name":"Lassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassan,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolgast"}],"text":"Łarpia, a left distributary of the Oder in Police, PolandMain section:Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Zielona Góra – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Lebus – Kostrzyn – Cedynia – Schwedt – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – PoliceSzczecin Lagoon:Nowe Warpno – Ueckermündeeast: Dziwna (German: Dievenow) branch (between Wolin Island and mainland Poland):Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnówmiddle: Świna (German: Swine) branch (between Wolin and Usedom islands):Świnoujściewest: Peenestrom (Peene) (Polish: Piana) branch (between Usedom Island and mainland Germany):Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast","title":"Cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostravice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostravice_(river)"},{"link_name":"Olza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olza_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruda_(Oder)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bierawka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bierawka_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kłodnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica"},{"link_name":"Czarnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czarnka_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mała Panew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Panew"},{"link_name":"Stobrawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stobrawa_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Widawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widawa"},{"link_name":"Jezierzyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jezierzyca_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycz_(river)"},{"link_name":"Krzycki Rów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krzycki_R%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Obrzyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obrzyca_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jabłonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jablonna_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pliszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pliszka_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ołobok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O%C5%82obok_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gryżynka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gry%C5%BCynka_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta"},{"link_name":"Noteć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Myśla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My%C5%9Bla_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurzyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurzyca_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stubia_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rurzyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rurzyca_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tywa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywa"},{"link_name":"Płonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82onia_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_(river)"},{"link_name":"Gowienica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowienica"},{"link_name":"Śmieszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amieszka_(river)"}],"text":"Ostravice – Olza – Ruda – Bierawka – Kłodnica – Czarnka – Mała Panew – Stobrawa – Widawa – Jezierzyca – Barycz – Krzycki Rów – Obrzyca – Jabłonna – Pliszka – Ołobok – Gryżynka – Warta with the Noteć – Myśla – Kurzyca – Stubia – Rurzyca – Tywa – Płonia – Ina – Gowienica – Śmieszka","title":"Eastern tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opava_(river)"},{"link_name":"Osobłoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osob%C5%82oga"},{"link_name":"Nysa Kłodzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka"},{"link_name":"Oława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%82awa_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ślęza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za"},{"link_name":"Kaczawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczawa"},{"link_name":"Zimnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimnica_(river)"},{"link_name":"Bóbr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3br"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Neisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse"},{"link_name":"Finow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finow"},{"link_name":"Gunica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunica"}],"text":"Opava – Psina (Cyna) – Cisek – Olszówka – Stradunia – Osobłoga – Prószkowski Potok – Nysa Kłodzka – Oława – Ślęza – Bystrzyca – Średzka Woda – Cicha Woda – Kaczawa – Ślepca – Zimnica – Dębniak – Biała Woda – Czarna Struga – Śląska Ochla – Zimny Potok – Bóbr – Olcha – Racza – Lusatian Neisse – Finow – Gunica","title":"Western tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"[ˈodra]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Cs-Odra.ogg/Cs-Odra.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cs-Odra.ogg"},{"link_name":"[ˈɔdra]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Pl-Odra.ogg/Pl-Odra.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pl-Odra.ogg"}],"text":"^ Czech pronunciation: [ˈodra] ⓘ, Polish pronunciation: [ˈɔdra] ⓘ.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Oder dividing Poland and Germany seen from the Polish side near Kostrzyn nad Odrą","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S%C5%82up_graniczny_Odra.jpg/220px-S%C5%82up_graniczny_Odra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Estuary of the Lusatian Neisse into the Oder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oder_Fluss.jpg/220px-Oder_Fluss.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Oder in Szczecin, Poland, flows along the banks of the Old Town and the Ducal Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WOPR%2C_Barka_i_Zamek_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%85t_Pomorskich.jpg/220px-WOPR%2C_Barka_i_Zamek_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%85t_Pomorskich.jpg"},{"image_text":"Łarpia, a left distributary of the Oder in Police, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%C5%81arpia-rzeka.jpg/220px-%C5%81arpia-rzeka.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Oder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oder_River"},{"title":"List of rivers of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Germany"},{"title":"List of rivers of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland"},{"title":"Lower Oder Valley National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Oder_Valley_National_Park"},{"title":"Oder–Neisse line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line"},{"title":"Odra Wodzisław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odra_Wodzis%C5%82aw"},{"title":"Ostrów Grabowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Grabowski"},{"title":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"}] | [{"reference":"[email protected], naukowiec.org. \"Największe rzeki w Polsce\". Naukowiec.org. Retrieved 13 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naukowiec.org/tablice/geografia/najwieksze-rzeki-w-polsce_795.html","url_text":"\"Największe rzeki w Polsce\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Higounet. Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter (in German). p. 175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gregor Thum (2011). Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions. Princeton University Press. p. 56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Auto, Hermes (11 August 2022). \"Dead fish in River Oder on Poland-Germany border spur contamination probe | The Straits Times\". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/dead-fish-in-river-oder-on-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe","url_text":"\"Dead fish in River Oder on Poland-Germany border spur contamination probe | The Straits Times\""}]},{"reference":"Strzelecki, Marek (11 August 2022). \"Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe\". Reuters. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dead-fish-river-oder-polishgerman-border-spur-contamination-probe-2022-08-11/","url_text":"\"Dead fish in River Oder on Polish/German border spur contamination probe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten tonnes of dead fish hauled out of polluted River Odra\". www.thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/ten-tonnes-of-dead-fish-hauled-out-of-polluted-river-odra-32345","url_text":"\"Ten tonnes of dead fish hauled out of polluted River Odra\""}]},{"reference":"S.A, Telewizja Polska. \"Mass death of fish in River Oder raises environmental stink\". tvpworld.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvpworld.com/61785992/mass-death-of-fish-in-river-oder-raises-environmental-stink","url_text":"\"Mass death of fish in River Oder raises environmental stink\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oder¶ms=53_40_19_N_14_31_25_E_type:river","external_links_name":"53°40′19″N 14°31′25″E / 53.67194°N 14.52361°E / 53.67194; 14.52361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oder¶ms=49_36_47_N_017_31_15_E_","external_links_name":"49°36′47″N 017°31′15″E / 49.61306°N 17.52083°E / 49.61306; 17.52083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oder¶ms=53_40_19_N_14_31_25_E_type:river","external_links_name":"53°40′19″N 14°31′25″E / 53.67194°N 14.52361°E / 53.67194; 14.52361"},{"Link":"http://www.naukowiec.org/tablice/geografia/najwieksze-rzeki-w-polsce_795.html","external_links_name":"\"Największe rzeki w Polsce\""},{"Link":"http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/en/defaultaktualnosci/3328/2/17/1/statistical_yearbook_of_the_republic_of_poland_2017.pdf","external_links_name":"Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2017"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html","external_links_name":"Claudius Ptolemaios: Geographike Hyphegesis, Kap. 11: Germania Magna. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian_Selvy | Comedian Selvy | ["1 Career","1.1 Tiatrs","1.2 VCDs and CDs","1.3 Directoral debut and films","2 Personal life","3 Awards","4 Death","4.1 Reactions","4.2 Funeral","5 Legacy","6 Selected stage works","7 Select filmography","8 References","9 External links"] | Indian comedian and singer (1974–2022)
Comedian SelvyCorreia at Institute Menezes Braganza, 2013BornMatheus Correia(1974-02-14)14 February 1974Velim, Goa, IndiaDied25 July 2022(2022-07-25) (aged 48)Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, IndiaBurial placeSt. Francis Xavier Church cemetery, Velim, Goa, IndiaOccupationsComedianactorsingerplaywrightdirectorproducerYears active1990s–2022Notable workWelcome M1LL10NSSpouseCandolina FernandesChildren2, including Jr. SelvyAwardsYuva Srujan Puraskar
Matheus Correia (14 February 1974 – 25 July 2022), known professionally as Comedian Selvy, was an Indian comedian, actor, playwright, singer, director, and producer known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. One of the greatest Konkani comedians of his generation, he was noted mainly for his comedy performances and was deemed as "Goa's most loved comedian".
Career
Tiatrs
From left; Correia, Com. Janet and Com. Agostinho in 2015
Correia always had an immense love of, and keen interest in, the Konkani stage. He began acting at the age of 8 in his elder brother, Saude's tiatrs and village folk plays. Correia was also active in traditional Carnival folk plays (Konkani: Zomnivhele khell) before becoming a full-time professional tiatrist. He was first discovered by Tony Park who noted his skills in comedy and cast him for his non-stop tiatr. Correia had previously worked in the water resources department of the Goa Government before getting his big break at age 24 in 1998 as a professional comedian in John D'Silva's tiatr Vatt (Way).
Correia performing in Strike tiatr in February 2016
During his career span of more than two decades as a Konkani comedian, Correia has acted in more than 60 tiatrs and was cast by prominent Konkani directors such as John D'Silva (14–15 tiatrs), Agostinho Themudo (23 tiatrs) from 2007 to 2019, beginning from the tiatr Sir to signing off in Pai (Father) and Roseferns (20 tiatrs) in the late 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He was also cast by other notable Goan tiatr directors like Mario Menezes, Comedian Sally, C. D'Silva, Pascoal Rodrigues and Milagres de Chandor. Joyel Fernandes, known professionally as Comedian Joyel, an emerging Konkani comedian from Maina-Curtorim also recalls that Correia was his inspiration to take up the comedy genre.
VCDs and CDs
Correia was also featured in more than 200 VCDs. He produced 5 of them namely, Bekar Louddi, Second Hand, Garbage and Wrong Number. He was also known for his singing skills, and has sung in about 25 CDs. After attaining much success in his tiatr career, Correia went on a global tour with his troupe in places like United Kingdom, Paris, The Middle East to perform for his audience.
Directoral debut and films
Correia eventually started writing, producing and directing his own tiatrs. Raza Jeita Kombo Choita and 8 Dis (8 Days) remain his only and most popular productions till date, which resulted in a tremendous positive response from the Goan diaspora in the United Kingdom. The latter also crossed the silver jubilee mark prior to his death and was on the way towards the golden jubilee with a scheduled show in London in late July.
Correia was also known for his role of Mad Man in the 2018 Konkani film, Welcome M1LL10NS. He was also seen acting in his last Konkani film, Rong (Colour) directed by Aggi Rod and produced by Joywin Fernandes, which was posthumously released on YouTube on 24 August 2022.
Personal life
Selvy's elder son, Jr. Selvy (Myron Correia) in May 2018
Matheus Correia was born to Goan Catholic parents, Jose Correia and Joana Batistina Fernandes, on 14 February 1974 in Velim, hailing from Fursabhatt. He was a practising Roman Catholic and was married to Candolina Fernandes, with whom he had two sons, Myron (Jr. Selvy) and Ryan.
Awards
Prasad Lolienkar (C), Sonia Shirsat (L), Roma (top right) and Selvy (R) at Yuva Srujan Puraskar Award ceremony in February 2013
Correia was honoured by the Gulab Award in 2007 and Dr. Jack de Sequeira Memorial Award for his contributions towards the Konkani stage. He was also a recipient of the Yuva Srujan Puraskar award from the Arts and Culture Department of the Goa Government for the year 2011–2012.
Death
Correia had complained to his troupe about uneasiness and toothache while performing in his tiatr, 8 Dis (8 days). On 15 July 2022, he visited the South Goa District Hospital in Margao for a checkup during which he was informed by the examining specialist that his diabetes and haemoglobin levels were showing negative signs. He was moved swiftly to Goa Medical College and was admitted on 16 July 2022. Selvy's elder son, Myron Correia, informed the media that his father's diabetes was under control but the blood platelet count was still low. He later was shifted to the intensive care unit of the hospital, wherein he received many telephone calls from his loved ones. Several Goans also offered to donate blood to save his life after many blood donation requests were made. However on 25 July 2022, Selvy unexpectedly died at the age of 48, due to diabetes-related complications.
Reactions
The Chief Minister of Goa, Pramod Sawant and several other political leaders gave their condolences to the bereaved family.
Funeral
Correia's funeral was held on 27 July 2022 at St. Francis Xavier Church, Velim. It was attended by tens of thousands of Goans, including his family, friends, tiatr fraternity and political leaders. He was later laid to rest at St. Francis Xavier Church cemetery, Velim.
Legacy
On 31 July 2022, Correia's tiatr 8 Dis (8 Days) was staged posthumously in response to public demand and as a fulfillment to his last wish. Myron, Correia's elder son, also mentioned that prior to his father's death, he wanted the doctors to discharge him so that he could perform in the show. Hundreds of tiatr lovers were seen paying their respects at Ravindra Bhavan in Margao, and a one-minute silence was observed to honor Correia.
Selected stage works
Year
Title
Role
Ref
Amchem Chintop Tumchem Xixop
Comedian
Amontronn
Comedian
Aslelim Dukhi Naslelim Sukhi
Comedian
Avessor
Comedian
Bott
Comedian
Bovall
Comedian
Budhvontank Fatranchem Xit
Comedian
Daddy
Comedian
Dessak Luttinaka
Comedian
Dev Boro Dis Dium
Comedian
Devak Zai Zalear
Comedian
Dhull
Comedian
Ekvott
Comedian
Fight For Right
Comedian
Il’Lixi Chuk
Comedian
Jem Devan Goddlam
Comedian
Jezu Amkam Ilaz
Comedian
Jezuchem Povitr Rogot
Comedian
Jinn
Comedian
Kaideachem Vo Faideachem
Comedian
Kazari Put Konnacho? Maicho Vo Bailecho?
Comedian
Kirnnam
Comedian
Konn?
Comedian
Magnnem
Comedian
Match Fixing
Comedian
Menn
Comedian
Meulelem Naka Sandlelem Zai
Comedian
Mhaka Sangat
Comedian
Mhoji Sun Mhoji Dhuv
Comedian
Mhozo Suskar Tum!
Comedian
Monisponn Vo Devosponn
Comedian
Mummy
Comedian
Nhoim Mogache Pun Rogtache
Comedian
Osleo Sunnom Gharant Ietoch
Comedian
Pai
Comedian
Pavsa Pavsa Yo Re Yo
Comedian
Peleachea Vostunchu Axea Korum Noie
Comedian
Police
Comedian
Porddo
Comedian
Purtugez Goenkar
Comedian
Que Sera Sera – Zaunchem Zatelem
Comedian
2019
Raza Jieta Kombo Choita
Director & comedian
Rogot
Comedian
2007
Sir
Comedian
Sokallim
Comedian
Somzonni
Comedian
Sorry
Comedian
Sot’tor Pautti Saat
Comedian
Sounsarant Borem Naum Dovor
Comedian
Sukhnneachem Ghor Ghontter Nhoi
Comedian
Suknnim
Comedian
2016
Strike
Comedian
Tem Tuka Naka
Comedian
Tempa Pormonnem
Comedian
Udok
Comedian
Ugddas
Comedian
Umannem
Comedian
Undir Mhojea Mama
Comedian
Undir Mogan Podlo
Comedian
Vaitt
Comedian
Vann
Comedian
1998
Vatt
Comedian
Voir Marlolo Fator
Comedian
Xezarim Mornnak, Soirim Jevnnak
Comedian
Xik Aikpak, Aik Xikpak
Comedian
Zero
Comedian
2022
8 Dis
Writer, director & comedian
Select filmography
Year
Title
Role
Ref
2018
WELCOME M1LL10NS
Mad man
2022
Rong
Comedian
References
^ "Tiatr lovers will miss comedian Selvy". oHeraldo. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Comedian Selvy cause of death". 26 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ a b c d e f g Mergulhao, Marcus (26 July 2022). "Comedian Selvy, who left audiences in splits for years, now leaves Goa in tears". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
^ a b c d e f g "Comedian Selvy will make Goans laugh no more". O Heraldo. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
^ a b c "Thousands bid Comedian Selvy a tearful adieu". oHeraldo. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
^ "Selvy, the comedy king of Konkani stage". The Navhind Times. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^
^ a b c d e f g h i Pires, Mario. "Tribute to Goa's comedian Selvy". Gomantak Times. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
^ Azavedo, Gary (24 October 2015). "Comedian Agostinho set to strike with his latest offering". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Tiatr Reviews". The Navhind Times. October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Tiatr Review - J P Pereira". The Navhind Times. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "The consequences of extramarital affairs". oHeraldo. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Tiatr Reviews – J P Pereira". The Navhind Times. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Tiatr Reviews JP Pereira". The Navhind Times. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "'Sorry' to convey the importance of forgiveness". The Navhind Times. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "'Rinnkari'". The Navhind Times. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "A man with great timing". oHeraldo. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
^ "KGTS mega musical show "tiatristponn devachem dennem" - visiting artistes share limelight with local goan talent". www.indiansinkuwait.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Kuwait: Comedian Agostinho & Troupe Accorded Grand Welcome". daijiworld.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Goan Tiatr Corruption Kabar in Kuwait". retributor25.rssing.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Eka Meka Pasot". The Navhind Times. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "'Gospel Om Allah'". The Navhind Times. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Kuwait: 'My First Love' drama staged to packed audience". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Kor Kantar Taleigao: Mega musical treat". The Navhind Times. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "8 Dis". The Navhind Times. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Konkani film industry fighting against all odds". oHeraldo. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ Dsouza, Alfie (26 July 2022). "Laughter turned to Tears! Goan Comedian SELVY (48) of Konkani Tiatr No More". Mangalorean.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ "Comedian Selvy Auchit Tiatr-mogiank Roddoun Geloch!". www.nizgoenkar.com. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ "Recipients of Yuva Srujan Awards" (PDF).
^ "23rd Jan 2013 - Yuva Srujan Puraskar to be awarded". Herald Goa. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Comedian Selvy recovering at GMC". oHeraldo. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ "Tiatrists, politicians call on ailing Selvy". The Goan EveryDay. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "What Was Selvy Cause Of Death? Comedian Matheus Correia Died, Obituary & Funeral Updates". Dekhnews.
^ "The dead tell no tales". oHeraldo. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Comedian Selvy, the smiling face of tiatr, no more". The Goan EveryDay. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ "Comedian Selvy passes away". The Navhind Times. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Funeral Service of Matheus Correia (Comedian Selvy) 27th July, 3.30 pm SFX Church Velim, Goa, India". Avada Music. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ "Comedian Selvy will be laid to rest on Wednesday". oHeraldo. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
^ "Fans pay tributes to Com Selvy at '8 Dis' in Margao". The Goan EveryDay. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ "'8 Dis' staged in memory of late Selvy". oHeraldo. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ "Raza jeita kombo choita… Upholding the dignity of labour!". The Goan EveryDay.
^ Pires, Mario. "Tiatr Review: '8 Dis'". Gomantak Times.
External links
Comedian Selvy at IMDb
Portals: India Theatre Comedy BiographyComedian Selvy at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsData from Wikidata | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konkani films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_cinema"},{"link_name":"tiatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiatr"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"Matheus Correia (14 February 1974 – 25 July 2022), known professionally as Comedian Selvy, was an Indian comedian, actor, playwright, singer, director, and producer known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. One of the greatest Konkani comedians of his generation,[7] he was noted mainly for his comedy performances and was deemed as \"Goa's most loved comedian\".[5]","title":"Comedian Selvy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comedians_from_Goa_--_Selvy,_Janet,_Augustine.jpg"},{"link_name":"folk plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_plays"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"tiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiatrist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"John D'Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D%27Silva"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comedian_Selvy_performing_at_Strike_Tiatr.jpg"},{"link_name":"60 tiatrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Filmography"},{"link_name":"John D'Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D%27Silva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Roseferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseferns"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Goan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan"},{"link_name":"Mario Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Menezes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"C. D'Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D%27Silva"},{"link_name":"Maina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maina,_Goa"},{"link_name":"Curtorim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtorim"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Tiatrs","text":"From left; Correia, Com. Janet and Com. Agostinho in 2015Correia always had an immense love of, and keen interest in, the Konkani stage. He began acting at the age of 8 in his elder brother, Saude's tiatrs and village folk plays. Correia was also active in traditional Carnival folk plays (Konkani: Zomnivhele khell) before becoming a full-time professional tiatrist. He was first discovered by Tony Park who noted his skills in comedy and cast him for his non-stop tiatr.[8] Correia had previously worked in the water resources department of the Goa Government before getting his big break at age 24 in 1998 as a professional comedian in John D'Silva's tiatr Vatt (Way).[3]Correia performing in Strike tiatr in February 2016During his career span of more than two decades as a Konkani comedian, Correia has acted in more than 60 tiatrs and was cast by prominent Konkani directors such as John D'Silva (14–15 tiatrs), Agostinho Themudo[9][10][11] (23 tiatrs) from 2007 to 2019, beginning from the tiatr Sir to signing off in Pai (Father)[8][12][13] and Roseferns (20 tiatrs)[14][4] in the late 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.[3] He was also cast by other notable Goan tiatr directors like Mario Menezes,[15] Comedian Sally,[16] C. D'Silva, Pascoal Rodrigues and Milagres de Chandor. Joyel Fernandes, known professionally as Comedian Joyel, an emerging Konkani comedian from Maina-Curtorim also recalls that Correia was his inspiration[17] to take up the comedy genre.[8][18][19][20][21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VCDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"CDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"tiatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiatr"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"The Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"VCDs and CDs","text":"Correia was also featured in more than 200 VCDs. He produced 5 of them namely, Bekar Louddi, Second Hand, Garbage and Wrong Number.[8] He was also known for his singing skills,[22] and has sung in about 25 CDs.[8] After attaining much success in his tiatr career, Correia went on a global tour with his troupe in places like United Kingdom, Paris, The Middle East[23] to perform for his audience.[8][24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Goan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"silver jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_jubilee"},{"link_name":"golden jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jubilee"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Welcome M1LL10NS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_M1LL10NS"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_publication"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Directoral debut and films","text":"Correia eventually started writing, producing and directing his own tiatrs. Raza Jeita Kombo Choita and 8 Dis (8 Days)[25] remain his only and most popular productions till date, which resulted in a tremendous positive response from the Goan diaspora in the United Kingdom.[3] The latter also crossed the silver jubilee mark prior to his death and was on the way towards the golden jubilee with a scheduled show in London in late July.[8]Correia was also known for his role of Mad Man in the 2018 Konkani film, Welcome M1LL10NS. He was also seen acting in his last Konkani film, Rong (Colour) directed by Aggi Rod and produced by Joywin Fernandes, which was posthumously released on YouTube on 24 August 2022.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jr_Selvy_(Myron_Correia).jpg"},{"link_name":"Goan Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Velim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velim,_Goa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Jr. Selvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jr._Selvy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Selvy's elder son, Jr. Selvy (Myron Correia) in May 2018Matheus Correia was born to Goan Catholic parents, Jose Correia and Joana Batistina Fernandes, on 14 February 1974 in Velim, hailing from Fursabhatt.[4][8] He was a practising Roman Catholic and was married to Candolina Fernandes, with whom he had two sons, Myron (Jr. Selvy) and Ryan.[27]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comedian_Selvy_at_Yuva_Srujan_Puraskar_Award_(2013).jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"Yuva Srujan Puraskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuva_Srujan_Puraskar"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Prasad Lolienkar (C), Sonia Shirsat (L), Roma (top right) and Selvy (R) at Yuva Srujan Puraskar Award ceremony in February 2013Correia was honoured by the Gulab Award in 2007[28] and Dr. Jack de Sequeira Memorial Award for his contributions towards the Konkani stage. He was also a recipient of the Yuva Srujan Puraskar award[29] from the Arts and Culture Department of the Goa Government for the year 2011–2012.[4][30]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Goa Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Correia had complained to his troupe about uneasiness and toothache while performing in his tiatr, 8 Dis (8 days). On 15 July 2022, he visited the South Goa District Hospital in Margao for a checkup during which he was informed by the examining specialist that his diabetes and haemoglobin levels were showing negative signs.[3][4][31] He was moved swiftly to Goa Medical College and was admitted on 16 July 2022. Selvy's elder son, Myron Correia, informed the media that his father's diabetes was under control but the blood platelet count was still low.[3][4][8] He later was shifted to the intensive care unit of the hospital, wherein he received many telephone calls from his loved ones. Several Goans also offered to donate blood to save his life after many blood donation requests were made.[32] However on 25 July 2022, Selvy unexpectedly died at the age of 48, due to diabetes-related complications.[3][4][33][34]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pramod Sawant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramod_Sawant"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Reactions","text":"The Chief Minister of Goa, Pramod Sawant and several other political leaders gave their condolences to the bereaved family.[35][36]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velim,_Goa"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Goans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Funeral","text":"Correia's funeral was held on 27 July 2022 at St. Francis Xavier Church, Velim.[37] It was attended by tens of thousands of Goans, including his family, friends, tiatr fraternity and political leaders.[5] He was later laid to rest at St. Francis Xavier Church cemetery, Velim.[38]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tiatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiatr"},{"link_name":"Margao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margao"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"On 31 July 2022, Correia's tiatr 8 Dis (8 Days) was staged posthumously in response to public demand and as a fulfillment to his last wish. Myron, Correia's elder son, also mentioned that prior to his father's death, he wanted the doctors to discharge him so that he could perform in the show. Hundreds of tiatr lovers were seen paying their respects at Ravindra Bhavan in Margao, and a one-minute silence was observed to honor Correia.[39][40]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected stage works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select filmography"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Comedians_from_Goa_--_Augustine%2C_Janet_and_Selvy.jpg/220px-Comedians_from_Goa_--_Augustine%2C_Janet_and_Selvy.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left; Correia, Com. Janet and Com. Agostinho in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Comedians_from_Goa_--_Selvy%2C_Janet%2C_Augustine.jpg/220px-Comedians_from_Goa_--_Selvy%2C_Janet%2C_Augustine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Correia performing in Strike tiatr in February 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Comedian_Selvy_performing_at_Strike_Tiatr.jpg/220px-Comedian_Selvy_performing_at_Strike_Tiatr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Selvy's elder son, Jr. Selvy (Myron Correia) in May 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jr_Selvy_%28Myron_Correia%29.jpg/220px-Jr_Selvy_%28Myron_Correia%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prasad Lolienkar (C), Sonia Shirsat (L), Roma (top right) and Selvy (R) at Yuva Srujan Puraskar Award ceremony in February 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Comedian_Selvy_at_Yuva_Srujan_Puraskar_Award_%282013%29.jpg/220px-Comedian_Selvy_at_Yuva_Srujan_Puraskar_Award_%282013%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tiatr lovers will miss comedian Selvy\". oHeraldo. 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Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Comedian-Selvy-will-make-Goans-laugh-no-more/192177","url_text":"\"Comedian Selvy will make Goans laugh no more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Heraldo","url_text":"O Heraldo"}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands bid Comedian Selvy a tearful adieu\". oHeraldo. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Thousands-bid-Comedian-Selvy-a-tearful-adieu/192296","url_text":"\"Thousands bid Comedian Selvy a tearful adieu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selvy, the comedy king of Konkani stage\". The Navhind Times. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/26/goanews/selvy-the-comedy-king-of-konkani-stage/","url_text":"\"Selvy, the comedy king of Konkani stage\""}]},{"reference":"Pires, Mario. \"Tribute to Goa's comedian Selvy\". Gomantak Times. 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Comedian Matheus Correia Died, Obituary & Funeral Updates\""}]},{"reference":"\"The dead tell no tales\". oHeraldo. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/The-dead-tell-no-tales/192660","url_text":"\"The dead tell no tales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comedian Selvy, the smiling face of tiatr, no more\". The Goan EveryDay. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/comedian-selvy-the-smiling-face-of-tiatr-no-more/86955.html","url_text":"\"Comedian Selvy, the smiling face of tiatr, no more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comedian Selvy passes away\". The Navhind Times. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/26/goanews/comedian-selvy-passes-away/","url_text":"\"Comedian Selvy passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral Service of Matheus Correia (Comedian Selvy) 27th July, 3.30 pm SFX Church Velim, Goa, India\". Avada Music. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://comedycanon.com/funeral-service-of-matheus-correia-comedian-selvy-27th-july-3-30-pm-sfx-church-velim-goa-india/","url_text":"\"Funeral Service of Matheus Correia (Comedian Selvy) 27th July, 3.30 pm SFX Church Velim, Goa, India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comedian Selvy will be laid to rest on Wednesday\". oHeraldo. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Comedian-Selvy-will-be-laid-to-rest-on-Wednesday/192222","url_text":"\"Comedian Selvy will be laid to rest on Wednesday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fans pay tributes to Com Selvy at '8 Dis' in Margao\". The Goan EveryDay. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/fans-pay-tributes-to-com-selvy-at-%E2%80%988-dis%E2%80%99-in-margao/87214.html","url_text":"\"Fans pay tributes to Com Selvy at '8 Dis' in Margao\""}]},{"reference":"\"'8 Dis' staged in memory of late Selvy\". oHeraldo. Retrieved 10 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%988-Dis%E2%80%99-staged-in-memory-of-late-Selvy/192507","url_text":"\"'8 Dis' staged in memory of late Selvy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raza jeita kombo choita… Upholding the dignity of labour!\". The Goan EveryDay.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegoan.net//raza-jeita-kombo-choita%E2%80%A6-upholding-the-dignity-of-labour/55221.html","url_text":"\"Raza jeita kombo choita… Upholding the dignity of labour!\""}]},{"reference":"Pires, Mario. \"Tiatr Review: '8 Dis'\". Gomantak Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-8-dis","url_text":"\"Tiatr Review: '8 Dis'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Letters/Letters-to-the-editor-26-July-2022/192185","external_links_name":"\"Tiatr lovers will miss comedian Selvy\""},{"Link":"https://vimbuzz.com/comedian-selvy-cause-of-death/","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy cause of death\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/selvy-who-left-audiences-in-splits-for-years-now-leaves-goa-in-tears/articleshow/93121260.cms","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy, who left audiences in splits for years, now leaves Goa in tears\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Comedian-Selvy-will-make-Goans-laugh-no-more/192177","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy will make Goans laugh no more\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Thousands-bid-Comedian-Selvy-a-tearful-adieu/192296","external_links_name":"\"Thousands bid Comedian Selvy a tearful adieu\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/26/goanews/selvy-the-comedy-king-of-konkani-stage/","external_links_name":"\"Selvy, the comedy king of Konkani stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tribute-to-goas-comedian-selvy","external_links_name":"\"Tribute to Goa's comedian Selvy\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/comedian-agostinho-set-to-strike-with-his-latest-offering/articleshow/49511464.cms","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Agostinho set to strike with his latest offering\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/10/01/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews/","external_links_name":"\"Tiatr Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/14/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-j-p-pereira-8/","external_links_name":"\"Tiatr Review - J P Pereira\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-consequences-of-extramarital-affairs/191520","external_links_name":"\"The consequences of extramarital affairs\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/12/15/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-j-p-pereira/","external_links_name":"\"Tiatr Reviews – J P Pereira\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/10/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-jp-pereira/","external_links_name":"\"Tiatr Reviews JP Pereira\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/24/magazines/buzz/sorry-to-convey-the-importance-of-forgiveness/","external_links_name":"\"'Sorry' to convey the importance of forgiveness\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/11/11/magazines/buzz/iwatch-rinnkari/","external_links_name":"\"'Rinnkari'\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-man-with-great-timing/174041","external_links_name":"\"A man with great timing\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiansinkuwait.com/news/KGTS-mega-musical-show-tiatristponn-devachem-dennem-visiting-artistes-share-limelight-with-local-goan-talent-","external_links_name":"\"KGTS mega musical show \"tiatristponn devachem dennem\" - visiting artistes share limelight with local goan talent\""},{"Link":"https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=42537","external_links_name":"\"Kuwait: Comedian Agostinho & Troupe Accorded Grand Welcome\""},{"Link":"https://retributor25.rssing.com/chan-13620356/all_p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Goan Tiatr Corruption Kabar in Kuwait\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/05/09/magazines/buzz/eka-meka-pasot/","external_links_name":"\"Eka Meka Pasot\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/28/magazines/buzz/iwatch-gospel-om-allah/","external_links_name":"\"'Gospel Om Allah'\""},{"Link":"https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=625382","external_links_name":"\"Kuwait: 'My First Love' drama staged to packed audience\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/11/06/magazines/kuriocity/kor-kantar-taleigao-mega-musical-treat/","external_links_name":"\"Kor Kantar Taleigao: Mega musical treat\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/05/24/magazines/buzz/8-dis/","external_links_name":"\"8 Dis\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Konkani-film-industry-fighting-against-all-odds/192952","external_links_name":"\"Konkani film industry fighting against all odds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230228115142/https://www.mangalorean.com/laughter-turned-to-tears-goan-comedian-selvy-48-of-konkani-tiatr-no-more/","external_links_name":"\"Laughter turned to Tears! Goan Comedian SELVY (48) of Konkani Tiatr No More\""},{"Link":"https://www.mangalorean.com/laughter-turned-to-tears-goan-comedian-selvy-48-of-konkani-tiatr-no-more/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=3549","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy Auchit Tiatr-mogiank Roddoun Geloch!\""},{"Link":"http://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/40_doc_Recipients-of-Yuva-Srujan-Puraskar.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Recipients of Yuva Srujan Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Other-Voices/23rd-jan-2013/46602","external_links_name":"\"23rd Jan 2013 - Yuva Srujan Puraskar to be awarded\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Comedian-Selvy-recovering-at-GMC/191767","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy recovering at GMC\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/tiatrists-politicians-call-on-ailing-selvy/86596.html","external_links_name":"\"Tiatrists, politicians call on ailing Selvy\""},{"Link":"https://www.dekhnews.com/selvy-cause-of-death/","external_links_name":"\"What Was Selvy Cause Of Death? Comedian Matheus Correia Died, Obituary & Funeral Updates\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/The-dead-tell-no-tales/192660","external_links_name":"\"The dead tell no tales\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/comedian-selvy-the-smiling-face-of-tiatr-no-more/86955.html","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy, the smiling face of tiatr, no more\""},{"Link":"https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/26/goanews/comedian-selvy-passes-away/","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy passes away\""},{"Link":"https://comedycanon.com/funeral-service-of-matheus-correia-comedian-selvy-27th-july-3-30-pm-sfx-church-velim-goa-india/","external_links_name":"\"Funeral Service of Matheus Correia (Comedian Selvy) 27th July, 3.30 pm SFX Church Velim, Goa, India\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Comedian-Selvy-will-be-laid-to-rest-on-Wednesday/192222","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Selvy will be laid to rest on Wednesday\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/fans-pay-tributes-to-com-selvy-at-%E2%80%988-dis%E2%80%99-in-margao/87214.html","external_links_name":"\"Fans pay tributes to Com Selvy at '8 Dis' in Margao\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%988-Dis%E2%80%99-staged-in-memory-of-late-Selvy/192507","external_links_name":"\"'8 Dis' staged in memory of late Selvy\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegoan.net//raza-jeita-kombo-choita%E2%80%A6-upholding-the-dignity-of-labour/55221.html","external_links_name":"\"Raza jeita kombo choita… Upholding the dignity of labour!\""},{"Link":"https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/tiatr-review-8-dis","external_links_name":"\"Tiatr Review: '8 Dis'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8860825/","external_links_name":"Comedian Selvy"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick | Ten North Frederick | ["1 References"] | For the 1958 screen adaptation of this novel, see Ten North Frederick (film).
1955 novel by John O'Hara
First edition cover(publ. Random House, 1955)
Ten North Frederick is a novel by John O'Hara, published by Random House in 1955. It tells the story of Joseph Chapin, an ambitious man who desires to become president of the United States, and his relationships with his patrician wife, two rebellious children, and mistress.
Ten North Frederick won the 1956 National Book Award for Fiction. It was also a commercial success, ranking as one of the top ten best-selling books in the United States in Publishers Weekly's list for the year 1955.
In 1958, it was adapted into a film of the same name starring Gary Cooper as Chapin.
References
^
"National Book Awards – 1956". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-31. (With essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
^ Hackett, Alice Payne and Burke, James Henry (1977). 80 Years of Best Sellers:1895 - 1975. New York: R.R. Bowker Company. p. 149. ISBN 0-8352-0908-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Ten North Frederick". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
vteNational Book Award for Fiction (1950–1974)
The Man with the Golden Arm by Nelson Algren (1950)
Collected Stories of William Faulkner by William Faulkner (1951)
From Here to Eternity by James Jones (1952)
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1953)
The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1954)
A Fable by William Faulkner (1955)
Ten North Frederick by John O'Hara (1956)
The Field of Vision by Wright Morris (1957)
The Wapshot Chronicle by John Cheever (1958)
The Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud (1959)
Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth (1960)
The Waters of Kronos by Conrad Richter (1961)
The Moviegoer by Walker Percy (1962)
Morte d'Urban by J. F. Powers (1963)
The Centaur by John Updike (1964)
Herzog by Saul Bellow (1965)
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)
The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)
The Eighth Day by Thornton Wilder (1968)
Steps by Jerzy Kosiński (1969)
them by Joyce Carol Oates (1970)
Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow (1971)
The Complete Stories by Flannery O'Connor (1972)
Chimera by John Barth (1973)
Augustus by John Williams (1973)
Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon (1974)
A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (1974)
Complete list
(1950–1974)
(1975–1999)
(2000–2024)
Awards
Preceded byA FableWilliam Faulkner
National Book Award for Fiction 1956
Succeeded byThe Field of VisionWright Morris
This article about a political novel of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ten North Frederick (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TenNorthFrederickNovel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_literature"},{"link_name":"John O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"National Book Award for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba1956-1"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gary Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the 1958 screen adaptation of this novel, see Ten North Frederick (film).1955 novel by John O'HaraFirst edition cover(publ. Random House, 1955)Ten North Frederick is a novel by John O'Hara, published by Random House in 1955. It tells the story of Joseph Chapin, an ambitious man who desires to become president of the United States, and his relationships with his patrician wife, two rebellious children, and mistress.Ten North Frederick won the 1956 National Book Award for Fiction.[1] It was also a commercial success, ranking as one of the top ten best-selling books in the United States in Publishers Weekly's list for the year 1955.[2]In 1958, it was adapted into a film of the same name starring Gary Cooper as Chapin.[3]","title":"Ten North Frederick"}] | [{"image_text":"First edition cover(publ. Random House, 1955)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/TenNorthFrederickNovel.JPG/220px-TenNorthFrederickNovel.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hackett, Alice Payne and Burke, James Henry (1977). 80 Years of Best Sellers:1895 - 1975. New York: R.R. Bowker Company. p. 149. ISBN 0-8352-0908-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8352-0908-3","url_text":"0-8352-0908-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Ten North Frederick\". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Search?searchField=MovieName&searchText=ten+north+frederick&sortType=sortByRelevance","url_text":"\"Ten North Frederick\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1956","external_links_name":"\"National Book Awards – 1956\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Search?searchField=MovieName&searchText=ten+north+frederick&sortType=sortByRelevance","external_links_name":"\"Ten North Frederick\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_North_Frederick&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_Arch | Darwin's Arch | ["1 Geography","2 Fauna","3 Tourism","4 Collapse","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 1°40′19.2″N 91°59′26.6″W / 1.672000°N 91.990722°W / 1.672000; -91.990722
Rock arch near Darwin Island (collapsed 2021)
Darwin's ArchDarwin's Arch, 2006Darwin's ArchLocation in the Galápagos IslandsShow map of Galápagos IslandsDarwin's ArchLocation in the Pacific OceanShow map of Pacific OceanGeographyLocationSoutheast of Darwin Island, Galápagos Islands, EcuadorCoordinates1°40′19.2″N 91°59′26.6″W / 1.672000°N 91.990722°W / 1.672000; -91.990722ArchipelagoGalápagos IslandsAdministrationEcuador
Darwin's Arch (Spanish: Arco de Darwin) was a natural rock arch feature to the south-east of Darwin Island in the Galápagos Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, and is now a pillar formation. The arch sat on an irregularly shaped, rocky, submerged plateau, nicknamed "the theatre". The arch collapsed into the sea on 17 May 2021 from natural erosion.
Darwin's Arch, along with the nearby Darwin Island, was named after English naturalist Charles Darwin, whose studies in the surrounding area helped him to form his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. As a tribute to Darwin and his works, some locals and industry professionals have nicknamed the remaining stone "towers" the Pillars of Evolution (Spanish: Los Pilares de la Evolución).
Geography
Darwin's Arch and partial view of the plateau, 2003
Part of Ecuador's Galápagos Archipelago, Darwin Island is a small, uninhabited island with an area of 2.33 square kilometres (0.90 sq mi) and an elevation of 168 metres (551 ft). Darwin's Arch was 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the southeast of the island and had a bridge-like appearance, which had been caused by erosion. The plateau's wall drops away into the sea, and the arch's ocean side featured a "viewing platform" at 18 metres (59 ft). The arch was 43 metres (141 ft) high, 70 metres (230 ft) long, and 23 metres (75 ft) wide.
Fauna
From its southern tip to the sloping channel, the marine fauna seen are scalloped hammerheads, manta rays, big-eye jacks, bonito, yellowfin tuna, dolphins, big schooling of species of pelagic fish, and also whale sharks of up to 14 metres (45 ft) in length. The whale sharks are found from early July. Other marine fauna include Moorish idols, Galapagos sharks, eagle rays, green turtles, hawksbill turtles, silkie and white-tipped reef sharks, barracuda and black jack sharks. Many birds are endemic and the species commonly noted is the sooty tern (Sterna fuscata), which breeds on Darwin Island.
Tourism
The arch was popular with photographers and cruise-ship tours. The rich wildlife around the arch made it a popular scuba diving location. As with Darwin Island, tourists were not permitted to set foot on the arch. The surrounding area of the Galápagos Islands was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.
Collapse
On 17 May 2021, at 11:20 a.m. Galápagos Time (UTC–6), the arch collapsed through natural erosion. A post from Ecuador's Ministry of Environment and Water stated that "this event was a consequence of natural erosion. Darwin's Arch is made of natural stone that at one time would have been part of Darwin Island, which is not open to visits by land." The event was witnessed by divers aboard the Galapagos Aggressor III.
Following the collapse of the arch, the remaining columns of rock have been nicknamed the "Pillars of Evolution" (Spanish: Los Pilares de la Evolución) by locals in the tourism and diving industry. The nickname alludes to the arch and the nearby island having been named after Charles Darwin, whose studies of the surrounding area's wildlife contributed to the inception of his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
References
^ a b c "Darwin". Galapagos Conservancy. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
^ a b Steve Rosenberg; Ellen I. Sarbone (2004). The Diving Guide Galapagos Islands. Cruising Guide Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-944428-70-2.
^ a b c Strauss, Rebecca (17 May 2021). "Breaking News: Darwin's Arch Collapses". Scuba Diver Life. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ "Galapagos Islands: Erosion fells Darwin's Arch". BBC News. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ "Iconic Natural Rock Feature in the Galápagos Islands Crumbles Into the Ocean". Smithsonian Magazine.
^ a b c Farzan, Antonia Noori (19 May 2021). "Darwin's Arch, famed Galápagos rock formation, collapses from erosion". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ Harpp, Karen S.; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noémi; Graham, David W. (2014). The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Wiley. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-118-85268-2.
^ Jackson, Jack (2008). Dive Atlas of the World. Simon & Schuster/New Holland Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-84773-317-7.
^ "Top of famed Darwin's Arch off the Galapagos collapses". CBC News. Associated Press. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Jackson 2008, p. 221.
^ Sport Diver. January 2001. p. 110. ISSN 1077-985X.
^ a b "Darwin's Arch collapses, famed Galapagos Island rock formation". Reuters. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ a b "Ecuador: Galapagos icon, Darwin's Arch, collapses". Deutsche Welle. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Ministerio del Ambiente y Agua de Ecuador (17 May 2021). "Informamos que hoy 17 de mayo, se reportó el colapso del Arco de Darwin, el atractivo puente natural ubicado a menos de un kilómetro de la isla principal Darwin, la más norte del archipiélago de #Galápagos. Este suceso sería consecuencia de la erosión natural" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 May 2021 – via Twitter.
^ "Famed Darwin's Arch, in Galapagos, Collapses Due to Erosion". Morning Edition. National Public Radio (NPR). 19 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
External links
Media related to Darwin's Arch at Wikimedia Commons
vteRecreational dive sitesReef diving regions
Akumal
Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
Aliwal Shoal
Amed (Bali)
Anilao
Apo Island
Apo Reef
Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
Bay of Pigs
Belize Barrier Reef
Biscayne National Park
Bohol Sea
Bowie Seamount
Bunaken
Bunaken National Park
Cahuita National Park
Calve Island
Capurganá
Ċirkewwa
Cliff Villa Peninsula
Cozumel
Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park
Edmonds Underwater Park
El Ikhwa Islands
False Bay
Għar Qawqla
Gili Islands
Great Barrier Reef
Great Southern Reef
Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve
Haql
Hol Chan Marine Reserve
iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
Sodwana Bay
John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
Kadmat Island
Ko Tao
Lighthouse Reef
Mantanani Islands
Malapascua
Martin's Haven
Marsa Alam
Molasses Reef
Molokini
Neptune Islands
Osprey Reef
Palancar Reef
Panglao, Bohol
Pescador Island
Petit Saint Vincent
Poor Knights Islands
Porteau Cove Provincial Park
Puerto Galera
Punta Cana
Ras Muhammad National Park
Rondo Island
Rottnest Island
San Andrés (island)
San Pedro Nolasco Island
Shaʽb Abu Nuħas
Shadwan Island
Similan Islands
Sipadan
Socorro Island
Sound of Mull
St. Crispin's Reef
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Taganga
Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
Tubbataha Reef
Utila
Wakatobi Regency
Weh Island
Reef dive sites
Azure Window
Cod Hole
Daedalus Reef
Darwin's Arch
Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
Elphinstone Reef
Eyemouth
Fanadir
Frederiksted Pier
French Reef
Fowey Rocks Light
Gamul Kebir
Hillsea Point Rock
Inland Sea, Gozo
Kennack Sands
The Manacles
Magic Point
Octopus Hole
Pope's Eye
Portsea Hole
Second Valley
Sund Rock
St Abbs
Stingray City, Grand Cayman
Wolf Rock
Artificial reefs
Edithburgh jetty
Gibraltar Artificial Reef
Merkanti Reef
Port Hughes jetty
Port Noarlunga jetty
Rapid Bay jetty
Shark River Reef
South Channel Fort
Osborne Reef
Underwater artworks
Cancún Underwater Museum
Christ of the Abyss
Circle of Heroes
Kristu tal-Baħħara
Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park
Snorkelling sites
Fungus Rock
Wreck diving regions
Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District
Calve Island
Chuuk Lagoon
Coron Bay
Edmonds Underwater Park
Shipwrecks of Isle Royale
Loch Long
Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan
Michigan Underwater Preserves
Pearl and Hermes Atoll
Porteau Cove Provincial Park
Robben Island Marine Protected Area
Scapa Flow
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Tulagi
Tulamben
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Ve Skerries
Wardang Island
Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly
Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve
Wreck Alley, San Diego
Wreck dive sites
115 (barge)
A
HMS A1
HMS A3
USS Aaron Ward
Abessinia
USS Accokeek
HMAS Adelaide
SS Admiral Sampson
MV Adolphus Busch
Aeolian Sky
USS Aeolus
Agat World War II Amtrac
SS Ajax
Albert C. Field
USS Algol
SS Algoma
Al Munassir
Amaryllis
SS America
USS Anderson
Andrea Doria
Antilla
Antilles
USS Apogon
SS Appomattox
Aquila
Aratama Maru
Arctic
USS Arkansas
SS Arratoon Apcar
USS Arthur W. Radford
SS Atlanta
USS Atlanta (CL-51)
SS Australasia
B
HMAS Bayonet
SS Ben Doran
SS Benwood
Bianca C.
USCGC Bibb
SS Binnendijk
USS Blenny
HMS Boadicea
Booya
HMSAS Bloemfontein
Breda
Brian Davis
HMAS Brisbane
HMHS Britannic
Bud Bar
Bungsberg
Byron
C
HMAS Canberra
HMCS Cape Breton
USCGC Cape Henlopen
Captain Keith Tibbetts
Carl D. Bradley
USS Carlisle
Carnatic
Carthaginian II
SS Cayuga
SS Cedarville
Christina Nilsson
City of Bangor
SS City of Everett
SS City of Launceston
HMCS Chaudière
ROCS Chen Hai
Chester A. Congdon
SS Clan Ranald
SS Clifton
USCGC Comanche
SS Comet
Constandis
HMAS Coogee
Cormoran
Cornelia B. Windiate
HMS Coronation
Crusader
PS Cumberland
USS Curb
USCGC Cuyahoga
D
MV Dania
Daniel Lyons
David Tucker
SMS Dresden
SS D.R. Hanna
USCGC Duane
Dunraven
SS Dwight L. Moody
E
Eagle
Eastfield
SS Eber Ward
SS Edgar E. Clark
HMT Elk
Ellengowan
USS Emmons
SS Emperor
RMS Empress of Ireland
SS Erie L. Hackley
SS Espagne
SS Etruria
F
HMS Falmouth
Fifi
Fleetwing
SS Francisco Morazan
SS Francis Hinton
SS Frank O'Connor
F.T. Barney
Fujikawa Maru
Fumizuki
G
Gallinipper
SATS General Botha
USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg
George A. Marsh
SS George Dewey
George M. Cox
Georg Thiele
HMS Ghurka
USS Gilliam
SS Glenlyon
Glen Strathallan
SAS Good Hope
HMAS Goorangai
Gothenburg
Grace A. Channon
SS Grecian
Green Bay
MV Gregory Poole
Gunilda
H
MT Haven
SS Henry Chisholm
MT Hephaestus
Hermann Künne
HMS Hermes
Herzogin Cecilie
SS Hesper
Hilma Hooker
Hispania
Home
HMS Hood
HMAS Hobart
I
Igara
USS Indra
SS Ironsides
SS Isaac M. Scott
Island City
J
HMAS J1
HMAS J2
HMAS J4
HMAS J5
James Eagan Layne
J.S. Seaverns
SS John B. Cowle
John M. Osborn
SS John Mitchell
Jura
K
SS Kamloops
Kashi Maru
PS Keystone State
King Cruiser
USS Kittiwake
Kizugawa Maru
SMS Kronprinz
Kyarra
Kyle Spangler
L
PS Lady Elgin
Lady Thetis
HMS Laforey
SS Lakeland
USS Lamson
USAT Liberty
SS Louisiana
Louis Sheid
SS L.R. Doty
USS LST-507
Lumberman
M
HMS M2
HMCS Mackenzie
Madeira
SMS Markgraf
SS Marquette
Mayflower (scow)
Mikhail Lermontov
Maine
Maloja
HMS Maori
SS Maori
SS Margaret Olwill
Marguerite
SS Mauna Loa
USAT Meigs
Mendi
MV Mercedes I
USCGC Mesquite
Metamora
SS Midland City
USS Mindanao
Minnedosa
SS Miowera
SS Milwaukee
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Miztec
USCGC Mohawk
Mohegan
RMS Moldavia
SS Monarch
SS Monrovia
HMS Montagu
SS M.M. Drake
MV RMS Mulheim
USS Muliphen
SS Myron
N
Nagato
Niagara
Niagara (tug)
HMCS Nipigon
SS Norman
Northerner
O
Oceana
SS Onoko
USS Oriskany
Oslofjord
Ozone
P
P29
P31
SS Panay
SS Papoose
Pedernales
Persier
HMAS Perth
SS Pewabic
SAS Pietermaritzburg
USS Pilotfish
Piłsudski
SS Pioneer
USCGC Point Swift
Pool Fisher
SS Port Kembla
HMS Port Napier
Preußen
President Coolidge
HMS Prince of Wales
Q
PS Queen Victoria
R
SS R.P. Resor
Radaas
USS Rankin
Rainbow Warrior
SS Regina
HMS Repulse
RMS Rhone
Riva Palacio
Robert C. Pringle
SS Robert Wallace
USS Rochester
Rondo
Rosehill
Rosinco
Rotorua
Rouse Simmons
Royal Adelaide
Royal Charter
Rozi
SS Russia
S
HMS Safari
Sagamore
HMCS Saguenay
Sakawa
Salem Express
SS Samuel Mather
Samuel P. Ely
Sanko Harvest
USS Saratoga
HMCS Saskatchewan
SS S.C. Baldwin
USS Schurz
USS Scuffle
USS Scrimmage
HMS Scylla
SS Selah Chamberlain
HMS Sidon
USCGC Spar
South Australian
USS Spiegel Grove
Sport
Stanegarth
Stanwood
Stella
SS Stepas Darius
HMS St Lawrence
SS Superior City
HMAS Swan
Sweepstakes
T
SS Tahoe
USCGC Tamaroa
USS Tarpon
Thesis
Thistlegorm
Thomas Friant
Thomas Wilson
Thunderbolt Wreck
Toa Maru
HMAS Tobruk
Tokai Maru
Torrey Canyon
SAS Transvaal
MV Treasure
HMNZS Tui
U
U-40
U-352
U-1195
Um El Faroud
V
Varvassi
USS Vermilion
SS Vernon
SS Vienna
W
HMNZS Waikato
Walter L M Russ
Washingtonian (1913)
PS Waubuno
HMNZS Wellington
SS Wexford
SS William C. Moreland
SS Wisconsin
USS Wilkes-Barre
Y
USS Yancey
YO-257
Yongala
HMCS Yukon
Z
Zenobia
Zealandia
Zingara
Cave dive sitesCave diving regions of the world
Cave dive sites:
Blauhöhle
Blue hole
Blue Hole (Red Sea)
Great Blue Hole
Blue Hole (Guam)
Boesmansgat
Cenote
Dzibilchaltun
Chinhoyi Caves
Cocklebiddy, Western Australia
Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
Engelbrecht Cave
Fossil Cave
Hranice Abyss
Jordbrugrotta
Kilsby sinkhole
Molnár János Cave
Nereo Cave
Piccaninnie Ponds
Pluragrotta
Pollatoomary
Ricks Spring
The Shaft
Sistema Dos Ojos
Sistema Huautla
Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich
Sistema Ox Bel Ha
Sistema Sac Actun
Uamh an Claonaite
Vortex Spring
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ZacatónFreshwater dive sites
Blue Hole (New Mexico)
Blue Lake (Utah)
Dinorwic quarry
Dorothea quarry
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Homestead caldera
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Training sites
Blue Abyss
Capernwray Dive Centre
Deep Dive Dubai
Deepspot
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Hotel Terme Millepini
National Diving and Activity Centre
Nemo 33
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Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall
Stoney Cove
Swanage Pier
Related topics
Black-water diving
Blue-water diving
Low impact diving
Recreational diving
Scuba diving
Scuba diving tourism
Underwater archaeology
Underwater diving
Wall diving
Outline of recreational dive sites
Category: Underwater diving sites
Commons: Category:Recreational dive sites
Index of recreational dive sites
Portal:Underwater diving | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"natural rock arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rock_arch"},{"link_name":"Darwin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Island"},{"link_name":"Galápagos Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gala-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RosenbergSarbone2004-2"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strauss-20210517-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farzan_2021-6"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"}],"text":"Rock arch near Darwin Island (collapsed 2021)Darwin's Arch (Spanish: Arco de Darwin) was a natural rock arch feature to the south-east of Darwin Island in the Galápagos Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, and is now a pillar formation. The arch sat on an irregularly shaped, rocky, submerged plateau, nicknamed \"the theatre\".[1][2] The arch collapsed into the sea on 17 May 2021 from natural erosion.[3][4][5]Darwin's Arch, along with the nearby Darwin Island, was named after English naturalist Charles Darwin, whose studies in the surrounding area helped him to form his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. As a tribute to Darwin and his works, some locals and industry professionals have nicknamed the remaining stone \"towers\" the Pillars of Evolution[6] (Spanish: Los Pilares de la Evolución).","title":"Darwin's Arch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darwins_Arch,_Galapagos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Galápagos Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Darwin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Darwin's Arch and partial view of the plateau, 2003Part of Ecuador's Galápagos Archipelago, Darwin Island is a small, uninhabited island with an area of 2.33 square kilometres (0.90 sq mi) and an elevation of 168 metres (551 ft). Darwin's Arch was 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the southeast of the island and had a bridge-like appearance, which had been caused by erosion. [7] The plateau's wall drops away into the sea, and the arch's ocean side featured a \"viewing platform\" at 18 metres (59 ft).[8] The arch was 43 metres (141 ft) high, 70 metres (230 ft) long, and 23 metres (75 ft) wide.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scalloped hammerheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead"},{"link_name":"manta rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta_ray"},{"link_name":"big-eye jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigeye_trevally"},{"link_name":"bonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonito"},{"link_name":"yellowfin tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"pelagic fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish"},{"link_name":"whale sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gala-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RosenbergSarbone2004-2"},{"link_name":"Moorish idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_idol"},{"link_name":"Galapagos sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_shark"},{"link_name":"eagle rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_ray"},{"link_name":"green turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_turtle"},{"link_name":"hawksbill turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle"},{"link_name":"silkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silky_shark"},{"link_name":"white-tipped reef sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark"},{"link_name":"barracuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracuda"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2008221-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"sooty tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_tern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gala-1"}],"text":"From its southern tip to the sloping channel, the marine fauna seen are scalloped hammerheads, manta rays, big-eye jacks, bonito, yellowfin tuna, dolphins, big schooling of species of pelagic fish, and also whale sharks of up to 14 metres (45 ft) in length. The whale sharks are found from early July.[1][2] Other marine fauna include Moorish idols, Galapagos sharks, eagle rays, green turtles, hawksbill turtles, silkie and white-tipped reef sharks, barracuda and black jack sharks.[10][11] Many birds are endemic and the species commonly noted is the sooty tern (Sterna fuscata), which breeds on Darwin Island.[1]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_19052021-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw_18052021-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_19052021-12"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw_18052021-13"}],"text":"The arch was popular with photographers and cruise-ship tours.[12] The rich wildlife around the arch made it a popular scuba diving location.[13] As with Darwin Island, tourists were not permitted to set foot on the arch.[12] The surrounding area of the Galápagos Islands was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.[13]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galápagos Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%80%936"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strauss-20210517-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strauss-20210517-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farzan_2021-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"inception of his theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inception_of_Darwin%27s_theory"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farzan_2021-6"}],"text":"On 17 May 2021, at 11:20 a.m. Galápagos Time (UTC–6),[3] the arch collapsed through natural erosion. A post from Ecuador's Ministry of Environment and Water stated that \"this event was a consequence of natural erosion. Darwin's Arch is made of natural stone that at one time would have been part of Darwin Island, which is not open to visits by land.\"[14] The event was witnessed by divers aboard the Galapagos Aggressor III.[3]Following the collapse of the arch, the remaining columns of rock have been nicknamed the \"Pillars of Evolution\" (Spanish: Los Pilares de la Evolución) by locals in the tourism and diving industry.[6][15] The nickname alludes to the arch and the nearby island having been named after Charles Darwin, whose studies of the surrounding area's wildlife contributed to the inception of his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.[6]","title":"Collapse"}] | [{"image_text":"Darwin's Arch and partial view of the plateau, 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Darwins_Arch%2C_Galapagos.jpg/220px-Darwins_Arch%2C_Galapagos.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Darwin\". Galapagos Conservancy. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/darwin/","url_text":"\"Darwin\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Rosenberg; Ellen I. Sarbone (2004). The Diving Guide Galapagos Islands. Cruising Guide Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-944428-70-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s0gQAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Diving Guide Galapagos Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944428-70-2","url_text":"978-0-944428-70-2"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Rebecca (17 May 2021). \"Breaking News: Darwin's Arch Collapses\". Scuba Diver Life. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://scubadiverlife.com/breaking-news-darwins-arch-collapses/","url_text":"\"Breaking News: Darwin's Arch Collapses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galapagos Islands: Erosion fells Darwin's Arch\". BBC News. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57153267","url_text":"\"Galapagos Islands: Erosion fells Darwin's Arch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Iconic Natural Rock Feature in the Galápagos Islands Crumbles Into the Ocean\". Smithsonian Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/iconic-natural-rock-feature-galapagos-islands-crumbles-ocean-180977775/","url_text":"\"Iconic Natural Rock Feature in the Galápagos Islands Crumbles Into the Ocean\""}]},{"reference":"Farzan, Antonia Noori (19 May 2021). \"Darwin's Arch, famed Galápagos rock formation, collapses from erosion\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Farzan","url_text":"Farzan, Antonia Noori"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/19/darwins-arch-galapagos-collapse/","url_text":"\"Darwin's Arch, famed Galápagos rock formation, collapses from erosion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Harpp, Karen S.; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noémi; Graham, David W. (2014). The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Wiley. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-118-85268-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jTQWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311","url_text":"The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-85268-2","url_text":"978-1-118-85268-2"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Jack (2008). Dive Atlas of the World. Simon & Schuster/New Holland Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-84773-317-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=urTGmUXj8bMC&pg=PA221","url_text":"Dive Atlas of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84773-317-7","url_text":"978-1-84773-317-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Top of famed Darwin's Arch off the Galapagos collapses\". CBC News. Associated Press. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/darwins-arch-collapse-1.6031500","url_text":"\"Top of famed Darwin's Arch off the Galapagos collapses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"Sport Diver. January 2001. p. 110. ISSN 1077-985X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=alPGlTnUMaAC&pg=PA110","url_text":"Sport Diver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-985X","url_text":"1077-985X"}]},{"reference":"\"Darwin's Arch collapses, famed Galapagos Island rock formation\". Reuters. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/darwins-arch-collapses-famed-galapagos-island-rock-formation-2021-05-19/","url_text":"\"Darwin's Arch collapses, famed Galapagos Island rock formation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecuador: Galapagos icon, Darwin's Arch, collapses\". Deutsche Welle. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/ecuador-galapagos-icon-darwins-arch-collapses/a-57564675","url_text":"\"Ecuador: Galapagos icon, Darwin's Arch, collapses\""}]},{"reference":"Ministerio del Ambiente y Agua de Ecuador [@Ambiente_Ec] (17 May 2021). \"Informamos que hoy 17 de mayo, se reportó el colapso del Arco de Darwin, el atractivo puente natural ubicado a menos de un kilómetro de la isla principal Darwin, la más norte del archipiélago de #Galápagos. Este suceso sería consecuencia de la erosión natural\" [We inform everyone that today, May 17, the collapse of the Darwin Arch, the attractive natural bridge located less than a kilometre from the main island of Darwin, the northernmost island of the #Galapagos archipelago, was reported. This event was a consequence of natural erosion.] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 May 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Ambiente_Ec/status/1394397390384341004","url_text":"\"Informamos que hoy 17 de mayo, se reportó el colapso del Arco de Darwin, el atractivo puente natural ubicado a menos de un kilómetro de la isla principal Darwin, la más norte del archipiélago de #Galápagos. Este suceso sería consecuencia de la erosión natural\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Famed Darwin's Arch, in Galapagos, Collapses Due to Erosion\". Morning Edition. National Public Radio (NPR). 19 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2021/05/19/998137151/famed-darwins-arch-in-galapagos-collapses-due-to-erorsion","url_text":"\"Famed Darwin's Arch, in Galapagos, Collapses Due to Erosion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Edition","url_text":"Morning Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darwin%27s_Arch¶ms=1_40_19.2_N_91_59_26.6_W_type:landmark_region:EC","external_links_name":"1°40′19.2″N 91°59′26.6″W / 1.672000°N 91.990722°W / 1.672000; -91.990722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darwin%27s_Arch¶ms=1_40_19.2_N_91_59_26.6_W_type:landmark_region:EC","external_links_name":"1°40′19.2″N 91°59′26.6″W / 1.672000°N 91.990722°W / 1.672000; -91.990722"},{"Link":"http://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/darwin/","external_links_name":"\"Darwin\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s0gQAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Diving Guide Galapagos Islands"},{"Link":"https://scubadiverlife.com/breaking-news-darwins-arch-collapses/","external_links_name":"\"Breaking News: Darwin's Arch Collapses\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57153267","external_links_name":"\"Galapagos Islands: Erosion fells Darwin's Arch\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/iconic-natural-rock-feature-galapagos-islands-crumbles-ocean-180977775/","external_links_name":"\"Iconic Natural Rock Feature in the Galápagos Islands Crumbles Into the Ocean\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/19/darwins-arch-galapagos-collapse/","external_links_name":"\"Darwin's Arch, famed Galápagos rock formation, collapses from erosion\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jTQWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311","external_links_name":"The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=urTGmUXj8bMC&pg=PA221","external_links_name":"Dive Atlas of the World"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/darwins-arch-collapse-1.6031500","external_links_name":"\"Top of famed Darwin's Arch off the Galapagos collapses\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=alPGlTnUMaAC&pg=PA110","external_links_name":"Sport Diver"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-985X","external_links_name":"1077-985X"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/darwins-arch-collapses-famed-galapagos-island-rock-formation-2021-05-19/","external_links_name":"\"Darwin's Arch collapses, famed Galapagos Island rock formation\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/ecuador-galapagos-icon-darwins-arch-collapses/a-57564675","external_links_name":"\"Ecuador: Galapagos icon, Darwin's Arch, collapses\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/Ambiente_Ec/status/1394397390384341004","external_links_name":"\"Informamos que hoy 17 de mayo, se reportó el colapso del Arco de Darwin, el atractivo puente natural ubicado a menos de un kilómetro de la isla principal Darwin, la más norte del archipiélago de #Galápagos. Este suceso sería consecuencia de la erosión natural\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2021/05/19/998137151/famed-darwins-arch-in-galapagos-collapses-due-to-erorsion","external_links_name":"\"Famed Darwin's Arch, in Galapagos, Collapses Due to Erosion\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mackay | Dave Mackay | ["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Heart of Midlothian","2.2 Tottenham Hotspur","2.3 Derby County","2.4 Swindon Town","3 International career","4 Managerial career","5 Legacy","6 Career statistics","6.1 International appearances","6.2 International goals","6.3 Managerial record","7 Honours","7.1 Player","7.2 Manager","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Scottish football player and manager (1934–2015)
For other people named Dave Mackay, see David McKay.
Dave Mackay
Mackay in 2006Personal informationFull name
David Craig MackayDate of birth
(1934-11-14)14 November 1934Place of birth
Edinburgh, ScotlandDate of death
2 March 2015(2015-03-02) (aged 80)Place of death
Nottingham, EnglandHeight
5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Position(s)
Left-half / SweeperSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1953–1959
Heart of Midlothian
135
(25)1959–1968
Tottenham Hotspur
268
(42)1968–1971
Derby County
122
(5)1971–1972
Swindon Town
26
(1)Total
601
(82)International career1954–1958
Scotland U23
4
(1)1957–1965
Scotland
22
(4)1957–1958
Scottish League XI
3
(0)1958
SFL trial v SFA
1
(0)1959–1962
SFA trial v SFL
3
(2)Managerial career1971–1972
Swindon Town1972–1973
Nottingham Forest1973–1976
Derby County1977–1978
Walsall1978
Al-Arabi Kuwait1983
Al-Shabab1987
Al-Arabi Kuwait1987–1989
Doncaster Rovers1989–1991
Birmingham City1991–1993
Zamalek1994–1995
Qatar
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
David Craig Mackay (14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015) was a Scottish football player and manager. Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian, the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961, and winning the league with Derby County as a manager. He also represented Scotland 22 times, and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad. Mackay tied with Tony Book of Manchester City for the Football Writers' Association's Footballer of the Year award in 1969 and was later listed by the Football League in their "100 Legends", as well as being an inaugural inductee to both the English and Scottish Football Halls of Fame. He was described, by Tottenham Hotspur, as one of their greatest players and was known as 'the heartbeat' of their most successful ever team.
Early life
Mackay was born in Edinburgh. His father was a printer who worked for The Scotsman newspaper. As a young footballer, he was a Scottish Schoolboy internationalist.
Club career
Heart of Midlothian
Mackay supported Hearts as a boy. He signed as a professional in 1952, initially on a part-time basis as he also worked as joiner. Mackay was given his first team debut in November 1953. He would be paired with John Cumming at wing half, which was to become the core of the team. Mackay was a talented all-round player; a strong tackler, physically fit and had good technique with the ball. Cumming's Iron Man nickname says much of his determination. Despite his commitment he retained control of his temper and was never booked in his career. Cumming was the only player to collect medals for all seven of the trophies Hearts won under manager Tommy Walker. "He never had a bad game. It was either a fairly good game or an excellent game," said Mackay later of his former teammate. Both went on to become full Scotland internationals while playing for Hearts.
Mackay was given a regular place in the team in the 1954–55 season, with Freddie Glidden now playing at centre-half. Hearts won their first trophy since 1906, 48 years before, as they beat Motherwell 4–2 in the 1954 Scottish League Cup Final. This would be the first of seven trophies over nine seasons between 1954 and 1963. After signing Alex Young and Bobby Kirk, Walker's side proceeded to win the 1955–56 Scottish Cup. They thrashed Rangers 4–0 in the quarter-finals with goals from Crawford, Conn and a Bauld double.
Mackay completed the set of Scottish domestic honours by winning the league championship in 1957–58. Jimmy Wardhaugh was the league's top goalscorer with 28, while Jimmy Murray and Alex Young also scored more than 20. Mackay was fourth in Hearts' league scoring charts, with 12. Hearts won that League title in 1957–58 with record-breaking points, goals scored and goal difference totals. Their record from 34 league games of 62 points out of a maximum possible 68 was 13 more than their nearest rival. They scored 132 goals (still the Scottish top tier record) with only 29 against for a record net difference of +103. Murray and Mackay both played for Scotland at the 1958 FIFA World Cup, where Murray scored in a 1–1 draw against Yugoslavia. Mackay played in only the third of Scotland's three games at the World Cup.
In the 1958–59 Scottish League Cup group stage Hearts eliminated Rangers. That October 1958 Scottish League Cup Final was won with a heavy 5–1 defeat of Partick Thistle. Bauld and Murray each scored two and Johnny Hamilton netted one. This was the fourth and last Hearts trophy for Mackay.
He had some injury issues in what was to be his last year at Hearts. From late March he missed the last five games of the 1957–58 successful league run in. He then missed the first five Hearts games at the start of the 1958–59 season, returning at the end of August. After 6 December he was then eight weeks out the team with the 13 December 1959 crucial 5–0 defeat away to Rangers the first game he missed before returning on 4 February for the 3–1 Scottish Cup victory away at Queen of the South. Just over a month after he regained his place in the first team, Mackay again played Queen of the South this time in a 2–1 home league win on 7 March 1959. The league game against QoS was Mackay's last for Hearts after they accepted a bid of £32,000 from Tottenham Hotspur for their captain. In Hearts' next game Mackay's vacated half back berth was taken by George Thomson, who moved from inside forward. Thomson's inside forward spot was given to debutant Bobby Rankin, who had been signed for £4,000 from Queen of the South two days before Mackay's last Hearts game. Hearts spent £23,000 of the transfer on stadium improvements.
Tottenham Hotspur
Tottenham Hotspur in 1960 with Danny Blanchflower (captain) and both goalkeepers, Bill Brown and John Hollowbread, in the team with Cecil Poynton as trainer and Bill Nicholson as manager. Dave Mackay is standing far right.
Aged 24, he was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for £32,000 in March 1959 making his debut on 21 March in a 3–1 home win against Manchester City. During the 1960s his fierce determination and skill contributed to the team which won the Double in 1960–61. As double winners Spurs played in the 1961 FA Charity Shield against an FA XI which Spurs won 3–2. In that 1961 FA Cup Final they beat Leicester City 2–0. They retained the trophy when they won the 1962 FA Cup Final beating Burnley 3–1. This put them into a second successive Charity Shield. In that 1962 FA Charity Shield they beat Ipswich Town 5–1. This put Spurs into the 1962–63 Cup Winners' Cup. However Mackay missed the 5–1 1963 European Cup Winners' Cup Final victory over the defending champions Atlético Madrid at De Kuip in Rotterdam due to injured stomach muscles. Mackay had scored in the semi-final victory against OFK Beograd.
Spurs defended the Cup Winners' Cup the season after and were drawn to play the then FA Cup-holders, Manchester United, in the second round. Mackay scored the opener in the first leg 2–0 victory at White Hart Lane. On 10 December 1963 Mackay broke his left leg in a challenge with United's Noel Cantwell after eight minutes of the return tie at Old Trafford. Without him his teammates lost 4–1 due to a double strike by Bobby Charlton in the last 13 minutes. Mackay had just turned 29 the month before. The break was a serious one, and it took nine months before he attempted a comeback. Playing for Tottenham's reserves at home to Shrewsbury Town on 12 September 1964, he broke the same bone a second time, this time in a challenge with Peter Dolby. Mackay returned at the start of the 1965–66 season having missed a year and a half of first-team football.
In 1966 Mackay was photographed by Daily Mirror photographer Monte Fresco in an on-pitch confrontation with Leeds United's Billy Bremner. Mackay's face contorted, he is seen grabbing Bremner's shirt. The image is seen as one of the most iconic in UK football although Mackay hated it as it portrayed him as a bully. Mackay stated he reacted in the manner he did since Bremner targeted Mackay's left leg (the one he had broken twice) even though this leg was furthest away from Bremner.
Tottenham won the 1967 FA Cup Final beating Chelsea 2–1 for a third success in that tournament with Mackay. In the subsequent Charity Shield, Spurs drew 3–3 with Manchester United in a match remembered for goalkeeper Pat Jennings scoring with a kick from his own penalty area.
Mackay made 268 league appearances for Tottenham. With Mackay Spurs won one league championship, three FA Cups, one European Cup Winners' Cup and two FA Charity Shields as well as the 1967 Charity Shield that they shared because of the draw. None of these trophies were won in the two seasons affected by Mackay's lengthy injury due to his leg break. Brian Clough claimed in 2003 that Mackay was Tottenham Hotspur's greatest ever player.
Derby County
Dave Mackay Memorial, Derby County FC, unveiled in 2015
Aged 33, at the start of the 1968–69 season he transferred to Derby County for £5,000. Brian Clough and Peter Taylor persuaded him to sign. In his first season at the Baseball Ground, in which the club gained promotion to the First Division, he was chosen FWA Footballer of the Year, jointly with Manchester City's Tony Book. When he was a player at Derby County, Clough made Mackay play in a sweeping role and used his influence on the team to encourage them to turn defence into attack through a passing game. He left Derby in 1971, a year before they won the First Division title.
Swindon Town
Aged 36, he joined Swindon Town in 1971 as player/manager where he stayed one season before he retired as a player and focused solely on management.
International career
Aged 22, Mackay made his debut for Scotland on 26 May 1957 in a qualifying game for the 1958 World Cup, against Spain at the Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid. Scotland qualified for the tournament in Sweden, with Mackay playing a single game, on 15 June 1958, against France; a 2–1 defeat at the Eyravallen Stadium in Örebro. He first captained his country in his third international, on 18 October 1958, in a 3–0 away win against Wales in the British Home Championships. The first four of his full caps were when he was with Hearts. The remainder were when he was with Tottenham. The first of his four international goals was in a friendly game at the Prater Stadium in Vienna on 29 May 1960 in a 3–1 away defeat to Austria.
His 15th cap was the disastrous 9–3 defeat at Wembley to England in April 1961;. Mackay then spent two years out of the side, with Jim Baxter and Pat Crerand usually being the preferred half back pairing. Mackay was recalled two years later in April 1963, again versus England at Wembley, but this time Scotland won 2–1. In his two years out the team Mackay missed the entire qualification campaign for the 1962 FIFA World Cup (Scotland were eliminated in a play off by the eventual tournament runners-up, Czechoslovakia). Mackay had been incumbent in the half back line for three straight games leading up to the game for Spurs in December 1963 in which he broke his leg.
He made 22 national appearances, his last coming on 2 October 1965, again in the British Home Championships, a 3–2 away defeat to Northern Ireland. His last cap was the only one he collected after the leg break.
Managerial career
In 1971 Mackay was appointed player-manager of Swindon Town but left after just one season to take charge of Nottingham Forest. He remained at the City Ground until October 1973, when he returned to Derby as manager following Clough's resignation. In his first season Derby finished third in the table. In his second season in charge of Derby, he guided the team to the 1974–75 league title. The following season, he managed the club to a respectable fourth-place finish in the league, the semi-finals of the FA Cup, and a second-round exit to Real Madrid in the 1975–76 European Cup. Having beaten them 4–1 in the first leg, a weakened Derby side were beaten 5–1 in the return leg. At one stage the side had been in the running for the Double. Mackay was sacked in November 1976 after a poor start to the 1976–77 season.
Mackay then had a spell as Walsall manager from March 1977 to August 1978. This was followed by nine years coaching in Kuwait. He returned to the UK and was appointed manager of Doncaster Rovers in 1987, a year after being linked with the Scotland manager's job (which ultimately went to Andy Roxburgh). Mackay's reign at Belle Vue lasted until March 1989 before he moved to Birmingham City, who had just been relegated to the third tier of the league for the first time in their history. His task was simple – to get Birmingham promoted to the Second Division. But he was unsuccessful in trying to achieve this and resigned in 1991. After that, Mackay headed to Africa to manage Egyptian club Zamalek SC, a Cairo based football team, with which he won the Egyptian Premier League two times, in both the seasons he was manager. He then spent a further three years in Qatar, managing the Qatar national football team, before retiring from football altogether in 1997.
Legacy
George Best (pictured) praised Mackay as both the hardest and bravest opponent he ever faced
In 2004 The Real Mackay was published, an autobiography written with Martin Knight. Mackay had previously published Soccer My Spur in the early 1960s.
Mackay was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as both a player and manager, Two years later, he was an inaugural inductee of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame. In 2006, he also became an inaugural inductee of the Heart of Midlothian Hall of Fame in recognition of his success as a player in the 1950s. In 2013, Mackay was one of eleven British football stars chosen by Royal Mail to feature on a set of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of The Football Association.
Mackay appears as a character in David Peace's novel The Damned Utd, a fictionalised account of Brian Clough's time as manager of Derby County and Leeds United. In the film adaptation of the book, The Damned United, Mackay is played by Brian McCardie. Mackay successfully took legal action against the makers of the film over its inaccurate portrayal of the events surrounding Clough's departure from Derby and Mackay's appointment.
George Best (1946–2005), of Manchester United, one of Tottenham's fiercest rivals in the 1960s, described Mackay as "the hardest man I have ever played against – and certainly the bravest".
Mackay died on 2 March 2015 at the age of 80. Heart of Midlothian stated "It is with deep regret that we have to advise of the death of Dave Mackay who was possibly the most complete midfield player that Scotland has ever produced". Tottenham wrote in an obituary "Dave Mackay will certainly always be remembered here as one of our greatest ever players and a man who never failed to inspire those around him. In short, a Spurs legend". His coffin was brought into his funeral by John Robertson and Gordon Marshall (ex-Hearts), Pat Jennings and Cliff Jones (ex-Tottenham) and Roy McFarland and John McGovern (ex-Derby). A eulogy was given by Alex Ferguson.
After his sacking at Derby County there was a cutting in Norman Stanley Fletcher's cell Mackay Sacked in Porridge which was a joke to Mr. Mackay.
Career statistics
International appearances
As of 4 March 2019
International statistics
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Scotland
1957
1
0
1958
3
0
1959
4
0
1960
6
1
1961
1
1
1963
6
2
1965
1
0
Total
22
4
International goals
As of 4 March 2019
International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition
No.
Date
Venue
Cap
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
29 May 1960
Prater Stadium, Vienna
10
Austria
1–4
1–4
Friendly match
2
15 April 1961
Wembley Stadium, London
15
England
1–3
3–9
1960–61 British Home Championship
3
7 November 1963
Hampden Park, Glasgow
20
Norway
4–1
6–1
Friendly match
4
7 November 1963
Hampden Park, Glasgow
20
Norway
5–1
6–1
Friendly match
Managerial record
Managerial record by team and tenure
Team
From
To
Record
P
W
D
L
Win %
Swindon Town
31 May 1971
1 November 1972
61
18
18
25
029.5
Nottingham Forest
2 November 1972
23 October 1973
44
13
14
17
029.5
Derby County
23 October 1973
25 November 1976
160
71
45
44
044.4
Walsall
9 March 1977
5 August 1978
72
30
27
15
041.7
Birmingham City
26 April 1989
23 January 1991
87
31
27
29
035.6
Total
351
131
91
129
037.3
Honours
Player
Heart of Midlothian
Scottish League Division One: 1957–58
Scottish Cup: 1955–56
Scottish League Cup: 1954–55, 1958–59
Tottenham Hotspur
Football League First Division: 1960–61
FA Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62, 1966–67
FA Charity Shield: 1961, 1962, 1967 (shared)
European Cup Winner's Cup: 1962–63
Derby County
Football League Second Division: 1968–69
Watney Cup: 1970
Scotland national team
British Home Championship: 1962–63, 1963–64 (shared)
Manager
Derby County
Football League First Division: 1974–75
FA Charity Shield: 1975
Zamalek
Egyptian Premier League: 1991–92, 1992–93
Al-Arabi
VIVA Premier League : 5
Kuwait Emir Cup : 2
See also
List of English football championship winning managers
References
^ "Dave Mackay". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ a b Ponting, Ivan (3 March 2015). "Dave Mackay: Dynamic footballer whose extraordinary will to win helped Tottenham to the League and FA Cup double". The Independent. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
^ "Dave Mackay, footballer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
^ Rippon, Anton (7 October 2018). "Why Dave Mackay is one of the greatest names in Derby County's history". Derby Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
^ Scotland U23 player Mackay, Dave, FitbaStats
^ Scottish trial match at Easter Road Archived 9 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Glasgow Herald, 4 February 1958
^ The selectors still have problems Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Bulletin, 17 March 1959
^ Ronnie McDevitt (2016). Scotland in the 60s: The Definitive Account of the Scottish National Football Side During the 1960s. Pitch Publishing. ISBN 9781785312458.
^ "Dave Mackay, legendary Spurs and Derby defender and former Forest manager, dies at the age of 80". Nottingham Post. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ Murray, Ewan (16 December 2008). "Obituary: John Cumming". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ British Pathé (13 April 2014). "Scottish F.A. Cup Final - Hearts Beat Celtic 3-1 (1956)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "1956-03-03 Sat Hearts 4 Rangers 0". londonhearts.com.
^ "1958-12-13 Sat Rangers 5 Hearts 0". londonhearts.com.
^ "Dave Mackay - Hearts Career - from 07 Nov 1953 to 07 Mar 1959". londonhearts.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
^ "Bobby Rankin - Hearts Career - from 09 Mar 1959 to 03 Jun 1959". londonhearts.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ "Heart of Midlothian - The history of Tynecastle Stadium". heartsfc.co.uk.
^ a b "Dave Mackay". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
^ a b c "Dave Mackay — National Hall of Fame". nationalfootballmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ a b c d e f g "Dave Mackay: Scotland and Tottenham legend dies aged 80". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ a b Glanville, Brian; Welch, Julie (3 March 2015). "Dave Mackay obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ "Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 10 December 1963". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Henderson, Jon (17 October 2004). "Softening Mackay still a tough tackler". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ a b "Obituary – Dave Mackay". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Jones, Ken (16 September 1964). "'Don't tell Billy Nick', begged Mackay". Daily Mirror. London. As Mackay moved menacingly into an inside right position on the edge of the penalty area, Peter Dolby, Shrewsbury reserve centre half, swept in to challenge. In came the ball from the right wing. Mackay shaped to play it back... and suddenly he spun out of control, clutching his left leg. ... Spurs players told me afterwards: 'He just sat there holding his leg saying: "It's gone again. It's gone again!"'
^ "Why Dave Mackay hated the picture of him confronting Billy Bremner". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "SPURS MEMORABILIA - 1967 FA Cup Final". spursmemorabilia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
^ "The FA Community Shield history". The Football Association. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ a b c d Snow, Mat (1 May 2009). "Dave Mackay: One-on-One". FourFourTwo. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ a b c d "Derby County is saddened to learn that former Rams player and manager Dave Mackay has passed away at the age of 80". Derby County F.C. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "BBC Local Live: Derbyshire". BBC News. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ a b c d Dave Mackay at the Scottish Football Association
^ a b c d Brown, Alan; Tossani, Gabriele (12 April 2018). "Scotland – International Matches 1961–1965". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ "The forgotten story of ... Derby's second league title". The Guardian. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "Fergie steps down. The other contenders". Evening Times. 16 June 1986. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ a b c Ken Ferris (1 March 2013). The Double: The Inside Story of Spurs' Triumphant 1960-61 Season. Mainstream Publishing. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-78057-803-3.
^ The Real Mackay: The Dave Mackay Story. ASIN 1845960432.
^ Soccer My Spur. January 1962. Retrieved 3 March 2015 – via Amazon UK.
^ "Dave MacKay". Scottish Football Hall of Fame. The Scottish Football Museum. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "Royal Mail's best of British football stamps for FA's 150th anniversary: in pictures". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ McGivern, Mark (25 March 2010). "Football legend Dave Mackay wins legal action over portrayal in movie The Damned United". Daily Record. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "The Times & The Sunday Times".
^ "Dave Mackay of Scotland, Hearts, Tottenham and Derby, dies aged 80". The Guardian. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "DAVE MACKAY: 1934 – 2015". Heart of Midlothian F.C. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "DAVE MACKAY". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "FOOTBALL REMEMBERS DAVE MACKAY" 24 March 2015
^ a b Brown, Alan; Tossani, Gabriele (13 December 2018). "Scotland - International Matches 1956-1960". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ "Dave Mackay's managerial career". Racing Post. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "Hearts realise a dream of half a century". The Scotsman. 23 April 1956. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
^ "First major trophy win for 48 years". The Scotsman. 25 October 1954. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "Most accomplished team in Scotland – Hearts' win a formality". The Scotsman. 27 October 1958. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6.
^ "A Squad: DAVE MACKAY". Scottish FA. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
External links
Dave Mackay and Martin Knight (2004). The real Mackay : the Dave Mackay story. ISBN 1-84018-840-5.
Dave Mackay Hearts Career Record Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Dave Mackay Scotland Record
Dave Mackay Scotland Football League Record
Dave Mackay Profile
MEHSTG Dave Mackay obituary
vteScotland squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup
1 Younger (c)
2 Docherty
3 Parker
4 Caldow
5 Hewie
6 Haddock
7 McColl
8 Turnbull
9 Evans
10 Cowie
11 Mackay
12 Brown
13 Baird
14 Leggat
15 Scott
16 Murray
17 Mudie
18 Coyle
19 Collins
20 Robertson
21 Imlach
22 Fernie
Coach: Walker
Awards
vteFWA Footballer of the Year
1948: Matthews
1949: Carey
1950: Mercer
1951: Johnston
1952: Wright
1953: Lofthouse
1954: Finney
1955: Revie
1956: Trautmann
1957: Finney
1958: Blanchflower
1959: Owen
1960: Slater
1961: Blanchflower
1962: Adamson
1963: Matthews
1964: Moore
1965: Collins
1966: B. Charlton
1967: J. Charlton
1968: Best
1969: Book & Mackay
1970: Bremner
1971: McLintock
1972: Banks
1973: Jennings
1974: Callaghan
1975: Mullery
1976: Keegan
1977: Hughes
1978: Burns
1979: Dalglish
1980: McDermott
1981: Thijssen
1982: Perryman
1983: Dalglish
1984: Rush
1985: Southall
1986: Lineker
1987: Allen
1988: Barnes
1989: Nicol
1990: Barnes
1991: Strachan
1992: Lineker
1993: Waddle
1994: Shearer
1995: Klinsmann
1996: Cantona
1997: Zola
1998: Bergkamp
1999: Ginola
2000: Keane
2001: Sheringham
2002: Pires
2003: Henry
2004: Henry
2005: Lampard
2006: Henry
2007: Ronaldo
2008: Ronaldo
2009: Gerrard
2010: Rooney
2011: Parker
2012: Van Persie
2013: Bale
2014: Suárez
2015: Hazard
2016: Vardy
2017: Kanté
2018: Salah
2019: Sterling
2020: Henderson
2021: Dias
2022: Salah
2023: Haaland
2024: Foden
vteDerby County F.C. – Player of the Year
1969: McFarland
1970: O'Hare
1971: Mackay
1972: Todd
1973: Hector
1974: Webster
1975: Daniel
1976: George
1977: James
1978: Langan
1979: S. Powell
1980: Buckley
1981: Jones
1982: Buckley
1983: Cherry
1984: Gemmill
1985: Davison
1986: MacLaren
1987: Williams
1988: Forsyth
1989: Wright
1990: Wright
1991: Saunders
1992: McMinn
1993: Gabbiadini
1994: Taylor
1995: Short
1996: Yates
1997: C. Powell
1998: Baiano
1999: Laursen
2000: Poom
2001: Riggott
2002: Higginbotham
2003: Kinkladze
2004: Mawéné
2005: Idiakez
2006: Smith
2007: Howard
2008: The Fans
2009: Hulse
2010: Barker
2011: Brayford
2012: Bryson
2013: Keogh
2014: Bryson
2015: Hughes
2016: Keogh
2017: Carson
2018: Vydra
2019: Tomori
2020: Clarke
2021: Shinnie
2022: Davies
2023: McGoldrick
2024: Nelson
vteEnglish football first tier championship-winning managersFootball League era
1889: Sudell
1890: Sudell
1891: Molyneux
1892: Watson
1893: Watson
1894: Ramsay
1895: Watson
1896: Ramsay
1897: Ramsay
1898: Wostinholm
1899: Ramsay
1900: Ramsay
1901: Watson
1902: Mackie
1903: Dickinson
1904: Dickinson
1905: Watt
1906: Watson
1907: Watt
1908: Mangnall
1909: Watt
1910: Ramsay
1911: Mangnall
1912: Middleton
1913: Kyle
1914: Middleton
1915: Cuff
1920: Everiss
1921: Haworth
1922: Ashworth
1923: McQueen
1924: Chapman
1925: Chapman
1926: Potter
1927: Watt
1928: McIntosh
1929: Brown
1930: Brown
1931: Chapman
1932: McIntosh
1933: Chapman
1934: Shaw
1935: Allison
1936: Cochrane
1937: Wild
1938: Allison
1939: Kelly
1947: Kay
1948: Whittaker
1949: Jackson
1950: Jackson
1951: Rowe
1952: Busby
1953: Whittaker
1954: Cullis
1955: Drake
1956: Busby
1957: Busby
1958: Cullis
1959: Cullis
1960: Potts
1961: Nicholson
1962: Ramsey
1963: Catterick
1964: Shankly
1965: Busby
1966: Shankly
1967: Busby
1968: Mercer
1969: Revie
1970: Catterick
1971: Mee
1972: Clough
1973: Shankly
1974: Revie
1975: Mackay
1976: Paisley
1977: Paisley
1978: Clough
1979: Paisley
1980: Paisley
1981: Saunders
1982: Paisley
1983: Paisley
1984: Fagan
1985: Kendall
1986: Dalglish
1987: Kendall
1988: Dalglish
1989: Graham
1990: Dalglish
1991: Graham
1992: Wilkinson
Premier League era
1993: Ferguson
1994: Ferguson
1995: Dalglish
1996: Ferguson
1997: Ferguson
1998: Wenger
1999: Ferguson
2000: Ferguson
2001: Ferguson
2002: Wenger
2003: Ferguson
2004: Wenger
2005: Mourinho
2006: Mourinho
2007: Ferguson
2008: Ferguson
2009: Ferguson
2010: Ancelotti
2011: Ferguson
2012: Mancini
2013: Ferguson
2014: Pellegrini
2015: Mourinho
2016: Ranieri
2017: Conte
2018: Guardiola
2019: Guardiola
2020: Klopp
2021: Guardiola
2022: Guardiola
2023: Guardiola
2024: Guardiola
vteHeart of Midlothian F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2006
Bauld
Cumming
Hartley
D. Mackay
G. Mackay
Pressley
Robertson
2007
Glidden
Gordon
Levein
T. Walker
Wardhaugh
Young
2009
Conn
Ford
Jefferies
Smith
R. Walker
2016
Battles
Colquhoun
Crawford
Cruickshank
Jardine
MacDonald
Marshall
Purdie
vteTottenham Hotspur F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees
C. Allen
L. Allen
P. Allen
Anderton
Ardiles
Baker
Beal
Blanchflower
Brown
Burgess
Burkinshaw
Clemence
Chivers
Coates
Dimmock
Ditchburn
Dyson
England
Freund
Gilzean
Ginola
Greaves
Grimsdell
Hall
Henry
Hoddle
Jennings
Jones
Lineker
Mabbutt
Mackay
Medwin
Miller
Mullery
Nicholson
Norman
Perryman
Peters
Pratt
Roberts
Sheringham
Smith
Villa
Waddle
White
vteFootball League 100 Legends
Adams
Allchurch
Ardiles
Armfield
Ball
Banks
Barnes
Bassett
Bastin
Bell
Bergkamp
Best
Blanchflower
Bloomer
Brady
Bremner
Buchan
Camsell
Cantona
Carter
Carey
Charles
Charlton
Clemence
Common
Copping
Crompton
Dalglish
Dean
Dickinson
Doherty
Drake
Edwards
Finney
Ford
Foulke
Francis
Franklin
Gallacher
Gascoigne
Giggs
Giles
Goodall
Greaves
Hansen
Hapgood
Hardwick
Hardy
Haynes
Hibbs
Hoddle
A. Hunter
N. Hunter
Hurst
Jack
James
Jennings
Jones
Keegan
Law
Lawton
Liddell
Lineker
Lofthouse
Macdonald
Mackey
Mannion
Matthews
McCracken
McGrath
McIlroy
McLintock
Mercer
Meredith
Milburn
Moore
Mortensen
Mullery
Paine
Peters
Ramsey
Robson
Rowley
Rush
Schmeichel
Scott
Shackleton
Shearer
Shilton
Smith
Souness
Southall
Stephenson
Stiles
Swift
Taylor
Trautmann
Wright
Woodward
Young
vteScottish Football Hall of Fame inductees2004
Baxter
Bremner
Busby
Dalglish
Ferguson
H. Gallacher
Greig
J. Johnstone
Law
Mackay
McGrain
McGrory
McNeill
Miller
Murdoch
Shankly
G. Smith
Souness
J. Stein
Woodburn
2005
Campbell
James
Jordan
Lennox
J. McLean
McLeish
Morton
L. Reilly
Waddell
White
Young
2006
Cooper
Gemmell
Gough
Henderson
Jardine
Larsson
Laudrup
Ormond
J. Robertson
Steel
T. Walker
2007
Bauld
Caldow
Cowan
Hansen
McCoist
R. Reilly
W. Smith
Strachan
Turnbull
2008
Evans
Gemmill
D. Johnstone
Leighton
Liddell
St John
Struth
Thomson
2009
Archibald
Auld
Delaney
Gilzean
Johnston
Lambert
Maley
Meiklejohn
2010
C. Brown
Goram
B. Johnstone
McStay
Narey
Wharton
2011
Butcher
Crerand
McColl
McIlvanney
Simpson
2012
McLintock
McPhail
McQueen
Stanton
Watson
2013
Buchan
Docherty
Gray
Rough
Symon
R. Walker
2014
W. Brown
Lorimer
McCrae's Battalion
Nicholas
Wilson
2015
R. Brown
Graham
Hillis
MacLeod
Malpas
2016
Chalmers
McAllister
A. Smith
J. Wallace
Wark
2017
Clark
Craig
Lisbon Lions
Macpherson
McGovern
McGraw
Queen's Park
W. Wallace
2018
Aitken
Fleeting
Knox
McMillan
2019
P. Gallacher
Harper
T. McLean
J. Robertson
C. Stein
Sturrock
vteEnglish Football Hall of FamePlayersMen
Adams
Allchurch
Anderson
Ardiles
Armfield
Ball
Banks
Barnes
Bastin
Batson
Beardsley
Bell
Bergkamp
Beckham
Best
Blanchflower
Bloomer
Bonds
Brady
Bremner
Brooking
Buchan
Butcher
Callaghan
Cantona
Carter
Charles
B. Charlton
J. Charlton
Clemence
Cohen
Crompton
Dalglish
Dean
Doherty
Edwards
Fashanu
Ferdinand
Finney
Francis
Gallacher
Gascoigne
Gerrard
Giggs
Giles
Gray
Greaves
Hansen
Haynes
Henry
Hoddle
E. Hughes
M. Hughes
Hunt
Hunter
Hurst
Ince
Irwin
James
Jennings
Jones
Keane
Keegan
Kompany
Lampard
Law
Lawrenson
Lawton
Lee
Leslie
Le Tissier
Liddell
Lineker
Lofthouse
Mackay
Mannion
Matthews
McGrath
McIlroy
McLintock
Meredith
Milburn
Moore
Mortensen
Mullery
Neville
Owen
Pearce
Peters
Ramsey
Regis
Roberts
Robertson
Br. Robson
Rush
Schmeichel
Scholes
Seaman
Shackleton
Shearer
Sheringham
Shilton
Souness
Southall
Speed
Stephenson
Stiles
Strachan
Summerbee
Swift
Trautmann
Tull
Vieira
Wharton
Wilkins
B. Wilson
R. Wilson
B. Wright
I. Wright
Zola
Women
Bampton
Brown-Finnis
Carney
Cope
Coultard
Davis
Gore
Lopez
Parker
Parr
Powell
A. Scott
J. Scott
Sempare
Spacey
Smith
Thomas
Unitt
Walker
Whalley
White
Yankey
Managers
Allison
Busby
Catterick
Chapman
Clough
Cullis
Ferguson
Gradi
Greenwood
Kendall
Mee
Mercer
Nicholson
Paisley
Ramsey
Revie
Bo. Robson
Shankly
Venables
Wenger
Winterbottom
Referees
Taylor
Welch
Dave Mackay managerial positions
vteSwindon Town F.C. – managers
S. Allen (1902–33)
Vizard (1933–39)
Harris (1939–40)
Page (1945–53)
Lindley (1953–55)
Head (1956–65)
D. Williams (1965–69)
Ford (1969–71)
Mackayp (1971–72)
L. Allen (1972–74)
D. Williams (1974–78)
Smith (1978–80)
Trollope (1980–83)
Beamish (1983–84)
Macari (1984–89)
Ardiles (1989–91)
Hoddlep (1991–93)
Gorman (1993–94)
Rowlandc (1994)
McMahon (1994–98)
Walshc (1998)
Quinn (1998–2000)
Todd (2000)
King (2000–01)
Evans (2001)
King (2001–05)
Onuora (2005–06)
Wise (2006)
A. Williamsc (2006)
Sturrock (2006–07)
Byrnec (2007–08)
Malpas (2008)
Byrnec (2008)
Wilson (2008–11)
Hart (2011)
Bodinc (2011)
Di Canio (2011–13)
Piccaretac (2013)
Miller & Wardc (2013)
MacDonald (2013)
Cooper (2013–15)
Powerc (2015)
Ling (2015)
L. Williams (2015–17)
Flitcroft (2017–18)
Taylorc (2018)
Brown (2018)
Wellens (2018–20)
Huntc (2020)
Sheridan (2020–2021)
Wrightc (2021)
McGreal (2021)
Garner (2021–22)
Lindsey (2022–23)
Gunning & Mildenhallc (2023)
Morris (2023)
Gunning & Mildenhallc (2023)
Flynn (2023–24)
Gunningc (2024)
Kennedy (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager; (p) = player-manager
vteNottingham Forest F.C. – managers
Radford (1889–97)
Haslam (1897–1909)
Earp (1909–12)
Masters (1912–25)
Baynes (1925–29)
Hardy (1930–31)
Watson (1931–36)
Wightman (1936–39)
Walker (1939–60)
Beattie (1960–63)
Carey (1963–68)
Gillies (1969–72)
Mackay (1972–73)
Brown (1973–75)
Clough (1975–93)
Clark (1993–96)
Pearce (1996–97)
Bassett (1997–99)
Adams (1999)
Atkinson (1999)
Platt (1999–2001)
Hart (2001–04)
Kinnear (2004)
Harford (2004–05)
Megson (2005–06)
Barlow & McParland (2006)
Calderwood (2006–08)
Pemberton (2008–09)
Davies (2009–11)
McClaren (2011)
Kelly (2011)
Cotterill (2011–12)
O'Driscoll (2012)
McLeish (2012–13)
Kellyc (2013)
Davies (2013–14)
Brazilc (2014)
Pearce (2014–15)
Freedman (2015–16)
Williamsc (2016)
Montanier (2016–17)
Brazilc (2017)
Warburton (2017)
Brazilc (2017–18)
Karanka (2018–19)
Irelandc (2019)
O'Neill (2019)
Lamouchi (2019–20)
Hughton (2020–21)
Reidc (2021)
Cooper (2021–23)
Nuno (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteWalsall F.C. – managers
Smallwood (1888–91)
Burton (1891–93)
Robinson (1893–95)
Ailso (1895–96)
Parsloe (1896–97)
Ford (1897–98)
Hughes (1898–99)
Ford (1899–1901)
Shutt (1908–12)
Price (1912–15)
Groves (1920–21)
Burchell (1921–26)
Ashworth (1926–27)
Torrance (1927–28)
Kerr (1928–29)
Scholey (1929–30)
O'Rourke (1930–32)
Slade (1932–34)
Wilson (1934–37)
Lowes (1937–44)
Hibbs (1944–51)
McPhee (1951)
Fletcher (1952–53)
F. Buckley (1953–55)
Love (1955–57)
Moore (1957–64)
Wood (1964)
Shaw (1964–68)
Graham (1968)
Lewin (1968–69)
Moore (1969–72)
J. Smith (1972–73)
Allen (1973)
Fraser (1974–77)
Mackay (1977–78)
Ashman (1978)
Sibley (1979)
A. Buckley (1979–82)
Martin (1981–82)
A. Buckley (1982–86)
Coakley (1986–88)
Barnwell (1989–90)
Hibbitt (1990–94)
Nicholl (1994–97)
Sørensen (1997–98)
Graydon (1998–2002)
Lee (2002–04)
Merson (2004–06)
Halsall (2006)
Broadhurst (2006)
Kinsella (2006)
Money (2006–08)
Mullen (2008–09)
Schofield (2009)
Hutchings (2009–11)
D. Smith (2011–15)
O'Driscoll (2015–16)
Whitney (2016–18)
Keates (2018–19)
O'Connor (2019)
Clarke (2019–21)
Dutton (2021)
Taylor (2021–22)
Flynn (2022–23)
Sadler (2023–)
vteDerby County F.C. – managers
Newbould (1896–1906)
Methven (1906–22)
Potter (1922–25)
Jobey (1925–41)
Nicholas (1942–44)
Magner (1944–46)
McMillan (1946–53)
Barker (1953–55)
Storer (1955–62)
Ward (1962–67)
B. Clough (1967–73)
Mackay (1973–76)
Murphy (1976–77)
Docherty (1977–79)
Addison (1979–82)
Newman (1982)
Taylor (1982–84)
McFarland (1984)
Cox (1984–93)
McFarland (1993–95)
Smith (1995–2001)
Todd (2001–02)
Gregory (2002–03)
Burley (2003–05)
Brown (2005–06)
Westley (2006)
Davies (2006–07)
Jewell (2007–08)
N. Clough (2009–13)
Wassall (2013)
McClaren (2013–15)
Clement (2015–16)
Wassall (2016)
Pearson (2016)
McClaren (2016–17)
Rowett (2017–18)
Lampard (2018–19)
Cocu (2019–20)
Rooney (2020–22)
Roseniorc (2022)
Warne (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteDoncaster Rovers F.C. – managers
Calder (1920)
Porter (1920–21)
Tufnell (1921–22)
Porter (1922–23)
Ray (1923–27)
Menzies (1928–36)
Emery (1936–40)
Marsden (1944–46)
Bestall (1946–49)
Doherty (1949–58)
Bycroft (1958)
Hodgson (1958)
Crayston (1958–59)
Bestall (1959–60)
Curtis (1960–61)
Malloy (1961–62)
Marshall (1962)
Hold (1962–64)
Leivers (1964–66)
Kettleborough (1966–67)
Raynor (1967–68)
McMenemy (1968–71)
Setters (1971–74)
Anderson (1975–78)
Bremner (1978–85)
Cusack (1985–87)
Mackay (1987–89)
Bremner (1989–91)
Beaglehole (1991–93)
I. Atkins (1993–94)
Chung (1994–96)
Dixon (1996–97)
Weaver (1997)
Cowling (1997)
Bergara (1997)
Weaver (1997–98)
Snodin (1998–2000)
M. Atkins (2000)
Penneyp (2000)
Wignall (2000–01)
Penneyp (2001–02)
Penney (2002–06)
Walker (2006)
O'Driscoll (2006–11)
Saunders (2011–13)
Flynn (2013)
Dickov (2013–15)
Jonesp (2015)
Ferguson (2015–18)
McCann (2018–19)
Moore (2019–21)
Butler (2021)
Wellens (2021)
McSheffrey (2021–22)
Schofield (2022–23)
McCann (2023–)
(p) = player-manager
vteBirmingham City F.C. – managers
Jones (1892–1908)
Watson (1908–11)
McRoberts (1911–15)
Richards (1915–23)
Beer (1923–27)
Harvey (1927–28)
Knighton (1928–33)
Liddell (1933–39)
Camkin (1939–43)
Goodier (1943)
Camkin (1943–45)
Storer (1945–48)
Taylorc (1948–49)
Brocklebank (1949–54)
Committeei (1954)
Turner (1954–58)
Turner & Beasley (1958)
Beasley (1958–60)
Merrick (1960–64)
Mallett (1964–65)
Cullis (1965–70)
Dorman & Shorthousec (1970)
Goodwin (1970–75)
Bell (1975–77)
Ramsey (1977–78)
Smith (1978–82)
Bodellc (1982)
Saunders (1982–86)
Leonardc (1986)
Bond (1986–87)
Pendrey (1987–89)
Mackay (1989–91)
Coldwellc (1991)
Macari (1991)
Cooper (1991–93)
Broadhurst & Morganc (1993)
Fry (1993–96)
Francis (1996–01)
Mills & Barronc (2001)
Bruce (2001–07)
Blackc (2007)
McLeish (2007–11)
Hughton (2011–12)
Clark (2012–14)
Beale & Crosbyc (2014)
Rowett (2014–16)
Zola (2016–17)
Redknapp (2017)
Carsleyc (2017)
Cotterill (2017–18)
Monk (2018–19)
Clotet (2019–20)
Spooner & Gardnerc (2020)
Karanka (2020–21)
Bowyer (2021–22)
Eustace (2022–23)
Rooney (2023–24)
Spoonerc (2024)
Mowbray (2024)
Venusc (2024)
Rowetti (2024)
Davies (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager; (i) = interim manager
vteZamalek SC – managers
Fawzi (1947–56)
Toldi (1956–57)
Ivan (1959–60)
Vandler (1963–65)
Hucko (1973–75)
Pape (1975)
Osman (1976–78)
Vasović (1982–83)
Abou-Regaila (1983–85)
Nenković (1985–86)
Barker (1986–87)
Baheeg (1987–88)
Osman (1988–89)
Carlos (1989–90)
Abou-Regaila (1990–91)
Mackay (1991–93)
El-Gohary (1993–94)
Riedl (1994–95)
Olk (1995–97)
Ferner (1996–97)
Krol (1997–99)
Gaafar (1999)
Abou-Regaila (1999)
Pfister (2000–02)
Cabralzinho (2002–03)
Vingada (2003–04)
Stepanović (2004)
Cabralzinho (2004–05)
Bücker (2005)
Gaafar (2005–06)
Cajuda (2006)
Saadc (2006)
Michel (2006–07)
Krol (2007–08)
Hollmann (2008)
Rifaat (2008)
Decastel (2009)
Michel (2009)
Hassan (2009–11)
Shehata (2011–12)
Youssefc (2012)
Vieira (2012–13)
Toulan (2013–14)
Mido (2014)
Hassan (2014)
Salahc (2014)
Pacheco (2014–15)
Salahc (2015)
Ferreira (2015)
Paquetá (2015–16)
Mido (2016)
Salahc (2016)
McLeish (2016)
Helmy (2016)
Soliman (2016)
Salahc (2016)
Helmy (2016–17)
Salahc (2017)
Inácio (2017)
Yehiac (2017)
Jovović (2017–18)
E. Galal (2018)
K. Galalc (2018)
Gross (2018–19)
K. Galalc (2019)
Yehiac (2019)
Sredojević (2019)
Carteron (2019–20)
Yehiac (2020)
Pacheco (2020–21)
Carteron (2021–22)
Nabiehc (2022)
Ferreira (2022–23)
Nabiehc (2023)
Ferreira (2023)
A. Abdul-Maksoudc (2023)
Osorio (2023)
M. Gamalc (2023–24)
Gomes (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteQatar national football team – managers
Kheiri (1969–72)
Mahmoud (1974)
Wignall (1975–76)
Carrdone (1977–78)
Othman (1979)
Evaristo (1980–84)
de Carvalhoc (1984)
Evaristo (1984–85)
Dino Sani & J.Espinosa (1985–86)
Cardoso (1987–88)
Prokopenko (1988)
Cabralzinho (1989)
Dino Sani (1989–90)
Maslo (1990)
Luís Fernandes (1992)
Evaristo (1992)
Wortmann (1992)
Lapola (1992–93)
Mallalah (1993)
Lapola (1993–94)
Evaristo (1994)
Mackay (1994–95)
Larsen (1995–96)
Bonfrère (1996–97)
Hadžiabdić (1997)
Zé Mário (1998)
Milioli (1998)
Bonfrère (1998–99)
Hadžiabdić (2000–01)
Campos (2001)
Lechantre (2002–03)
Troussier (2003–04)
Al Misnadc (2004)
Mušović (2004–07)
Fossati (2007–08)
Metsu (2008–11)
Rajevac (2011)
Lazaroni (2011)
Autuori (2012–13)
Thani (2013–14)
Belmadi (2014–15)
Carreño (2015–16)
Fossati (2016–17)
Sánchez (2017–22)
Pinheiro (2023)
Queiroz (2023)
Márquez (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKay_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(football)"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"winning the league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1958 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tony Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Book"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football Writers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWA_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"100 Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_100_Legends"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"For other people named Dave Mackay, see David McKay.David Craig Mackay (14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015) was a Scottish football player and manager. Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian, the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961, and winning the league with Derby County as a manager. He also represented Scotland 22 times, and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad. Mackay tied with Tony Book of Manchester City for the Football Writers' Association's Footballer of the Year award in 1969 and was later listed by the Football League in their \"100 Legends\", as well as being an inaugural inductee to both the English and Scottish Football Halls of Fame. He was described, by Tottenham Hotspur, as one of their greatest players and was known as 'the heartbeat' of their most successful ever team.","title":"Dave Mackay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PontingObit-2"}],"text":"Mackay was born in Edinburgh. His father was a printer who worked for The Scotsman newspaper.[9] As a young footballer, he was a Scottish Schoolboy internationalist.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"John Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cumming_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cummingobit-10"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"1954 Scottish League Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Scottish_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Alex Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Young_(footballer,_born_1937)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Kirk_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1955–56 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"league championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wardhaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wardhaugh"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Murray_(footballer_born_1933)"},{"link_name":"League title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"1958 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1958–59 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1958 Scottish League Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Scottish_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hamilton_(footballer,_born_1935)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhrangers-13"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhmackay-14"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhrankin-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tynehist-16"}],"sub_title":"Heart of Midlothian","text":"Mackay supported Hearts as a boy. He signed as a professional in 1952, initially on a part-time basis as he also worked as joiner. Mackay was given his first team debut in November 1953. He would be paired with John Cumming at wing half, which was to become the core of the team. Mackay was a talented all-round player; a strong tackler, physically fit and had good technique with the ball. Cumming's Iron Man nickname says much of his determination. Despite his commitment he retained control of his temper and was never booked in his career. Cumming was the only player to collect medals for all seven of the trophies Hearts won under manager Tommy Walker. \"He never had a bad game. It was either a fairly good game or an excellent game,\" said Mackay later of his former teammate.[10] Both went on to become full Scotland internationals while playing for Hearts.Mackay was given a regular place in the team in the 1954–55 season, with Freddie Glidden now playing at centre-half. Hearts won their first trophy since 1906, 48 years before, as they beat Motherwell 4–2 in the 1954 Scottish League Cup Final. This would be the first of seven trophies over nine seasons between 1954 and 1963. After signing Alex Young and Bobby Kirk, Walker's side proceeded to win the 1955–56 Scottish Cup.[11] They thrashed Rangers 4–0 in the quarter-finals with goals from Crawford, Conn and a Bauld double.[12]Mackay completed the set of Scottish domestic honours by winning the league championship in 1957–58. Jimmy Wardhaugh was the league's top goalscorer with 28, while Jimmy Murray and Alex Young also scored more than 20. Mackay was fourth in Hearts' league scoring charts, with 12. Hearts won that League title in 1957–58 with record-breaking points, goals scored and goal difference totals. Their record from 34 league games of 62 points out of a maximum possible 68 was 13 more than their nearest rival. They scored 132 goals (still the Scottish top tier record) with only 29 against for a record net difference of +103. Murray and Mackay both played for Scotland at the 1958 FIFA World Cup, where Murray scored in a 1–1 draw against Yugoslavia. Mackay played in only the third of Scotland's three games at the World Cup.In the 1958–59 Scottish League Cup group stage Hearts eliminated Rangers. That October 1958 Scottish League Cup Final was won with a heavy 5–1 defeat of Partick Thistle. Bauld and Murray each scored two and Johnny Hamilton netted one. This was the fourth and last Hearts trophy for Mackay.He had some injury issues in what was to be his last year at Hearts. From late March he missed the last five games of the 1957–58 successful league run in. He then missed the first five Hearts games at the start of the 1958–59 season, returning at the end of August. After 6 December he was then eight weeks out the team with the 13 December 1959 crucial 5–0 defeat away to Rangers the first game he missed[13] before returning on 4 February for the 3–1 Scottish Cup victory away at Queen of the South. Just over a month after he regained his place in the first team, Mackay again played Queen of the South this time in a 2–1 home league win on 7 March 1959.[14] The league game against QoS was Mackay's last for Hearts after they accepted a bid of £32,000 from Tottenham Hotspur for their captain. In Hearts' next game Mackay's vacated half back berth was taken by George Thomson, who moved from inside forward. Thomson's inside forward spot was given to debutant Bobby Rankin, who had been signed for £4,000 from Queen of the South two days before Mackay's last Hearts game.[15] Hearts spent £23,000 of the transfer on stadium improvements.[16]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tottenham_Hotspur_FC_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Danny Blanchflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Blanchflower"},{"link_name":"Bill Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Brown_(footballer,_born_1931)"},{"link_name":"John Hollowbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollowbread"},{"link_name":"Cecil Poynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Poynton"},{"link_name":"Bill Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nicholson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11v11-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfm-18"},{"link_name":"the Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1961 FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1961 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City"},{"link_name":"1962 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"1962 FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1962–63 Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"1963 European Cup Winners' Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Atlético Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid"},{"link_name":"De Kuip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Kuip"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-20"},{"link_name":"OFK Beograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFK_Beograd"},{"link_name":"Cup Winners' Cup the season after","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"White Hart Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hart_Lane"},{"link_name":"Noel Cantwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Cantwell"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-20"},{"link_name":"Bobby Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Charlton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peter Dolby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dolby"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THFCObit-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THFCObit-23"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Monte Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Fresco"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C"},{"link_name":"Billy Bremner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bremner"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-25"},{"link_name":"1967 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"Pat Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Jennings"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-char67-27"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11v11-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfm-18"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourfourtwo-28"}],"sub_title":"Tottenham Hotspur","text":"Tottenham Hotspur in 1960 with Danny Blanchflower (captain) and both goalkeepers, Bill Brown and John Hollowbread, in the team with Cecil Poynton as trainer and Bill Nicholson as manager. Dave Mackay is standing far right.Aged 24, he was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for £32,000 in March 1959 making his debut on 21 March in a 3–1 home win against Manchester City.[17][18] During the 1960s his fierce determination and skill contributed to the team which won the Double in 1960–61. As double winners Spurs played in the 1961 FA Charity Shield against an FA XI which Spurs won 3–2. In that 1961 FA Cup Final they beat Leicester City 2–0. They retained the trophy when they won the 1962 FA Cup Final beating Burnley 3–1. This put them into a second successive Charity Shield. In that 1962 FA Charity Shield they beat Ipswich Town 5–1. This put Spurs into the 1962–63 Cup Winners' Cup.[19] However Mackay missed the 5–1 1963 European Cup Winners' Cup Final victory over the defending champions Atlético Madrid at De Kuip in Rotterdam due to injured stomach muscles.[20] Mackay had scored in the semi-final victory against OFK Beograd.Spurs defended the Cup Winners' Cup the season after and were drawn to play the then FA Cup-holders, Manchester United, in the second round. Mackay scored the opener in the first leg 2–0 victory at White Hart Lane. On 10 December 1963 Mackay broke his left leg in a challenge with United's Noel Cantwell after eight minutes of the return tie at Old Trafford.[20] Without him his teammates lost 4–1 due to a double strike by Bobby Charlton in the last 13 minutes.[21] Mackay had just turned 29 the month before. The break was a serious one, and it took nine months before he attempted a comeback.[22] Playing for Tottenham's reserves at home to Shrewsbury Town on 12 September 1964, he broke the same bone a second time, this time in a challenge with Peter Dolby.[23][24] Mackay returned at the start of the 1965–66 season having missed a year and a half of first-team football.[23]In 1966 Mackay was photographed by Daily Mirror photographer Monte Fresco in an on-pitch confrontation with Leeds United's Billy Bremner. Mackay's face contorted, he is seen grabbing Bremner's shirt. The image is seen as one of the most iconic in UK football although Mackay hated it as it portrayed him as a bully. Mackay stated he reacted in the manner he did since Bremner targeted Mackay's left leg (the one he had broken twice) even though this leg was furthest away from Bremner.[25]Tottenham won the 1967 FA Cup Final beating Chelsea 2–1 for a third success in that tournament with Mackay.[26] In the subsequent Charity Shield, Spurs drew 3–3 with Manchester United in a match remembered for goalkeeper Pat Jennings scoring with a kick from his own penalty area.[27]Mackay made 268 league appearances for Tottenham.[17][18] With Mackay Spurs won one league championship, three FA Cups, one European Cup Winners' Cup and two FA Charity Shields as well as the 1967 Charity Shield that they shared because of the draw. None of these trophies were won in the two seasons affected by Mackay's lengthy injury due to his leg break. Brian Clough claimed in 2003 that Mackay was Tottenham Hotspur's greatest ever player.[28]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dave_Mackay_Memorial,_Derby_County_FC_(geograph_4846932).jpg"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"Peter Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(footballer_born_1928)"},{"link_name":"Baseball Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Ground"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"FWA Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWA_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tony Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Book"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcfcobit-29"}],"sub_title":"Derby County","text":"Dave Mackay Memorial, Derby County FC, unveiled in 2015Aged 33, at the start of the 1968–69 season he transferred to Derby County for £5,000. Brian Clough and Peter Taylor persuaded him to sign. In his first season at the Baseball Ground, in which the club gained promotion to the First Division, he was chosen FWA Footballer of the Year, jointly with Manchester City's Tony Book.[29] When he was a player at Derby County, Clough made Mackay play in a sweeping role and used his influence on the team to encourage them to turn defence into attack through a passing game. He left Derby in 1971, a year before they won the First Division title.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town"},{"link_name":"player/manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player/manager"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Swindon Town","text":"Aged 36, he joined Swindon Town in 1971 as player/manager where he stayed one season before he retired as a player and focused solely on management.[30]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1958 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bernabéu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eyravallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyravallen"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"British Home Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Home_Championship"},{"link_name":"Prater Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prater_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotfa-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scot65res-32"},{"link_name":"Jim Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Pat Crerand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Crerand"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scot65res-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotfa-31"}],"text":"Aged 22, Mackay made his debut for Scotland on 26 May 1957 in a qualifying game for the 1958 World Cup, against Spain at the Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid. Scotland qualified for the tournament in Sweden, with Mackay playing a single game, on 15 June 1958, against France; a 2–1 defeat at the Eyravallen Stadium in Örebro. He first captained his country in his third international, on 18 October 1958, in a 3–0 away win against Wales in the British Home Championships. The first four of his full caps were when he was with Hearts. The remainder were when he was with Tottenham. The first of his four international goals was in a friendly game at the Prater Stadium in Vienna on 29 May 1960 in a 3–1 away defeat to Austria.[31]His 15th cap was the disastrous 9–3 defeat at Wembley to England in April 1961;.[32] Mackay then spent two years out of the side, with Jim Baxter and Pat Crerand usually being the preferred half back pairing. Mackay was recalled two years later in April 1963, again versus England at Wembley, but this time Scotland won 2–1. In his two years out the team Mackay missed the entire qualification campaign for the 1962 FIFA World Cup (Scotland were eliminated in a play off by the eventual tournament runners-up, Czechoslovakia). Mackay had been incumbent in the half back line for three straight games leading up to the game for Spurs in December 1963 in which he broke his leg.He made 22 national appearances, his last coming on 2 October 1965, again in the British Home Championships, a 3–2 away defeat to Northern Ireland.[32] His last cap was the only one he collected after the leg break.[31]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"City Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Ground"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcfcobit-29"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"1975–76 European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourfourtwo-28"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Andy Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Belle Vue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Vue_(football)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferris2013-35"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Zamalek SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamalek_SC"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferris2013-35"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Qatar national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourfourtwo-28"}],"text":"In 1971 Mackay was appointed player-manager of Swindon Town but left after just one season to take charge of Nottingham Forest. He remained at the City Ground until October 1973, when he returned to Derby as manager following Clough's resignation. In his first season Derby finished third in the table. In his second season in charge of Derby, he guided the team to the 1974–75 league title.[19] The following season, he managed the club to a respectable fourth-place finish in the league, the semi-finals of the FA Cup,[29] and a second-round exit to Real Madrid in the 1975–76 European Cup. Having beaten them 4–1 in the first leg, a weakened Derby side were beaten 5–1 in the return leg.[33] At one stage the side had been in the running for the Double. Mackay was sacked in November 1976 after a poor start to the 1976–77 season.Mackay then had a spell as Walsall manager from March 1977 to August 1978. This was followed by nine years coaching in Kuwait. He returned to the UK and was appointed manager of Doncaster Rovers in 1987,[28] a year after being linked with the Scotland manager's job (which ultimately went to Andy Roxburgh).[34] Mackay's reign at Belle Vue lasted until March 1989[35] before he moved to Birmingham City, who had just been relegated to the third tier of the league for the first time in their history. His task was simple – to get Birmingham promoted to the Second Division. But he was unsuccessful in trying to achieve this and resigned in 1991. After that, Mackay headed to Africa to manage Egyptian club Zamalek SC, a Cairo based football team, with which he won the Egyptian Premier League two times, in both the seasons he was manager.[35] He then spent a further three years in Qatar, managing the Qatar national football team, before retiring from football altogether in 1997.[28]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_best_1976.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Best"},{"link_name":"Martin Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Knight_(author)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"English Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfm-18"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"David Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Peace"},{"link_name":"The Damned Utd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_Utd"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Damned United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_United"},{"link_name":"Brian McCardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McCardie"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"George Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Best"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"John Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robertson_(footballer,_born_1964)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Marshall_(footballer,_born_1939)"},{"link_name":"Pat Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Cliff Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Jones_(Welsh_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Roy McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McFarland"},{"link_name":"John McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGovern_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funeral-45"},{"link_name":"Norman Stanley Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Stanley_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Porridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridge_(1974_TV_series)"}],"text":"George Best (pictured) praised Mackay as both the hardest and bravest opponent he ever facedIn 2004 The Real Mackay was published, an autobiography written with Martin Knight.[36] Mackay had previously published Soccer My Spur in the early 1960s.[37]Mackay was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as both a player and manager,[18] Two years later, he was an inaugural inductee of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame.[38] In 2006, he also became an inaugural inductee of the Heart of Midlothian Hall of Fame in recognition of his success as a player in the 1950s. In 2013, Mackay was one of eleven British football stars chosen by Royal Mail to feature on a set of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of The Football Association.[39]Mackay appears as a character in David Peace's novel The Damned Utd, a fictionalised account of Brian Clough's time as manager of Derby County and Leeds United. In the film adaptation of the book, The Damned United, Mackay is played by Brian McCardie. Mackay successfully took legal action against the makers of the film over its inaccurate portrayal of the events surrounding Clough's departure from Derby and Mackay's appointment.[40]George Best (1946–2005), of Manchester United, one of Tottenham's fiercest rivals in the 1960s, described Mackay as \"the hardest man I have ever played against – and certainly the bravest\".[41]Mackay died on 2 March 2015 at the age of 80.[42] Heart of Midlothian stated \"It is with deep regret that we have to advise of the death of Dave Mackay who was possibly the most complete midfield player that Scotland has ever produced\".[43] Tottenham wrote in an obituary \"Dave Mackay will certainly always be remembered here as one of our greatest ever players and a man who never failed to inspire those around him. In short, a Spurs legend\".[44] His coffin was brought into his funeral by John Robertson and Gordon Marshall (ex-Hearts), Pat Jennings and Cliff Jones (ex-Tottenham) and Roy McFarland and John McGovern (ex-Derby). A eulogy was given by Alex Ferguson.[45]After his sacking at Derby County there was a cutting in Norman Stanley Fletcher's cell Mackay Sacked in Porridge which was a joke to Mr. Mackay.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotfa-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scot65res-32"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotland_1960-46"}],"sub_title":"International appearances","text":"As of 4 March 2019[31][32][46]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotfa-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scot65res-32"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotland_1960-46"}],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"As of 4 March 2019[31][32][46]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial record","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish League Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Division_One"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourfourtwo-28"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"European Cup Winner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_Winner%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"Watney Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watney_Cup"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcfcobit-29"},{"link_name":"British Home Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Home_Championship"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_British_Home_Championship"},{"link_name":"1963–64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_British_Home_Championship"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"Heart of MidlothianScottish League Division One: 1957–58[28]\nScottish Cup: 1955–56[48]\nScottish League Cup: 1954–55,[49] 1958–59[50]Tottenham HotspurFootball League First Division: 1960–61[19]\nFA Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62, 1966–67[51][19]\nFA Charity Shield: 1961, 1962, 1967 (shared)\nEuropean Cup Winner's Cup: 1962–63[19]Derby CountyFootball League Second Division: 1968–69[19]\nWatney Cup: 1970[29]Scotland national teamBritish Home Championship: 1962–63, 1963–64 (shared)[52]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcobit-19"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcfcobit-29"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Egyptian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Egyptian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferris2013-35"},{"link_name":"VIVA Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kuwait Emir Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Emir_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"Derby CountyFootball League First Division: 1974–75[19]\nFA Charity Shield: 1975[29]ZamalekEgyptian Premier League: 1991–92, 1992–93[35]Al-ArabiVIVA Premier League : 5\nKuwait Emir Cup : 2","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Tottenham Hotspur in 1960 with Danny Blanchflower (captain) and both goalkeepers, Bill Brown and John Hollowbread, in the team with Cecil Poynton as trainer and Bill Nicholson as manager. Dave Mackay is standing far right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tottenham_Hotspur_FC_1960.jpg/285px-Tottenham_Hotspur_FC_1960.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dave Mackay Memorial, Derby County FC, unveiled in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dave_Mackay_Memorial%2C_Derby_County_FC_%28geograph_4846932%29.jpg/150px-Dave_Mackay_Memorial%2C_Derby_County_FC_%28geograph_4846932%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Best (pictured) praised Mackay as both the hardest and bravest opponent he ever faced","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_best_1976.jpg/150px-George_best_1976.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of English football championship winning managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_championship_winning_managers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/12642","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay\""}]},{"reference":"Ponting, Ivan (3 March 2015). \"Dave Mackay: Dynamic footballer whose extraordinary will to win helped Tottenham to the League and FA Cup double\". The Independent. Retrieved 11 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/dave-mackay-dynamic-footballer-whose-extraordinary-will-to-win-helped-tottenham-to-the-league-and-fa-cup-double-10083474.html","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay: Dynamic footballer whose extraordinary will to win helped Tottenham to the League and FA Cup double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay, footballer – obituary\". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11447325/Dave-Mackay-footballer-obituary.html","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay, footballer – obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Rippon, Anton (7 October 2018). \"Why Dave Mackay is one of the greatest names in Derby County's history\". Derby Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/dave-mackay-one-greatest-names-2082659","url_text":"\"Why Dave Mackay is one of the greatest names in Derby County's history\""}]},{"reference":"Ronnie McDevitt (2016). Scotland in the 60s: The Definitive Account of the Scottish National Football Side During the 1960s. Pitch Publishing. ISBN 9781785312458.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lITgDAAAQBAJ&q=%22scotland+XI%22+v+%22scottish+league%22&pg=PT215","url_text":"Scotland in the 60s: The Definitive Account of the Scottish National Football Side During the 1960s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785312458","url_text":"9781785312458"}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay, legendary Spurs and Derby defender and former Forest manager, dies at the age of 80\". Nottingham Post. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150306190317/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Dave-Mackay-legendary-hard-man-Forest-manager/story-26109886-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay, legendary Spurs and Derby defender and former Forest manager, dies at the age of 80\""},{"url":"http://www.nottinghampost.com/Dave-Mackay-legendary-hard-man-Forest-manager/story-26109886-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Ewan (16 December 2008). \"Obituary: John Cumming\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/dec/16/john-cumming-obituary","url_text":"\"Obituary: John Cumming\""}]},{"reference":"British Pathé (13 April 2014). \"Scottish F.A. Cup Final - Hearts Beat Celtic 3-1 (1956)\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKKqENumvuY","url_text":"\"Scottish F.A. Cup Final - Hearts Beat Celtic 3-1 (1956)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QKKqENumvuY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1956-03-03 Sat Hearts 4 Rangers 0\". londonhearts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/games/195603031.html","url_text":"\"1956-03-03 Sat Hearts 4 Rangers 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"1958-12-13 Sat Rangers 5 Hearts 0\". londonhearts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/games/195812131.html","url_text":"\"1958-12-13 Sat Rangers 5 Hearts 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay - Hearts Career - from 07 Nov 1953 to 07 Mar 1959\". londonhearts.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013180800/http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/players/mackaydave.html","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay - Hearts Career - from 07 Nov 1953 to 07 Mar 1959\""},{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/players/mackaydave.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bobby Rankin - Hearts Career - from 09 Mar 1959 to 03 Jun 1959\". londonhearts.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085102/http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/players/rankinbobby.html","url_text":"\"Bobby Rankin - Hearts Career - from 09 Mar 1959 to 03 Jun 1959\""},{"url":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scores/players/rankinbobby.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart of Midlothian - The history of Tynecastle Stadium\". heartsfc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/pages/historytynecastlestadium","url_text":"\"Heart of Midlothian - The history of Tynecastle Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/players/dave-mackay-28324/","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay — National Hall of Fame\". nationalfootballmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150328090425/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/hall-of-fame/profiles/entry/dave-mackay/","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay — National Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/hall-of-fame/profiles/entry/dave-mackay/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Mackay: Scotland and Tottenham legend dies aged 80\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/31704507","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay: Scotland and Tottenham legend dies aged 80\""}]},{"reference":"Glanville, Brian; Welch, Julie (3 March 2015). \"Dave Mackay obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/03/dave-mackay","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 10 December 1963\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/matches/manchester-united-v-tottenham-hotspur-10-december-1963-219485/","url_text":"\"Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur, 10 December 1963\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Jon (17 October 2004). \"Softening Mackay still a tough tackler\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/oct/17/sport.comment7","url_text":"\"Softening Mackay still a tough tackler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary – Dave Mackay\". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/obituary-dave-mackay-030315/","url_text":"\"Obituary – Dave Mackay\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Ken (16 September 1964). \"'Don't tell Billy Nick', begged Mackay\". Daily Mirror. London. As Mackay moved menacingly into an inside right position on the edge of the penalty area, Peter Dolby, Shrewsbury reserve centre half, swept in to challenge. In came the ball from the right wing. Mackay shaped to play it back... and suddenly he spun out of control, clutching his left leg. ... Spurs players told me afterwards: 'He just sat there holding his leg saying: \"It's gone again. It's gone again!\"'","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Why Dave Mackay hated the picture of him confronting Billy Bremner\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/tottenham-hotspur/11446207/Why-Dave-Mackay-hated-the-picture-of-him-confronting-Billy-Bremner.html","url_text":"\"Why Dave Mackay hated the picture of him confronting Billy Bremner\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/tottenham-hotspur/11446207/Why-Dave-Mackay-hated-the-picture-of-him-confronting-Billy-Bremner.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SPURS MEMORABILIA - 1967 FA Cup Final\". spursmemorabilia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075849/http://www.spursmemorabilia.co.uk/1967.html","url_text":"\"SPURS MEMORABILIA - 1967 FA Cup Final\""},{"url":"http://www.spursmemorabilia.co.uk/1967.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The FA Community Shield history\". The Football Association. Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/TheFACup/FACompetitions/TheFACommunityShield/History.aspx","url_text":"\"The FA Community Shield history\""}]},{"reference":"Snow, Mat (1 May 2009). \"Dave Mackay: One-on-One\". FourFourTwo. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/dave-mackay-one-one","url_text":"\"Dave Mackay: One-on-One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo","url_text":"FourFourTwo"}]},{"reference":"\"Derby County is saddened to learn that former Rams player and manager Dave Mackay has passed away at the age of 80\". Derby County F.C. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/dave-mackay-2309055.aspx","url_text":"\"Derby County is saddened to learn that former Rams player and manager Dave Mackay has passed away at the age of 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Local Live: Derbyshire\". BBC News. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-england-derbyshire-31629537","url_text":"\"BBC Local Live: Derbyshire\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Alan; Tossani, Gabriele (12 April 2018). \"Scotland – International Matches 1961–1965\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/scot-intres1965.html","url_text":"\"Scotland – International Matches 1961–1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"The forgotten story of ... Derby's second league title\". The Guardian. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/jan/20/derby-county-title-win-rob-smyth","url_text":"\"The forgotten story of ... Derby's second league title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fergie steps down. The other contenders\". Evening Times. 16 June 1986. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YNJAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6630,3393659","url_text":"\"Fergie steps down. The other contenders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Times","url_text":"Evening Times"}]},{"reference":"Ken Ferris (1 March 2013). The Double: The Inside Story of Spurs' Triumphant 1960-61 Season. Mainstream Publishing. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-78057-803-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ekNrzKJT0BoC&pg=PA50","url_text":"The Double: The Inside Story of Spurs' Triumphant 1960-61 Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78057-803-3","url_text":"978-1-78057-803-3"}]},{"reference":"The Real Mackay: The Dave Mackay Story. ASIN 1845960432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1845960432","url_text":"1845960432"}]},{"reference":"Soccer My Spur. January 1962. Retrieved 3 March 2015 – via Amazon UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Soccer-My-Spur-Mackay-Dave/dp/B002PIPF32/","url_text":"Soccer My Spur"}]},{"reference":"\"Dave MacKay\". Scottish Football Hall of Fame. The Scottish Football Museum. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manby_Hot_Springs | Manby Hot Springs | ["1 History","2 Description","3 Location","4 Water profile","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 36°30′48″N 105°43′32″W / 36.51333°N 105.72556°W / 36.51333; -105.72556Thermal springs
Manby Hot SpringsStagecoach Hot SpringsManby Hot Spring bathhouse ruins, Rio Grande GorgeLocationnear Arroyo Hondo, New MexicoCoordinates36°30′48″N 105°43′32″W / 36.51333°N 105.72556°W / 36.51333; -105.72556Elevation6,500 feetTypegeothermalTemperature100°F/37°C
Manby Hot Spring, Rio Grande Gorge
Manby Hot Springs, also known as Stagecoach Hot Springs are thermal springs located near the town of Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico. The springs discharge into three rock pools with sandy bottoms located near the ruins of an old bathhouse and a historical stagecoach stop.
History
Rio Grande Gorge
The hot springs were used by the Puebloan cultures for hundreds of years prior to the arrival of the Spanish. The indigenous name for the site is Wa-pu-mee, which roughly translates to "water of long life". The springs later were visited by Spanish explorers in the area, who were searching for the fabled fountain of youth.
In the late 19th century European-Americans began to develop the area. In 1880, the Chili Line (Santa Fe Branch) of the narrow-gauge Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad began stopping at Taos Junction, and the hot springs became a tourist attraction that was accessible by stagecoach. Shortly thereafter, in the 1890s, two local Taos merchants, Albert Miller and Gerson Gusdorf, built a toll bridge to the springs and charged tourists as well as locals to cross the bridge.
In 1906, British-born traveler Arthur Rochford Manby coerced a claim to the 60,000+ acre Antonio Martínez land grant on which the springs were located. In his biography of Manby, Frank Waters has written that Manby "lied, schemed and stole" to secure the land. Manby was involved in numerous disputes with the locals, and by the early 1900s he went to live out near the springs. In 1922, Manby envisioned a resort, which he planned to name Lost Springs of the Aztec, that would include a luxury hotel with the springs as the centerpiece. All that was built was a rock-walled bathhouse and several cabins. The bathhouse entrance was built one story above the spring which was accessed via a staircase. In 1927 the area flooded and several cabins were destroyed, as well as the bridge over the river. Manby died in 1929 without realizing his full plan for developing a resort. He died a gruesome death, having been found decaptiated in his home in Taos. A local folklore legend is that his ghost roams the hot springs area. Other local legends state that he returned to Europe, and that it was not his body that was found, but rather it was "part of a ruse to avoid his creditors."
Description
Manby Hot Springs are a group of several geothermal springs that bubble into several primitive rock-lined soaking pools with sandy bottoms. The ruins of a former bathhouse and cabins still exist on site, as do the ruins of the old stagecoach stop. The main soaking pool is located at the edge of the river. The temperature of this pool is 98 °F, and is several feet deep. A smaller, but warmer soaking pool is located at the foot of the former stagecoach station. Additional soaking pools are located along the river, but sometimes flood out during rainstorms.
Location
The springs are within the Rio Grande del Norte National Monument located on Bureau of Land Management land in the BLM Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River Recreation Area. There is a private riverside trail, Tune Drive, to the springs. The BLM states that the parking area is also located on private land, which is under a 1980s conservation easement. All routes to the springs are partially on private roads. In 2021, the Taos News reported that the president of the Stagecoach Neighborhood Association stated that "The only legal access is floating the river or walking a fisherman's trail along the river."
The springs are located at 36°30’48”N 105°43’32”W on the east bank of the Rio Grande gorge, approximately 12 miles from Taos.
Water profile
The mineral water emerges from the ground at 100 °F (38 °C).
See also
List of hot springs in the United States
List of hot springs worldwide
References
^ a b c "Manby Hot Springs: Not quite what the man envisioned, but a legacy nonetheless". Taos News. September 22, 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
^ Gersh-Young, Marjorie (2010). Hot Springs and Hot Pools in the Southwest. Santa Cruz, California: Aqua Therma. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-890880-09-5.
^ Martin, Craig (1998). Enchanted Waters: A Guide to New Mexico’s Hot Springs. WestWinds Press. ISBN 978-0871088918.
^ a b c d e f g Bischoff, Matt C. (2008). Touring New Mexico Hot Springs. Guilford, Connecticut and Helena, Montana: Falcon: Globe Pequot Press. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-7627-4582-1.
^ a b c Waters, Frank (1993). To Possess the Land: A Biography of Arthur Rochford Manby. Swallow Press. ISBN 978-0804009805.
^ a b Hooks, Cody (July 13, 2018). "Homeowners get soaked by hot springs traffic in Taos". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
^ Hooper, Will (10 August 2021). "'Loved to near death' Tune Drive access to Manby Hot Springs to close". Taos News. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ Berry, George W.; Grim, Paul J.; Ikelman, Joy A. (1980). Thermal Springs List for the United States. Boulder, Colorado: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manby_Hot_Spring,_Rio_Grande_Gorge_-_overview.jpg"},{"link_name":"thermal springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_springs"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Hondo,_Taos_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taos_News-1"},{"link_name":"bathhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bathing"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Springs_and_Hot_Pools-2"}],"text":"Thermal springsManby Hot Spring, Rio Grande GorgeManby Hot Springs, also known as Stagecoach Hot Springs are thermal springs located near the town of Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico.[1] The springs discharge into three rock pools with sandy bottoms located near the ruins of an old bathhouse and a historical stagecoach stop.[2]","title":"Manby Hot Springs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_Grande_Gorge_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puebloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebloans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enchanted_Waters-3"},{"link_name":"fountain of youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_youth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"},{"link_name":"Chili Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_Line"},{"link_name":"narrow-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Taos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"tourist attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attraction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"},{"link_name":"land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taos_News-1"},{"link_name":"Frank Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Waters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters'_book-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters'_book-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters'_book-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taos_News-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"}],"text":"Rio Grande GorgeThe hot springs were used by the Puebloan cultures for hundreds of years prior to the arrival of the Spanish. The indigenous name for the site is Wa-pu-mee, which roughly translates to \"water of long life\".[3] The springs later were visited by Spanish explorers in the area, who were searching for the fabled fountain of youth.[4]In the late 19th century European-Americans began to develop the area. In 1880, the Chili Line (Santa Fe Branch) of the narrow-gauge Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad began stopping at Taos Junction, and the hot springs became a tourist attraction that was accessible by stagecoach. Shortly thereafter, in the 1890s, two local Taos merchants, Albert Miller and Gerson Gusdorf, built a toll bridge to the springs and charged tourists as well as locals to cross the bridge.[4]In 1906, British-born traveler Arthur Rochford Manby coerced a claim to the 60,000+ acre Antonio Martínez land grant on which the springs were located.[1] In his biography of Manby, Frank Waters has written that Manby \"lied, schemed and stole\" to secure the land.[5] Manby was involved in numerous disputes with the locals, and by the early 1900s he went to live out near the springs.[5] In 1922, Manby envisioned a resort, which he planned to name Lost Springs of the Aztec, that would include a luxury hotel with the springs as the centerpiece. All that was built was a rock-walled bathhouse and several cabins.[5] The bathhouse entrance was built one story above the spring which was accessed via a staircase. In 1927 the area flooded and several cabins were destroyed, as well as the bridge over the river.[4] Manby died in 1929 without realizing his full plan for developing a resort.[1] He died a gruesome death, having been found decaptiated in his home in Taos. A local folklore legend is that his ghost roams the hot springs area. Other local legends state that he returned to Europe, and that it was not his body that was found, but rather it was \"part of a ruse to avoid his creditors.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"}],"text":"Manby Hot Springs are a group of several geothermal springs that bubble into several primitive rock-lined soaking pools with sandy bottoms. The ruins of a former bathhouse and cabins still exist on site, as do the ruins of the old stagecoach stop. The main soaking pool is located at the edge of the river. The temperature of this pool is 98 °F, and is several feet deep. A smaller, but warmer soaking pool is located at the foot of the former stagecoach station. Additional soaking pools are located along the river, but sometimes flood out during rainstorms.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio Grande del Norte National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_del_Norte_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFe_New_Mexican-6"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFe_New_Mexican-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN-access-7"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touring_NMHS-4"}],"text":"The springs are within the Rio Grande del Norte National Monument[6] located on Bureau of Land Management land in the BLM Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River Recreation Area.[4] There is a private riverside trail, Tune Drive, to the springs. The BLM states that the parking area is also located on private land, which is under a 1980s conservation easement. All routes to the springs are partially on private roads.[6] In 2021, the Taos News reported that the president of the Stagecoach Neighborhood Association stated that \"The only legal access is floating the river or walking a fisherman's trail along the river.\"[7]The springs are located at 36°30’48”N 105°43’32”W on the east bank of the Rio Grande gorge, approximately 12 miles from Taos.[4]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-8"}],"text":"The mineral water emerges from the ground at 100 °F (38 °C).[8]","title":"Water profile"}] | [{"image_text":"Manby Hot Spring, Rio Grande Gorge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Manby_Hot_Spring%2C_Rio_Grande_Gorge_-_overview.jpg/220px-Manby_Hot_Spring%2C_Rio_Grande_Gorge_-_overview.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rio Grande Gorge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rio_Grande_Gorge_2.jpg/220px-Rio_Grande_Gorge_2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of hot springs in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs"}] | [{"reference":"\"Manby Hot Springs: Not quite what the man envisioned, but a legacy nonetheless\". Taos News. September 22, 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taosnews.com/stories/manby-hot-springs-not-quite-what-the-man-envisioned-but-a-legacy-nonetheless,35930","url_text":"\"Manby Hot Springs: Not quite what the man envisioned, but a legacy nonetheless\""}]},{"reference":"Gersh-Young, Marjorie (2010). Hot Springs and Hot Pools in the Southwest. Santa Cruz, California: Aqua Therma. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-890880-09-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890880-09-5","url_text":"978-1-890880-09-5"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Craig (1998). Enchanted Waters: A Guide to New Mexico’s Hot Springs. WestWinds Press. ISBN 978-0871088918.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871088918","url_text":"978-0871088918"}]},{"reference":"Bischoff, Matt C. (2008). Touring New Mexico Hot Springs. Guilford, Connecticut and Helena, Montana: Falcon: Globe Pequot Press. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-7627-4582-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4582-1","url_text":"978-0-7627-4582-1"}]},{"reference":"Waters, Frank (1993). To Possess the Land: A Biography of Arthur Rochford Manby. Swallow Press. ISBN 978-0804009805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804009805","url_text":"978-0804009805"}]},{"reference":"Hooks, Cody (July 13, 2018). \"Homeowners get soaked by hot springs traffic in Taos\". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/homeowners-get-soaked-by-hot-springs-traffic-in-taos/article_5678d68b-acdd-57fa-993b-4cfaf25892c8.html","url_text":"\"Homeowners get soaked by hot springs traffic in Taos\""}]},{"reference":"Hooper, Will (10 August 2021). \"'Loved to near death' Tune Drive access to Manby Hot Springs to close\". Taos News. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taosnews.com/news/local/loved-to-near-death-tune-drive-access-to-manby-hot-springs-to-close/article_6aeca2e0-50ca-53a7-940c-8a47cc1d9120.html","url_text":"\"'Loved to near death' Tune Drive access to Manby Hot Springs to close\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, George W.; Grim, Paul J.; Ikelman, Joy A. (1980). Thermal Springs List for the United States. Boulder, Colorado: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manby_Hot_Springs¶ms=36_30_48_N_105_43_32_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°30′48″N 105°43′32″W / 36.51333°N 105.72556°W / 36.51333; -105.72556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manby_Hot_Springs¶ms=36_30_48_N_105_43_32_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°30′48″N 105°43′32″W / 36.51333°N 105.72556°W / 36.51333; -105.72556"},{"Link":"https://www.taosnews.com/stories/manby-hot-springs-not-quite-what-the-man-envisioned-but-a-legacy-nonetheless,35930","external_links_name":"\"Manby Hot Springs: Not quite what the man envisioned, but a legacy nonetheless\""},{"Link":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/homeowners-get-soaked-by-hot-springs-traffic-in-taos/article_5678d68b-acdd-57fa-993b-4cfaf25892c8.html","external_links_name":"\"Homeowners get soaked by hot springs traffic in Taos\""},{"Link":"https://www.taosnews.com/news/local/loved-to-near-death-tune-drive-access-to-manby-hot-springs-to-close/article_6aeca2e0-50ca-53a7-940c-8a47cc1d9120.html","external_links_name":"\"'Loved to near death' Tune Drive access to Manby Hot Springs to close\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn) | Kurt-Schumacher-Platz (Berlin U-Bahn) | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 52°33′48″N 13°19′39″E / 52.56333°N 13.32750°E / 52.56333; 13.32750Station of the Berlin U-Bahn
The platform at Kurt-Schumacher-Platz
Kurt-Schumacher-Platz is a station on the U6 line of the Berlin U-Bahn. There had been a bus link outside the station connecting Berlin's Tegel International Airport to the U-Bahn network. The station was opened on 3 May 1956 and named after famous German politician Kurt Schumacher.
The station was built by B. Grimmek, and has yellow tiles on the wall. The U6 extension between Seestrasse (Berlin U-Bahn) and Kurt-Schumacher-Platz was the first new subway line built after World War II in Berlin. After this station, the U6 trains travel above ground towards Alt-Tegel (except that Borsigwerke and Alt-Tegel stations are underground).
References
^ J. Meyer-Kronthaler: Berlins U-Bahnhöfe. be.bra Verlag (1996)
Preceding station
Berlin U-Bahn
Following station
Scharnweberstraßetowards Alt-Tegel
U6
Afrikanische Straßetowards Alt-Mariendorf
vteStations on the Berlin U-Bahn
Warschauer Straße
Stralauer Tor (dismantled)
Schlesisches Tor
Görlitzer Bahnhof
Kottbusser Tor
Prinzenstraße
Hallesches Tor
Möckernbrücke
Gleisdreieck
Kurfürstenstraße
Nollendorfplatz
Wittenbergplatz
Kurfürstendamm
Uhlandstraße
Pankow
Vinetastraße
Schönhauser Allee
Eberswalder Straße
Senefelderplatz
Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz
Alexanderplatz
Klosterstraße
Märkisches Museum
Spittelmarkt
Hausvogteiplatz
Stadtmitte
Mohrenstraße
Potsdamer Platz
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park
Gleisdreieck
Bülowstraße
Nollendorfplatz
Wittenbergplatz
Zoologischer Garten
Ernst-Reuter-Platz
Deutsche Oper
Bismarckstraße
Sophie-Charlotte-Platz
Kaiserdamm
Theodor-Heuss-Platz
Neu-Westend
Olympia-Stadion
Ruhleben
Warschauer Straße
Stralauer Tor (dismantled)
Schlesisches Tor
Görlitzer Bahnhof
Kottbusser Tor
Prinzenstraße
Hallesches Tor
Möckernbrücke
Gleisdreieck
Kurfürstenstraße
Nollendorfplatz
Wittenbergplatz
Augsburger Straße
Nürnberger Platz (dismantled)
Spichernstraße
Hohenzollernplatz
Fehrbelliner Platz
Heidelberger Platz
Rüdesheimer Platz
Breitenbachplatz
Podbielskiallee
Dahlem-Dorf
Freie Universität (Thielplatz)
Oskar-Helene-Heim
Onkel Toms Hütte
Krumme Lanke
Nollendorfplatz
Viktoria-Luise-Platz
Bayerischer Platz
Rathaus Schöneberg
Innsbrucker Platz
Hauptbahnhof
Bundestag
Brandenburger Tor
Unter den Linden
Museumsinsel
Rotes Rathaus
Alexanderplatz
Schillingstraße
Strausberger Platz
Weberwiese
Frankfurter Tor
Samariterstraße
Frankfurter Allee
Magdalenenstraße
Lichtenberg
Friedrichsfelde
Tierpark
Biesdorf-Süd
Elsterwerdaer Platz
Wuhletal
Kaulsdorf Nord
Kienberg (Gärten der Welt)
Cottbusser Platz
Hellersdorf
Louis-Lewin-Straße
Hönow
Alt-Tegel
Borsigwerke
Holzhauser Straße
Otisstraße
Scharnweberstraße
Kurt-Schumacher-Platz
Afrikanische Straße
Rehberge
Seestraße
Leopoldplatz
Wedding
Reinickendorfer Straße
Schwartzkopffstraße
Naturkundemuseum
Oranienburger Tor
Friedrichstraße
Unter den Linden
Französische Straße (closed)
Stadtmitte
Kochstraße
Hallesches Tor
Mehringdamm
Platz der Luftbrücke
Paradestraße
Tempelhof
Alt Tempelhof
Kaiserin-Augusta-Straße
Ullsteinstraße
Westphalweg
Alt-Mariendorf
Rathaus Spandau
Altstadt Spandau
Zitadelle
Haselhorst
Paulsternstraße
Rohrdamm
Siemensdamm
Halemweg
Jakob-Kaiser-Platz
Jungfernheide
Mierendorffplatz
Richard-Wagner-Platz
Bismarckstraße
Wilmersdorfer Straße
Adenauerplatz
Konstanzer Straße
Fehrbelliner Platz
Blissestraße
Berliner Straße
Bayerischer Platz
Eisenacher Straße
Kleistpark
Yorckstraße
Möckernbrücke
Mehringdamm
Gneisenaustraße
Südstern
Hermannplatz
Rathaus Neukölln
Karl-Marx-Straße
Neukölln
Grenzallee
Blaschkoallee
Parchimer Allee
Britz-Süd
Johannisthaller Chaussee
Lipschitzallee
Wutzkyallee
Zwickauer Damm
Rudow
Wittenau
Rathaus Reinickendorf
Karl-Bonhoeffer-Nervenklinik
Lindauer Allee
Paracelsus-Bad
Residenzstraße
Franz-Neumann-Platz
Osloer Straße
Pankstraße
Gesundbrunnen
Voltastraße
Bernauer Straße
Rosenthaler Platz
Weinmeisterstraße
Alexanderplatz
Jannowitzbrücke
Heinrich-Heine-Straße
Moritzplatz
Kottbusser Tor
Schönleinstraße
Hermannplatz
Boddinstraße
Leinestraße
Hermannstraße
Osloer Straße
Nauener Platz
Leopoldplatz
Amrumer Straße
Westhafen
Birkenstraße
Turmstraße
Hansaplatz
Zoologischer Garten
Kurfürstendamm
Spichernstraße
Güntzelstraße
Berliner Straße
Bundesplatz
Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz
Walther-Schreiber-Platz
Schloßstraße
Rathaus Steglitz
52°33′48″N 13°19′39″E / 52.56333°N 13.32750°E / 52.56333; 13.32750
This Berlin U-Bahn-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a railway station in Berlin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-Bahnhof_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_Oktober_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"U6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U6_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Berlin U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Tegel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegel_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Seestrasse (Berlin U-Bahn)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seestrasse_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Alt-Tegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Tegel_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Borsigwerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsigwerke_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Station of the Berlin U-BahnThe platform at Kurt-Schumacher-PlatzKurt-Schumacher-Platz is a station on the U6 line of the Berlin U-Bahn. There had been a bus link outside the station connecting Berlin's Tegel International Airport to the U-Bahn network. The station was opened on 3 May 1956 and named after famous German politician Kurt Schumacher.The station was built by B. Grimmek, and has yellow tiles on the wall. The U6 extension between Seestrasse (Berlin U-Bahn) and Kurt-Schumacher-Platz was the first new subway line built after World War II in Berlin. After this station, the U6 trains travel above ground towards Alt-Tegel (except that Borsigwerke and Alt-Tegel stations are underground).[1]","title":"Kurt-Schumacher-Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)"}] | [{"image_text":"The platform at Kurt-Schumacher-Platz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/U-Bahnhof_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_Oktober_2022.jpg/220px-U-Bahnhof_Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_Oktober_2022.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)¶ms=52_33_48_N_13_19_39_E_type:railwaystation_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"52°33′48″N 13°19′39″E / 52.56333°N 13.32750°E / 52.56333; 13.32750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)¶ms=52_33_48_N_13_19_39_E_type:railwaystation_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"52°33′48″N 13°19′39″E / 52.56333°N 13.32750°E / 52.56333; 13.32750"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt-Schumacher-Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_47_(Iran) | Road 47 (Iran) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Road 47جاده 47Route informationLength613 km (381 mi)Major junctionsFromSoltanieh, Zanjan Road 32Major intersections Road 37-48 Freeway 6 Road 56 Road 58 Freeway 7ToNear Shahinshahr, Isfahan Road 65
LocationCountryIranProvincesIsfahan, Markazi, Hamadan, ZanjanMajor citiesQidar, ZanjanKabudar Ahang, HamadanKomeyjan, MarkaziArak, MarkaziKhomein, MarkaziGolpaygan, Isfahan
Highway system
Highways in Iran
Freeways
Road 47 is a road in northwestern Iran. It connects the major city of Isfahan with the city of Arak, the city of Hamedan, and the city of Zanjan. It is located within Hamadan Province, Isfahan Province, Markazi Province, and Zanjan Province.
References
^ "نقشه راههای ایران با بزرگنمایی بینهایت" (PDF). مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
External links
Iran road map on Young Journalists Club
vteRoads and highways in IranFreeways
1
2
Hashtrud–Maragheh
3
5
6
7
Isfahan–Shiraz
Shiraz–Bushehr
9
16
51
Bypasses
Arak Northern
Isfahan Eastern
Isfahan Western
Khorramabad Southern
Qom Western
Mashhad Northern
Shiraz Northwestern
Tabriz Southern
Tehran Southern (Ghadir)
First-Class Roads
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
26
27
31
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
41
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
51
52
53
55
56
58
59
62
63
64
65
67
68
71
72
73
77
78
79
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
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91
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94
95
96
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98
99
This Iranian road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"Arak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Hamedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamedan"},{"link_name":"Zanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_(city)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hamadan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan_Province"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Markazi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_Province"},{"link_name":"Zanjan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_Province"}],"text":"Road 47 is a road in northwestern Iran. It connects the major city of Isfahan with the city of Arak, the city of Hamedan, and the city of Zanjan.[1] It is located within Hamadan Province, Isfahan Province, Markazi Province, and Zanjan Province.","title":"Road 47 (Iran)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"نقشه راههای ایران با بزرگنمایی بینهایت\" (PDF). مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2019-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mashreghnews.ir/old/files/fa/news/1394/1/3/955283_156.pdf","url_text":"\"نقشه راههای ایران با بزرگنمایی بینهایت\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://cdn.mashreghnews.ir/old/files/fa/news/1394/1/3/955283_156.pdf","external_links_name":"\"نقشه راههای ایران با بزرگنمایی بینهایت\""},{"Link":"https://cdn.yjc.ir/files/fa/news/1392/1/7/952341_966.pdf","external_links_name":"Iran road map"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_47_(Iran)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Falls_Eskis | Hearst Lumberjacks | ["1 History","1.1 Sturgeon Falls Lynx","1.2 North Bay Skyhawks","1.3 North Bay Trappers","1.4 Mattawa Blackhawks","1.5 Iroquois Falls Eskis","1.6 Hearst Lumberjacks","2 Season-by-season results","3 Dudley Hewitt cup","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"] | Ice hockey team in Ontario, CanadaHearst LumberjacksCityHearst, Ontario, CanadaLeagueNorthern Ontario Junior Hockey LeagueDivisionEastFounded1988Home arenaClaude Larose Recreation CentreColoursOrange, black, and white General managerJonathan BlierHead coachMarc-Alain BeginWebsiteLumberjack WebpageFranchise history1988–1990Haileybury 54's1990–1991Powassan Passport1991–1994Powassan Hawks1994–2002Sturgeon Falls Lynx2002–2009North Bay Skyhawks2009–2014North Bay Trappers2014–2015Mattawa Blackhawks2015–2017Iroquois Falls Eskis2017–presentHearst Lumberjacks
The Hearst Lumberjacks are a Junior "A" ice hockey team from Hearst, Ontario, Canada, under new ownership for the 2017–18 season. They are a part of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL). As the Powassan Hawks, the team won two Dudley Hewitt Cups (1992 and 1993).
History
In 2002, the year after the Ontario Hockey League's North Bay Centennials moved to Saginaw, Michigan, North Bay bought the Sturgeon Falls Lynx. The team was known as the North Bay Skyhawks from 2002 to 2009. In the summer of 2009, the team was renamed the Trappers in the memory of the NOJHA's North Bay Trappers (1962–1982).
Skyhawks logo 2002–2009.
Sturgeon Falls Lynx
The Powassan Hawks relocated to Sturgeon Falls, Ontario to be known as the Sturgeon Falls Lynx for the 1994–95 season. The Lynx were sponsored and affiliated by the North Bay Centennials. This meant, most of their equipment was from the Centennials. The Lynx were the third-best team in the NOJHL, behind the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats and Parry Sound Shamrocks. Sturgeon Falls managed to make the finals in 1996 and 1997, but lost out to Rayside-Balfour on both occasions. In 1999, the Lynx were the considered the second-best team in the NOJHL after the departure of Parry Sound to the OPJHL. Despite the impressive 1999–00 second-place finish, the Lynx were no match for the unbeaten Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats in the league finals. In 2000–01 and 2001–02, the Sturgeon Falls Lynx finished fourth both seasons.
North Bay Skyhawks
Shortly after the North Bay Centennials moved to Saginaw, Michigan, the Sturgeon Falls Lynx immediately left the Sturgeon Falls Arena and took up tenancy at the bigger North Bay Memorial Gardens in the summer of 2002 and became the North Bay Skyhawks. The Skyhawks became immediately dominant, and won three consecutive NOJHL championships from 2003 to 2005. The Skyhawks played host to the 2004 Dudley Hewitt Cup, finishing second. The Skyhawks franchise appeared in the league finals five times from 2003 to 2009.
North Bay Trappers
The North Bay Skyhawks re-branded to the North Bay Trappers for the 2009–10 season. The team's performance did not vary from the Skyhawks, but would not appear in the league finals again until 2012. A year later, the Trappers would win their first league title since 2009 and played host to the 2013 Dudley Hewitt Cup, finishing fourth. As a result of an Ontario Hockey League franchise returning to North Bay, the tournament was almost allocated a second time. The tournament was originally awarded to Sudbury, but backed out. A deal was reached with the city where the renovations would commence at the end of the Dudley Hewitt Cup final. The Trappers had moved across the city to the West Ferris Arena, which was smaller and had under 500 seating capacity. The 2013–14 season marked the last for an NOJHL franchise in North Bay, as a large of majority of the interest was going towards the North Bay Battalion. Owner David Beauchamp was still being bankrolled by former owner Tim Clayden to meet team expenses, after he sold the Trappers and owned the Espanola Rivermen. With the lack of financial means, community support and sponsors, the Trappers ended up leaving North Bay at the end of the season and played their final games in Mattawa. Beauchamp claims the City of North Bay expelled the Trappers, but the city denied this.
Mattawa Blackhawks
In March 2014, the team announced it was relocating to Mattawa, Ontario to become the Mattawa Blackhawks. Owner David Beauchamp was removed by the league in the fall over unpaid ice fees, and the team was in the hands of new ownership (TPA Sports) from Toronto to continue operations. Because of a small arena, the team's existence was questionable, despite tremendous fan support throughout the season. The Blackhawks finished second-to-last, and lost a best-of-three series to the Powassan Voodoos.
Iroquois Falls Eskis
In March 2015, the Abitibi Eskimos were relocating to Timmins and the Mattawa Blackhawks took advantage and relocated to Iroquois Falls to become the second-incarnation of the Eskimos, calling themselves the Iroquois Falls Eskimos. However, over the summer the team name was altered to the "Eskis" to pay homage to the Iroquois Falls Jr. Eskis, who were members of the league from 1999 to 2002. The new team did not adopt the former Jr. Eskis' colours of blue and white, and instead went with the Abitibi Eskimos colours of black, gold, and white.
Despite having the third best attendance in the league the team was sold.
Hearst Lumberjacks
In April 2017, the NOJHL announced that the Eskis' franchise had been transferred to Hearst, Ontario. A new local ownership group led by Jonathan Blier acquired the team from Allan Donnan. The team began play out of the Claude Larose Recreation Centre in the 2017–18 season.
Season-by-season results
Season
GP
W
L
T
OTL
GF
GA
Pts
Results
Playoffs
Haileybury 54's
1988–89
41
6
32
3
—
173
313
15
4th NOJHL
1989–90
40
4
34
2
—
138
337
10
6th NOJHL
Powassan Passport
1990–91
40
21
12
7
—
212
175
49
2nd NOJHL
Powassan Hawks
1991–92
48
33
14
1
—
318
164
67
3rd NOJHL
Won League
1992–93
48
35
12
1
—
370
202
71
2nd NOJHL
Won League
1993–94
40
33
6
1
—
273
118
67
1st NOJHL
Won League
Sturgeon Falls Lynx
1994–95
48
33
12
3
—
237
136
69
3rd NOJHL
1995–96
44
29
12
3
—
192
129
61
2nd NOJHL
Lost final
1996–97
40
28
11
1
—
203
157
57
2nd NOJHL
Lost final
1997–98
40
22
15
3
—
202
176
47
2nd NOJHL
1998–99
40
19
18
3
—
167
168
41
4th NOJHL
1999–00
40
30
9
1
—
236
131
61
2nd NOJHL
Lost final
2000–01
40
21
17
1
1
156
166
44
4th NOJHL
2001–02
42
19
18
0
5
188
197
43
4th NOJHL
North Bay Skyhawks
2002–03
48
39
7
2
—
277
111
80
1st NOJHL
Won League
2003–04
48
34
7
4
3
233
110
75
1st NOJHL
Won League
2004–05
48
31
11
3
3
196
122
68
1st NOJHL
Won League
2005–06
48
30
18
0
0
166
141
60
3rd NOJHL
Lost final
2006–07
48
23
24
0
1
164
169
47
6th NOJHL
Lost semi-final
2007–08
50
31
14
—
5
191
152
91
3rd NOJHL
2008–09
50
41
6
—
3
251
151
85
1st NOJHL
Lost final
North Bay Trappers
2009–10
50
34
14
—
2
227
161
70
2nd NOJHL
Lost quarter-final
2010–11
50
22
23
—
5
183
189
49
6th NOJHL
Lost quarter-final
2011–12
50
29
21
—
0
215
187
58
5th NOJHL
Lost final
2012–13
48
34
7
3
4
215
120
75
1st NOJHL
Won League
2013–14
56
15
35
0
6
154
238
36
7th NOJHL
Lost quarter-final
Mattawa Blackhawks
2014–15
52
13
35
0
4
163
300
30
5th of 5, East8th of 9, NOJHL
Lost Div. Play-in series, 0–2 vs. Powassan Voodoos
Iroquois Falls Eskis
2015–16
54
15
39
0
0
163
310
30
5th of 6, East9th of 12, NOJHL
Lost Div. Play-in series, 0–2 vs. Timmins Rock
2016–17
56
16
36
4
0
203
282
36
5th of 6, East10th of 12, NOJHL
Lost Div. Play-in series, 1–2 vs. Kirkland Lake Gold Miners
Hearst Lumberjacks
2017–18
56
23
30
1
2
215
226
49
4th of 6, East9th of 12, NOJHL
Lost Div. Play-in series, 1–2 vs. Timmins Rock
2018–19
56
33
16
—
7
210
159
73
1st of 6, East2nd of 12, NOJHL
Won Div. Semifinals, 4–3 vs. Timmins RockWon Div. Finals, 4–0 vs. Powassan VoodoosWon League Finals, 4–3 vs. Soo Thunderbirds
2019–20
56
31
18
—
7
202
177
69
3rd of 6, East5th of 12, NOJHL
Trailed Div. Semifinals, 0–1 vs. Timmins RockPostseason cancelled
2020–21
12
7
5
—
0
47
41
14
Withdrew from season due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021–22
48
35
11
2
0
217
139
72
2nd of 6, East3rd of 12, NOJHL
Won Div. Semifinals, 4–2 vs. Powassan VoodoosWon Div. Finals, 4–3 vs. Timmins RockLost League Finals, 3-4 vs. Soo Thunderbirds
2022–23
58
43
13
2
0
277
155
88
2nd of 6, East4th of 12, NOJHL
Lost Div. Semifinals, 2-4 vs. Powassan Voodoos
2023–24
58
36
16
4
2
244
184
78
2nd of 6, East5th of 12, NOJHL
Lost Div. Semifinals, 1-4 vs. Powassan Voodoos
Dudley Hewitt cup
Central Canada Jr. A ChampionshipsNOJHL – OJHL – SIJHL – HostRound-robin play with 2nd vs. 3rd in semifinal to advance against 1st in the finals.
Year
Round-robin
Record
Standing
Semifinal
Final
2019
L, Oakville Blades (OJHL), 2–4W, Thunder Bay North Stars (SIJHL), 3–0OTL, Cochrane Crunch (host/NOJHL), 4–5
1–1–1
3rd of 4
W, Cochrane Crunch, 6–0
L, Oakville Blades, 0–2
Notable alumni
Alex Auld (Sturgeon Falls Lynx)
References
^ "Trappers setting up in Mattawa". 23 February 2014.
^ "NOJHL ANNOUNCES TRANSFER OF IROQUOIS FALLS FRANCHISE TO HEARST FOR 2017-18 SEASON". NOJHL. April 8, 2017.
^ "NOJHL to resume play". Hearst Lumberjacks. February 22, 2021.
External links
Lumberjack Web Page
Eskis Webpage
NOJHL League
vteNorthern Ontario Junior Hockey LeagueCurrent Teams
Blind River Beavers
Elliot Lake Vikings (2014–)
Espanola Paper Kings
French River Rapids
Greater Sudbury Cubs
Hearst Lumberjacks
Iroquois Falls Storm
Kirkland Lake Gold Miners
Powassan Voodoos
Soo Eagles
Soo Thunderbirds
Timmins Rock
Former Teams
Capreol Hawks
Elliot Lake Vikings
Espanola Eagles
Espanola Rivermen
Nickel Centre Native Sons
Onaping Falls Huskies
Parry Sound Shamrocks
Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats
Rouyn-Noranda Capitales
Sudbury Cubs
Temiscaming Royals
Thessalon Flyers
History
IJBHL
NOJHA
NOHA Junior ASeasonsNOJHA
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
NOJHL
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
CJHL
Central Canada Cup Challenge
Dudley Hewitt Cup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_ToBaining | Vin ToBaining | ["1 Early life","2 Political involvement","3 Death","4 References"] | Papua New Guinea politician
Vin ToBainingMember of the Legislative Council of Papua and New GuineaIn office1961–1963
Personal detailsBornEast New Britain Province, Papua New GuineaDied2 April 1995
Vin ToBaining OBE MBE (died 1995) was one of the first six elected indigenous members of the colonial-era Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea, between 1961 and 1963. Subsequently, he was involved in the formation of the Pangu Party in 1967, which went on to form the government of Papua New Guinea (PNG) when the country became independent in 1975.
Early life
Vin ToBaining was a Tolai from what is now the East New Britain Province of PNG. He came from a farming family. His date of birth is unknown but he is known to have been over 80 when he died.
Political involvement
ToBaining was a strong supporter of local-level government. He was elected as president of the Vunamami local government council in 1951 and subsequently of the Gazelle local government council. He was instrumental in the formation of the Tolai Cocoa Project in the 1950s, designed to improve the quality of cocoa-processing facilities for local farmers on the Gazelle Peninsula. When the Australian administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea decided that the Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea should have six elected Papua New Guinean members in the 1961 elections, ToBaining was elected to represent New Britain, as a member of the United Progress Party. In 1961, he was chosen to be a member of the Australian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly.
In 1964, the Territory of Papua and New Guinea introduced a new 64-member House of Assembly, which had 54 elected members. In the 1964 election ToBaining failed to be elected in the East New Britain constituency, being soundly defeated by Koriam Urekit. In 1967, nine members of the House of Assembly came together to form the Pangu Party, together with others that included Michael Somare, the future prime minister of an independent Papua New Guinea, and ToBaining, who became one of its four rotating chairmen. In the 1968 elections ToBaining was again defeated, this time by Oscar Tammur. Subsequently, he left the Pangu Party and became president of the newly formed Melanesian Independence Party, which had a policy of achieving independence for the islands of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, specifically New Britain, New Ireland, Bouganville, and the Admiralty Islands.
Death
ToBaining died on 2 April 1995 in his home village in East New Britain.
References
^ "PANGU Party". PNG Facts. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^ a b "Vin TOBAINING (2 April 1995, aged 80+)". Papua New Guinea Association of Australia. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ New Faces in P-NG Council Pacific Islands Monthly, April 1961, p18
^ Bettison, David G.; Hughes, Colin A.; van der Veur, Paul W. "The Papua-New Guinea Elections 1964" (PDF). ANU Press. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "Cecil Abel". Malum Nalu. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "177 Paper By Doet". DFAT Australia. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "234 Telex, Hay To Warwick Smith". DFAT. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "Full details of the big New Guinea Elections". Pacific Islands Monthly May 1964. Retrieved 23 February 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Pangu Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangu_Party"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Vin ToBaining OBE MBE (died 1995) was one of the first six elected indigenous members of the colonial-era Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea, between 1961 and 1963. Subsequently, he was involved in the formation of the Pangu Party in 1967, which went on to form the government of Papua New Guinea (PNG) when the country became independent in 1975.[1]","title":"Vin ToBaining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolai_people"},{"link_name":"East New Britain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_Britain_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNGAA-2"}],"text":"Vin ToBaining was a Tolai from what is now the East New Britain Province of PNG. He came from a farming family. His date of birth is unknown but he is known to have been over 80 when he died.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vunamami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokopo-Vunamami_Urban_LLG"},{"link_name":"Gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazelle_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Territory of Papua and New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNGAA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIM1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANU-4"},{"link_name":"House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"1964 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election"},{"link_name":"Koriam Urekit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koriam_Urekit"},{"link_name":"Pangu Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangu_Party"},{"link_name":"Michael Somare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Somare"},{"link_name":"1968 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election"},{"link_name":"Oscar Tammur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Tammur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Bouganville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Island"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFAT2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"ToBaining was a strong supporter of local-level government. He was elected as president of the Vunamami local government council in 1951 and subsequently of the Gazelle local government council. He was instrumental in the formation of the Tolai Cocoa Project in the 1950s, designed to improve the quality of cocoa-processing facilities for local farmers on the Gazelle Peninsula. When the Australian administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea decided that the Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea should have six elected Papua New Guinean members in the 1961 elections, ToBaining was elected to represent New Britain, as a member of the United Progress Party. In 1961, he was chosen to be a member of the Australian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly.[2][3][4]In 1964, the Territory of Papua and New Guinea introduced a new 64-member House of Assembly, which had 54 elected members. In the 1964 election ToBaining failed to be elected in the East New Britain constituency, being soundly defeated by Koriam Urekit. In 1967, nine members of the House of Assembly came together to form the Pangu Party, together with others that included Michael Somare, the future prime minister of an independent Papua New Guinea, and ToBaining, who became one of its four rotating chairmen. In the 1968 elections ToBaining was again defeated, this time by Oscar Tammur. Subsequently, he left the Pangu Party and became president of the newly formed Melanesian Independence Party, which had a policy of achieving independence for the islands of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, specifically New Britain, New Ireland, Bouganville, and the Admiralty Islands.[5][6][7][8]","title":"Political involvement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ToBaining died on 2 April 1995 in his home village in East New Britain.","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"PANGU Party\". PNG Facts. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pngfacts.com/pangu-party.html","url_text":"\"PANGU Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vin TOBAINING (2 April 1995, aged 80+)\". Papua New Guinea Association of Australia. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pngaa.org/vale-september-1995/#Tobaining","url_text":"\"Vin TOBAINING (2 April 1995, aged 80+)\""}]},{"reference":"Bettison, David G.; Hughes, Colin A.; van der Veur, Paul W. \"The Papua-New Guinea Elections 1964\" (PDF). ANU Press. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/resources-links/ANU_Press_Papua-New_Guinea_Elections_1964.pdf","url_text":"\"The Papua-New Guinea Elections 1964\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cecil Abel\". Malum Nalu. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2007/11/cecil-abel-late-cecil-abel-later-to.html","url_text":"\"Cecil Abel\""}]},{"reference":"\"177 Paper By Doet\". DFAT Australia. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/volume-26/Pages/177-paper-by-doet","url_text":"\"177 Paper By Doet\""}]},{"reference":"\"234 Telex, Hay To Warwick Smith\". DFAT. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/volume-26/Pages/234-telex-%2520hay-to-warwick-smith","url_text":"\"234 Telex, Hay To Warwick Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full details of the big New Guinea Elections\". Pacific Islands Monthly May 1964. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-370528117/view?sectionId=nla.obj-374118491&partId=nla.obj-370637607#page/n114/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Full details of the big New Guinea Elections\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pngfacts.com/pangu-party.html","external_links_name":"\"PANGU Party\""},{"Link":"https://pngaa.org/vale-september-1995/#Tobaining","external_links_name":"\"Vin TOBAINING (2 April 1995, aged 80+)\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-322675100/view?partId=nla.obj-323266896#page/n19/mode/1up/","external_links_name":"New Faces in P-NG Council"},{"Link":"https://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/resources-links/ANU_Press_Papua-New_Guinea_Elections_1964.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Papua-New Guinea Elections 1964\""},{"Link":"https://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2007/11/cecil-abel-late-cecil-abel-later-to.html","external_links_name":"\"Cecil Abel\""},{"Link":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/volume-26/Pages/177-paper-by-doet","external_links_name":"\"177 Paper By Doet\""},{"Link":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/volume-26/Pages/234-telex-%2520hay-to-warwick-smith","external_links_name":"\"234 Telex, Hay To Warwick Smith\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-370528117/view?sectionId=nla.obj-374118491&partId=nla.obj-370637607#page/n114/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Full details of the big New Guinea Elections\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravate | Landgrave | ["1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Examples","4 Related terms","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Noble title used in the Holy Roman Empire and its former territories
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Heraldic crown of a landgrave
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Landgrave (German: Landgraf, Dutch: landgraaf, Swedish: lantgreve, French: landgrave; Latin: comes magnus, comes patriae, comes provinciae, comes terrae, comes principalis, lantgravius) was a rank of nobility used in the Holy Roman Empire, and its former territories. The German titles of Landgraf, Markgraf ("margrave"), and Pfalzgraf ("count palatine") are of roughly equal rank, subordinate to Herzog ("duke"), and superior to the rank of a Graf ("count").
Etymology
The English word landgrave is the equivalent of the German Landgraf, a compound of the words Land and Graf (German: Count).
Description
The title referred originally to a count who possessed imperial immediacy, or a feudal duty owed directly to the Holy Roman Emperor. His jurisdiction stretched over a sometimes quite considerable territory, which was not subservient to an intermediate power, such as a duke, a bishop or count palatine. The title originated within the Holy Roman Empire (first recorded in Lower Lotharingia from 1086: Henry III, Count of Louvain, as landgrave of Brabant). By definition, a landgrave exercised sovereign rights. His decision-making power was comparable to that of a Duke.
Landgrave occasionally continued in use as the subsidiary title of such noblemen as the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, who functioned as the Landgrave of Thuringia in the first decade of the 20th century, but the title fell into disuse after World War II.
The jurisdiction of a landgrave was a landgraviate (German: Landgrafschaft), and the wife of a landgrave or a female landgrave was known as a landgravine (from the German Landgräfin, Gräfin being the feminine form of Graf)
The term was also used in the Carolinas (what is now North and South Carolina in the United States) during British rule. A "landgrave" was "a county nobleman in the British, privately held North American colony Carolina, ranking just below the proprietary (chartered equivalent of a royal vassal)."
Examples
Examples include:
Landgraves of Thuringia
Landgraves of Hesse and its subsequent divisions (Hesse-Kassel, -Darmstadt, -Rotenburg, -Philippsthal(-Barchfeld), -Rheinfels, -Homburg(-Bingenheim), -Marburg).
Landgraves of Leuchtenberg, situated around a Bavarian castle (later raised into a duchy)
Landgraves of Stühlingen
Landgraves of Klettgau
Fürstenberg-Weitra
Fürstenberg-Taikowitz
Landgraviate of Alsace
Upper Alsace
Lower Alsace
Related terms
Landgraviate – the rank, office, or territory held by a landgrave
Landgravine (German: Landgräfin) – the wife of a landgrave or one who exercises the office or holds the rank in her own right.
References
^ Wiktionary definition
^ "Primary Source: The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)". NCpedia. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
^ Wise, L., Hansen, M., Egan, E. (2005), Kings, Rules and Satesmen, revised edition, New York, p. 122{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading
Mayer, Theodor, "Über Entstehung und Bedeutung der älteren deutschen Landgrafschaften", in Mitteralterliche Studien – Gesammelte Aufsätze, ed. F. Knapp (Sigmaringen 1958) 187–201. Also published in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Germanische Abteilung 58 (1938) 210–288.
Mayer, Theodor, 'Herzogtum und Landeshoheit', Fürsten und Staat. Studien zur Verfassungsgeschichte des deutschen Mittelalters (Weimar 1950) 276–301.
Eichenberger, T., Patria: Studien zur Bedeutung des Wortes im Mittelalter (6.-12. Jahrhundert), Nationes – Historische und philologische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung der europäischen Nationen im Mittelalter 9 (Sigmaringen 1991).
Van Droogenbroeck, Frans J., 'De betekenis van paltsgraaf Herman II (1064-1085) voor het graafschap Brabant', Eigen Schoon en De Brabander, 87 (2004), 1-166.
Van Droogenbroeck, Frans J., Het landgraafschap Brabant (1085-1183) en zijn paltsgrafelijke voorgeschiedenis. De territoriale en institutionele aanloop tot het ontstaan van het hertogdom Brabant (2004)
External links
The dictionary definition of landgrave at Wiktionary
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T10_Landgraf.svg"},{"link_name":"Heraldic crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_crown"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"rank of nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_title"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"margrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave"},{"link_name":"count palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine"},{"link_name":"Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog"},{"link_name":"Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf"}],"text":"Heraldic crown of a landgraveLandgrave (German: Landgraf, Dutch: landgraaf, Swedish: lantgreve, French: landgrave; Latin: comes magnus, comes patriae, comes provinciae, comes terrae, comes principalis, lantgravius) was a rank of nobility used in the Holy Roman Empire, and its former territories. The German titles of Landgraf, Markgraf (\"margrave\"), and Pfalzgraf (\"count palatine\") are of roughly equal rank, subordinate to Herzog (\"duke\"), and superior to the rank of a Graf (\"count\").","title":"Landgrave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf"}],"text":"The English word landgrave is the equivalent of the German Landgraf, a compound of the words Land and Graf (German: Count).","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"imperial immediacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_immediacy"},{"link_name":"duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"count palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lower Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Henry III, Count of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"the Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carolinas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The title referred originally to a count who possessed imperial immediacy, or a feudal duty owed directly to the Holy Roman Emperor. His jurisdiction stretched over a sometimes quite considerable territory, which was not subservient to an intermediate power, such as a duke, a bishop or count palatine. The title originated within the Holy Roman Empire (first recorded in Lower Lotharingia from 1086: Henry III, Count of Louvain, as landgrave of Brabant). By definition, a landgrave exercised sovereign rights. His decision-making power was comparable to that of a Duke.Landgrave occasionally continued in use as the subsidiary title of such noblemen as the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, who functioned as the Landgrave of Thuringia in the first decade of the 20th century, but the title fell into disuse after World War II.The jurisdiction of a landgrave was a landgraviate (German: Landgrafschaft), and the wife of a landgrave or a female landgrave was known as a landgravine (from the German Landgräfin, Gräfin being the feminine form of Graf)The term was also used in the Carolinas (what is now North and South Carolina in the United States) during British rule. A \"landgrave\" was \"a county nobleman in the British, privately held North American colony Carolina, ranking just below the proprietary (chartered equivalent of a royal vassal).\"[1][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landgraves of Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Landgraves of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"-Rotenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Rotenburg"},{"link_name":"-Philippsthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Philippsthal"},{"link_name":"Barchfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld"},{"link_name":"-Rheinfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Rheinfels"},{"link_name":"-Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Homburg"},{"link_name":"-Bingenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Homburg-Bingenheim"},{"link_name":"-Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse-Marburg"},{"link_name":"Landgraves of Leuchtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraves_of_Leuchtenberg"},{"link_name":"Landgraves of Stühlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BChlingen#History"},{"link_name":"Landgraves of Klettgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klettgau#History"},{"link_name":"Fürstenberg-Weitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg-Weitra"},{"link_name":"Fürstenberg-Taikowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg-Taikowitz"},{"link_name":"Landgraviate of Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alsace#Alsace_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Upper Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Lower Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Alsace"}],"text":"Examples include:Landgraves of Thuringia\nLandgraves of Hesse[3] and its subsequent divisions (Hesse-Kassel, -Darmstadt, -Rotenburg, -Philippsthal(-Barchfeld), -Rheinfels, -Homburg(-Bingenheim), -Marburg).\nLandgraves of Leuchtenberg, situated around a Bavarian castle (later raised into a duchy)\nLandgraves of Stühlingen\nLandgraves of Klettgau\nFürstenberg-Weitra\nFürstenberg-Taikowitz\nLandgraviate of Alsace\nUpper Alsace\nLower Alsace","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Landgraviate – the rank, office, or territory held by a landgrave\nLandgravine (German: Landgräfin) – the wife of a landgrave or one who exercises the office or holds the rank in her own right.","title":"Related terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'De betekenis van paltsgraaf Herman II (1064-1085) voor het graafschap Brabant'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/4578469/"},{"link_name":"Het landgraafschap Brabant (1085-1183) en zijn paltsgrafelijke voorgeschiedenis. De territoriale en institutionele aanloop tot het ontstaan van het hertogdom Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/12366096/"}],"text":"Mayer, Theodor, \"Über Entstehung und Bedeutung der älteren deutschen Landgrafschaften\", in Mitteralterliche Studien – Gesammelte Aufsätze, ed. F. Knapp (Sigmaringen 1958) 187–201. Also published in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Germanische Abteilung 58 (1938) 210–288.\nMayer, Theodor, 'Herzogtum und Landeshoheit', Fürsten und Staat. Studien zur Verfassungsgeschichte des deutschen Mittelalters (Weimar 1950) 276–301.\nEichenberger, T., Patria: Studien zur Bedeutung des Wortes im Mittelalter (6.-12. Jahrhundert), Nationes – Historische und philologische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung der europäischen Nationen im Mittelalter 9 (Sigmaringen 1991).\nVan Droogenbroeck, Frans J., 'De betekenis van paltsgraaf Herman II (1064-1085) voor het graafschap Brabant', Eigen Schoon en De Brabander, 87 (2004), 1-166.\nVan Droogenbroeck, Frans J., Het landgraafschap Brabant (1085-1183) en zijn paltsgrafelijke voorgeschiedenis. De territoriale en institutionele aanloop tot het ontstaan van het hertogdom Brabant (2004)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Heraldic crown of a landgrave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/T10_Landgraf.svg/220px-T10_Landgraf.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Wiktionary definition","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Primary Source: The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)\". NCpedia. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/primary-source-fundamental","url_text":"\"Primary Source: The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, L., Hansen, M., Egan, E. (2005), Kings, Rules and Satesmen, revised edition, New York, p. 122","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Landgrave%22","external_links_name":"\"Landgrave\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Landgrave%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Landgrave%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Landgrave%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Landgrave%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Landgrave%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/primary-source-fundamental","external_links_name":"\"Primary Source: The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/4578469/","external_links_name":"'De betekenis van paltsgraaf Herman II (1064-1085) voor het graafschap Brabant'"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/12366096/","external_links_name":"Het landgraafschap Brabant (1085-1183) en zijn paltsgrafelijke voorgeschiedenis. De territoriale en institutionele aanloop tot het ontstaan van het hertogdom Brabant"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4285907-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Retter | Erich Retter | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 External links","4 References"] | German footballer
Erich RetterPersonal informationFull name
Erich RetterDate of birth
(1925-02-17)17 February 1925Place of birth
Plüderhausen, GermanyDate of death
27 December 2014(2014-12-27) (aged 89)Position(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1944–1962
VfB Stuttgart
International career1952–1956
West Germany
14
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Erich Retter (17 February 1925 – 27 December 2014) was a German footballer.
Club career
With VfB Stuttgart he won twice the German football championship in 1950 and 1952.
International career
Retter won 14 caps for West Germany between 1952 and 1954. After appearing regularly for the team before tournament he missed out the 1954 FIFA World Cup which West Germany won because of an injury.
External links
Erich Retter at WorldFootball.net
Erich Retter at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Erich Retter at National-Football-Teams.com
References
^ Arnhold, Matthias (22 April 2021). "Erich Retter - International Appearances". RSSSF.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a defender born in the 1920s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Erich Retter (17 February 1925 – 27 December 2014) was a German footballer.","title":"Erich Retter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"German football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions"}],"text":"With VfB Stuttgart he won twice the German football championship in 1950 and 1952.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1954 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Retter won 14 caps for West Germany between 1952 and 1954.[1] After appearing regularly for the team before tournament he missed out the 1954 FIFA World Cup which West Germany won because of an injury.","title":"International career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Arnhold, Matthias (22 April 2021). \"Erich Retter - International Appearances\". RSSSF.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/eretter-intl.html","url_text":"\"Erich Retter - International Appearances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation","url_text":"RSSSF.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/erich-retter/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Erich Retter"},{"Link":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/erich-retter/","external_links_name":"Erich Retter"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/16894.html","external_links_name":"Erich Retter"},{"Link":"http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/eretter-intl.html","external_links_name":"\"Erich Retter - International Appearances\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Retter&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Phillip_Kennedy | Joseph Phillip Kennedy | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Joseph Phillip KennedyChief Justice of Nova Scotia Supreme CourtIn office1998–2019
Personal detailsBornEnfield, Nova Scotia
Joseph Phillip Kennedy is a former Chief Justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court.
Education
Joseph Kennedy graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from St. Mary's University in 1965. He graduated from the Dalhousie Law School in 1968 and was called to the bar on January 3, 1969.
Career
He practiced privately from 1969 to 1978 in the Bridgewater firm of Kenney, Theakson, Kennedy & Allen.
He was appointed on the recommendation of a recruitment committee, which considered applications from current Provincial Court judges. The committee consists of the Chief Justice of Nova Scotia (who chairs the committee), the Chief Judge of the Family Court, the outgoing Chief Judge of the Provincial Court, the president of the Provincial Judges' Association, and a lay person (without a law degree) designated by the Canadian Minister of Justice.
He was previously a judge of the Provincial Court from 1978 to 1993, at which point he was appointed Chief Judge of the Provincial Court of Nova Scotia. He served as the Associate Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1996 to 1998, and finally was elevated to Chief Justice in 1998.
Justice Kennedy announced his retirement on November 1, 2018 and retired on April 30, 2019.
References
^ "Nova Scotia Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph Kennedy to retire next May | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. 1 November 2018.
^ "Chief Justice Kennedy Retires". courts.ns.ca.
External links
Announcement/Minibio
SMU biography
vteChief Justice of Nova Scotia
Belcher
Morris
Finucane
Deschamps
Pemberton
Strange
Blowers
Halliburton
Young
McDonald
Weatherbe
Townshend
Graham
Harris
Chisholm
Ilsley
Currie
McKinnon
MacKeigan
Clarke
Glube
MacDonald | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"Joseph Phillip Kennedy is a former Chief Justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court.","title":"Joseph Phillip Kennedy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_(Halifax)"},{"link_name":"Dalhousie Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"}],"text":"Joseph Kennedy graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from St. Mary's University in 1965. He graduated from the Dalhousie Law School in 1968 and was called to the bar on January 3, 1969.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Provincial Court of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He practiced privately from 1969 to 1978 in the Bridgewater firm of Kenney, Theakson, Kennedy & Allen.He was appointed on the recommendation of a recruitment committee, which considered applications from current Provincial Court judges. The committee consists of the Chief Justice of Nova Scotia (who chairs the committee), the Chief Judge of the Family Court, the outgoing Chief Judge of the Provincial Court, the president of the Provincial Judges' Association, and a lay person (without a law degree) designated by the Canadian Minister of Justice.[citation needed]He was previously a judge of the Provincial Court from 1978 to 1993, at which point he was appointed Chief Judge of the Provincial Court of Nova Scotia. He served as the Associate Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1996 to 1998, and finally was elevated to Chief Justice in 1998.Justice Kennedy announced his retirement on November 1, 2018[1] and retired on April 30, 2019.[2]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nova Scotia Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph Kennedy to retire next May | Globalnews.ca\". globalnews.ca. 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/4620967/nova-scotia-supreme-court-chief-justice-joseph-kennedy-to-retire-next-may/","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph Kennedy to retire next May | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Justice Kennedy Retires\". courts.ns.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://courts.ns.ca/News_of_Courts/ChiefJusticeKennedyRetires.htm","url_text":"\"Chief Justice Kennedy Retires\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/4620967/nova-scotia-supreme-court-chief-justice-joseph-kennedy-to-retire-next-may/","external_links_name":"\"Nova Scotia Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph Kennedy to retire next May | Globalnews.ca\""},{"Link":"https://courts.ns.ca/News_of_Courts/ChiefJusticeKennedyRetires.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chief Justice Kennedy Retires\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.ns.ca/cmns/msrv/viewRel.asp?relID=/cmns/msrv/nr-1996/nr96-06/96062603.htm","external_links_name":"Announcement/Minibio"},{"Link":"https://www.smu.ca/administration/archives/kennedy_j.html","external_links_name":"SMU biography"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-Armed_Cross | Equal-armed cross | ["1 Significance","2 Other","3 See also","4 References"] | Cross symbol
Basic Greek cross
Minoan cross
The equal-armed cross, also referred to as the square cross, the balanced cross, and the peaceful cross, is a name for the Greek cross when this is found in ancient cultures, predating Christianity.
Significance
It is often interpreted as representing either the four seasons, four winds, four elements, or some other aspect of physical nature.
Other
An equal-armed cross (often within a circle) represents the planet Earth in traditional astrological/astronomical symbols. The cross could also be used to represent the union between male and female.
See also
Christian cross
Christian symbols
Swastika
References
^ Duchane, Sangeet; Priya Hemenway (2005). Beyond the Da Vinci Code: From the Rose Line to the Bloodline. Amy Ray. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7607-6625-5.
^ Stewart, Michael James Alexander; Walid Amine Salhab (2007). The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry. Weiser. ISBN 978-1-57863-346-3. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_cross.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CROSS_Sacral_Stavros_from_the_Temple_Repositories_of_Knossos_1600_BCE_Heraclion_Museum_Greece.JPG"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"}],"text":"Basic Greek crossMinoan crossThe equal-armed cross, also referred to as the square cross, the balanced cross, and the peaceful cross, is a name for the Greek cross when this is found in ancient cultures, predating Christianity.","title":"Equal-armed cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"link_name":"four elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It is often interpreted as representing either the four seasons, four winds, four elements, or some other aspect of physical nature.[1]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"astrological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological"},{"link_name":"astronomical symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_symbols"},{"link_name":"male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Templar-2"}],"text":"An equal-armed cross (often within a circle) represents the planet Earth in traditional astrological/astronomical symbols. The cross could also be used to represent the union between male and female.[2]","title":"Other"}] | [{"image_text":"Basic Greek cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greek_cross.svg/220px-Greek_cross.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Minoan cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CROSS_Sacral_Stavros_from_the_Temple_Repositories_of_Knossos_1600_BCE_Heraclion_Museum_Greece.JPG/220px-CROSS_Sacral_Stavros_from_the_Temple_Repositories_of_Knossos_1600_BCE_Heraclion_Museum_Greece.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Christian cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"title":"Christian symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_symbols"},{"title":"Swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"}] | [{"reference":"Duchane, Sangeet; Priya Hemenway (2005). Beyond the Da Vinci Code: From the Rose Line to the Bloodline. Amy Ray. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7607-6625-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Company,_Inc.","url_text":"Sterling Publishing Company, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-6625-5","url_text":"978-0-7607-6625-5"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Michael James Alexander; Walid Amine Salhab (2007). The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry. Weiser. ISBN 978-1-57863-346-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarof00stew_0","url_text":"The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-346-3","url_text":"978-1-57863-346-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarof00stew_0","external_links_name":"The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreno_Argentin | Moreno Argentin | ["1 Career achievements","1.1 Major results","1.2 Monuments results timeline","2 References","3 External links"] | Italian cyclist
Moreno ArgentinArgentin in 1987Personal informationFull nameMoreno ArgentinNicknameIl CapoBorn (1960-12-17) 17 December 1960 (age 63)San Donà di Piave, ItalyHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight66 kg (146 lb)Team informationCurrent teamRetiredDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams1981–1984Sammontana1985–1986Sammontana–Bianchi1987–1989Gewiss–Bianchi1990–1992Ariostea1993Mecair-Ballan1994Gewiss–Ballan
Major winsGrand Tours
Tour de France
2 individual stage (1990, 1991)
1 TTT (1991)
Giro d'Italia
13 individual stages (1981–1994)
Stage Races
Danmark Rundt (1985)
Giro del Trentino (1994)
One-Day Races and Classics
World Road Race Championship (1986)
National Road Race Championship (1983, 1989)
Liège–Bastogne–Liège (1985, 1986, 1987, 1991)
Giro di Lombardia (1987)
Tour of Flanders (1990)
La Flèche Wallonne (1990, 1991, 1994)
Medal record
Representing Italy
Men's road bicycle racing
World Championships
1986 Colorado Springs
Elite Men's Road Race
1987 Villach
Elite Men's Road Race
1985 Giavera di Montello
Elite Men's Road Race
Moreno Argentin (born 17 December 1960) is an Italian former professional cyclist (from 1981 to 1994) and race director.
Born in San Donà di Piave (Veneto), Argentin won stages in the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia, and the Tour de Suisse. Known as Il Capo ("The Boss"), he won Liège–Bastogne–Liège four times, the La Flèche Wallonne three times, and the Tour of Flanders and Giro di Lombardia once. He became Italian national champion in 1983 and 1989, and world champion in 1986.
Argentin cofounded the Adriatica Ionica Race, first run in 2018.
Career achievements
Argentin winning the 1987 Giro di Lombardia
Major results
1977
1st National Junior Track Championships (Team Pursuit)
1978
1st National Junior Track Championships (Team Pursuit)
1st National Junior Road Championships, Team Time Trial
1979
1st National Amateur Track Championships (Team Pursuit)
1st Piccolo Giro di Lombardia
1st Prologue & Stage 4 Giro della Valle d'Aosta
1st Team classification Ster van het Zuiden
2nd Overall Flèche du Sud
4th Trofeo Zssdi - Un. Circ. Sloveni in Italia
1980
1st National Amateur Track Championships (Team Pursuit)
1st National Military Road Championships, Road Race
1st Giro Valli Aretine
1st Coppa Caduti - Puglia di Arezzo
1st Grand Prix Agostano
1st Stage 3 Girobio
1st Prologue Giro della Valle d'Aosta
6th National Amateur Road Championships, Road Race
1981
1st GP Industria e Commercio di Prato
1st Stages 12 & 18 Giro d'Italia
2nd Giro di Lombardia
2nd Arma di Taggia
2nd Rho (Lombardia)
3rd Col San Martino
1982
1st Trofeo Matteotti
1st GP Industria e Commercio di Prato
1st Giro della Romagna
1st Treviso
1st Stage 9 Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 3 Tour de Suisse
2nd Arma di Taggia
2nd Granze
2nd Roccastrada
3rd Milan–San Remo
3rd Napoli–Pianura
3rd Chignolo Po Criterium
1983
1st National Road Championships, Road Race
1st Coppa Sabatini
1st Livorno
1st Mussolente
1st San Donà di Piave
1st San Vendemiano
1st Stages 7 & 21 Giro d'Italia
1st Stages 2 & 3 Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Stage 3 Giro di Sardegna
2nd GP Montelup
2nd Six Days of Milan
2nd Cecina
3rd Trofeo Matteotti
3rd Circuito degli Assi - Nanno
1984
1st Overall Settimana Siciliana
1st Stage 2
1st Giro del Veneto
1st Quarrata
1st San Donà di Piave
1st Stage 4 Giro di Puglia
1st Stage 3 Ruota d'Oro
2nd Firenze
2nd Col San Martino
3rd Overall Giro d'Italia
1st Stages 3 & 5
1985
1st Overall Tour of Denmark
1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1st San Vendemiano
1st Scordia
1st Cronostaffetta
1st Stage 1 Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Prologue Tour de Romandie
2nd La Flèche Wallonne
2nd Coppa Bernocchi
2nd Paris–Tours
2nd Giro di Campania
2nd Circuito degli Assi - Nanno
3rd UCI Road World Championships
5th Pernod–Super Prestige
8th FICP Ranking
10th Overall Settimana Siciliana
1986
1st UCI Road World Championships
1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1st Trofeo Francesco Civettini
1st Curno
2nd Overall Settimana Siciliana
1st Stage 2
2nd GP Industria e Commercio di Prato
3rd Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria
4th Eschborn–Frankfurt City Loop
7th Overall Coors Classic
1st Stage 9
8th FICP Ranking
1987
1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1st Giro di Lombardia
1st Bacoli
1st Six Days of Bassano del Grappa
1st San Martino di Castrozza
1st G.P. Banca di Credito Cooperativo dell'Alta Padovana
1st Grazer Altstadt Kriterium
1st Stages 2, 4 & 7 Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 3 Settimana Siciliana
1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Andalucía
1st Stages 2 & 4 Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Stage 16 Coors Classic
2nd UCI Road World Championships
2nd Giro dell'Emilia
3rd Km del Corso Mestre
3rd San Donà di Piave
4th FICP Ranking
6th Trofeo Baracchi
7th Paris–Tours
8th Pernod–Super Prestige
10th La Flèche Wallonne
1988
1st Giro del Veneto
1st Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria
1st Biban de Carbonera
1st Stage 1 Critérium International
2nd La Flèche Wallonne
2nd GP Industria e Commercio di Prato
3rd Nittedal–Oslo
1989
1st National Road Championships, Road Race
1st Stage 5 Settimana Siciliana
1st Stage 4 Bicicleta Vasca
3rd Biban de Carbonera
1990
1st Tour of Flanders
1st La Flèche Wallonne
1st Coppa Sabatini
1st Stage 3 Tour de France
1st Stage 9 Tour de Suisse
4th Milan–San Remo
6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1991
1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1st La Flèche Wallonne
1st Sanson
1st Trittico Premondiale
1st Stages 2 (TTT) & 15 Tour de France
2nd San Sebastián Criterium
6th Coppa Bernocchi
10th Giro dell'Appennino
10th Circuito degli Assi - Nanno
1992
1st Overall Settimana Siciliana
1st Stages 4 & 6
1st Stages 5, 6 & 7 Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Warszawa
2nd Milan–San Remo
1993
1st Stage 6 Tour Méditerranéen
3rd Giro del Friuli
5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
6th Overall Giro d'Italia
1st Stages 1a & 13
1994
1st Overall Giro del Trentino
1st Stage 2
1st La Flèche Wallonne
1st Stage 2 Giro d'Italia
Monuments results timeline
Monument
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Milan–San Remo
—
3
28
17
26
—
—
—
41
4
—
2
—
—
Tour of Flanders
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
66
—
1
53
—
42
—
Paris–Roubaix
Did not contest during career
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
—
39
—
—
1
1
1
12
—
6
1
—
5
18
Giro di Lombardia
2
—
21
—
30
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
DNF = Did not finish— = Did not compete
References
^ "La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio".
^ "La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio".
^ "Italian stage racing enjoys resurgence". 24 April 2018.
External links
Moreno Argentin at Cycling Archives
Official Tour de France results for Moreno Argentin
vte UCI Road World Champions – Men's road race
1927: Binda
1928, 1929: Ronsse
1930: Binda
1931: Guerra
1932: Binda
1933: Speicher
1934: Kaers
1935: Aerts
1936: Magne
1937: Meulenberg
1938: Kint
1946: Knecht
1947: Middelkamp
1948: Schotte
1949: Van Steenbergen
1950: Schotte
1951: Kübler
1952: Müller
1953: Coppi
1954: Bobet
1955: Ockers
1956, 1957: Van Steenbergen
1958: Baldini
1959: Darrigade
1960, 1961: Van Looy
1962: Stablinski
1963: Beheyt
1964: Janssen
1965: Simpson
1966: Altig
1967: Merckx
1968: Adorni
1969: Ottenbros
1970: Monseré
1971: Merckx
1972: Basso
1973: Gimondi
1974: Merckx
1975: Kuiper
1976: Maertens
1977: Moser
1978: Knetemann
1979: Raas
1980: Hinault
1981: Maertens
1982: Saronni
1983: LeMond
1984: Criquielion
1985: Zoetemelk
1986: Argentin
1987: Roche
1988: Fondriest
1989: LeMond
1990: Dhaenens
1991, 1992: Bugno
1993: Armstrong
1994: Leblanc
1995: Olano
1996: Museeuw
1997: Brochard
1998: Camenzind
1999: Freire
2000: Vainšteins
2001: Freire
2002: Cipollini
2003: Astarloa
2004: Freire
2005: Boonen
2006, 2007: Bettini
2008: Ballan
2009: Evans
2010: Hushovd
2011: Cavendish
2012: Gilbert
2013: Costa
2014: Kwiatkowski
2015, 2016, 2017: Sagan
2018: Valverde
2019: Pedersen
2020, 2021: Alaphilippe
2022: Evenepoel
2023: van der Poel
vteTour of Flanders winners1900–1919
Paul Deman (1913)
Marcel Buysse (1914)
(1915–1918, not held)
Henri Vanlerberghe (1919)
1920–1939
Jules Vanhevel (1920)
René Vermandel (1921)
Léon Devos (1922)
Heiri Suter (1923)
Gerard Debaets (1924)
Julien Delbecque (1925)
Denis Verschueren (1926)
Gerard Debaets (1927)
Jan Mertens (1928)
Joseph Dervaes (1929)
Frans Bonduel (1930)
Romain Gijssels (1931–1932)
Alphonse Schepers (1933)
Gaston Rebry (1934)
Louis Duerloo (1935)
Louis Hardiquest (1936)
Michel D'Hooghe (1937)
Edgard De Caluwé (1938)
Karel Kaers (1939)
1940–1959
Achiel Buysse (1940–1941)
Briek Schotte (1942)
Achiel Buysse (1943)
Rik Van Steenbergen (1944)
Sylvain Grysolle (1945)
Rik Van Steenbergen (1946)
Emiel Faignaert (1947)
Briek Schotte (1948)
Fiorenzo Magni (1949–1951)
Roger Decock (1952)
Wim van Est (1953)
Raymond Impanis (1954)
Louison Bobet (1955)
Jean Forestier (1956)
Fred De Bruyne (1957)
Germain Derycke (1958)
Rik Van Looy (1959)
1960–1979
Arthur Decabooter (1960)
Tom Simpson (1961)
Rik Van Looy (1962)
Noël Foré (1963)
Rudi Altig (1964)
Jo de Roo (1965)
Edward Sels (1966)
Dino Zandegù (1967)
Walter Godefroot (1968)
Eddy Merckx (1969)
Eric Leman (1970)
Evert Dolman (1971)
Eric Leman (1972–1973)
Cees Bal (1974)
Eddy Merckx (1975)
Walter Planckaert (1976)
Roger De Vlaeminck (1977)
Walter Godefroot (1978)
Jan Raas (1979)
1980–1999
Michel Pollentier (1980)
Hennie Kuiper (1981)
René Martens (1982)
Jan Raas (1983)
Johan Lammerts (1984)
Eric Vanderaerden (1985)
Adri van der Poel (1986)
Claude Criquielion (1987)
Eddy Planckaert (1988)
Edwig Van Hooydonck (1989)
Moreno Argentin (1990)
Edwig Van Hooydonck (1991)
Jacky Durand (1992)
Johan Museeuw (1993)
Gianni Bugno (1994)
Johan Museeuw (1995)
Michele Bartoli (1996)
Rolf Sørensen (1997)
Johan Museeuw (1998)
Peter Van Petegem (1999)
2000–2019
Andrei Tchmil (2000)
Gianluca Bortolami (2001)
Andrea Tafi (2002)
Peter Van Petegem (2003)
Steffen Wesemann (2004)
Tom Boonen (2005–2006)
Alessandro Ballan (2007)
Stijn Devolder (2008–2009)
Fabian Cancellara (2010)
Nick Nuyens (2011)
Tom Boonen (2012)
Fabian Cancellara (2013–2014)
Alexander Kristoff (2015)
Peter Sagan (2016)
Philippe Gilbert (2017)
Niki Terpstra (2018)
Alberto Bettiol (2019)
2020–2039
Mathieu van der Poel (2020)
Kasper Asgreen (2021)
Mathieu van der Poel (2022)
Tadej Pogačar (2023)
Mathieu van der Poel (2024)
vteGiro di Lombardia winners1900–1919
Giovanni Gerbi (1905)
Cesare Brambilla (1906)
Gustave Garrigou (1907)
François Faber (1908)
Giovanni Cuniolo (1909)
Giovanni Micheletto (1910)
Henri Pélissier (1911)
Carlo Oriani (1912)
Henri Pélissier (1913)
Lauro Bordin (1914)
Gaetano Belloni (1915)
Leopoldo Torricelli (1916)
Philippe Thys (1917)
Gaetano Belloni (1918)
Costante Girardengo (1919)
1920–1939
Henri Pélissier (1920)
Costante Girardengo (1921–1922)
Giovanni Brunero (1923–1924)
Alfredo Binda (1925–1927)
Gaetano Belloni (1928)
Pietro Fossati (1929)
Michele Mara (1930)
Alfredo Binda (1931)
Antonio Negrini (1932)
Domenico Piemontesi (1933)
Learco Guerra (1934)
Enrico Mollo (1935)
Gino Bartali (1936)
Aldo Bini (1937)
Cino Cinelli (1938)
Gino Bartali (1939)
1940–1959
Gino Bartali (1940)
Mario Ricci (1941)
Aldo Bini (1942)
(1943–1944, not held)
Mario Ricci (1945)
Fausto Coppi (1946–1949)
Renzo Soldani (1950)
Louison Bobet (1951)
Giuseppe Minardi (1952)
Bruno Landi (1953)
Fausto Coppi (1954)
Cleto Maule (1955)
André Darrigade (1956)
Diego Ronchini (1957)
Nino Defilippis (1958)
Rik Van Looy (1959)
1960–1979
Emile Daems (1960)
Vito Taccone (1961)
Jo de Roo (1962–1963)
Gianni Motta (1964)
Tom Simpson (1965)
Felice Gimondi (1966)
Franco Bitossi (1967)
Herman Van Springel (1968)
Jean-Pierre Monseré (1969)
Franco Bitossi (1970)
Eddy Merckx (1971–1972)
Felice Gimondi (1973)
Roger De Vlaeminck (1974)
Francesco Moser (1975)
Roger De Vlaeminck (1976)
Gianbattista Baronchelli (1977)
Francesco Moser (1978)
Bernard Hinault (1979)
1980–1999
Alfons De Wolf (1980)
Hennie Kuiper (1981)
Giuseppe Saronni (1982)
Sean Kelly (1983)
Bernard Hinault (1984)
Sean Kelly (1985)
Gianbattista Baronchelli (1986)
Moreno Argentin (1987)
Charly Mottet (1988)
Tony Rominger (1989)
Gilles Delion (1990)
Sean Kelly (1991)
Tony Rominger (1992)
Pascal Richard (1993)
Vladislav Bobrik (1994)
Gianni Faresin (1995)
Andrea Tafi (1996)
Laurent Jalabert (1997)
Oscar Camenzind (1998)
Mirko Celestino (1999)
2000–2019
Raimondas Rumšas (2000)
Danilo Di Luca (2001)
Michele Bartoli (2002–2003)
Damiano Cunego (2004)
Paolo Bettini (2005–2006)
Damiano Cunego (2007–2008)
Philippe Gilbert (2009–2010)
Oliver Zaugg (2011)
Joaquim Rodríguez (2012–2013)
Dan Martin (2014)
Vincenzo Nibali (2015)
Esteban Chaves (2016)
Vincenzo Nibali (2017)
Thibaut Pinot (2018)
Bauke Mollema (2019)
2020–2039
Jakob Fuglsang (2020)
Tadej Pogačar (2021–23)
vteLiège–Bastogne–Liège winners1880–1899
Léon Houa (1892–1894)
(1895–1907, not held)
1900–1919
André Trousselier (1908)
Victor Fastre (1909)
(1910, not held)
Joseph Van Daele (1911)
Omer Verschoore (1912)
Maurice Moritz (1913)
(1914–1918, not held)
Léon Devos (1919)
1920–1939
Léon Scieur (1920)
Louis Mottiat (1921–1922)
René Vermandel (1923–1924)
Georges Ronsse (1925)
Dieudonné Smets (1926)
Maurice Raes (1927)
Ernest Mottard (1928)
Alphonse Schepers (1929)
Hermann Buse (1930)
Alphonse Schepers (1931)
Marcel Houyoux (1932)
François Gardier (1933)
Théo Herckenrath (1934)
Alphonse Schepers (1935)
Albert Beckaert (1936)
Éloi Meulenberg (1937)
Alfons Deloor (1938)
Albert Ritserveldt (1939)
1940–1959
(1940–1942, not held)
Richard Depoorter (1943)
(1944, not held)
Jan Engels (1945)
Prosper Depredomme (1946)
Richard Depoorter (1947)
Maurice Mollin (1948)
Camille Danguillaume (1949)
Prosper Depredomme (1950)
Ferdinand Kübler (1951–1952)
Alois De Hertog (1953)
Marcel Ernzer (1954)
Stan Ockers (1955)
Fred De Bruyne (1956)
Frans Schoubben and Germain Derycke (1957)
Fred De Bruyne (1958–1959)
1960–1979
Albertus Geldermans (1960)
Rik Van Looy (1961)
Jef Planckaert (1962)
Frans Melckenbeeck (1963)
Willy Bocklant (1964)
Carmine Preziosi (1965)
Jacques Anquetil (1966)
Walter Godefroot (1967)
Valère Van Sweevelt (1968)
Eddy Merckx (1969)
Roger De Vlaeminck (1970)
Eddy Merckx (1971–1973)
Georges Pintens (1974)
Eddy Merckx (1975)
Joseph Bruyère (1976)
Bernard Hinault (1977)
Joseph Bruyère (1978)
Dietrich Thurau (1979)
1980–1999
Bernard Hinault (1980)
Josef Fuchs (1981)
Silvano Contini (1982)
Steven Rooks (1983)
Sean Kelly (1984)
Moreno Argentin (1985–1987)
Adri van der Poel (1988)
Sean Kelly (1989)
Eric Van Lancker (1990)
Moreno Argentin (1991)
Dirk De Wolf (1992)
Rolf Sørensen (1993)
Evgeni Berzin (1994)
Mauro Gianetti (1995)
Pascal Richard (1996)
Michele Bartoli (1997–1998)
Frank Vandenbroucke (1999)
2000–2019
Paolo Bettini (2000)
Oscar Camenzind (2001)
Paolo Bettini (2002)
Tyler Hamilton (2003)
Davide Rebellin (2004)
Alexander Vinokourov (2005)
Alejandro Valverde (2006)
Danilo Di Luca (2007)
Alejandro Valverde (2008)
Andy Schleck (2009)
Alexander Vinokourov (2010)
Philippe Gilbert (2011)
Maxim Iglinsky (2012)
Dan Martin (2013)
Simon Gerrans (2014)
Alejandro Valverde (2015)
Wout Poels (2016)
Alejandro Valverde (2017)
Bob Jungels (2018)
Jakob Fuglsang (2019)
2020–2039
Primož Roglič (2020)
Tadej Pogačar (2021)
Remco Evenepoel (2022–2023)
Tadej Pogačar (2024)
vteItalian National Road Race Champion (men)1880–1899
Giuseppe Loretz (1885)
Geo Davidson (1886)
Gilberto Marley (1887–1889)
Carlo Braida (1890)
Ambrogio Robecchi (1891)
Luigi Cantu (1892)
Giuseppe Moreschi (1893)
Giovanni Da Montelatico (1896)
1900–1919
Giovanni Cuniolo (1906–1908)
Dario Beni (1909)
Emilio Petiva (1910)
Dario Beni (1911)
Not attributed (1912)
Costante Girardengo (1913–1914, 1919)
1920–1939
Costante Girardengo (1920–1925)
Alfredo Binda (1926–1929)
Learco Guerra (1930–1934)
Gino Bartali (1935)
Giuseppe Olmo (1936)
Gino Bartali (1937)
Olimpio Bizzi (1938)
Mario Vicini (1939)
1940–1959
Gino Bartali (1940)
Adolfo Leoni (1941)
Fausto Coppi (1942)
Mario Ricci (1943)
Severino Canavesi (1945)
Aldo Ronconi (1946)
Fausto Coppi (1947)
Vito Ortelli (1948)
Fausto Coppi (1949)
Antonio Bevilacqua (1950)
Fiorenzo Magni (1951)
Gino Bartali (1952)
Fiorenzo Magni (1953–1954)
Fausto Coppi (1955)
Giorgio Albani (1956)
Ercole Baldini (1957–1958)
Diego Ronchini (1959)
1960–1979
Nino Defilippis (1960)
Arturo Sabbadin (1961)
Nino Defilippis (1962)
Bruno Mealli (1963)
Guido De Rosso (1964)
Michele Dancelli (1965–1966)
Franco Balmamion (1967)
Felice Gimondi (1968)
Vittorio Adorni (1969)
Franco Bitossi (1970–1971)
Felice Gimondi (1972)
Enrico Paolini (1973–1974)
Francesco Moser (1975)
Franco Bitossi (1976)
Enrico Paolini (1977)
Pierino Gavazzi (1978)
Francesco Moser (1979)
1980–1999
Giuseppe Saronni (1980)
Francesco Moser (1981)
Pierino Gavazzi (1982)
Moreno Argentin (1983)
Vittorio Algeri (1984)
Claudio Corti (1985–1986)
Bruno Leali (1987)
Pierino Gavazzi (1988)
Moreno Argentin (1989)
Giorgio Furlan (1990)
Gianni Bugno (1991)
Marco Giovannetti (1992)
Massimo Podenzana (1993–1994)
Gianni Bugno (1995)
Mario Cipollini (1996)
Gianni Faresin (1997)
Andrea Tafi (1998)
Salvatore Commesso (1999)
2000–2019
Michele Bartoli (2000)
Daniele Nardello (2001)
Salvatore Commesso (2002)
Paolo Bettini (2003)
Cristian Moreni (2004)
Enrico Gasparotto (2005)
Paolo Bettini (2006)
Giovanni Visconti (2007)
Filippo Simeoni (2008)
Filippo Pozzato (2009)
Giovanni Visconti (2010–2011)
Franco Pellizotti (2012)
Ivan Santaromita (2013)
Vincenzo Nibali (2014–2015)
Giacomo Nizzolo (2016)
Fabio Aru (2017)
Elia Viviani (2018)
Davide Formolo (2019)
2020–2039
Giacomo Nizzolo (2020)
Sonny Colbrelli (2021)
Filippo Zana (2022)
Simone Velasco (2023)
vteUCI Hall of FameRoadMen
Vittorio Adorni
Jacques Anquetil
Moreno Argentin
Federico Bahamontes
Ercole Baldini
Gino Bartali
Alfredo Binda
Louison Bobet
Gianni Bugno
Eugène Christophe
Fausto Coppi
Maurice Garin
Charly Gaul
Felice Gimondi
Bernard Hinault
Miguel Induráin
Jan Janssen
Sean Kelly
Ferdinand Kübler
Hennie Kuiper
André Leducq
Greg LeMond
Lucien Lesna
Antonin Magne
Freddy Maertens
Fiorenzo Magni
Eddy Merckx
Francesco Moser
Raymond Poulidor
Stephen Roche
Giuseppe Saronni
Briek Schotte
Georges Speicher
Philippe Thys
Rik Van Looy
Rik Van Steenbergen
Joop Zoetemelk
Women
Maria Canins
Jeannie Longo
TrackMen
Urs Freuler
Michael Hübner
Antonio Maspes
Daniel Morelon
Michel Rousseau
Jef Scherens
Marshall Taylor
Arie van Vliet
Arthur Augustus Zimmerman
Women
Félicia Ballanger
Cyclo-crossMen
Erik De Vlaeminck
André Dufraisse
Roland Liboton
Renato Longo
Klaus-Peter Thaler
Rolf Wolfshohl
Albert Zweifel
Mountain bikeMen
Ned Overend | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"San Donà di Piave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Don%C3%A0_di_Piave"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Tour of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Adriatica Ionica Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatica_Ionica_Race"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Moreno Argentin (born 17 December 1960) is an Italian former professional cyclist (from 1981 to 1994) and race director.Born in San Donà di Piave (Veneto), Argentin won stages in the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia, and the Tour de Suisse. Known as Il Capo (\"The Boss\"), he won Liège–Bastogne–Liège four times, the La Flèche Wallonne three times, and the Tour of Flanders and Giro di Lombardia once. He became Italian national champion in 1983 and 1989, and world champion in 1986.Argentin cofounded the Adriatica Ionica Race, first run in 2018.[3]","title":"Moreno Argentin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moreno_Argentin_-_Giro_di_Lombardia_1987.jpg"},{"link_name":"1987 Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Giro_di_Lombardia"}],"text":"Argentin winning the 1987 Giro di Lombardia","title":"Career achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Piccolo Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Giro della Valle d'Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Valle_d%27Aosta"},{"link_name":"Ster van het Zuiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ster_van_het_Zuiden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flèche du Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_du_Sud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Giro Valli Aretine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giro_Valli_Aretine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coppa Caduti - Puglia di Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coppa_Caduti_-_Puglia_di_Arezzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Agostano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Prix_Agostano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Girobio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girobio"},{"link_name":"Giro della Valle d'Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Valle_d%27Aosta"},{"link_name":"GP Industria e Commercio di Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Industria_e_Commercio_di_Prato"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Arma di Taggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_di_Taggia"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Matteotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Matteotti"},{"link_name":"GP Industria e Commercio di Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Industria_e_Commercio_di_Prato"},{"link_name":"Giro della Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Romagna"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Arma di Taggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_di_Taggia"},{"link_name":"Granze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granze"},{"link_name":"Roccastrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccastrada"},{"link_name":"Milan–San Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93San_Remo"},{"link_name":"Napoli–Pianura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoli%E2%80%93Pianura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chignolo Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chignolo_Po"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Coppa Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"Mussolente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussolente"},{"link_name":"San Donà di Piave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Don%C3%A0_di_Piave"},{"link_name":"San Vendemiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vendemiano"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Tirreno–Adriatico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico"},{"link_name":"Giro di Sardegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Sardegna"},{"link_name":"GP Montelup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Montelup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Six Days of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Days_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Cecina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecina,_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Matteotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Matteotti"},{"link_name":"Settimana Siciliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settimana_Siciliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro del Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Quarrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarrata"},{"link_name":"San Donà di Piave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Don%C3%A0_di_Piave"},{"link_name":"Giro di Puglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Puglia"},{"link_name":"Ruota d'Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruota_d%27Oro"},{"link_name":"Firenze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze"},{"link_name":"Col San Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Col_San_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Tour of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"San Vendemiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vendemiano"},{"link_name":"Scordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordia"},{"link_name":"Cronostaffetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cronostaffetta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tirreno–Adriatico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico"},{"link_name":"Tour de Romandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Romandie"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Coppa Bernocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Bernocchi"},{"link_name":"Paris–Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Tours"},{"link_name":"Giro di Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Campania"},{"link_name":"Circuito degli Assi - Nanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuito_degli_Assi_-_Nanno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Pernod–Super Prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernod%E2%80%93Super_Prestige"},{"link_name":"Settimana Siciliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settimana_Siciliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Francesco Civettini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trofeo_Francesco_Civettini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curno"},{"link_name":"Settimana Siciliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settimana_Siciliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GP Industria e Commercio di Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Industria_e_Commercio_di_Prato"},{"link_name":"Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Provincia_di_Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Eschborn–Frankfurt City Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschborn%E2%80%93Frankfurt_City_Loop"},{"link_name":"Coors Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coors_Classic"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Bacoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacoli"},{"link_name":"Bassano del Grappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassano_del_Grappa"},{"link_name":"San Martino di Castrozza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martino_di_Castrozza"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Settimana Siciliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settimana_Siciliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Andalucía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Andaluc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Tirreno–Adriatico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico"},{"link_name":"Coors Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coors_Classic"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Giro dell'Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_dell%27Emilia"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Baracchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Baracchi"},{"link_name":"Paris–Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Tours"},{"link_name":"Pernod–Super Prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernod%E2%80%93Super_Prestige"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Giro del Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Provincia_di_Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Biban de Carbonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biban_de_Carbonera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Critérium International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crit%C3%A9rium_International"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"GP Industria e Commercio di Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Industria_e_Commercio_di_Prato"},{"link_name":"Nittedal–Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nittedal%E2%80%93Oslo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Settimana Siciliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settimana_Siciliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bicicleta Vasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicicleta_Vasca"},{"link_name":"Biban de Carbonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biban_de_Carbonera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tour of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Coppa Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Milan–San Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93San_Remo"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Sanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gran_Premio_Sanson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trittico Premondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trittico_Premondiale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Coppa Bernocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Bernocchi"},{"link_name":"Giro dell'Appennino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_dell%27Appennino"},{"link_name":"Circuito degli Assi - Nanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuito_degli_Assi_-_Nanno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Settimana Siciliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settimana_Siciliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tirreno–Adriatico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico"},{"link_name":"Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa"},{"link_name":"Milan–San Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93San_Remo"},{"link_name":"Tour Méditerranéen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en"},{"link_name":"Giro del Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Giro_d%27Italia"}],"sub_title":"Major results","text":"1977\n1st National Junior Track Championships (Team Pursuit)\n1978\n1st National Junior Track Championships (Team Pursuit)\n1st National Junior Road Championships, Team Time Trial\n1979\n1st National Amateur Track Championships (Team Pursuit)\n1st Piccolo Giro di Lombardia\n1st Prologue & Stage 4 Giro della Valle d'Aosta\n1st Team classification Ster van het Zuiden\n2nd Overall Flèche du Sud\n4th Trofeo Zssdi - Un. Circ. Sloveni in Italia\n1980\n1st National Amateur Track Championships (Team Pursuit)\n1st National Military Road Championships, Road Race\n1st Giro Valli Aretine\n1st Coppa Caduti - Puglia di Arezzo\n1st Grand Prix Agostano\n1st Stage 3 Girobio\n1st Prologue Giro della Valle d'Aosta\n6th National Amateur Road Championships, Road Race\n1981\n1st GP Industria e Commercio di Prato\n1st Stages 12 & 18 Giro d'Italia\n2nd Giro di Lombardia\n2nd Arma di Taggia\n2nd Rho (Lombardia)\n3rd Col San Martino\n1982\n1st Trofeo Matteotti\n1st GP Industria e Commercio di Prato\n1st Giro della Romagna\n1st Treviso\n1st Stage 9 Giro d'Italia\n1st Stage 3 Tour de Suisse\n2nd Arma di Taggia\n2nd Granze\n2nd Roccastrada\n3rd Milan–San Remo\n3rd Napoli–Pianura\n3rd Chignolo Po Criterium\n1983\n1st National Road Championships, Road Race\n1st Coppa Sabatini\n1st Livorno\n1st Mussolente\n1st San Donà di Piave\n1st San Vendemiano\n1st Stages 7 & 21 Giro d'Italia\n1st Stages 2 & 3 Tirreno–Adriatico\n1st Stage 3 Giro di Sardegna\n2nd GP Montelup\n2nd Six Days of Milan\n2nd Cecina\n3rd Trofeo Matteotti\n3rd Circuito degli Assi - Nanno\n1984\n1st Overall Settimana Siciliana\n1st Stage 2\n1st Giro del Veneto\n1st Quarrata\n1st San Donà di Piave\n1st Stage 4 Giro di Puglia\n1st Stage 3 Ruota d'Oro\n2nd Firenze\n2nd Col San Martino\n3rd Overall Giro d'Italia\n1st Stages 3 & 5\n1985\n1st Overall Tour of Denmark\n1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n1st San Vendemiano\n1st Scordia\n1st Cronostaffetta\n1st Stage 1 Tirreno–Adriatico\n1st Prologue Tour de Romandie\n2nd La Flèche Wallonne\n2nd Coppa Bernocchi\n2nd Paris–Tours\n2nd Giro di Campania\n2nd Circuito degli Assi - Nanno\n3rd UCI Road World Championships\n5th Pernod–Super Prestige\n8th FICP Ranking\n10th Overall Settimana Siciliana\n1986\n1st UCI Road World Championships\n1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n1st Trofeo Francesco Civettini\n1st Curno\n2nd Overall Settimana Siciliana\n1st Stage 2\n2nd GP Industria e Commercio di Prato\n3rd Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria\n4th Eschborn–Frankfurt City Loop\n7th Overall Coors Classic\n1st Stage 9\n8th FICP Ranking\n1987\n1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n1st Giro di Lombardia\n1st Bacoli\n1st Six Days of Bassano del Grappa\n1st San Martino di Castrozza\n1st G.P. Banca di Credito Cooperativo dell'Alta Padovana\n1st Grazer Altstadt Kriterium\n1st Stages 2, 4 & 7 Giro d'Italia\n1st Stage 3 Settimana Siciliana\n1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Andalucía\n1st Stages 2 & 4 Tirreno–Adriatico\n1st Stage 16 Coors Classic\n2nd UCI Road World Championships\n2nd Giro dell'Emilia\n3rd Km del Corso Mestre\n3rd San Donà di Piave\n4th FICP Ranking\n6th Trofeo Baracchi\n7th Paris–Tours\n8th Pernod–Super Prestige\n10th La Flèche Wallonne\n1988\n1st Giro del Veneto\n1st Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria\n1st Biban de Carbonera\n1st Stage 1 Critérium International\n2nd La Flèche Wallonne\n2nd GP Industria e Commercio di Prato\n3rd Nittedal–Oslo\n1989\n1st National Road Championships, Road Race\n1st Stage 5 Settimana Siciliana\n1st Stage 4 Bicicleta Vasca\n3rd Biban de Carbonera\n1990\n1st Tour of Flanders\n1st La Flèche Wallonne\n1st Coppa Sabatini\n1st Stage 3 Tour de France\n1st Stage 9 Tour de Suisse\n4th Milan–San Remo\n6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n1991\n1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n1st La Flèche Wallonne\n1st Sanson\n1st Trittico Premondiale\n1st Stages 2 (TTT) & 15 Tour de France\n2nd San Sebastián Criterium\n6th Coppa Bernocchi\n10th Giro dell'Appennino\n10th Circuito degli Assi - Nanno\n1992\n1st Overall Settimana Siciliana\n1st Stages 4 & 6\n1st Stages 5, 6 & 7 Tirreno–Adriatico\n1st Warszawa\n2nd Milan–San Remo\n1993\n1st Stage 6 Tour Méditerranéen\n3rd Giro del Friuli\n5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n6th Overall Giro d'Italia\n1st Stages 1a & 13\n1994\n1st Overall Giro del Trentino\n1st Stage 2\n1st La Flèche Wallonne\n1st Stage 2 Giro d'Italia","title":"Career achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Monuments results timeline","text":"DNF = Did not finish— = Did not compete","title":"Career achievements"}] | [{"image_text":"Argentin winning the 1987 Giro di Lombardia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Moreno_Argentin_-_Giro_di_Lombardia_1987.jpg/220px-Moreno_Argentin_-_Giro_di_Lombardia_1987.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,1050_01_1981_0121_0023_15148377/","url_text":"\"La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,1050_01_1981_0121_0023_15148377/","url_text":"\"La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italian stage racing enjoys resurgence\". 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.velonews.com/2018/04/news/italian-stage-racing-enjoys-resurgence_464293","url_text":"\"Italian stage racing enjoys resurgence\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,1050_01_1981_0121_0023_15148377/","external_links_name":"\"La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio\""},{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,1050_01_1981_0121_0023_15148377/","external_links_name":"\"La Stampa – Consultazione Archivio\""},{"Link":"http://www.velonews.com/2018/04/news/italian-stage-racing-enjoys-resurgence_464293","external_links_name":"\"Italian stage racing enjoys resurgence\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=292","external_links_name":"Moreno Argentin"},{"Link":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/4980.html","external_links_name":"Official Tour de France results for Moreno Argentin"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Marshal | Reichsmarschall | ["1 History","2 Standards","3 Uniform","4 Notes","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | Military rank
Not to be confused with Marshal of the Realm (Denmark) or Marshal of the Realm (Sweden).
This article is about the military rank in Nazi Germany. For the Reichserzmarschall in the Holy Roman Empire, see Prince-elector § High offices.
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ReichsmarschallStandard from 1941 to 1945 (left side)Collar insigniaShoulder boardsCountry Nazi GermanyService branch WehrmachtFormation12th century (historical)19 July 1940Abolished1945Next lower rankGeneralfeldmarschallGroßadmiral
Reichsmarschall (German: Reichsmarschall des Großdeutschen Reiches; lit. 'Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich') was a rank and the highest military office in the Wehrmacht specially created for Hermann Göring during World War II. It was senior to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall, which was previously the highest rank in the Wehrmacht. In other states, the approximate equivalent would be the rank of generalissimo.
History
Until 1940, the highest rank in the German military was Generalfeldmarschall (transl. field marshal). At the beginning of World War II, the only active holder of that rank was Hermann Göring, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe. In a ceremony on 19 July 1940, after winning the Battle of France, Adolf Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. During the same ceremony, Göring was promoted to the newly created rank of Reichsmarschall to placate his thirst for prestige and to highlight his position as senior to the other Wehrmacht commanders, without giving him any actual authority over them. This was done in order to ensure that the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the High Command of the German Armed Forces, which was headed by Hitler, would retain overall control and authority over the German military.
Earlier, on the day Germany invaded Poland, Hitler designated Göring as his successor, a status underscored by a 1941 decree that empowered Göring to act as Hitler's deputy with full freedom of action in the event Hitler was incapacitated. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1945, when Göring suggested to Hitler that he assume leadership of the crumbling remains of Nazi Germany, Hitler relieved Göring of his duties and named a new successor in his last will and testament, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz. Dönitz's appointment was made on or before the day of Hitler's suicide.
Standards
Standard from 1940 to 1941 (left side)
Standard from 1940 to 1941 (right side)
Standard from 1941 to 1945 (left side)
Standard from 1941 to 1945 (right side)
Uniform
Göring's uniform shown in the Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr in Berlin
The original baton shown in the West Point Museum
Notes
^ Göring also held many other prestigious titles, such as Reichsjägermeister (Reich Master of the Hunt) and Commissioner Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan.
References
^ Haskew 2011, p. 46.
^ Knopf, Volker; Martens, Stefan (2012). Görings Reich: Der Reichsjägermeister in der Schorfheide. Neumann-Neudamm GmbH. ISBN 9783788815134. OCLC 809373538.
^ Haskew 2011, pp. 25, 46, 119.
^ O'Donnell 1979, p. 217.
Bibliography
Haskew, Michael (2011). The Wehrmacht. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-907446-95-5.
O'Donnell, James P. (1979). The History of the Reich Chancellery Group. London, UK: J. M. Dent. OCLC 638799214.
Junior rankGeneralfeldmarschall(Army and Luftwaffe)Großadmiral(Kriegsmarine)
(Ranks Wehrmacht)Reichsmarschall
Senior rankNone
vteHighest military ranks
General officer
Flag officer
Air officer
Ancient
Amir al-umara
Autokrator
Beylerbey
Grand Constable of France
Domestic of the Schools
Dux bellorum
Grand Domestic
Imperator
Ispahsalar
Magister militum
Megas doux
Polemarch
Rigsmarsk
Sardar
Shōgun
Spahbed
Sparapet
Hetman
Modern
Admiral of the fleet
Admiral of the Navy
Aluf
Dayuanshuai
Dai-gensui
First marshal of the empire
General of the Air Force
General of the Armies
Generalfeldmarschall
Generalissimo
Soviet Union
Generalissimus
Marshal
Grand marshal
Chom Thap Thai
Hetman
Jenderal besar
Marshal
Mareşal
Marshal of Italy
Marshal of the air force
Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
Marshal of Peru
Marshal of Poland
Marshal of the Russian Federation
Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
Field marshal (Uganda)
Yugoslavia
Field Marshal
General (YPA)
Marshal
Mushir
Reichsmarschall
Serasker
Supreme Allied Commander
Taewonsu
Wonsu
Yuanshuai
Marshal
vteStar officer grades
General officer
Flag officer
Air officer
By star ranks
Six-star rank (proposed)
Five-star rank
Four-star rank
Three-star rank
Two-star rank
One-star rank
By titles
Generalissimo
Generalissimus of the Soviet Union
Supreme Allied Commander
Admiral of the Navy
General of the Armies
Generalfeldmarschall
Field marshal
Mareşal
Marshal of the air force
Marshal of the Russian Federation
Marshal of the Soviet Union
Mushir/Müşir
Caudillo
Magister militum
Spāhbed
Ispahsalar
Beylerbey
Constable of France
Grand Domestic
Dux bellorum
Grand marshal
Hetman
Jenderal besar
Reichsmarschall
Sardar
Serasker
Strategos autokrator
First marshal of the empire
Dai-gensui
Taewonsu
Wonsu
Yuan shuai / Da yuan shuai
Field Marshal / Marshal of Yugoslavia
Marshal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marshal of the Realm (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Realm (Sweden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Realm_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Prince-elector § High offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector#High_offices"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskew201146-1"},{"link_name":"generalissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Marshal of the Realm (Denmark) or Marshal of the Realm (Sweden).This article is about the military rank in Nazi Germany. For the Reichserzmarschall in the Holy Roman Empire, see Prince-elector § High offices.Reichsmarschall (German: Reichsmarschall des Großdeutschen Reiches; lit. 'Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich') was a rank and the highest military office in the Wehrmacht specially created for Hermann Göring during World War II. It was senior to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall, which was previously the highest rank in the Wehrmacht.[1] In other states, the approximate equivalent would be the rank of generalissimo.","title":"Reichsmarschall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe#Organization"},{"link_name":"a ceremony on 19 July 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Field_Marshal_Ceremony"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskew201125,_46,_119-4"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Göring suggested to Hitler that he assume leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ring_Telegram"},{"link_name":"his last will and testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Grand Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_admiral"},{"link_name":"Karl Dönitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz"},{"link_name":"Hitler's suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1979217-5"}],"text":"Until 1940, the highest rank in the German military was Generalfeldmarschall (transl. field marshal). At the beginning of World War II, the only active holder of that rank was Hermann Göring, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe. In a ceremony on 19 July 1940, after winning the Battle of France, Adolf Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. During the same ceremony, Göring was promoted to the newly created rank of Reichsmarschall to placate his thirst for prestige[a][3] and to highlight his position as senior to the other Wehrmacht commanders, without giving him any actual authority over them. This was done in order to ensure that the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the High Command of the German Armed Forces, which was headed by Hitler, would retain overall control and authority over the German military.Earlier, on the day Germany invaded Poland, Hitler designated Göring as his successor, a status underscored by a 1941 decree that empowered Göring to act as Hitler's deputy with full freedom of action in the event Hitler was incapacitated. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1945, when Göring suggested to Hitler that he assume leadership of the crumbling remains of Nazi Germany, Hitler relieved Göring of his duties and named a new successor in his last will and testament, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz. Dönitz's appointment was made on or before the day of Hitler's suicide.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsmarschall_Version_1_links.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsmarschall_Version_1_rechts.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsmarschall_Version_2_links.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsmarschall_Version_2_rechts.svg"}],"text":"Standard from 1940 to 1941 (left side)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard from 1940 to 1941 (right side)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard from 1941 to 1945 (left side)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard from 1941 to 1945 (right side)","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mundur_Goeringa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rhistorisches_Museum_Flugplatz_Berlin-Gatow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goering_reichsmarschall_baton.jpg"},{"link_name":"baton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_(military)"},{"link_name":"West Point Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy#West_Point_Museum"}],"text":"Göring's uniform shown in the Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr in Berlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe original baton shown in the West Point Museum","title":"Uniform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Commissioner Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Year_Plan"}],"text":"^ Göring also held many other prestigious titles, such as Reichsjägermeister (Reich Master of the Hunt)[2] and Commissioner Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-907446-95-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907446-95-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"638799214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/638799214"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Highest_Military_Ranks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_Military_Ranks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_Military_Ranks"},{"link_name":"Highest military ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_military_ranks"},{"link_name":"General officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"Flag officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_officer"},{"link_name":"Air officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_officer"},{"link_name":"Amir al-umara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-umara"},{"link_name":"Autokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrator"},{"link_name":"Beylerbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey"},{"link_name":"Grand Constable of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Domestic of the Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools"},{"link_name":"Dux bellorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_bellorum"},{"link_name":"Grand Domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Domestic"},{"link_name":"Imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator"},{"link_name":"Ispahsalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispahsalar"},{"link_name":"Magister militum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum"},{"link_name":"Megas doux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megas_doux"},{"link_name":"Polemarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemarch"},{"link_name":"Rigsmarsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigsmarsk_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Sardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun"},{"link_name":"Spahbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahbed"},{"link_name":"Sparapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparapet"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Admiral of the fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet"},{"link_name":"Admiral of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Aluf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluf"},{"link_name":"Dayuanshuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayuanshuai"},{"link_name":"Dai-gensui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-gensui"},{"link_name":"First marshal of the empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_marshal_of_the_empire"},{"link_name":"General of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"General of the Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Armies"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Generalissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo"},{"link_name":"Generalissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimus_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Grand marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_marshal"},{"link_name":"Chom Thap Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_Commander_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Jenderal besar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenderal_besar"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal"},{"link_name":"Mareşal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Marshal of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Marshal of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Marshal of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Field marshal (Uganda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(Uganda)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvoda_(Serbia_and_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"General (YPA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(Yugoslav_People%27s_Army)"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Mushir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushir"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Serasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serasker"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander"},{"link_name":"Taewonsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taewonsu"},{"link_name":"Wonsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsu"},{"link_name":"Yuanshuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanshuai"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Star_officer_ranks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Star_officer_ranks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star_officer_ranks"},{"link_name":"Star officer grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_star_ranking"},{"link_name":"General officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"Flag officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_officer"},{"link_name":"Air officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_officer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6_Star.svg"},{"link_name":"Six-star rank (proposed)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-star_rank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-O11_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"Five-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-star_rank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"Four-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-star_rank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"Three-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-star_rank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"Two-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-star_rank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"One-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-star_rank"},{"link_name":"Generalissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo"},{"link_name":"Generalissimus of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimus_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander"},{"link_name":"Admiral of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"General of the Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Armies"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Field marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal"},{"link_name":"Mareşal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Mushir/Müşir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushir"},{"link_name":"Caudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo"},{"link_name":"Magister militum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum"},{"link_name":"Spāhbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahbed"},{"link_name":"Ispahsalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispahsalar"},{"link_name":"Beylerbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey"},{"link_name":"Constable of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Domestic"},{"link_name":"Dux bellorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_bellorum"},{"link_name":"Grand marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_marshal"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Jenderal besar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenderal_besar"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Serasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serasker"},{"link_name":"Strategos autokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos_autokrator"},{"link_name":"First marshal of the empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_marshal_of_the_empire"},{"link_name":"Dai-gensui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-gensui"},{"link_name":"Taewonsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taewonsu"},{"link_name":"Wonsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsu"},{"link_name":"Yuan shuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_shuai"},{"link_name":"Da yuan shuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_yuan_shuai"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvoda_(Serbia_and_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Marshal of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_(Brazil)"}],"text":"Haskew, Michael (2011). The Wehrmacht. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-907446-95-5.\nO'Donnell, James P. (1979). The History of the Reich Chancellery Group. London, UK: J. M. Dent. OCLC 638799214.vteHighest military ranks\n\nGeneral officer\nFlag officer\nAir officer\nAncient\nAmir al-umara\nAutokrator\nBeylerbey\nGrand Constable of France\nDomestic of the Schools\nDux bellorum\nGrand Domestic\nImperator\nIspahsalar\nMagister militum\nMegas doux\nPolemarch\nRigsmarsk\nSardar\nShōgun\nSpahbed\nSparapet\nHetman\nModern\nAdmiral of the fleet\nAdmiral of the Navy\nAluf\nDayuanshuai\nDai-gensui\nFirst marshal of the empire\nGeneral of the Air Force\nGeneral of the Armies\nGeneralfeldmarschall\nGeneralissimo\nSoviet Union\nGeneralissimus\nMarshal\nGrand marshal\nChom Thap Thai\nHetman\nJenderal besar\nMarshal\nMareşal\nMarshal of Italy\nMarshal of the air force\nMarshal of the Mongolian People's Republic\nMarshal of Peru\nMarshal of Poland\nMarshal of the Russian Federation\nMarshal of the German Democratic Republic\nField marshal (Uganda)\nYugoslavia\nField Marshal\nGeneral (YPA)\nMarshal\nMushir\nReichsmarschall\nSerasker\nSupreme Allied Commander\nTaewonsu\nWonsu\nYuanshuai\nMarshalvteStar officer grades\nGeneral officer\nFlag officer\nAir officer\nBy star ranks\n Six-star rank (proposed)\n Five-star rank\n Four-star rank\n Three-star rank\n Two-star rank\n One-star rank\nBy titles\nGeneralissimo\nGeneralissimus of the Soviet Union\nSupreme Allied Commander\nAdmiral of the Navy\nGeneral of the Armies\nGeneralfeldmarschall\nField marshal\nMareşal\nMarshal of the air force\nMarshal of the Russian Federation\nMarshal of the Soviet Union\nMushir/Müşir\nCaudillo\nMagister militum\nSpāhbed\nIspahsalar\nBeylerbey\nConstable of France\nGrand Domestic\nDux bellorum\nGrand marshal\nHetman\nJenderal besar\nReichsmarschall\nSardar\nSerasker\nStrategos autokrator\nFirst marshal of the empire\nDai-gensui\nTaewonsu\nWonsu\nYuan shuai / Da yuan shuai\nField Marshal / Marshal of Yugoslavia\nMarshal","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Knopf, Volker; Martens, Stefan (2012). Görings Reich: Der Reichsjägermeister in der Schorfheide. Neumann-Neudamm GmbH. ISBN 9783788815134. OCLC 809373538.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783788815134","url_text":"9783788815134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809373538","url_text":"809373538"}]},{"reference":"Haskew, Michael (2011). The Wehrmacht. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-907446-95-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907446-95-5","url_text":"978-1-907446-95-5"}]},{"reference":"O'Donnell, James P. (1979). The History of the Reich Chancellery Group. London, UK: J. M. Dent. OCLC 638799214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/638799214","url_text":"638799214"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reichsmarschall%22","external_links_name":"\"Reichsmarschall\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reichsmarschall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reichsmarschall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reichsmarschall%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reichsmarschall%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reichsmarschall%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReichsmarschall&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809373538","external_links_name":"809373538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/638799214","external_links_name":"638799214"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_In_(professional_wrestling_event) | All In (2018) | ["1 Production","1.1 Background","1.2 Storylines","2 Event","2.1 Pre-show","2.2 Preliminary matches","2.3 Main event","3 Reception","4 Aftermath","5 Results","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Independent professional wrestling event
All InPromotional poster featuring Cody Rhodes and The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson)DateSeptember 1, 2018CityHoffman Estates, IllinoisVenueSears Centre ArenaAttendance11,263Buy rate50,000Tagline(s)The Biggest Independent Wrestling Show EverAll In chronology
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The 2018 All In was the inaugural All In and was an independent professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by Cody Rhodes and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in association with Ring of Honor (ROH). At the time, Rhodes and the Jacksons had been a part of the Bullet Club of New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and ROH. The event took place during Labor Day weekend on Saturday, September 1, 2018, at the Sears Centre Arena in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. The event aired live on traditional PPV outlets, FITE TV, and Honor Club, but it was later made available for on-demand viewing on the NJPW World streaming service. The event included Zero Hour, an hour-long pre-show that aired on WGN America. While independently produced, the event featured wrestlers from NJPW, Impact Wrestling, Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), Major League Wrestling (MLW), and the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).
The event had 11 matches, with two being on the pre-show. The show's main event was a six-man tag team match which saw The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson, and Nick Jackson) defeat Rey Fénix, Bandido, and Rey Mysterio. In the penultimate match, Kazuchika Okada defeated Marty Scurll. On the undercard, Cody defeated Nick Aldis to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship, Jay Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon, and IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kenny Omega defeated Penta El Zero in a non-title match.
The event was notable for being the first non-WWE or World Championship Wrestling (WCW) promoted professional wrestling event in the United States to sell 10,000 tickets since 1993. The success of the event inspired the formation of All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in January 2019, with The Elite (Rhodes, the Jacksons, and Omega) becoming executive vice presidents of the company. AEW would subsequently establish a spiritual successor to All In entitled All Out, which is also held during Labor Day weekend and considered one of AEW's "big four" annual PPV events. In 2023, AEW adopted the "All In" name for a PPV held at Wembley Stadium in London, England, referred to as All In London, which was the promotion's United Kingdom debut held during the August Bank Holiday weekend, with AEW to return for the event in 2024.
Production
Background
In May 2017, a fan asked Wrestling Observer Newsletter journalist Dave Meltzer on Twitter if Ring of Honor (ROH) could sell 10,000 tickets and Meltzer responded: "Not any time soon." Cody Rhodes took Meltzer's remark as a challenge and responded: "I'll take that bet Dave." Eventually, the idea evolved from an ROH show to a self-funded event (with ROH's official sanctioning), promoted by Cody Rhodes and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). It was later announced that Kenny Omega, Brandi Rhodes, and actor Stephen Amell would be participating in the event.
The inaugural All In was held at the Sears Centre Arena (renamed Now Arena in 2020) in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois.
On December 31, 2017, Cody and The Young Bucks announced on the Bucks' YouTube channel, Being The Elite, that they were looking at different venues to hold the event. It was later reported by Pro Wrestling Insider that the event was set to be held in Chicago. On January 10, 2018, it was announced that the event would take place on September 1. On March 5, All In's venue was revealed as the Sears Centre Arena located in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. Over the comings weeks, independent wrestlers would be announced to take part in the show, including Penta El Zero, Rey Fénix, Kazuchika Okada, Deonna Purrazzo (though she would later be removed after signing with WWE), Tessa Blanchard, Jay Lethal, Chelsea Green, Marty Scurll, and Hangman Page. Additionally, it was announced that to coincide with the event, Conrad Thompson would hold Starrcast, a fan convention which would feature numerous wrestlers and wrestling and podcast personalities including Jeff Jarrett, Eric Bischoff, Bruce Prichard, Diamond Dallas Page, and Macaulay Culkin. During the All In press conference on May 13, it was announced that Rey Mysterio and NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis would be taking part in the event.
Tickets for the show were put on sale on May 13 and sold out in less than 30 minutes despite Cody and The Young Bucks announcing only one match for the show. In the months leading up to the event, All In announced more wrestlers to take part, including Maxwell Jacob Friedman, Madison Rayne, Kota Ibushi, SoCal Uncensored (Christopher Daniels, Frankie Kazarian, and Scorpio Sky), Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent Barreta), and The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe). During this time, Cody and The Young Bucks started a YouTube series called All Us, chronicling the lead-up to the event. On July 13, it was announced that Alicia Atout, Bobby Cruise, Don Callis, Excalibur, Ian Riccaboni, Justin Roberts, and Sean Mooney would serve as All In's broadcast team, with Brent Tarring being announced as a commentator on August 27. Bandido was announced for the show on July 25. On August 6, it was announced on Being The Elite that All In's main card would broadcast on pay-per-view and Fite TV, with an hour-long pre-show called Zero Hour airing on WGN America at 6:00 p.m. Eastern time. Later that day, it was announced that the event's main card would also broadcast on ROH's streaming service Honor Club. Additionally on August 6, Jordynne Grace, Moose, Rocky Romero, Colt Cabana, and Ethan Page were announced for the show. From August 15 until August 18, Brian Cage, Billy Gunn, Jimmy Jacobs, and Marko Stunt were announced for the show. On August 23, Brandon Cutler was announced for the show. Punishment Martinez was announced for the show on August 27. On August 29, it was announced that All In would be available for on demand viewing on NJPW World, after being broadcast live. On August 31, Austin Gunn, son of Billy Gunn, was announced for the show. On September 1, Tim Storm was announced for the show. Wrestler Adam Birch was scheduled to be a producer on the show, but in the early morning hours of September 1 he was arrested in Schaumburg, Illinois after police noticed him sleeping in his car and discovered he had an outstanding warrant in Florida.
Storylines
All In comprised eleven professional wrestling matches, including two on the Zero Hour pre-show, that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on The Young Bucks' YouTube series Being The Elite, the NWA's Ten Pounds of Gold documentary series, Cody's Nightmare Family YouTube series ALL US - The All In Story, and at various shows produced by the promotions involved.
On April 10, Joey Ryan was (kayfabe) killed on Being The Elite by a mystery assailant in a Japanese hotel room. On June 4 on Being The Elite, Japanese police arrested Arrow star Stephen Amell for Ryan's murder. On July 16, it was revealed that Christopher Daniels had framed Amell for the murder. On August 6 on Being The Elite, it was announced that Amell, who had recently been released from prison, would face Daniels at All In. On August 27 on Being The Elite, Daniels and Amell would have their final confrontation before the event, with Amell warning Daniels that he would put him through a table just like he did during his debut in Ring of Honor.
Cody, who challenged Nick Aldis for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship at All In
During the May 13 All In press conference, National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) president Billy Corgan announced that Nick Aldis would defend the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship against Cody. If Cody were to win, he and his father Dusty Rhodes would become the first father-son duo to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship. During ROH's Honor United tour in London on May 27, it was announced that if Cody was able to reclaim the ROH World Championship before All In, then the match would become a Winner Takes All match for both the NWA and ROH world championships. Cody received his ROH World Championship match on June 29 at Best in the World, but he failed to capture the title despite Aldis trying to help him to win the match. Cody would receive a second title opportunity during the June 30 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, but lost again. The match, now solely for the NWA title, was officially sanctioned by NWA management on July 31. On September 1, it was announced that former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Tim Storm would be in Aldis' corner.
On June 8 at a WrestlePro event, Madison Rayne and Maxwell Jacob Friedman defeated Brandi Rhodes and Flip Gordon to qualify for All In. On the August 7 episode of All Us, a four corners match between Rayne, Dr. Britt Baker, Chelsea Green and Tessa Blanchard was announced.
On July 5, it was announced that Marty Scurll would be taking on Kazuchika Okada at the event. Scurll began training with Nick Aldis to become a heavyweight on Being The Elite in preparation for the match against Okada. Over the subsequent episodes of Being The Elite, multiple wrestlers would dismiss Scurll's chances of defeating Okada, including The Young Bucks, Jack Swagger, Rey Mysterio, Zack Sabre Jr. and Okada himself. On August 27 on Being The Elite, Scurll responded to all doubts, stating he would defeat Okada at the event.
On July 16 on Being The Elite, Joey Janela greeted Matt Jackson and Marty Scurll, immediately drawing the ire of Jackson. On July 23, it was announced that Joey Janela would face Hangman Page at All In. Later that day on Twitter, Page would send a warning to Janela and proclaim himself a Joey Killer. On August 12, on Being The Elite, Page had a nightmare with his cowboy boots telling him that he would kill another Joey, referring to Joey Janela. On August 27 on Being The Elite, Janela would provoke Page during an autograph session. On August 29, it was announced that the match would be a Chicago street fight.
On July 30, it was announced that Bandido, Rey Fénix and Rey Mysterio would take on The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in a six-man tag-team match. During Being The Elite on August 27, Mysterio and actor Theo Rossi would mock The Young Bucks.
On August 6, it was announced that the over budget battle royale and a tag team match between The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) and SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) would occur on the Zero Hour pre-show. Shortly after, SoCal Uncensored started training for their match against The Briscoe Brothers at All In. On August 7, it was announced that Jay Lethal would defend the ROH World Championship against the winner of the over-budget battle royale.
On August 12, it was announced that Kenny Omega would face Penta El Zero at All In.
Event
Other on-screen personnel
Role:
Name:
Commentators
Ian Riccaboni
Excalibur
Don Callis
Dalton Castle (Over Budget Battle Royale)
Tenille Dashwood (women's match)
Mandy Leon (women's match)
Brent Tarring “Timmy Baltimore” (NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship match)
Ring announcers
Justin Roberts
Bobby Cruise
Referees
Earl Hebner
Jerry Lynn
Paul Turner
Rick Knox
Tiger Hattori
Todd Sinclair
Interviewers
Alicia Atout
Sean Mooney
Pre-show
Two matches were contested on the one-hour-long pre-show, called Zero Hour, which was shown live on WGN America. Cody and The Young Bucks opened the event and brought out Road Warrior Animal. Afterwards, Cody and The Young Bucks offered those in attendance free Hot Topic and Pro Wrestling Tees merchandise.
The first match of Zero Hour featured a tag-team match between SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) and The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe). During the match, Jay performed a Jay-Driller on Kazarian and Mark also performed a Froggy Bow on Kazarian for a near-fall. In the end, The Briscoes tried to execute a springboard doomsday device on Kazarian, but he reversed into a powerslam to win the match.
Next was the Over Budget Battle Royale with the winner facing Jay Lethal for the ROH World Championship on the main card. In the climax, Bully Ray eliminated Colt Cabana. Ray thought he won, but Flip Gordon in the guise of El Hijo de Chico El Luchador appeared and eliminated Bully Ray to win the battle royale and the ROH World Championship opportunity.
Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view opened with Maxwell Jacob Friedman facing Matt Cross in singles match. In the end, Cross executed the shooting star press on MJF to win the match.
Next, Christopher Daniels faced Stephen Amell. After extensive blows with Amell, Daniels pinned Amell with the Best Moonsault Ever to win the match. After the match, the two shook hands.
After this, Dr. Britt Baker, Chelsea Green, Madison Rayne and Tessa Blanchard faced off in a four corner survival match. In the climax, Blanchard performed the hammerlock DDT on Green to win the match. After the match, the four embraced.
Next, Nick Aldis defended the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship against Cody. As Aldis went to the top rope to perform a diving elbow drop, Cody's wife Brandi Rhodes tried to plead with Aldis to not do it. However, Aldis did the move and as soon as he jumped Brandi lay across Cody, taking the bulk of the hit. Aldis then pinned Cody, but he kicked out. Cody performed a Beautiful Disaster and then the Cross Rhodes on Aldis for a near-fall. Cody and Aldis attacked each other with punches and then Cody hit a vertebreaker on Aldis, but Aldis reversed it. In the end, Aldis tried to steal Cody's finisher, but Cody reversed and Aldis tried to pin him. However, Cody countered into a sunset flip to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship. With this win, Cody and his father Dusty Rhodes became the first father-son duo to win the championship.
In the next match, Hangman Page faced Joey Janela in a Chicago street fight. In the end, Page performed the Rite of Passage on Janela from the top of a ladder through a table to win the match. After the match, the lights went out. Similar to The Undertaker, druids appeared, but instead of druids it was men in inflatable penis costumes. Joey Ryan, thought to be dead, appeared and Page tried to attack him, but Ryan attacked Page and performed a superkick and Page was carried out of the arena.
Next, Jay Lethal defended the ROH World Championship against the over budget battle royale winner Flip Gordon. Lethal came out in his Black Machismo gimmick. During the match, Gordon performed a Stardust Press on Lethal for a near-fall. Lethal tried to perform a diving powerbomb, but Gordon reversed and Lethal performed a Lethal Injection II on Gordon. In the end, Lethal executed the Lethal Injection on Gordon to win the match and retain the title. After the match, the two showed mutual respect for each other. Bully Ray then came out and attacked both Lethal and Gordon. Chicago's own Colt Cabana appeared to make the save and then the three performed a triple powerbomb on Ray through a table.
Next, Kenny Omega faced Penta El Zero in singles match. Omega tried to perform the One-Winged Angel, but Penta reversed into The Sacrifice. Penta executed the Fear Factor on Omega for a nearfall and later Penta tried to perform a lariat, but Omega performed the V-Trigger followed by a reverse frankensteiner. In the end, Omega performed another V-Trigger and then the One Winged Angel to win the match. After the match, the lights went out. When they came back on, Penta got up and attacked Omega with the Codebreaker. Upon closer examination, it was a second Penta El Zero, who unmasked to reveal himself as Chris Jericho, and challenged Omega to a match at his Rock 'N' Wrestling Rager at Sea cruise.
In the penultimate match, Kazuchika Okada faced Marty Scurll in a singles match. In the end, Scurll provoked Okada and tried to break his fingers, but Okada reverted into the Rainmaker followed by a second Rainmaker to win the match.
Main event
In the main event, The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) faced Bandido, Rey Fénix and Rey Mysterio in six-man tag team match. Bandido hit Matt Jackson with a backflipping backbreaker. Nick Jackson hit Bandido with a superkick. The Young Bucks also hit a superkick on both Fenix and Mysterio. Ibushi and The Young Bucks performed the More Bang for Your Buck. with Ibushi pinning Bandido for a nearfall. In the end, The Young Bucks performed the Meltzer Driver on Bandido to win the match.
Reception
All In received near-universal acclaim, with Sports Illustrated calling a "near-perfect pay-per-view debut". John Moore of Pro Wrestling Dot Net recommended the event, but pointed that it "suffers that ROH and New Japan problem of having too many matches".
Larry Csonka of 411Mania gave the event a final score of 8/10, saying "I found All In to be a tremendously fun show, with a lot of good to great wrestling and an absolutely great atmosphere". During the final matches, the production found time problems so the main event was shortened almost 12 minutes. The NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship match went six minutes shorter than originally planned. Many wrestling personalities such as Tazz and Daniel Bryan praised the event and its production and the quality of matches. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson praised Cody for his championship win on Twitter two days after the event. Wrestling Observer Newsletter journalist Dave Meltzer said the event was a "great success" and "he was happy for losing the bet" the event exceeded his expectations especially the over the budget battle royal, which he called the "best laid out battle royal he had ever seen".
Jesse Collings from Wrestling Inc said "the most important thing for the group was to put on a memorable show that satisfied the hardcore fans while also entertaining more casual fans who were seeing a lot of the wrestlers for the first time and were not watching Being The Elite every week". Griffin Peltier from Voices of Wrestling said "All In was not only a great PPV but a historic event in pro wrestling history. Everything on the show felt fresh and felt rewarded as a viewer". Writing for The Ringer, Mike Piellucci praised All In, calling it "one of the greatest wrestling shows in recent memory".
Dave Meltzer gave six matches on the card four stars or higher. Despite the main event being significantly cut short due to time constraints, Meltzer gave that match a 4+1⁄2-star rating.
Aftermath
Main article: All Elite Wrestling
Four months after the event, Cody and The Young Bucks, with several others, left Ring of Honor. WWE purportedly also offered Cody, The Young Bucks, & Hangman Page contracts, but they rejected the reported offers. On January 1, 2019, Cody and The Young Bucks founded their own promotion, All Elite Wrestling (AEW), with backing of billionaire businessmen and owners of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Fulham F.C., Shahid and Tony Khan, the latter becoming the President and chief executive officer of AEW, with Cody and The Young Bucks being executive vice presidents. Their inaugural event was announced as Double or Nothing to be held in May. Kenny Omega also became an executive vice president for AEW.
In 2019, a plaque commemorating All In was established outside the building's entrance.
During Double or Nothing on May 25, 2019, AEW announced that the Sears Centre would host All Out, the company's second pay-per-view event, on August 31, 2019, the day before the first anniversary of All In. All Out was established as a spiritual successor to All In, and is held every Labor Day weekend in the Chicago area.
Ring of Honor retained the rights to the All In footage as a condition for Cody and The Young Bucks to promote the event. Those rights were acquired by AEW owner Tony Khan following his purchase of ROH in March 2022.
On April 5, 2023, AEW announced that they would revive the All In name for a pay-per-view to be held in London, England on August 27, 2023, titled "All In London at Wembley Stadium", which was the promotion's debut in the United Kingdom.
Results
No.ResultsStipulationsTimes1PSoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) defeated The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe)Tag team match12:332PChico El Luchador (Flip Gordon) won by last eliminating Bully Ray19-person Over Budget Battle Royale to determine the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship17:063Matt Cross defeated Maxwell Jacob FriedmanSingles match9:234Christopher Daniels (with SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky)) defeated Stephen Amell (with Josh Segarra)Singles match12:305Tessa Blanchard defeated Dr. Britt Baker, Chelsea Green, and Madison RayneFour corner survival match12:416Cody (with Brandi Rhodes, Diamond Dallas Page, Glacier, and Tommy Dreamer) defeated Nick Aldis (c) (with Jeff Jarrett, Samuel Shaw, Shawn Daivari, and Tim Storm)Singles match for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship22:017Hangman Page defeated Joey Janela (with Penelope Ford)Chicago Street Fight20:088Jay Lethal (c) (with Lanny Poffo) defeated Flip Gordon (with Brandi Rhodes)Singles match for the ROH World Championship14:219Kenny Omega defeated Penta El ZeroSingles match17:4710Kazuchika Okada defeated Marty ScurllSingles match26:0511The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson, and Nick Jackson) defeated Bandido, Rey Fénix, and Rey MysterioSix-man tag team match11:48(c) – the champion(s) heading into the matchP – the match was broadcast on the pre-show
^ Order of eliminations: Moose, Brandon Cutler, Chuckie T., Trent Barreta, Rocky Romero, Cheeseburger, The Hurricane, Ethan Page, Tommy Dreamer, Jimmy Jacobs, Punishment Martinez, Austin Gunn, Billy Gunn, Marko Stunt, Brian Cage, Jordynne Grace, Colt Cabana, and Bully Ray.
See also
Chicago portal
2018 in professional wrestling
Starrcast
References
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^ Twitter https://mobile.twitter.com/thelethaljay/status/10269210423574978. Retrieved December 29, 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b "All In on Twitter".
^ Being the Elite (August 7, 2018). "@ALL_IN_2018 @MattJackson13 @CodyRhodes Let's book this at All In" (Tweet). Retrieved December 14, 2022 – via Twitter.
^ a b "All In on Twitter".
^ "All in near perfect in pay-per-view debut". September 2, 2018.
^ a b c Moore, John (September 1, 2018). "Moore's All In live review: Kenny Omega vs. Pentagon Jr., Nick Aldis vs. Cody for the NWA Championship, Young Bucks and Kota Ibushi vs. Rey Mysterio, Fenix, Bandido, Kazuchika Okada vs. Marty Scurll, Christopher Daniels vs. Stephen Amell". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
^ a b c "HOW CLOSE ALL IN WAS TO GOING OFF THE AIR WITHOUT A FINISH AND MORE". PWInsider. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
^ Wrestling Content (September 3, 2018). "Tazz Reviews ALL IN 2018 Chicago Results" – via YouTube.
^ Danielson, Bryan (September 1, 2018). "What @CodyRhodes, @MattJackson13 and @NickJacksonYB have done to create a groundswell in the wrestling community is both incredible and inspiring. Not only is it great for fans but also for wrestlers and the industry as a whole. Congratulations on what will be an amazing event https://t.co/dHZyqIVsyK" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2022 – via Twitter.
^ Cotton, Simon (September 3, 2018). "ALL IN News: The Rock praises Cody Rhodes for winning NWA World Heavyweight Championship". Sportskeeda. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ Wrestling Classics (September 3, 2018). "Tazz Reviews ALL IN 2018 Chicago Results Meltzer gave 6 matches 4 stars or higher with the main event receiving a 4 1/2 star rating despite the time issue surrounding it" – via YouTube.
^ "Views From The Turnbuckle: ALL IN Review, Star Ratings And Analysis On The Indie Show For The Ages - Wrestling Inc". Wrestling Inc. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018.
^ "ALL IN (September 1) Results & Review". September 4, 2018.
^ "The Triumph of 'All In' Is Pro Wrestling's Greatest Underdog Story". The Ringer. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
^ "Dave Meltzer Star Ratings - All in 2018". August 27, 2018.
^ "Backstage News on ROH Final Battle: New Contracts, Will the Four Hour PPVS Stay?". December 15, 2018.
^ Kirnpper, Justin (December 14, 2018). "ROH FINAL BATTLE LIVE RESULTS: JAY LETHAL VS. CODY". Retrieved January 1, 2019.
^ "411Mania".
^ Currier, Joseph (January 1, 2019). "ALL ELITE WRESTLING AND DOUBLE OR NOTHING OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED". F4wonline. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
^ Martin, Garrett (January 1, 2019). "All Elite Wrestling Exists: Cody Rhodes and the Young Bucks Announce a New Wrestling Promotion". Paste. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
^ Giri, Raj (February 25, 2019). "Impact Replays Airing On Mondays, "All In" Plaque At Sears Centre, Latest Capitol Wrestling (Video)". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ Nason, Josh (May 25, 2019). "AEW Announces All Out for August 31 in Chicago". Figure Four Weekly. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
^ Radican, Sean (January 20, 2019). "AEW/ROH News: Who owns All In footage, what will happen to the footage in the future". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ "Agreement Reached For ROH To Be Acquired By AEW CEO Tony Khan". www.rohwrestling.com. March 3, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ Nason, Josh (April 5, 2023). "AEW All In announced for London's Wembley Stadium". Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ "All In on Twitter".
^ "All In on Twitter".
^ Moore, John (September 1, 2018). "Moore's All In "Zero Hour" live coverage: 15-person battle royal for a shot at the ROH Championship, Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe vs. Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
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Women of Honor | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_In_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_circuit"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"Cody Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"The Young Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Matt Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Jackson_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Nick Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bullet 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The event took place during Labor Day weekend on Saturday, September 1, 2018, at the Sears Centre Arena in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. The event aired live on traditional PPV outlets, FITE TV, and Honor Club, but it was later made available for on-demand viewing on the NJPW World streaming service.[5] The event included Zero Hour, an hour-long pre-show that aired on WGN America. While independently produced, the event featured wrestlers from NJPW, Impact Wrestling, Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), Major League Wrestling (MLW), and the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).The event had 11 matches, with two being on the pre-show. The show's main event was a six-man tag team match which saw The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson, and Nick Jackson) defeat Rey Fénix, Bandido, and Rey Mysterio.[6] In the penultimate match, Kazuchika Okada defeated Marty Scurll. On the undercard, Cody defeated Nick Aldis to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship, Jay Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon, and IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kenny Omega defeated Penta El Zero in a non-title match.The event was notable for being the first non-WWE or World Championship Wrestling (WCW) promoted professional wrestling event in the United States to sell 10,000 tickets since 1993.[7] The success of the event inspired the formation of All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in January 2019, with The Elite (Rhodes, the Jacksons, and Omega) becoming executive vice presidents of the company. AEW would subsequently establish a spiritual successor to All In entitled All Out, which is also held during Labor Day weekend and considered one of AEW's \"big four\" annual PPV events. In 2023, AEW adopted the \"All In\" name for a PPV held at Wembley Stadium in London, England, referred to as All In London, which was the promotion's United Kingdom debut held during the August Bank Holiday weekend, with AEW to return for the event in 2024.","title":"All In (2018)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Dave Meltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Cody Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldis-8"},{"link_name":"The Young Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Matt 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Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sears Centre Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Centre_Arena"},{"link_name":"Hoffman Estates, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Penta El Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentag%C3%B3n_Jr."},{"link_name":"Rey Fénix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nix_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Kazuchika Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada"},{"link_name":"Deonna Purrazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deonna_Purrazzo"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Tessa Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Jay Lethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lethal"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Green"},{"link_name":"Marty Scurll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Scurll"},{"link_name":"Hangman Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Page_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cagesideseats.com-23"},{"link_name":"Conrad Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Starrcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starrcast_I"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Eric Bischoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bischoff"},{"link_name":"Bruce Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Prichard"},{"link_name":"Diamond Dallas Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page"},{"link_name":"Macaulay Culkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Rey Mysterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Mysterio"},{"link_name":"NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nick Aldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Aldis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldis-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Jacob Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Jacob_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Madison Rayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Rayne"},{"link_name":"Kota Ibushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Ibushi"},{"link_name":"SoCal Uncensored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoCal_Uncensored_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Frankie Kazarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Kazarian"},{"link_name":"Scorpio Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_Sky"},{"link_name":"Best Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Friends_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Trent Barreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Barreta"},{"link_name":"The Briscoe Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Briscoe_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Jay Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"Mark Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJFMR-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f4wonline.com-35"},{"link_name":"Don Callis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Callis"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Ian Riccaboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Riccaboni"},{"link_name":"Justin Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Sean Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Mooney"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bandido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandido_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"Fite TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fite_TV"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGN-39"},{"link_name":"WGN America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_America"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGN-39"},{"link_name":"Honor Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Club"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Jordynne Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordynne_Grace"},{"link_name":"Moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Rocky Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Romero"},{"link_name":"Colt Cabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Cabana"},{"link_name":"Ethan Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Page"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeroHourTwo-41"},{"link_name":"Brian Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cage"},{"link_name":"Billy Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Punishment Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment_Martinez"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"on demand viewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"NJPW World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling_World"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJPWWB-5"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tim Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Storm"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm-49"},{"link_name":"Adam Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Birch"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"In May 2017, a fan asked Wrestling Observer Newsletter journalist Dave Meltzer on Twitter if Ring of Honor (ROH) could sell 10,000 tickets and Meltzer responded: \"Not any time soon.\" Cody Rhodes took Meltzer's remark as a challenge and responded: \"I'll take that bet Dave.\" Eventually, the idea evolved from an ROH show to a self-funded event (with ROH's official sanctioning),[8] promoted by Cody Rhodes and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson).[7][9] It was later announced that Kenny Omega, Brandi Rhodes, and actor Stephen Amell would be participating in the event.[10]The inaugural All In was held at the Sears Centre Arena (renamed Now Arena in 2020) in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois.On December 31, 2017, Cody and The Young Bucks announced on the Bucks' YouTube channel, Being The Elite, that they were looking at different venues to hold the event.[11][12][13] It was later reported by Pro Wrestling Insider that the event was set to be held in Chicago.[14] On January 10, 2018, it was announced that the event would take place on September 1.[15][16][17] On March 5, All In's venue was revealed as the Sears Centre Arena located in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois.[18][19] Over the comings weeks, independent wrestlers would be announced to take part in the show, including Penta El Zero, Rey Fénix, Kazuchika Okada, Deonna Purrazzo (though she would later be removed after signing with WWE), Tessa Blanchard, Jay Lethal, Chelsea Green, Marty Scurll, and Hangman Page.[20][21][22][23] Additionally, it was announced that to coincide with the event, Conrad Thompson would hold Starrcast,[24] a fan convention which would feature numerous wrestlers and wrestling and podcast personalities including Jeff Jarrett, Eric Bischoff, Bruce Prichard, Diamond Dallas Page, and Macaulay Culkin.[25][26][27][28] During the All In press conference on May 13, it was announced that Rey Mysterio and NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis would be taking part in the event.[8]Tickets for the show were put on sale on May 13 and sold out in less than 30 minutes despite Cody and The Young Bucks announcing only one match for the show.[29][30] In the months leading up to the event, All In announced more wrestlers to take part, including Maxwell Jacob Friedman, Madison Rayne, Kota Ibushi, SoCal Uncensored (Christopher Daniels, Frankie Kazarian, and Scorpio Sky), Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent Barreta), and The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe).[31][32][33][34] During this time, Cody and The Young Bucks started a YouTube series called All Us, chronicling the lead-up to the event.[35] On July 13, it was announced that Alicia Atout, Bobby Cruise, Don Callis, Excalibur, Ian Riccaboni, Justin Roberts, and Sean Mooney would serve as All In's broadcast team,[36] with Brent Tarring being announced as a commentator on August 27.[37] Bandido was announced for the show on July 25.[38] On August 6, it was announced on Being The Elite that All In's main card would broadcast on pay-per-view and Fite TV,[39] with an hour-long pre-show called Zero Hour airing on WGN America at 6:00 p.m. Eastern time.[39] Later that day, it was announced that the event's main card would also broadcast on ROH's streaming service Honor Club.[40] Additionally on August 6, Jordynne Grace, Moose, Rocky Romero, Colt Cabana, and Ethan Page were announced for the show.[41] From August 15 until August 18, Brian Cage, Billy Gunn, Jimmy Jacobs, and Marko Stunt were announced for the show.[42][43][44][45] On August 23, Brandon Cutler was announced for the show.[46] Punishment Martinez was announced for the show on August 27.[47] On August 29, it was announced that All In would be available for on demand viewing on NJPW World, after being broadcast live.[5] On August 31, Austin Gunn, son of Billy Gunn, was announced for the show.[48] On September 1, Tim Storm was announced for the show.[49] Wrestler Adam Birch was scheduled to be a producer on the show, but in the early morning hours of September 1 he was arrested in Schaumburg, Illinois after police noticed him sleeping in his car and discovered he had an outstanding warrant in Florida.[50]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types"},{"link_name":"storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_thread"},{"link_name":"heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"less distinguishable characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Tweener"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Being The Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_The_Elite"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Joey Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Ryan_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"kayfabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayfabe"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amell"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Christopher Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGN-39"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE117-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cody_Rhodes_September_2018_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Nick 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Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROH_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Best in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_the_World_(2018)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Ring of Honor Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Tim Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Storm"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm-49"},{"link_name":"Madison Rayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Rayne"},{"link_name":"Flip 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Swagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swagger"},{"link_name":"Rey Mysterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Mysterio"},{"link_name":"Zack Sabre Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Sabre_Jr."},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE113-67"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGN-39"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE115-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE116-69"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE117-57"},{"link_name":"Joey Janela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Janela"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE111-70"},{"link_name":"Hangman Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Page_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE115-68"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE117-57"},{"link_name":"Chicago street fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Rey Fénix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nix_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"The Golden Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elite_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Kota Ibushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Ibushi"},{"link_name":"Matt Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Nick Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Bucks"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Card-74"},{"link_name":"Theo Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Rossi"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTE117-57"},{"link_name":"tag team match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team_match"},{"link_name":"The Briscoe Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Briscoe_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Jay Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"Mark Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"Frankie Kazarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Kazarian"},{"link_name":"Scorpio Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_Sky"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeroHourOne-75"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeroHourTwo-41"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Jay Lethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lethal"},{"link_name":"ROH World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROH_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROHWHC-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROHWHC2-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROHWHC3-79"},{"link_name":"Kenny Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Omega"},{"link_name":"Penta El Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentag%C3%B3n_Jr."},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PentavsKenny-80"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"All In comprised eleven professional wrestling matches, including two on the Zero Hour pre-show, that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.[51] Storylines were produced on The Young Bucks' YouTube series Being The Elite, the NWA's Ten Pounds of Gold documentary series,[52] Cody's Nightmare Family YouTube series ALL US - The All In Story,[53] and at various shows produced by the promotions involved.On April 10, Joey Ryan was (kayfabe) killed on Being The Elite by a mystery assailant in a Japanese hotel room.[54] On June 4 on Being The Elite, Japanese police arrested Arrow star Stephen Amell for Ryan's murder.[55] On July 16, it was revealed that Christopher Daniels had framed Amell for the murder.[56] On August 6 on Being The Elite, it was announced that Amell, who had recently been released from prison, would face Daniels at All In.[39] On August 27 on Being The Elite, Daniels and Amell would have their final confrontation before the event, with Amell warning Daniels that he would put him through a table just like he did during his debut in Ring of Honor.[57]Cody, who challenged Nick Aldis for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship at All InDuring the May 13 All In press conference, National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) president Billy Corgan announced that Nick Aldis would defend the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship against Cody.[58] If Cody were to win, he and his father Dusty Rhodes would become the first father-son duo to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship.[59] During ROH's Honor United tour in London on May 27, it was announced that if Cody was able to reclaim the ROH World Championship before All In, then the match would become a Winner Takes All match for both the NWA and ROH world championships.[60] Cody received his ROH World Championship match on June 29 at Best in the World, but he failed to capture the title despite Aldis trying to help him to win the match.[61][62] Cody would receive a second title opportunity during the June 30 tapings of Ring of Honor Wrestling, but lost again.[63] The match, now solely for the NWA title, was officially sanctioned by NWA management on July 31.[64] On September 1, it was announced that former NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Tim Storm would be in Aldis' corner.[49]On June 8 at a WrestlePro event, Madison Rayne and Maxwell Jacob Friedman defeated Brandi Rhodes and Flip Gordon to qualify for All In.[31] On the August 7 episode of All Us, a four corners match between Rayne, Dr. Britt Baker, Chelsea Green and Tessa Blanchard was announced.[65]On July 5, it was announced that Marty Scurll would be taking on Kazuchika Okada at the event.[35] Scurll began training with Nick Aldis to become a heavyweight on Being The Elite in preparation for the match against Okada.[66][67] Over the subsequent episodes of Being The Elite, multiple wrestlers would dismiss Scurll's chances of defeating Okada, including The Young Bucks, Jack Swagger, Rey Mysterio, Zack Sabre Jr. and Okada himself.[67][39][68][69] On August 27 on Being The Elite, Scurll responded to all doubts, stating he would defeat Okada at the event.[57]On July 16 on Being The Elite, Joey Janela greeted Matt Jackson and Marty Scurll, immediately drawing the ire of Jackson.[70] On July 23, it was announced that Joey Janela would face Hangman Page at All In.[71] Later that day on Twitter, Page would send a warning to Janela and proclaim himself a Joey Killer.[72] On August 12, on Being The Elite, Page had a nightmare with his cowboy boots telling him that he would kill another Joey, referring to Joey Janela.[68] On August 27 on Being The Elite, Janela would provoke Page during an autograph session.[57] On August 29, it was announced that the match would be a Chicago street fight.[73]On July 30, it was announced that Bandido, Rey Fénix and Rey Mysterio would take on The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in a six-man tag-team match.[74] During Being The Elite on August 27, Mysterio and actor Theo Rossi would mock The Young Bucks.[57]On August 6, it was announced that the over budget battle royale and a tag team match between The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) and SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) would occur on the Zero Hour pre-show.[75][41] Shortly after, SoCal Uncensored started training for their match against The Briscoe Brothers at All In.[76] On August 7, it was announced that Jay Lethal would defend the ROH World Championship against the winner of the over-budget battle royale.[77][78][79]On August 12, it was announced that Kenny Omega would face Penta El Zero at All In.[80]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WGN America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_America"},{"link_name":"Road Warrior Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Warrior_Animal"},{"link_name":"Hot Topic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Topic"},{"link_name":"Jay-Driller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Double_underhook_piledriver"},{"link_name":"springboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Springboard"},{"link_name":"doomsday device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_device"},{"link_name":"Bully Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubba_Ray_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Colt Cabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Cabana"},{"link_name":"Flip Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_Gordon"}],"sub_title":"Pre-show","text":"Two matches were contested on the one-hour-long pre-show, called Zero Hour, which was shown live on WGN America. Cody and The Young Bucks opened the event and brought out Road Warrior Animal. Afterwards, Cody and The Young Bucks offered those in attendance free Hot Topic and Pro Wrestling Tees merchandise.The first match of Zero Hour featured a tag-team match between SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) and The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe). During the match, Jay performed a Jay-Driller on Kazarian and Mark also performed a Froggy Bow on Kazarian for a near-fall. In the end, The Briscoes tried to execute a springboard doomsday device on Kazarian, but he reversed into a powerslam to win the match.Next was the Over Budget Battle Royale with the winner facing Jay Lethal for the ROH World Championship on the main card. In the climax, Bully Ray eliminated Colt Cabana. Ray thought he won, but Flip Gordon in the guise of El Hijo de Chico El Luchador appeared and eliminated Bully Ray to win the battle royale and the ROH World Championship opportunity.","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shooting star press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Shooting_star_press"},{"link_name":"Best Moonsault Ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonsault#Double_jump_moonsault"},{"link_name":"hammerlock DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT_(professional_wrestling)#Hammerlock_DDT"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Springboard"},{"link_name":"Cross Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_(professional_wrestling)#Rolling_cutter"},{"link_name":"vertebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Double_underhook_back-to-back_piledriver"},{"link_name":"sunset flip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Rite of Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Back-to-belly_piledriver"},{"link_name":"The Undertaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undertaker"},{"link_name":"Joey Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Ryan_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"superkick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superkick"},{"link_name":"Stardust Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonsault#Corkscrew_moonsault"},{"link_name":"Lethal Injection II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT_(professional_wrestling)#Diving_DDT"},{"link_name":"Lethal Injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerbomb#Sit-Out_Powerbomb"},{"link_name":"One-Winged Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Electric_chair_driver"},{"link_name":"The Sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Armbreaker"},{"link_name":"Fear Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Package_piledriver"},{"link_name":"V-Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Knee_strike"},{"link_name":"reverse frankensteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Reverse_Frankensteiner"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"Rock 'N' Wrestling Rager at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho%27s_Rock_%27N%27_Wrestling_Rager_at_Sea"}],"sub_title":"Preliminary matches","text":"The actual pay-per-view opened with Maxwell Jacob Friedman facing Matt Cross in singles match. In the end, Cross executed the shooting star press on MJF to win the match.Next, Christopher Daniels faced Stephen Amell. After extensive blows with Amell, Daniels pinned Amell with the Best Moonsault Ever to win the match. After the match, the two shook hands.After this, Dr. Britt Baker, Chelsea Green, Madison Rayne and Tessa Blanchard faced off in a four corner survival match. In the climax, Blanchard performed the hammerlock DDT on Green to win the match. After the match, the four embraced.Next, Nick Aldis defended the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship against Cody. As Aldis went to the top rope to perform a diving elbow drop, Cody's wife Brandi Rhodes tried to plead with Aldis to not do it. However, Aldis did the move and as soon as he jumped Brandi lay across Cody, taking the bulk of the hit. Aldis then pinned Cody, but he kicked out. Cody performed a Beautiful Disaster and then the Cross Rhodes on Aldis for a near-fall. Cody and Aldis attacked each other with punches and then Cody hit a vertebreaker on Aldis, but Aldis reversed it. In the end, Aldis tried to steal Cody's finisher, but Cody reversed and Aldis tried to pin him. However, Cody countered into a sunset flip to win the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship. With this win, Cody and his father Dusty Rhodes became the first father-son duo to win the championship.In the next match, Hangman Page faced Joey Janela in a Chicago street fight. In the end, Page performed the Rite of Passage on Janela from the top of a ladder through a table to win the match. After the match, the lights went out. Similar to The Undertaker, druids appeared, but instead of druids it was men in inflatable penis costumes. Joey Ryan, thought to be dead, appeared and Page tried to attack him, but Ryan attacked Page and performed a superkick and Page was carried out of the arena.Next, Jay Lethal defended the ROH World Championship against the over budget battle royale winner Flip Gordon. Lethal came out in his Black Machismo gimmick. During the match, Gordon performed a Stardust Press on Lethal for a near-fall. Lethal tried to perform a diving powerbomb, but Gordon reversed and Lethal performed a Lethal Injection II on Gordon. In the end, Lethal executed the Lethal Injection on Gordon to win the match and retain the title. After the match, the two showed mutual respect for each other. Bully Ray then came out and attacked both Lethal and Gordon. Chicago's own Colt Cabana appeared to make the save and then the three performed a triple powerbomb on Ray through a table.Next, Kenny Omega faced Penta El Zero in singles match. Omega tried to perform the One-Winged Angel, but Penta reversed into The Sacrifice. Penta executed the Fear Factor on Omega for a nearfall and later Penta tried to perform a lariat, but Omega performed the V-Trigger followed by a reverse frankensteiner. In the end, Omega performed another V-Trigger and then the One Winged Angel to win the match. After the match, the lights went out. When they came back on, Penta got up and attacked Omega with the Codebreaker. Upon closer examination, it was a second Penta El Zero, who unmasked to reveal himself as Chris Jericho, and challenged Omega to a match at his Rock 'N' Wrestling Rager at Sea cruise.In the penultimate match, Kazuchika Okada faced Marty Scurll in a singles match. In the end, Scurll provoked Okada and tried to break his fingers, but Okada reverted into the Rainmaker followed by a second Rainmaker to win the match.","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main event","text":"In the main event, The Golden Elite (Kota Ibushi, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) faced Bandido, Rey Fénix and Rey Mysterio in six-man tag team match. Bandido hit Matt Jackson with a backflipping backbreaker. Nick Jackson hit Bandido with a superkick. The Young Bucks also hit a superkick on both Fenix and Mysterio. Ibushi and The Young Bucks performed the More Bang for Your Buck. with Ibushi pinning Bandido for a nearfall. In the end, The Young Bucks performed the Meltzer Driver on Bandido to win the match.","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllInTimes-82"},{"link_name":"411Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/411Mania"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Event-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Event-83"},{"link_name":"NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Event-83"},{"link_name":"Tazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazz"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Danielson"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Dave Meltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"The Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"All In received near-universal acclaim, with Sports Illustrated calling a \"near-perfect pay-per-view debut\".[81] John Moore of Pro Wrestling Dot Net recommended the event, but pointed that it \"suffers [from] that ROH and New Japan problem of having too many matches\".[82]Larry Csonka of 411Mania gave the event a final score of 8/10, saying \"I found All In to be a tremendously fun show, with a lot of good to great wrestling and an absolutely great atmosphere\".[83] During the final matches, the production found time problems so the main event was shortened almost 12 minutes.[83] The NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship match went six minutes shorter than originally planned.[83] Many wrestling personalities such as Tazz and Daniel Bryan praised the event and its production and the quality of matches.[84][85] Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson praised Cody for his championship win on Twitter two days after the event.[86] Wrestling Observer Newsletter journalist Dave Meltzer said the event was a \"great success\" and \"he was happy for losing the bet\" [...] the event exceeded his expectations especially the over the budget battle royal, which he called the \"best laid out battle royal he had ever seen\".[87]Jesse Collings from Wrestling Inc said \"the most important thing for the group was to put on a memorable show that satisfied the hardcore fans [...] while also entertaining more casual fans who were seeing a lot of the wrestlers for the first time and were not watching Being The Elite every week\".[88] Griffin Peltier from Voices of Wrestling said \"All In was not only a great PPV but a historic event in pro wrestling history. Everything on the show felt fresh and felt rewarded as a viewer\".[89] Writing for The Ringer, Mike Piellucci praised All In, calling it \"one of the greatest wrestling shows in recent memory\".[90]Dave Meltzer gave six matches on the card four stars or higher. Despite the main event being significantly cut short due to time constraints, Meltzer gave that match a 4+1⁄2-star rating.[91]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"All Elite Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"billionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billionaire"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"Fulham F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Khan"},{"link_name":"Tony Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Khan"},{"link_name":"Double or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_or_Nothing_(2019)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"All Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Out_(2019)"},{"link_name":"All Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEW_All_Out"},{"link_name":"spiritual successor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_successor"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"London, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"All In London at Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_In_(2023)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"text":"Four months after the event, Cody and The Young Bucks, with several others, left Ring of Honor.[92][93] WWE purportedly also offered Cody, The Young Bucks, & Hangman Page contracts, but they rejected the reported offers.[94] On January 1, 2019, Cody and The Young Bucks founded their own promotion, All Elite Wrestling (AEW), with backing of billionaire businessmen and owners of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Fulham F.C., Shahid and Tony Khan, the latter becoming the President and chief executive officer of AEW, with Cody and The Young Bucks being executive vice presidents. Their inaugural event was announced as Double or Nothing to be held in May. Kenny Omega also became an executive vice president for AEW.[95][96]In 2019, a plaque commemorating All In was established outside the building's entrance.[97]During Double or Nothing on May 25, 2019, AEW announced that the Sears Centre would host All Out, the company's second pay-per-view event, on August 31, 2019, the day before the first anniversary of All In. All Out was established as a spiritual successor to All In,[98] and is held every Labor Day weekend in the Chicago area.Ring of Honor retained the rights to the All In footage as a condition for Cody and The Young Bucks to promote the event.[99] Those rights were acquired by AEW owner Tony Khan following his purchase of ROH in March 2022.[100]On April 5, 2023, AEW announced that they would revive the All In name for a pay-per-view to be held in London, England on August 27, 2023, titled \"All In London at Wembley Stadium\", which was the promotion's debut in the United Kingdom.[101]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"Moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Brandon Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Chuckie T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckie_T."},{"link_name":"Trent Barreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Barreta"},{"link_name":"Rocky Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Romero"},{"link_name":"Cheeseburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeseburger_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"The Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Helms"},{"link_name":"Ethan Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Page"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dreamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dreamer"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Punishment Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Austin Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Billy Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Marko Stunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Stunt"},{"link_name":"Brian Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cage"},{"link_name":"Jordynne Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordynne_Grace"},{"link_name":"Colt Cabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Cabana"},{"link_name":"Bully Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_Ray"}],"text":"^ Order of eliminations: Moose, Brandon Cutler, Chuckie T., Trent Barreta, Rocky Romero, Cheeseburger, The Hurricane, Ethan Page, Tommy Dreamer, Jimmy Jacobs, Punishment Martinez, Austin Gunn, Billy Gunn, Marko Stunt, Brian Cage, Jordynne Grace, Colt Cabana, and Bully Ray.","title":"Results"}] | [{"image_text":"The inaugural All In was held at the Sears Centre Arena (renamed Now Arena in 2020) in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sears_Centre.JPG/220px-Sears_Centre.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cody, who challenged Nick Aldis for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship at All In","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cody_Rhodes_September_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Cody_Rhodes_September_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Chicago portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chicago"},{"title":"2018 in professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_professional_wrestling"},{"title":"Starrcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starrcast"}] | [{"reference":"\"All In on Twitter\". Twitter. September 4, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ALL_IN_2018/status/1037028282229841920","url_text":"\"All In on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Bixenspan, David (May 28, 2019). \"AEW's Double Or Nothing Delivered As Both A Mission Statement And A Wrestling Show\". Deadspin. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/aews-double-or-nothing-delivered-as-both-a-mission-stat-1835055633","url_text":"\"AEW's Double Or Nothing Delivered As Both A Mission Statement And A Wrestling Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEW/ROH News: Who owns All in footage, what will happen to the footage in the future\". January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2019/01/19/aew-roh-news-ownership-of-all-in-footage-what-will-happen-to-the-footage-in-the-future/","url_text":"\"AEW/ROH News: Who owns All in footage, what will happen to the footage in the future\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Elite Wrestling Doesn't Own ALL IN Footage, Attempting to Purchase Rights from ROH •\". January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://heelbynature.com/all-elite-wrestling/all-elite-wrestling-doesnt-own-all-in-footage-attempting-to-purchase-rights-from-roh/#:~:text=According%20to%20Dave%20Meltzer%20in,to%20the%20ALL%20IN%20footage.&text=Due%20to%20The%20Young%20Bucks,some%20rights%20to%20the%20footage.","url_text":"\"All Elite Wrestling Doesn't Own ALL IN Footage, Attempting to Purchase Rights from ROH •\""}]},{"reference":"NJPW Global [@njpwglobal] (August 29, 2018). \"New Japan Pro Wrestling is #ALLIN! We are pleased to announce that shortly after the live broadcast we will offer @ALL_IN_2018 to our @njpwworld fans ▶ https://t.co/HrLJZOXx4B Watch @rainmakerXokada @KennyOmegamanX @ibushi_kota!! #njpw #njpwworld https://t.co/wvfKIIGcx4\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/njpwglobal/status/1034615524812972033","url_text":"\"New Japan Pro Wrestling is #ALLIN! We are pleased to announce that shortly after the live broadcast we will offer @ALL_IN_2018 to our @njpwworld fans ▶ https://t.co/HrLJZOXx4B Watch @rainmakerXokada @KennyOmegamanX @ibushi_kota!! #njpw #njpwworld https://t.co/wvfKIIGcx4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033401/https://twitter.com/njpwglobal/status/1034615524812972033","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Being the Elite [@BeingTheElite] (August 12, 2018). \"6 man. https://t.co/Uco2SRVWVF\" (Tweet). Retrieved December 14, 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_the_Elite","url_text":"Being the Elite [@BeingTheElite]"},{"url":"https://x.com/BeingTheElite/status/1028763185182961664","url_text":"\"6 man. https://t.co/Uco2SRVWVF\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Brandon (May 12, 2018). \"7 things to know about 'All In' – the huge indie wrestling show coming to the Chicago area\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/ct-all-in-wrestling-chicago-young-bucks-cody-20180511-story.html","url_text":"\"7 things to know about 'All In' – the huge indie wrestling show coming to the Chicago area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064332/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/ct-all-in-wrestling-chicago-young-bucks-cody-20180511-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Jason (May 13, 2018). \"Watch the \"All In\" press conference here\". ProWrestling.net. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/05/13/watch-the-all-in-press-conference/","url_text":"\"Watch the \"All In\" press conference here\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513212835/https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/05/13/watch-the-all-in-press-conference/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ROH WAR OF THE WORLDS LONDON RESULTS: BULLET CLUB VS. LIJ\". F4wonline. August 19, 2017. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4wonline.com/roh-results/roh-war-worlds-london-results-bullet-club-vs-lij-241286","url_text":"\"ROH WAR OF THE WORLDS LONDON RESULTS: BULLET CLUB VS. LIJ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143808/https://www.f4wonline.com/roh-results/roh-war-worlds-london-results-bullet-club-vs-lij-241286","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Corey (December 4, 2017). \"Stephen Amell is trying to get The Bullet Club on 'Arrow'\". WrestlingNews.co. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://wrestlingnews.co/roh-news/stephen-amell-is-trying-to-get-the-bullet-club-on-arrow/","url_text":"\"Stephen Amell is trying to get The Bullet Club on 'Arrow'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180512202439/http://wrestlingnews.co/roh-news/stephen-amell-is-trying-to-get-the-bullet-club-on-arrow/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giri, Raj (December 5, 2017). \"Cody Rhodes Says They'll Have 10K Venue Announced In Two Weeks, WWE 2K18 Nintendo Switch Screenshots\". Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. 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Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/aew-all-in-announced-for-londons-wembley-stadium","url_text":"\"AEW All In announced for London's Wembley Stadium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Figure_Four_Online","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online"}]},{"reference":"\"All In on Twitter\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ALL_IN_2018/status/1026568690324701184","url_text":"\"All In on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"All In on Twitter\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ALL_IN_2018/status/1026918607740198912","url_text":"\"All In on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, John (September 1, 2018). \"Moore's All In \"Zero Hour\" live coverage: 15-person battle royal for a shot at the ROH Championship, Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe vs. Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky\". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/09/01/moores-all-in-zero-hour-live-coverage-15-person-battle-royal-for-a-shot-at-the-roh-championship-jay-briscoe-and-mark-briscoe-vs-frankie-kazarian-and-scorpio-sky/","url_text":"\"Moore's All In \"Zero Hour\" live coverage: 15-person battle royal for a shot at the ROH Championship, Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe vs. Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902012042/https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/09/01/moores-all-in-zero-hour-live-coverage-15-person-battle-royal-for-a-shot-at-the-roh-championship-jay-briscoe-and-mark-briscoe-vs-frankie-kazarian-and-scorpio-sky/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://twitter.com/ALL_IN_2018/status/1037028282229841920","external_links_name":"\"All In on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://deadspin.com/aews-double-or-nothing-delivered-as-both-a-mission-stat-1835055633","external_links_name":"\"AEW's Double Or Nothing Delivered As Both A Mission Statement And A Wrestling Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2019/01/19/aew-roh-news-ownership-of-all-in-footage-what-will-happen-to-the-footage-in-the-future/","external_links_name":"\"AEW/ROH News: Who owns All in footage, what will happen to the footage in the future\""},{"Link":"https://heelbynature.com/all-elite-wrestling/all-elite-wrestling-doesnt-own-all-in-footage-attempting-to-purchase-rights-from-roh/#:~:text=According%20to%20Dave%20Meltzer%20in,to%20the%20ALL%20IN%20footage.&text=Due%20to%20The%20Young%20Bucks,some%20rights%20to%20the%20footage.","external_links_name":"\"All Elite Wrestling Doesn't Own ALL IN Footage, Attempting to Purchase Rights from ROH •\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/njpwglobal/status/1034615524812972033","external_links_name":"\"New Japan Pro Wrestling is #ALLIN! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajaz_Akram | Hajaz Akram | ["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | British actor (born 1970)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Hajaz Akram" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hajaz AkramBorn (1970-01-14) 14 January 1970 (age 54)London, EnglandNationalityBritishAlma materRoyal Central School of Speech and DramaOccupationsActorteacherdirectorYears active2003–present
Hajaz Akram (born 14 January 1970) is a British actor of Pakistani descent. He was born in London to Pakistani parents on 14 January 1970. He is currently principal and founder of the Hampstead Academy of Acting & Drama, Akram has trained and worked as an actor, teacher and director for 20 years. He was previously the founder of the Academy Of Asian And Ethic Dramatic Arts, the aim of which was to offer actor training to Asian actors. In 2015 Akram co-founded the charity Shout At Cancer.
He studied Modern Drama Studies at Brunel University London.
Personal life
Akram was born in Southall, a western suburb of London, to British nationals of Pakistani descent. His mother and father were both born in England; his father being born and raised in Southall, and his mother being from nearby Slough. Akram's grandparents emigrated to England from Pakistan. His mother is a housewife and his father previously worked as a bus driver.
Filmography
He has appeared in numerous television dramas including Doctor Who, Murder in Mind and Casualty, and is also the voice of DJ Panjit Gavaskar (Radio Del Mundo) in Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories.
He has had film roles in Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life, Angel of Death: The Beverly Allitt Story, and Queen Victoria's Men.
References
^ "About the Academy". www.haad.org.uk. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ "Asian Drama: New school brings in more Asian actors". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ "Laryngectomy patients given a voice by Shout at Cancer charity performing concert in Cambridge". Cambridge News. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ "Brunel University alumni". Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
External links
Hajaz Akram at IMDb
Hampstead Academy of Acting & Drama
This article about a United Kingdom film and television actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistani descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pakistanis"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brunel University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunel_University_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hajaz Akram (born 14 January 1970) is a British actor of Pakistani descent. He was born in London to Pakistani parents on 14 January 1970. He is currently principal and founder of the Hampstead Academy of Acting & Drama, Akram has trained and worked as an actor, teacher and director for 20 years.[1] He was previously the founder of the Academy Of Asian And Ethic Dramatic Arts, the aim of which was to offer actor training to Asian actors.[2] In 2015 Akram co-founded the charity Shout At Cancer.[3]He studied Modern Drama Studies at Brunel University London.[4]","title":"Hajaz Akram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Pakistani descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pakistanis"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"}],"text":"Akram was born in Southall, a western suburb of London, to British nationals of Pakistani descent. His mother and father were both born in England; his father being born and raised in Southall, and his mother being from nearby Slough. Akram's grandparents emigrated to England from Pakistan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Insurance | Texas Department of Insurance | ["1 History","1.1 1876-1907","1.2 1907-1927","1.3 1927-1957","1.4 1957-1995","1.5 1995-1999","1.6 1999-Present","2 Commissioner of Insurance","3 Fraud Unit","4 References","5 External links"] | Regulatory agency in Texas
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Barbara Jordan Building’s entrance is off of the Texas Capitol Mall, a newly designed pedestrian space.
The Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) regulates insurers and other companies that conduct insurance business in Texas, and assists Texas-based insurance consumers. TDI was founded in 1876 as the Department of Insurance, Statistics and History.
The agency is responsible of enforcing the Texas Insurance Code; to regulate the insurance business, protect consumers, ensure fair competition among companies, and foster the stability of insurance market. In addition to administering the Texas workers' compensation system according to the Texas Labor Code, performing the duties of the State Fire Marshal's Office, and providing administrative support to the Office of Injured Employee Counsel.
Continuing education for insurance professionals is regulated by each state's Department for Insurance, although there are commonalties across the states. See Insurance Continuing Education.
In 2022, TDI moved from the William P. Hobby Jr. Building in downtown Austin to the Barbara Jordan State Office Building north of the Texas Capitol. The agency is now headquartered at 1601 Congress Avenue in Austin, Texas. It has around 1,400 employees statewide and a $110 million annual budget.
The commissioner of insurance serves as the chief executive and administrative officer of the department.
History
1876-1907
On August 21, 1876, the state legislature passed a law to establish the Texas Insurance Department as the first agency for insurance supervision in the state and the authorization of the Board of Insurance Commissioners went effective on April 18. At first the agency worked under the state comptroller of public accounts, one year later the operations were folded into working under the commissioner of insurance, statistics, and history under the Department of Insurance, Statistics and History.
List of commissioners of insurance, statistics, and history from 1876–1907:
Name
Term
V. O. King
Sept. 1 1876 - Jan. 26, 1881
A. W. Spaight
Jan 25, 1881 - 1883
H. P. Brewster
Jan. 31, 1883 - Dec. 26, 1884
Hamilton P. Bee
Dec. 30 1884 - Jan. 21, 1887
L. L. Foster
January 20, 1887 - May 5, 1891
John Elston Hollingsworth
1891 - Jan. 10, 1895
A. J. Rose
1895 - August 1897
Jefferson Johnson
1897 - August 1901
W. J. Clay
1901 - August 1906
Robert Teague Milner
1906 - September 1, 1907
1907-1927
The state's legislature of 1907 separated the insurance department from the other departments and included the operations of banking regulation, and the commissioner's title changed to Commissioner of Insurance and Banking, served a 2-year term. In 1913 the State Insurance Commission was introduced. The first Commissioner of Insurance and Bank was Thomas B. Love and was succeeded by William E. Hawkins.
1927-1957
In 1927 the Board of Insurance Commissioners was re-established to include three members appointed by the governor for a six-year term.
1957-1995
In 1957, the Board of Insurance Commissioners was abolished and replaced by the State Board of Insurance, consisted of three members appointed by the governor but serving a six-year term. The board determined policy and rates and authorized rules, while the commissioner was responsible for administrative operations and was appointed by the board.
The primary functions of the agency included licensing domestic and out-of-state insurance companies and regular monitoring of its practices and rates.
1995-1999
In early nineties the agency witnessed significant changes started with 145 orders issued in 1991 following state's legislature, the changes included various revisions of the laws and targeted reforms in the Medicare supplement insurance and rating practices. By 1994, the three-member board was abolished and replaced with the Department of Insurance headed by one commissioner appointed by the governor and approved by the Senate, some of the duties of the department were deported to other state agencies; the State Office of Administrative Hearings took over hearings, the Comptroller's Offices over tax operations, and the Texas Workers' Compensation Commission handled the compensation data of workers.
1999-Present
On September 1, 2005, the state's 79th Legislature took effect transferring the operations of the Texas Workers' Compensation Commission to the Texas Department of Insurance and creating a separate division.
Commissioner of Insurance
The Texas Commissioner of Insurance serves as the chief executive and administrative officer of the Department of Insurance and charged with executing all laws relating to the insurance business and overseeing all companies conducting business in the state. Cassie Brown was appointed to serve as Texas insurance commissioner by Governor Greg Abbott in September 2021. Brown previously served as the commissioner of Workers' Compensation.
Fraud Unit
The Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) Fraud Unit is the state law enforcement agency responsible for enforcing laws relating to fraudulent insurance acts In the United States, insurance fraud is the second most costly white-collar crime next to tax evasion. TDI Fraud Unit criminal investigators work on a variety of cases; for example, claimant fraud, workers' compensation fraud, insurer fraud, life settlement fraud, and mortgage fraud.
TDI Fraud Unit criminal investigators are licensed state of Texas peace officers, have full state police powers (armed, make arrests, and conduct investigations into violation of state laws), and have statewide jurisdiction. Fraud Unit criminal investigators specialize in financial crime and regularly conduct joint investigations with city, county, other state (DPS, Attorney General's Office), and federal law enforcement (FBI, IRS-CID, United States Postal Inspection Service, US Government OIGs, etc.), and other government agencies. Once a TDI Fraud Unit criminal investigator has completed a criminal investigation, the case is referred to a County, District and/or U.S. Attorney in order to seek indictment and prosecution. The TDI Fraud Unit employs criminal investigators, prosecutors, and crime analysts.
References
^ "About TDI". Texas Department of Insurance. September 25, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ "About TDI". Texas Department of Insurance. April 26, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "Contact Us". Texas Department of Insurance. December 22, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ Hyden's Annual Cyclopedia of Insurance in the United States (1913–1914), p. 628.
^ Texas Almanac 2012–2013. Alvarez, Elizabeth Cruce, Plocheck, Robert. Texas A&M University Press, 2011. ISBN 9780876112571.
^ "Texas". NAIC. October 11, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ "Fast facts and FAQ". Texas Department of Insurance. May 27, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ "Fraud". Insurance Council of Texas. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ "About". Texas Department of Insurance. October 20, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
External links
Texas portal
Official website
Official TDI Twitter
Official TDI Facebook
Official SFMO Twitter
Official SFMO Facebook
Official TDI LinkedIn
Official TDI YouTube
Official Contact Page
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Massillon | Jean Baptiste Massillon | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Career","2 Works","3 References"] | French Catholic prelate and preacher
For the city in Ohio, see Massillon, Ohio.
Massillon, Cong. Orat.
Statue of JB Massillon on the Fountain of the Four Bishops, Place Saint-Sulpice, Paris
Jean-Baptiste Massillon, CO (24 June 1663 – 28 September 1742), was a French Catholic prelate and famous preacher who served as Bishop of Clermont from 1717 until his death in Beauregard-l'Évêque.
Biography
Early years
Massillon was born at Hyères in Provence where his father was a royal notary. At the age of eighteen he joined the French Oratory and taught for a time in the colleges of his congregation at Pézenas, and Montbrison and at the Seminary of Vienne. On the death of Henri de Villars, Archbishop of Vienne, in 1693, he was commissioned to deliver a funeral oration, and this was the beginning of his fame. In obedience to Cardinal de Noailles, Archbishop of Paris, he left the Trappist Abbey of Sept-Fons, to which he had retired, and settled in Paris, where he was placed at the head of the Oratorian Seminary of Saint Magloire.
Career
Massillon soon gained a wide reputation as a preacher and was selected to be the Advent preacher at the court of Versailles in 1699. He was made Bishop of Clermont in 1717, and two years later was elected a member of the Académie française. The last years of his life were spent in the faithful discharge of his episcopal duties; his death took place at Clermont on September 18, 1742. Massillon enjoyed in the 18th century a reputation equal to that of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet and of Louis Bourdaloue, and was much praised for his eloquence by Voltaire, D'Alembert and kindred spirits among the Encyclopaedists.
Massillon's popularity was probably because in his sermons he lays little stress on dogmatic questions, but treats generally of moral subjects, in which the secrets of the human heart and the processes of man's reason are described with poetical feeling. He has usually been contrasted with his predecessor Bourdaloue, the latter having the credit of vigorous denunciation, Massillon that of gentle persuasiveness. Besides the Petit Carême, a sermon which he delivered before the young King Louis XV of France in 1718, his sermons on the Prodigal Son, on the small number of the elect, on death, for Christmas Day, and for the Fourth Sunday in Advent, may be perhaps cited as his masterpieces. His funeral oration on King Louis XIV of France is only noted now for the opening sentence: "Dieu seul est grand." (Only God is great.) But, in truth, Massillon is singularly free from inequality. His great literary power, his reputation for benevolence, and his known toleration and dislike of doctrinal disputes caused him to be much more favourably regarded than most churchmen by the philosophers of the 18th century.
The first edition of Massillon's complete works was published by his nephew, also an Oratorian (Paris, 1745–1748), and upon this, in the absence of manuscripts, succeeding reprints were based. The best modern edition is that of the Abbé Blampignon (Paris, 1865–1868, 4 vols.; new ed. 1886).
Works
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jean Baptiste Massillon.
'Sermons from Bishop Jean-Baptist Massillon'.
'Massillon's Sermons for All the Sundays'.
Sentimens d'une Âme touchée de Dieu, tirés des Pseaumes de David; ou, Paraphrase Morale (Frères Estiennes et J. Th. Herissant, Paris 1770 edition) (Google). Psalms I-XXXI.
Massillon, Jean-Baptiste (1879). Sermons by John-Baptist Massillon . Thomas Tegg & Sons.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Massillon.
^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 867.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 867–868.
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 868.
Abbé Blampignon, Massillon, d'après des documents inédits (Paris, 1879)
L'Épiscopat de Massillon d'après des documents inédits, suivi de sa correspondence (Paris, 1884)
F. Brunetière "L'Éloquence de Massillon" in Études critiques (Paris, 1882)
Père Ingold, L'Oratoire et le jansénisme au temps de Massillon (Paris, 1880)
Louis Petit de Julleville's Histoire de la langue et de la littérature française, v. 372-385 (Paris, 1898).
"Jean Baptiste Massillon" (in French). Académie française. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
Dégert, Antoine (1911). "Jean-Baptiste Massillon" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Massillon, Jean-Baptiste (1879). "Life of the Author" . Sermons by John-Baptist Massillon. Thomas Tegg & Sons.
Attribution:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Massillon, Jean Baptiste". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 867–868.
vteAcadémie française seat 4
Jean Desmarets (1634)
Jean-Jacques de Mesmes (1676)
Jean Testu de Mauroy (1688)
Camille Le Tellier (1706)
Jean Baptiste Massillon (1718)
Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini (1742)
Gabriel-Marie Legouvé (1803)
Alexandre-Vincent Pineux Duval (1812)
Pierre-Simon Ballanche (1842)
Jean Vatout (1848)
Alexis Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest (1849)
Pierre-Antoine Berryer (1852)
François-Joseph de Champagny (1869)
Charles de Mazade (1882)
José-Maria de Heredia (1894)
Maurice Barrès (1906)
Louis Bertrand (1925)
Jean Tharaud (1946)
Alphonse Juin (1952)
Pierre Emmanuel (1968)
Jean Hamburger (1985)
Albert Decourtray (1993)
Jean-Marie Lustiger (1995)
Jean-Luc Marion (2008)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massillon, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Massillon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cong. Orat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontaine_Saint-Sulpice_00.JPG"},{"link_name":"Place Saint-Sulpice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Saint-Sulpice"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Clermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Clermont"},{"link_name":"Beauregard-l'Évêque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauregard-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque"}],"text":"For the city in Ohio, see Massillon, Ohio.Massillon, Cong. 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He was made Bishop of Clermont in 1717, and two years later was elected a member of the Académie française. The last years of his life were spent in the faithful discharge of his episcopal duties; his death took place at Clermont on September 18, 1742. Massillon enjoyed in the 18th century a reputation equal to that of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet and of Louis Bourdaloue, and was much praised for his eloquence by Voltaire, D'Alembert and kindred spirits among the Encyclopaedists.[1]Massillon's popularity was probably because in his sermons he lays little stress on dogmatic questions, but treats generally of moral subjects, in which the secrets of the human heart and the processes of man's reason are described with poetical feeling. He has usually been contrasted with his predecessor Bourdaloue, the latter having the credit of vigorous denunciation, Massillon that of gentle persuasiveness. Besides the Petit Carême, a sermon which he delivered before the young King Louis XV of France in 1718, his sermons on the Prodigal Son, on the small number of the elect, on death, for Christmas Day, and for the Fourth Sunday in Advent, may be perhaps cited as his masterpieces. His funeral oration on King Louis XIV of France is only noted now for the opening sentence: \"Dieu seul est grand.\" (Only God is great.) But, in truth, Massillon is singularly free from inequality. His great literary power, his reputation for benevolence, and his known toleration and dislike of doctrinal disputes caused him to be much more favourably regarded than most churchmen by the philosophers of the 18th century.[2]The first edition of Massillon's complete works was published by his nephew, also an Oratorian (Paris, 1745–1748), and upon this, in the absence of manuscripts, succeeding reprints were based. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Magazine | Adventure (magazine) | ["1 The Hoffman era","2 Later years","3 Anthologies","4 References","5 External links"] | American pulp magazine
AdventureCover of the first issue, November 1910Former editorsTrumbull White (1910–1912)
Arthur Sullivant Hoffman (1912–1927)
Joseph Cox (1927)
Anthony Rud (1927–1930)
Albert A. Proctor (1930–1934)
William Corcoran (1934)
Howard V. L. Bloomfield (1934–1940)
Kenneth S. White (1941–1948)
Kendall Goodwyn (1949–1951)
Ejler Jakobsson (1951–1953)
Alden Norton (1954–1964)
Peter Gannett (1965–1970)
Carson Bingham (1970–1971)CategoriesPulp magazineCirculation300,000First issueNovember 1910Final issueNumber1971881 issues
Adventure was an American pulp magazine that was first published in November 1910 by the Ridgway company, a subsidiary of the Butterick Publishing Company. Adventure went on to become one of the most profitable and critically acclaimed of all the American pulp magazines. The magazine had 881 issues. Its first editor was Trumbull White. He was succeeded in 1912 by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman (1876–1966), who edited the magazine until 1927.
The Hoffman era
In its first decade, Adventure carried fiction from such notable writers as Rider Haggard, Rafael Sabatini, Gouverneur Morris, Baroness Orczy, Damon Runyon and William Hope Hodgson. Subsequently, the magazine cultivated its own group of authors (who Hoffman dubbed his "Writers' Brigade"). Each member of the "Writer's Brigade" had his or her own particular fictional bailiwicks. These included Talbot Mundy (colonial India and ancient Rome), T.S. Stribling (detective stories), Arthur O. Friel (South America), brothers Patrick and Terence Casey ("hobo" stories), J. Allan Dunn (the South Seas), Harold Lamb (medieval Europe and Asia), Hapsburg Liebe (Westerns), Gordon Young (South Pacific stories and urban thrillers), Arthur D. Howden Smith (Viking era and US history), H. Bedford-Jones (historical warfare), W.C. Tuttle (humorous Westerns), Gordon MacCreagh (Burma and East Africa), Henry S. Whitehead (the Virgin Islands), Hugh Pendexter (US history), Robert J. Pearsall (China), and L. Patrick Greene (Southern Africa).
In 1912, Hoffman and his assistant, the novelist Sinclair Lewis created a popular identity card with a serial number for readers. If the bearer were killed, someone finding the card would notify the magazine who would in turn notify the next of kin of the hapless adventurer. The popularity of the card amongst travelers led to the formation of the Adventurers' Club of New York. The original New York club led to similar clubs in Chicago (1913), Los Angeles (1921), Copenhagen (1937) and Honolulu (1955).
In 1915 the publishers attempted to reach women readers with a new title (Stories of Life, Love, and Adventure), but it went back to its male readership and original title in 1917.
Hoffman also was secretary of an organization named the "Legion" that had Theodore Roosevelt Jr. as one of its vice presidents. Membership cards of the organization included member's skills and specialties that were forwarded to the War Department when the United States entered World War I, the information being eventually used to create two regiments of aviation mechanics. Hoffman's group would later provide a model for the organization of the American Legion after the war.
Adventure's letters page, "The Camp-Fire" featured Hoffman's editorials, background by the authors to their stories and discussions by the readers. At Hoffman's suggestion, a number of Camp-Fire Stations – locations where other readers of Adventure could meet up – were established. Robert Kenneth Jones notes that Adventure readers "often wrote in to report on meeting new friends through these stations." By 1924, there were Camp-Fire Stations established across the US and in several other countries, including Britain, Australia, Egypt and Cuba. Adventure also offered Camp-Fire buttons which readers wore. Adventure featured several other notable columns, including:
"Ask Adventure" that called on the resources of 98 experts to answer various questions including the status of slavery in Ethiopia, whether Gila monster bites are fatal and the fighting merits of lions and gorillas. Several of Adventure's fiction writers also wrote material for this column on their respective areas of expertise,including Gordon MacCreagh (questions about Asia), Captain A. E. Dingle (Indian and Atlantic Oceans) and George E. Holt (Africa).
"Lost Trails", which helped people locate missing relatives and friends.
"Old Songs Men Have Sung", by Robert W. Gordon, which was dedicated to discussing American folk-songs. Gordon would later run the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress.
Hoffman encouraged the details of his writers' fiction to be as factually accurate as possible-mistakes would frequently be pointed out and criticized by the magazine's readers.
In addition, Adventure under Hoffman also showcased the work of several famous artists, including Rockwell Kent, John R. Neill (who illustrated several Harold Lamb stories), Charles Livingston Bull, H.C. Murphy and Edgar Franklin Wittmack. Under Hoffman's editorship,
Adventure's circulation reached a height of 300,000 copies per month. By 1924, Adventure was regarded, in the words of Richard Bleiler, as "without question the most important 'pulp' magazine in the world."
In 1926, the Butterick company decided to print Adventure on slick paper instead of wood-pulp paper. They also changed the magazine's covers to a text listing of contents. Both of these decisions were done in the hope of winning over readers of the "slick" magazines, such as The Atlantic and Harper's Magazine. However, the magazine's style of fiction did not change, and the new
Adventure failed to win over "slick" magazine readers, instead suffering a twenty percent fall in circulation. Hoffman, unhappy with the change of format, left the magazine in 1927.
Later years
After Hoffman's departure, his successors usually followed the template for the magazine that he had set down. In 1934, Adventure was bought by Popular Publications. Throughout the 1930s, Adventure included fiction by Erle Stanley Gardner, Donald Barr Chidsey, Raymond S. Spears, Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, Luke Short, and Major George Fielding Eliot. Adventure continued to publish factual pieces by noted figures, including future film producer Val Lewton and Venezuelan military writer Rafael de Nogales. In November 1935, editor Howard Bloomfield assembled a special issue to celebrate Adventure's 25th anniversary. This issue featured reminiscences of the magazine's history by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman. The issue also featured reprints of popular Adventure stories by Mundy, Friel, Tuttle and Georges Surdez. The anniversary of the magazine was covered in the media, with Time magazine praising Adventure as being "the No. 1 'pulp'" and Newsweek lauding Adventure as "Dean of the pulps".
During the 1940s, the magazine carried numerous fiction and articles concerned with the ongoing Second World War; writers who contributed to Adventure in this period included E. Hoffmann Price, De Witt Newbury, Jim Kjelgaard and Fredric Brown. Artists on the publication during the 1930s and 1940s included Walter M. Baumhofer, Hubert Rogers, Rafael De Soto, Lawrence Sterne Stevens and Norman Saunders. The magazine's main editor in the 1940s was Kenneth S. White, the son of the magazine's first editor Trumbull White. In April 1953, the pulp changed its format to that of a men's adventure magazine that lasted until the magazine folded in 1971. This final incarnation of Adventure tends not to be highly regarded among magazine historians, with Robert Weinberg referring to it as "a rather mundane slick magazine" and Richard Bleiler stating that by 1960 Adventure had become "a dying embarrassment, printing grainy black and white photos of semi-nude women". Nevertheless, this version of Adventure did sometimes publish fiction by noted authors, including Arthur C. Clarke ("Armaments Race", in the April 1954 issue) and Norman Mailer ("The Paper House" in the December 1958 issue). The final four issues restored the fiction emphasis in a digest format, but that incarnation also folded.
Anthologies
General anthologies from Adventure:
Adventure's Best Stories: 1926. Edited by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman. George H. Doran Company, 1926.
The Best of Adventure, Volume One: 1910–1912. Edited by Doug Ellis. Black Dog Books, 2010.
The Best of Adventure, Volume Two: 1913–1914. Edited by Doug Ellis. Black Dog Books, 2012.
Single author/team collections from Adventure:
Angellotti, Marion Polk. The Black Death. Black Dog Books, 2010.
Beadle, Charles. The City of Baal. Off-Trail Publications, 2006.
Beadle, Charles. The Land of Ophir. Off-Trail Publications, 2012.
Bedford-Jones, H. & W.C. Robertson. The Temple of the Ten. Donald M. Grant, 1973.
Bishop, Farnham & Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. In the Grip of the Minotaur. Black Dog Books, 2010.
Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. The Adventures of Faidit and Cercamon. Altus Press, 2014.
Casey, Patrick & Terence. Hobo Stories. Off-Trail Publications, 2010.
Couzens, H. D. King Corrigan's Treasure. Black Dog Books, 2011.
Dunn, J. Allan. Barehanded Castaways. Murania Press, 2019
Dunn, J. Allan. The Island. Murania Press, 2015
Dunn, J. Allan. Three South Seas Novels. Off-Trail Publications, 2012.
Friel, Arthur O. Amazon Nights: Classic Adventure Tales From the Pulps. Wildside Press, 2005.
Friel, Arthur O.. Black Hawk and Other Tales of the Amazon. Wildside Press, 2010.
Friel, Arthur O.. Amazon Stories: Volumes 1 & 2: Pedro & Lourenço. Off-Trail Publications, 2008 & 2009.
Holt, George E. The Decree of Allah. Black Dog Books, 2010.
Lamb, Harold. Wolf of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2006.
Lamb, Harold. Warriors of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2006.
Lamb, Harold. Riders of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2007.
Lamb, Harold. Swords of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2007.
Lamb, Harold. Swords from the Desert. Bison Books, 2009.
Lamb, Harold. Swords from the West. Bison Books, 2009.
Lamb, Harold. Swords from the East. Bison Books, 2010.
Lamb, Harold. Swords from the Sea. Bison Books, 2010.
MacCreagh, Gordon. The Lost End of Nowhere: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 1. Altus Press, 2014.
MacCreagh, Gordon. Unprofitable Ivory: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 2. Altus Press, 2014.
MacCreagh, Gordon. Black Drums Talking: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 3. Altus Press, 2014.
MacCreagh, Gordon. Blood and Steel: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 4. Altus Press, 2014.
Mundy, Talbot. In a Righteous Cause. Black Dog Books, 2009.
Mundy, Talbot. The Letter of His Orders. Black Dog Books, 2010.
Mundy, Talbot. A Soldier and a Gentleman. Black Dog Books, 2011.
Mundy, Talbot. The Complete Up and Down the Earth Tales. Altus Press, 2018.
Mundy, Talbot. Yasmini the Incomparable. Murania Press, 2019.
Mundy, Talbot. The Complete Anthony of Arran. Steeger Books. 2022
Pearsall, Robert J. The Complete Adventures of Hazard & Partridge. Altus Press, 2013.
Small, Sidney Herschel. Beyond the Call of Duty: The Complete Tales of Koropok, Volume 1. Altus Press, 2015.
Small, Sidney Herschel. The Scorpion Scar: The Complete Tales of Koropok, Volume 2. Altus Press, 2015.
Smith, Arthur D. Howden. Grey Maiden: The Story of a Sword Through the Ages,The Complete Saga. Altus Press, 2014.
Smith, Arthur D. Howden. Swain’s Vengeance : The Saga of Swain the Viking, Volume 1. DMR Books, 2022.
Smith, Arthur D. Howden. Swain’s Chase : The Saga of Swain the Viking, Volume 2. DMR Books, 2022.
Stribling, T. S. Clues of the Caribbees: Being Certain Criminal Investigations of Henry Poggioli, Ph.D. Doubleday, Doran & company, inc. (1929). Reprinted in 1977 by Dover Publications.
Stribling, T. S. Web of the Sun Black Dog Books, 2012.
Young, Gordon. Savages. Murania Press, 2011.
References
^ Sampson, Robert (1991). Yesterday's Faces: Dangerous Horizons. Popular Press, (p. 182).
^ "Adventure Magazine". www.philsp.com.
^ a b c d Robinson, Frank M. & Davidson, Lawrence Pulp Culture – The Art of Fiction Magazines. Collectors Press Inc 2007 (p. 33-48).
^ a b c d "No. 1 Pulp". Time.
^ a b c d e f g h Bleiler, Richard. "A History of Adventure Magazine", in The Index to Adventure Magazine, Borgo Press, 1990 (p. 1-38).
^ "Hoffman, Arthur Sullivant" in Who Was Who In America: VI. Maquis, 1968 (p. 195).
^ Ellis, Peter Beresford. The Last Adventurer: the Life of Talbot Mundy, 1879–1940. Donald M. Grant, 1984 (p.75).
^ Sampson, Robert. Yesterday's Faces: Dangerous Horizons. Popular Press, 1991, (p. 18).
^ Server,Lee. Danger is My Business: An Illustrated History of the Fabulous Pulp Magazines. Chronicle Books, 1993.
^ Jones, Robert Kenneth. The Lure of Adventure. Starmont House, 1989 ISBN 1-55742-143-9 (p. 9-11)
^ "Fielding's DangerFinder – Adventure Clubs". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
^ a b "ADVENTURE Magazine Profile". www.magazineart.org.
^ Moley, Raymond. The American Legion Story, Greenwood Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8371-7194-4 (p.58).
^ a b Jones, Robert Kenneth. The Lure of Adventure. Starmont House, 1989 (p.9-11)
^ Brunvand, Jan Harold. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis, 1998 (p.337).
^ Sampson, 1991 (p. 27-8)
^ a b c Ashley,Mike "Adventure", in Cult Magazines: A to Z edited by Earl Kemp and Luis Ortiz. NonStop Press, 2009 (pp. 9–12).
^ Ashley lists Lewton's Adventure articles as "Kavkar, Grandaddy of Polo", (February 1, 1930), and "Gauntlet Swords" (June 1, 1931).
^ "Adventure Contents Listings". Galactic Central. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
^ a b Ed Hulse, "Adventure: Assembling the 25th Anniversary Issue", in Pride of the Pulps, edited by Hulse. Murania Press, Morris Plains, New Jersey, 2017, ISBN 978-1546819264. (pp. 35-43).
^ "Adventure: Dean of the pulps celebrates its Silver Jubilee". Newsweek, October 26, 1935.
^ "Login". Facebook.
^ Weinberg, Robert. "Introduction" to Swords from the West by Harold Lamb. Bison Books, 2009. (p. xiii).
External links
Media related to Adventure (magazine) at Wikimedia Commons
Adventure Magazine: America's No. 1 Pulp at the Pulp Magazines Project
Adventure Magazine Archived 2017-09-14 at the Wayback Machine Article at the "Newsstand: 1925" website
Cover archive at Galactic Central
Adventure Magazine series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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Friel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Friel"},{"link_name":"hobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo"},{"link_name":"J. Allan Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allan_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Harold Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Hapsburg Liebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapsburg_Liebe"},{"link_name":"Gordon Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Young_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur D. Howden Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Howden_Smith"},{"link_name":"H. Bedford-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bedford-Jones"},{"link_name":"W.C. Tuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.C._Tuttle"},{"link_name":"Gordon MacCreagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_MacCreagh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Henry S. Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Hugh Pendexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Pendexter"},{"link_name":"L. Patrick Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Patrick_Greene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis"},{"link_name":"adventurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurer"},{"link_name":"Adventurers' Club of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventurers%27_Club_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-12"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr."},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkj-14"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gila monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_monster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-4"},{"link_name":"Gordon MacCreagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_MacCreagh"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"A. E. Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Dingle"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Oceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceans"},{"link_name":"George E. Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Holt"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkj-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Winslow_Gordon"},{"link_name":"folk-songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk-songs"},{"link_name":"Archive of American Folk Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_of_American_Folk_Song"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Kent"},{"link_name":"John R. Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Neill"},{"link_name":"Charles Livingston Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Livingston_Bull"},{"link_name":"Edgar Franklin Wittmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Franklin_Wittmack"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cm-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Bleiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bleiler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_(magazine_format)"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"}],"text":"In its first decade, Adventure carried fiction from such notable writers as Rider Haggard, Rafael Sabatini, Gouverneur Morris, Baroness Orczy, Damon Runyon and William Hope Hodgson.[7] Subsequently, the magazine cultivated its own group of authors (who Hoffman dubbed his \"Writers' Brigade\"). Each member of the \"Writer's Brigade\" had his or her own particular fictional bailiwicks. These included Talbot Mundy (colonial India and ancient Rome), T.S. Stribling (detective stories), Arthur O. Friel (South America), brothers Patrick and Terence Casey (\"hobo\" stories), J. Allan Dunn (the South Seas), Harold Lamb (medieval Europe and Asia), Hapsburg Liebe (Westerns), Gordon Young (South Pacific stories and urban thrillers),[8] Arthur D. Howden Smith (Viking era and US history), H. Bedford-Jones (historical warfare), W.C. Tuttle (humorous Westerns), Gordon MacCreagh (Burma and East Africa),[9] Henry S. Whitehead (the Virgin Islands), Hugh Pendexter (US history), Robert J. Pearsall (China), and L. Patrick Greene (Southern Africa).[10]In 1912, Hoffman and his assistant, the novelist Sinclair Lewis created a popular identity card with a serial number for readers. If the bearer were killed, someone finding the card would notify the magazine who would in turn notify the next of kin of the hapless adventurer. The popularity of the card amongst travelers led to the formation of the Adventurers' Club of New York.[3] The original New York club led to similar clubs in Chicago (1913), Los Angeles (1921), Copenhagen (1937) and Honolulu (1955).[11]In 1915 the publishers attempted to reach women readers with a new title (Stories of Life, Love, and Adventure), but it went back to its male readership and original title in 1917.[12]Hoffman also was secretary of an organization named the \"Legion\" that had Theodore Roosevelt Jr. as one of its vice presidents. Membership cards of the organization included member's skills and specialties that were forwarded to the War Department when the United States entered World War I, the information being eventually used to create two regiments of aviation mechanics.[3] Hoffman's group would later provide a model for the organization of the American Legion after the war.[13]Adventure's letters page, \"The Camp-Fire\" featured Hoffman's editorials, background by the authors to their stories and discussions by the readers. At Hoffman's suggestion, a number of Camp-Fire Stations – locations where other readers of Adventure could meet up – were established. Robert Kenneth Jones notes that Adventure readers \"often wrote in to report on meeting new friends through these stations.\" By 1924, there were Camp-Fire Stations established across the US and in several other countries, including Britain, Australia, Egypt and Cuba. Adventure also offered Camp-Fire buttons which readers wore.[14] Adventure featured several other notable columns, including:\"Ask Adventure\" that called on the resources of 98 experts to answer various questions including the status of slavery in Ethiopia, whether Gila monster bites are fatal and the fighting merits of lions and gorillas.[4] Several of Adventure's fiction writers also wrote material for this column on their respective areas of expertise,including Gordon MacCreagh (questions about Asia), Captain A. E. Dingle (Indian and Atlantic Oceans) and George E. Holt (Africa).[14]\n\"Lost Trails\", which helped people locate missing relatives and friends.[3]\n\"Old Songs Men Have Sung\", by Robert W. Gordon, which was dedicated to discussing American folk-songs. Gordon would later run the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress.[15]Hoffman encouraged the details of his writers' fiction to be as factually accurate as possible-mistakes would frequently be pointed out and criticized by the magazine's readers.[16]In addition, Adventure under Hoffman also showcased the work of several famous artists, including Rockwell Kent, John R. Neill (who illustrated several Harold Lamb stories), Charles Livingston Bull, H.C. Murphy and Edgar Franklin Wittmack.[17] Under Hoffman's editorship,\nAdventure's circulation reached a height of 300,000 copies per month.[4] By 1924, Adventure was regarded, in the words of Richard Bleiler, as \"without question the most important 'pulp' magazine in the world.\"[5]In 1926, the Butterick company decided to print Adventure on slick paper instead of wood-pulp paper. They also changed the magazine's covers to a text listing of contents. Both of these decisions were done in the hope of winning over readers of the \"slick\" magazines, such as The Atlantic and Harper's Magazine.[5] However, the magazine's style of fiction did not change, and the new\nAdventure failed to win over \"slick\" magazine readers, instead suffering a twenty percent fall in circulation. Hoffman, unhappy with the change of format, left the magazine in 1927.[5]","title":"The Hoffman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popular Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Publications"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"Erle Stanley Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Donald Barr Chidsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Barr_Chidsey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cm-17"},{"link_name":"Raymond S. Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_S._Spears"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Wheeler-Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Luke Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Short_(writer)"},{"link_name":"George Fielding Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fielding_Eliot"},{"link_name":"Val Lewton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Lewton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rafael de Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_de_Nogales_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-20"},{"link_name":"Georges Surdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Surdez"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eh-20"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-4"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"E. Hoffmann Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Hoffmann_Price"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Jim Kjelgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kjelgaard"},{"link_name":"Fredric Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Brown"},{"link_name":"Walter M. Baumhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_M._Baumhofer"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Sterne Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Sterne_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Norman Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Saunders"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cm-17"},{"link_name":"Kenneth S. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._White"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"men's adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_adventure"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(author)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Armaments Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaments_Race"},{"link_name":"Norman Mailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mailer"},{"link_name":"The Paper House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Short_Fiction_of_Norman_Mailer#The_Paper_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"}],"text":"After Hoffman's departure, his successors usually followed the template for the magazine that he had set down. In 1934, Adventure was bought by Popular Publications.[5] Throughout the 1930s, Adventure included fiction by Erle Stanley Gardner, Donald Barr Chidsey,[17] Raymond S. Spears, Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, Luke Short, and Major George Fielding Eliot. Adventure continued to publish factual pieces by noted figures, including future film producer Val Lewton[18] and Venezuelan military writer Rafael de Nogales.[19] In November 1935, editor Howard Bloomfield assembled a special issue to celebrate Adventure's 25th anniversary. This issue featured reminiscences of the magazine's history by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman.[20] The issue also featured reprints of popular Adventure stories by Mundy, Friel, Tuttle and Georges Surdez.[20] The anniversary of the magazine was covered in the media, with Time magazine praising Adventure as being \"the No. 1 'pulp'\"[4] and Newsweek lauding Adventure as \"Dean of the pulps\".[21]During the 1940s, the magazine carried numerous fiction and articles concerned with the ongoing Second World War; writers who contributed to Adventure in this period included E. Hoffmann Price, De Witt Newbury,[22] Jim Kjelgaard and Fredric Brown. Artists on the publication during the 1930s and 1940s included Walter M. Baumhofer, Hubert Rogers, Rafael De Soto, Lawrence Sterne Stevens and Norman Saunders.[17] The magazine's main editor in the 1940s was Kenneth S. White, the son of the magazine's first editor Trumbull White.[5] In April 1953, the pulp changed its format to that of a men's adventure magazine that lasted until the magazine folded in 1971.[12] This final incarnation of Adventure tends not to be highly regarded among magazine historians, with Robert Weinberg referring to it as \"a rather mundane slick magazine\"[23] and Richard Bleiler stating that by 1960 Adventure had become \"a dying embarrassment, printing grainy black and white photos of semi-nude women\".[5] Nevertheless, this version of Adventure did sometimes publish fiction by noted authors, including Arthur C. Clarke (\"Armaments Race\", in the April 1954 issue) and Norman Mailer (\"The Paper House\" in the December 1958 issue).[5] The final four issues restored the fiction emphasis in a digest format, but that incarnation also folded.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivant Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivant_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"George H. Doran Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Doran_Company"},{"link_name":"Black Dog Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_Books_(US)"},{"link_name":"Angellotti, Marion Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Polk_Angellotti"},{"link_name":"Beadle, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beadle"},{"link_name":"Beadle, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beadle"},{"link_name":"Bedford-Jones, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bedford-Jones"},{"link_name":"Donald M. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_M._Grant,_Publisher,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gilchrist_Brodeur"},{"link_name":"Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gilchrist_Brodeur"},{"link_name":"Altus Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altus_Press"},{"link_name":"Couzens, H. D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._D._Couzens"},{"link_name":"Dunn, J. Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allan_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Friel, Arthur O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Friel"},{"link_name":"Holt, George E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Holt"},{"link_name":"Lamb, Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"Bison Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Books"},{"link_name":"MacCreagh, Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_MacCreagh"},{"link_name":"Mundy, Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Mundy"},{"link_name":"Smith, Arthur D. Howden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Howden_Smith"},{"link_name":"DMR Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMR_Books"},{"link_name":"Stribling, T. S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling"},{"link_name":"Doubleday, Doran & company, inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"Young, Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Young_(writer)"}],"text":"General anthologies from Adventure:Adventure's Best Stories: 1926. Edited by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman. George H. Doran Company, 1926.\nThe Best of Adventure, Volume One: 1910–1912. Edited by Doug Ellis. Black Dog Books, 2010.\nThe Best of Adventure, Volume Two: 1913–1914. Edited by Doug Ellis. Black Dog Books, 2012.Single author/team collections from Adventure:Angellotti, Marion Polk. The Black Death. Black Dog Books, 2010.\nBeadle, Charles. The City of Baal. Off-Trail Publications, 2006.\nBeadle, Charles. The Land of Ophir. Off-Trail Publications, 2012.\nBedford-Jones, H. & W.C. Robertson. The Temple of the Ten. Donald M. Grant, 1973.\nBishop, Farnham & Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. In the Grip of the Minotaur. Black Dog Books, 2010.\nBrodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. The Adventures of Faidit and Cercamon. Altus Press, 2014.\nCasey, Patrick & Terence. Hobo Stories. Off-Trail Publications, 2010.\nCouzens, H. D. King Corrigan's Treasure. Black Dog Books, 2011.\nDunn, J. Allan. Barehanded Castaways. Murania Press, 2019\nDunn, J. Allan. The Island. Murania Press, 2015\nDunn, J. Allan. Three South Seas Novels. Off-Trail Publications, 2012.\nFriel, Arthur O. Amazon Nights: Classic Adventure Tales From the Pulps. Wildside Press, 2005.\nFriel, Arthur O.. Black Hawk and Other Tales of the Amazon. Wildside Press, 2010.\nFriel, Arthur O.. Amazon Stories: Volumes 1 & 2: Pedro & Lourenço. Off-Trail Publications, 2008 & 2009.\nHolt, George E. The Decree of Allah. Black Dog Books, 2010.\nLamb, Harold. Wolf of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2006.\nLamb, Harold. Warriors of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2006.\nLamb, Harold. Riders of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2007.\nLamb, Harold. Swords of the Steppes. Bison Books, 2007.\nLamb, Harold. Swords from the Desert. Bison Books, 2009.\nLamb, Harold. Swords from the West. Bison Books, 2009.\nLamb, Harold. Swords from the East. Bison Books, 2010.\nLamb, Harold. Swords from the Sea. Bison Books, 2010.\nMacCreagh, Gordon. The Lost End of Nowhere: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 1. Altus Press, 2014.\nMacCreagh, Gordon. Unprofitable Ivory: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 2. Altus Press, 2014.\nMacCreagh, Gordon. Black Drums Talking: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 3. Altus Press, 2014.\nMacCreagh, Gordon. Blood and Steel: The Complete Tales of Kingi Bwana, Volume 4. Altus Press, 2014.\nMundy, Talbot. In a Righteous Cause. Black Dog Books, 2009.\nMundy, Talbot. The Letter of His Orders. Black Dog Books, 2010.\nMundy, Talbot. A Soldier and a Gentleman. Black Dog Books, 2011.\nMundy, Talbot. The Complete Up and Down the Earth Tales. Altus Press, 2018.\nMundy, Talbot. Yasmini the Incomparable. Murania Press, 2019.\nMundy, Talbot. The Complete Anthony of Arran. Steeger Books. 2022\nPearsall, Robert J. The Complete Adventures of Hazard & Partridge. Altus Press, 2013.\nSmall, Sidney Herschel. Beyond the Call of Duty: The Complete Tales of Koropok, Volume 1. Altus Press, 2015.\nSmall, Sidney Herschel. The Scorpion Scar: The Complete Tales of Koropok, Volume 2. Altus Press, 2015.\nSmith, Arthur D. Howden. Grey Maiden: The Story of a Sword Through the Ages,The Complete Saga. Altus Press, 2014.\nSmith, Arthur D. Howden. Swain’s Vengeance : The Saga of Swain the Viking, Volume 1. DMR Books, 2022.\nSmith, Arthur D. Howden. Swain’s Chase : The Saga of Swain the Viking, Volume 2. DMR Books, 2022.\nStribling, T. S. Clues of the Caribbees: Being Certain Criminal Investigations of Henry Poggioli, Ph.D. Doubleday, Doran & company, inc. (1929). Reprinted in 1977 by Dover Publications.\nStribling, T. S. Web of the Sun Black Dog Books, 2012.\nYoung, Gordon. Savages. Murania Press, 2011.","title":"Anthologies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Adventure Magazine\". www.philsp.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philsp.com/articles/magazines/adventure.html","url_text":"\"Adventure Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fielding's DangerFinder – Adventure Clubs\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064709/http://www.comebackalive.com/df/advclubs.htm","url_text":"\"Fielding's DangerFinder – Adventure Clubs\""},{"url":"http://www.comebackalive.com/df/advclubs.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ADVENTURE Magazine Profile\". www.magazineart.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magazineart.org/magazines/a/adventure.html","url_text":"\"ADVENTURE Magazine Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adventure Contents Listings\". Galactic Central. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philsp.com/homeville/GFI/link.asp?magid=ADV","url_text":"\"Adventure Contents Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Login\". Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRobertEHowardDays%2F%3Fp%3D1865","url_text":"\"Login\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.philsp.com/articles/magazines/adventure.html","external_links_name":"\"Adventure Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111222065648/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755214,00.html","external_links_name":"\"No. 1 Pulp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927064709/http://www.comebackalive.com/df/advclubs.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fielding's DangerFinder – Adventure Clubs\""},{"Link":"http://www.comebackalive.com/df/advclubs.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.magazineart.org/magazines/a/adventure.html","external_links_name":"\"ADVENTURE Magazine Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.philsp.com/homeville/GFI/link.asp?magid=ADV","external_links_name":"\"Adventure Contents Listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRobertEHowardDays%2F%3Fp%3D1865","external_links_name":"\"Login\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulpmags.org/content/info/adventure.html","external_links_name":"Adventure Magazine: America's No. 1 Pulp"},{"Link":"http://uwf.edu/dearle/enewsstand/enewsstand_files/Page2834.htm","external_links_name":"Adventure Magazine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170914224536/http://uwf.edu/dearle/enewsstand/enewsstand_files/Page2834.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.philsp.com/mags/adventure.html","external_links_name":"Cover archive at Galactic Central"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?25936","external_links_name":"Adventure Magazine"},{"Link":"http://www.philsp.com/articles/magazines/adventure.html","external_links_name":"Long history by Richard Bleiler"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carbolines | β-Carboline | ["1 Pharmacology","1.1 Explorative human studies for the medical use of β-carbolines","2 Structure","3 Examples of β-carbolines","4 Natural occurrence","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Chemical compound also known as norharmane
β-Carboline
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
9H-Pyridoindole
Other names
NorharmaneNorharman9H-β-Carboline
Identifiers
CAS Number
244-63-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference
128414
ChEBI
CHEBI:109895 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL275224 Y
ChemSpider
58486 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.005.418
EC Number
205-959-0
IUPHAR/BPS
8222
KEGG
C20157
MeSH
norharman
PubChem CID
64961
UNII
94HMA1I78O Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID2021070
InChI
InChI=1S/C11H8N2/c1-2-4-10-8(3-1)9-5-6-12-7-11(9)13-10/h1-7,13H YKey: AIFRHYZBTHREPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C11H8N2/c1-2-4-10-8(3-1)9-5-6-12-7-11(9)13-10/h1-7,13HKey: AIFRHYZBTHREPW-UHFFFAOYAG
SMILES
c1ccc3c(c1)c2cnccc23
Properties
Chemical formula
C11H8N2
Molar mass
168.20 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
β-Carboline (9H-pyridoindole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective substituent. Natural β-carbolines primarily influence brain functions but can also exhibit antioxidant effects. Synthetically designed β-carboline derivatives have recently been shown to have neuroprotective, cognitive enhancing and anti-cancer properties.
Pharmacology
The pharmacological effects of specific β-carbolines are dependent on their substituents. For example, the natural β-carboline harmine has substituents on position 7 and 1. Thereby, it acts as a selective inhibitor of the DYRK1A protein kinase, a molecule necessary for neurodevelopment. It also exhibits various antidepressant-like effects in rats by interacting with serotonin receptor 2A. Furthermore, it increases levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampus. A decreased BDNF level has been associated with major depression in humans. The antidepressant effect of harmine might also be due to its function as a MAO-A inhibitor by reducing the breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline.
A synthetic derivative, 9-methyl-β-carboline, has shown neuroprotective effects including increased expression of neurotrophic factors and enhanced respiratory chain activity. This derivative has also been shown to enhance cognitive function, increase dopaminergic neuron count and facilitate synaptic and dendritic proliferation. It also exhibited therapeutic effects in animal models for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative processes.
However, β-carbolines with substituents in position 3 reduce the effect of benzodiazepine on GABA-A receptors and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects. Moreover, 3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline blocks the sleep-promoting effect of flurazepam in rodents and - by itself - can decrease sleep in a dose-dependent manner. Another derivative, methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate, stimulates learning and memory at low doses but can promote anxiety and convulsions at high doses. With modification in position 9 similar positive effects have been observed for learning and memory without promotion of anxiety or convulsion.
β-carboline derivatives also enhance the production of the antibiotic reveromycin A in soil dwelling "Streptomyces" species. Specifically, expression of biosynthetic genes is facilitated by binding of the β-carboline to a large ATP-binding regulator of the LuxR family.
Also Lactobacillus spp. secretes a β-carboline (1-acetyl-β-carboline) preventing the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans to change to a more virulent growth form (yeast-to-filament transition). Thereby, β-carboline reverses imbalances in the microbiome composition causing pathologies ranging from vaginal candidiasis to fungal sepsis.
Since β-carbolines also interact with various cancer-related molecules such as DNA, enzymes (GPX4, kinases, etc.) and proteins (ABCG2/BRCP1, etc.), they are also discussed as potential anticancer agents.
Explorative human studies for the medical use of β-carbolines
The extract of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi has been used by the tribes of the Amazon as an entheogen and was described as a hallucinogen in the middle of the 19th century. In early 20th century, European pharmacists identified harmine as the active substance. This discovery stimulated the interest to further investigate its potential as a medicine. For example, Louis Lewin, a prominent pharmacologist, demonstrated a dramatic benefit in neurological impairments after injections of B. caapi in patients with postencephalitic Parkinsonism. By 1930, it was generally agreed that hypokinesia, drooling, mood, and sometimes rigidity improved by treatment with harmine. Altogether, 25 studies had been published in the 1920s and 1930s about patients with Parkinson's disease and postencephalitic Parkinsonism. The pharmacological effects of harmine have been attributed mainly to its central monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory properties. In-vivo and rodent studies have shown that extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi and also Peganum harmala lead to striatal dopamine release. Furthermore, harmine supports the survival of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-treated mice. Since harmine also antagonizes N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, some researchers speculatively attributed the rapid improvement in patients with Parkinson's disease to these antiglutamatergic effects. However, the advent of synthetic anticholinergic drugs at that time led to the total abandonment of harmine.
Structure
β-Carbolines belong to the group of indole alkaloids and consist of a pyridine ring that is fused to an indole skeleton. The structure of β-carboline is similar to that of tryptamine, with the ethylamine chain re-connected to the indole ring via an extra carbon atom, to produce a three-ringed structure. The biosynthesis of β-carbolines is believed to follow this route from analogous tryptamines. Different levels of saturation are possible in the third ring which is indicated here in the structural formula by coloring the optionally double bonds red and blue:
Substituted beta-carbolines (structural formula)
Examples of β-carbolines
Some of the more important β-carbolines are tabulated by structure below. Their structures may contain the aforementioned bonds marked by red or blue.
Short Name
R1
R6
R7
R9
Structure
β-Carboline
H
H
H
H
Pinoline
H
OCH3
H
H
Harmane
CH3
H
H
H
Harmine
CH3
H
OCH3
H
Harmaline
CH3
H
OCH3
H
Harmalol
CH3
H
OH
H
Tetrahydroharmine
CH3
H
OCH3
H
9-Methyl-β-carboline
H
H
H
CH3
3-Carboxy-Tetrahydrononharman
H / CH3 / COOH
H
H
H
Natural occurrence
A Paruroctonus scorpion fluorescing under a blacklight
β-Carboline alkaloids are widespread in prokaryotes, plants and animals. Some β-carbolines, notably tetrahydro-β-carbolines, may be formed naturally in plants and the human body with tryptophan, serotonin and tryptamine as precursors.
Altogether, eight plant families are known to express 64 different kinds of β-carboline alkaloids. For example, the β-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine are components of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi and play a pivotal role in the pharmacology of the indigenous psychedelic drug ayahuasca. Moreover, the seeds of Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) contain between 0.16% and 5.9% β-carboline alkaloids (by dry weight).
A specific group of β-carboline derivatives, termed eudistomins, were extracted from ascidians (marine tunicates of the family Ascidiacea) such as Ritterella sigillinoides, Lissoclinum fragile or Pseudodistoma aureum.
Nostocarboline was isolated from freshwater cyanobacterium.
The fully aromatic β-carbolines also occur in many foodstuffs, however in lower concentrations. The highest amounts have been detected in brewed coffee, raisins, well done fish and meats. Smoking is another source of fully aromatic β-carbolines with levels up to thousands of μg per smoker each day.
β-Carbolines have also been found in the cuticle of scorpions, causing their skin to fluoresce upon exposed to ultraviolet light at certain wavelengths (e.g. blacklight).
See also
Gamma-carboline
Harmala alkaloid
Oxopropaline
Tryptamine
References
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^ Panthee S, Kito N, Hayashi T, Shimizu T, Ishikawa J, Hamamoto H, et al. (June 2020). "β-carboline chemical signals induce reveromycin production through a LuxR family regulator in Streptomyces sp. SN-593". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10230. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010230P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66974-y. PMC 7311520. PMID 32576869.
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External links
Beta-Carbolines at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
TiHKAL #44
TiHKAL in general
Beta-carbolines in coffee
Farzin D, Mansouri N (July 2006). "Antidepressant-like effect of harmane and other beta-carbolines in the mouse forced swim test". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (5): 324–328. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.08.005. PMID 16183262. S2CID 54410407.
vteGABA receptor modulatorsIonotropicGABAATooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor
Agonists: (+)-Catechin
Bamaluzole
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
Beta-Alanine
BL-1020
DAVA
Dihydromuscimol
GABA
Gabamide
GABOB
Gaboxadol (THIP)
Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
Ibotenic acid
iso-THAZ
iso-THIP
Isoguvacine
Isomuscimol
Isonipecotic acid
Kojic amine
L-838,417
Lignans (e.g., honokiol)
Methylglyoxal
Monastrol
Muscimol
Nefiracetam
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone)
Org 20599
PF-6372865
Phenibut
Picamilon
P4S
Progabide
Propofol
Quisqualamine
SL-75102
Taurine
TACA
TAMP
Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
Thiomuscimol
Tolgabide
ZAPA
Positive modulators (abridged; see here for a full list): α-EMTBL
Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B)
Anabolic steroids
Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)
Bromide compounds (e.g., potassium bromide)
Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate)
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Dihydroergolines (e.g., ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid)
Flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, hispidulin)
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Imidazoles (e.g., etomidate)
Kava constituents (e.g., kavain)
Lanthanum
Loreclezole
Monastrol
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone, cholesterol, THDOC)
Niacin
Niacinamide
Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., β-carbolines (e.g., abecarnil), cyclopyrrolones (e.g., zopiclone), imidazopyridines (e.g., zolpidem), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., zaleplon))
Norfluoxetine
Petrichloral
Phenols (e.g., propofol)
Phenytoin
Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide)
Propanidid
Pyrazolopyridines (e.g., etazolate)
Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone)
Retigabine (ezogabine)
ROD-188
Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal))
Topiramate
Valerian constituents (e.g., valerenic acid)
Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, diethyl ether, paraldehyde, sevoflurane)
Antagonists: Bicuculline
Coriamyrtin
Dihydrosecurinine
Gabazine (SR-95531)
Hydrastine
Hyenachin (mellitoxin)
PHP-501
Pitrazepin
Securinine
Sinomenine
SR-42641
SR-95103
Thiocolchicoside
Tutin
Negative modulators: 1,3M1B
3M2B
11-Ketoprogesterone
17-Phenylandrostenol
α3IA
α5IA (LS-193,268)
β-CCB
β-CCE
β-CCM
β-CCP
β-EMGBL
Anabolic steroids
Amiloride
Anisatin
β-Lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
Basmisanil
Bemegride
Bicyclic phosphates (TBPS, TBPO, IPTBO)
BIDN
Bilobalide
Bupropion
CHEB
Chlorophenylsilatrane
Cicutoxin
Cloflubicyne
Cyclothiazide
DHEA
DHEA-S
Dieldrin
(+)-DMBB
DMCM
DMPC
EBOB
Etbicyphat
FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
Fiproles (e.g., fipronil)
Flavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, oroxylin A)
Flumazenil
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
Flurothyl
Furosemide
Golexanolone
Iomazenil (123I)
IPTBO
Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
L-655,708
Laudanosine
Lindane
MaxiPost
Morphine
Morphine-3-glucuronide
MRK-016
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Nicardipine
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g., apalutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide)
Oenanthotoxin
Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)
Phenylsilatrane
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin, picrotoxinin and dihydropicrotoxinin)
Pregnenolone sulfate
Propybicyphat
PWZ-029
Radequinil
Ro 15-4513
Ro 19-4603
RO4882224
RO4938581
Sarmazenil
SCS
Suritozole
TB-21007
TBOB
TBPS
TCS-1105
Terbequinil
TETS
Thujone
U-93631
Zinc
ZK-93426
GABAA-ρTooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor
Agonists: BL-1020
CACA
CAMP
Homohypotaurine
GABA
GABOB
Ibotenic acid
Isoguvacine
Muscimol
N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
Picamilon
Progabide
TACA
TAMP
Thiomuscimol
Tolgabide
Positive modulators: Allopregnanolone
Alphaxolone
ATHDOC
Lanthanides
Antagonists: (S)-2-MeGABA
(S)-4-ACPBPA
(S)-4-ACPCA
2-MeTACA
3-APMPA
4-ACPAM
4-GBA
cis-3-ACPBPA
CGP-36742 (SGS-742)
DAVA
Gabazine (SR-95531)
Gaboxadol (THIP)
I4AA
Isonipecotic acid
Loreclezole
P4MPA
P4S
SKF-97541
SR-95318
SR-95813
TPMPA
trans-3-ACPBPA
ZAPA
Negative modulators: 5α-Dihydroprogesterone
Bilobalide
Loreclezole
Picrotoxin (picrotin, picrotoxinin)
Pregnanolone
ROD-188
THDOC
Zinc
MetabotropicGABABTooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor
Agonists: 1,4-Butanediol
3-APPA
4-Fluorophenibut
Aceburic acid
Arbaclofen
Arbaclofen placarbil
Baclofen
BL-1020
GABA
Gabamide
GABOB
GBL
GHB
GHBAL
GHV
GVL
Isovaline
Lesogaberan
Phenibut
Picamilon
Progabide
Sodium oxybate
SKF-97,541
SL 75102
Tolgabide
Tolibut
Positive modulators: ADX-71441
BHF-177
BHFF
BSPP
CGP-7930
CGP-13501
GS-39783
rac-BHFF
KK-92A
Antagonists: 2-Hydroxysaclofen
CGP-35348
CGP-46381
CGP-52432
CGP-54626
CGP-55845
CGP-64213
DAVA
Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
Phaclofen
Saclofen
SCH-50911
SKF-97541
Negative modulators: Compound 14
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
GABAA receptor positive modulators
GABA metabolism/transport modulators | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pyrido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine"},{"link_name":"indole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"substituent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"brain functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_functions"},{"link_name":"antioxidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"neuroprotective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cognitive enhancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroenhancement"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%CE%B2-Carbolines_as_potential_anticance-3"}],"text":"Chemical compoundβ-Carboline (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective substituent. Natural β-carbolines primarily influence brain functions but can also exhibit antioxidant[1] effects. Synthetically designed β-carboline derivatives have recently been shown to have neuroprotective,[2] cognitive enhancing and anti-cancer properties.[3]","title":"β-Carboline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"substituents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"harmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmine"},{"link_name":"inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"DYRK1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYRK1A"},{"link_name":"protein kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"neurodevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"antidepressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant"},{"link_name":"serotonin receptor 2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_2A_receptor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"brain-derived neurotrophic factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor"},{"link_name":"BDNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"MAO-A inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"noradrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenaline"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"9-methyl-β-carboline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Methyl-%CE%B2-carboline"},{"link_name":"neuroprotective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotection"},{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"neurotrophic factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic_factors"},{"link_name":"respiratory chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_chain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"cognitive function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_function"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9-Methyl-%CE%B2-carboline-induced_cognit-12"},{"link_name":"dopaminergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic"},{"link_name":"synaptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"dendritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"neurodegenerative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"GABA-A receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor"},{"link_name":"convulsive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsion"},{"link_name":"anxiogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiogenic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"flurazepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flurazepam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"doses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9-Methyl-%CE%B2-carboline-induced_cognit-12"},{"link_name":"antibiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"Streptomyces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"biosynthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"LuxR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LuxR-type_DNA-binding_HTH_domain"},{"link_name":"Lactobacillus spp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus"},{"link_name":"Candida albicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans"},{"link_name":"virulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence"},{"link_name":"microbiome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome"},{"link_name":"pathologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"vaginal candidiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"GPX4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPX4"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"ABCG2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCG2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%CE%B2-Carbolines_as_potential_anticance-3"}],"text":"The pharmacological effects of specific β-carbolines are dependent on their substituents. For example, the natural β-carboline harmine has substituents on position 7 and 1. Thereby, it acts as a selective inhibitor of the DYRK1A protein kinase, a molecule necessary for neurodevelopment.[4][5] It also exhibits various antidepressant-like effects in rats by interacting with serotonin receptor 2A.[6][7] Furthermore, it increases levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampus.[7][8] A decreased BDNF level has been associated with major depression in humans. The antidepressant effect of harmine might also be due to its function as a MAO-A inhibitor by reducing the breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline.[8][9]A synthetic derivative, 9-methyl-β-carboline, has shown neuroprotective effects including increased expression of neurotrophic factors and enhanced respiratory chain activity.[10][11] This derivative has also been shown to enhance cognitive function,[12] increase dopaminergic neuron count and facilitate synaptic and dendritic proliferation.[13][14] It also exhibited therapeutic effects in animal models for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative processes.[11]However, β-carbolines with substituents in position 3 reduce the effect of benzodiazepine on GABA-A receptors and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects.[15] Moreover, 3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline blocks the sleep-promoting effect of flurazepam in rodents and - by itself - can decrease sleep in a dose-dependent manner.[16] Another derivative, methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate, stimulates learning and memory at low doses but can promote anxiety and convulsions at high doses.[15] With modification in position 9 similar positive effects have been observed for learning and memory without promotion of anxiety or convulsion.[12]β-carboline derivatives also enhance the production of the antibiotic reveromycin A in soil dwelling \"Streptomyces\" species.[17][18] Specifically, expression of biosynthetic genes is facilitated by binding of the β-carboline to a large ATP-binding regulator of the LuxR family.Also Lactobacillus spp. secretes a β-carboline (1-acetyl-β-carboline) preventing the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans to change to a more virulent growth form (yeast-to-filament transition). Thereby, β-carboline reverses imbalances in the microbiome composition causing pathologies ranging from vaginal candidiasis to fungal sepsis.[19]Since β-carbolines also interact with various cancer-related molecules such as DNA, enzymes (GPX4, kinases, etc.) and proteins (ABCG2/BRCP1, etc.), they are also discussed as potential anticancer agents.[3]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana"},{"link_name":"Banisteriopsis caapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banisteriopsis_caapi"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest"},{"link_name":"entheogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen"},{"link_name":"hallucinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"harmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Louis Lewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lewin"},{"link_name":"postencephalitic Parkinsonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"hypokinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinesia"},{"link_name":"drooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drooling"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"monoamine oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase"},{"link_name":"In-vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo"},{"link_name":"Peganum harmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peganum_harmala"},{"link_name":"striatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"MPTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPTP"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"antagonizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_(drug)"},{"link_name":"N-methyl-d-aspartate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"}],"sub_title":"Explorative human studies for the medical use of β-carbolines","text":"The extract of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi has been used by the tribes of the Amazon as an entheogen and was described as a hallucinogen in the middle of the 19th century.[20] In early 20th century, European pharmacists identified harmine as the active substance.[21] This discovery stimulated the interest to further investigate its potential as a medicine. For example, Louis Lewin, a prominent pharmacologist, demonstrated a dramatic benefit in neurological impairments after injections of B. caapi in patients with postencephalitic Parkinsonism.[20] By 1930, it was generally agreed that hypokinesia, drooling, mood, and sometimes rigidity improved by treatment with harmine. Altogether, 25 studies had been published in the 1920s and 1930s about patients with Parkinson's disease and postencephalitic Parkinsonism. The pharmacological effects of harmine have been attributed mainly to its central monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory properties. In-vivo and rodent studies have shown that extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi and also Peganum harmala lead to striatal dopamine release.[22][23][24] Furthermore, harmine supports the survival of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-treated mice.[25] Since harmine also antagonizes N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors,[26] some researchers speculatively attributed the rapid improvement in patients with Parkinson's disease to these antiglutamatergic effects.[20] However, the advent of synthetic anticholinergic drugs at that time led to the total abandonment of harmine.[20]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indole alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole_alkaloids"},{"link_name":"a pyridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine"},{"link_name":"indole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"tryptamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine"},{"link_name":"ethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylamine"},{"link_name":"indole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"saturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds"},{"link_name":"structural formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betacarbolines.png"}],"text":"β-Carbolines belong to the group of indole alkaloids and consist of a pyridine ring that is fused to an indole skeleton.[27] The structure of β-carboline is similar to that of tryptamine, with the ethylamine chain re-connected to the indole ring via an extra carbon atom, to produce a three-ringed structure. The biosynthesis of β-carbolines is believed to follow this route from analogous tryptamines.[28] Different levels of saturation are possible in the third ring which is indicated here in the structural formula by coloring the optionally double bonds red and blue:Substituted beta-carbolines (structural formula)","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some of the more important β-carbolines are tabulated by structure below. Their structures may contain the aforementioned bonds marked by red or blue.","title":"Examples of β-carbolines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachnida,_Scorpiones,_Paruroctonus_scorpion_under_UV_(4818403697).jpg"},{"link_name":"Paruroctonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruroctonus"},{"link_name":"fluorescing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"},{"link_name":"blacklight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"prokaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"tryptamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine"},{"link_name":"precursors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"harmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmine"},{"link_name":"harmaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmaline"},{"link_name":"tetrahydroharmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydroharmine"},{"link_name":"Banisteriopsis caapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banisteriopsis_caapi"},{"link_name":"psychedelic drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_drug"},{"link_name":"ayahuasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca"},{"link_name":"Peganum harmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peganum_harmala"},{"link_name":"Syrian Rue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peganum_harmala"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"eudistomins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudistomin"},{"link_name":"ascidians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascidian"},{"link_name":"tunicates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicates"},{"link_name":"Ascidiacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascidiacea"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lissoclinum fragile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissoclinum_fragile"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Nostocarboline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostocarboline"},{"link_name":"cyanobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacterium"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"cuticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle"},{"link_name":"scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion"},{"link_name":"fluoresce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"blacklight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_light"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"A Paruroctonus scorpion fluorescing under a blacklightβ-Carboline alkaloids are widespread in prokaryotes, plants and animals. Some β-carbolines, notably tetrahydro-β-carbolines, may be formed naturally in plants and the human body with tryptophan, serotonin and tryptamine as precursors.Altogether, eight plant families are known to express 64 different kinds of β-carboline alkaloids. For example, the β-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine are components of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi and play a pivotal role in the pharmacology of the indigenous psychedelic drug ayahuasca. Moreover, the seeds of Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) contain between 0.16%[29] and 5.9%[30] β-carboline alkaloids (by dry weight).\nA specific group of β-carboline derivatives, termed eudistomins, were extracted from ascidians (marine tunicates of the family Ascidiacea) such as Ritterella sigillinoides,[31] Lissoclinum fragile [32] or Pseudodistoma aureum.[33]\nNostocarboline was isolated from freshwater cyanobacterium.[34]\nThe fully aromatic β-carbolines also occur in many foodstuffs, however in lower concentrations. The highest amounts have been detected in brewed coffee, raisins, well done fish and meats.[35] Smoking is another source of fully aromatic β-carbolines with levels up to thousands of μg per smoker each day.[36]\nβ-Carbolines have also been found in the cuticle of scorpions, causing their skin to fluoresce upon exposed to ultraviolet light at certain wavelengths (e.g. blacklight).[37]","title":"Natural occurrence"}] | [{"image_text":"Substituted beta-carbolines (structural formula)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Betacarbolines.png/200px-Betacarbolines.png"},{"image_text":"A Paruroctonus scorpion fluorescing under a blacklight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arachnida%2C_Scorpiones%2C_Paruroctonus_scorpion_under_UV_%284818403697%29.jpg/300px-Arachnida%2C_Scorpiones%2C_Paruroctonus_scorpion_under_UV_%284818403697%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Gamma-carboline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-carboline"},{"title":"Harmala alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid"},{"title":"Oxopropaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxopropaline"},{"title":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"title":"Tryptamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine"}] | [{"reference":"Francik R, Kazek G, Cegła M, Stepniewski M (March 2011). \"Antioxidant activity of beta-carboline derivatives\". Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 68 (2): 185–189. PMID 21485291.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21485291","url_text":"21485291"}]},{"reference":"Gulyaeva N, Aniol V (June 2012). \"Good guys from a shady family\". Journal of Neurochemistry. 121 (6): 841–842. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07708.x. PMID 22372749. S2CID 205624339.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2012.07708.x","url_text":"\"Good guys from a shady family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2012.07708.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07708.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22372749","url_text":"22372749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205624339","url_text":"205624339"}]},{"reference":"Aaghaz S, Sharma K, Jain R, Kamal A (April 2021). \"β-Carbolines as potential anticancer agents\". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 216: 113321. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113321. PMID 33684825. S2CID 232159513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejmech.2021.113321","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113321"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33684825","url_text":"33684825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232159513","url_text":"232159513"}]},{"reference":"Mennenga SE, Gerson JE, Dunckley T, Bimonte-Nelson HA (January 2015). \"Harmine treatment enhances short-term memory in old rats: Dissociation of cognition and the ability to perform the procedural requirements of maze testing\". Physiology & Behavior. 138: 260–265. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.001. PMC 4406242. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Flock | Dorothea Flock | ["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Literature and media","5 External links"] | Alleged witch
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nowaday house in Bamberg, Lange Straße 32
Dorothea Flock (or the Flockin) (1608 – 17 May 1630), was a German woman convicted of witchcraft in Bamberg and a victim of the Bamberg witch trials during the reign of Prince-Bishop Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim.
Biography
Dorothea Flock was born in the city of Nuremberg. She was the second wife of Bamberg’s councilor Georg Heinrich Flock. Their house was in Bamberg, Lange Straße 32. Already his first wife Apolonia had been executed for witchcraft in May 1628. Based on an anonymous accusation Dorothea was arrested in December 1629 and imprisoned for alleged adultery. She escaped from custody but shortly afterwards she was caught again. This time she was accused of witchcraft. Georg Heinrich Flock fled to Protestant Nuremberg to the relatives of his wife. The Hofmanns were a respected, wealthy and influential merchant family there. Together with them Georg Heinrich Flock hoped to free his wife Dorothea, who was heavily pregnant.
During the following weeks the family tried to secure Dorothea's release. They objected to the procedure against Dorothea Flock and considered the circumstantial evidence insufficient to imprison her any longer. At least a custody transfer from the prison of the Malefizhaus to the building of the old court was achieved. But also there she lay in heavy chains. With the help of a Nuremberg notary public and the intercessions of patricians of Nuremberg they again appealed to the prince-bishop and to Friedrich Förner . In addition Georg Heinrich and Dorothea´s sister Magdalena hoped for help from Georg Heinrich´s cousin, who as a high-ranking officer of the imperial army, was commanding a regiment in the Netherlands. He held out the prospect of using his influence with Isabella Clara Eugenia, the Spanish infanta and governor of the Netherlands. Meanwhile, Magdalena won over Würzburg´s guardian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin to petition to the prince-bishop pleading for mercy for Dorothea Flock.
But all measures, further interventions by notaries public as well as the efforts of the Nuremberg council remained unsuccessful. Georg Heinrich Flock had no other option but to turn with a supplication to the Imperial Aulic Council in Vienna. Then the tide seemed to turn: On 18 March 1630, Georg Heinrich obtained for his wife a mandate by which Dorothea should be granted easing of detention until childbirth and the assistance of an advocate; and the prince-bishop was called for mediation "so that there is no cause for complaint". The prince-bishop did not reply.
Therefore, on 23 March 1630, Georg Heinrich again contacted the Imperial Aulic Council, which thereupon strengthened its mandate. Again there was no reaction from Bamberg. Only when on 17 April Duke of Fürstenberg, president of the Aulic Council, himself stepped into the case and Georg Heinrich even threatened to appeal to the pope, the prince-bishop replied to the first mandate of 18 March. He extensively took a stand against the allegation, appeased the situation and mentioned that Dorothea in the meantime had given birth to a healthy daughter. He defended his actions and had not changed his opinion in the least. On 28 April he even let Dorothea Flock – six weeks after childbirth – transfer into the Malefizhaus in Bamberg again. But also the Aulic Council remained determined and wrote another mandate on 11 May. This however reached Bamberg five days too late. Under torture Dorothea Flock had already confessed the crime of witchcraft and was sentenced to death by the court of lay assessors on 14 May.
Before execution Dorothea Flock was to be gripped with red-hot pincers, then burnt alive. The remnants of her corpse were to be burnt to powder and ashes because of her alleged misdeeds by witchcraft, her reneging God Almighty and the Holy Trinity. The witch hunters learned of the imminent arrival of the mandate. They accelerated the execution and Dorothea was killed half an hour before the messenger arrived with the Imperial order of her release. Due to these events, a resistance circle called "Hofmann’s friendship", with Georg Heinrich Flock and the Hofmanns, was formed in Nuremberg to agitate against further witch trials. They used the meeting of the electoral princes in Regensburg from July to September 1630 to make public to the participants the numerous infringements of laws in Bamberg.
See also
Georg Haan
Johannes Junius
References
^ Munziger, Johannes (1 May 2016). "Unschuldig muss ich sterben (German)". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. p. 4.
Literature and media
Ralph Kloos: The factory of death. The true story of a hushed up mass murder``
Staatsbibl. BA Msc. 148/580 ff, 630 ff, 762; Sim 86
Britta Gehm (2012), Die Hexenverfolgung im Hochstift Bamberg und das Eingreifen des Reichshofrates zu ihrer Beendigung (in German) (2., überarbeitete ed.), Hildesheim: Olms, ISBN 978-3-487-14731-4
Heike Eva Schmidt (2012), Purpurmond : Roman (in German), München: PAN, ISBN 978-3-426-28366-0
Sabine Weigand: Die Seelen im Feuer (souls in fire). Novel. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8105-2663-2
Der ZDF Spielfilm Die Seelen im Feuer (souls in fire) of 2015 according to the novel of Sabine Weigand deals with the persecution of alleged witches in Bamberg.
External links
Dorothea Flock was executed 1630 in Bamberg as alleged witch Video
Hexenverhör des 14-jährigen Daniel Bittl aus Bamberg (questioning of the 14-year-old Daniel Bittl of Bamberg auf: bamberga.de
Katharina Haan – als Hexen im Hochstift Bamberg verfolgt wurden (17. Jhd.). (the case of the witch-craft trial against Katharina Haan in Bamberg auf: eo-bamberg.de
^ Presse-Informationen vom ZDF zur Premiere von "Die Seelen im Feuer" im Juli 2014 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberg_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_32.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Bamberg witch trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg_witch_trials"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishop"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Fuchs_von_Dornheim"}],"text":"nowaday house in Bamberg, Lange Straße 32Dorothea Flock (or the Flockin) (1608 – 17 May 1630), was a German woman convicted of witchcraft in Bamberg and a victim of the Bamberg witch trials during the reign of Prince-Bishop Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim.","title":"Dorothea Flock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Malefizhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drudenhaus_(prison)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Förner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_F%C3%B6rner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_F%C3%B6rner"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Aulic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulic_Council"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ-1"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dorothea Flock was born in the city of Nuremberg. She was the second wife of Bamberg’s councilor Georg Heinrich Flock. Their house was in Bamberg, Lange Straße 32. Already his first wife Apolonia had been executed for witchcraft in May 1628. Based on an anonymous accusation Dorothea was arrested in December 1629 and imprisoned for alleged adultery. She escaped from custody but shortly afterwards she was caught again. This time she was accused of witchcraft. Georg Heinrich Flock fled to Protestant Nuremberg to the relatives of his wife. The Hofmanns were a respected, wealthy and influential merchant family there. Together with them Georg Heinrich Flock hoped to free his wife Dorothea, who was heavily pregnant.[citation needed]During the following weeks the family tried to secure Dorothea's release. They objected to the procedure against Dorothea Flock and considered the circumstantial evidence insufficient to imprison her any longer. At least a custody transfer from the prison of the Malefizhaus to the building of the old court was achieved. But also there she lay in heavy chains. With the help of a Nuremberg notary public and the intercessions of patricians of Nuremberg they again appealed to the prince-bishop and to Friedrich Förner [de]. In addition Georg Heinrich and Dorothea´s sister Magdalena hoped for help from Georg Heinrich´s cousin, who as a high-ranking officer of the imperial army, was commanding a regiment in the Netherlands. He held out the prospect of using his influence with Isabella Clara Eugenia, the Spanish infanta and governor of the Netherlands. Meanwhile, Magdalena won over Würzburg´s guardian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin to petition to the prince-bishop pleading for mercy for Dorothea Flock.But all measures, further interventions by notaries public as well as the efforts of the Nuremberg council remained unsuccessful. Georg Heinrich Flock had no other option but to turn with a supplication to the Imperial Aulic Council in Vienna. Then the tide seemed to turn: On 18 March 1630, Georg Heinrich obtained for his wife a mandate by which Dorothea should be granted easing of detention until childbirth and the assistance of an advocate; and the prince-bishop was called for mediation \"so that there is no cause for complaint\". The prince-bishop did not reply.[citation needed]Therefore, on 23 March 1630, Georg Heinrich again contacted the Imperial Aulic Council, which thereupon strengthened its mandate. Again there was no reaction from Bamberg. Only when on 17 April Duke of Fürstenberg, president of the Aulic Council, himself stepped into the case and Georg Heinrich even threatened to appeal to the pope, the prince-bishop replied to the first mandate of 18 March. He extensively took a stand against the allegation, appeased the situation and mentioned that Dorothea in the meantime had given birth to a healthy daughter. He defended his actions and had not changed his opinion in the least. On 28 April he even let Dorothea Flock – six weeks after childbirth – transfer into the Malefizhaus in Bamberg again. But also the Aulic Council remained determined and wrote another mandate on 11 May. This however reached Bamberg five days too late. Under torture Dorothea Flock had already confessed the crime of witchcraft and was sentenced to death by the court of lay assessors on 14 May.Before execution Dorothea Flock was to be gripped with red-hot pincers, then burnt alive. The remnants of her corpse were to be burnt to powder and ashes because of her alleged misdeeds by witchcraft, her reneging God Almighty and the Holy Trinity. The witch hunters learned of the imminent arrival of the mandate. They accelerated the execution and Dorothea was killed half an hour before the messenger arrived with the Imperial order of her release.[1] Due to these events, a resistance circle called \"Hofmann’s friendship\", with Georg Heinrich Flock and the Hofmanns, was formed in Nuremberg to agitate against further witch trials. They used the meeting of the electoral princes in Regensburg from July to September 1630 to make public to the participants the numerous infringements of laws in Bamberg.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Kloos: The factory of death. 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Novel. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8105-2663-2\nDer ZDF Spielfilm Die Seelen im Feuer (souls in fire) of 2015 according to the novel of Sabine Weigand deals with the persecution of alleged witches in Bamberg.[1]","title":"Literature and media"}] | [{"image_text":"nowaday house in Bamberg, Lange Straße 32","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bamberg_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_32.jpg/100px-Bamberg_-_Lange_Stra%C3%9Fe_32.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Georg Haan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Haan"},{"title":"Johannes Junius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Junius"}] | [{"reference":"Munziger, Johannes (1 May 2016). \"Unschuldig muss ich sterben (German)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Belyakov | Valeri Belyakov | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Russian field hockey player
Olympic medal record
Men's Field hockey
1980 Moscow
Team Competition
Valeri Belyakov (born 13 April 1953) was a field hockey player from the Soviet Union whose team won the bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, behind India (gold) and Spain.
References
^ Sports Reference
External links
Valeri Belyakov at the International Hockey Federation
Valeri Belyakov at Olympedia
vteSoviet Union squad – 1980 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal
1 V. Pleshakov
2 Lampeyev
3 Pavlovski (c)
4 Hayrapetyan
5 Zigangirov
6 Belyakov
7 Klevtsov
8 Zagorodnev
9 Gusev
10 S. Pleshakov
11 Nichepurenko
12 Azizov
13 Sychyov
14 Myasnikov
15 Deputatov
16 Goncharov
This biographical article relating to a Russian field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Soviet Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Valeri Belyakov (born 13 April 1953) was a field hockey player from the Soviet Union whose team won the bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, behind India (gold) and Spain.[1]","title":"Valeri Belyakov"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120710/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/be/valery-belyakov-1.html","external_links_name":"Sports Reference"},{"Link":"https://tms.fih.ch/people/11759","external_links_name":"Valeri Belyakov"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7911125#P3742"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/20309","external_links_name":"Valeri Belyakov"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7911125#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valeri_Belyakov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valeri_Belyakov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_Yankees | Ventura Oilers | ["1 Notable alumni","2 References","3 External links"] | Minor league baseball teamVetura Oilers1947–1953 Ventura, California Minor league affiliationsPrevious classesClass-CLeagueCalifornia LeagueMajor league affiliationsPrevious teamsBoston Braves (1950–1952)New York Yankees (1947–1949)Team dataPrevious names
Ventura Oilers (1953)
Ventura Braves (1950–1952)
Ventura Yankees (1947–1949)
Previous parksBabe Ruth Field
The Ventura Oilers were a California League baseball team based in Ventura, California, USA that played from 1947 to 1953. They were affiliated with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League in 1953, the Boston Braves from 1950 to 1952 and the New York Yankees from 1947 to 1949 and played their home games at Babe Ruth Field.
Notable players for the Ventura Oilers include Dick Adams, Dario Lodigiani and Dave Melton. Lodigiani also managed the team.
Bat Boys for the team included Robert and Frank Buck.
Notable major league players that played for the Ventura Braves included Gene Lillard, Bob Roselli and Bobby Sturgeon. Lillard and Sturgeon also managed the Ventura team.
The team became the Channel Cities Oilers in 1954 and then the Reno Silver Sox in 1955.
Notable alumni
Frank Lucchesi (1948-1949)
Tom Morgan (1949)
Hal Smith (1949)
References
^ BR Minors
External links
Ventura - Baseball Reference
This article about a baseball team in California is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_League"},{"link_name":"Ventura, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth_Field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dick Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Adams_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dario Lodigiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Lodigiani"},{"link_name":"Dave Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Melton"},{"link_name":"major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Gene Lillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Lillard"},{"link_name":"Bob Roselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Roselli"},{"link_name":"Bobby Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Channel Cities Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Cities_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Reno Silver Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Silver_Sox"}],"text":"The Ventura Oilers were a California League baseball team based in Ventura, California, USA that played from 1947 to 1953. They were affiliated with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League in 1953, the Boston Braves from 1950 to 1952 and the New York Yankees from 1947 to 1949 and played their home games at Babe Ruth Field.[1]Notable players for the Ventura Oilers include Dick Adams, Dario Lodigiani and Dave Melton. Lodigiani also managed the team.\nBat Boys for the team included Robert and Frank Buck.Notable major league players that played for the Ventura Braves included Gene Lillard, Bob Roselli and Bobby Sturgeon. Lillard and Sturgeon also managed the Ventura team.The team became the Channel Cities Oilers in 1954 and then the Reno Silver Sox in 1955.","title":"Ventura Oilers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Lucchesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lucchesi"},{"link_name":"Tom Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Morgan_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(infielder)"}],"text":"Frank Lucchesi (1948-1949)\nTom Morgan (1949)\nHal Smith (1949)","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?city=Ventura&state=CA&country=US","external_links_name":"BR Minors"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?city=Ventura&state=CA&country=US&empty=0","external_links_name":"Ventura - Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventura_Oilers&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_show_(disambiguation) | Dog show (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | A dog show is an event where dogs are exhibited.
Dog show may also refer to:
Dog Show (album), by God Bullies, 1990
"Dog Show", a recurring Saturday Night Live sketch
See also
All pages with titles containing dog show
Best in Show (disambiguation)
Dog exhibition (disambiguation)
Dog trial (disambiguation)
"Dog and pony show", a highly promoted, over-staged event designed to sway opinions
List of dog sports
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dog show.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dog Show (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Show_(album)"},{"link_name":"a recurring Saturday Night Live sketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_Saturday_Night_Live_characters_and_sketches_introduced_1998%E2%80%9399#Dog_Show"}],"text":"Dog show may also refer to:Dog Show (album), by God Bullies, 1990\n\"Dog Show\", a recurring Saturday Night Live sketch","title":"Dog show (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"All pages with titles containing dog show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22dog_show%22"},{"title":"Best in Show (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_Show_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Dog exhibition (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_exhibition_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Dog trial (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_trial_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Dog and pony show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_and_pony_show"},{"title":"List of dog sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Dog_show_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Dog_show_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Shetland_Pony | American Shetland Pony | ["1 History","2 Use","3 References"] | American breed of pony
American Shetland PonyHarnessed to a sulky, Great Falls, MontanaCountry of originUnited StatesDistributionUnited StatesUseriding, drivingTraitsHeightto 117 cm (11.2 hands)Colorany color but spottedEquus ferus caballus
The American Shetland Pony is an American breed of pony. It derives from the
traditional Shetland Pony from the Shetland Isles of Scotland, but as a result of cross-breeding with other horse and pony breeds, is taller and more elegant.: 435 It does not have the thick coat of the traditional Shetland, and in conformation is more similar to the Hackney Pony, with some Arab influence.: 243 It is the most numerous pony breed in the United States; numbers in 1994 were estimated at over 50,000. It is one of two American pony breeds derived from the traditional Shetland, the other being the Pony of the Americas.: 243
History
A stallion imported to the United States by Eli Elliot
The first documented importation of Shetland Ponies to the United States was in 1885, when Eli Elliot imported seventy-five of them. A breed association, the American Shetland Pony Club, was formed in 1888.: 243 The original stock was crossbred with various other breeds, principally the Hackney Pony. Arabian, Harness Show Pony and Welsh breeds were also used. The result was a taller and more elegant pony than the classic Shetland, with longer legs and finer bone, high withers and a sloping shoulder, and a high action particularly well-suited to harness work.: 243 It does not have the thick coat of the traditional Shetland, but supposedly retains the hardiness and endurance of that breed; in conformation it is more similar to the Hackney Pony, also showing some Arab influence.: 243
It is the most numerous pony breed in the United States; numbers in 1994 were estimated at over 50,000. It is one of two American pony breeds derived from the traditional Shetland, the other being the Pony of the Americas.: 243 It was the principal influence on another Shetland-derived breed, the German Classic Pony.: 176
American Shetland Ponies may be registered in the American Shetland Pony Club stud book, in one of four sections: foundation, classic, modern, and modern pleasure; they are distinguished by minor variations in conformation, the "foundation" type being the smallest and most similar to the American Shetland of the 1950s. In the past, American Shetlands were registered in section B of the stud book, and the traditional Shetland Pony in section A.: 243
Use
The American Shetland Pony is well-suited to harness use. It may be used as a roadster to pull sulkies, or in fine harness pulling two-wheeled or four-wheeled carts. It may be ridden under either a Western or English saddle, and is also shown at Halter.: 243
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Shetland Pony.
^ Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
^ a b c d e f g h Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0751301159.
^ Élise Rousseau, Yann Le Bris, Teresa Lavender Fagan (2017). Horses of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691167206.
^ ASPC Registry. American Shetland Pony Club. Accessed February 2019.
vteHorse breeds of Canada and the United StatesThese are the horse breeds considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those countries.Contemporary
Alberta Wild Horse
American Bashkir Curly
American Belgian Draft
American Cream Draft
American Crème Horse
American Drum Horse
American Indian Horse
American Miniature Horse
American Paint Horse
American Quarter Horse
American Saddlebred
American Shetland Pony
American Sorraia Mustang
American Spotted
American Spotted Paso
American Walking Pony
American Warmblood
American White Horse
Appaloosa
Assateague Pony
Banker
Blazer
Camarillo White Horse
Canadian
Canadian Pinto
Canadian Rustic Pony
Canadian Sport Horse
Canadian Warmblood
Carolina Marsh Tacky
Cerbat mustang
Cherokee Horse
Chincoteague Pony
Choctaw Horse
Colonial Spanish
Colorado Ranger
Cumberland Island
Florida Cracker Horse
Kanata Pony
Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
Kiger mustang
Lac La Croix Indian Pony
Missouri Fox Trotter
Morab
Morgan
Morocco Spotted
Mountain Pleasure Horse
Mustang
National Show Horse
Newfoundland
Nez Perce Horse
Nokota
North American Sportpony
Pony of the Americas
Pryor Mountain mustang
Quarab
Quarter Pony
Racking Horse
Rocky Mountain Horse
Sable Island
Spanish Jennet Horse
Spanish Barb
Spanish Mustang
Spanish Norman
Spotted Saddle Horse
Standardbred
Tennessee Walking Horse
Tiger
Virginia Highlander
Welara
Extinct
Canadian Pacer
Chickasaw
Conestoga Horse
Narragansett Pacer
List of horse breeds | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds"},{"link_name":"pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"},{"link_name":"Shetland Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_Pony"},{"link_name":"Shetland Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_Isles"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"cross-breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-breeding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-1"},{"link_name":"Hackney Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Pony"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_horse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"},{"link_name":"Pony of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"}],"text":"The American Shetland Pony is an American breed of pony. It derives from the \ntraditional Shetland Pony from the Shetland Isles of Scotland, but as a result of cross-breeding with other horse and pony breeds, is taller and more elegant.[1]: 435 It does not have the thick coat of the traditional Shetland, and in conformation is more similar to the Hackney Pony, with some Arab influence.[2]: 243 It is the most numerous pony breed in the United States; numbers in 1994 were estimated at over 50,000. It is one of two American pony breeds derived from the traditional Shetland, the other being the Pony of the Americas.[2]: 243","title":"American Shetland Pony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_horses_and_horse_breeding_-_a_complete_history_of_the_horse_from_the_remotest_period_in_his_history_to_date._The_horseman%27s_encyclopedia_and_standard_authority_on_horses,_embracing_breeds,_(14781801541).jpg"},{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion"},{"link_name":"breed association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"},{"link_name":"crossbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbred"},{"link_name":"Hackney Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Pony"},{"link_name":"Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_horse"},{"link_name":"Harness Show Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harness_Show_Pony&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Pony"},{"link_name":"withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withers"},{"link_name":"harness work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_horse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"},{"link_name":"Pony of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"},{"link_name":"German Classic Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Classic_Pony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elise-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspc-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"}],"text":"A stallion imported to the United States by Eli ElliotThe first documented importation of Shetland Ponies to the United States was in 1885, when Eli Elliot imported seventy-five of them. A breed association, the American Shetland Pony Club, was formed in 1888.[2]: 243 The original stock was crossbred with various other breeds, principally the Hackney Pony. Arabian, Harness Show Pony and Welsh breeds were also used. The result was a taller and more elegant pony than the classic Shetland, with longer legs and finer bone, high withers and a sloping shoulder, and a high action particularly well-suited to harness work.[2]: 243 It does not have the thick coat of the traditional Shetland, but supposedly retains the hardiness and endurance of that breed; in conformation it is more similar to the Hackney Pony, also showing some Arab influence.[2]: 243It is the most numerous pony breed in the United States; numbers in 1994 were estimated at over 50,000. It is one of two American pony breeds derived from the traditional Shetland, the other being the Pony of the Americas.[2]: 243 It was the principal influence on another Shetland-derived breed, the German Classic Pony.[3]: 176American Shetland Ponies may be registered in the American Shetland Pony Club stud book, in one of four sections: foundation, classic, modern, and modern pleasure; they are distinguished by minor variations in conformation, the \"foundation\" type being the smallest and most similar to the American Shetland of the 1950s.[4] In the past, American Shetlands were registered in section B of the stud book, and the traditional Shetland Pony in section A.[2]: 243","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_horse"},{"link_name":"roadster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster_(horse)"},{"link_name":"sulkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulkies"},{"link_name":"fine harness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_harness"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_saddle"},{"link_name":"English saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_saddle"},{"link_name":"Halter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-2"}],"text":"The American Shetland Pony is well-suited to harness use. It may be used as a roadster to pull sulkies, or in fine harness pulling two-wheeled or four-wheeled carts. It may be ridden under either a Western or English saddle, and is also shown at Halter.[2]: 243","title":"Use"}] | [{"image_text":"A stallion imported to the United States by Eli Elliot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_horses_and_horse_breeding_-_a_complete_history_of_the_horse_from_the_remotest_period_in_his_history_to_date._The_horseman%27s_encyclopedia_and_standard_authority_on_horses%2C_embracing_breeds%2C_%2814781801541%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eus9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176","external_links_name":"Horses of the World"},{"Link":"https://www.shetlandminiature.com/registries/aspc-registry","external_links_name":"ASPC Registry"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FD_Senior_Division | Delhi Football League | ["1 History","2 Competition structure","3 Delhi Premier League","3.1 Previous teams","4 Senior Division League","5 A-Division League","6 B-Division League","7 C-Division League","7.1 Teams","8 Venues","9 Top division results by year","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"] | Indian football league in the union territory of Delhi
Football leagueDelhi Football LeagueLogo of Delhi Premier League, the top division of Delhi Football LeagueOrganising bodiesFootball DelhiFounded1948; 76 years ago (1948)CountryIndiaLeaguesDelhi Premier League FD Senior Division League A-Division League B-Division League C-Division LeagueNumber of teams80 + (overall)Level on pyramid5–9Promotion toI-League 3 (Delhi Premier League)Relegation toVariousCurrent championsGarhwal Heroes FC (DPL, 1st title)Most championshipsIndian Air Force (DPL, 8 titles)TV partnersSportVot Sportzworkz (YouTube)Websitewww.footballdelhi.comCurrent: 2023–24 Delhi Premier League
The Delhi Football League is a ladder-based state football competition organised by Football Delhi (FD), involving a total of five divisions with over 80 teams in the Indian state of Delhi. Delhi Premier League is the top-division, started in 1948 as DSA Senior Division.
History
The first parent body of Delhi football was formed in 1926, with professor Mohammed Zubair Qureishi as secretary. There was no proper local league but the clubs used to participate in private tournaments organised by sport enthusiasts.
Due to the violence and upheaval caused by the Partition of India, the Delhi League was suspended after 1946. It resumed in 1948 and the oldest club in the capital Young Men has won it that year. From 1948 onwards, the Delhi League took a particular shape. It had three divisions. The top 10 teams played in the A division, on a double-leg basis, with all matches being held at the Ambedkar Stadium, earlier known as the Delhi Gate Stadium. The B and C division matches took place at either the nearby Crescent Ground or the President's Estate Ground. Except for transport allowance, kit and refreshment, there was no payment to the players. However, club officials would strive to get their top players jobs in leading public sector concerns like Delhi Audit, Northern Railway, State Bank of India, Central Secretariat Service, Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), Food Corporation of India (FCI) and so on. A competitive institutional league was also held annually.
Competition structure
Delhi Football League
Tier
Division
1(5 on Indian football pyramid)
Delhi Premier League↑promote (to I-League 3) ↓relegate
2(6 on Indian football pyramid)
FD Senior Division League↑promote ↓relegate
3(7 on Indian football Football pyramid)
FD A-Division↑promote↓relegate
4(8 on Indian football Football pyramid)
FD B-Division↑promote↓relegate
5(9 on Indian football pyramid)
FD C-Division↑promote
Delhi Premier League
Delhi Premier League, previously known as Football Delhi Senior Division League (FD Senior Division) and DSA Senior Division, is the top state-level football league in Delhi and level 5 of Indian football league system. It is also the highest level inter-city league played in the capital. Competition is conducted by Football Delhi, official governing body of Delhi region under AIFF. Most players from this league are selected to represent Delhi for Santosh Trophy.
Previous teams
Indian Air Force
Royal Rangers FC
Tarun Sangha FC
Uttarakhand FC
Friends United FC
Delhi FC
Garhwal FC
Hindustan FC
Rangers SC
Sudeva Delhi FC
Vatika FC
Senior Division League
Football Delhi Senior Division League is the second tier of Delhi Football League system.
1
CISF Protectors
2
Garhwal Diamond FC
3
Delhi Tigers FC
4
United Bharat FC
5
Ahbab FC
6
Shastri FC
7
City FC
8
National United FC
9
Delhi United FC
10
Jaguar FC
11
Youngmen FC
A-Division League
Football Delhi A-Division is the third tier of Delhi Football League system.
Group A
1
Victory FC
2
Shakti FC
3
Simla Youngs FC
4
Indian Air Force (Palam)
5
Punjab Heroes FC
6
Ajmal FC
Group B
1
Frontier FC Delhi
2
Paschim Heroes FC
3
Royal FC
4
Young SC
5
Youngsters SC
6
Bangadarshan FA
Group C
1
Young Boys FC
2
Hops FC
3
Amity Indian National FC
4
M2M FC
5
DDA FPS
6
Goodwill FC
B-Division League
Football Delhi B-Division is the fourth tier of Delhi Football League system.
Group A
1
Cosmos FC
2
Northern United FC
3
Royal Bengal FC
4
Eimi Heroes FC
5
Girls United FC
6
Venus FC
7
Goans FC
8
Ashoka FC
Group B
1
Warriors FC
2
Delhi Students FC
3
Dwarka FC
4
Golden Stars SC
5
Eves FC
6
Garhwal Women FC
7
Columbus Youngsters FC
8
Hans FC
9
Eimi Heroes
10
Collegian FC
11
Glorious FC
Group C
1
Uttranchal Heroes FC
2
State Bank of India FC
3
Mughals SC
4
Union FC
5
Growing Star SC
6
Noida City FC
7
New Friends FC
8
Young Bengal Association FC
9
The Dream Team FC
Group D
1
New Delhi Heroes FC
2
Juba Sangha FC
3
Collegian FC
4
BB Stars FC
5
Hans Women FC
6
Rohini FC
7
Lodhi Colony FC
8
Delhi Cantonment FC
C-Division League
Football Delhi C-Division is the fifth tier of Delhi Football League system.
Teams
Signature FC
Delhi Audit
Central Civil Services FC
Delhi Transport Corporation FC
Govt. Of NCT FC
AIIMS
Noida City FC
Northern Railways FC
Airport Authority FC
Aroor FA
ESIC
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs FC
Bank Of India FC
FCI (HQ)
Zakir Hussain College FC
90 Minutes FC
Costom and Central Excise FC
IPGCL
Delhi Development Authority FC
Alliance FC
FCI (NZ)
Reserve Bank Sports & Recreation Club
Oriental Bank of India FC
Delhi Telecom FC
Venues
The most of league matches are played at Ambedkar Stadium or Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Complex, both of which are located in New Delhi.
Top division results by year
The Delhi League was started in 1948, but has not been finished on some occasions. From 1985, a new format, Super League (two groups followed by knock-out semifinals and final), was adopted.
Year
Winner
Runners-up
Note
1948
Youngmen SC
Data not available
1949
Raisina Sporting
1950
Simla Youngs FC
1951
Youngmen SC
1952
Simla Youngs FC
1953
New Delhi Heroes FC
1954
New Delhi Heroes FC
1955
New Delhi Heroes FC
1956
New Delhi Heroes FC
1957
Youngmen SC
1958
New Delhi Heroes FC
1959
New Delhi Heroes FC
1960
City Club
1961
Raisina Sporting
1962
Raisina Sporting
1963
City Club
1964
City Club
1965
Youngmen SC
1966
President's Estate
1967
President's Estate
1969
Youngmen SC
1971
Indian Air Force
1972
Simla Youngs FC
1973
Simla Youngs FC
1975
Indian Air Force
1976
Simla Youngs FC
1985
Moonlight FC
Simla Youngs FC
1986
Garhwal Heroes
Youngsters FC
1987
None
Unfinished
1988
Shastri FC Moonlight FC
Joint winners
1989
Shastri FC Moonlight FC
Joint winners
1990
Moonlight FC
1991
Students Club
Simla Youngs FC
1992
Shastri FC
Special Area Games
1993
South India FC
Simla Youngs FC
1994
Shastri FC
Indian National FC
1995
Mughals SC
Shastri FC
1996
Shastri FC
Hindustan FC
1997
City Club
Indian Air Force
1998
Indian Air Force
Hindustan FC
1999
Indian National FC
Shastri FC
2000
Indian National FC
Hindustan FC
2001–02
Hindustan FC
Indian National FC
2002
Indian Air Force
Hindustan FC
2003
Indian Air Force
Tarun Sangha FC
2004
Indian Air Force, Palam
Indian Air Force
2005
Simla Youngs FC
Hindustan FC
2006–07
Indian Air Force
Indian National FC
2007–08
New Delhi Heroes FC
Indian National FC
2008–09
Indian National FC
Hindustan FC
2009
Hindustan FC Indian National FC
Joint winners
2011–12
Delhi United FC
Shahadra FC
2013
Garhwal Heroes FC
Goodwill FC
2013–14
Indian National FC
Garhwal Heroes FC
2018
Indian Air Force
2019
Garhwal FC
Indian Air Force
2020
Not held
due to COVID-19 pandemic
2021
Indian Air Force
Delhi FC
2021–22
Delhi FC
Hindustan FC
2022–23
Vatika FC
Delhi FC
2023–24
Garhwal Heroes FC
Royal Rangers FC
See also
Football Delhi
References
^ Kapadia, Novy. "Delhi Football - A trip down memory lane". www.sportskeeda.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^ "Senior Division | Football Delhi". Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ Choudhuri, Arunava. "Delhi Senior Division to kick-off July 30". arunfoot.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ "The history and the current status of football in Delhi". chaseyoursport.com. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
^ "DSA Senior Division Open League begins Tuesday". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ Chaudhuri, Arunava (2003). "India – List of Delhi League Champions". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^ Chaudhuri, Arunava (2000). "List of Champions of the Delhi Football League (DSA Senior Division)". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
^ @FootballDelhi (26 September 2022). "𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐒🏆 | VATIKA FC ARE THE CHAMPIONS DELHI!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Twitter.
External links
Delhi Football League on X (Football Delhi official)
vte Football in India
All India Football Federation
State Football Associations
National teamsMen
India
U-23
U-20
U-17
Women
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Football
Kabaddi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_football_leagues_in_India"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Football Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Delhi"},{"link_name":"five divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Competition_structure"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Delhi Football League is a ladder-based state football competition organised by Football Delhi (FD), involving a total of five divisions with over 80 teams in the Indian state of Delhi. Delhi Premier League is the top-division, started in 1948 as DSA Senior Division.","title":"Delhi Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"State Bank of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_India"},{"link_name":"Central Secretariat Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_Service"},{"link_name":"Food Corporation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The first parent body of Delhi football was formed in 1926, with professor Mohammed Zubair Qureishi as secretary. There was no proper local league but the clubs used to participate in private tournaments organised by sport enthusiasts.\nDue to the violence and upheaval caused by the Partition of India, the Delhi League was suspended after 1946. It resumed in 1948 and the oldest club in the capital Young Men has won it that year. From 1948 onwards, the Delhi League took a particular shape. It had three divisions. The top 10 teams played in the A division, on a double-leg basis, with all matches being held at the Ambedkar Stadium, earlier known as the Delhi Gate Stadium. The B and C division matches took place at either the nearby Crescent Ground or the President's Estate Ground. Except for transport allowance, kit and refreshment, there was no payment to the players. However, club officials would strive to get their top players jobs in leading public sector concerns like Delhi Audit, Northern Railway, State Bank of India, Central Secretariat Service, Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), Food Corporation of India (FCI) and so on. 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Competition is conducted by Football Delhi,[4] official governing body of Delhi region under AIFF. Most players from this league are selected to represent Delhi for Santosh Trophy.[citation needed]","title":"Delhi Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Previous teams","title":"Delhi Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Football Delhi Senior Division League is the second tier of Delhi Football League system.","title":"Senior Division League"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Football Delhi A-Division is the third tier of Delhi Football League system.Group AGroup BGroup C","title":"A-Division League"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Football Delhi B-Division is the fourth tier of Delhi Football League system.Group AGroup BGroup CGroup D","title":"B-Division League"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Football Delhi C-Division is the fifth tier of Delhi Football League system.","title":"C-Division League"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams","title":"C-Division League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambedkar Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambedkar_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Delhi)"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017DSA-5"}],"text":"The most of league matches are played at Ambedkar Stadium or Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Complex, both of which are located in New Delhi.[5]","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Delhi League was started in 1948, but has not been finished on some occasions. From 1985, a new format, Super League (two groups followed by knock-out semifinals and final), was adopted.[6][7]","title":"Top division results by year"}] | [] | [{"title":"Football Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Delhi"}] | [{"reference":"Kapadia, Novy. \"Delhi Football - A trip down memory lane\". www.sportskeeda.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/delhi-football-a-trip-down-memory-lane","url_text":"\"Delhi Football - A trip down memory lane\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150612/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/delhi-football-a-trip-down-memory-lane","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Division | Football Delhi\". Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. 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Retrieved 4 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/The-history-and-the-current-status-of-football-in-Delhi/685","url_text":"\"The history and the current status of football in Delhi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001951/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/The-history-and-the-current-status-of-football-in-Delhi/685","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DSA Senior Division Open League begins Tuesday\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130216065221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-21/top-stories/36462157_1_ahbab-garhwal-heroes-air-force-new-delhi","url_text":"\"DSA Senior Division Open League begins Tuesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-21/top-stories/36462157_1_ahbab-garhwal-heroes-air-force-new-delhi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chaudhuri, Arunava (2003). \"India – List of Delhi League Champions\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadelhichamp.html","url_text":"\"India – List of Delhi League Champions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218121437/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadelhichamp.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chaudhuri, Arunava (2000). \"List of Champions of the Delhi Football League (DSA Senior Division)\". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024220857/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/dfl.html","url_text":"\"List of Champions of the Delhi Football League (DSA Senior Division)\""},{"url":"http://www.indianfootball.de/data/dfl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"@FootballDelhi (26 September 2022). \"𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐒🏆 | VATIKA FC ARE THE CHAMPIONS DELHI!\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co._(New_Zealand) | Cobb & Co. (New Zealand) | ["1 History","2 References"] | Company that operated a fleet of stagecoaches in Australia
For Cobb & Company in Australia, see Cobb & Co. For the restaurant chain, see Cobb & Co. (restaurant).
Cobb & Co is the name of a company that operated a fleet of stagecoaches in Australia in the late 19th century. Cobb & Co itself did not operate in New Zealand officially but its name was used by many private stage coach operators.
History
Gold transport and escort Roxburgh 1901
Cobb & Co coach at Palmerston, Otago in the 1880s
In 1861, the discovery of gold in Gabriel's Gully, Otago, prompted a gold rush and saw many Australian gold-diggers heading for the port of Dunedin. Among these was the Cobb & Co coach proprietor Charles Cole, who had been running a service from Smythe's Creek to Ballarat in Australia. He chartered the steamship SS India at Geelong and on 4 October 1861 landed in Dunedin with one Concord stagecoach, five wagons, a buggy and 34 horses.
A vast improvement in comfort because of their style of suspension suited to extremely rough roads, the new American Concord coaches were built by Abbot-Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire. Like other fully equipped stagecoaches each had a centre door with a glass window which could be raised or lowered and the openings on either side had curtains of American leather which rolled up and down to keep out the weather. The interior was upholstered in crimson plush, while the outside was painted red, with gold ornamentation. A box seat and roof seat allowed the coach to carry five extra outside passengers, with six to nine seated on benches inside.
One week after landing, Cole's first "Cobb & Co Telegraph Line of Coaches" left the Provincial Hotel, Dunedin for the Police Commissioner's Camp at Gabriel's Gully. Changing stations for the horses had already been arranged at the Reliance Hotel, Otokia at Tokomairiro, Round Hill and Waitahuna.
In February 1862, the Hoyts came to New Zealand, landing their coach and horses at Bluff. They moved to Dunedin when they found there was no direct route to reach the gold diggings from there and linked up in partnership with C.Cole, trading as Cole, Hoyt & Co., proprietors of Cobb & Co. Telegraph Line of Coaches.
The passenger coach service began to operate on a regular basis from Dunedin to Waikouaiti. Passengers who travelled on this line for Oamaru and beyond, were transferred to a light two horse wagon for the final part of their journey, where they were met by private contractors to take them to the Ferry Service at Waitaki.
Concord-style stagecoach preserved in Toitū, Dunedin
By April 1862, Hoyt decided to put a four horse coach team on the run, with a service of three times a week at a fare of £3 each way. The route lay through Palmerston and over the Horse Range where stops were made at the Hampden Hotel and the Otepopo Inn, before the leg to the Northern Hotel, Oamaru or on to the Waitaki River Ferry Service.
By 1863 a reasonable roadway had been cut through from Timaru to Christchurch. A Cobb & Co coachline in Timaru soon opened up with a passenger service on this route running to the north. Within a short time the coachline advertised additional services south to the River Ferry at Waitaki so linking the route with the Dunedin/Oamaru coach-teams from the lower South Island.
Lady Barker recalled a hair-raising coach trip in the 1860s.
The advent of motorised transport led to the inevitable decline in stage coach travel. The last advertised Cobb & Co coach runs were Arrowtown-Queenstown and Arrowtown-Dunedin in February 1925. A Cobb & Co coach was paraded through Christchurch during their 75th anniversary celebrations in 1925.
Concord coaches have been preserved at the Fairlie Heritage Museum and Toitū Otago Settlers Museum.
References
^ Flude, Anthony (2001). "Cobb & Co. Stagecoach – Early coach travel in New Zealand". Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
^ "Coaching Days: A nerve-wracking experience". Papers Past (National Library of New Zealand. 2023.
^ Royal Mail Coach Lake Country Press, 5 February 1925
^ MacDuff, Keiller (13 June 2022). "Historic stagecoach and old-fashioned horsepower return to the streets of Fairlie". Stuff. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Stagecoach; Cobb and Co.; 1941/74/1 on NZ Museums". eHive. Retrieved 9 January 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobb & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"Cobb & Co. (restaurant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co._(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"text":"For Cobb & Company in Australia, see Cobb & Co. For the restaurant chain, see Cobb & Co. (restaurant).Cobb & Co is the name of a company that operated a fleet of stagecoaches in Australia in the late 19th century. Cobb & Co itself did not operate in New Zealand officially but its name was used by many private stage coach operators.","title":"Cobb & Co. (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_escort,_Roxburgh,_Central_Otago_-_Photograph_taken_by_J_H_Ingley,_1901.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_P._Hart_-_(Cobb_and_Co._coach,_Palmerston,_Otago)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Gabriel's Gully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Gully"},{"link_name":"Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Smythe's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smythesdale"},{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Concord stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Abbot-Downing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot-Downing_Company"},{"link_name":"Concord, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Changing stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_station"},{"link_name":"Otokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otokia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tokomairiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Waitahuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitahuna"},{"link_name":"Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Waikouaiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikouaiti"},{"link_name":"Oamaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oamaru"},{"link_name":"Waitaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stagecoach_in_Toitu_(8564368798).jpg"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_wagon"},{"link_name":"Toitū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Settlers_Museum"},{"link_name":"Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Timaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaru"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flude-1"},{"link_name":"Lady Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anne_Barker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fairlie Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlie,_New_Zealand#Fairlie_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Toitū Otago Settlers Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toit%C5%AB_Otago_Settlers_Museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gold transport and escort Roxburgh 1901Cobb & Co coach at Palmerston, Otago in the 1880sIn 1861, the discovery of gold in Gabriel's Gully, Otago, prompted a gold rush and saw many Australian gold-diggers heading for the port of Dunedin. Among these was the Cobb & Co coach proprietor Charles Cole, who had been running a service from Smythe's Creek to Ballarat in Australia. He chartered the steamship SS India at Geelong and on 4 October 1861 landed in Dunedin with one Concord stagecoach, five wagons, a buggy and 34 horses.A vast improvement in comfort because of their style of suspension suited to extremely rough roads, the new American Concord coaches were built by Abbot-Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire. Like other fully equipped stagecoaches each had a centre door with a glass window which could be raised or lowered and the openings on either side had curtains of American leather which rolled up and down to keep out the weather. The interior was upholstered in crimson plush, while the outside was painted red, with gold ornamentation. A box seat and roof seat allowed the coach to carry five extra outside passengers, with six to nine seated on benches inside.One week after landing, Cole's first \"Cobb & Co Telegraph Line of Coaches\" left the Provincial Hotel, Dunedin for the Police Commissioner's Camp at Gabriel's Gully. Changing stations for the horses had already been arranged at the Reliance Hotel, Otokia at Tokomairiro, Round Hill and Waitahuna.In February 1862, the Hoyts came to New Zealand, landing their coach and horses at Bluff. They moved to Dunedin when they found there was no direct route to reach the gold diggings from there and linked up in partnership with C.Cole, trading as Cole, Hoyt & Co., proprietors of Cobb & Co. Telegraph Line of Coaches.The passenger coach service began to operate on a regular basis from Dunedin to Waikouaiti. Passengers who travelled on this line for Oamaru and beyond, were transferred to a light two horse wagon for the final part of their journey, where they were met by private contractors to take them to the Ferry Service at Waitaki.Concord-style stagecoach preserved in Toitū, DunedinBy April 1862, Hoyt decided to put a four horse coach team on the run, with a service of three times a week at a fare of £3 each way. The route lay through Palmerston and over the Horse Range where stops were made at the Hampden Hotel and the Otepopo Inn, before the leg to the Northern Hotel, Oamaru or on to the Waitaki River Ferry Service.By 1863 a reasonable roadway had been cut through from Timaru to Christchurch. A Cobb & Co coachline in Timaru soon opened up with a passenger service on this route running to the north. Within a short time the coachline advertised additional services south to the River Ferry at Waitaki so linking the route with the Dunedin/Oamaru coach-teams from the lower South Island.[1]Lady Barker recalled a hair-raising coach trip in the 1860s.[2]The advent of motorised transport led to the inevitable decline in stage coach travel. The last advertised Cobb & Co coach runs were Arrowtown-Queenstown and Arrowtown-Dunedin in February 1925.[3] A Cobb & Co coach was paraded through Christchurch during their 75th anniversary celebrations in 1925.Concord coaches have been preserved at the Fairlie Heritage Museum[4] and Toitū Otago Settlers Museum.[5]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Gold transport and escort Roxburgh 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gold_escort%2C_Roxburgh%2C_Central_Otago_-_Photograph_taken_by_J_H_Ingley%2C_1901.jpg/220px-Gold_escort%2C_Roxburgh%2C_Central_Otago_-_Photograph_taken_by_J_H_Ingley%2C_1901.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cobb & Co coach at Palmerston, Otago in the 1880s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/William_P._Hart_-_%28Cobb_and_Co._coach%2C_Palmerston%2C_Otago%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-William_P._Hart_-_%28Cobb_and_Co._coach%2C_Palmerston%2C_Otago%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Concord-style stagecoach preserved in Toitū, Dunedin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stagecoach_in_Toitu_%288564368798%29.jpg/250px-Stagecoach_in_Toitu_%288564368798%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Flude, Anthony (2001). \"Cobb & Co. Stagecoach – Early coach travel in New Zealand\". Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070611100405/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/cobb/cobbco.html","url_text":"\"Cobb & Co. Stagecoach – Early coach travel in New Zealand\""},{"url":"http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/cobb/cobbco.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaching Days: A nerve-wracking experience\". Papers Past (National Library of New Zealand. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19400217.2.118.26?end_date=19-02-1940&items_per_page=10&query=Cobbs&snippet=true&start_date=09-02-1940","url_text":"\"Coaching Days: A nerve-wracking experience\""}]},{"reference":"MacDuff, Keiller (13 June 2022). \"Historic stagecoach and old-fashioned horsepower return to the streets of Fairlie\". Stuff. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/128937921/historic-stagecoach-and-oldfashioned-horsepower-return-to-the-streets-of-fairlie","url_text":"\"Historic stagecoach and old-fashioned horsepower return to the streets of Fairlie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stagecoach; Cobb and Co.; 1941/74/1 on NZ Museums\". eHive. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzmuseums.co.nz/collections/3242/objects/28091/stagecoach-cobb-and-co","url_text":"\"Stagecoach; Cobb and Co.; 1941/74/1 on NZ Museums\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070611100405/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/cobb/cobbco.html","external_links_name":"\"Cobb & Co. Stagecoach – Early coach travel in New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/cobb/cobbco.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19400217.2.118.26?end_date=19-02-1940&items_per_page=10&query=Cobbs&snippet=true&start_date=09-02-1940","external_links_name":"\"Coaching Days: A nerve-wracking experience\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LCP19250205.2.2.1?query=cobb%20coach","external_links_name":"Royal Mail Coach"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/128937921/historic-stagecoach-and-oldfashioned-horsepower-return-to-the-streets-of-fairlie","external_links_name":"\"Historic stagecoach and old-fashioned horsepower return to the streets of Fairlie\""},{"Link":"https://nzmuseums.co.nz/collections/3242/objects/28091/stagecoach-cobb-and-co","external_links_name":"\"Stagecoach; Cobb and Co.; 1941/74/1 on NZ Museums\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal_Mishra_(composer) | Vishal Mishra (composer) | ["1 Early life","2 Hindi film songs","3 Hindi non-film songs","4 Accolades","5 Notelist","6 References"] | Indian singer and music composer
Not to be confused with Vishal Mishra (director) or Vishal Misra.
Vishal MishraBorn8 DecemberUnnao, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaGenresFilmiBollywoodOccupation(s)ComposerSingerInstrument(s)
Vocals
Electric guitar
Acoustic guitar
Harmonium
Tabla
Piano
Keyboard
Years active2015–presentLabels
Tips
T-Series
Sony Music India
Zee Music Company
VYRL Originals
Musical artist
Vishal Mishra is an Indian music composer and singer. He first appeared in a reality show aired on DD National. He also gave audition for Indian Idol but disqualified. In his initial days of the music industry, Mishra was guided by Lalit Pandit, of the Jatin–Lalit composer duo.
Mishra made his debut as a composer in 2016 with the Tamil film Devi. In 2017, he composed the song "Jaane De", sung by Atif Aslam, featured on the soundtrack of Qarib Qarib Singlle. Mishra also composed songs for Munna Michael, which marked his singing debut, and the Marathi film FU: Friendship Unlimited. He composed the "Rafta Rafta" melody for Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se, marking his first project of 2018.
His music video features Khan in a special appearance; Mishra subsequently composed the romantic song "Selfish", written by and starring Khan for the action film Race 3, while also composing the title track of Veere Di Wedding, starring Kareena Kapoor Khan, Sonam Kapoor, Swara Bhasker and Shikha Talsania.
Mishra's first act as a solo composer for songs and score, came with the Salman Khan-produced romantic drama Notebook. He rose to fame with the hit song "Kaise Hua" from Kabir Singh. He then produced a soundtrack for the Anurag Kashyap-produced Saand Ki Aankh, a biopic on the lives of the Shooter Dadis.
In 2020 Mishra released "Manjha", a song featuring Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar. He was also involved in the composition of the song "Phir Muskurayega India", which featured Bollywood actors Akshay Kumar and Jackky Bhagnani.
Early life
Mishra was born in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. He took his education in Lucknow.
Hindi film songs
Denotes films that have not yet been released
Year
Film
#
Song
Singer(s)
Lyricist(s)
Composer(s)
2014
Hum Hai Teen Khurafaati
1.
"Khurafaati"
Vishal Mishra, Yashita Yashpal, Jayshankar, Amitabh Narayn
Shweta Raaj
Kashi-Richard
2.
"Ruh Se Ruh Ka Milan"
Vishal Mishra, Yashita Yashpal
2015
Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein
3.
"Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein"
Neha Kakkar, Abhijeet Sawant
Sandeep Nath
Vishal Mishra
2016
Shorgul
4.
"Shaam O Seher"
Vishal Mishra
Sameer
Lalit Pandit
Tutak Tutak Tutiya
5.
"Chalte Chalte"
Arijit Singh
Manoj Yadav
Vishal Mishra
6.
"Ranga Re"
Shreya Ghoshal
Pranav Vatsa
2017
FU: Friendship Unlimited
7.
"Pehli Dafa"
Vishal Mishra
Sanjeev Chaturvedi
8.
"Don't Control Us"
Siddharth Basrur
Pranav Vatsa
9.
"Teri Baaton Ke" (Male Version)
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra, Pranav Vatsa
10.
"Teri Baaton Ke" (Female Version)
Iulia Vântur
11.
"Darmiyaan"
Vishal Mishra, Shreya Ghoshal
Sanjeev Chaturvedi
12.
"Uff Tera Ye Jalwa" (Version 1)
Sukhwinder Singh, Neeti Mohan
Sameer, Vishal Mishra
13.
"Uff Tera Ye Jalwa" (Version 2)
Aishwarya Nigam, Neeti Mohan
14.
"Affu Khuda"
Sonu Nigam, Jonita Gandhi, Parry G
Raj Shekhar, Anand Bakshi
15.
"Tere Bin O Yaara"
Sonu Nigam
Raj Shekhar
16.
"Darmiyaan" (Acoustic Version)
Akash Ojha, Prakriti Kakar
Sanjeev Chaturvedi
17.
"F.U." (Title Track)
Vishal Mishra, Wrisha Dutta
Sachin Pathak
Samir Saptiskar
18.
"Diljale"
Vishal Mishra
19.
"Girlfriend"
Munna Michael
20.
"Pyar Ho"
Vishal Mishra, Sunidhi Chauhan
Kumaar
Vishal Mishra
21.
"Pyar Ho (Redux)"
Sunidhi Chauhan
The Dream Job
22.
"Dhuaan Dhuaan Hai Zindagi"
Vishal Mishra
Mukesh Mishra
23.
"Apni Jeb"
Manoj Tiwari
24.
"Yaariyan Ye Teri Yaariyan"
Vishal Mishra, Sadhvi Bhatt
Aditya Virmani, Ronak Runwal
Qarib Qarib Singlle
25.
"Khatam Kahani"
Vishal Mishra, Nooran Sisters
Raj Shekhar
Vishal Mishra
26.
"Jaane De"
Atif Aslam
2018
Veere Di Wedding
27.
"Veere"
Vishal Mishra, Aditi Singh Sharma, Dhvani Bhanushali, Nikita Ahuja, Payal Dev, Iulia Vântur, Sharvi Yadav
Anvita Dutt Guptan
28.
"Dagmag Dagmag"
Vishal Mishra, Payal Dev
Race 3
29.
"Selfish"
Atif Aslam, Iulia Vântur
Salman Khan
30.
"I Found Love"
Salman Khan, Veera Saxena
31.
''Selfish" (Solo Version)
Atif Aslam
32.
''Selfish (Solo Version 2)
Stebin Ben
33.
"Selfish" (Unplugged Version)
Vishal Mishra, Atif Aslam
Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se
34.
"Rafta Rafta Medley"
Vishal Mishra, Jordi Patel, Disha Sharma, Akash Ojha, Rekha, Dharmendra
Kunwar Juneja
5 Weddings
35.
"Na Chah Ke Bhi"
Vishal Mishra, Shirley Setia
Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
2019
Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota
36.
''Tere Liye''
Vishal Mishra, Kamakshi Rai
Shantanu Ghatak
Karan Kulkarni
Notebook
37.
"Safar"
Mohit Chauhan
Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
38.
"Bumro"
Vishal Mishra, Kamaal Khan
Kaushal Kishore, Vibha Saraf, Traditional
39.
"Nai Lagda"
Vishal Mishra, Asees Kaur
Akshay Tripathi
40.
"Laila"
Dhvani Bhanushali
Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
41.
"Main Taare"
Salman Khan
Manoj Muntashir
42.
"Main Taare" (Atif Aslam Version)
Atif Aslam
43.
"The Notebook Symphony"
Instrumental
Kabir Singh
44.
"Kaise Hua"
Vishal Mishra
Manoj Muntashir
45.
"Pehla Pyaar (Film Version)"
Irshad Kamil
46.
"Pehla Pyaar"
Armaan Malik
Jabariya Jodi
47.
''Ki Honda Pyaar" (Arijit Singh Version)
Arijit Singh
Raj Shekhar
48.
"Macchardani"
Vishal Mishra, Jyotica Tangri
49.
"Ki Honda Pyaar" (Neha Kakkar Version)
Neha Kakkar
Pranaam
50.
''Sirf Tu''
Armaan Malik
Manoj Muntashir
51.
"Jai Hanuman"
Sukhwinder Singh
52.
"Ilaahi"
Sonu Nigam
53.
"Zindagi"
Ankit Tiwari
Saand Ki Aankh
54.
''Udta Teetar''
Sunidhi Chauhan, Jyoti Nooran
Raj Shekhar
55.
''Womaniya''
Vishal Dadlani
56.
''Aasmaa''
Asha Bhosle
57.
''Baby Gold''
Sona Mohapatra, Jyotica Tangri
58.
''Jhunna Jhunna''
Krutika Borkar, Pratibha Singh Baghel
59.
''Womaniya" (Raw Version)
Vishal Mishra
60.
''Aasmaa" (Studio Version)
Broken But Beautiful:S2 (Web Series)
61.
"Teri Hogaiyaan"
Vishal Mishra
62.
"Teri Hogaiyaan" (Female Version)
Shyamoli Sanghi
2020
Bamfaad
62.
Bamfaad (Title Track)
Vishal Mishra
Raj Shekhar
63.
Ishq Ka Itar
64.
"Munasib"
Vishal Mishra, Anandi Joshi
65.
"Yaar Mera Ho Mere Rubabu"
Sukhwinder Singh, Vishal Mishra, Hemant Brijwasi, Moin Sabri
Khuda Haafiz
66.
"Jaan Ban Gaye"
Vishal Mishra, Asees Kaur
Mithoon
Shakeela
67.
"Woh Lamha"
Vishal Mishra
Kumaar
Veer Samarth
2021
Time to Dance
68.
"Aaye Haaye"
Milind Gaba, Aditi Singh Sharma
Vishal Mishra
69.
"Time To Dance"
Vishal Mishra, Neeti Mohan
Yuva D
70.
''Desh Ka Yodha''
Vishal Mishra
S. Thaman
Broken But Beautiful:S3 (Web Series)
71.
"Teri Hogaiyaan 2"
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
2022
Ranjish Hi Sahi (Web Series)
72.
"Tham Sa Gaya"
Ravi
Aabhas-Shreyas
RRR D
73.
"Naacho Naacho"
Vishal Mishra, Rahul Sipligunj
Riya Mukherjee
M. M. Keeravani
74.
"Sholay"
Vishal Mishra, Benny Dayal, Sahithi Chaganti, Harika Narayan
Attack: Part 1
75.
"Main Nai Tuttna"
Vishal Mishra
Kumaar
Shashwat Sachdev
Operation Romeo
76.
"Yeh Kyun Kiya"
Manoj Muntashir
M. M. Keeravani
77.
"Tere Bin Jeena Kya"
Vishal Mishra, Rupali Jagga
Never Kiss Your Best Friend: S2 (Web Series)
78.
"Dil Ko Tujhpe Pyaar"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
79.
"Phir Se"
80.
"Jee Na Paunga"
Vishal Mishra, Jay Tanna "SIFAR
Ittu Si Baat
81.
"Gulabi"
Vishal Mishra, Shreya Ghoshal
Raj Shekhar
82.
"Sun Bhi Le"
Arijit Singh
83.
"17 Lakh Da Gajra"
Tony Kakkar, Asees Kaur
84.
"Darbadar"
Jubin Nautiyal
85.
"Middle Class"
Nakash Aziz
Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 - Agni Pariksha
86.
"Rubaru"
Vishal Mishra, Asees Kaur
Manoj Muntashir
87.
"Aaja Ve"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore, Faruk Kabir
Ponniyin Selvan-1 D
88.
"Chola Chola"
Vishal Mishra, Swagat Rathod
Mehboob
A. R. Rahman
Nazar Andaaz
89.
"Lootere Aa Gaye"
Sachet Tandon, Mohammed Danish
Raj Shekhar
Vishal Mishra
90.
"Andekhe Rang"
Vishal Mishra
91.
"Aadhi Kahaani"
Jubin Nautiyal
92.
"Jadoo"
Parampara Tandon
93.
"Sukoon"
Armaan Malik
94.
"Sukoon" (Female Version)
Tulsi Kumar
Mili
95.
"Sun Aye Mili"
Vishal Mishra
Javed Akhtar
A. R. Rahman
96.
"Jeena Hoga"
Maarrich
97.
"Na Boond"
Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
98.
"Deewana"
Vishal Mishra
2023
Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga
99.
"Janiye"
Vishal Mishra, Rashmeet Kaur
100.
"Janiye" (Female Version)
Noor Chahal
Gumraah
101.
"Soniye Je"
Vishal Mishra
8 A.M. Metro
102.
"Phir Se Dil Toota"
Kausar Munir
Mark K Robin
Satyaprem Ki Katha
103.
"Naseeb Se"
Vishal Mishra, Payal Dev
A. M. Turaz
Payal Dev
Bawaal
104.
"Dilon Ki Doriyan"
Vishal Mishra, Zahrah S Khan, Romy
Arafat Mehmood
Tanishk Bagchi
Gadar 2
105.
"Chal Tere Ishq Mein"
Vishal Mishra, Neeti Mohan, Sahil Akhtar, Shehnaz Akhtar
Sayeed Quadri
Mithoon
106.
"Chal Tere Ishq Mein" (Vishal Mishra)
Vishal Mishra
107.
"Dil Jhoom" (Vishal Mishra)
Mission Raniganj: The Great Bharat Rescue
108.
"Keemti"
Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
Thank You for Coming
109.
"Duniya Farzi"
Nikhita Gandhi, Hansika Pareek
Kumaar
Yaariyan 2
110.
"Saure Ghar"
Vishal Mishra, Neeti Mohan
Manan Bhardwaj
Ganapath
111.
"Jai Ganesha"
Vishal Mishra
Akshay Tripathi
Vishal Mishra
Pippa
112.
"Mohabbatein Shukriya"
Vishal Mishra, Suzanne D'Mello
Shellee
A. R. Rahman
Apurva
113.
"Diwali"
Vishal Mishra
Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
114.
"Hai Khuda"
115.
"Tujhse Pyaar Hai"
Vishal Mishra
Animal
116.
"Pehle Bhi Main"
Raj Shekhar
117.
"Marham" (Pehle Bhi Main)
Mast Mein Rehne Ka
118.
"Ek Taara"
Vishal Mishra, Madhubanti Bagchi
Vijay Maurya
Anurag Saikia
Dunki
119.
"Main Tera Rasta Dekhunga"
Vishal Mishra, Shreya Ghoshal, Shadab Faridi, Altamash Faridi
Amitabh Bhattacharya
Pritam
2024
Indian Police Force: S1 (Web Series)
120.
"Bairiyaa Re"
Vishal Mishra
Siddhesh Patole
Akashdeep Sengupta
Fighter
121.
"Bekaar Dil"
Vishal Mishra, Shilpa Rao, Vishal Dadlani
Kumaar
Vishal-Shekhar
Crakk - Jeetega Toh Jiyegaa
122.
"Dil Jhoom"
Vishal Mishra, Shreya Ghoshal
Gurpreet Saini, Ali Zafar
Tanishk Bagchi, Ali Zafar
123.
"Jeena Haram"
Vishal Mishra, Shilpa Rao
Tanishk Bagchi
Kaagaz 2
124.
"Tera Mera Rishta"
Vishal Mishra
Rashmi Virag
Shaarib-Toshi
Yodha
125.
"Zindagi Tere Naam"
Kaushal Kishore
Vishal Mishra
126.
"Zindagi Tere Naam" (Soul Version)
Crew
127.
"Kiddan Zaalima"
Raj Shekhar
Bade Miyan Chote Miyan
128.
"Bade Miyan Chote Miyan"
Vishal Mishra, Anirudh Ravichander
Irshad Kamil
129.
"Mast Malang Jhoom"
Vishal Mishra, Arijit Singh, Nikhita Gandhi
130.
"Wallah Habibi"
Vishal Mishra, Vishal Dadlani, Dipakshi Kalita
131.
"Rang Ishq Ka" (Redux)
Neha Bhasin
132.
"Rang Ishq Ka"
Vishal Mishra
Ruslaan
133.
"Taade"
Shabbir Ahmed
Savi
134.
"Humdum"
Raj Shekhar
Mr. & Mrs. Mahi
135.
"Roya Jab Tu"
Vishal Mishra, Azeem Dayani
Blackout
136.
"Chitralekha"
Vishal Mishra
137.
"Kya Hua"
138.
"Chor"
Vishal Mishra, Suraj Jagan
Hindi non-film songs
Year
#
Song
Singer(s)
Composer(s)
Lyricist(s)
2019
1.
"Sajna Ve"
Vishal Mishra, Lisa Mishra
Vishal Mishra
Akshay Tripathi, Vishal Mishra
2.
"Takda Rava"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra
2020
3.
"Manjha"
Vishal Mishra, Akshay Tripathi
4.
"Muskurayega India"
Kaushal Kishore
5.
"Aaj Bhi"
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore, Yash Anand
6.
"Kithe"
Babbu
7.
"Haq Hai Humara"
Manoj Muntashir
8.
"Humko Tum Mil Gaye"
Naresh Sharma
Sayeed Quadri
9.
"Woh Chaand Kahan Se Laogi"
Vishal Mishra
Manoj Muntashir
2021
10.
"Jannayak"
Yara, Shubham Srivastva
Kaushal Kishore
11.
"Tu Bhi Sataya Jayega"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
12.
"Zyada Vadia"
Nishawn Bhullar
Babbu
13.
"Vande Mataram"
Tiger Shroff
Kaushal Kishore
14.
"Pyaar Ho Jayega"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra, Akshay Tripathi
15.
"Chhathi Maiya Bulaye"
Kaushal Kishore
16.
"Chale Bhi Jao"
17.
"Bollywood Wala Dance"
Mamta Sharma
Danish Iqbal Sabri
2022
18.
"Dildaar"
Manoj Tiwari
Manoj Tiwari
19.
"Kya Kar Diya"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
20.
"Runjhun"
Vishal Mishra, Hansika Pareek
Rashmi Virag
21.
"Bharosa"
Vishal Mishra, Nishawn Bhullar
Kaushal Kishore
22.
"Ram Aaye Hain Ayodhya"
Vishal Mishra
23.
"Aao Naa"
24.
"Chandni"
Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
2023
25.
"Kho Jaane De"
Vishal Mishra
26.
"Zihaal e Miskin"
Vishal Mishra, Shreya Ghoshal
Javed-Mohsin, Laxmikant-Pyarelal
Kunaal Vermaa, Gulzar
27.
"Hanuman Ki Bhujayien"
Vishal Mishra
Payal Dev
Manoj Muntashir
28.
"Vande Bharatam"
Vishal Mishra, Arko
Arko
29.
"Aakhir"
Vishal Mishra
Kaushal Kishore
30.
"Ram Aayenge"
Vishal Mishra
Payal Dev
Manoj Muntashir
31.
"Door Aa Gaye"
Vishal Mishra, Dino James
32.
"Ek Mulaqaat"
Vishal Mishra, Shreya Ghoshal
Javed-Mohsin
Rashmi Virag, Sameer
2024
33.
"Pahadon Mein"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra
34.
"Ram Lala"
Manoj Muntashir
35.
"Meri Zindagi"
Vishal Mishra, Tulsi Kumar
Javed-Mohsin
Rashmi Virag
36.
"Galti"
Vishal Mishra
Vishal Mishra
Kaushal Kishore
37.
"Tere Kol Rehna"
Rochak Kohli
Gurpreet Saini
38.
"Laa Pila De Sharaab"
Manan Bhardwaj
Accolades
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominated work
Result
Notes
2018
10th Mirchi Music Awards
Upcoming Music Composer of The Year
"Pyar Ho" from Munna Michael
Nominated
"Jaane De" from Qarib Qarib Singlle
2019
26th Screen Awards
Best Music Album
"Kaise Hua & Pehla Pyar " from Kabir Singh
Won
2020
65th Filmfare Awards
Kabir Singh
Won
Zee Cine Awards For Best Music Director (Kabir Singh)Mirchi Music Award For Best Music Director (Kabir Singh)
2024
69th Filmfare Awards
Animal
Won
Notelist
^ Not officially released
References
^ Sen, Debarati S (7 December 2020). "Exclusive! Vishal Mishra is off to Goa for his birthday on December 8". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ a b "Lalit (Pandit) Sir guided me through the music industry: Vishal Mishra". RadioandMusic.com. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ "Rekha raps, Sonakshi Sinha sings for special Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se track also featuring Salman Khan". Firstpost. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ Coutinho, Natasha (16 March 2018). "Salman Khan turns lyricist for Race 3 also starring Anil Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ Roy, Dhaval (16 April 2018). "I can only speak the language of emotions: Vishal Mishra". DNA India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ MANJHA - Aayush Sharma & Saiee M Manjrekar | Vishal Mishra | Riyaz Aly | Anshul Garg, 16 March 2020, retrieved 7 April 2022
^ a b IANS (16 March 2020). "Manjha music video out: Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar indulge in patangon wala pyaar". India Today. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ "Latest Hindi Song 'Manjha' Sung By Vishal Mishra Featuring Aayush Sharma And Saiee Manjrekar". The Times of India. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ Misra, Iti Sree (28 October 2018). "Folk music is ultimately what works in India: Vishal Mishra in Lucknow". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ "Main Taare teaser: Salman Khan lends voice to new song from Notebook". Cinema Express. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ Not released officially
^ "Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017". MMAMirchiMusicAwards. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Mithoon, Amaal Mallik, Vishal Mishra, Sachet–Parampara and Akhil Sachdeva- Best Music Album 2019 Nominee | Filmfare Awards". Filmfare. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ Mukherjee, Richa (29 January 2024). "Filmfare Awards 2024: Alia Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor Win Top Acting Prizes - Full List Of Winners". NDTV. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
vteFilmfare Award for Best Music Director1954–1960
Naushad (1954)
S. D. Burman (1955)
Hemant Kumar (1956)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1957)
O. P. Nayyar (1958)
Salil Chowdhury (1959)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1960)
1961–1980
Shankar–Jaikishan (1961)
Ravi (1962)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1963)
Roshan (1964)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1965)
Ravi (1966)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1967)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1968)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1969)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1970)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1971)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1972)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1973)
S. D. Burman (1974)
Kalyanji–Anandji (1975)
Rajesh Roshan (1976)
Khayyam (1977)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1978)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1979)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1980)
1981–2000
Laxmikant–Pyarelal (1981)
Khayyam (1982)
R. D. Burman (1983)
R. D. Burman (1984)
Bappi Lahiri (1985)
Ravindra Jain (1986)
No Award (1987)
No Award (1988)
Anand–Milind (1989)
Raamlaxman (1990)
Nadeem–Shravan (1991)
Nadeem–Shravan (1992)
Nadeem–Shravan (1993)
Anu Malik (1994)
R. D. Burman (1995)
A. R. Rahman (1996)
Nadeem–Shravan (1997)
Uttam Singh (1998)
A. R. Rahman (1999)
A. R. Rahman (2000)
2001-present
Rajesh Roshan (2001)
A. R. Rahman (2002)
A. R. Rahman (2003)
Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (2004)
Anu Malik (2005)
Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (2006)
A. R. Rahman (2007)
A. R. Rahman (2008)
A. R. Rahman (2009)
A. R. Rahman (2010)
Sajid–Wajid and Lalit Pandit (2011)
A. R. Rahman (2012)
Pritam (2013)
Ankit Tiwari, Jeet Ganguly and Mithoon (2014)
Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (2015)
Amaal Mallik, Ankit Tiwari and Meet Bros Anjjan (2016)
Pritam (2017)
Pritam (2018)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2019)
Zoya Akhtar, Ankur Tewari and Amaal Mallik, Mithoon, Amaal Mallik, Mithoon, Vishal Mishra, Sachet–Parampara, Akhil Sachdeva (2020)
Pritam (2021)
Tanishk Bagchi, B Praak, Jaani, Jasleen Royal, Javed–Mohsin, Vikram Montrose (2022)
Pritam (2023)
Pritam, Vishal Mishra, Harshavardhan Rameshwar, Shreyas Puranik, Ashim Kemson, Bhupinder Babbal, Jaani, Manan Bhardwaj (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vishal Mishra (director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal_Mishra_(director)"},{"link_name":"Vishal Misra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal_Misra"},{"link_name":"DD National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_National"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Lalit Pandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalit_Pandit"},{"link_name":"Jatin–Lalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatin%E2%80%93Lalit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Atif Aslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif_Aslam"},{"link_name":"Qarib Qarib Singlle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarib_Qarib_Singlle"},{"link_name":"Munna Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munna_Michael"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"FU: Friendship Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FU:_Friendship_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamla_Pagla_Deewana_Phir_Se"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Race 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_3"},{"link_name":"Veere Di Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veere_Di_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Kareena Kapoor Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sonam Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Swara Bhasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swara_Bhasker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Notebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Kabir Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir_Singh"},{"link_name":"Anurag Kashyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap"},{"link_name":"Saand Ki Aankh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saand_Ki_Aankh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT_16March2020-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Jackky Bhagnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackky_Bhagnani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT_16March2020-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Vishal Mishra (director) or Vishal Misra.Musical artistVishal Mishra is an Indian music composer and singer. He first appeared in a reality show aired on DD National.[2] He also gave audition for Indian Idol but disqualified. In his initial days of the music industry, Mishra was guided by Lalit Pandit, of the Jatin–Lalit composer duo.[2]Mishra made his debut as a composer in 2016 with the Tamil film Devi. In 2017, he composed the song \"Jaane De\", sung by Atif Aslam, featured on the soundtrack of Qarib Qarib Singlle. Mishra also composed songs for Munna Michael, which marked his singing debut, and the Marathi film FU: Friendship Unlimited. He composed the \"Rafta Rafta\" melody for Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se, marking his first project of 2018.His music video features Khan in a special appearance;[3] Mishra subsequently composed the romantic song \"Selfish\", written by and starring Khan for the action film Race 3, while also composing the title track of Veere Di Wedding, starring Kareena Kapoor Khan, Sonam Kapoor, Swara Bhasker and Shikha Talsania.[4]Mishra's first act as a solo composer for songs and score, came with the Salman Khan-produced romantic drama Notebook. He rose to fame with the hit song \"Kaise Hua\" from Kabir Singh. He then produced a soundtrack for the Anurag Kashyap-produced Saand Ki Aankh, a biopic on the lives of the Shooter Dadis.[5]In 2020 Mishra released \"Manjha\",[6][7] a song featuring Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar.[8] He was also involved in the composition of the song \"Phir Muskurayega India\", which featured Bollywood actors Akshay Kumar and Jackky Bhagnani.[7]","title":"Vishal Mishra (composer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unnao, Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnao,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Mishra was born in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. He took his education in Lucknow.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hindi film songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hindi non-film songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ Not officially released[10]","title":"Notelist"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sen, Debarati S (7 December 2020). \"Exclusive! Vishal Mishra is off to Goa for his birthday on December 8\". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/exclusive-vishal-mishra-is-off-to-goa-for-his-birthday-on-december-8/articleshow/79606803.cms","url_text":"\"Exclusive! Vishal Mishra is off to Goa for his birthday on December 8\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lalit (Pandit) Sir guided me through the music industry: Vishal Mishra\". RadioandMusic.com. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170602-lalit-pandit-sir-guided-me-through-the-music","url_text":"\"Lalit (Pandit) Sir guided me through the music industry: Vishal Mishra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rekha raps, Sonakshi Sinha sings for special Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se track also featuring Salman Khan\". Firstpost. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/rekha-raps-sonakshi-sinha-sings-for-special-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-track-also-featuring-salman-khan-4416243.html","url_text":"\"Rekha raps, Sonakshi Sinha sings for special Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se track also featuring Salman Khan\""}]},{"reference":"Coutinho, Natasha (16 March 2018). \"Salman Khan turns lyricist for Race 3 also starring Anil Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez\". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://betamumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-turns-lyricist-for-race-3/articleshow/63323331.cms","url_text":"\"Salman Khan turns lyricist for Race 3 also starring Anil Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Dhaval (16 April 2018). \"I can only speak the language of emotions: Vishal Mishra\". DNA India. 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Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/manjha-music-video-out-aayush-sharma-and-saiee-manjrekar-indulge-in-patangon-wala-pyaar-1656120-2020-03-16","url_text":"\"Manjha music video out: Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar indulge in patangon wala pyaar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Hindi Song 'Manjha' Sung By Vishal Mishra Featuring Aayush Sharma And Saiee Manjrekar\". The Times of India. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-manjha-sung-by-vishal-mishra-featuring-aayush-sharma-and-saiee-manjrekar-/videoshow/74660734.cms","url_text":"\"Latest Hindi Song 'Manjha' Sung By Vishal Mishra Featuring Aayush Sharma And Saiee Manjrekar\""}]},{"reference":"Misra, Iti Sree (28 October 2018). \"Folk music is ultimately what works in India: Vishal Mishra in Lucknow\". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/folk-music-is-ultimately-what-works-in-india-vishal-mishra-in-lucknow/articleshow/66379603.cms","url_text":"\"Folk music is ultimately what works in India: Vishal Mishra in Lucknow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Main Taare teaser: Salman Khan lends voice to new song from Notebook\". Cinema Express. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Mar/16/main-taare-teaser-salman-khan-lends-voice-to-new-song-from-notebook-10567.html","url_text":"\"Main Taare teaser: Salman Khan lends voice to new song from Notebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017\". MMAMirchiMusicAwards. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enuliophis_sclateri | Colombian longtail snake | ["1 Etymology","2 Geographic range","3 Habitat","4 Reproduction","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Species of snake
Colombian longtail snake
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Suborder:
Serpentes
Family:
Colubridae
Genus:
EnuliophisMcCranie & Villa, 1993
Species:
E. sclateri
Binomial name
Enuliophis sclateri(Boulenger, 1894)
Synonyms
Leptocalamus sclateri Boulenger, 1894
Enulius sclateri — Taylor, 1954
Enuliophis sclateri — McCranie & Villa, 1993
The Colombian longtail snake (Enuliophis sclateri), also known commonly as the sock-headed snake and the white-headed snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species, which is monotypic in the genus Enuliophis, is native to Central America and northern South America.
Etymology
The specific name, sclateri, is in honor of British zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater.
Geographic range
E. sclateri is found in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of E. sclateri is forest, at altitudes from sea level to 1,640 m (5,380 ft).
Reproduction
E. sclateri is oviparous.
References
^ a b Köhler, G.; Lamar, W.; Nicholson, K.; Townsend, J.H.; Wilson, L.D.; Daza, J.; Bolívar, W.; Velasco, J.; Caicedo, J. (2016). "Enuliophis sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T203505A2766613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203505A2766613.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ a b c Species Enuliophis sclateri at The Reptile Database
www.reptile-database.org.
^ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Enuliophis sclateri, p. 239).
Further reading
Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I–XX. (Leptocalamus sclateri, new species, p. 251 + Plate XII, figure 1).
McCranie JR, Villa J (1993). "A new genus for the snake Enulius sclateri (Colubridae: Xenodontinae)". Amphibia-Reptilia 14 (3): 261–267. (Enuliophis, new genus; Enuliophis sclateri, new combination).
Savage JM (2002). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. xx + 945 pp. ISBN 0-226-73537-0. (Enulius sclateri, pp. 589–590).
Taylor EH (1954). "Further Studies on the Serpents of Costa Rica". University of Kansas Science Bulletin 36 (2): 673–800. (Enulius sclateri, pp. 707–708).
Taxon identifiersEnuliophis
Wikidata: Q14427091
Wikispecies: Enuliophis
CoL: 4C9C
GBIF: 2453876
iNaturalist: 30180
IRMNG: 1207513
ITIS: 1081371
NCBI: 1212706
Open Tree of Life: 4121947
Enuliophis sclateri
Wikidata: Q3055386
Wikispecies: Enuliophis sclateri
ADW: Enuliophis
CoL: 6FGT3
GBIF: 2453877
iNaturalist: 30181
IRMNG: 10779107
ITIS: 1081841
IUCN: 203505
NCBI: 1212707
Observation.org: 99375
RD: sclateri
uBio: 5801281
This article relating to Dipsadinae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commonly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Colubridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubridae"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"}],"text":"The Colombian longtail snake (Enuliophis sclateri), also known commonly as the sock-headed snake and the white-headed snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species, which is monotypic in the genus Enuliophis, is native to Central America and northern South America.","title":"Colombian longtail snake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Philip Lutley Sclater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sclater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The specific name, sclateri, is in honor of British zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDB-2"}],"text":"E. sclateri is found in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.[2]","title":"Geographic range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_18_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The preferred natural habitat of E. sclateri is forest, at altitudes from sea level to 1,640 m (5,380 ft).[1]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDB-2"}],"text":"E. sclateri is oviparous.[2]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulenger GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"McCranie JR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randall_McCranie"},{"link_name":"Villa J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Villa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savage JM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_M._Savage"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-73537-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73537-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor EH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harrison_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q14427091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14427091"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Enuliophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Enuliophis"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"4C9C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4C9C"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2453876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2453876"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"30180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/30180"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"1207513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1207513"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"1081371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1081371"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"1212706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1212706"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"4121947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4121947"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q3055386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055386"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Enuliophis sclateri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Enuliophis_sclateri"},{"link_name":"ADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web"},{"link_name":"Enuliophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//animaldiversity.org/accounts/Enuliophis/"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"6FGT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6FGT3"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2453877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2453877"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"30181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/30181"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10779107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10779107"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"1081841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1081841"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"203505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/203505"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"1212707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1212707"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"99375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/99375/"},{"link_name":"RD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_Database"},{"link_name":"sclateri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DEnuliophis%26species%3Dsclateri"},{"link_name":"5801281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5801281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sibon_longifrenis_(La_Selva_Biological_Station).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dipsadinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsadinae"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_longtail_snake&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dipsadinae-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dipsadinae-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dipsadinae-stub"}],"text":"Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I–XX. (Leptocalamus sclateri, new species, p. 251 + Plate XII, figure 1).\nMcCranie JR, Villa J (1993). \"A new genus for the snake Enulius sclateri (Colubridae: Xenodontinae)\". Amphibia-Reptilia 14 (3): 261–267. (Enuliophis, new genus; Enuliophis sclateri, new combination).\nSavage JM (2002). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. xx + 945 pp. ISBN 0-226-73537-0. (Enulius sclateri, pp. 589–590).\nTaylor EH (1954). \"Further Studies on the Serpents of Costa Rica\". University of Kansas Science Bulletin 36 (2): 673–800. (Enulius sclateri, pp. 707–708).Taxon identifiersEnuliophis\nWikidata: Q14427091\nWikispecies: Enuliophis\nCoL: 4C9C\nGBIF: 2453876\niNaturalist: 30180\nIRMNG: 1207513\nITIS: 1081371\nNCBI: 1212706\nOpen Tree of Life: 4121947\nEnuliophis sclateri\nWikidata: Q3055386\nWikispecies: Enuliophis sclateri\nADW: Enuliophis\nCoL: 6FGT3\nGBIF: 2453877\niNaturalist: 30181\nIRMNG: 10779107\nITIS: 1081841\nIUCN: 203505\nNCBI: 1212707\nObservation.org: 99375\nRD: sclateri\nuBio: 5801281This article relating to Dipsadinae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Köhler, G.; Lamar, W.; Nicholson, K.; Townsend, J.H.; Wilson, L.D.; Daza, J.; Bolívar, W.; Velasco, J.; Caicedo, J. (2016). \"Enuliophis sclateri\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T203505A2766613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203505A2766613.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203505/2766613","url_text":"\"Enuliophis sclateri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203505A2766613.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203505A2766613.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203505/2766613","external_links_name":"\"Enuliophis sclateri\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203505A2766613.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203505A2766613.en"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Enuliophis&species=sclateri","external_links_name":"Enuliophis sclateri"},{"Link":"http://www.reptile-database.org/","external_links_name":"The Reptile Database"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4C9C","external_links_name":"4C9C"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2453876","external_links_name":"2453876"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/30180","external_links_name":"30180"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1207513","external_links_name":"1207513"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1081371","external_links_name":"1081371"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1212706","external_links_name":"1212706"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4121947","external_links_name":"4121947"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Enuliophis/","external_links_name":"Enuliophis"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6FGT3","external_links_name":"6FGT3"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2453877","external_links_name":"2453877"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/30181","external_links_name":"30181"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10779107","external_links_name":"10779107"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1081841","external_links_name":"1081841"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/203505","external_links_name":"203505"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1212707","external_links_name":"1212707"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/99375/","external_links_name":"99375"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DEnuliophis%26species%3Dsclateri","external_links_name":"sclateri"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5801281","external_links_name":"5801281"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_longtail_snake&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toskabon | Toskabon | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°25′15″N 52°19′35″E / 36.42083°N 52.32639°E / 36.42083; 52.32639Village in Mazandaran, IranToskabon
تسكابنvillageToskabonCoordinates: 36°25′15″N 52°19′35″E / 36.42083°N 52.32639°E / 36.42083; 52.32639Country IranProvinceMazandaranCountyAmolBakhshCentralRural DistrictBala Khiyaban-e LitkuhPopulation (2006) • Total580Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Toskabon (Persian: تسكابن, also Romanized as Toskābon) is a village in Bala Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 580, in 129 families.
References
^ Toskabon can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3841218" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Amol CountyCapital
Amol
DistrictsCentralCities
Amol
Rural Districts and villagesBala Khiyaban-e Litkuh(UpperKhiyaban-e Litkuh)
Ab Bakhshan
Ali Jangal
Bozminan
Chalikiadeh
Chandar Mahalleh
Derazan
Divraz
Dormah Kola
Esku Mahalleh
Espand
Halumsar
Industrial Estate
Karchi Kola
Kasemdeh
Kateh Posht-e Olya
Khas Kola
Khoshk Rud
Kom Kola
Konesi
Marzan Kola
Mian Mahalleh
Mian Rud
Mikhran
Nowgardan
Palak-e Olya
Palak-e Sofla
Paski Mahalleh
Rudbar Dasht
Sang Darka
Sehri
Suteh Kola
Teliran
Tir Kan
Tork Kola
Toskabon
Varamdeh
Ziarud
Chelav
Alimestan
Andvar
Bozrudasht
Chameh Ben
Gat Kola
Genkaraj Kola
Kamarbon
Kandeva
Kapin
Kherem
Khushevash
Kolard
Lahash
Marijan
Mohammadabad
Najjar Kola
Neshel
Paran
Parimeh
Pasha Kola
Razakeh
Sang Chal
Shah Zeyd
Tiar
Zar Khuni
Harazpey-ye Jonubi(South Harazpey)
Ab Saraft
Ahangar Kola
Ali Kola-ye Ahi
Aqa Mohammadabad
Aski Mahalleh
Bakhtiar Koti
Bamoti
Bish Mahalleh
Farahabad
Hareh Pak
Hemmatabad
Hoseynabad
Jafarabad
Jamshidabad
Kamangar Kola
Kelikan
Kharab-e Mian Rud
Kohneh Dan
Kola Mahalleh
Kola Safa
Lati Kola
Masumabad
Mian Rud
Now Deh
Now Kola
Owjiabad
Pasha Kola
Pasha Kola-ye Bish Mahalleh
Puli Kiadeh
Qadi Mahalleh
Qoroq
Rafiabad
Rudbar
Sadin Kola
Sang-e Bast
Sharm Kola
Sheykhabad
Tamesk
Zaghedeh
Pain Khiyaban-e Litkuh (LowerKhiyaban-e Litkuh)
Aghuz Koti
Aghuzbon
Ahankoti
Anj Pol
Ansari Mahalleh
Changaz
Chau Sar Mahalleh
Dar Kola
Darkapey
Galan
Halikoti
Hoseynabad
Kaseb Mahalleh
Kolaksar
Kordkoti
Kuk Deh
Kuseh Raz
Marandeh
Markoti
Maskun
Naram
Nowabad
Pishgun
Qajar Mahalleh
Rukesh
Sarhang Koti
Sayij Mahalleh
Shad Mahalleh
Shirkaj
Siah Lash
Tajanak
Tajanjar-e Olya
Tajanjar-e Sofla
Tazehabad
Valisdeh
Varka Deh
Zarundeh
DabudashtCities
Dabudasht
Rural Districts and villagesDabuy-ye Jonubi(South Dabuy)
Abdangesar
Abu Mahalleh
Ahangar Kola-ye Olya
Ahangar Kola-ye Sofla
Alu
Ashrafabad
Aski Mahalleh
Aspahi Kola
Azimabad
Bala Hashtal
Bamer Kola
Banesar Kola
Barik Mahalleh
Bish Mahalleh
Bur Mahalleh
Chareh
Dangepia
Darzi Kola
Dau Kola
Deyeh
Do Tireh
Eshkar Kola
Eslamabad
Espiarbon
Espiyari
Galesh Kola
Ghias Kola
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad
Jali Kola
Kabud Kola
Kachap-e Kolva
Kachap-e Olya
Kachap-e Sofla
Kalik Sar
Kamangar Kola
Kashi Mahalleh
Kord Kheyl
Korsi Kola
Mahut Kola
Majidabad
Mamraz Koti
Marij Mahalleh
Marzangu
Mian Rud
Motahhar-e Olya
Motahhar-e Sofla
Musa Mahalleh
Muzi Koti-ye Olya
Muzi Koti-ye Sofla
Naijabad
Narges Marz
Naserabad
Nowabad
Owjak
Pain Hashtal
Palham Koti
Pasha Kola
Pepin
Qaemiyeh-ye Olya
Qaemiyeh-ye Sofla
Qala Koti
Qara Kola
Raisabad
Rashkola
Sangar
Saraj Mahalleh
Shah Kola
Shahr-e Koti
Shanehband
Shariatabad
Soltanabad
Surak
Surat Kola
Tanha Kola
Tazehabad
Tervijan
Tuleh Kola
Valik-e Olya
Valik-e Sofla
Vaskas
Yusefabad
Ziar Kola
Dasht-e Sar
Ahangar Kola
Allah Kaj
Arab Kheyl
Baghban Kola
Baleyran
Buran
Chang Mian
Davud Kola
Ejbar Kola
Firuz Kola-ye Olya
Firuz Kola-ye Sofla
Firuz Kola-ye Vosta
Gol Mazar
Harun Kola
Hendu Kola
Kharman Kola
Khuni Sar
Komdarreh
Mahdi Kheyl
Mazres
Mileh
Moallem Kola
Mohammadabad
Nafar Kheyl
Najjar Mahalleh
Nezamabad
Now Deh
Nowabad
Pasha Kola
Qaleh Kesh
Qalyan Kola
Rostamdar Mahalleh
Salar Mahalleh
Shad Mahal
Shahneh Kola
Sorkh Kola
Tamask
Tir Kola
Vosta Kola
Zavarak
LarijanCities
Gazanak
Rineh
Rural Districts and villagesBala Larijan(Upper Larijan)
Ab Ask
Ab-e Garm
Afsaneh Sara
Akha
Akhazir
Amirabad
Anheh
Dinan
Fireh
Garna
Gazaneh
Gilas
Gol Pasha
Hareh
Industrial Estate
Ira
Kamp-e Sad Lar
Kandelu
Kenar Anjam
Ketel Emamzadeh Hashem
Lasem
Malar
Nahar
Neva
Niak
Pol-e Mun
Polur
Shahan Dasht
Shamsabad
Shangoldeh
Tara
Vana
Zeyar
Larijan-e Sofla(Lower Larijan)
Abd ol Manaf
Ahan Sar
Amreh
Bayjan
Bu ol Qalam
Darreh Kenar
Divran
Haft Tanan
Hajji Dela
Kahrud
Kefa
Keleri
Korf
Laher
Lut
Marijan
Namar
Nandal
Nesel
Nowsar
Panjab
Pardameh
Peleriyeh
Razun
Sheykh Mahalleh
Sova
Tineh
Tiran
Features
Alborz mountains
Haraz River
Lar National Park
Mount Damavand
Road 77 (Haraz Road)
Iran portal
This Amol County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bala Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Khiyaban-e_Litkuh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Amol_County)"},{"link_name":"Amol County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amol_County"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Mazandaran, IranToskabon (Persian: تسكابن, also Romanized as Toskābon)[1] is a village in Bala Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 580, in 129 families.[2]","title":"Toskabon"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/02.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toskabon¶ms=36_25_15_N_52_19_35_E_region:IR_type:city(580)","external_links_name":"36°25′15″N 52°19′35″E / 36.42083°N 52.32639°E / 36.42083; 52.32639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toskabon¶ms=36_25_15_N_52_19_35_E_region:IR_type:city(580)","external_links_name":"36°25′15″N 52°19′35″E / 36.42083°N 52.32639°E / 36.42083; 52.32639"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/02.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toskabon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_(comics) | The Monarchy (comics) | ["1 Creation","2 Publishing history","3 Plot","3.1 Characters","4 Reception","5 Collected editions","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | American comic book series
The MonarchyThe Monarchy #1Publication informationPublisherWildStorm (imprint of DC Comics)ScheduleMonthlyFormatOngoing seriesGenre
Superhero
Publication dateApril 2001 – May 2002No. of issues12Main character(s)Jackson KingChristine TrelaneCondition RedUnionProfessor QThe MetropolitanVox PopuliMalcolm KingFenrisJon FarmerCreative teamCreated byDoselle YoungJohn McCreaWritten byDoselle YoungArtist(s)John McCreaWarren PleeceCollected editionsBullets Over BabylonISBN 1-56389-859-4
The Monarchy was an American comic book series written by Doselle Young with art by John McCrea. It was published by WildStorm, an imprint of DC Comics. The series focused on ex-Stormwatch members Jackson King and Christine Trelane (formerly known as Battalion and Synergy) gathering a team of superheroes for the extra-dimensional Weavers.
Creation
The series was a spin-off of WildStorm's successful The Authority, where King and Trelane had made minor supporting appearances.
Publishing history
The Monarchy was preceded by a larger appearance for the characters in The Authority #21 During publication, Young frequented DC's official messageboard, interacting with fans of the series. The Monarchy ran for 12 issues before ending due to low sales; Young felt delays to early issues adversely affected the series' fortunes and expressed homes of continuing the series further down the line.
Plot
During a party on the Carrier with the Authority, where King is increasingly annoyed with his former teammates and their methods, the Weavers contact King and inform him that the universe as they know it is threatened by Chimaera. To combat Chimaera, King and Trelane have to gather a group of unique individuals. They accept - leaving their jobs with the United Nations as liaisons to the Authority, get married and disappear. The UN orders FBI agent Morro to investigate their disappearance.
Over the next few months King and Trelane gather resources; they resurrect the superhero Union, free the chaos-artist Condition Red from his imprisonment and enlist Professor Q. Next they enlist Jon Farmer, who had been a member of a previous, alternate version of the Monarchy called the Throne. Farmer had been living as a priest for years, but King and Trelane convince him to join them. The team also recruits former Stormwatch member Union, resurrected as a merciless vigilante. King and Trelane then obtain essential weapons: a Kheran Dream Engine and an unrevealed weapon in exchange for the spirit of Hitler, who had possessed a politician. Their next recruit is Addie Vochs, a Century Baby whose powers had been repressed by the Fever Men, evil creatures of pure thought. Vochs is rejuvenated and receives her powers. King then investigates the former home of Henry Bendix, a genius and one-time Stormwatch commander. He finds information on creating a powerful being by binding an ancient Native American god to the soul of a human. King follows the instructions, tying the spirit of Los Angeles to the failed superhero Bram Dusk, but the resulting creature turns on King and kills him. In the end, Dusk takes control and becomes the Metropolitan.
Chimaera notices the threat of the Monarchy, while the Monarchy find out what exactly Chimaera is: due to the Authority's frequent travels through the Bleed, their characteristics and aggression were imprinted on many worlds. Several alternate versions of the Authority band together and conquer other worlds, forming Chimaera, an ever-expanding empire of evil Authorities led by the Higher Power, a reptilian version of the Authority. Chimaera attacks the Throne, the base of the Monarchy. The Monarchy manages to escape thanks to Jon Farmer’s sacrifice. Trelane leads her people towards a sanatorium where Malcolm King, Jackson's younger brother, is staying. Agent Morro is questioning Malcolm, but finds Malcolm has the Kheran Dream Engine and is a member of the Monarchy. Morro suddenly starts to remember a hidden program Jackson King put in his mind: he's King's backup and has King's plans telepathically planted inside his mind. Christine arrives and greets Malcolm, while Addie Vochs calms Morro. The Monarchy regroups and opens their attack on Chimaera following the plans Jackson left in Morro's head.
Elsewhere Bendix, now allied with the Weavers, finds the spirit of Jackson King and resurrects him as a being of pure willpower. King contacts the essence of Farmer and shapes it into a sword. Bendix also reveals the secret weapon they received in return for the spirit of Hitler: Fenris, the mythological wolf of Norse myth. King, Bendix and Fenris attack Chimaera as well. Together they defeat the troops of Chimaera and Trelane leads Malcolm and Addie Vochs to combine their powers, curing Chimaera's corrupted center. Trelane recruits a young boy named Matt who has the power to create superhumans and takes the Monarchy to the Throne, a mobile world and their new headquarters.
Characters
Jackson King: telekinetic and telepath. Former leader of Stormwatch as Battalion, Jackson became the UN liaison to the Authority after Stormwatch disbanded. He grew more and more displeased with the Authority and accepted the Weaver's assignment. He now leads the Monarchy.
Christine Trelane: formerly the Stormwatch member Synergy, Christine possesses the rare and valuable power of "Activation", allowing her to turn ordinary humans into superhumans. She is married to Jackson King and her intelligence and organisation skills make her as much the leader of the Monarchy as Jackson is.
Jon Farmer: formerly the youngest member of the Throne, a previous version of the Monarchy until it was destroyed by an alternate version of Abraham Dusk. The Throne's version of Jackson King threw Farmer into the Bleed before detonating their base, leaving Farmer as the sole survivor. Farmer arrived on Earth in 1967 and had a brief career as a superhero before becoming a priest. Farmer had the ability to manipulate light and superluminal projection for flight and other effects, but his being jettisoned into the bleed changed his powers into a rainbow-colored energy dealing in the electromagnetic spectrum. Enabling its use for various effects, capable of superhuman physicality, dimensional porting, aviation under his own power and later; vast reality warping.
Union: Ohmen, an alien from the planet Agea, became Union, a veteran superhero in the Wildstorm Universe. He served with Stormwatch as a reserve member and had a long career as a solo hero. During the party on the Authority's Carrier, Union committed suicide. Jackson then took his Justice Stone and resurrected Union, now as a dark and brooding man who was focused more on punishing the guilty than saving the innocent. Union's powers are the result of the Justice Stone implanted in his chest. It allows him to generate objects made from energy, like his fighting staff, gives him superhuman strength, durability and flight.
Condition Red: Caleb was a trickster, imprisoned and tortured by his enemy Doctor Osiris for sleeping with his daughters. King and Trelane freed him and in return he joined the Monarchy. Condition Red reveals little about himself, acting glibly towards everyone. He has special weaponry that is capable of removing spirits from a person's body as well as more conventional weaponry. He also possesses a special device, looking like a vial of smoke that allows him to teleport.
Professor Q: nicknamed the "Calculator Goddess", she has superhuman intelligence and seems to enjoy herself the most when she is fighting. She can generate machinery as quickly as she can invent it and was able to generate a singularity generator in picoseconds. She develops a romantic interest in Malcolm King.
Vox Populi: Addie Vochs is a Century Baby born one year later than the others. Addie's powers were locked away for most of her life and when Trelane and Professor Q visit her she is an old woman. Trelane rejuvenates her and awakens her powers Addie Vochs becomes Vox Populi, capable of using her voice for various effects ranging from destructive songs to calming tunes.
The Metropolitan: Abraham Dusk received superpowers when he was hit by lightning. As “the Last Angel”, he was a superhero with superhuman speed and agility, but was a failure both as a hero and in his private life. King decides to give him a chance at more power and bonds his soul to Chichinika, the snake god of Los Angeles. The resulting creature kills King, but with Farmer and Condition Red’s help, Bram manages to take control and becomes the Metropolitan. As the Metropolitan, Bram can adapt to whatever is thrown at him, constantly changing his abilities to remain unpredictable.
Malcolm King: brother to Jackson King and the former Stormwatch member Strafe, Malcolm was put into a sanatorium when his brother's telepathy put him into a coma. When Agent Morro tries to find out more about Jackson King, Malcolm reveals that he has merged with the Kheran Dream Engine and is a member of the Monarchy. Christine Trelane dubs Malcolm 'Bellerophon'.
Fenris: the secret weapon of the Monarchy is the mythological wolf from Norse myth that will swallow the sun at Ragnarok. Traded for the spirit of Hitler with some mysterious entities, the Monarchy receives Fenris as a little wolf, but after a few months it has grown to the size of a large building. Fenris doesn't seem to be more intelligent than a regular wolf and obeys King's commands. He seems to be little more than a living weapon of mass destruction.
Matt: gifted with the ability to give superhuman powers to regular humans as well as possessing enormous destructive powers himself, Matt is saved by Jon Farmer when his powers make him release an enormous explosion. He is the first recruit of the Monarchy after they defeat Chimaera.
The Weavers: Souls of dead humans who have the task of safeguarding the multiverse. They often appear as spiders or human-spider hybrids. They give information to the humans they work with, but don't act themselves in any way.
Henry Bendix: An alternate universe version of the former Stormwatch Weatherman, he secretly replaced his Wildstorm Universe counterpart shortly after the reorganization of Stormwatch. His actions eventually lead his teammates to assume that he is insane, which in turn leads him to eventually be killed by Jenny Sparks. Bendix reveals that this was just a plot to turn into an imaginary being made out of pure willpower. As an imaginary being, he has nicknamed himself Happy Hank Bendix and acts like a completely different man than before. Bendix is a genius and uses weapons of his own design to help the Weavers in their task.
Agent Morro: An FBI agent tasked with finding King and Trelane, Morro turns out to be a vital part of King's plan.
Reception
Reviewing the Bullets Over Babylong trade paperback in 2012, Chaos McKenzie of Ain't It Cool News praised the series' vision. Frank Plowright of Slings & Arrows however felt the series was a let-down compared to The Authority, while Chad Evett of Comic Book Resources appreciated the series' attempts to do something different with the genre but felt let down by the ending.
Collected editions
Title
ISBN
Release date
Issues
The Monarchy: Bullets Over Babylon
1563898594
December 2001
The Authority #21,The Monarchy #1-4
See also
United Nations in popular culture
References
^ a b "DC's 'The Monarchy' ends with #12". 7 December 2001.
^ Inside the World of Comic Books. Black Rose Books. 2007. ISBN 9781551642963.
^ a b "Reread Reviews -- the Monarchy". 5 July 2009.
^ Doselle Young (w), John McCrea (p), Garry Leach (i). The Authority, vol. 1, no. 21 (February 2001). WildStorm.
^ a b Doselle Young (w), John McCrea (p), Garry Leach (i). The Monarchy, vol. 1, no. 2 (June 2001). WildStorm.
^ Doselle Young (w), John McCrea (p), Garry Leach (i). The Monarchy, vol. 1, no. 1 (April 2001). WildStorm.
^ Doselle Young (w), Warren Pleece (p), Garry Leach (i). The Monarchy, vol. 1, no. 3 (July 2001). WildStorm.
^ Doselle Young (w), John McCrea (p), Garry Leach (i). The Monarchy, vol. 1, no. 4 (August 2001). WildStorm.
^ Doselle Young (w), Dean Ormston (a). The Monarchy, vol. 1, no. 5 (September 2001). WildStorm.
^ Doselle Young (w), John McCrea (p), Garry Leach (i). The Monarchy, vol. 1, no. 6 (October 2001). WildStorm.
^ Chaos McKenzie (2012-02-21). "AICN COMICS: Even More Reviews For You!! - Ain't It Cool News: The best in movie, TV, DVD, and comic book news". Aintitcool.com. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
^ The Slings & Arrows Comic Guide. Slings & Arrows. 2003. ISBN 9780954458904.
External links
The Monarchy at the Grand Comics Database
vteStormwatchCreators
Jim Lee
Brandon Choi
Scott Clark
Warren Ellis
Micah Wright
Characters
Deathblow
Hellstrike
Backlash
List of Stormwatch members
Main titles
Stormwatch: Team Achilles
Stormwatch: Post Human Division
Team One
Crossover titles
WildC.A.T.s/Aliens
Wildstorm: Armageddon
Wildstorm Rising
Fire from Heaven
World's End
Coup d'etat
Related articles
The Monarchy
The Authority
vteThe AuthorityCreators
Warren Ellis
Bryan Hitch
MembersFounding members
Apollo
The Engineer
Jack Hawksmoor
Jenny Sparks
Midnighter
Swift
Extended members
Enchantress
Lightray
Manchester Black
OMAC
Steel
Superman
Enemies
Cybernary
Mongul
Storylines
List of The Authority story arcs
World's End
Coup d'etat
Warworld Saga
Related articles
WildC.A.T.s/Aliens
The Authority Role-Playing Game
Stormwatch
The Monarchy
Midnighter and Apollo
The Elite | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Doselle Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doselle_Young"},{"link_name":"John McCrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrea_(comics)"},{"link_name":"WildStorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildStorm"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Stormwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwatch_(comics)"}],"text":"The Monarchy was an American comic book series written by Doselle Young with art by John McCrea. It was published by WildStorm, an imprint of DC Comics. The series focused on ex-Stormwatch members Jackson King and Christine Trelane (formerly known as Battalion and Synergy) gathering a team of superheroes for the extra-dimensional Weavers.","title":"The Monarchy (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Authority_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"The series was a spin-off of WildStorm's successful The Authority, where King and Trelane had made minor supporting appearances.[1]","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"messageboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"The Monarchy was preceded by a larger appearance for the characters in The Authority #21[2] During publication, Young frequented DC's official messageboard, interacting with fans of the series.[3] The Monarchy ran for 12 issues before ending due to low sales; Young felt delays to early issues adversely affected the series' fortunes and expressed homes of continuing the series further down the line.[1]","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-5"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fenris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenris"}],"text":"During a party on the Carrier with the Authority, where King is increasingly annoyed with his former teammates and their methods, the Weavers contact King and inform him that the universe as they know it is threatened by Chimaera. To combat Chimaera, King and Trelane have to gather a group of unique individuals. They accept - leaving their jobs with the United Nations as liaisons to the Authority, get married and disappear.[4] The UN orders FBI agent Morro to investigate their disappearance.[5]Over the next few months King and Trelane gather resources; they resurrect the superhero Union, free the chaos-artist Condition Red from his imprisonment and enlist Professor Q. Next they enlist Jon Farmer, who had been a member of a previous, alternate version of the Monarchy called the Throne. Farmer had been living as a priest for years, but King and Trelane convince him to join them.[6] The team also recruits former Stormwatch member Union, resurrected as a merciless vigilante.[5] King and Trelane then obtain essential weapons: a Kheran Dream Engine and an unrevealed weapon in exchange for the spirit of Hitler, who had possessed a politician. Their next recruit is Addie Vochs, a Century Baby whose powers had been repressed by the Fever Men, evil creatures of pure thought.[7] Vochs is rejuvenated and receives her powers.[8] King then investigates the former home of Henry Bendix, a genius and one-time Stormwatch commander. He finds information on creating a powerful being by binding an ancient Native American god to the soul of a human.[9] King follows the instructions, tying the spirit of Los Angeles to the failed superhero Bram Dusk, but the resulting creature turns on King and kills him. In the end, Dusk takes control and becomes the Metropolitan.[10]Chimaera notices the threat of the Monarchy, while the Monarchy find out what exactly Chimaera is: due to the Authority's frequent travels through the Bleed, their characteristics and aggression were imprinted on many worlds. Several alternate versions of the Authority band together and conquer other worlds, forming Chimaera, an ever-expanding empire of evil Authorities led by the Higher Power, a reptilian version of the Authority. Chimaera attacks the Throne, the base of the Monarchy. The Monarchy manages to escape thanks to Jon Farmer’s sacrifice. Trelane leads her people towards a sanatorium where Malcolm King, Jackson's younger brother, is staying. Agent Morro is questioning Malcolm, but finds Malcolm has the Kheran Dream Engine and is a member of the Monarchy. Morro suddenly starts to remember a hidden program Jackson King put in his mind: he's King's backup and has King's plans telepathically planted inside his mind. Christine arrives and greets Malcolm, while Addie Vochs calms Morro. The Monarchy regroups and opens their attack on Chimaera following the plans Jackson left in Morro's head.Elsewhere Bendix, now allied with the Weavers, finds the spirit of Jackson King and resurrects him as a being of pure willpower. King contacts the essence of Farmer and shapes it into a sword. Bendix also reveals the secret weapon they received in return for the spirit of Hitler: Fenris, the mythological wolf of Norse myth. King, Bendix and Fenris attack Chimaera as well. Together they defeat the troops of Chimaera and Trelane leads Malcolm and Addie Vochs to combine their powers, curing Chimaera's corrupted center. Trelane recruits a young boy named Matt who has the power to create superhumans and takes the Monarchy to the Throne, a mobile world and their new headquarters.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stormwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwatch_(comics)"},{"link_name":"singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_singularity"},{"link_name":"picoseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picosecond"},{"link_name":"Ragnarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok"},{"link_name":"Jenny Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Sparks"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"Jackson King: telekinetic and telepath. Former leader of Stormwatch as Battalion, Jackson became the UN liaison to the Authority after Stormwatch disbanded. He grew more and more displeased with the Authority and accepted the Weaver's assignment. He now leads the Monarchy.\nChristine Trelane: formerly the Stormwatch member Synergy, Christine possesses the rare and valuable power of \"Activation\", allowing her to turn ordinary humans into superhumans. She is married to Jackson King and her intelligence and organisation skills make her as much the leader of the Monarchy as Jackson is.\nJon Farmer: formerly the youngest member of the Throne, a previous version of the Monarchy until it was destroyed by an alternate version of Abraham Dusk. The Throne's version of Jackson King threw Farmer into the Bleed before detonating their base, leaving Farmer as the sole survivor. Farmer arrived on Earth in 1967 and had a brief career as a superhero before becoming a priest. Farmer had the ability to manipulate light and superluminal projection for flight and other effects, but his being jettisoned into the bleed changed his powers into a rainbow-colored energy dealing in the electromagnetic spectrum. Enabling its use for various effects, capable of superhuman physicality, dimensional porting, aviation under his own power and later; vast reality warping.\nUnion: Ohmen, an alien from the planet Agea, became Union, a veteran superhero in the Wildstorm Universe. He served with Stormwatch as a reserve member and had a long career as a solo hero. During the party on the Authority's Carrier, Union committed suicide. Jackson then took his Justice Stone and resurrected Union, now as a dark and brooding man who was focused more on punishing the guilty than saving the innocent. Union's powers are the result of the Justice Stone implanted in his chest. It allows him to generate objects made from energy, like his fighting staff, gives him superhuman strength, durability and flight.\nCondition Red: Caleb was a trickster, imprisoned and tortured by his enemy Doctor Osiris for sleeping with his daughters. King and Trelane freed him and in return he joined the Monarchy. Condition Red reveals little about himself, acting glibly towards everyone. He has special weaponry that is capable of removing spirits from a person's body as well as more conventional weaponry. He also possesses a special device, looking like a vial of smoke that allows him to teleport.\nProfessor Q: nicknamed the \"Calculator Goddess\", she has superhuman intelligence and seems to enjoy herself the most when she is fighting. She can generate machinery as quickly as she can invent it and was able to generate a singularity generator in picoseconds. She develops a romantic interest in Malcolm King.\nVox Populi: Addie Vochs is a Century Baby born one year later than the others. Addie's powers were locked away for most of her life and when Trelane and Professor Q visit her she is an old woman. Trelane rejuvenates her and awakens her powers Addie Vochs becomes Vox Populi, capable of using her voice for various effects ranging from destructive songs to calming tunes.\nThe Metropolitan: Abraham Dusk received superpowers when he was hit by lightning. As “the Last Angel”, he was a superhero with superhuman speed and agility, but was a failure both as a hero and in his private life. King decides to give him a chance at more power and bonds his soul to Chichinika, the snake god of Los Angeles. The resulting creature kills King, but with Farmer and Condition Red’s help, Bram manages to take control and becomes the Metropolitan. As the Metropolitan, Bram can adapt to whatever is thrown at him, constantly changing his abilities to remain unpredictable.\nMalcolm King: brother to Jackson King and the former Stormwatch member Strafe, Malcolm was put into a sanatorium when his brother's telepathy put him into a coma. When Agent Morro tries to find out more about Jackson King, Malcolm reveals that he has merged with the Kheran Dream Engine and is a member of the Monarchy. Christine Trelane dubs Malcolm 'Bellerophon'.\nFenris: the secret weapon of the Monarchy is the mythological wolf from Norse myth that will swallow the sun at Ragnarok. Traded for the spirit of Hitler with some mysterious entities, the Monarchy receives Fenris as a little wolf, but after a few months it has grown to the size of a large building. Fenris doesn't seem to be more intelligent than a regular wolf and obeys King's commands. He seems to be little more than a living weapon of mass destruction.\nMatt: gifted with the ability to give superhuman powers to regular humans as well as possessing enormous destructive powers himself, Matt is saved by Jon Farmer when his powers make him release an enormous explosion. He is the first recruit of the Monarchy after they defeat Chimaera.\nThe Weavers: Souls of dead humans who have the task of safeguarding the multiverse. They often appear as spiders or human-spider hybrids. They give information to the humans they work with, but don't act themselves in any way.\nHenry Bendix: An alternate universe version of the former Stormwatch Weatherman, he secretly replaced his Wildstorm Universe counterpart shortly after the reorganization of Stormwatch. His actions eventually lead his teammates to assume that he is insane, which in turn leads him to eventually be killed by Jenny Sparks. Bendix reveals that this was just a plot to turn into an imaginary being made out of pure willpower. As an imaginary being, he has nicknamed himself Happy Hank Bendix and acts like a completely different man than before. Bendix is a genius and uses weapons of his own design to help the Weavers in their task.\nAgent Morro: An FBI agent tasked with finding King and Trelane, Morro turns out to be a vital part of King's plan.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ain't It Cool News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Cool_News"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"}],"text":"Reviewing the Bullets Over Babylong trade paperback in 2012, Chaos McKenzie of Ain't It Cool News praised the series' vision.[11] Frank Plowright of Slings & Arrows however felt the series was a let-down compared to The Authority,[12] while Chad Evett of Comic Book Resources appreciated the series' attempts to do something different with the genre but felt let down by the ending.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collected editions"}] | [] | [{"title":"United Nations in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture"}] | [{"reference":"\"DC's 'The Monarchy' ends with #12\". 7 December 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/dcs-the-monarchy-ends-with-12/","url_text":"\"DC's 'The Monarchy' ends with #12\""}]},{"reference":"Inside the World of Comic Books. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Seejungfrau | Die Seejungfrau | ["1 Background","1.1 Withdrawal and rediscovery","2 Instrumentation","3 Structure","4 Recordings","4.1 Based on the critical edition (2013)","4.2 Older recordings","5 References"] | Orchestral fantasy by Alexander von Zemlinsky
Zemlinsky c. 1900
Die Seejungfrau (The Mermaid) is a fantasy for large orchestra in three movements by Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky, based on the folk-tale "The Little Mermaid" by Hans Christian Andersen.
Background
In April 1901, Zemlinsky began a romantic liaison with his pupil Alma Schindler. However, Alma broke off the relationship in November after meeting Gustav Mahler whom she subsequently married in March 1902. Die Seejungfrau was, in part, an expression of the heartbreak and sense of rejection that Zemlinsky felt as a result. The work was begun in February 1902 with the orchestration completed in March 1903.
The work was first performed on 25 January 1905 at the Musikverein in Vienna with the Wiener Konzertverein Orchester conducted by the composer in a concert that also included the premiere of Arnold Schoenberg's Pelleas und Melisande. The critical response was largely favourable. Further performances followed in Berlin in December 1906, conducted by Walter Meyrowitz, and in Prague in November 1907, conducted by Artur Bodanzky.
Withdrawal and rediscovery
Some time after the Prague performance, Zemlinsky withdrew the work. Later, he gave the score of the first movement to his friend, Marie Pappenheim, as a gift. The second and third movements he took with him to New York after fleeing Austria in 1938. These were eventually deposited, along with the rest of Zemlinsky's manuscripts, with the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.
For many years after the composer's death, the score of Die Seejungfrau was presumed lost or destroyed. The second and third movements were assumed by Zemlinsky's widow Louise to be the surviving fragments of a symphony in E-flat major. In the early 1980s, two British Ph.D students, Keith J. Rooke and Alfred Clayton, working separately, compared the items in Vienna and Washington and established that they belonged together. The first modern performance of the work was given by the Austrian Youth Orchestra conducted by Peter Gülke in 1984. Since then, the work has become one of Zemlinsky's most frequently performed and several recordings have appeared. A critical edition of the score, edited by Zemlinsky scholar Antony Beaumont, was published by Universal Edition in 2013. This includes a passage of 88 bars in the second movement, depicting the Mermaid's visit to the Mer-witch, which Zemlinsky expunged from the score before the première.
Instrumentation
Woodwinds
4 flutes (third and fourth doubling piccolo)
2 oboes
Cor anglais
2 clarinets in B♭/A
E-flat clarinet
Bass clarinet
3 bassoons
Brass
6 French horns
3 trumpets
4 trombones
Tuba
Percussion
Timpani
Cymbals
Triangle
Glockenspiel
2 tubular bells
Strings
2 harps
Violins
Violas
Cellos
Basses
Structure
The work consists of three movements:
Sehr mäßig bewegtSehr bewegt, rauschendSehr gedehnt, mit schmerzvollem Ausdruck
The total playing time is around 47 minutes for the critical edition.
Recordings
Based on the critical edition (2013)
Year
Conductor
Orchestra
Label
I.
II.
III.
Total
Ref
2015
John Storgårds
Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra
Ondine
15:48
17:16
14:41
47:45
2016
Emmanuel Krivine
Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra
Alpha
15:26
17:38
13:04
46:06
2020
Marc Albrecht
Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra
Pentatone
15:56
17:06
14:26
47:28
Older recordings
Year
Conductor
Orchestra
Label
I.
II.
III.
Total
Ref
1986
Riccardo Chailly
Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra
Decca
15:19
12:17
12:30
40:06
1997
Thomas Dausgaard
Danish National Symphony Orchestra
Chandos
15:37
13:42
13:33
43:02
2003
Antony Beaumont
Czech Philharmonic Orchestra
Chandos
14:26
11:56
12:36
38:58
2005
Thomas Dausgaard
Danish National Symphony Orchestra
Dacapo
14:26
12:32
13:08
40:06
2006
James Judd
New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
Naxos
15:30
11:54
13:27
40:49
2010
Leon Botstein
American Symphony Orchestra
ASO
16:48
13:43
16:30
47:01
2010
Cornelius Meister
ORF Radio-Symphonieorchester Wien
CPO
17:05
13:36
14:35
45:16
References
^ a b Beaumont, Antony (2000). Zemlinsky. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0571169832.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Antony Beaumont: Foreword to published score (UE 35541)
^ a b Andrew Huth: booklet notes for Decca CD in "Entartete Musik" series, 1996
^ "Zemlinsky: Die Seejungfrau (The Mermaid) & Sinfonietta". Ondine. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ "Emmanuel Krivine conducts R. Strauss & Zemlinsky". Outhere. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ "Zemlinsky - Die Seejungfrau". Pentatone. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ "Zemlinsky: Die Seejungfrau/Psalms". Decca. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ "Zemlinsky: Die Seejungfrau · Sinfonietta". Chandos Records. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ "Zemlinsky: Die Seejungfrau & Symphony No. 1". Chandos.
^ "Zemlinsky: Die Seejungfrau & Enna: The Little Match Girl". Dacapo Records. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
^ "Zemlinsky - The Mermaid". Naxos. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
^ "Die Seejungfrau (The Mermaid)". American Symphony Orchestra. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
^ "Alexander von Zemlinsky: Die Seejungfrau (Fantasie nach Andersen)". jpc. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
vteAlexander von ZemlinskyList of compositionsOperas
Es war einmal (1900)
Der Traumgörge (1906/1980)
Kleider machen Leute (1910)
Eine florentinische Tragödie (1917)
Der Zwerg (1922)
Der Kreidekreis (1933)
Der König Kandaules (1935/1996)
Vocal
Psalm 83 (1900)
Lyric Symphony (1923)
Symphonische Gesänge (1929)
Orchestral
Symphony No. 2 (1897)
Die Seejungfrau (1903)
Chamber
Clarinet Trio (1896)
Category
Portal: Classical music
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_(I%27ll_Be_Loving_You) | Dove (I'll Be Loving You) | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listings","3 Credits and personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Release history","6 References"] | 2002 single by Moony
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)"Single by Moonyfrom the album Lifestories Released27 May 2002 (2002-05-27)StudioMoltosugo (Padova, Italy)Genre
House
pop dance
Length6:34 (album version)LabelAirplane!Songwriter(s)
Monica Bragato
Mauro Ferrucci
Francesco Giacomello
Tommy Vianello
Producer(s)T&FMoony singles chronology
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (2002)
"Acrobats (Looking for Balance)" (2003)
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" is the debut solo single of Italian musician Moony, released on 27 May 2002 from her debut album, Lifestories (2002). It achieved success in several European and Oceanian countries, becoming a top-20 hit in Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain, and the United Kingdom. "Dove" remains Moony's biggest solo hit. The music video was shot in Spain by Canadian director Stuart Gosling.
Critical reception
Miriam Hubner of Music & Media magazine praised the song, complimenting Moony's "fresh" vocals and "cutting-edge" production. In Birmingham, 96.4 FM BRMB programme controller Adam Bridge said of the song, "I think it's a fresh, bright and funky piece of poppy dance music".
Track listings
Italian CD single
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (original radio mix) – 4:05
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo club mix) – 6:38
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Andrea T. Mendoza club remix) – 7:52
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:27
Italian 12-inch single
A. "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo club mix) – 6:38
B. "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:27
UK CD single
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo mix) – 4:02
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:28
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (John Creamer & Stephane K remix) – 6:54
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (enhanced video)
UK 12-inch single
A1. "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo club mix) – 6:33
A2. "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:18
AA1. "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (John Creamer & Stephane K remix) – 6:54
UK cassette single
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo radio mix) – 4:02
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:28
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Andrea T. Mendoza club remix) – 7:51
Canadian CD single
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo mix) – 4:02
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:28
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs. Moltosugo club mix) – 6:34
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (enhanced video)
The liner notes misprint the T&F vs. Moltosugo club mix as the John Creamer & Stephane K remix
Australian maxi-CD single
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo radio mix) – 4:02
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (T&F vs Moltosugo club mix) – 6:35
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (Full Intention vocal mix) – 8:30
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (John Creamer & Stephane K vocal mix) – 9:54
"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (The Phil Fuldner Treatment) – 8:13
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Italian CD single liner notes.
Studio
Recorded and mixed at Moltosugo Studios (Padova, Italy)
Personnel
Moony – writing (as Monica Bragato)
Mauro Ferrucci – writing
Francesco Giacomello – writing
Tommy Vianello – writing
Ingo Peter Schwartz – bass
Sisco – piano
J. Keller – drum programming
T&F – production
Roy Malone – recording, mixing
Tommy Vee – editing
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)"
Chart (2002–2003)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
41
Australian Club Chart (ARIA)
1
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
7
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)
17
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
47
Denmark (Tracklisten)
15
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
36
France (SNEP)
41
Germany (Official German Charts)
76
Greece (IFPI)
36
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
4
Hungary (Single Top 40)
7
Ireland (IRMA)
23
Ireland Dance (IRMA)
1
Italy (FIMI)
18
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
28
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
48
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
21
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
9
Scotland (OCC)
9
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
13
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
26
UK Singles (OCC)
9
UK Dance (OCC)
3
US Dance Radio Airplay (Billboard)
18
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)"
Chart (2002)
Position
Australian Club Chart (ARIA)
7
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
167
UK Singles (OCC)
169
UK Airplay (Music Week)
47
Release history
Release dates and formats for "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)"
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref.
Europe
27 May 2002
CD
EMI Electrola
United Kingdom
3 June 2002
Airplane!PositivaCream
Australia
24 June 2002
References
^ a b c d Hubner, Miriam (25 May 2002). "Airborne" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 22. p. 14. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ a b Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (Italian CD single liner notes). Moony. Airplane! Records. 2002. 0927 47051-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (Italian 12-inch single sleeve). Moony. Airplane! Records. 2002. ARP 21096.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (UK CD single liner notes). Moony. Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! Records. 2002. CDMNY-1, 7243 5 50944 0 7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (UK 12-inch single vinyl disc). Moony. Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! Records. 2002. 12MNY-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (UK cassette single sleeve). Moony. Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! Records. 2002. TCMNY-1, 7243 5 50944 4 5.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (Canadian CD single liner notes). Moony. EMI Music Canada, Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! Records. 2002. E2-50944.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (Australian CD single liner notes). Moony. Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! Records. 2002. 7243 5 51138 2 5.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "The ARIA Report: ARIA Club Tracks – 27th May 2002" (PDF). ARIA. 27 May 2002. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Singles : Top 50". Jam!. 17 October 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". Tracklisten. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 26. 22 June 2002. p. 12. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Top 50 Singles Εβδομάδα 31/01 – 06/01" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on 10 February 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
^ "Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 6 June 2002". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 27, 2002" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 36, saptamina 10.09–16.09, 2002" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on 16 February 2005. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Dance/Mix Show Airplay". Billboard. 22 November 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ "ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Club Chart 2002". ARIA. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ "Canada's Top 200 Singles of 2002 (Part 2)". Jam!. 14 January 2003. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004.
^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2002" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ "Most Broadcast of 2002 — Airplay Top 50" (PDF). Music Week. 18 January 2003. p. 31. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
^ "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)". Amazon. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 24th June 2002" (PDF). ARIA. 24 June 2002. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2002. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
Authority control databases
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Keller – drum programming\nT&F – production\nRoy Malone – recording, mixing\nTommy Vee – editing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dove_(I%27ll_Be_Loving_You)&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tip_Moony-11"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Tip_Moony-12"},{"link_name":"Nielsen 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Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Moony-17"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Moony-19"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-20"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-21"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Moony-23"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-24"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Moony-25"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Moony-26"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-28"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Moony-29"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Moony-30"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-31"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-32"},{"link_name":"Dance Radio 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Wallonia)[12]\n\n17\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[13]\n\n47\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[14]\n\n15\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[15]\n\n36\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[16]\n\n41\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[17]\n\n76\n\n\nGreece (IFPI)[18]\n\n36\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[19]\n\n4\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[20]\n\n7\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[21]\n\n23\n\n\nIreland Dance (IRMA)[22]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[23]\n\n18\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]\n\n28\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n48\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[26]\n\n21\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[27]\n\n9\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[28]\n\n9\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[29]\n\n13\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[30]\n\n26\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[31]\n\n9\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[32]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Dance Radio Airplay (Billboard)[33]\n\n18\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)\"\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Club Chart (ARIA)[34]\n\n7\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[35]\n\n167\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[36]\n\n169\n\n\nUK Airplay (Music Week)[37]\n\n47","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hubner, Miriam (25 May 2002). \"Airborne\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 22. p. 14. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-05-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Airborne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (Italian CD single liner notes). Moony. Airplane! Records. 2002. 0927 47051-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moony","url_text":"Moony"}]},{"reference":"Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (Italian 12-inch single sleeve). Moony. Airplane! Records. 2002. ARP 21096.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (UK CD single liner notes). Moony. Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! Records. 2002. CDMNY-1, 7243 5 50944 0 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positiva_Records","url_text":"Positiva Records"}]},{"reference":"Dove (I'll Be Loving You) (UK 12-inch single vinyl disc). Moony. Positiva Records, Cream Records, Airplane! 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Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222424/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020627-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue639.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: ARIA Club Tracks – 27th May 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020627-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue639.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Singles : Top 50\". Jam!. 17 October 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021022230110/http://jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/SINGLES.html","url_text":"\"Singles : Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"},{"url":"http://jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/SINGLES.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 26. 22 June 2002. p. 12. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-06-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Singles Εβδομάδα 31/01 – 06/01\" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on 10 February 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030210194248/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm","url_text":"\"Top 50 Singles Εβδομάδα 31/01 – 06/01\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 6 June 2002\". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240004&arch=t&lyr=2002&year=2002&week=23","url_text":"\"Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 6 June 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Chart-Track","url_text":"GfK Chart-Track"}]},{"reference":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 36, saptamina 10.09–16.09, 2002\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on 16 February 2005. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050216164449/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10037.html","url_text":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 36, saptamina 10.09–16.09, 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10037.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance/Mix Show Airplay\". Billboard. 22 November 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-dance-airplay/2003-11-22/","url_text":"\"Dance/Mix Show Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Club Chart 2002\". ARIA. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200415012340/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-club-chart-2002.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Club Chart 2002\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-club-chart-2002.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Top 200 Singles of 2002 (Part 2)\". Jam!. 14 January 2003. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906184715/http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2002_singles2.html","url_text":"\"Canada's Top 200 Singles of 2002 (Part 2)\""},{"url":"http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2002_singles2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2002\" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2002.pdf","url_text":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKChartsPlus","url_text":"UKChartsPlus"}]},{"reference":"\"Most Broadcast of 2002 — Airplay Top 50\" (PDF). Music Week. 18 January 2003. p. 31. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/2003/Music-Week-2003-01-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Most Broadcast of 2002 — Airplay Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)\". Amazon. Retrieved 30 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Dove-Ill-Be-Loving-You/dp/B000068FOP","url_text":"\"Dove (I'll Be Loving You)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)","url_text":"Amazon"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 24th June 2002\" (PDF). ARIA. 24 June 2002. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2002. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020626140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020627-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue643.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 24th June 2002\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue643.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-05-25.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Airborne\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Moony&titel=Dove+(I%27ll+Be+Loving+You)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Moony – Dove (I'll Be Loving You)\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222424/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020627-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue639.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Report: ARIA Club Tracks – 27th May 2002\""},{"Link":"http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020627-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue639.pdf","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Norman_Hartshorn | Edwin Norman Hartshorn | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"] | American politician and educator (1835–1901)
Edwin Norman HartshornMember of the Ohio Senatefrom the 21st districtIn office1880–1884Preceded byJohnson SherrickSucceeded byJohn V. Lewis
Personal detailsBorn(1835-05-27)May 27, 1835Portage County, Ohio, U.S.DiedMay 9, 1901(1901-05-09) (aged 65)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse
Alvira E. Allerton
(m. 1858; died 1901)Children6RelativesOrville Nelson Hartshorn (brother)Alma materMount Union College (MA)OccupationPoliticianeducator
Edwin Norman Hartshorn (May 27, 1835 – May 9, 1901) was an American politician and educator from Ohio. He was a professor at Mount Union College from 1857 to 1868. He served in the Ohio Senate, representing the 21st district, from 1880 to 1884.
Early life
Edwin Norman Hartshorn was born on May 27, 1835, in Portage County, Ohio, to Asenath (née Backus) and Norris Hartshorn. His father was a veteran of the War of 1812 and his maternal grandfather was a veteran of the Revolutionary War. In 1846, Hartshorn was one of the first students to study at Mount Union Seminary. He studied there until it became Mount Union College in January 1858. He then worked as a janitor for four years. Soon after the college was chartered, Hartshorn graduated from his scientific and classical courses in 1863. He then graduated with a Master of Arts. He also graduated from the business college of Duff's Commercial College in Pittsburgh with a degree in 1856.
Career
In 1856, Hartshorn became one of the charter trustees of Mount Union College. He was elected as professor of natural science in 1857. In 1862, Hartshorn was elected as superintendent of the graded or union schools of Brownsville, Pennsylvania. After a short time, he returned to Mount Union College as trustee and professor. Until 1868, Hartsborn was a professor. He taught primarily natural science and mathematics, but also taught ancient classics, logic, rhetoric, political economy, and history. In 1868, Hartshorn became superintendent of the commercial department of Mount Union. He then taught bookkeeping, international and commercial law, and business. He was assistant treasurer of Mount Union for 14 years. He served as a member of the education board for union schools in Mount Union.
Robert S. Warwick in 1892 publication
Hartshorn was a Republican. He served as a member of the Ohio Senate, representing the 21st district (Stark and Carroll counties), from 1880 to 1884. He was chairman of educational committees in the senate. He defeated Robert S. Warwick in a state senate election.
Hartshorn served as deputy second comptroller of the U.S. Department of Treasury for four years under President Benjamin Harrison. At that time, he lived in Washington, D.C.
Personal life
Hartshorn married Alvira E. Allerton, a descendent of Isaac Allerton, of Alliance on January 1, 1858. His wife died in March 1901. They had six children, Loyal Douglas, Carrie T., Wilber A., Jessie G., Gertrude Josephine and Florence. He was a Methodist. His older brother Orville Nelson Hartshorn was president of Mount Union College.
Hartshorn built a brick residence at 1690 South Union Avenue in Alliance that would later serve as a fraternity house. He died on May 9, 1901, at Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j William Henry Perrin, ed. (1881). History of Stark County. Baskin & Battey. pp. 758–760. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ a b c d Smith, Joseph Patterson (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. p. 209. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ a b Pages from Alliance History, As Printed in the Alliance Review, 1940–1941. The Alliance Historical Society. 1941. p. 18. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ Taylor, W. A. (1892). Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book. The Westbote Co., State Printers. pp. 383, 385. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ Portrait and Biographical Record of Stark County, Ohio. Chapman Bros. 1892. pp. 351–352. Retrieved September 12, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ Official Register of the United States. 1893. p. 65. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.
^ "Mrs. E. N. Hartshorn". The News Review. March 11, 1901. p. 4. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Two Deaths". The Stark County Democrat. May 14, 1901. p. 6. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Union_College"},{"link_name":"Ohio Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"}],"text":"Edwin Norman Hartshorn (May 27, 1835 – May 9, 1901) was an American politician and educator from Ohio. He was a professor at Mount Union College from 1857 to 1868. He served in the Ohio Senate, representing the 21st district, from 1880 to 1884.","title":"Edwin Norman Hartshorn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portage County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mount Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Union_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republican-2"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republican-2"}],"text":"Edwin Norman Hartshorn was born on May 27, 1835, in Portage County, Ohio, to Asenath (née Backus) and Norris Hartshorn. His father was a veteran of the War of 1812 and his maternal grandfather was a veteran of the Revolutionary War. In 1846, Hartshorn was one of the first students to study at Mount Union Seminary. He studied there until it became Mount Union College in January 1858. He then worked as a janitor for four years.[1][2] Soon after the college was chartered, Hartshorn graduated from his scientific and classical courses in 1863. He then graduated with a Master of Arts.[1] He also graduated from the business college of Duff's Commercial College in Pittsburgh with a degree in 1856.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownsville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alliance-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_S._Warwick_(1892)_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ohio Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"},{"link_name":"Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republican-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1856, Hartshorn became one of the charter trustees of Mount Union College. He was elected as professor of natural science in 1857. In 1862, Hartshorn was elected as superintendent of the graded or union schools of Brownsville, Pennsylvania. After a short time, he returned to Mount Union College as trustee and professor.[1][3] Until 1868, Hartsborn was a professor. He taught primarily natural science and mathematics, but also taught ancient classics, logic, rhetoric, political economy, and history.[1] In 1868, Hartshorn became superintendent of the commercial department of Mount Union. He then taught bookkeeping, international and commercial law, and business.[1] He was assistant treasurer of Mount Union for 14 years. He served as a member of the education board for union schools in Mount Union.[1]Robert S. Warwick in 1892 publicationHartshorn was a Republican. He served as a member of the Ohio Senate, representing the 21st district (Stark and Carroll counties), from 1880 to 1884. He was chairman of educational committees in the senate.[1][4] He defeated Robert S. Warwick in a state senate election.[5]Hartshorn served as deputy second comptroller of the U.S. Department of Treasury for four years under President Benjamin Harrison. At that time, he lived in Washington, D.C.[2][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac Allerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Allerton"},{"link_name":"Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-republican-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-1"},{"link_name":"Orville Nelson Hartshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orville_Nelson_Hartshorn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alliance-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-8"}],"text":"Hartshorn married Alvira E. Allerton, a descendent of Isaac Allerton, of Alliance on January 1, 1858.[1][2] His wife died in March 1901.[7] They had six children, Loyal Douglas, Carrie T., Wilber A., Jessie G., Gertrude Josephine and Florence. He was a Methodist.[1] His older brother Orville Nelson Hartshorn was president of Mount Union College.[8]Hartshorn built a brick residence at 1690 South Union Avenue in Alliance that would later serve as a fraternity house.[3] He died on May 9, 1901, at Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland.[8]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Robert S. Warwick in 1892 publication","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Portrait_of_Robert_S._Warwick_%281892%29_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Portrait_of_Robert_S._Warwick_%281892%29_%28cropped%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"William Henry Perrin, ed. (1881). History of Stark County. Baskin & Battey. pp. 758–760. 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Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pagesfromallianc00magr/page/18/mode/2up","url_text":"Pages from Alliance History, As Printed in the Alliance Review, 1940–1941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, W. A. (1892). Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book. The Westbote Co., State Printers. pp. 383, 385. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/OhioStatesmenAndHundredYearBookFrom1788To1892/page/n357/mode/2up","url_text":"Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"Portrait and Biographical Record of Stark County, Ohio. Chapman Bros. 1892. pp. 351–352. Retrieved September 12, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/portraitbiograph00chabro/page/350/mode/2up","url_text":"Portrait and Biographical Record of Stark County, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"Official Register of the United States. 1893. p. 65. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialregister81unit/page/64/mode/2up","url_text":"Official Register of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. E. N. Hartshorn\". The News Review. March 11, 1901. p. 4. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-review-mrs-e-n-hartshorn/130385630/","url_text":"\"Mrs. E. N. Hartshorn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Deaths\". The Stark County Democrat. May 14, 1901. p. 6. Retrieved August 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stark-county-democrat-two-deaths-14/130385523/","url_text":"\"Two Deaths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofstarkco00perr/page/758/mode/2up","external_links_name":"History of Stark County"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRepublicanPartyInOhioV.2/page/n261/mode/2up","external_links_name":"History of the Republican Party in Ohio"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pagesfromallianc00magr/page/18/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Pages from Alliance History, As Printed in the Alliance Review, 1940–1941"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/OhioStatesmenAndHundredYearBookFrom1788To1892/page/n357/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/portraitbiograph00chabro/page/350/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Portrait and Biographical Record of Stark County, Ohio"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/officialregister81unit/page/64/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Official Register of the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-review-mrs-e-n-hartshorn/130385630/","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. E. N. Hartshorn\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stark-county-democrat-two-deaths-14/130385523/","external_links_name":"\"Two Deaths\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Action | Independent Democratic Action | ["1 References"] | Political party in São Tomé and Príncipe
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Independent Democratic Action" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Independent Democratic Action Acção Democrática IndependenteAbbreviationADILeaderPatrice TrovoadaFounded1994IdeologyLiberalismChristian democracyPolitical positionCentre to centre-rightInternational affiliationCentrist Democrat InternationalNational Assembly30 / 55Party flagWebsitewww.adidigital.comPolitics of São Tomé and PríncipePolitical partiesElections
The Independent Democratic Action (Portuguese: Acção Democrática Independente) is a political party in São Tomé and Príncipe. It was established in 1994 by the then president Miguel Trovoada and is a politically centrist party.
It took part in the 29 July 2001 presidential elections, in which its candidate, Fradique de Menezes, won 55.2% of the vote and was elected president. After the elections Fradique de Menezes joined a new party - the Force for Change Democratic Movement-Liberal Party. In the legislative election held on 3 March 2002, the Independent Democratic Action was the main party in the Uê Kédadji alliance, that won 16.2% of the popular vote and 8 out of 55 seats. It left this alliance and won in the 2006 election 11 out of 55 seats. In the July 2006 presidential election, its leader Patrice Trovoada ran as the only major opposition candidate, but he was defeated by Menezes.
Trovoada became Prime Minister in February 2008, but was defeated in a May 2008 vote of confidence proposed by the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD), and in June Menezes asked the MLSTP/PSD to form a new government. The ADI denounced Menezes' designation of the MLSTP/PSD to form a government as unconstitutional, arguing that it was too late in the parliamentary term to do so, and it took the matter to the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.
Evaristo Carvalho has been the President of São Tomé and Príncipe from 2016 to 2021, after defeating the incumbent President Manuel Pinto da Costa in the 2016 elections. President Carvalho was also Vice president of the ruling Independent Democratic Action party (ADI). Patrice Trovoada was Prime Minister from 2014 to 2018 as the leader of Independent Democratic Action party (ADI).
References
^ Muisyo, Victor (October 9, 2018). "Sao Tome legislatives: Ruling ADI party loses absolute majority". Africanews. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "Líder da oposição em São Tomé Príncipe designado primeiro-ministro", Panapress, June 12, 2008 (in Portuguese).
^ "Partido de PM destituído contra nomeação de novo Governo são-tomense", Panapress, June 16, 2008 (in Portuguese).
^ "Sao Tome and Principe country profile". May 14, 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
vtePolitical parties in São Tomé and Príncipe Parliament
Independent Democratic Action (25)
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party (23)
Democratic Convergence Party and MDFM – UDD Union (5)
Movement of Independent Citizens of São Tomé and Príncipe (2)
São Tomé and Príncipe portalUnrepresented
Christian Democratic Front
New Way Movement
São Toméan Workers Party
Social Liberal Party
Social Democratic Movement – Green Party of São Tomé and Príncipe
Uê Kédadji coalition
Democratic Renovation Party
National Union for Democracy and Progress
Opposition Democratic Coalition
People's Party of Progress
Social Renewal Party
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of São Tomé and Príncipe
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about an African political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This São Tomé and Príncipe-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist"},{"link_name":"29 July 2001 presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Fradique de Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fradique_de_Menezes"},{"link_name":"Force for Change Democratic Movement-Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_for_Change_Democratic_Movement-Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Uê Kédadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AA_K%C3%A9dadji"},{"link_name":"2006 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Patrice Trovoada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Trovoada"},{"link_name":"Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lider-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Evaristo Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaristo_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"2016 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Independent Democratic Action (Portuguese: Acção Democrática Independente) is a political party in São Tomé and Príncipe. It was established in 1994 by the then president Miguel Trovoada and is a politically centrist party.It took part in the 29 July 2001 presidential elections, in which its candidate, Fradique de Menezes, won 55.2% of the vote and was elected president. After the elections Fradique de Menezes joined a new party - the Force for Change Democratic Movement-Liberal Party. In the legislative election held on 3 March 2002, the Independent Democratic Action was the main party in the Uê Kédadji alliance, that won 16.2% of the popular vote and 8 out of 55 seats. It left this alliance and won in the 2006 election 11 out of 55 seats. In the July 2006 presidential election, its leader Patrice Trovoada ran as the only major opposition candidate, but he was defeated by Menezes.Trovoada became Prime Minister in February 2008, but was defeated in a May 2008 vote of confidence proposed by the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD), and in June Menezes asked the MLSTP/PSD to form a new government.[2] The ADI denounced Menezes' designation of the MLSTP/PSD to form a government as unconstitutional, arguing that it was too late in the parliamentary term to do so, and it took the matter to the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.[3]Evaristo Carvalho has been the President of São Tomé and Príncipe from 2016 to 2021, after defeating the incumbent President Manuel Pinto da Costa in the 2016 elections. President Carvalho was also Vice president of the ruling Independent Democratic Action party (ADI). Patrice Trovoada was Prime Minister from 2014 to 2018 as the leader of Independent Democratic Action party (ADI).[4]","title":"Independent Democratic Action"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Muisyo, Victor (October 9, 2018). \"Sao Tome legislatives: Ruling ADI party loses absolute majority\". Africanews. Retrieved October 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africanews.com/2018/10/09/sao-tome-legislatives-ruling-adi-party-loses-absolute-majority/","url_text":"\"Sao Tome legislatives: Ruling ADI party loses absolute majority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanews","url_text":"Africanews"}]},{"reference":"\"Sao Tome and Principe country profile\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Troop_Carrier_Group | 60th Operations Group | ["1 Overview","2 Components","3 History","3.1 World War II","3.2 Cold War","3.3 Modern era","3.4 Global War on Terrorism","3.5 Lineage","3.6 Assignments","3.7 Components","3.8 Stations","3.9 Aircraft","4 References","5 External links"] | Unit of the US Air Force, part of the 60th Air Mobility Wing
60th Operations GroupBoeing C-17A Globemaster III 06-6155 of the 21st Airlift SquadronActive1940–1946; 1948–1957; 1978–1979; 1991–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceTypeStrategic AirliftGarrison/HQTravis Air Force Base, CaliforniaEngagementsEuropean-African-Middle East Campaign (World War II)Berlin AirliftKosovo CampaignDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationMeritorious Unit AwardAir Force Outstanding Unit Award (11x)Insignia60th Operations Group EmblemAircraft flownTransportC-17A Globemaster IIIC-5M Super GalaxyTankerKC-10 ExtenderMilitary unit
The 60th Operations Group (60 OG) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 60th Air Mobility Wing. It is stationed at Travis Air Force Base, California.
Established prior to World War II, its predecessor unit, the 60th Transport (later Troop Carrier) Group engaged in combat operations, first with the Eighth Air Force and primarily with Twelfth Air Force during the war. It received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, 28 March-15 September 1944. While attempting to organize effective fighting forces in Yugoslavia, Greece, and Albania, the Allies tasked the 60th for an immediate, substantial, and steady flow of desperately needed supplies. Despite poor weather, terrain, enemy night fighters, anti-aircraft fire, and hostile ground action, the 60th flew nearly 3,000 missions, including 600 hazardous landings, delivered more than 7,000 tons of supplies and equipment, and evacuated thousands of military and civilian personnel. The group lost 10 aircraft and 34 members of the 60th were either killed or listed as missing.
Overview
The 60th Operations Group is the flying component of the Air Mobility Command 60th Air Mobility Wing. The 60 OG is the largest Operations Group in Air Mobility Command. It operates and maintains C-5 Galaxy; C-17 Globemaster III transports and KC-10 Extender air refueling aircraft supporting global engagement of troops, supplies, and equipment.
Components
The 60 OG consists of the following squadrons:
60th Operations Support Squadron
6th Air Refueling Squadron – (KC-10 Extender)
9th Air Refueling Squadron – (KC-10 Extender)
21st Airlift Squadron – (C-17A Globemaster III)
22d Airlift Squadron – (C-5M Super Galaxy)
History
For additional history and lineage, see 60th Air Mobility Wing
World War II
C-47 Skytrains of the 60th Troop Carrier Group during World War II
60th TCG C-54 Skymasters during the Berlin Airlift
Squadron of 60th TCG C-82 Packets over Europe, 1952
Constituted on 20 November 1940 as the 60th Transport Group, the unit activated at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania, on 1 December 1940, flying the C-47 aircraft. After a brief stay at Westover Field, Massachusetts (May 1941 – June 1942), the 60th moved to Chelveston, England, and then to Aldermaston, England, in August 1942. The group was redesignated as the 60th Troop Carrier Group on 1 July 1942.
The units next moved to Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, and was assigned to Twelfth Air Force. During the war in Europe, the 60 TCG also served from bases in Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy before moving to Waller Field, Trinidad, in June 1945. During World War II, the group participated in the battle for Tunisia; towed gliders and dropped paratroops behind enemy lines when the Allies invaded Sicily; and dropped paratroops at Megara during the airborne element of the liberation of Greece in October 1944. When not engaged in airborne operations, the group transported troops and supplies and evacuated wounded personnel. In October 1943, for instance, the 60th dropped supplies to men who had escaped from prisoner-of-war camps.
Received a DUC for supporting partisans in the Balkans, March–September 1944, making unarmed night missions to provisional airfields in Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece. On return flights evacuated wounded partisans and escaped Allied personnel.
In June 1945, the 60 TCG moved to Trinidad and came under the command of the Air Transport Command. The group inactivated on 31 July 1945.
Cold War
After just 15 months on the inactive list, the 60th activated again on 30 September 1946, this time at Munich, Germany. Shortly after moving to Kaufbeuren Air Base, Germany, on 14 May 1948, the 60 TCG and its three squadrons—the 10th, 11th, and 12th Troop Carriers Squadrons—began supporting the Berlin Airlift. From 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949, the C-47 and C-54-equipped squadrons flew from both Kaufbeuren AB and Wiesbaden AB, Germany, and contributed to the U.S. total of nearly 1.8 million tons of supplies delivered on 189,963 flights.
During the Berlin Airlift, the 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium, activated at Kaufbeuren AB on 1 July 1948. At that time the 60 TCG became a subordinate unit assigned to the new wing. Through its subordinate operations group—the 60th Troop Carrier Group, Heavy—the 60 TCW managed three flying squadrons: the 10th, 11th, and 12th Troop Carrier Squadrons.
When the Berlin Airlift ended on 26 September 1949, the 60 TCG began moving without its personnel and equipment to Wiesbaden AB, West Germany, where the wing assumed the resources of the inactivated 7150th Air Force Composite Wing. The 60th became operational at Wiesbaden on 1 October 1949. On 2 June 1951, the wing replaced the 61 TCW at Rhein-Main AB, where the 60 TCG had been stationed on detached service. At this time, the group resumed a tactical role and assumed responsibility for controlling all U.S. tactical airlift resources in Europe. The 60 TCG provided logistic airlift services to U.S. and Allied forces in Europe while maintaining host unit responsibilities at Rhein-Main. Operating the C-82, C-119, and C-47 aircraft, the wing participated in countless exercises and provided air transportability training to U.S. Army units.
In a major reorganization, the 322 AD reduced the headquarters elements of the 60 TCG, 309 TCG, and the 60 M & S Group to one officer and one airmen each on 15 November 1956. Was inactivated in 1957.
Briefly activated as the 60 Military Airlift Group in March 1978. Until February 979, airlifted personnel and cargo worldwide, controlling the 60 MAW's tactical squadrons. Participated in joint exercises and humanitarian airlift missions, including airlift following the Jonestown, Guyana murder-suicides, November 1978.
Modern era
KC-10 refueling a C-5 Galaxy
Personnel from the 366th Air Expeditionary Wing arriving in Lockheed C-5B Galaxy in support of the U.S. Central Command execution of Operation Enduring Freedom.
On 28 October 1991, the 60th Operations Group activated under the "Objective Wing" concept adapted by the Air Force as the lines between tactical and strategic forces blurred. The flying components of the 60th Airlift Wing were reassigned to the newly established group. Upon activation, the 60 OG was bestowed the history, lineage and honors of the 60 Military Airlift Group and its predecessor units from the wing.
In 1991, commenced airlift in support of U.S. relief operations in Somalia during Operations PROVIDE RELIEF and RESTORE HOPE. Supported on-going operations in Southwest Asia during Operation SOUTHERN WATCH. Group elements also supported Operation PROVIDE COMFORT that provided relief for Kurdish refugees, assisted in the evacuation of military personnel and their dependents from the Philippines through Operation FIERY VIGIL in 1991, and supplied airlift support to Balkans peacekeeping missions beginning in 1995 with Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, and continuing under Operations JOINT GUARD and JOINT FORGE. Deployed tanker and support elements to the European theater during Operation ALLIED FORCE from March–June 1999, as well as providing airlift support to other air expeditionary forces deploying to the operation.
Global War on Terrorism
America began air strikes against the Taliban and Al Qaeda forces on 7 October 2001, but the groundwork for success was laid in the weeks leading up to those attacks. Under Operation Enduring Freedom, a rapid mobilization requiring a tremendous effort from the personnel, supply, medical, security forces, finance, legal and chapel specialists charged with ensuring airmen were ready, trained and equipped to deploy.
The 60th Air Expeditionary Group was designated as a provisional unit under Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as necessary for combat operations of the 60th Operations Group. The military build-up at bare base locations on the other side of the globe put the strategic airlift capabilities of the Travis C-5 fleet to the test. In support of one forward operating location alone, Travis C-5s helped deliver more than 8 million tons of cargo and 2,500 passengers in the months of September and October.
When the bombers did launch 7 October, they reached their distant targets in Afghanistan only with the help of aerial refueling from Travis KC-10s of the 60th Air Expeditionary Group. Base tankers have kept up support of the air campaign from two major locations, offloading more than 120 million pounds of fuel to combat aircraft during the height of military operations. Travis KC-10s flew a year's worth of flying hours in less than six months since 11 September. Over 90 percent of these flying hours were flown in combat or in combat support.
In February 2002 C-17 Globemaster IIIs joined the 60th Air Expeditionary Group to carry warfighters and equipment into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. When U.S. Central Command officials decided to put ground troops in Afghanistan, they called on the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Ky. To get the soldiers to the fight, Air Mobility Command used C-17s and C-5 Galaxy airlifters to move the Army's air assault division into Afghanistan.
Lineage
Established as 60th Transport Group on 20 November 1940
Activated on 1 December 1940
Re-designated 60th Troop Carrier Group on 7 July 1942
Inactivated on 31 July 1945
Activated on 30 September 1946
Re-designated: 60th Troop Carrier Group, Medium, on 1 July 1948
Re-designated: 60th Troop Carrier Group, Heavy, on 5 November 1948
Re-designated: 60th Troop Carrier Group, Medium, on 16 November 1949
Inactivated on 12 March 1957
Re-designated 60th Military Airlift Group, and activated, on 6 March 1978
Inactivated on 15 February 1979
Re-designated 60th Operations Group on 28 October 1991
Activated on 1 November 1991
Designated 60th Air Expeditionary Group in September 2001 when group elements deployed to combat areas.
Assignments
III Corps Area, 1 December 1940
50th Transport Wing, 31 March 1942
51st Transport (later, 51st Troop Carrier) Wing, 1 June 1942
Eighth Air Force, 19 June 1942
Twelfth Air Force, 14 September 1942
51st Troop Carrier Wing, 20 February 1944
Attached to No. 334 Wing RAF, Balkan Air Force, March–September 1944
Air Transport Command, 26 May – 31 July 1945
51st Troop Carrier Wing, 30 September 1946
60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium (later, 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy; 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium), 1 July 1948 – 12 March 1957
Attached to: 7320th Air Force Wing, 16–19 January 1949
Attached to: 1st Air Lift Task Force, 20 January-26 September 1949
60th Military Airlift Wing, 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979
60th Airlift Wing (later, 60th Air Mobility Wing), 1 November 1991–present
Components
World War II
10th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (S6): 1 December 1940 – 31 July 1945; 30 September 1946 – 12 March 1957
11th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (7D): 1 December 1940 – 31 July 1945; 30 September 1946 – 12 March 1957
12th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (U5): 1 December 1940 – 31 July 1945; 30 September 1946 – 12 March 1957
28th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (3D): 20 April 1942 – 31 July 1945
Cold War
7th Military Airlift (later Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991 – 1 October 1993
22d Military Airlift (later, Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991–present
75th Military Airlift (later Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991 – 1 October 1993
86th Military Airlift (later, Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991 – 1 October 1993.
Modern era
6th Air Refueling Squadron: 1 August 1995–present
9th Air Refueling Squadron: 1 September 1994–present
19th Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1993 – 30 September 1996
20th Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997
21st Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1993–present
55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron: 1 February-1 October 1993
Stations
Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania, 1 December 1940
Westover Field, Massachusetts, 21 May 1941 – 20 May 1942
RAF Chelveston (AAF-105), England, 12 June 1942
RAF Aldermaston (AAF-467), England, 7 August-7 November 1942
Relizane Airfield, Algeria, 8 November 1942
Thiersville Airfield, Algeria, 11 May 1943
El Djem Airfield, Tunisia, 30 June 1943
Ponte Olivo Airfield, Sicily, 31 August 1943
Gerbini Airfield, Sicily, 29 October 1943
Brindisi Airfield, Italy, 26 March 1944
Pomigliano Airfield, Italy, 8 October 1944 – 23 May 1945
Waller Field, Trinidad, 4 June – 31 July 1945
Munich AFB, Germany, 30 September 1946
Kaufbeuren AFB (later, Kaufbeuren AB), Germany, 14 May 1948
Wiesbaden AB, Germany, 10 August 1948
Kaufbeuren AB, Germany, 18 October 1948
Wiesbaden AB, Germany, 15 December 1948
Rhein-Main AB, Germany (later West Germany), 26 September 1949
Dreux AB, France, 23 September 1955 – 12 March 1957
Travis AFB, California, 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; November 1991–present
Aircraft
C-52 Skytrain, 1941–1942
C-47 Skytrain, 1942–1945, 1946–1948
C-54 Skymaster, 1948–1949
C-82 Packet, 1949–1953
C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1953–1957
C-141 Starlifter, 1978–1979, 1991–1997
C-5 Galaxy, 1978–1979, 1991–present
WC-135 Stratolifter, 1993
KC-10 Extender, 1994–present
C-17 Globemaster III, 2006–present
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
Freeman, Gregory, A. The Forgotten 500: The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All For the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II. New York: New American Library, 2007.
Rogers, Brian. United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications, 2005. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
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Fifteenth
Twentieth | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"60th Air Mobility Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Air_Mobility_Wing"},{"link_name":"Travis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Eighth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"}],"text":"Military unitThe 60th Operations Group (60 OG) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 60th Air Mobility Wing. It is stationed at Travis Air Force Base, California.Established prior to World War II, its predecessor unit, the 60th Transport (later Troop Carrier) Group engaged in combat operations, first with the Eighth Air Force and primarily with Twelfth Air Force during the war. It received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, 28 March-15 September 1944. While attempting to organize effective fighting forces in Yugoslavia, Greece, and Albania, the Allies tasked the 60th for an immediate, substantial, and steady flow of desperately needed supplies. Despite poor weather, terrain, enemy night fighters, anti-aircraft fire, and hostile ground action, the 60th flew nearly 3,000 missions, including 600 hazardous landings, delivered more than 7,000 tons of supplies and equipment, and evacuated thousands of military and civilian personnel. The group lost 10 aircraft and 34 members of the 60th were either killed or listed as missing.","title":"60th Operations Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"60th Air Mobility Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Air_Mobility_Wing"}],"text":"The 60th Operations Group is the flying component of the Air Mobility Command 60th Air Mobility Wing. The 60 OG is the largest Operations Group in Air Mobility Command. It operates and maintains C-5 Galaxy; C-17 Globemaster III transports and KC-10 Extender air refueling aircraft supporting global engagement of troops, supplies, and equipment.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"KC-10 Extender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-10_Extender"},{"link_name":"9th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"KC-10 Extender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-10_Extender"},{"link_name":"21st Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"C-17A Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17A_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"22d Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22d_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"C-5M Super Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-5M_Super_Galaxy"}],"text":"The 60 OG consists of the following squadrons:60th Operations Support Squadron\n6th Air Refueling Squadron – (KC-10 Extender)\n9th Air Refueling Squadron – (KC-10 Extender)\n21st Airlift Squadron – (C-17A Globemaster III)\n22d Airlift Squadron – (C-5M Super Galaxy)","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"60th Air Mobility Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Air_Mobility_Wing"}],"text":"For additional history and lineage, see 60th Air Mobility Wing","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60thtcg-c47s-worldwarII.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60thtcg-c54-berlinairlift-1948.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60thtcg-c82s-1952.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tafaraoui Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafaraoui_Airfield"},{"link_name":"battle for Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_campaign"},{"link_name":"Allies invaded Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"dropped paratroops at Megara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Manna"},{"link_name":"liberation of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"C-47 Skytrains of the 60th Troop Carrier Group during World War II60th TCG C-54 Skymasters during the Berlin AirliftSquadron of 60th TCG C-82 Packets over Europe, 1952Constituted on 20 November 1940 as the 60th Transport Group, the unit activated at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania, on 1 December 1940, flying the C-47 aircraft. After a brief stay at Westover Field, Massachusetts (May 1941 – June 1942), the 60th moved to Chelveston, England, and then to Aldermaston, England, in August 1942. The group was redesignated as the 60th Troop Carrier Group on 1 July 1942.The units next moved to Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, and was assigned to Twelfth Air Force. During the war in Europe, the 60 TCG also served from bases in Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy before moving to Waller Field, Trinidad, in June 1945. During World War II, the group participated in the battle for Tunisia; towed gliders and dropped paratroops behind enemy lines when the Allies invaded Sicily; and dropped paratroops at Megara during the airborne element of the liberation of Greece in October 1944. When not engaged in airborne operations, the group transported troops and supplies and evacuated wounded personnel. In October 1943, for instance, the 60th dropped supplies to men who had escaped from prisoner-of-war camps.Received a DUC for supporting partisans in the Balkans, March–September 1944, making unarmed night missions to provisional airfields in Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece. On return flights evacuated wounded partisans and escaped Allied personnel.In June 1945, the 60 TCG moved to Trinidad and came under the command of the Air Transport Command. The group inactivated on 31 July 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"After just 15 months on the inactive list, the 60th activated again on 30 September 1946, this time at Munich, Germany. Shortly after moving to Kaufbeuren Air Base, Germany, on 14 May 1948, the 60 TCG and its three squadrons—the 10th, 11th, and 12th Troop Carriers Squadrons—began supporting the Berlin Airlift. From 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949, the C-47 and C-54-equipped squadrons flew from both Kaufbeuren AB and Wiesbaden AB, Germany, and contributed to the U.S. total of nearly 1.8 million tons of supplies delivered on 189,963 flights.During the Berlin Airlift, the 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium, activated at Kaufbeuren AB on 1 July 1948. At that time the 60 TCG became a subordinate unit assigned to the new wing. Through its subordinate operations group—the 60th Troop Carrier Group, Heavy—the 60 TCW managed three flying squadrons: the 10th, 11th, and 12th Troop Carrier Squadrons.When the Berlin Airlift ended on 26 September 1949, the 60 TCG began moving without its personnel and equipment to Wiesbaden AB, West Germany, where the wing assumed the resources of the inactivated 7150th Air Force Composite Wing. The 60th became operational at Wiesbaden on 1 October 1949. On 2 June 1951, the wing replaced the 61 TCW at Rhein-Main AB, where the 60 TCG had been stationed on detached service. At this time, the group resumed a tactical role and assumed responsibility for controlling all U.S. tactical airlift resources in Europe. The 60 TCG provided logistic airlift services to U.S. and Allied forces in Europe while maintaining host unit responsibilities at Rhein-Main. Operating the C-82, C-119, and C-47 aircraft, the wing participated in countless exercises and provided air transportability training to U.S. Army units.In a major reorganization, the 322 AD reduced the headquarters elements of the 60 TCG, 309 TCG, and the 60 M & S Group to one officer and one airmen each on 15 November 1956. Was inactivated in 1957.Briefly activated as the 60 Military Airlift Group in March 1978. Until February 979, airlifted personnel and cargo worldwide, controlling the 60 MAW's tactical squadrons. Participated in joint exercises and humanitarian airlift missions, including airlift following the Jonestown, Guyana murder-suicides, November 1978.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60thogroup-kc10-c5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60thogroup-c5-centaf.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"KC-10 refueling a C-5 GalaxyPersonnel from the 366th Air Expeditionary Wing arriving in Lockheed C-5B Galaxy in support of the U.S. Central Command execution of Operation Enduring Freedom.On 28 October 1991, the 60th Operations Group activated under the \"Objective Wing\" concept adapted by the Air Force as the lines between tactical and strategic forces blurred. The flying components of the 60th Airlift Wing were reassigned to the newly established group. Upon activation, the 60 OG was bestowed the history, lineage and honors of the 60 Military Airlift Group and its predecessor units from the wing.In 1991, commenced airlift in support of U.S. relief operations in Somalia during Operations PROVIDE RELIEF and RESTORE HOPE. Supported on-going operations in Southwest Asia during Operation SOUTHERN WATCH. Group elements also supported Operation PROVIDE COMFORT that provided relief for Kurdish refugees, assisted in the evacuation of military personnel and their dependents from the Philippines through Operation FIERY VIGIL in 1991, and supplied airlift support to Balkans peacekeeping missions beginning in 1995 with Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, and continuing under Operations JOINT GUARD and JOINT FORGE. Deployed tanker and support elements to the European theater during Operation ALLIED FORCE from March–June 1999, as well as providing airlift support to other air expeditionary forces deploying to the operation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Global War on Terrorism","text":"America began air strikes against the Taliban and Al Qaeda forces on 7 October 2001, but the groundwork for success was laid in the weeks leading up to those attacks. Under Operation Enduring Freedom, a rapid mobilization requiring a tremendous effort from the personnel, supply, medical, security forces, finance, legal and chapel specialists charged with ensuring airmen were ready, trained and equipped to deploy.The 60th Air Expeditionary Group was designated as a provisional unit under Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as necessary for combat operations of the 60th Operations Group. The military build-up at bare base locations on the other side of the globe put the strategic airlift capabilities of the Travis C-5 fleet to the test. In support of one forward operating location alone, Travis C-5s helped deliver more than 8 million tons of cargo and 2,500 passengers in the months of September and October.When the bombers did launch 7 October, they reached their distant targets in Afghanistan only with the help of aerial refueling from Travis KC-10s of the 60th Air Expeditionary Group. Base tankers have kept up support of the air campaign from two major locations, offloading more than 120 million pounds of fuel to combat aircraft during the height of military operations. Travis KC-10s flew a year's worth of flying hours in less than six months since 11 September. Over 90 percent of these flying hours were flown in combat or in combat support.In February 2002 C-17 Globemaster IIIs joined the 60th Air Expeditionary Group to carry warfighters and equipment into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. When U.S. Central Command officials decided to put ground troops in Afghanistan, they called on the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Ky. To get the soldiers to the fight, Air Mobility Command used C-17s and C-5 Galaxy airlifters to move the Army's air assault division into Afghanistan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lineage","text":"Established as 60th Transport Group on 20 November 1940Activated on 1 December 1940\nRe-designated 60th Troop Carrier Group on 7 July 1942\nInactivated on 31 July 1945Activated on 30 September 1946Re-designated: 60th Troop Carrier Group, Medium, on 1 July 1948\nRe-designated: 60th Troop Carrier Group, Heavy, on 5 November 1948\nRe-designated: 60th Troop Carrier Group, Medium, on 16 November 1949\nInactivated on 12 March 1957Re-designated 60th Military Airlift Group, and activated, on 6 March 1978Inactivated on 15 February 1979Re-designated 60th Operations Group on 28 October 1991Activated on 1 November 1991Designated 60th Air Expeditionary Group in September 2001 when group elements deployed to combat areas.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51st Transport (later, 51st Troop Carrier) Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Troop_Carrier_Wing_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"51st Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Troop_Carrier_Wing_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"No. 334 Wing RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._334_Wing_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balkan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_(United_States_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"51st Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Troop_Carrier_Wing_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium (later, 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy; 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"60th Military Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Military_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"60th Airlift Wing (later, 60th Air Mobility Wing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Airlift_Wing"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"III Corps Area, 1 December 1940\n50th Transport Wing, 31 March 1942\n51st Transport (later, 51st Troop Carrier) Wing, 1 June 1942\nEighth Air Force, 19 June 1942\nTwelfth Air Force, 14 September 1942\n51st Troop Carrier Wing, 20 February 1944\nAttached to No. 334 Wing RAF, Balkan Air Force, March–September 1944\nAir Transport Command, 26 May – 31 July 1945\n51st Troop Carrier Wing, 30 September 1946\n\n\n60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium (later, 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy; 60th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium), 1 July 1948 – 12 March 1957\nAttached to: 7320th Air Force Wing, 16–19 January 1949\nAttached to: 1st Air Lift Task Force, 20 January-26 September 1949\n60th Military Airlift Wing, 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979\n60th Airlift Wing (later, 60th Air Mobility Wing), 1 November 1991–present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"11th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"12th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"28th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"7th Military Airlift (later Airlift) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"22d Military Airlift (later, Airlift) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22d_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"75th Military Airlift (later Airlift) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"86th Military Airlift (later, Airlift) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"6th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"9th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"19th Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"20th Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"21st Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Weather_Reconnaissance_Squadron"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"World War II10th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (S6): 1 December 1940 – 31 July 1945; 30 September 1946 – 12 March 1957\n11th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (7D): 1 December 1940 – 31 July 1945; 30 September 1946 – 12 March 1957\n12th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (U5): 1 December 1940 – 31 July 1945; 30 September 1946 – 12 March 1957\n28th Transport (later, Troop Carrier) Squadron (3D): 20 April 1942 – 31 July 1945Cold War7th Military Airlift (later Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991 – 1 October 1993\n22d Military Airlift (later, Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991–present\n75th Military Airlift (later Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991 – 1 October 1993\n86th Military Airlift (later, Airlift) Squadron: 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; 1 November 1991 – 1 October 1993.Modern era6th Air Refueling Squadron: 1 August 1995–present\n9th Air Refueling Squadron: 1 September 1994–present\n19th Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1993 – 30 September 1996\n20th Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997\n21st Airlift Squadron: 1 October 1993–present\n55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron: 1 February-1 October 1993","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olmsted Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Field"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Westover Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westover_Field"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"RAF Chelveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Chelveston"},{"link_name":"RAF Aldermaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Aldermaston"},{"link_name":"Relizane Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relizane_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Thiersville Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiersville_Airfield"},{"link_name":"El Djem Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Djem_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Ponte Olivo Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Olivo_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Gerbini Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbini_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Brindisi Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Pomigliano Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomigliano_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Waller Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_Field"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"Munich AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_AFB"},{"link_name":"Kaufbeuren AFB (later, Kaufbeuren AB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufbeuren_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_AB"},{"link_name":"Kaufbeuren AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufbeuren_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_AB"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main_AB"},{"link_name":"Germany (later West Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dreux AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreux_AB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Travis AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_AFB"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania, 1 December 1940\nWestover Field, Massachusetts, 21 May 1941 – 20 May 1942\nRAF Chelveston (AAF-105), England, 12 June 1942\nRAF Aldermaston (AAF-467), England, 7 August-7 November 1942\nRelizane Airfield, Algeria, 8 November 1942\nThiersville Airfield, Algeria, 11 May 1943\nEl Djem Airfield, Tunisia, 30 June 1943\nPonte Olivo Airfield, Sicily, 31 August 1943\nGerbini Airfield, Sicily, 29 October 1943\nBrindisi Airfield, Italy, 26 March 1944\n\n\nPomigliano Airfield, Italy, 8 October 1944 – 23 May 1945\nWaller Field, Trinidad, 4 June – 31 July 1945\nMunich AFB, Germany, 30 September 1946\nKaufbeuren AFB (later, Kaufbeuren AB), Germany, 14 May 1948\nWiesbaden AB, Germany, 10 August 1948\nKaufbeuren AB, Germany, 18 October 1948\nWiesbaden AB, Germany, 15 December 1948\nRhein-Main AB, Germany (later West Germany), 26 September 1949\nDreux AB, France, 23 September 1955 – 12 March 1957\nTravis AFB, California, 6 March 1978 – 15 February 1979; November 1991–present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-52 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-52_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"C-54 Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"C-82 Packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-82_Packet"},{"link_name":"C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"C-141 Starlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-141_Starlifter"},{"link_name":"C-5 Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-5_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"WC-135 Stratolifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WC-135_Stratolifter"},{"link_name":"KC-10 Extender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-10_Extender"},{"link_name":"C-17 Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"C-52 Skytrain, 1941–1942\nC-47 Skytrain, 1942–1945, 1946–1948\nC-54 Skymaster, 1948–1949\nC-82 Packet, 1949–1953\nC-119 Flying Boxcar, 1953–1957\n\n\nC-141 Starlifter, 1978–1979, 1991–1997\nC-5 Galaxy, 1978–1979, 1991–present\nWC-135 Stratolifter, 1993\nKC-10 Extender, 1994–present\nC-17 Globemaster III, 2006–present","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"C-47 Skytrains of the 60th Troop Carrier Group during World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/60thtcg-c47s-worldwarII.jpg/220px-60thtcg-c47s-worldwarII.jpg"},{"image_text":"60th TCG C-54 Skymasters during the Berlin Airlift","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/60thtcg-c54-berlinairlift-1948.jpg/220px-60thtcg-c54-berlinairlift-1948.jpg"},{"image_text":"Squadron of 60th TCG C-82 Packets over Europe, 1952","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/60thtcg-c82s-1952.jpg/220px-60thtcg-c82s-1952.jpg"},{"image_text":"KC-10 refueling a C-5 Galaxy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/60thogroup-kc10-c5.jpg/220px-60thogroup-kc10-c5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Personnel from the 366th Air Expeditionary Wing arriving in Lockheed C-5B Galaxy in support of the U.S. Central Command execution of Operation Enduring Freedom.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/60thogroup-c5-centaf.jpg/220px-60thogroup-c5-centaf.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","external_links_name":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Galeano | Carlos Galeano | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Colombian cyclist
Carlos GaleanoPersonal informationBorn (1950-08-13) 13 August 1950 (age 73)
Carlos Galeano (born 13 August 1950) is a former Colombian cyclist. He competed in the sprint event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
^ "Carlos Galeano Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
External links
Carlos Galeano at Cycling Archives
Carlos Galeano at ProCyclingStats
Carlos Galeano at Olympedia
This biographical article relating to Colombian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"sprint event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"}],"text":"Carlos Galeano (born 13 August 1950) is a former Colombian cyclist. He competed in the sprint event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Carlos Galeano"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Carlos Galeano Olympic Results\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094319/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/carlos-galeano-1.html","url_text":"\"Carlos Galeano Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/carlos-galeano-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094319/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/carlos-galeano-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Carlos Galeano Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/carlos-galeano-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=163062","external_links_name":"Carlos Galeano"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19518532#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/167682","external_links_name":"Carlos Galeano"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19518532#P1663"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/14405","external_links_name":"Carlos Galeano"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19518532#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Galeano&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Charger | HMS Charger | [] | Six ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Charger.
HMS Charger (1801) was a gun-brig
HMS Charger (1835) was a hulk, formerly HMS Courier and HMS Hermes
HMS Charger (1856) was an Albacore-class gunboat
HMS Charger (1894) was a Charger-class destroyer that served in the Royal Navy until 1912.
HMS Charger (D27) was an escort aircraft carrier that served in World War II. Built for the US Navy, she briefly served in the Royal Navy as HMS Charger before returning to US service as USS Charger (CVE-30).
HMS Charger (P292) is an Archer-class patrol and training vessel.
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Charger (1801)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Charger_(1801)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Charger (1835)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Charger_(1835)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Charger (1856)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Charger_(1856)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albacore-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacore-class_gunboat_(1855)"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"HMS Charger (1894)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Charger_(1894)"},{"link_name":"Charger-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charger-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Charger (D27)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Charger_(CVE-30)"},{"link_name":"escort aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Charger (P292)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Charger_(P292)"},{"link_name":"Archer-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer-class_patrol_vessel"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Charger&namespace=0"}],"text":"HMS Charger (1801) was a gun-brig\nHMS Charger (1835) was a hulk, formerly HMS Courier and HMS Hermes\nHMS Charger (1856) was an Albacore-class gunboat\nHMS Charger (1894) was a Charger-class destroyer that served in the Royal Navy until 1912.\nHMS Charger (D27) was an escort aircraft carrier that served in World War II. Built for the US Navy, she briefly served in the Royal Navy as HMS Charger before returning to US service as USS Charger (CVE-30).\nHMS Charger (P292) is an Archer-class patrol and training vessel.List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"HMS Charger"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Charger&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulta_(mountain) | Ulta (mountain) | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 9°08′58.55″S 77°31′21.88″W / 9.1495972°S 77.5227444°W / -9.1495972; -77.5227444Mountain in the Andes of Peru
UltaUltaHighest pointElevation5,875 m (19,275 ft)Coordinates9°08′58.55″S 77°31′21.88″W / 9.1495972°S 77.5227444°W / -9.1495972; -77.5227444GeographyUltaPeru
LocationAncash, PeruParent rangeAndes, Cordillera BlancaUlta is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 5,875 metres (19,275 ft) high (although Peruvian IGN map cites an elevation of 5,782 metres (18,970 ft)). It is in the region of Ancash.
References
^ a b Alpenvereinskarte 0/3a. Cordillera Blanca Nord (Peru). 1:100 000. Oesterreichischer Alpenverein. 2005. ISBN 3-928777-57-2.
^ a b Peru 1:100 000, Carhuás (19-h). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Perú).
^ a b Biggar, John (2005). The Andes: A Guide for Climbers. Andes. p. 76. ISBN 9780953608720. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Ancash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancash_Region"}],"text":"Mountain in the Andes of PeruUlta[1][2][3] is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 5,875 metres (19,275 ft) high[1] (although Peruvian IGN map cites an elevation of 5,782 metres (18,970 ft)).[2][3] It is in the region of Ancash.","title":"Ulta (mountain)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Alpenvereinskarte 0/3a. Cordillera Blanca Nord (Peru). 1:100 000. Oesterreichischer Alpenverein. 2005. ISBN 3-928777-57-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928777-57-2","url_text":"3-928777-57-2"}]},{"reference":"Peru 1:100 000, Carhuás (19-h). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Perú).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Biggar, John (2005). The Andes: A Guide for Climbers. Andes. p. 76. ISBN 9780953608720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953608720","url_text":"9780953608720"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ulta_(mountain)¶ms=9_08_58.55_S_77_31_21.88_W_type:mountain_region:PE_scale:100000","external_links_name":"9°08′58.55″S 77°31′21.88″W / 9.1495972°S 77.5227444°W / -9.1495972; -77.5227444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ulta_(mountain)¶ms=9_08_58.55_S_77_31_21.88_W_type:mountain_region:PE_scale:100000","external_links_name":"9°08′58.55″S 77°31′21.88″W / 9.1495972°S 77.5227444°W / -9.1495972; -77.5227444"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefatura_de_Inteligencia_del_Estado_Mayor_Conjunto_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas | Jefatura de Inteligencia del Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas | ["1 See also","2 External links"] | The Jefatura de Inteligencia del Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas (Intelligence Department of the Joint General Staff of the Armed Forces, J-2) is an Argentine federal agency in charge of controlling all the military intelligence services. The name J-2 refers to Jefatura 2, the official denomination assigned to military intelligence divisions of each branch.
See also
Army Intelligence Service
Naval Intelligence Service
Air Force Intelligence Service
National Intelligence System
National Directorate of Strategic Military Intelligence
US Army G-2
External links
Official website (in Spanish)
vteNational Intelligence System of ArgentinaCivilian
National Directorate of Criminal Intelligence
National Directorate of Strategic Military Intelligence
Directorate of Judicial Surveillance
National Intelligence School
Federal Intelligence Agency
Federal Counternarcotics Service
Financial Intelligence Unit
Military
Military Intelligence Collection Center
Intelligence Department of the Joint General Staff of the Armed Forces
Naval Intelligence Service
Air Force Intelligence Service
Army Intelligence Service
Disbanded
601 Intelligence Battalion
National Intelligence Center
State Intelligence Coordination
Information Division
Secretariat of State Information
Secretariat of Intelligence
vteArmed forces of Argentina
Ministry of Defense
Defense Industry
Intelligence Department (J2)
Leadership
President
Minister of Defense
Chief of the Joint General Staff
Chief of the Army
Chief of the Navy
Chief of the Air Force
Army
Aviation
Intelligence
Regiments
Navy
Air Attack Squadron
Aviation
Hydrographic Service
Intelligence
Marines
Submarines
Air Force
AAP
Intelligence
LADE
Mobile Field Hospital
Museum
VYCEA Group
Other
Ranks
Gendarmerie
Prefecture
This article about the military of Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jefatura de Inteligencia del Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas"}] | [] | [{"title":"Army Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Intelligence_Service"},{"title":"Naval Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_Inteligencia_Naval_(Argentina)"},{"title":"Air Force Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_Inteligencia_de_la_Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea"},{"title":"National Intelligence System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Inteligencia_Nacional"},{"title":"National Directorate of Strategic Military Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Estrat%C3%A9gica_Militar"},{"title":"US Army G-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-2_(intelligence)"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://fuerzas-armadas.mil.ar/Dependencias-JII.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefatura_de_Inteligencia_del_Estado_Mayor_Conjunto_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patangrao_Kadam | Patangrao Kadam | ["1 Early life","2 Political Career","3 Death","4 References"] | Indian politician
Patangrao KadamMember of the Maharashtra Legislative AssemblyIn office1999–2018ConstituencyPalus-Kadegaon
Personal detailsBorn(1944-01-08)8 January 1944Sonsal Village, Tal: Kadegaon, Sangli, (Bombay Presidency), (British India)Died9 March 2018(2018-03-09) (aged 74)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaPolitical partyIndian National Congress (INC)Children
Vishwajeet Kadam
Late Abhijeet Kadam
Asmita Jagtap
Bharati Lad
Patangrao Kadam (8 January 1944 – 9 March 2018) was an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra. He came from a middle level farmer family in a small village, Sonsal in Sangli district. He previously held the forest ministry in the Maharashtra government. He was also an educationist and was the founder of Bharati Vidyapeeth. Kadam died of renal dysfunction at Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital on 9 March 2018.
Early life
Patangrao Kadam was born into a middle-level farming family in a small village of Sonsal, Sangli District in Maharashtra. Since no educational facilities were available in Sonsal, Kadam had to walk 4–5 km every day to attend a primary school in a nearby village. He did his secondary education up to S.S.C. at a boarding school in Kundal.
Kadam was the first person from his village to have passed the S.S.C. examination. After S.S.C., he joined Shivaji College, Satara, run by Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, which was established by a renowned social reformer and educationist, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil. He was enrolled in the College under its "earn and learn scheme". He took lessons of dedicated social service from Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil.
Kadam came to Pune in 1961, where he completed a one-year Diploma Course in teaching in 1962, and started working as a part-time teacher in a secondary school in Pune run by Rayat Shikshan Sanstha. Kadam obtained a bachelor's degree in Law and master's degree from the University of Pune. Despite his preoccupation with educational, social and political activities, Kadam completed his research on the theme "Administrative Problems of Educational Administration in 80s" for which he was awarded a Ph.D. in Management by the University of Pune. He has also established Milk Society, Spinning Mills, Sugar Factories, a Bank etc.
Political Career
June 1991 - May 1992 - Minister of State for Education
May 1992 - 1995 - Education Minister (Independent Charge)
October 1999 to October 2004 - Cabinet Minister for Industry, Trade, Commerce and Parliamentary Affairs
November 2004 onwards - Minister of State for Rehabilitation and Relief Works
Acting President - Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee
December 2008 - Cabinet Minister, Government of Maharashtra - Revenue, Rehabilitation and Relief, Earthquake Rehabilitation and School Education
March 2009 onwards - Cabinet Minister, Revenue Accounts, Government of Maharashtra
November 2009 onwards - Cabinet Minister, Government of Maharashtra - Forest Department
November 2010 to 2014 - Cabinet Minister, State of Maharashtra - Department of Forests, Rehabilitation and Relief, Earthquake Rehabilitation
Death
After prolonged illness caused by renal dysfunction, Patangrao died at Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital on 9 March 2018.
References
India portal
^ kadam, patang. "forest dt". state. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
^ times of india. "patangrao". timesofindia.
^ india, today. "list of ministers".
^ a b c "Patangrao Kadam, senior Maharashtra Congress leader, passes away at 72 at Mumbai hospital - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
^ Bharati, Vidyapeeth. "founder". Bharati Vidyapeeth. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012.
^ a b "Dr Patangrao Kadam, senior Congress leader and educationist, passes away in Mumbai - Mumbai Mirror -". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 9 March 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharati_Vidyapeeth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-firstpost-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"renal dysfunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"Lilavati Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilavati_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-firstpost-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-mirror-6"}],"text":"Patangrao Kadam (8 January 1944 – 9 March 2018) was an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra. He came from a middle level farmer family in a small village, Sonsal in Sangli district. He previously held the forest ministry in the Maharashtra government.[1][2][3] He was also an educationist and was the founder of Bharati Vidyapeeth.[4][5] Kadam died of renal dysfunction at Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital on 9 March 2018.[4][6]","title":"Patangrao Kadam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangli District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli_District"},{"link_name":"S.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Kundal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundal"},{"link_name":"Rayat Shikshan Sanstha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayat_Shikshan_Sanstha"},{"link_name":"Bhaurao Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaurao_Patil"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"University of Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitribai_Phule_Pune_University"}],"text":"Patangrao Kadam was born into a middle-level farming family in a small village of Sonsal, Sangli District in Maharashtra. Since no educational facilities were available in Sonsal, Kadam had to walk 4–5 km every day to attend a primary school in a nearby village. He did his secondary education up to S.S.C. at a boarding school in Kundal.Kadam was the first person from his village to have passed the S.S.C. examination. After S.S.C., he joined Shivaji College, Satara, run by Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, which was established by a renowned social reformer and educationist, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil. He was enrolled in the College under its \"earn and learn scheme\". He took lessons of dedicated social service from Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil.Kadam came to Pune in 1961, where he completed a one-year Diploma Course in teaching in 1962, and started working as a part-time teacher in a secondary school in Pune run by Rayat Shikshan Sanstha. Kadam obtained a bachelor's degree in Law and master's degree from the University of Pune. Despite his preoccupation with educational, social and political activities, Kadam completed his research on the theme \"Administrative Problems of Educational Administration in 80s\" for which he was awarded a Ph.D. in Management by the University of Pune. He has also established Milk Society, Spinning Mills, Sugar Factories, a Bank etc.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"June 1991 - May 1992 - Minister of State for Education\nMay 1992 - 1995 - Education Minister (Independent Charge)\nOctober 1999 to October 2004 - Cabinet Minister for Industry, Trade, Commerce and Parliamentary Affairs\nNovember 2004 onwards - Minister of State for Rehabilitation and Relief WorksActing President - Maharashtra Pradesh Congress CommitteeDecember 2008 - Cabinet Minister, Government of Maharashtra - Revenue, Rehabilitation and Relief, Earthquake Rehabilitation and School Education\nMarch 2009 onwards - Cabinet Minister, Revenue Accounts, Government of Maharashtra\nNovember 2009 onwards - Cabinet Minister, Government of Maharashtra - Forest Department\nNovember 2010 to 2014 - Cabinet Minister, State of Maharashtra - Department of Forests, Rehabilitation and Relief, Earthquake Rehabilitation","title":"Political Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-firstpost-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-mirror-6"}],"text":"After prolonged illness caused by renal dysfunction, Patangrao died at Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital on 9 March 2018.[4][6]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"kadam, patang. \"forest dt\". state. Retrieved 7 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?id=25","url_text":"\"forest dt\""}]},{"reference":"times of india. \"patangrao\". timesofindia.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Patangrao-Kadam","url_text":"\"patangrao\""}]},{"reference":"india, today. \"list of ministers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/List+of+Cabinet+ministers+in+Maharashtra/1/69992.html","url_text":"\"list of ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patangrao Kadam, senior Maharashtra Congress leader, passes away at 72 at Mumbai hospital - Firstpost\". www.firstpost.com. Retrieved 9 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpost.com/india/patangrao-kadam-senior-maharashtra-congress-leader-passes-away-at-72-at-mumbai-hospital-4384011.html","url_text":"\"Patangrao Kadam, senior Maharashtra Congress leader, passes away at 72 at Mumbai hospital - Firstpost\""}]},{"reference":"Bharati, Vidyapeeth. \"founder\". Bharati Vidyapeeth. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120917135843/http://bvp.bharatividyapeeth.edu/About-Bharati-Vidyapeeth/About-Founder/default.aspx","url_text":"\"founder\""},{"url":"http://bvp.bharatividyapeeth.edu/About-Bharati-Vidyapeeth/About-Founder/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Patangrao Kadam, senior Congress leader and educationist, passes away in Mumbai - Mumbai Mirror -\". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 9 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/dr-patangrao-kadam-senior-congress-leader-and-educationist-passes-away-in-mumbai/articleshow/63238345.cms","url_text":"\"Dr Patangrao Kadam, senior Congress leader and educationist, passes away in Mumbai - Mumbai Mirror -\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/internal.php?id=25","external_links_name":"\"forest dt\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Patangrao-Kadam","external_links_name":"\"patangrao\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/List+of+Cabinet+ministers+in+Maharashtra/1/69992.html","external_links_name":"\"list of ministers\""},{"Link":"http://www.firstpost.com/india/patangrao-kadam-senior-maharashtra-congress-leader-passes-away-at-72-at-mumbai-hospital-4384011.html","external_links_name":"\"Patangrao Kadam, senior Maharashtra Congress leader, passes away at 72 at Mumbai hospital - Firstpost\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120917135843/http://bvp.bharatividyapeeth.edu/About-Bharati-Vidyapeeth/About-Founder/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"founder\""},{"Link":"http://bvp.bharatividyapeeth.edu/About-Bharati-Vidyapeeth/About-Founder/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/dr-patangrao-kadam-senior-congress-leader-and-educationist-passes-away-in-mumbai/articleshow/63238345.cms","external_links_name":"\"Dr Patangrao Kadam, senior Congress leader and educationist, passes away in Mumbai - Mumbai Mirror -\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHM_Montalivet | CHM Montalivet | ["1 The centre","2 History","3 Personalities","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°21′48″N 1°08′44″W / 45.3632°N 1.1455°W / 45.3632; -1.1455World's first naturist holiday resort located in France
Entrance at CHM Monta
CHM Montalivet (CHM for "Centre Hélio-Marin", "center of sun and sea"), also known as CHM Monta, is the world's first naturist holiday resort located south of Montalivet, in Vendays-Montalivet, France. CHM Montalivet opened in 1950, and the International Naturist Federation (FNI/INF) was founded there in 1953.
The centre
The centre is 175 hectares (430 acres) of land adjoining the beach to the south of Montalivet-les-Bains, in the commune of Vendays-Montalivet, in the Medoc, part of Aquitaine north of Bordeaux in France. It comprises a mixture of about 1000 privately owned bungalows and caravans, and 960 sites suitable for touring caravans and 260 for camping. There are over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) of internal roads laid out in an approximate grid formation. The pitch and bungalows are arranged into 20 villages, each having its own character and characteristics. Families tend to return regularly, usually to the same village.
Water park with children's play area
There are the usual sports facilities including tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, archery, minigolf and pétanque, a craft village, a cultural centre with a multilingual library, an outdoor theatre that screens films, a shopping centre with 25 shops including two bakeries, a hairdresser, a wine shop, a bookshop, grocery stores, a fish market, a general merchandise shop, restaurants... All this is fronted by a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) white sand beach, with two supervised swimming points.
CHM Montalivet is family-oriented and the single guest is accepted only if presented by their client. Half of the visitors are non-French.
History
View across the district 'Ajoncs' in the ONF protected zone
Nude bathing has been practised on the Aquitaine coast from time immemorial. It is noted by Marcel Kienné de Mongeot from 1920 along the entire coast. Before the 1939-1945 war, the locals bathed 'sans maillot', and during the war so did the occupying troops. Christiane and Albert Lecocq, from Arras who had been instrumental in setting up a region framework for urban naturist clubs, conceived the idea of combining naturism and travel made possible by paid annual leave, introduced in 1936 in France. He concluded that the 70 hectares on the Île du Levant near Toulon was too small, and through Robert Poulain was introduced to the mayor of Vendays-Montalivet who rented him 23.8 hectares (59 acres) of burnt forest that was zoned to become a 'Colonie de Vacances' or holiday resort. The deal was signed 23 July 1950. The legal structure was new. The lease was taken in the name of Albert Lecocq as if it were a suburban club, which would have to be non-profit making. It was to be a 'Centre de Vacances' and thus a separate legal entity that could make a profit and a commercial company SOCNAT was formed in 1954.
Christiane Lecocq recalled that:
"On the terrain we found total desolation. Everything was black or burnt." They had the abandoned concrete from the war, five tents and a hut. There was no shade. We went back to the village to sleep on the floor in an open cabin". In 1951 they had purchased a car, and started removing the barbed wire and munitions. A small space was cleared. The first wooden bungalows were constructed in 1951. A further 25 hectares (62 acres) was leased under the name of the Féderation Français de Naturisme on 22 December 1951.
Monument commemorating the creation of the International Naturist Federation (INF) in 1953
The International Naturist Federation was conceived in London at the Festival of Britain but it was at the first congress, held at Montalivet in 1953, that the formal documents were signed.
It was in 1956 that the site was first opened to non-members. A village of tents was set up in the new village 'Océanien'. In 1957, the 'Centre de Vacances' opened with 150 bungalows to hire. Naturism could only be practised within the 50 hectares (120 acres) site and on the beach which was 600 metres (2,000 ft) away through a textilist zone on a boardwalk. Thirty-plus families purchased their own bungalows.
Throughout the 1950s the centre expanded, more land acquired on different leases and the centre became more popular. By 1959, over 10000 visited during the summer, and on 15 August 1961, more than 3500 persons were on site. As the years passed, the facilities changed, restaurants were next to the beach and the sports and entertainment area consolidated away from the residential areas. Change brought disagreement and then acceptance and expansion. The food shop was originally totally vegetarian, but other shops have arrived and it now remains for a niche market.
Access control
In 1966 came the opening of the first official naturist beach in mainland France which by 1968 had emergency helicopter landing pads. By 1968, local sports teams were competing with CHM teams in Montalivet. The library expanded to 16000 volumes and the entrance was moved to its present location. Monta then consisted of 65 hectares (160 acres) of bungalows, 40 hectares (99 acres) for camping, 20 hectares (49 acres) for sport, 20 hectares (49 acres) for walking and 20 hectares (49 acres) of beach. The perimeter was now 6 kilometres (3.7 mi).
The 1970s saw more foreign visitors: 37% Dutch, 24% Belgian and 21% German, the rest being from other countries including Australia, New Zealand, Quebec, and America North and South. 1971 saw the construction of the thermal bath complex, and 1975 the first swimming pool. Up to the 1980s, volunteers were in charge of security, access control and maintenance in exchange for free camping.
In 1982 in high season, there was a tornado that killed one visitor, exploded caravans and uprooted a 50 metres (160 ft) swathe of trees. The following rain flooded many tents and bungalows.
In 1990, forty years after the founding of CHM, a road was named in Montalivet-les-Bains after Albert Lecocq. There is a continual upgrading and replacement of the oldest bungalows.
Personalities
The American photographer, Jock Sturges, used Montalivet as setting for some of his published works such as The Last Day of Summer. There are many other resident and visiting celebrities whose wish for anonymity is respected.
See also
Euronat (naturist resort), another naturist resort in the neighbouring town of Grayan-et-l'Hôpital
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CHM-Montalivet.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Histoire de Montalivet et des Naturistes du Medoc, Marc-Alain Deschamps, pub. Editions Publimag, 2005, ISBN 2-9524240-0-4
^ Map: CHM Monta, Domaine Naturiste, pub May 2006
^ David Steinberg (March 1998). "Naked Truth". Metroactive Arts (Metro Newspapers). Retrieved 26 January 2014.
External links
Official website
45°21′48″N 1°08′44″W / 45.3632°N 1.1455°W / 45.3632; -1.1455 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHM_Monta.jpg"},{"link_name":"naturist holiday resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturist_resort"},{"link_name":"Vendays-Montalivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendays-Montalivet"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"International Naturist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Naturist_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"}],"text":"World's first naturist holiday resort located in FranceEntrance at CHM MontaCHM Montalivet (CHM for \"Centre Hélio-Marin\", \"center of sun and sea\"), also known as CHM Monta, is the world's first naturist holiday resort located south of Montalivet, in Vendays-Montalivet, France. CHM Montalivet opened in 1950, and the International Naturist Federation (FNI/INF) was founded there in 1953.[1]","title":"CHM Montalivet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vendays-Montalivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendays-Montalivet"},{"link_name":"Medoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medoc"},{"link_name":"Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc-aquatique-chm-montalivet.jpg"},{"link_name":"pétanque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montamap-2"}],"text":"The centre is 175 hectares (430 acres) of land adjoining the beach to the south of Montalivet-les-Bains, in the commune of Vendays-Montalivet, in the Medoc, part of Aquitaine north of Bordeaux in France. It comprises a mixture of about 1000 privately owned bungalows and caravans, and 960 sites suitable for touring caravans and 260 for camping. There are over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) of internal roads laid out in an approximate grid formation. The pitch and bungalows are arranged into 20 villages, each having its own character and characteristics. Families tend to return regularly, usually to the same village.Water park with children's play areaThere are the usual sports facilities including tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, archery, minigolf and pétanque, a craft village, a cultural centre with a multilingual library, an outdoor theatre that screens films, a shopping centre with 25 shops including two bakeries, a hairdresser, a wine shop, a bookshop, grocery stores, a fish market, a general merchandise shop, restaurants... All this is fronted by a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) white sand beach, with two supervised swimming points.[2]CHM Montalivet is family-oriented and the single guest is accepted only if presented by their client. Half of the visitors are non-French.","title":"The centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monta_CHM_4997.JPG"},{"link_name":"ONF protected zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forests_Office_(France)"},{"link_name":"Aquitaine coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Argent"},{"link_name":"1939-1945 war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"Île du Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_du_Levant"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INF-FNI_Monument.JPG"},{"link_name":"International Naturist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Naturist_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Naturist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Naturist_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accueil_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_CHM_Monta.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monta-1"}],"text":"View across the district 'Ajoncs' in the ONF protected zoneNude bathing has been practised on the Aquitaine coast from time immemorial. It is noted by Marcel Kienné de Mongeot from 1920 along the entire coast. Before the 1939-1945 war, the locals bathed 'sans maillot', and during the war so did the occupying troops. Christiane and Albert Lecocq, from Arras who had been instrumental in setting up a region framework for urban naturist clubs, conceived the idea of combining naturism and travel made possible by paid annual leave, introduced in 1936 in France. He concluded that the 70 hectares on the Île du Levant near Toulon was too small, and through Robert Poulain was introduced to the mayor of Vendays-Montalivet who rented him 23.8 hectares (59 acres) of burnt forest that was zoned to become a 'Colonie de Vacances' or holiday resort. The deal was signed 23 July 1950. The legal structure was new. The lease was taken in the name of Albert Lecocq as if it were a suburban club, which would have to be non-profit making. It was to be a 'Centre de Vacances' and thus a separate legal entity that could make a profit and a commercial company SOCNAT was formed in 1954.[1]Christiane Lecocq recalled that:\n\"On the terrain we found total desolation. Everything was black or burnt.\" They had the abandoned concrete from the war, five tents and a hut. There was no shade. We went back to the village to sleep on the floor in an open cabin\". In 1951 they had purchased a car, and started removing the barbed wire and munitions. A small space was cleared. The first wooden bungalows were constructed in 1951. A further 25 hectares (62 acres) was leased under the name of the Féderation Français de Naturisme on 22 December 1951.[1]Monument commemorating the creation of the International Naturist Federation (INF) in 1953The International Naturist Federation was conceived in London at the Festival of Britain but it was at the first congress, held at Montalivet in 1953, that the formal documents were signed.[1]It was in 1956 that the site was first opened to non-members. A village of tents was set up in the new village 'Océanien'. In 1957, the 'Centre de Vacances' opened with 150 bungalows to hire. Naturism could only be practised within the 50 hectares (120 acres) site and on the beach which was 600 metres (2,000 ft) away through a textilist zone on a boardwalk. Thirty-plus families purchased their own bungalows.[1]Throughout the 1950s the centre expanded, more land acquired on different leases and the centre became more popular. By 1959, over 10000 visited during the summer, and on 15 August 1961, more than 3500 persons were on site. As the years passed, the facilities changed, restaurants were next to the beach and the sports and entertainment area consolidated away from the residential areas. Change brought disagreement and then acceptance and expansion. The food shop was originally totally vegetarian, but other shops have arrived and it now remains for a niche market.[1]Access controlIn 1966 came the opening of the first official naturist beach in mainland France which by 1968 had emergency helicopter landing pads. By 1968, local sports teams were competing with CHM teams in Montalivet. The library expanded to 16000 volumes and the entrance was moved to its present location. Monta then consisted of 65 hectares (160 acres) of bungalows, 40 hectares (99 acres) for camping, 20 hectares (49 acres) for sport, 20 hectares (49 acres) for walking and 20 hectares (49 acres) of beach. The perimeter was now 6 kilometres (3.7 mi).[1]The 1970s saw more foreign visitors: 37% Dutch, 24% Belgian and 21% German, the rest being from other countries including Australia, New Zealand, Quebec, and America North and South. 1971 saw the construction of the thermal bath complex, and 1975 the first swimming pool.[1] Up to the 1980s, volunteers were in charge of security, access control and maintenance in exchange for free camping.In 1982 in high season, there was a tornado that killed one visitor, exploded caravans and uprooted a 50 metres (160 ft) swathe of trees. The following rain flooded many tents and bungalows.[1]In 1990, forty years after the founding of CHM, a road was named in Montalivet-les-Bains after Albert Lecocq. There is a continual upgrading and replacement of the oldest bungalows.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jock Sturges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Sturges"},{"link_name":"The Last Day of Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_Summer_(book)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The American photographer, Jock Sturges, used Montalivet as setting for some of his published works such as The Last Day of Summer.[3] There are many other resident and visiting celebrities whose wish for anonymity is respected.","title":"Personalities"}] | [{"image_text":"Entrance at CHM Monta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/CHM_Monta.jpg/220px-CHM_Monta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water park with children's play area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Parc-aquatique-chm-montalivet.jpg/220px-Parc-aquatique-chm-montalivet.jpg"},{"image_text":"View across the district 'Ajoncs' in the ONF protected zone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Monta_CHM_4997.JPG/220px-Monta_CHM_4997.JPG"},{"image_text":"Monument commemorating the creation of the International Naturist Federation (INF) in 1953","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/INF-FNI_Monument.JPG/170px-INF-FNI_Monument.JPG"},{"image_text":"Access control","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Accueil_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_CHM_Monta.jpg/170px-Accueil_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_CHM_Monta.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Euronat (naturist resort)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronat_(naturist_resort)"},{"title":"Grayan-et-l'Hôpital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayan-et-l%27H%C3%B4pital"},{"title":"CHM-Montalivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CHM-Montalivet"}] | [{"reference":"David Steinberg (March 1998). \"Naked Truth\". Metroactive Arts (Metro Newspapers). Retrieved 26 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/03.19.98/cover/sturges1-9811.html","url_text":"\"Naked Truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Newspapers","url_text":"Metro Newspapers"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CHM_Montalivet¶ms=45.3632_N_1.1455_W_","external_links_name":"45°21′48″N 1°08′44″W / 45.3632°N 1.1455°W / 45.3632; -1.1455"},{"Link":"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/03.19.98/cover/sturges1-9811.html","external_links_name":"\"Naked Truth\""},{"Link":"http://www.chm-montalivet.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CHM_Montalivet¶ms=45.3632_N_1.1455_W_","external_links_name":"45°21′48″N 1°08′44″W / 45.3632°N 1.1455°W / 45.3632; -1.1455"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._N._Lakshmi | S. N. Lakshmi | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Filmography","6 TV serials","7 References","8 External links"] | Indian actress (1927–2012)
S. N. LakshmiBornSennelkudi Narayanan Lakshmi1927Virudhunagar,Madras Presidency, British India (now Tamil Nadu),IndiaDied20 February 2012(2012-02-20) (aged 84–85)Chennai, Tamil NaduIndiaOccupationactressYears active1948–2012
Sennalkudi Narayana Lakshmi (1927 – 20 February 2012) was an Indian actress, who appeared in supporting roles, often playing roles of a mother or grandmother in films. A recipient of the state government's Kalaimamani and Kalaiselvam awards, Lakshmi acted in more than 1,500 films and 6,000 dramas.
Early life
Lakshmi was born to Narayana Thevar as the thirteenth child and left home aged 11 because her six older brothers did not give her the attention she wanted. Her family had to move from their village town of Sennalkudi to Virudhunagar after their father had died and her mother worked at a small hotel and also at the temple to keep the family afloat. Her neighbour, a dancer, helped Lakshmi join a drama troupe and she quickly picked up the steps she was taught and travelled with them from place to place. When the actors reached Raja Mannargudi they left her with a family which put her on a train to Madras and bade farewell. When she was wondering alone, help came in the form of a lorry driver's wife who noticed her and showed her the way to Gemini Studios, which opened its doors to the destitute. It took eight years for her family to find her.
She soon joined the studio staff at a salary of Rs. 150 and then rented a house with four other young girls and hired a cook. Before her film career began, Lakshmi had years of theatre experience, with more than 2,000 plays to her credit. From Ganandesikar's and N. S. Krishnan's theatre troupes to S. V. Sahasranamam's Seva Stage and K. Balachander's Ragini Recreations, Lakshmi trained under stalwarts. Lakshmi acted as a man in many all-woman plays, doing stunts and acrobatics and even fought a leopard as an extra in the MGR film, Baghdad Thirudan. In 1959, she bought her first home in Royapettah on Pachaiappan Nayakkan Road. Three years later, she bought her first car, a Morris Eight.
Career
She started as a group dancer in Chandralekha. Plays and one-scene appearances in films continued until N. S. Krishnan gave her a pivotal role in Nalla Thangai and then her real breakthrough came through Muktha Srinivasan's maiden venture Thamarai Kulam followed by Engal Kula Devi and Naalu Veli Nilam. Nagesh then recommended her to K. Balachander to star in Server Sundaram, after he had been impressed with her performance in the theatre show of the same name, and the film's success prompted more offers for the actress.
Kamal Haasan called her to feature in Thevar Magan while she was taking a break in Puttaparthi and from then until Virumaandi, Lakshmi has been a part of nearly all of Kamal Haasan productions and such was his confidence in her ability that he would ask the assistants to give her the dialogue and move away, confident that she would handle it on her own.
Before her death she was doing a role as Meenakshi's grandmother in the serial "Saravanan Meenakshi" in Vijay TV and also as Thulasi's grand mother in the serial "Thendral" in SunTV .
Personal life
Lakshmi has mentioned that "marriage didn't appeal to her", and that her brothers' grandchildren and their kids are now regulars at her house.
Until the early 2000s, Lakshmi would move around town by driving but was forced to give it up after she broke her leg. On Sunday mornings she would visit Sai Kripa, a free medical centre in Chennai and help the staff.
Death
S. N. Lakshmi died in Chennai on 20 February 2012, aged 85. She had a cardiac arrest in the early hours of 20 February, following which she was rushed to a hospital. However, doctors declared her dead. Her body was kept at her Saligramam residence where film personalities made tributes. Her cremation took place in her native town of Virudhunagar.
Filmography
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1948
Chandralekha
Group Dancer
1955
Nalla Thangai
English Teacher
1959
Thamarai Kulam
1959
Engal Kula Devi
1959
Naalu Veli Nilam
1960
Baghdad Thirudan
Maharani
1961
Panam Panthiyile
1962
Avana Ivan
Amudhavalli
1963
Thulasi Maadam
1964
Server Sundaram
Sundaram's mother
1964
Dheiva Thaai
Megala's grandmother
1964
Naanal
Lakshmi
1964
Karuppu Panam
Sattanatha's first wife
1965
Vaazhkai Padagu
1965
Kaakum Karangal
Shankar's mother
1966
Marakka Mudiyumaa?
1966
Kodimalar
Marakatham
1966
Chandhrodhayam
Maheshwari
1966
Ramu
Kannamma
1967
Anubavi Raja Anubavi
Manikkam's mother
1967
Thaikku Thalaimagan
Meenakshi
1967
Vivasayee
Sivagami
1968
Lakshmi Kalyanam
Rajadurai's mother
1968
Thirumal Perumai
Dancer's mother
1968
Thaer Thiruvizha
Parvathi Ammal
1968
Ethir Neechal
1965
Teacheramma
Shankar's mother
1968
Thamarai Nenjam
Narayanan's Mother
1968
Ragasiya Police 115
Kamatchi
1969
Iru Kodugal
Janaki's aunt
1970
Raman Ethanai Ramanadi
Raman's grandmother
1970
Maattukara Velan
Raghu's mother
1970
En Annan
Murali's mother
1970
Kaaviya Thalaivi
Suresh's mother
1970
Nadu Iravil
Vadivambal
1971
Then Kinnam
Meenakshi
1972
Dheivam
Valliyammai's Neighbor
1972
Annamitta Kai
Gandhimathi
1972
Naan Yen Pirandhen
Chinnamma
1973
Vandhaale Magaraasi
Lakshmi's Mother
1973
Pattikaattu Ponnaiya
Meenatchi
1973
Komatha En Kulamatha
Arun's mother
1973
Thirumalai Deivam
Blind boy’s mother
1975
Ninaithadhai Mudippavan
Mohan's mother
1975
Pattikkaattu Raja
Thangam
1977
Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga
Maya's mother
1977
Navarathinam
Pangajethamma
1978
Chittu Kuruvi
1985
Kanni Rasi
Lakshmipathi's mother
1985
Deivapiravi
1988
Ennai Vittu Pogaathe
1988
Agni Natchathiram
Rajamma
1988
Therkathi Kallan
Kallan's mother
1990
Michael Madana Kama Rajan
Tripurasundari's grandmother
1990
Salem Vishnu
Vishnu's mother
1992
Thevar Magan
Periyaatha
1992
Chinnavar
Muthu's mother
1992
Thanga Manasukkaran
Chellakili's grandmother
1992
Villu Pattukaran
Kalimuthu's mother
1993
Amma Ponnu
1993
Ejamaan
Midwife
1994
Mahanadhi
Saraswathi Ammal
1995
Chinna Vathiyar
1996
Aruva Velu
Velu's grandmother
1996
Minor Mappillai
Ramu's grandmother
1997
Iruvar
Tamizhselvan's mother
1998
Ninaithen Vandhai
Savithri's grandmother
Kaathala Kaathala
Noorjahan
Jeans
Meiyaththa's mother
1999
Sangamam
Meenu
1999
Suriya Paarvai
Lakshmi's mother
1999
Ponvizha
Ponni's grandmother
1999
Kallazhagar
Aandal's grandmother
1999
Chinna Raja
Paatti
2000
Vaanathaippola
Appatha
Kandukondain Kandukondain
Chinnatha
Ennavale
Lakshmi's mother
2001
Friends
Gautham's grandmother
Ninaikkatha Naalillai
Arun's grandmother
Kutty
Viruthamba
Poovellam Un Vasam
2004
Virumaandi
Virumaandi's grandma
2006
Kalvanin Kadhali
Haritha's grandmother
Perarasu
Vathiyar
2008
Pirivom Santhippom
Kuruvi
Vetrivel's grandmother
Silambattam
Thamizh & Muthuvel's grandmother
2010
Drohi
2011
Mahaan Kanakku
Orphanage Caretaker
TV serials
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Year
Title
Role
Channel
2000
Balachandarin Chinnathirai
Raj TV
2001 - 2003
Alaigal
Chandrasekhar,Rajasekhar and Savithri's mother
Sun TV
2003 - 2007
Sorgam
2004-2006
Nimmathi
2005-2006
Alli Rajjiyam
Mangamma
2007
Paasam
2007 - 2009
Vaira Nejam
Sakthi's Grandmother
Kalaignar TV
2007 - 2008
Namma Kudumbam
Raja's grandmother
Kalaignar TV
2008
Kalasam
Sun TV
2009 - 2012
Thendral
Thulasi's Grandmother
Sun TV
2010 - 2012
Mundhanai Mudichu
Kandhaswamy's mother
Sun TV
2011 - 2012
Saravanan Meenatchi
Meenakshi's Grandmother
STAR Vijay
References
^ "Veteran Tamil actor S N Lakshmi dies at 85". The Times of India. TNN. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ a b Raman, Mohan V. (20 February 2012). "An actor par excellence". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^ a b c d e f g "Friday Review Chennai : Courage goaded her on ..." The Hindu. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ "Metro Plus Chennai : 'Plays were crowd pullers'". The Hindu. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ "Actress S N Lakshmi passes away". Deccan Herald. 20 February 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^ "Veteran actress SN Lakshmi passes away". IndiaGlitz. 20 February 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ Meera Srinivasan (21 February 2012). "Veteran actor Lakshmi dies". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
External links
S. N. Lakshmi at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalaimamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaimamani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sennalkudi Narayana Lakshmi (1927 – 20 February 2012) was an Indian actress, who appeared in supporting roles, often playing roles of a mother or grandmother in films. A recipient of the state government's Kalaimamani and Kalaiselvam awards, Lakshmi acted in more than 1,500 films and 6,000 dramas.[1]","title":"S. N. Lakshmi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Gemini Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Studios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"},{"link_name":"N. S. Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._S._Krishnan"},{"link_name":"K. Balachander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Balachander"},{"link_name":"Baghdad Thirudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Thirudan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lakshmi was born to Narayana Thevar as the thirteenth child and left home aged 11 because her six older brothers did not give her the attention she wanted.[2] Her family had to move from their village town of Sennalkudi to Virudhunagar after their father had died and her mother worked at a small hotel and also at the temple to keep the family afloat.[2] Her neighbour, a dancer, helped Lakshmi join a drama troupe and she quickly picked up the steps she was taught and travelled with them from place to place.[3] When the actors reached Raja Mannargudi they left her with a family which put her on a train to Madras and bade farewell. When she was wondering alone, help came in the form of a lorry driver's wife who noticed her and showed her the way to Gemini Studios, which opened its doors to the destitute. It took eight years for her family to find her.[3]She soon joined the studio staff at a salary of Rs. 150 and then rented a house with four other young girls and hired a cook. Before her film career began, Lakshmi had years of theatre experience, with more than 2,000 plays to her credit. From Ganandesikar's and N. S. Krishnan's theatre troupes to S. V. Sahasranamam's Seva Stage and K. Balachander's Ragini Recreations, Lakshmi trained under stalwarts. Lakshmi acted as a man in many all-woman plays, doing stunts and acrobatics and even fought a leopard as an extra in the MGR film, Baghdad Thirudan.[3] In 1959, she bought her first home in Royapettah on Pachaiappan Nayakkan Road. Three years later, she bought her first car, a Morris Eight.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandralekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandralekha_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"N. S. Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._S._Krishnan"},{"link_name":"Nagesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagesh"},{"link_name":"K. Balachander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Balachander"},{"link_name":"Server Sundaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Sundaram"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"},{"link_name":"Thevar Magan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thevar_Magan"},{"link_name":"Puttaparthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puttaparthi"},{"link_name":"Virumaandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virumaandi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"},{"link_name":"Vijay TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_Vijay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"She started as a group dancer in Chandralekha. Plays and one-scene appearances in films continued until N. S. Krishnan gave her a pivotal role in Nalla Thangai and then her real breakthrough came through Muktha Srinivasan's maiden venture Thamarai Kulam followed by Engal Kula Devi and Naalu Veli Nilam. Nagesh then recommended her to K. Balachander to star in Server Sundaram, after he had been impressed with her performance in the theatre show of the same name, and the film's success prompted more offers for the actress.[3]Kamal Haasan called her to feature in Thevar Magan while she was taking a break in Puttaparthi and from then until Virumaandi, Lakshmi has been a part of nearly all of Kamal Haasan productions and such was his confidence in her ability that he would ask the assistants to give her the dialogue and move away, confident that she would handle it on her own.[3]Before her death she was doing a role as Meenakshi's grandmother in the serial \"Saravanan Meenakshi\" in Vijay TV and also as Thulasi's grand mother in the serial \"Thendral\" in SunTV .[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakshmi-3"}],"text":"Lakshmi has mentioned that \"marriage didn't appeal to her\", and that her brothers' grandchildren and their kids are now regulars at her house.[3]Until the early 2000s, Lakshmi would move around town by driving but was forced to give it up after she broke her leg. On Sunday mornings she would visit Sai Kripa, a free medical centre in Chennai and help the staff.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"S. N. Lakshmi died in Chennai on 20 February 2012, aged 85. She had a cardiac arrest in the early hours of 20 February, following which she was rushed to a hospital. However, doctors declared her dead. Her body was kept at her Saligramam residence where film personalities made tributes. Her cremation took place in her native town of Virudhunagar.[6][7]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"TV serials"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Veteran Tamil actor S N Lakshmi dies at 85\". The Times of India. TNN. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Startsev | Osip Startsev | ["1 References"] | The Holy Gates (Teremok) at Krutitsy The refectory of the Simonov Monastery
Osip Dmitrievich Startsev (Осип Дмитриевич Старцев) was a Russian architect who mastered both Muscovite Baroque and Ukrainian Baroque idioms during the early part of Peter the Great's reign. His father Dmitry Startsev was the architect responsible for the completion of the Arkhangelsk Gostiny Dvor in the 1680s.
As a young man, Ossip took part in the rebuilding campaigns in the Moscow Kremlin and redesigned several prikazy offices. It was Startsev who gave the Palace of Facets its familiar wide windows and built the 11-domed roof and cornice over the Terem Palace churches. His major buildings include the civic buildings in Moscow (notably the Krutitsy Teremok and the Simonov Monastery refectory) and the archaic-looking Baroque cathedrals in Kiev (the katholikons of St. Nicholas and Epiphany Monasteries). In the early 18th century Peter the Great sent him to design the fortress towns of Azov and Taganrog. He was also active in the reconstruction of Smolensk.
In 1714, Tsar Peter demanded stones already quarried to be brought from all parts of Russia to St. Petersburg, forbidding any building with stone outside the new capital under pain of punishment. Startsev is supposed to have resented the decision and taken monastic vows. His last work was the backward-looking Bolvanovka Church in Taganka District of Moscow.
References
^ Старцевы in the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd ed.
^ Карпинский Г., Новые данные к биографии зодчих Старцевых. // Архитектурное наследство, part 10. Moscow, 1958.
^ Старцевы in the Encyclopedia of Moscow, 3rd ed. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simonov_Monastery_Moscow_7_(1_of_1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Muscovite Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelsk Gostiny Dvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Gostiny_Dvor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"prikazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prikazy"},{"link_name":"Palace of Facets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Facets"},{"link_name":"11-domed roof and cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Saviour_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terem Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terem_Palace"},{"link_name":"Krutitsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutitsy"},{"link_name":"Simonov Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonov_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"katholikons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholikon"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Military_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Epiphany Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov"},{"link_name":"Taganrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taganrog"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Bolvanovka Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Taganka District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taganka_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The refectory of the Simonov MonasteryOsip Dmitrievich Startsev (Осип Дмитриевич Старцев) was a Russian architect who mastered both Muscovite Baroque and Ukrainian Baroque idioms during the early part of Peter the Great's reign. His father Dmitry Startsev was the architect responsible for the completion of the Arkhangelsk Gostiny Dvor in the 1680s.[1]As a young man, Ossip took part in the rebuilding campaigns in the Moscow Kremlin and redesigned several prikazy offices. It was Startsev who gave the Palace of Facets its familiar wide windows and built the 11-domed roof and cornice over the Terem Palace churches. His major buildings include the civic buildings in Moscow (notably the Krutitsy Teremok and the Simonov Monastery refectory) and the archaic-looking Baroque cathedrals in Kiev (the katholikons of St. Nicholas and Epiphany Monasteries).[2] In the early 18th century Peter the Great sent him to design the fortress towns of Azov and Taganrog. He was also active in the reconstruction of Smolensk.In 1714, Tsar Peter demanded stones already quarried to be brought from all parts of Russia to St. Petersburg, forbidding any building with stone outside the new capital under pain of punishment. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinaso_Formation | Espinaso Formation | ["1 Description","2 History of investigation","3 Footnotes","4 References"] | A geologic formation in New Mexico
Espinaso FormationStratigraphic range: Late Eocene to Early Oligocene34.6–26.9 Ma
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Volcaniclastic beds of the Espinaso Formation at Arroyo del TuertoTypeFormationUnderliesTanos FormationOverliesGalisteo FormationThickness430 m (1,410 ft)LithologyPrimaryVolcaniclasticLocationCoordinates35°24′24″N 106°19′06″W / 35.4065805°N 106.3183249°W / 35.4065805; -106.3183249RegionCentral New MexicoCountryUnited StatesType sectionNamed forEspinaso RidgeNamed byK. Bryan and J.E. UpsonEspinaso Formation (the United States)Show map of the United StatesEspinaso Formation (New Mexico)Show map of New Mexico
The Espinaso Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico. It has a radiometric age of 34.6 to 26.9 million years, corresponding to the late Eocene through Oligocene epochs.
Description
Espinaso Ridge near Arroyo del Tuerto
The Espinaso Formation is principally debris flows and lahars from the Ortiz porphyry belt, with some interbedded lava flows and tuff beds. The upper part of the formation is dominated by upward-fining sequences, where sediments are coarser near the base of the sequence and finer towards the top. This suggests waning volcanic activity and decreasing topographic relief. The formation intertongues with the underlying Galisteo Formation but unconformably underlies the Tanos Formation of the Santa Fe Group. Radiometric dating gives an age range of 34.3 +/-0.8 million years (Ma) near the base of the formation, 34.6 +/-0.7 Ma near the middle, and 26.9 +/-0.6 my near the top. A basalt flow at the base of the overlying Tanos Formation has an age of 25.1 +/-0.6 Ma.
The formation crops out in the Hagan and Galisteo Basins and the La Cienega area of New Mexico. The type section is at Arroyo del Tuerto (Arroyo Pinovetito) where the arroyo cuts a slot canyon through Espinaso Ridge. Espinaso Ridge is a hogback produced by the strongly cemented volcaniclastics of the Espinaso Formation, which contrast with the less erosion-resistant beds of the underlying Galisteo Formation and overlying Tanos Formation. The formation is also found in the subsurface in the southern Espanola Basin, where it was deposited on the eroded surface of a now-buried block of crust that was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny and thrown back down with the opening of the Rio Grande rift.
The formation records the style and composition of volcanic activity in the Ortiz porphyry belt, which is otherwise obscured by erosion of the volcanic centers. The paleomagnetism of the formation has been closely studied, with one study indicating that the block of crust on which the formation was deposited subsequently experienced a counterclockwise rotation of 17.8° ± 11.4°, due to opening of the Rio Grande Rift, but another showing no such rotation.
History of investigation
The formation was first described by C.E.Stearns in 1943, who credited the name "Espinaso Volcanics" to an unpublished manuscript by Kirk Bryan and J.E. Upson. P.F. Kautz and coinvestigators recognized that it was primarily alluvial and designated it as the Espinaso Formation in 1981.
Footnotes
^ a b Kautz et al. 1981.
^ a b Stearns 1953.
^ Myer & Smith 2006.
^ Erskine & Smith 1993.
^ Brown & Golombek 1986.
^ Harlan & Geissman 2009.
^ Stearns 1943.
References
Brown, Laurie L.; Golombek, Matthew P. (June 1986). "Block rotations in the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico". Tectonics. 5 (3): 423–438. doi:10.1029/TC005i003p00423.
Erskine, Daniel W.; Smith, Gary A. (1 September 1993). "Compositional characterization of volcanic products from a primarily sedimentary record: The Oligocene Espinaso Formation, north-central New Mexico". GSA Bulletin. 105 (9): 1214–1222. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1214:CCOVPF>2.3.CO;2.
Harlan, Stephen S.; Geissman, John W. (June 2009). "Paleomagnetism of Tertiary intrusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Cerrillos Hills and surrounding region, Española Basin, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Assessment and implications of vertical-axis rotations associated with extension of the Rio Grande rift". Lithosphere. 1 (3): 155–173. doi:10.1130/L53.1.
Kautz, P. F.; Ingersoll, R. V.; Baldridge, W. S.; Damon, P. E.; Shafiqullah, M. (December 1981). "Geology of the Espinaso Formation (Oligocene), North-Central New Mexico". GSA Bulletin. 92 (12_Part_II): 2318–2400. doi:10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-2318.
Myer, Caroline; Smith, Gary A. (August 2006). "Stratigraphic analysis of the Yates #2 La Mesa well and implications for southern Española Basin tectonic history" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 28 (3): 75–83. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
Stearns, C.E. (June 1953). "Early Tertiary vulcanism in the Galisteo-Tongue area, north-central New Mexico". American Journal of Science. 251 (6): 415–452. doi:10.2475/ajs.251.6.415.
Stearns, C.E. (1943). "The Galisteo formation of north-central New Mexico". Journal of Geology. 51 (5): 301–319. doi:10.1086/625156. S2CID 129038565. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geologic formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(geology)"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"radiometric age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Oligocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene"},{"link_name":"epochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(geology)"}],"text":"A geologic formation in New MexicoThe Espinaso Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico. It has a radiometric age of 34.6 to 26.9 million years, corresponding to the late Eocene through Oligocene epochs.","title":"Espinaso Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Espinaso_Ridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"debris flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris_flow"},{"link_name":"lahars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar"},{"link_name":"Ortiz porphyry belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortiz_porphyry_belt"},{"link_name":"lava flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flows"},{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKautzIngersollBaldridgeDamon1981-1"},{"link_name":"intertongues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfingering"},{"link_name":"unconformably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity"},{"link_name":"Tanos Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanos_Formation"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Group_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns1953-2"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"Tanos Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanos_Formation"},{"link_name":"Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagan,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Galisteo Basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galisteo_Basin"},{"link_name":"La Cienega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cienega,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"type section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_section"},{"link_name":"slot canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_canyon"},{"link_name":"hogback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogback_(geology)"},{"link_name":"cemented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)"},{"link_name":"volcaniclastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaniclastics"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"Galisteo Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galisteo_Formation"},{"link_name":"Tanos Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanos_Formation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns1953-2"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_crust"},{"link_name":"Laramide orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramide_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_rift"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyerSmith2006-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErskineSmith1993-4"},{"link_name":"paleomagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleomagnetism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownGolombek1986-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlanGeissman2009-6"}],"text":"Espinaso Ridge near Arroyo del TuertoThe Espinaso Formation is principally debris flows and lahars from the Ortiz porphyry belt, with some interbedded lava flows and tuff beds. The upper part of the formation is dominated by upward-fining sequences, where sediments are coarser near the base of the sequence and finer towards the top. This suggests waning volcanic activity and decreasing topographic relief.[1] The formation intertongues with the underlying Galisteo Formation but unconformably underlies the Tanos Formation of the Santa Fe Group.[2] Radiometric dating gives an age range of 34.3 +/-0.8 million years (Ma) near the base of the formation, 34.6 +/-0.7 Ma near the middle, and 26.9 +/-0.6 my near the top. A basalt flow at the base of the overlying Tanos Formation has an age of 25.1 +/-0.6 Ma.The formation crops out in the Hagan and Galisteo Basins and the La Cienega area of New Mexico. The type section is at Arroyo del Tuerto (Arroyo Pinovetito) where the arroyo cuts a slot canyon through Espinaso Ridge. Espinaso Ridge is a hogback produced by the strongly cemented volcaniclastics of the Espinaso Formation, which contrast with the less erosion-resistant beds of the underlying Galisteo Formation and overlying Tanos Formation.[2] The formation is also found in the subsurface in the southern Espanola Basin, where it was deposited on the eroded surface of a now-buried block of crust that was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny and thrown back down with the opening of the Rio Grande rift.[3]The formation records the style and composition of volcanic activity in the Ortiz porphyry belt, which is otherwise obscured by erosion of the volcanic centers.[4] The paleomagnetism of the formation has been closely studied, with one study indicating that the block of crust on which the formation was deposited subsequently experienced a counterclockwise rotation of 17.8° ± 11.4°, due to opening of the Rio Grande Rift,[5] but another showing no such rotation.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirk Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Bryan_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns1943-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKautzIngersollBaldridgeDamon1981-1"}],"text":"The formation was first described by C.E.Stearns in 1943, who credited the name \"Espinaso Volcanics\" to an unpublished manuscript by Kirk Bryan and J.E. Upson.[7] P.F. Kautz and coinvestigators recognized that it was primarily alluvial and designated it as the Espinaso Formation in 1981.[1]","title":"History of investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKautzIngersollBaldridgeDamon1981_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKautzIngersollBaldridgeDamon1981_1-1"},{"link_name":"Kautz et al. 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKautzIngersollBaldridgeDamon1981"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns1953_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns1953_2-1"},{"link_name":"Stearns 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStearns1953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyerSmith2006_3-0"},{"link_name":"Myer & Smith 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMyerSmith2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErskineSmith1993_4-0"},{"link_name":"Erskine & Smith 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFErskineSmith1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGolombek1986_5-0"},{"link_name":"Brown & Golombek 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrownGolombek1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlanGeissman2009_6-0"},{"link_name":"Harlan & Geissman 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarlanGeissman2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns1943_7-0"},{"link_name":"Stearns 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStearns1943"}],"text":"^ a b Kautz et al. 1981.\n\n^ a b Stearns 1953.\n\n^ Myer & Smith 2006.\n\n^ Erskine & Smith 1993.\n\n^ Brown & Golombek 1986.\n\n^ Harlan & Geissman 2009.\n\n^ Stearns 1943.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Espinaso Ridge near Arroyo del Tuerto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Espinaso_Ridge.jpg/220px-Espinaso_Ridge.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brown, Laurie L.; Golombek, Matthew P. (June 1986). \"Block rotations in the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico\". Tectonics. 5 (3): 423–438. doi:10.1029/TC005i003p00423.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2FTC005i003p00423","url_text":"10.1029/TC005i003p00423"}]},{"reference":"Erskine, Daniel W.; Smith, Gary A. (1 September 1993). \"Compositional characterization of volcanic products from a primarily sedimentary record: The Oligocene Espinaso Formation, north-central New Mexico\". GSA Bulletin. 105 (9): 1214–1222. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1214:CCOVPF>2.3.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281993%29105%3C1214%3ACCOVPF%3E2.3.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1214:CCOVPF>2.3.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Harlan, Stephen S.; Geissman, John W. (June 2009). \"Paleomagnetism of Tertiary intrusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Cerrillos Hills and surrounding region, Española Basin, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Assessment and implications of vertical-axis rotations associated with extension of the Rio Grande rift\". Lithosphere. 1 (3): 155–173. doi:10.1130/L53.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FL53.1","url_text":"\"Paleomagnetism of Tertiary intrusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Cerrillos Hills and surrounding region, Española Basin, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Assessment and implications of vertical-axis rotations associated with extension of the Rio Grande rift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FL53.1","url_text":"10.1130/L53.1"}]},{"reference":"Kautz, P. F.; Ingersoll, R. V.; Baldridge, W. S.; Damon, P. E.; Shafiqullah, M. (December 1981). \"Geology of the Espinaso Formation (Oligocene), North-Central New Mexico\". GSA Bulletin. 92 (12_Part_II): 2318–2400. doi:10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-2318.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-P2-92-2318","url_text":"10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-2318"}]},{"reference":"Myer, Caroline; Smith, Gary A. (August 2006). \"Stratigraphic analysis of the Yates #2 La Mesa well and implications for southern Española Basin tectonic history\" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 28 (3): 75–83. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/28/n3/nmg_v28_n3_p75.pdf","url_text":"\"Stratigraphic analysis of the Yates #2 La Mesa well and implications for southern Española Basin tectonic history\""}]},{"reference":"Stearns, C.E. (June 1953). \"Early Tertiary vulcanism in the Galisteo-Tongue area, north-central New Mexico\". American Journal of Science. 251 (6): 415–452. doi:10.2475/ajs.251.6.415.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.251.6.415","url_text":"\"Early Tertiary vulcanism in the Galisteo-Tongue area, north-central New Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.251.6.415","url_text":"10.2475/ajs.251.6.415"}]},{"reference":"Stearns, C.E. (1943). \"The Galisteo formation of north-central New Mexico\". Journal of Geology. 51 (5): 301–319. doi:10.1086/625156. S2CID 129038565.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F625156","url_text":"10.1086/625156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129038565","url_text":"129038565"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Espinaso_Formation¶ms=35.4065805_N_106.3183249_W_","external_links_name":"35°24′24″N 106°19′06″W / 35.4065805°N 106.3183249°W / 35.4065805; -106.3183249"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2FTC005i003p00423","external_links_name":"10.1029/TC005i003p00423"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281993%29105%3C1214%3ACCOVPF%3E2.3.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1214:CCOVPF>2.3.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FL53.1","external_links_name":"\"Paleomagnetism of Tertiary intrusive and volcaniclastic rocks of the Cerrillos Hills and surrounding region, Española Basin, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Assessment and implications of vertical-axis rotations associated with extension of the Rio Grande rift\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FL53.1","external_links_name":"10.1130/L53.1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-P2-92-2318","external_links_name":"10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-2318"},{"Link":"https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/28/n3/nmg_v28_n3_p75.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stratigraphic analysis of the Yates #2 La Mesa well and implications for southern Española Basin tectonic history\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.251.6.415","external_links_name":"\"Early Tertiary vulcanism in the Galisteo-Tongue area, north-central New Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.251.6.415","external_links_name":"10.2475/ajs.251.6.415"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F625156","external_links_name":"10.1086/625156"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129038565","external_links_name":"129038565"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peau_Vava%CA%BBu | Peau Vavaʻu | ["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","4 Code data","5 External links","6 References"] | Peau Vavaʻu
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
3O
PVU
Peau
Founded27 May 2004Commenced operations6 June 2004Ceased operationsNovember 2007Operating basesFua'amotu International AirportHubs
Lifuka Island Airport
Vava'u International Airport
HeadquartersNukuʻalofa, Tongatapu, TongaKey people
George Tupou V Owner
Joseph Ramanlal Owner Director
Soane Ramanlal Secretary
Peau Vavaʻu Ltd (or Air Waves of Vavaʻu) was an airline based at the Pacific Royale Hotel in Nukuʻalofa, Tongatapu, Tonga. It operated domestic services. Its main base was Fuaʻamotu International Airport, Tongatapu, with hubs at Lifuka Island Airport and Vavaʻu International Airport.
Fua'amoto International Airport
History
Peau Vavaʻu was formed in May 2004 following the wake of the collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines. The airline was 50% owned by Crown Prince Tupouto'a. It began operations on 9 June 2004, using a Douglas DC-3 leased from New Zealand company Pion Air. In August 2004 the company was awarded a monopoly on domestic air transport under a new "one airline" policy, forcing the competing Fly Niu Airlines to cease operations. In August 2004 it announced the addition of a Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander to its fleet. In November 2004 it added a chartered De Havilland Canada Dash 8. that same month a test flight to ʻEua Airport overshot the runway, resulting in a flat tyre.
A second DC-3 arrived by Christmas 2004, when Peau Vavaʻu purchased both DC-3s from Pion Air. In March 2005 Peau Vavaʻu arranged to sublease an Air Chathams Convair aircraft from Reef Shipping, which had set up an airline in Niue. In February 2005 the airline was criticised for the high fares it proposed charging for flights to Niuatoputapu. In October 2005 the Tongan government threatened to withdraw the airline's monopoly after it had failed to service the Niua Islands. The monopoly was finally withdrawn and the "one airline" policy overturned in May 2006.
Flights were temporarily suspended in November 2006 when their corporate headquarters were destroyed during the 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots. Flights were planned to resume in May 2007. However, the airline never flew again, and its license was eventually surrendered in January 2008.
Destinations
Peau Vavaʻu operated scheduled flights to Tongatapu, Haʻapai, and Vavaʻu.
Fleet
The Peau Vavaʻu fleet included the following aircraft:
BAe Jetstream 41
Beechcraft Queen Air
Douglas DC-3 among the last DC-3 in regular scheduled service worldwide
Code data
IATA Code: 3O
ICAO Code: PVU
Callsign: PEAU
External links
Peau Vava'u (Archive)
References
^ "Contact Information for Peau Vavaʻu." Peau Vavaʻu. 12 June 2007. Retrieved on 20 January 2011. "Peau Vava'u Limited Pacific Royale Hotel Taufa'ahau Road Nuku'alofa Kingdom of Tonga"
^ a b c d "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 10 April 2007. p. 62.
^ "Tonga gets a new domestic air service". RNZ. 26 May 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ a b Peau Vava'u History (website) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "NZ airline flies between Tonga's islands". RNZ. 10 June 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "No royal hand in choosing airline, says Tonga official". RNZ. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "COURT RULING GROUNDS FLEDGLING TONGA AIRLINE". Pacific Islands Report. 9 September 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Tongan airline forced to cease operations under one-airline policy". RNZ. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "TONGA AIRLINE TO GET THIRD AIRCRAFT". Pacific Islands Report. 24 August 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "AIRLINE BEGINS SERVICE BETWEEN SAMOAS, TONGA". Pacific Islands Report. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Tonga air official denies tyre blowout report". RNZ. 26 November 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Reef Shipping to set up airline in Niue". RNZ. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Tongan MP speaks out against proposed airfares to northern outer islands". RNZ. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "DEADLINE EXPIRES ON STRUGGLING TONGAN AIRLINE". Pacific Islands Report. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Tonga ponders allowing second domestic airline". RNZ. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Tonga changes airline policy". RNZ. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Air Peau Vava'u plans resumption of Tonga flights". RNZ. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "TONGA'S PEAU VAVAU AIRLINE PLANS RETURN TO SERVICE". Pacific Islands Report. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "TONGA AIRLINE PEAU VAVAU STILL SIDELINED". Pacific Islands Report. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Tonga's second domestic airline likely to start in April". RNZ. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Peau Vavaʻu Schedules (website)". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"Nukuʻalofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa"},{"link_name":"Tongatapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongatapu"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fuaʻamotu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fua%27amotu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lifuka Island Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifuka_Island_Airport"},{"link_name":"Vavaʻu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vava%27u_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fua%27amoto_International_Airport_Entrance.jpg"}],"text":"Peau Vavaʻu Ltd (or Air Waves of Vavaʻu) was an airline based at the Pacific Royale Hotel in Nukuʻalofa, Tongatapu, Tonga.[1] It operated domestic services. Its main base was Fuaʻamotu International Airport, Tongatapu, with hubs at Lifuka Island Airport and Vavaʻu International Airport.[2]Fua'amoto International Airport","title":"Peau Vavaʻu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Tongan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tongan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Tupouto'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tupou_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PV-4"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fly Niu Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Niu_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britten-Norman_BN-2_Islander"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"De Havilland Canada Dash 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ʻEua Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEua_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Air Chathams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Chathams"},{"link_name":"Convair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Niuatoputapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuatoputapu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Niua Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niua_Islands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2006 Nukuʻalofa riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Peau Vavaʻu was formed in May 2004 following the wake of the collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines.[3] The airline was 50% owned by Crown Prince Tupouto'a.[4] It began operations on 9 June 2004, using a Douglas DC-3 leased from New Zealand company Pion Air.[5] In August 2004 the company was awarded a monopoly on domestic air transport under a new \"one airline\" policy,[6] forcing the competing Fly Niu Airlines to cease operations.[7][8] In August 2004 it announced the addition of a Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander to its fleet.[9] In November 2004 it added a chartered De Havilland Canada Dash 8.[10] that same month a test flight to ʻEua Airport overshot the runway, resulting in a flat tyre.[11]A second DC-3 arrived by Christmas 2004, when Peau Vavaʻu purchased both DC-3s from Pion Air. In March 2005 Peau Vavaʻu arranged to sublease an Air Chathams Convair aircraft from Reef Shipping, which had set up an airline in Niue.[12] In February 2005 the airline was criticised for the high fares it proposed charging for flights to Niuatoputapu.[13] In October 2005 the Tongan government threatened to withdraw the airline's monopoly after it had failed to service the Niua Islands.[14][15] The monopoly was finally withdrawn and the \"one airline\" policy overturned in May 2006.[16]Flights were temporarily suspended in November 2006 when their corporate headquarters were destroyed during the 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots. Flights were planned to resume in May 2007.[17][18] However, the airline never flew again,[19] and its license was eventually surrendered in January 2008.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haʻapai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BBapai"},{"link_name":"Vavaʻu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Peau Vavaʻu operated scheduled flights to Tongatapu, Haʻapai, and Vavaʻu.[21]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PV-4"},{"link_name":"BAe Jetstream 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAe_Jetstream_41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-2"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Queen Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Queen_Air"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"}],"text":"The Peau Vavaʻu fleet included the following aircraft:[4]BAe Jetstream 41[2]\nBeechcraft Queen Air\nDouglas DC-3 among the last DC-3 in regular scheduled service worldwide","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-2"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-2"},{"link_name":"Callsign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_call_sign"}],"text":"IATA Code: 3O[2]\nICAO Code: PVU[2]\nCallsign: PEAU","title":"Code data"}] | [{"image_text":"Fua'amoto International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fua%27amoto_International_Airport_Entrance.jpg/220px-Fua%27amoto_International_Airport_Entrance.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Directory: World Airlines\". Flight International. 10 April 2007. p. 62.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga gets a new domestic air service\". RNZ. 26 May 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/148802/tonga-gets-a-new-domestic-air-service","url_text":"\"Tonga gets a new domestic air service\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ airline flies between Tonga's islands\". RNZ. 10 June 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/149044/nz-airline-flies-between-tonga's-islands","url_text":"\"NZ airline flies between Tonga's islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"No royal hand in choosing airline, says Tonga official\". RNZ. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/150189/no-royal-hand-in-choosing-airline,-says-tonga-official","url_text":"\"No royal hand in choosing airline, says Tonga official\""}]},{"reference":"\"COURT RULING GROUNDS FLEDGLING TONGA AIRLINE\". Pacific Islands Report. 9 September 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/09/09/court-ruling-grounds-fledgling-tonga-airline","url_text":"\"COURT RULING GROUNDS FLEDGLING TONGA AIRLINE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tongan airline forced to cease operations under one-airline policy\". RNZ. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/150585/tongan-airline-forced-to-cease-operations-under-one-airline-policy","url_text":"\"Tongan airline forced to cease operations under one-airline policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"TONGA AIRLINE TO GET THIRD AIRCRAFT\". Pacific Islands Report. 24 August 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/08/24/tonga-airline-get-third-aircraft","url_text":"\"TONGA AIRLINE TO GET THIRD AIRCRAFT\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIRLINE BEGINS SERVICE BETWEEN SAMOAS, TONGA\". Pacific Islands Report. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/11/08/airline-begins-service-between-samoas-tonga","url_text":"\"AIRLINE BEGINS SERVICE BETWEEN SAMOAS, TONGA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga air official denies tyre blowout report\". RNZ. 26 November 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/151925/tonga-air-official-denies-tyre-blowout-report","url_text":"\"Tonga air official denies tyre blowout report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reef Shipping to set up airline in Niue\". RNZ. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/153585/reef-shipping-to-set-up-airline-in-niue","url_text":"\"Reef Shipping to set up airline in Niue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tongan MP speaks out against proposed airfares to northern outer islands\". RNZ. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/153012/tongan-mp-speaks-out-against-proposed-airfares-to-northern-outer-islands","url_text":"\"Tongan MP speaks out against proposed airfares to northern outer islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"DEADLINE EXPIRES ON STRUGGLING TONGAN AIRLINE\". Pacific Islands Report. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2005/10/28/deadline-expires-struggling-tongan-airline","url_text":"\"DEADLINE EXPIRES ON STRUGGLING TONGAN AIRLINE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga ponders allowing second domestic airline\". RNZ. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/158386/tonga-ponders-allowing-second-domestic-airline","url_text":"\"Tonga ponders allowing second domestic airline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga changes airline policy\". RNZ. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/161814/tonga-changes-airline-policy","url_text":"\"Tonga changes airline policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Peau Vava'u plans resumption of Tonga flights\". RNZ. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/169770/air-peau-vava'u-plans-resumption-of-tonga-flights","url_text":"\"Air Peau Vava'u plans resumption of Tonga flights\""}]},{"reference":"\"TONGA'S PEAU VAVAU AIRLINE PLANS RETURN TO SERVICE\". Pacific Islands Report. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2007/04/02/tonga%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s-peau-vavau-airline-plans-return-service","url_text":"\"TONGA'S PEAU VAVAU AIRLINE PLANS RETURN TO SERVICE\""}]},{"reference":"\"TONGA AIRLINE PEAU VAVAU STILL SIDELINED\". Pacific Islands Report. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2008/01/24/tonga-airline-peau-vavau-still-sidelined","url_text":"\"TONGA AIRLINE PEAU VAVAU STILL SIDELINED\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tonga's second domestic airline likely to start in April\". RNZ. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/175616/tonga's-second-domestic-airline-likely-to-start-in-april","url_text":"\"Tonga's second domestic airline likely to start in April\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peau Vavaʻu Schedules (website)\". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070218031908/http://www.peauvavau.to/schedule.html#flight","url_text":"\"Peau Vavaʻu Schedules (website)\""},{"url":"http://www.peauvavau.to/schedule.html#flight","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.peauvavau.to/","external_links_name":"Peau Vava'u"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070612110829/http://www.peauvavau.to/contact.html","external_links_name":"Contact Information for Peau Vavaʻu"},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/148802/tonga-gets-a-new-domestic-air-service","external_links_name":"\"Tonga gets a new domestic air service\""},{"Link":"http://www.peauvavau.to/history.html","external_links_name":"Peau Vava'u History (website)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023109/http://www.peauvavau.to/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/149044/nz-airline-flies-between-tonga's-islands","external_links_name":"\"NZ airline flies between Tonga's islands\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/150189/no-royal-hand-in-choosing-airline,-says-tonga-official","external_links_name":"\"No royal hand in choosing airline, says Tonga official\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/09/09/court-ruling-grounds-fledgling-tonga-airline","external_links_name":"\"COURT RULING GROUNDS FLEDGLING TONGA AIRLINE\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/150585/tongan-airline-forced-to-cease-operations-under-one-airline-policy","external_links_name":"\"Tongan airline forced to cease operations under one-airline policy\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/08/24/tonga-airline-get-third-aircraft","external_links_name":"\"TONGA AIRLINE TO GET THIRD AIRCRAFT\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/11/08/airline-begins-service-between-samoas-tonga","external_links_name":"\"AIRLINE BEGINS SERVICE BETWEEN SAMOAS, TONGA\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/151925/tonga-air-official-denies-tyre-blowout-report","external_links_name":"\"Tonga air official denies tyre blowout report\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/153585/reef-shipping-to-set-up-airline-in-niue","external_links_name":"\"Reef Shipping to set up airline in Niue\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/153012/tongan-mp-speaks-out-against-proposed-airfares-to-northern-outer-islands","external_links_name":"\"Tongan MP speaks out against proposed airfares to northern outer islands\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2005/10/28/deadline-expires-struggling-tongan-airline","external_links_name":"\"DEADLINE EXPIRES ON STRUGGLING TONGAN AIRLINE\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/158386/tonga-ponders-allowing-second-domestic-airline","external_links_name":"\"Tonga ponders allowing second domestic airline\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/161814/tonga-changes-airline-policy","external_links_name":"\"Tonga changes airline policy\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/169770/air-peau-vava'u-plans-resumption-of-tonga-flights","external_links_name":"\"Air Peau Vava'u plans resumption of Tonga flights\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2007/04/02/tonga%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s-peau-vavau-airline-plans-return-service","external_links_name":"\"TONGA'S PEAU VAVAU AIRLINE PLANS RETURN TO SERVICE\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2008/01/24/tonga-airline-peau-vavau-still-sidelined","external_links_name":"\"TONGA AIRLINE PEAU VAVAU STILL SIDELINED\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/175616/tonga's-second-domestic-airline-likely-to-start-in-april","external_links_name":"\"Tonga's second domestic airline likely to start in April\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070218031908/http://www.peauvavau.to/schedule.html#flight","external_links_name":"\"Peau Vavaʻu Schedules (website)\""},{"Link":"http://www.peauvavau.to/schedule.html#flight","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team | Croatia men's national ice hockey team | ["1 World Championship record","1.1 Division I","1.2 Division II","1.3 Division III","2 All-time record against other nations","3 References","4 External links"] | CroatiaAssociationCroatian Ice Hockey FederationGeneral managerDanijel KolomboHead coachEnio SacilottoAssistantsBruno BregantMiro SmerdeljCaptainDomen VedlinMost gamesIgor Jačmenjak (81)Top scorerMarko Lovrenčić (36)Most pointsMarko Lovrenčić (74)Home stadiumDvorana Velesajam, Zagreb Ledena dvorana Zibel, SisakTeam colors IIHF codeCRORankingCurrent IIHF32 1 (27 May 2024)Highest IIHF25 (2018)Lowest IIHF32 (2024)First internationalSlovakia 6–1 Croatia(Bratislava, Slovakia; 9 February 1941)Biggest winCroatia 34–1 Turkey(Zagreb, Croatia; 20 November 1993)Biggest defeatSlovenia 15–1 Croatia(Zagreb. Croatia; 7 November 1992)Slovenia 15–1 Croatia(Ljubljana, Slovenia; 15 April 2001)IIHF World ChampionshipsAppearances30 (first in 1994)Best result24th (2001)International record (W–L–T)86–150–9
The Croatian under-20 team, who won the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships - Division II Group B
The Croatian men's national ice hockey team represents Croatia in IIHF ice hockey competitions. It is organized by the Croatian Ice Hockey Federation. In 2015, the team was ranked 26th in the world by the IIHF. At the 2014 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships Croatia currently competes in 2014 Division I B.
World Championship record
Year
Division
Position
GP
W
D
L
Tier
Div.
Ov
Div.
Slovenia 1993
3
Group C
NR
–
2
0
0
2
Spain 1994
4
Group C2
31
4
7
4
0
3
South Africa 1995
4
Group C2
30
1
7
6
1
0
Slovenia 1996
3
Group C
28
8
7
0
0
7
Andorra 1997
4
Group D
29
1
6
4
1
1
Hungary 1998
3
Group C
29
5
6
1
3
2
Netherlands 1999
3
Group C
29
5
5
2
1
2
China 2000
3
Group C
27
3
4
1
1
2
Slovenia 2001
2
Div I
24
4
5
1
3
1
Netherlands 2002
2
Div I
26
5
5
1
0
4
Croatia 2003
2
Div I
27
6
5
1
4
0
Spain 2004
3
Div II
32
2
5
4
1
0
Croatia 2005
3
Div II
29
1
5
5
0
0
Estonia 2006
2
Div I
27
6
5
0
0
5
Croatia 2007
3
Div II
29
1
5
5
0
0
Japan 2008
2
Div I
25
5
5
1
0
4
Lithuania 2009
2
Div I
26
5
5
1
0
4
Slovenia 2010
2
Div I
28
6
5
0
0
5
Croatia 2011
3
Div II
31
2
5
4
0
1
Iceland 2012
4
Div II A
31
3
5
3
0
2
Croatia 2013
4
Div II A
29
1
5
5
0
0
Lithuania 2014
3
Div I B
24
2
5
4
0
1
Netherlands 2015
3
Div I B
26
4
5
2
0
3
Croatia 2016
3
Div I B
26
4
5
3
0
2
Great Britain 2017
3
Div I B
27
5
5
1
0
4
Lithuania 2018
3
Div I B
28
6
5
1
0
4
Serbia 2019
4
Div II A
30
2
5
4
0
1
Croatia 2020
4
Div II A
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
China 2021
4
Div II A
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Croatia 2022
4
Div II A
29
3
4
1
1
2
Spain 2023
4
Div II A
31
3
5
3
0
2
Serbia 2024
4
Div II A
29
1
5
5
0
0
Division I
before: Group B
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
0
1
0
1
Division II
before: Group C, Group C1
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
4
3
3
10
Division III
before: Group D, Group C2
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
2
0
0
2
All-time record against other nations
As of 22 April 2023.
Opponent
Played
Won
Drawn
Lost
GF
GA
GD
Australia
8
8
0
0
37
15
+22
Austria
2
0
0
2
2
11
-9
Belarus
3
0
0
3
3
20
-17
Belgium
7
5
0
2
42
13
+29
Bulgaria
7
6
0
1
72
16
+56
China
9
4
0
5
31
30
+1
Denmark
3
0
0
3
4
24
-20
Estonia
11
4
1
6
39
55
-16
France
4
0
0
4
3
29
-26
Georgia
1
0
0
1
0
6
-6
Great Britain
9
1
0
8
13
42
-29
Hungary
24
0
1
23
30
178
-148
Iceland
4
4
0
0
26
4
+22
Ireland
1
1
0
0
21
4
+17
Italy
5
0
0
5
1
24
-23
Israel
6
6
0
0
48
6
+42
Japan
6
0
0
6
6
30
+24
Kazakhstan
4
0
0
4
4
42
+38
Lithuania
15
3
1
11
32
56
-24
Luxembourg
1
1
0
0
11
0
+11
Mexico
1
1
0
0
9
2
+7
Netherlands
17
2
1
14
36
86
-50
New Zealand
3
3
0
0
42
11
+31
Norway
4
0
0
4
5
36
-31
Poland
5
0
0
5
4
33
-29
Romania
13
5
1
7
41
52
-11
Serbia
16
11
2
3
59
35
+24
Slovakia
1
1
0
0
1
6
-5
Slovenia
18
0
0
18
18
141
-123
South Africa
1
1
0
0
11
1
+10
South Korea
9
5
1
3
29
28
+1
Spain
13
9
1
3
51
36
+15
Turkey
5
5
0
0
108
5
+103
Ukraine
9
1
0
8
7
56
-49
Total
245
86
9
150
846
1 133
-287
Biggest Losses
World Championship
Qualifications
-14 vs. Slovenia (1–15) 1993
-14 vs. Slovenia (1–15) 2001
-12 vs. Kazakhstan (0–12) 1996
-12 vs. Kazakhstan (0–12) 2002
-11 vs. Slovenia (2–13) 1996
-11 vs. Ukraine (1–11) 1996
-10 vs. Hungary (0–10) 1996
-10 vs. Hungary (3–13) 2000
-13 vs. Hungary (0–13) 2014
-7 vs. Hungary (0–7) 1998
-7 vs. Poland (0–7) 2006
-7 vs. Netherlands (3–10) 2006
-6 vs. Hungary (0–6) 1998
-6 vs. Netherlands (2–8) 2014
-6 vs. Ukraine (0–6) 2018
References
^ "Franchise All-Time GP". Retrieved 26 April 2013.
^ "Franchise All-Time Goals". Retrieved 26 April 2013.
^ "Franchise All-Time Points". Retrieved 26 April 2013.
^ "IIHF Men's World Ranking". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
^ "PREHĽAD ZÁPASOV A-tímu SR od roku 1940". Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
^ "2012 Men's World Ranking". iihf.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
^ "Men's Division II, III cancelled". IIHF. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
^ "IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
External links
Official website
IIHF profile
National Teams of Ice Hockey
vteMen's national ice hockey teamsAfrica
Algeria*
EgyptN
Morocco*
South Africa
Tunisia*
Americas
Argentina*
Brazil*
Canada
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HaitiN
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Mexico
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VenezuelaN
Asia andOceania
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BahrainN
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Europe
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Belarus†
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Former teams
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* IIHF associate members
** IIHF affiliate members
† IIHF suspended members
N Not an IIHF member
vte National sports teams of Croatia
Alpine ski
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M
M-U20
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M 3x3
W
W-U20
W-U18
W-U16
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M
W
Cricket
Field hockey
M
W
Football
M
M-B
M-U23
M-U21
M-U20
M-U19
M-U18
M-U17
M-U16
M-U15
W
W-U19
W-U17
W-U15
Futsal
M
M-U19
W
Handball
M
M-J
M-Y
W
W-J
W-Y
Ice hockey
M
M-U20
M-U18
W
Lacrosse
M
Para volleyball
Rugby Union
M
M7
W
W7
Softball
Speedway
M
M U/21
M U/19
Tennis
M
W
X
Volleyball
M
M U/21
W
W U/23
W U/20
W U/18
Water polo
M
W
Wheelchair handball
Olympics
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European Games
Mediterranean Games | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009_IIHF_World_U20_Championship_Croatia_team.JPG"},{"link_name":"2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships - Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships_-_Division_II"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Croatian Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2014 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"Division I B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_Championship_Division_I"}],"text":"The Croatian under-20 team, who won the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships - Division II Group BThe Croatian men's national ice hockey team represents Croatia in IIHF ice hockey competitions. It is organized by the Croatian Ice Hockey Federation. In 2015, the team was ranked 26th in the world by the IIHF.[6] At the 2014 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships Croatia currently competes in 2014 Division I B.","title":"Croatia men's national ice hockey team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&action=edit§ion=2"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&action=edit§ion=3"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&action=edit§ion=4"}],"text":"Division I[edit]\nbefore: Group B\n\n\n\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\n\nDivision II[edit]\nbefore: Group C, Group C1\n\n\n\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\n\n4\n\n3\n\n3\n\n10\n\n\n\nDivision III[edit]\nbefore: Group D, Group C2\n\n\n\n\nGold\n\nSilver\n\nBronze\n\nTotal\n\n\n2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n2","title":"World Championship record"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 22 April 2023.Biggest Losses","title":"All-time record against other nations"}] | [{"image_text":"The Croatian under-20 team, who won the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships - Division II Group B","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2009_IIHF_World_U20_Championship_Croatia_team.JPG/240px-2009_IIHF_World_U20_Championship_Croatia_team.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Franchise All-Time GP\". Retrieved 26 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/team_all-time_stats.php?team=2929&alltime=GP","url_text":"\"Franchise All-Time GP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franchise All-Time Goals\". Retrieved 26 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/team_all-time_stats.php?team=2929&alltime=G&leaguename=","url_text":"\"Franchise All-Time Goals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franchise All-Time Points\". Retrieved 26 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/team_all-time_stats.php?team=2929&alltime=TP&leaguename=","url_text":"\"Franchise All-Time Points\""}]},{"reference":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","url_text":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREHĽAD ZÁPASOV A-tímu SR od roku 1940\". Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130531223820/http://www.hockeyslovakia.sk/sk/clanok/prehlad-zapasov-a-timu-sr-od-roku-1940","url_text":"\"PREHĽAD ZÁPASOV A-tímu SR od roku 1940\""},{"url":"http://www.hockeyslovakia.sk/sk/clanok/prehlad-zapasov-a-timu-sr-od-roku-1940","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Men's World Ranking\". iihf.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/world-ranking/mens-world-ranking/2012-ranking.html","url_text":"\"2012 Men's World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Division II, III cancelled\". IIHF. Retrieved 13 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/18314/men%e2%80%99s-division-ii%2c-iii-cancelled","url_text":"\"Men's Division II, III cancelled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation","url_text":"IIHF"}]},{"reference":"\"IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations\". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/23178/iihf-council-announces-more-cancellations","url_text":"\"IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/team_all-time_stats.php?team=2929&alltime=GP","external_links_name":"\"Franchise All-Time GP\""},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/team_all-time_stats.php?team=2929&alltime=G&leaguename=","external_links_name":"\"Franchise All-Time Goals\""},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/team_all-time_stats.php?team=2929&alltime=TP&leaguename=","external_links_name":"\"Franchise All-Time Points\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","external_links_name":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130531223820/http://www.hockeyslovakia.sk/sk/clanok/prehlad-zapasov-a-timu-sr-od-roku-1940","external_links_name":"\"PREHĽAD ZÁPASOV A-tímu SR od roku 1940\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeyslovakia.sk/sk/clanok/prehlad-zapasov-a-timu-sr-od-roku-1940","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/world-ranking/mens-world-ranking/2012-ranking.html","external_links_name":"\"2012 Men's World Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/18314/men%e2%80%99s-division-ii%2c-iii-cancelled","external_links_name":"\"Men's Division II, III cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/23178/iihf-council-announces-more-cancellations","external_links_name":"\"IIHF – IIHF Council announces more cancellations\""},{"Link":"http://hshl.hr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/336/croatia","external_links_name":"IIHF profile"},{"Link":"http://nationalteamsoficehockey.com/croatia/","external_links_name":"National Teams of Ice Hockey"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegersburg_(castle) | Riegersburg Castle | ["1 Location","2 History","3 Museum","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°00′17″N 15°55′57″E / 47.00472°N 15.93250°E / 47.00472; 15.93250Building in Riegersburg, Austria
Riegersburg CastleSouth view of Riegersburg CastleGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeHill castleLocationRiegersburgTown or city8333 RiegersburgCountry AustriaCoordinates47°00′17″N 15°55′57″E / 47.00472°N 15.93250°E / 47.00472; 15.93250Elevation482 m (1,581 ft)Construction startedprior to 1138OwnerPrincely Family of LiechtensteinWebsitehttps://www.dieriegersburg.at/en/
Riegersburg Castle is a medieval castle situated on a dormant volcano above the town of Riegersburg in the Austrian state of Styria. The castle is owned by the Princely Family of Liechtenstein and contains a museum with changing exhibitions. Riegersburg Castle is situated at a height of
450 m (1,480 ft).
Location
The castle was built on a hill which had once been an ancient volcano. To be precise, it is the petrified remains of the solidified molten interior, a volcanic neck of a large stratovolcano that probably became extinct two or so million years ago, like other similar hills in north-central Europe. The peak is at 482 meters above sea level. The ancient basalt of the hill was used to build the castle.
History
People have been living in the area around Riegersburg for a few thousand years. A large village was founded in the 9th century B.C. with 300 people living here. Later, from 15 B.C. until 476 A.D. the region was part of the Roman Empire. In the 3rd and 9th century Bavarians immigrated and Hungarians invaded from the East. It was the beginning of a long time of armed conflicts.
The history of the castle begins in the year 1122. The first knight who is known to have lived there is Rudiger von Hohenberg. Over the centuries the castle had many different owners, but only few played an important role. Among the later owners is the family of the Walseer who had feud with the sovereign of Styria in 1415. The Lords of Graben auf Kornberg appear as Wallseer administrators in Gleichenberg in the 14th and 15th centuries. The most important owner was the baroness Katharina Elisabeth von Wechsler, who married Galler and who was known as Gallerin. Between 1637 and 1653 she finished the castle, making it one of the biggest and strongest castles in the country. It is surrounded by 3 kilometres (2 mi) of walls with 5 gates and 2 trenches and it contains 108 rooms.
In the 17th century the border with the Ottoman Empire was sometimes only 20 to 25 km away from the castle and the area was troubled by conflicts with the Turks and Hungarians. The castle was a safe place for the people nearby, sometimes offering refuge inside its walls for a few thousand.
Lady Galler married three times and had one daughter who married a Count Purgstall. The castle passed to the Purgstall family, who died out around 1800. In 1822, the castle was bought by Sovereign Johann Josef von Liechtenstein. It has belonged to the von Liechtenstein family until the present day.
The castle was taken by the 10th Guards Rifle Division of Soviet forces advancing towards Graz on 8 May 1945.
Museum
The castle is owned by the Princely Family of Liechtenstein, who live down the village in a house. The castle serves as a museum, with 25 out of the 108 rooms being opened for visiting. Sixteen of the rooms show the history of Riegersburg Castle and nine deal with witches and sorcerers.
Entire complex of the Riegersburg Castle
Palace complex of Riegersburg Castle
Vineyards on the top of the fortified hill, surrounding the castle proper
Footpath leading to the castle
Wenzel gate, the main entrance (1653)
References
^ Riegersburg Castle Height and Location
External links
Official website
Interview with Dr. Emanuel Liechtenstein, the owner of Riegersburg Castle
47°00′17″N 15°55′57″E / 47.00472°N 15.93250°E / 47.00472; 15.93250vte Castles in AustriaBurgenland
Burg Bernstein
Burg Forchtenstein
Burg Güssing
Burgruine Landsee
Burg Lockenhaus
Burg Schlaining
Carinthia
Burgruine Aichelburg
Klosterruine Arnoldstein
Burgruine Dietrichstein
Burgruine Falkenstein (Oberfalkenstein)
Burg Falkenstein (Niederfalkenstein)
Burgruine Feldsberg
Burgruine Federaun
Burgruine Finkenstein
Burgruine Flaschberg
Burg Freiberg
Burg Geyersberg
Burgruine Glanegg
Burgruine Gmünd
Burgruine Goldenstein
Burgruine Gomarn
Burgruine Gradenegg
Burgruine Grafenstein
Burgruine Greifenfels
Burgruine Griffen
Burgruine Groppenstein
Burgruine Grünburg
Burgruine Gurnitz
Burg Haimburg
Burgruine Hardegg
Burgruine Hartneidstein
Burgruine Himmelberg
Burg Hochosterwitz
Burgruine Hohenburg
Burgruine Hohenburg auf Rosenberg
Burgruine Hohenwart
Schloss Hollenburg
Burgruine Karlsberg
Burgruine Kühnburg
Burgruine Landskron
Burgruine Lavant
Burgruine Leobenegg
Burgruine Leonstein
Burgruine Lichtengraben/Painburg
Burgruine Liemberg
Burgruine Liebenfels
Burg Mannsberg
Burgruine Moosburg/Arnulfsfeste
Burg Neudenstein
Burgruine Nussberg
Burgruine Ortenburg
Burgruine Petersberg
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Burgruine Rabenstein
Burgruine Ras
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Burgruine Rauterburg
Burgruine Rechberg
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Burgruine Reinegg
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Burgruine Rosegg
Burgruine Rothenthurn
Burgruine Rottenstein
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Burg Straßburg
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Burgruine Twimberg
Burgruine Waisenberg
Burgruine Weidenburg
Burgruine Weißenegg
Burgruine Wullroß
Lower Austria
Burgruine Aggstein
Burgruine Araburg
Burgruine Dobra
Burgruine Dürnstein
Castle Falkenstein (Lower Austria)
Franzensburg
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Burg Grub
Burg Hardegg
Burg Hartenstein
Burg Heidenreichstein
Burgruine Kaja
Burg Karlstein
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Burg Liechtenstein
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Burg Neulengbach
Burg Ottenstein
Burg Perchtoldsdorf
Burg Plankenstein
Burg Persenbeug
Burg Raabs an der Thaya
Burg Rappottenstein
Burgruine Rauheneck (Baden)
Burgruine Rauhenstein
Rosenburg
Schallaburg
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Burg Seebenstein
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Schloss Walpersdorf
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Salzburg
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Burg Golling
Burgruine Gutrat
Burgruine Hieburg
Festung Hohensalzburg
Burg Hohenwerfen
Burg Mauterndorf
Burg Moosham
Burgruine Plainburg
Burgruine Saalegg
Castle Saalhof
Burgruine Wartenfels
Burgruine Weyer
Styria
Burg Alt-Teuffenbach
Burg Baiersdorf
Burg Deutschlandsberg
Burg Dürnstein
Schloss Eggenberg (Graz)
Burg Ehrenfels (St. Radegund)
Schloss Ehrenhausen
Burgruine Eppenstein
Schloss Feistritz / Ilz
Burg Festenburg
Burgruine Fohnsdorf
Burg Forchtenstein
Frauenburg (castle)
Schloss Frondsberg
Burgruine Gallenstein
Schloss Gleichenberg
Schloss Grosssölk
Burg Grünfels
Schloss Gutenberg
Ruine Hauenstein
Ruine Henneberg
Schloss Herberstein
Ruine Hohenwang
Burg Kammerstein/ Ehrenfels
Ruine Kalsberg
Burg Kaisersberg
Ruine Katsch
Ruine Klingenstein /Salla
Ruine Klöch
Burg Krems
Ruine Ligist
Burg Neuberg
Burg Neuhaus bei Stubenberg
Ruine Neu-Leonroth
Burg Lichtenegg
Ruine Liechtenstein
Ruine Neudeck
Burg Oberkapfenberg
Burg Obervoitsberg
Ruine Offenburg
Ruine Pernegg
Ruine Pflindsberg
Burgruine Pfannberg
Burgruine Pikeroi
Ruine Puxer-Loch
Ruine Raabeck
Schloss Rabenstein
Burgruine Reifenstein
Riegersburg Castle
Burg Schachenstein
Ruine Schmirnberg
Schloss Seggau
Burgruine Steinschloß
Burgruine Sturmberg
Burg Thalberg
Burg Waldstein
Burgruine Waxenegg
Burgruine Wildon
Burgruine Wolkenstein
Tyrol
Ambras Palace
Burg Bideneck
Burg Bruck
Burg Freundsberg
Heinfels Castle
Itter Castle
Burg Kropfsberg
Burg Laudegg
Burg Lichtenwerth
Kapsburg
Kufstein Fortress
Tratzberg Castle
Wiesberg Castle
Upper Austria
Burg Clam
Eschelberg
Burg Neuhaus
Burg Pürnstein
Burg Vichtenstein
Prandegg Castle
Schloss Orth
Vorarlberg
Burg Schattenburg
Burg Neu-Ems
Burgruine Neu-Montfort
Also See: Castles in AustriaAuthority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Riegersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegersburg"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Princely Family of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Building in Riegersburg, AustriaRiegersburg Castle is a medieval castle situated on a dormant volcano above the town of Riegersburg in the Austrian state of Styria. The castle is owned by the Princely Family of Liechtenstein and contains a museum with changing exhibitions. Riegersburg Castle is situated at a height of \n450 m (1,480 ft).[1]","title":"Riegersburg Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volcanic neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_neck"},{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"}],"text":"The castle was built on a hill which had once been an ancient volcano. To be precise, it is the petrified remains of the solidified molten interior, a volcanic neck of a large stratovolcano that probably became extinct two or so million years ago, like other similar hills in north-central Europe. The peak is at 482 meters above sea level. The ancient basalt of the hill was used to build the castle.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riegersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegersburg"},{"link_name":"Walseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walseer"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Lords of Graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herren_von_Graben"},{"link_name":"baroness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness"},{"link_name":"Gallerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katharina_Elisabeth_Freifrau_von_Galler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"People have been living in the area around Riegersburg for a few thousand years. A large village was founded in the 9th century B.C. with 300 people living here. Later, from 15 B.C. until 476 A.D. the region was part of the Roman Empire. In the 3rd and 9th century Bavarians immigrated and Hungarians invaded from the East. It was the beginning of a long time of armed conflicts.\nThe history of the castle begins in the year 1122. The first knight who is known to have lived there is Rudiger von Hohenberg. Over the centuries the castle had many different owners, but only few played an important role. Among the later owners is the family of the Walseer who had feud with the sovereign of Styria in 1415. The Lords of Graben auf Kornberg appear as Wallseer administrators in Gleichenberg in the 14th and 15th centuries. The most important owner was the baroness Katharina Elisabeth von Wechsler, who married Galler and who was known as Gallerin. Between 1637 and 1653 she finished the castle, making it one of the biggest and strongest castles in the country. It is surrounded by 3 kilometres (2 mi) of walls with 5 gates and 2 trenches and it contains 108 rooms.\nIn the 17th century the border with the Ottoman Empire was sometimes only 20 to 25 km away from the castle and the area was troubled by conflicts with the Turks and Hungarians. The castle was a safe place for the people nearby, sometimes offering refuge inside its walls for a few thousand.\nLady Galler married three times and had one daughter who married a Count Purgstall. The castle passed to the Purgstall family, who died out around 1800. In 1822, the castle was bought by Sovereign Johann Josef von Liechtenstein. It has belonged to the von Liechtenstein family until the present day.\nThe castle was taken by the 10th Guards Rifle Division of Soviet forces advancing towards Graz on 8 May 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princely Family of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riegersburg_-_Burg,_Gesamtanlage.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riegersburg_-_Burg,_Westansicht.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weinberge_Riegersburg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riegersburg05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wenzeltor_Riegersburg.jpg"}],"text":"The castle is owned by the Princely Family of Liechtenstein, who live down the village in a house. The castle serves as a museum, with 25 out of the 108 rooms being opened for visiting. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krusevac | Battle of Kruševac | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | 1454 conflict
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Battle of Kruševac" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011)
Battle of KruševacPart of the Ottoman wars in EuropeRuins of KruševacDateOctober 2, 1454LocationKruševacResult
Serbo-Hungarian victory
Hungarians plundered Kosovo and Niš and gathered much lootBelligerents
Serbian DespotateKingdom of Hungary
Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders
Đurađ BrankovićJohn Hunyadi
Firuz Bey (POW)Strength
35,000
32,000
vteHungarian–Ottoman Wars
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1366–67)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–77)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1389–96)
(Nicopolis)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1415–19)
War of the South Danube (1420–32)
(Golubac)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–42)
(Belgrade
Hermannstadt)
Crusade of Varna (1443–44)
(Nish
Zlatitsa
Kunovica
Várna)
Kosovo (1448)
Kruševac (1454)
Belgrade (1456)
Užice (1458)
Smederevo (1459)
Jajce (1464)
Zvornik (1464)
Vaslui (1475)
Serbia Expedition (1477)
Breadfield (1479)
Otranto (1480–81)
Krbava Field (1493)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–26)
Belgrade (1521)
Šabac (1521)
Mohács (1526)
Ottoman–Habsburg wars
vteMedieval Serbian–Ottoman Wars
Stephaniana
Demotika
Sırpsındığı
Samokov
Maritsa
Dubravnica
Savra
Pločnik
Kosovo Field
Tripolje
Vitosha Pass
Smederevo
Belgrade
1st Novo Brdo
Varna
Niš
Zlatica
Kunovica
Leskovac
Kruševac
Ostrovic
Trepča
2nd Novo Brdo
Belgrade
Smederevo
Breadfield
The Battle of Kruševac was fought on October 2, 1454 between the forces of the Serbian Despotate, allied with the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
In 1454 the Ottomans launched a major invasion against Serbia, at the helm of which was the Sultan himself, Mehmed the Conqueror. Initially, Serbs led by Nikola Skobaljić scored a decisive victory a month earlier near Leskovac, surprising a much larger Ottoman army. On the Morava River, Sultan Mehmed II left Firuz Bey and 32,000 of his troops to resist any possible counterattacks by the Serbs south of Kruševac. The Serbs did not hesitate to make the first move and the two armies met.
The victory at Leskovac allowed John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković to decisively strike at the isolated Ottoman Army, and launch a major offensive, ravaging Niš and Pirot, and burning down Vidin in northern Bulgaria. Nikola Skobaljić continued his forays against the Ottomans, operating between Leskovac and Priština, and won several major victories against the armies of the sultan.
Notes
^ Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, (Princeton University Press, 1978), 110.
^ Babinger, Franz, William C. Hickman and Ralph Manheim, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, 110.
^ "Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda". www.rastko.rs.
References
Babinger, Franz, William C. Hickman and Ralph Manheim, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press, 1978.
vteWars and battles involving SerbsMedievalSerbian–Bulgarian
Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)
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Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
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Crusade of Varna
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Brdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1440%E2%80%931441)"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)"},{"link_name":"Zlatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa"},{"link_name":"Kunovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ostrovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostrovic"},{"link_name":"Trepča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Trep%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"2nd Novo Brdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1455)"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)"},{"link_name":"Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smederevo_(1459)"},{"link_name":"Breadfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Nikola Skobaljić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Skobalji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac"},{"link_name":"Morava River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Morava"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Firuz Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Bey"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"John Hunyadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Pirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirot"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"Nikola Skobaljić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Skobalji%C4%87"}],"text":"vteHungarian–Ottoman Wars\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1366–67)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1375–77)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1389–96)\n(Nicopolis)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1415–19)\nWar of the South Danube (1420–32)\n(Golubac)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1437–42)\n(Belgrade\nHermannstadt)\nCrusade of Varna (1443–44)\n(Nish\nZlatitsa\nKunovica\nVárna)\nKosovo (1448)\nKruševac (1454)\nBelgrade (1456)\nUžice (1458)\nSmederevo (1459)\nJajce (1464)\nZvornik (1464)\nVaslui (1475)\nSerbia Expedition (1477)\nBreadfield (1479)\nOtranto (1480–81)\nKrbava Field (1493)\nHungarian–Ottoman War (1521–26)\nBelgrade (1521)\nŠabac (1521)\nMohács (1526)\nOttoman–Habsburg warsvteMedieval Serbian–Ottoman Wars\nStephaniana\nDemotika\nSırpsındığı\nSamokov\nMaritsa\nDubravnica\nSavra\nPločnik\nKosovo Field\nTripolje\nVitosha Pass\nSmederevo\nBelgrade\n1st Novo Brdo\nVarna\nNiš\nZlatica\nKunovica\nLeskovac\nKruševac\nOstrovic\nTrepča\n2nd Novo Brdo\nBelgrade\nSmederevo\nBreadfieldThe Battle of Kruševac was fought on October 2, 1454 between the forces of the Serbian Despotate, allied with the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.[3]In 1454 the Ottomans launched a major invasion against Serbia, at the helm of which was the Sultan himself, Mehmed the Conqueror. Initially, Serbs led by Nikola Skobaljić scored a decisive victory a month earlier near Leskovac, surprising a much larger Ottoman army. On the Morava River, Sultan Mehmed II left Firuz Bey and 32,000 of his troops to resist any possible counterattacks by the Serbs south of Kruševac. The Serbs did not hesitate to make the first move and the two armies met.The victory at Leskovac allowed John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković to decisively strike at the isolated Ottoman Army, and launch a major offensive, ravaging Niš and Pirot, and burning down Vidin in northern Bulgaria. Nikola Skobaljić continued his forays against the Ottomans, operating between Leskovac and Priština, and won several major victories against the armies of the sultan.","title":"Battle of Kruševac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_8.html"}],"text":"^ Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, (Princeton University Press, 1978), 110.\n\n^ Babinger, Franz, William C. Hickman and Ralph Manheim, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, 110.\n\n^ \"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda\". www.rastko.rs.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda\". www.rastko.rs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_8.html","url_text":"\"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Kru%C5%A1evac%22","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Kruševac\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Kru%C5%A1evac%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Kru%C5%A1evac%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Kru%C5%A1evac%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Kru%C5%A1evac%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Kru%C5%A1evac%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_8.html","external_links_name":"\"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lancaster_Spalding | John Lancaster Spalding | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Priesthood","1.3 Bishop of Peoria","1.4 Educational policies","1.5 Retirement and legacy","2 Caldwell sisters","3 Publications","4 Legacy","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | American Catholic bishop (1840–1916)
His Excellency, The Most ReverendJohn Lancaster SpaldingBishop of PeoriaChurchCatholicSeeDiocese of PeoriaAppointedDecember 19, 1876SuccessorEdmund Michael DunneOrdersOrdinationDecember 19, 1863by Engelbert SterckxConsecrationMay 1, 1877by John McCloskeyPersonal detailsBornJune 2, 1840Lebanon, Kentucky, USADiedAugust 25, 1916 (age 76)Peoria, Illinois, USA
John Lancaster Spalding (June 2, 1840 – August 25, 1916) was an American Catholic author, poet, advocate for higher education, the first Bishop of Peoria from 1877 to 1908. He was also a co-founder of The Catholic University of America.
Biography
Early years
John Spalding was born on June 2, 1840, in Lebanon, Kentucky. He graduated in 1856 from St. Mary's College in St. Mary's, Kentucky, which had been founded by William Byrne and George Elder. The Spaldings and the Elders were related by marriage, Thomas Elder having married Elizabeth Spalding. Elizabeth was the paternal aunt of Catherine Spalding, co-founder of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. Thomas and Elizabeth were the grandparents of William Henry Elder, Archbishop of Cincinnati.
John Spalding attended Mt. St. Mary College in Emmitsburg, Maryland briefly, before graduating in 1859 from Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West in Cincinnati. His uncle, Martin Spalding, was bishop of Louisville, and arranged for him to attend the American College of the Immaculate Conception in Louvain, Belgium.
Priesthood
Spalding was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Louisville in Belgium by Archbishop Engelbert Streckx on December 19, 1863, After his ordination, Spalding continued his studies as the Belgian Pontifical College in Rome. He returned to Louisville in 1865 to become assistant pastor of the Cathedral of the Assumption. In 1866, Spalding attended the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore as theologian to Archbishop François Blanchet from the Archdiocese of Oregon City in Oregon.
In 1872, Spalding travelled to New York to write a biography of his late uncle, Martin Spalding, and became assistant pastor of the Church of St. Michael Parish in Manhattan.
Spalding was consecrated May 1, 1876.
Bishop of Peoria
On November 11, 1876, Pope Pius IX appointed Spalding as bishop of the Diocese of Peoria, newly created out of the Diocese of Chicago. He was installed on May 23, 1877,by Cardinal John McCloskey, with Coadjutor Bishop Thomas Foley presiding.
Spalding was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., as well as several Catholic schools in Peoria. He also oversaw the construction of St. Mary's Cemetery in West Peoria, Illinois.
In 1876, six Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, at the request of Reverend Bernard Baak, pastor of St. Joseph, arrived from Iowa City to care for the sick. They served at the city hospital and made home visits. Shortly after their arrival, Spalding visited the hospital and observing the difficult conditions the sisters worked under, encouraged them to form a separate congregation with his support. As the mother superior had no objections, the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis of Peoria was established in July 1877. St. Francis Hospital opened in Peoria 1878.
Spalding achieved national prominence for helping President Theodore Roosevelt and banker J. P. Morgan to end the Great Coal Strike of 1902 as a member of the Arbitration Commission that awarded the miners a retroactive 10% wage increase and reduced daily work hours from 10 to 9.
Spalding wrote several books and poetry under the pseudonym Henry Hamilton.
The Third Plenary Council of Baltimore of 1884 authorized a commission be established to create a uniform catechism. Spalding and Monsignor Januarius de Concilio of Seton Hall University prepared a draft and distributed it to the bishops, who were to forward their revisions to Spalding, who would, in turn, report back at the next meeting. Anticipating long and fruitless discussion, Spalding dispensed with procedure and sent the draft to Archbishop James Gibbons, indicating that he had made suggested changes where appropriate. Cardinal John McCloskey of New York gave it the imprimatur, Gibbons approved the text, and it was published in April 1885. Though not universally applauded, the Baltimore Catechism remained the standard catechism in the United States for the next eighty years.
Spalding was awarded an honorary degree from Columbia University in 1902, and from Western Reserve University in 1904.
Educational policies
Spalding believed that education was a fundamental aspect of human life and that it should be grounded in Catholic ideals. He advocated for research in an atmosphere of freedom and improved education of the clergy. Spalding's philosophy of education was centered on the value of human life above all else, and he believed that life should be the ends and means of education. He opposed government interference in education and urged Catholics to support a parochial school system without seeking public financing. Spalding believed that education should be accessible to all, and he was a strong advocate for the education of women, workers, and African Americans. In his writings, Spalding emphasized the role of the teacher and encouraged the development of heroic qualities in students.
Retirement and legacy
Spalding became paralyzed from a stroke in 1905. Pope Pius X accepted his resignation as bishop of the Diocese of Peoria on September 11, 1908, due to poor health and appointed him Titular Bishop of Scythopolis with the title of archbishop. John Spalding died on August 25, 1916, at age 76.
The diocesan offices of the Diocese of Peoria are located in the Spalding Center, named for him. Peoria's Catholic high school for boys, Spalding Institute, was named for him. Spalding Hall at The Catholic University of America was also named for him.
Caldwell sisters
William Shakespeare Caldwell, a wealthy Kentucky gas baron, was married to Mary Eliza Breckinridge of the Kentucky Breckinridges. Although Protestant, Mary Eliza had attended Nazareth Academy founded by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, and was subsequently baptized Catholic by Bishop Spalding of Louisville. When Mrs. Caldwell died unexpectedly in 1867, "Shake" sought solace in his wife's religion. He founded Sts. Mary and Elizabeth Hospital in Louisville, run by the Sisters of Charity, in her memory; and a home for indigent men in Richmond, operated by the Little Sisters of the Poor. Caldwell moved to New York and enrolled his two daughters, Mary Guendaline and Mary Elizabeth in the Academy of the Sacred Heart on 17th Street. Caldwell died in 1874. Under the terms of his will, he subsidized ten places in the Richmond home for poor individuals of Fredericksburg; He also stipulated that upon reaching the age of twenty-one, his daughters were to donate one-third of their substantial inheritance to establish a Catholic university.
When Mary Guendaline was 21, she gave the money to buy the land for Catholic University and to build Caldwell Hall, which was named after her. Mary Elizabeth funded Caldwell Hall's chapel. Mary Elizabeth married Baron Moritz Curt von Zedtwitz (1851–1896), German Minister to Mexico, and converted to Lutheranism. The sisters travelled extensively in Europe. In 1896, Mary Guendaline married the middle-aged François Jean Louis, Marquis de Montiers-Mérinville in Paris. Bishop John Spalding of Peoria performed the ceremony. In 1904, the sisters broke with the Catholic Church, the Marquise stating that her "honest Protestant blood had asserted itself". She requested that her portrait in Caldwell Hall be removed. According to the New York Times, her actions provoked little surprise as she was in poor health having suffered a stroke two years earlier and "he Marquise is an original character and extremely impulsive." The Marquise separated from her husband in 1905, but paid him an annual stipend of $8,000 in order to keep her title.
In 1906, Mary Elizabeth's book, The Double Doctrine of Rome, in which she takes issue with "Popery", its beliefs, and practices, was published. That same year she sent a letter to The Converted Catholic, stating that Spalding was never their guardian, nor had her parents ever met him.
Spalding was later accused of having an affair with both sisters though the allegation was questionable. The potential for scandal cost Spalding appointment to the See of Chicago and he remained Bishop of Peoria. "here is general consensus that the sisters’ stories about Spalding bore little relation to the facts, that their tragic marriages and psychic illnesses, plus Spalding's unwillingness to arrange an annulment for Mary Elizabeth, contributed to their turning against the church."
Publications
Historical marker commemorating Spalding in his hometown
Essays and Reviews
Lectures and Discourses
Education and the Higher Life
The Poet's Praise (as Henry Hamilton)
Opportunity and Other Essays (as Henry Hamilton)
Aphorisms and Reflections
Socialism and Labor
Brilliants, From the Writings of Rt. Rev. J. L. Spalding, D.D.
Legacy
The Diocese of Peoria has established the John Lancaster Spalding Scholarship, a tuition assistance program for students in any parish to attend any Catholic school in the diocese.
References
^ a b c d "Bishop Spalding Resigns". The Catholic Telegraph. LXXVII (38): 7. 1908-09-17 – via JSTOR.
^ a b c Cosgrove, J.J., Most Reverend John Lancaster Spalding, First Bishop of Peoria, Wayside Press, 1960
^ a b ""Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding", Franciscan Sisters of Peoria". Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
^ Nolan, L. A. (2005). "John Lancaster Spalding (1840-1916): A Catalyst for Social Reform". Journal of Catholic Education, 9 (2). December, 2005]
^ a b c "Bishop John Lancaster Spalding †". Catholic-Hierarchy. 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Aspell, Albina. "Bishop John Lancaster Spalding". The Catholic Post. Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ "The Heritage of CUA". Archived from the original on 2007-07-19. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Peoria". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ OSF Healthcare
^ Doris K. Goodwin, The Bully Pulpit (Simon & Schuster, 2013) p. 318
^ Mongoven, Anne Marie. The Prophetic Spirit of Catechesis, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 41ISBN 9780809139224
^ Nuesse, C. Joseph. The Catholic University of America: A Centennial History, CUA Press, 1990. p. 14, n.44ISBN 9780813207360
^ Nolan, 2005.
^ Nolan, 2023.
^ a b Yarnall, James L. (Summer 2006). "John La Farge's Windows for the Caldwell Sisters of Newport" (PDF). Rhode Island History (Vol. 64, Number 2). Rhode Island Historical Society Publication. pp. 31–35. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "A Famous Convent School of the Southwest", Catholic World, Issues 334-336, Paulist Fathers, 1893, p. 481 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Fox-Sheinwold, Patricia. "Caldwell, Mary Gwendolin Byrd", American National Biography
^ a b Interview, New York Times, November 16, 1904
^ Shenton, James P. "Caldwell, Mary Gwendolyn", Notable American Women, (Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, Paul S. Boyer, eds.), Harvard University Press, 1971 ISBN 9780674627345
^ Baroness von Zedtwitz (1906), The Double Doctrine of Rome, New York: Revell.
^ The Converted Catholic, Volumes 22-23, Christ's Mission, 1905, p. 179 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Gollar, C. Walker."Spalding, John Lancaster", Encyclopedia of Louisville, (John E. Kleber, ed.) University Press of Kentucky, 2015}ISBN 9780813149745,
^ Quigley, Tom."His kind of town: Blase Cupich becomes part of a colorful history", America, November 19, 2014
^ "John Lancaster Spalding Scholarship", St. Ann Catholic Church, January 2, 2011
Further reading
BARGER, ROBERT NEWTON. "JOHN LANCASTER SPALDING: CATHOLIC EDUCATOR AND SOCIAL EMISSARY." (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. 7708930).
Curti, Merle. The Social Ideas of American Educators (1935) pp 348–73. online
Grollmes, Eugene E. "The Educational Theory of John Lancaster Spalding: The Ideal of Heroism" (PhD dissertation, Boston College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1969. 7002453).
Killen, David P. “Americanism Revisited: John Spalding and Testem Benevolentiae.” Harvard Theological Review 66#4 1973, pp. 413–54. online.
McAvoy, Thomas T. "Bishop John Lancaster Spalding and the Catholic Minority (1877–1908)." The Review of Politics 12.1 (1950): 3–19. online
Nolan, L. A. John Lancaster Spalding (1840–1916): A Catalyst for Social Reform. Journal of Catholic Education (2005). 9#2 pp 178–197 online
Nolan, Lucinda A. "John Lancaster Spalding" Christian Educators of the 20th Century (2023) online
SCHAEFER, M. LUELLA. "THE SOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF JOHN LANCASTER SPALDING'S EDUCATIONAL THEORY" (PhD dissertation, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1962. 6403768).
Sweeney, David Francis. The Life of John Lancaster Spalding: First Bishop of Peoria, 1840-1916 (Herder and Herder, 1966), the standard scholarly biography.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to John Lancaster Spalding.
Works by John Lancaster Spalding at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about John Lancaster Spalding at Internet Archive
Loyola Marymount University: Digital Commons @ LMU and LLS: Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice: July 2013 issue: "John Lancaster Spalding (1840-1916): A Catalyst for Social Reform"
Biola University: Talbot School of Theology: John Lancaster Spalding
The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis: Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding
Rev John Lancaster Spalding at Find a Grave
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byNone
Bishop of Peoria 1877–1908
Succeeded byEdmund Michael Dunne
Preceded byJoseph-Marie Raya
Titular Bishop of Scythopolis 1908–1916
Succeeded byAntonio Tani
vteRoman Catholic Diocese of PeoriaBishops
Ordinaries
John Lancaster Spalding
Edmund Michael Dunne
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Peoria"},{"link_name":"The Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America"}],"text":"John Lancaster Spalding (June 2, 1840 – August 25, 1916) was an American Catholic author, poet, advocate for higher education, the first Bishop of Peoria from 1877 to 1908. He was also a co-founder of The Catholic University of America.","title":"John Lancaster Spalding"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanon, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosgrove-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"William Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Byrne_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"George Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elder_(educator)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Spalding"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"William Henry Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Elder"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Mt. St. Mary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosgrove-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_John_Spalding"},{"link_name":"bishop of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsp-3"},{"link_name":"American College of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"John Spalding was born on June 2, 1840, in Lebanon, Kentucky.[1] He graduated in 1856 from St. Mary's College in St. Mary's, Kentucky,[2][1] which had been founded by William Byrne and George Elder. The Spaldings and the Elders were related by marriage, Thomas Elder having married Elizabeth Spalding. Elizabeth was the paternal aunt of Catherine Spalding, co-founder of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. Thomas and Elizabeth were the grandparents of William Henry Elder, Archbishop of Cincinnati.John Spalding attended Mt. St. Mary College in Emmitsburg, Maryland briefly, before graduating in 1859 from Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West in Cincinnati.[2] His uncle, Martin Spalding, was bishop of Louisville,[3] and arranged for him to attend the American College of the Immaculate Conception in Louvain, Belgium.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Streckx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Sterckx"},{"link_name":"Belgian Pontifical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pontifical_College"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_(Louisville,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Second Plenary Council of Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenary_Councils_of_Baltimore#Second_Plenary_Council_of_Baltimore_(1866)"},{"link_name":"François Blanchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Norbert_Blanchet"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Oregon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Oregon_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosgrove-2"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Michael Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael_(34th_Street,_Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsp-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Priesthood","text":"Spalding was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Louisville in Belgium by Archbishop Engelbert Streckx on December 19, 1863, After his ordination, Spalding continued his studies as the Belgian Pontifical College in Rome. He returned to Louisville in 1865 to become assistant pastor of the Cathedral of the Assumption. In 1866, Spalding attended the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore as theologian to Archbishop François Blanchet from the Archdiocese of Oregon City in Oregon.[2]In 1872, Spalding travelled to New York to write a biography of his late uncle, Martin Spalding, and became assistant pastor of the Church of St. Michael Parish in Manhattan.[3]Spalding was consecrated May 1, 1876.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Peoria"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"John McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bspalding-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Roger_Foley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Catholic schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_schools"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"West Peoria, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"Iowa City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSF_Saint_Francis_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"J. P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Coal Strike of 1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Strike_of_1902"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"Third Plenary Council of Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenary_Councils_of_Baltimore#Third_Plenary_Council_of_Baltimore_(1884)"},{"link_name":"Seton Hall University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University"},{"link_name":"James Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"John McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Catechism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Bishop of Peoria","text":"On November 11, 1876, Pope Pius IX appointed Spalding as bishop of the Diocese of Peoria, newly created out of the Diocese of Chicago. He was installed on May 23, 1877,by Cardinal John McCloskey,[5] with Coadjutor Bishop Thomas Foley presiding.[6]Spalding was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.,[7] as well as several Catholic schools in Peoria.[8] He also oversaw the construction of St. Mary's Cemetery in West Peoria, Illinois.[6]In 1876, six Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, at the request of Reverend Bernard Baak, pastor of St. Joseph, arrived from Iowa City to care for the sick. They served at the city hospital and made home visits. Shortly after their arrival, Spalding visited the hospital and observing the difficult conditions the sisters worked under, encouraged them to form a separate congregation with his support. As the mother superior had no objections, the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis of Peoria was established in July 1877. St. Francis Hospital opened in Peoria 1878.[9]Spalding achieved national prominence for helping President Theodore Roosevelt and banker J. P. Morgan to end the Great Coal Strike of 1902 as a member of the Arbitration Commission that awarded the miners a retroactive 10% wage increase and reduced daily work hours from 10 to 9.[10]Spalding wrote several books and poetry under the pseudonym Henry Hamilton.[6]The Third Plenary Council of Baltimore of 1884 authorized a commission be established to create a uniform catechism. Spalding and Monsignor Januarius de Concilio of Seton Hall University prepared a draft and distributed it to the bishops, who were to forward their revisions to Spalding, who would, in turn, report back at the next meeting. Anticipating long and fruitless discussion, Spalding dispensed with procedure and sent the draft to Archbishop James Gibbons, indicating that he had made suggested changes where appropriate. Cardinal John McCloskey of New York gave it the imprimatur, Gibbons approved the text, and it was published in April 1885. Though not universally applauded, the Baltimore Catechism remained the standard catechism in the United States for the next eighty years.[11]Spalding was awarded an honorary degree from Columbia University in 1902, and from Western Reserve University in 1904.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Educational policies","text":"Spalding believed that education was a fundamental aspect of human life and that it should be grounded in Catholic ideals. He advocated for research in an atmosphere of freedom and improved education of the clergy. Spalding's philosophy of education was centered on the value of human life above all else, and he believed that life should be the ends and means of education. He opposed government interference in education and urged Catholics to support a parochial school system without seeking public financing. Spalding believed that education should be accessible to all, and he was a strong advocate for the education of women, workers, and African Americans. In his writings, Spalding emphasized the role of the teacher and encouraged the development of heroic qualities in students.[13][14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythopolis_(see)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bspalding-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bspalding-5"},{"link_name":"Peoria's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Retirement and legacy","text":"Spalding became paralyzed from a stroke in 1905.[6] Pope Pius X accepted his resignation as bishop of the Diocese of Peoria on September 11, 1908, due to poor health and appointed him Titular Bishop of Scythopolis with the title of archbishop.[5][1] John Spalding died on August 25, 1916, at age 76.[5]The diocesan offices of the Diocese of Peoria are located in the Spalding Center, named for him. Peoria's Catholic high school for boys, Spalding Institute, was named for him. Spalding Hall at The Catholic University of America was also named for him.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell-15"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Breckinridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckinridge_family"},{"link_name":"Nazareth Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding_University"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bishop Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_John_Spalding"},{"link_name":"Mary Guendaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Marquise_des_Monstiers-M%C3%A9rinville"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-18"},{"link_name":"Caldwell Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_Hall_(Catholic_University_of_America)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"William Shakespeare Caldwell, a wealthy Kentucky gas baron,[15] was married to Mary Eliza Breckinridge of the Kentucky Breckinridges. Although Protestant, Mary Eliza had attended Nazareth Academy founded by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth,[16] and was subsequently baptized Catholic by Bishop Spalding of Louisville. When Mrs. Caldwell died unexpectedly in 1867, \"Shake\" sought solace in his wife's religion. He founded Sts. Mary and Elizabeth Hospital in Louisville, run by the Sisters of Charity, in her memory; and a home for indigent men in Richmond, operated by the Little Sisters of the Poor. Caldwell moved to New York and enrolled his two daughters, Mary Guendaline and Mary Elizabeth in the Academy of the Sacred Heart on 17th Street. Caldwell died in 1874. Under the terms of his will, he subsidized ten places in the Richmond home for poor individuals of Fredericksburg; He also stipulated that upon reaching the age of twenty-one, his daughters were to donate one-third of their substantial inheritance to establish a Catholic university.[17][18]When Mary Guendaline was 21, she gave the money to buy the land for Catholic University and to build Caldwell Hall, which was named after her. Mary Elizabeth funded Caldwell Hall's chapel. Mary Elizabeth married Baron Moritz Curt von Zedtwitz (1851–1896),[15] German Minister to Mexico, and converted to Lutheranism. The sisters travelled extensively in Europe. In 1896, Mary Guendaline married the middle-aged François Jean Louis, Marquis de Montiers-Mérinville in Paris. Bishop John Spalding of Peoria performed the ceremony. In 1904, the sisters broke with the Catholic Church, the Marquise stating that her \"honest Protestant blood had asserted itself\".[18] She requested that her portrait in Caldwell Hall be removed. According to the New York Times, her actions provoked little surprise as she was in poor health having suffered a stroke two years earlier and \"[t]he Marquise is an original character and extremely impulsive.\"[19] The Marquise separated from her husband in 1905, but paid him an annual stipend of $8,000 in order to keep her title.In 1906, Mary Elizabeth's book, The Double Doctrine of Rome, in which she takes issue with \"Popery\", its beliefs, and practices, was published.[20] That same year she sent a letter to The Converted Catholic, stating that Spalding was never their guardian, nor had her parents ever met him.[21]Spalding was later accused of having an affair with both sisters though the allegation was questionable.[22] The potential for scandal cost Spalding appointment to the See of Chicago and he remained Bishop of Peoria. \"[T]here is general consensus that the sisters’ stories about Spalding bore little relation to the facts, that their tragic marriages and psychic illnesses, plus Spalding's unwillingness to arrange an annulment for Mary Elizabeth, contributed to their turning against the church.\"[23]","title":"Caldwell sisters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eminent_Theologian_historical_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdop-6"}],"text":"Historical marker commemorating Spalding in his hometownEssays and Reviews[6]\nLectures and Discourses[6]\nEducation and the Higher Life[6]\nThe Poet's Praise (as Henry Hamilton)[6]\nOpportunity and Other Essays (as Henry Hamilton)[6]\nAphorisms and Reflections[6]\nSocialism and Labor[6]\nBrilliants, From the Writings of Rt. Rev. J. L. Spalding, D.D.[6]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The Diocese of Peoria has established the John Lancaster Spalding Scholarship, a tuition assistance program for students in any parish to attend any Catholic school in the diocese.[24]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/socialideasofame013027mbp/page/348/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.org/stable/1509078"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500045708"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357&context=ce"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biola.edu/talbot/ce20/database/john-lancaster-spalding"}],"text":"BARGER, ROBERT NEWTON. \"JOHN LANCASTER SPALDING: CATHOLIC EDUCATOR AND SOCIAL EMISSARY.\" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. 7708930).\nCurti, Merle. The Social Ideas of American Educators (1935) pp 348–73. online\nGrollmes, Eugene E. \"The Educational Theory of John Lancaster Spalding: The Ideal of Heroism\" (PhD dissertation, Boston College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1969. 7002453).\nKillen, David P. “Americanism Revisited: John Spalding and Testem Benevolentiae.” Harvard Theological Review 66#4 1973, pp. 413–54. online.\nMcAvoy, Thomas T. \"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding and the Catholic Minority (1877–1908).\" The Review of Politics 12.1 (1950): 3–19. online\nNolan, L. A. John Lancaster Spalding (1840–1916): A Catalyst for Social Reform. Journal of Catholic Education (2005). 9#2 pp 178–197 online\nNolan, Lucinda A. \"John Lancaster Spalding\" Christian Educators of the 20th Century (2023) online\nSCHAEFER, M. LUELLA. \"THE SOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF JOHN LANCASTER SPALDING'S EDUCATIONAL THEORY\" (PhD dissertation, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1962. 6403768).\nSweeney, David Francis. The Life of John Lancaster Spalding: First Bishop of Peoria, 1840-1916 (Herder and Herder, 1966), the standard scholarly biography.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Historical marker commemorating Spalding in his hometown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eminent_Theologian_historical_marker.jpg/200px-Eminent_Theologian_historical_marker.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Peoria.svg/100px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Peoria.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Louisville.svg/80px-Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Louisville.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bishop Spalding Resigns\". The Catholic Telegraph. LXXVII (38): 7. 1908-09-17 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://jstor.org/stable/community.32159275","url_text":"\"Bishop Spalding Resigns\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding\", Franciscan Sisters of Peoria\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190725203330/https://franciscansisterspeoria.org/charism/archbishop-john-lancaster-spalding","url_text":"\"\"Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding\", Franciscan Sisters of Peoria\""},{"url":"https://franciscansisterspeoria.org/charism/archbishop-john-lancaster-spalding","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding †\". Catholic-Hierarchy. 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2008-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bspalding.html","url_text":"\"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding †\""}]},{"reference":"Aspell, Albina. \"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding\". The Catholic Post. Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria. Retrieved 2008-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdop.org/diocesan-history/previous-bishops/","url_text":"\"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Peoria","url_text":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria"}]},{"reference":"\"The Heritage of CUA\". Archived from the original on 2007-07-19. Retrieved 2007-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070719071918/http://tour.cua.edu/heritage/history/founding/catholic.cfm","url_text":"\"The Heritage of CUA\""},{"url":"http://tour.cua.edu/heritage/history/founding/catholic.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Peoria\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11661b.htm","url_text":"\"Peoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Yarnall, James L. (Summer 2006). \"John La Farge's Windows for the Caldwell Sisters of Newport\" (PDF). Rhode Island History (Vol. 64, Number 2). Rhode Island Historical Society Publication. pp. 31–35. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rihs.org/assetts/files/publications/2006_Sum.pdf","url_text":"\"John La Farge's Windows for the Caldwell Sisters of Newport\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://jstor.org/stable/community.32159275","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Spalding Resigns\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mostreverendjohn00cosg/page/4","external_links_name":"Cosgrove, J.J., Most Reverend John Lancaster Spalding, First Bishop of Peoria, Wayside Press, 1960"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190725203330/https://franciscansisterspeoria.org/charism/archbishop-john-lancaster-spalding","external_links_name":"\"\"Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding\", Franciscan Sisters of Peoria\""},{"Link":"https://franciscansisterspeoria.org/charism/archbishop-john-lancaster-spalding","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bspalding.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding †\""},{"Link":"https://cdop.org/diocesan-history/previous-bishops/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop John Lancaster Spalding\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070719071918/http://tour.cua.edu/heritage/history/founding/catholic.cfm","external_links_name":"\"The Heritage of CUA\""},{"Link":"http://tour.cua.edu/heritage/history/founding/catholic.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11661b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Peoria\""},{"Link":"https://www.osfhealthcare.org/saint-francis/about/history/","external_links_name":"OSF Healthcare"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f3EhoyPNSV4C&dq=John+Lancaster+Spalding&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"Mongoven, Anne Marie. The Prophetic Spirit of Catechesis, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 41"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m0qHDsqzc20C&dq=John+Lancaster+Spalding&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"Nuesse, C. Joseph. The Catholic University of America: A Centennial History, CUA Press, 1990. p. 14, n.44"},{"Link":"http://www.rihs.org/assetts/files/publications/2006_Sum.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John La Farge's Windows for the Caldwell Sisters of Newport\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wLLPAAAAMAAJ&dq=William+Shakespeare+Caldwell&pg=PA481","external_links_name":"\"A Famous Convent School of the Southwest\", Catholic World, Issues 334-336, Paulist Fathers, 1893, p. 481"},{"Link":"https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-2001268","external_links_name":"\"Caldwell, Mary Gwendolin Byrd\", American National Biography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rVLOhGt1BX0C&dq=William+Shakespeare+Caldwell&pg=PA277","external_links_name":"\"Caldwell, Mary Gwendolyn\", Notable American Women, (Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, Paul S. Boyer, eds.), Harvard University Press, 1971"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgwAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA176","external_links_name":"The Converted Catholic, Volumes 22-23, Christ's Mission, 1905, p. 179"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W7EeBgAAQBAJ&dq=C.W.Gollar&pg=PA840","external_links_name":"\"Spalding, John Lancaster\", Encyclopedia of Louisville, (John E. Kleber, ed.) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Devonshire_Engineers | 1st Devonshire Engineers | ["1 Origins","2 Territorial Force","3 First World War","3.1 Mobilisation","3.2 Sinai and Palestine","3.3 Later war","4 Interwar","5 Second World War","5.1 Mobilisation","5.2 Bridging the Nile","5.3 Clearing minefields","5.4 Advance to Tripoli","5.5 Italy and North West Europe","6 Postwar","7 Honorary Colonels","8 Memorial","9 Notes","10 References","11 External sources"] | 1st Devonshire Engineer VolunteersDevonshire Fortress Royal Engineers116 (Devon & Cornwall) Engineer RegimentRE Cap badge (King George V cipher)Active1862–19501961–1969Country United KingdomBranch Territorial ArmyRoleCoast DefenceField EngineeringGarrison/HQTorquayExeterPlymouthEngagementsSecond Boer WarFirst World War:
Sinai and Palestine Campaign
Second World War:
North African Campaign
Second Battle of El Alamein
Italian Campaign
North West Europe Campaign
Military unit
The 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps, later the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers, was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers whose history dated back to 1862. The unit helped to defend the vital naval base of Plymouth, and supplied detachments for service in the field in both World Wars. During the North African campaign in the Second World War, the unit's sappers distinguished themselves in bridging the Nile and clearing minefields during and after the Second Battle of El Alamein. Their successors served on the postwar Territorial Army until 1969.
Origins
The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) formed at Torquay, with the first officers' commissions dated 28 January 1862.
The 1st Devonshire EVC was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Devonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps from April 1863 until August 1869, when it joined the 1st Administrative Battalion, Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers. With the reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880, the Gloucestershire Admin Bn was consolidated as the 1st Gloucestershire (Gloucester, Somerset and Devon) Engineer Volunteer Corps, with the 1st Devon providing E Company at Torquay and F Company at Exeter. The unit became the 1st Gloucestershire (The Western Counties) Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers, after the Somerset unit left in 1888. The EVC titles were abandoned in 1888, when the units became 'Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers', proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE, and then simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.
In August 1889, the Devon and Somerset companies were removed from the Gloucestershire battalion and constituted as a separate 1st Devonshire and Somersetshire RE (V), with its HQ at the Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.
The 1st Devonshire and Somerset RE (V) sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.
Territorial Force
When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) in 1908, the Devon and Somerset Engineers were split to form the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers at Plymouth and the divisional engineer companies for the Wessex Division, which were based in Somerset (except for part of the signal company, which remained at Exeter).
The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was organised as follows:
HQ at Mutley Barracks, Plymouth
No 1 Works Company at the Drill Hall, Rock Road, Torquay
Nos 2 & 3 Works Companies at Exeter
Nos 4 & 5 Electric Lights Companies at Plymouth
A new Drill Hall at Lambhay Green, Plymouth, designed in 1913, was completed in 1918.
First World War
Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, the fortress engineers moved to their war stations in the coastal defences, the Devonshire Fortress Engineers coming under the command of South Western Coast Defences HQ at Devonport, Plymouth. Shortly afterwards, the men of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and WO instructions were issued to form those men who had only signed up for Home Service into reserve or 2nd Line units. The titles of these 2nd Line units were the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. They absorbed most of the recruits that flooded in, and in many cases themselves went on active service later.
In December 1914 the 1/1st Devonshire (Works) Co sailed to Gibraltar to relieve a Regular RE company there. In the Spring of 1915 it was relieved by 1/2nd Devonshire (Works) Co. The 1/1st Devonshire then moved to the Western Front and joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It served on the Somme in 1916. The 1/2nd Devonshire was in turn relieved by another TF company in November 1916 and embarked again for service with the BEF on 17 March 1917. The 1/4th Dorset (EL) Company was also sent to Gibraltar in April 1915 to replace a Regular company.
When the TF companies of the RE received numbers in February 1917, they were assigned as follows:
567th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/1st Devon (Works) Company
568th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/2nd Devon (Works) Company
569th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/3rd Devon (Works) Company
570th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 2/1st Devon (Works) Company
571st (Devon) Works Company – probably 2/2nd Devon (Works) Company
572nd (Devon) Works Company – formerly 2/3rd Devon (Works) Company
614th (Devon) Fortress Company – formerly 1/4th Devon (Electric Lights) Company
Sinai and Palestine
Details of the service of the Devon companies are sketchy. At the end of August 1917, 571st Company officially changed its designation from 'Works' to 'Army Troops' and most of the company embarked at Southampton on 29 September (the wagons and horses followed a month later). 570th and 571st Companies disembarked at Alexandria in October, where 569th Company was already engaged on various duties around the ports and camps. At this stage of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was about to launch the Battle of Beersheba and begin its advance to capture Jerusalem. The three companies served on the vital lines of communications in Egypt and Palestine supporting the EEF for the rest of the war.
Later war
567th (Devon) Company was serving with X Corps in June 1917, and Fourth Army, by the time of the Armistice in November 1918. 568th (Devon) Company was still serving with First Army as late as June 1919. 569th, 570th and 5761st (Devon) Companies continued working on the Palestine Lines of Communications after the Armistice, 570th Company serving until at least March 1920. Having spent much if the war working in the UK, 572nd (Devon) Works Company finally embarked to join the BEF on 8 August 1918 to work on aerodrome construction for the Royal Air Force, and remained overseas until at least March 1919. 614th continued doing fortress duties in Gibraltar until it was absorbed into the Regular 33rd Fortress Company RE in 1919.
Interwar
The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was reformed at Muttley Barracks, Plymouth, in the renamed Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, forming part of the Coast Defence forces in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area. In 1933 it was amalgamated with the Cornwall Fortress Engineers at Falmouth and became the Devonshire and Cornwall (Fortress) Engineers (D&C (F) RE) with the following organisation:
No 1 (EL & Works) Company
No 2 (EL) Company
No 3 (EL) Company
No 4 (Anti-Aircraft Searchlight) Company at Falmouth – 'from Cornwall Fortress Engineers'
The Plymouth Junior Technical School Cadet Corps was attached to the unit.
Second World War
Mobilisation
Just before or shortly after war broke out in September 1939 a fifth EL&W company was added to the unit, based at Pendennis Castle under Commander, Fixed Defences, Falmouth, and No 4 Company became an independent unit (482nd (Devon & Cornwall) Searchlight Company) under the command of 55th Anti-Aircraft Brigade. The remainder of the D&C (F) RE mobilised in the Plymouth and Falmouth Defences of Southern Command. In May 1940 the fortress companies were reorganised as field companies; No 5 E&L Company left for Tiverton on 23 May 1940, having been redesignated 573rd Devon and Cornwall Army Field Company.
When VIII Corps was formed in Southern Command in June 1940, its engineers (VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers, or VIII CTRE) were provided by the Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers:
570th Corps Field Park Company
571st Army Field Company
572nd Army Field Company
573rd Army Field Company
However, in February 1941, the companies left VIII Corps and were sent to Egypt, where they became X CTRE when X Corps HQ arrived from England a few months later to join Eighth Army.
Bridging the Nile
On 20 July 1942, when Rommel was driving towards Egypt, General Headquarters (GHQ) ordered the construction of two bridges across the Nile to allow Eighth Army's armour to manoeuvre to the south if the Cairo defences were attacked. The task was assigned to X CTRE under Lt-Col E.N. Bickford. The sites chosen were at Helwan and Wasta, where the widths to be bridged were 2,688 and 2,760 feet (819 and 841 m) respectively, and the difference between high and low water was about 22 feet (6.7 m). Pontoons were unavailable, so local feluccas were used to make a bridge of boats. 572nd Field Company took on the bridge at Helwan with the assistance of a Seychelles Pioneer Company, while 571st Field Company with a Mauritius Pioneer Company built the Wasta bridge. 570th Field Park Company was responsible for stores and welding. In the event, Rommel's final drive was halted at the Battle of Alam Halfa, the Cairo defences were not required, and the bridges were dismantled in November.
Clearing minefields
Sappers demonstrating the new Mark I mine detector in North Africa, August 1942.
On 23 October, the Eighth Army under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery counter-attacked at the Second Battle of El Alamein. For the first phase, the aptly-named Operation Lightfoot, the key was to breach the extensive German minefields during the night to allow the armour formations to pass through and exploit the success of the initial bombardment and infantry assault. For this work the sappers were trained to use the recently arrived Polish mine detector (Mine detector Mark I). X Corps organised a Minefield Task Force for each of its armoured divisions: 571st Field Company was attached to 10th Armoured Division, and both 572nd and 573rd Fd Cos were with 1st Armoured Division, while 570th Fd Park Co remained with X Corps HQ.
The task of clearing lanes through the minefields went according to plan, though delayed by the scale of the minefields and the presence of pockets of enemy resistance that had not been cleared out by the attacking infantry. The southern corridor was under enemy artillery and small-arms fire, and when a truck was set on fire the illumination meant that the sappers were exposed to even more accurate fire. However, the gap was cleared by 06.30 on 24 October, and 10th Armoured passed through. Progress was slower in the northern corridor and 51st (Highland) Division had to put in a fresh attack with massed artillery support at 15.00, after which the sappers were able to clear the way for 1st Armoured to deploy during the second night. The regimental history attributes the relatively light casualties among the mine clearance parties, despite the firefights going on around them, 'to the excellence of the mine-lifting drill and the accuracy with which it was carried out'. By 4 November the German and Italian troops were in full retreat across the desert.
Advance to Tripoli
Churchill on the podium takes the salute at the Tripoli victory parade, 4 February 1943.
X CTRE followed Eighth Army's six-month advance across North Africa, repairing roads behind the advancing troops. Between Bouerat and Misourata, the unit dealt with 68 separate demolitions and craters, one involving the construction of a bridge with five 30-foot (9.1 m) spans. So many casualties were suffered from S-mines hidden among the demolitions that bulldozers were frequently called in. Captain Desmond Fitzgerald, a Regular RE officer attached to the TA Devonians of 571st Fd Co for two months from 1 January, recalled that his duties mainly involved clearing mines and booby-traps from captured landing strips before they could be used by the Royal Air Force. The company was attached to 1st Armoured Division at this time.
When the damaged port of Tripoli was captured in late January 1943, Montgomery said that his "main preoccupation was to get the harbour uncorked and ships inside, so as to get a good daily tonnage landed" and reduce reliance on the long coast road from Tobruk. 571st Army Fd Co was one of the units sent to clear debris and repair the approach roads to the quays, and then begin repairing the Spanish Mole. Despite winter storms, a shallow entrance into the harbour was ready for small craft to enter and unload by 30 January. The next task was to remove Fascist Party emblems and pictures of Benito Mussolini, and erect a special podium in the town square for a victory parade attended by Winston Churchill on 4 February. Fitzgerald recalls that the troops referred to this construction as the "oxometer" – a device for measuring bullshit.
Italy and North West Europe
X CTRE next took part in the Italian campaign of 1943–5, including the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944. The four Devon companies left X CTRE in early 1945 when they were sent to join 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. Here they were redesignated 19th GHQ TRE. The units were demobilised some time after September 1945.
Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the four Devon companies (now termed squadrons, but unusually still retaining the numbers they had borne on and off since 1917) were reformed, comprising 116 Army Engineer Regiment:
570 Field Park Squadron
571 Field Squadron
572 Field Squadron
573 Field Squadron
The regiment had its HQ at Plymouth and derived its seniority from the 1st Devonshire EVC of 1862. It formed part of 26 Engineer Group.
116 Regiment was disbanded in 1950 and its number transferred from the TA to the Supplementary Reserve (later the Army Emergency Reserve). A new 116 (Devon and Cornwall) Engineer Regiment was formed in the TA in 1961, comprising a reformed 571 Field Squadron with 409 (Cornwall) Independent Field Squadron, the latter formed in 1956 by conversion of the 409th (Cornwall) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery. When the TA was converted into the TAVR in 1967, 571 Sqn was reconstituted as B (Devon Fortress Engineers) Squadron in the Devonshire Territorials (Royal Devon Yeomanry/1st Rifle Volunteers). However, the squadron was short-lived, because the TAVR units were reduced to cadre in 1969 and the Devon Fortress Engineers lineage was discontinued.
Honorary Colonels
The following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:
Field Marshal Sir Lintorn Simmons, RE, appointed 14 July 1888
General Sir Richard Harrison, RE, appointed 20 January 1909
Memorial
There is a memorial plaque in Exeter Guildhall to the men of 570, 571, 572 and 573 Field Companies, 'formerly Devon and Cornwall Fortress Engineers', who died at home, and in North Africa and Italy during the Second World War.
Notes
^ Beckett.
^ Beckett, Appendix IX.
^ a b c d Westlake, pp. 7–8.
^ a b c d e Monthly Army List.
^ Westlake, p. 3.
^ a b Exeter at The Drill Hall Project.
^ Priory Drill Hall at Historic England.
^ Watson, pp. 42–43.
^ London Gazette, 14 October 1910
^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 12.
^ a b c d Watson & Rinaldi, p. 83.
^ a b Plymouth at The Drill Hall Project.
^ Torquay at The Drill Hall Project.
^ Plymouth at Drill Hall Project.
^ Architectural plans at Drill Hall Project.
^ Conrad.
^ Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6.
^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 69.
^ a b 'Embarkation Dates', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 162/7.
^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 63–64.
^ "Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^ RE Museum list of WWI unit war diaries.
^ 569th, 570th & 571st (Devon) AT Companies War Diaries, 1917–19, The National Archives (TNA), Kew file WO 95/4730.
^ Addison, p. 22.
^ Monthly Army List, January 1923.
^ Titles and designations, 1927.
^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 104.
^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 185.
^ Southern Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
^ 523 Coast Rgt, RA, War Diary 1940–41, TNA file WO 166/1725.
^ a b c d Watson & Rinaldi, p. 171.
^ Pakenham-Walsh, p. 364.
^ a b Pakenham-Walsh, pp. 385–395.
^ Joslen, pp. 567–569.
^ a b Pakenham-Walsh, pp. 406–408.
^ a b Fitzgerald, pp. 126–128.
^ Montgomery, p. 156.
^ "Tripoli breakwater reconstruction – evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. The original construction of these main breakwaters dates back to the Spaniards. The main breakwater on the North, known as the Spanish Mole, extended some 1900 m East North-East.
^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 293–293.
^ a b c 80–177 TA Rgts RE at British Army 1945 on.
^ 337–575 TA Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on.
^ Litchfield, p. 34.
^ The Devonshire Territorials at Regiments.org.
^ IWM WMR ref 25200.
References
Col G.H. Addison, Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War 1914–1918: The Organisation and Expansion of the Corps 1914–1918, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1926/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-845743-31-4.
Maj A. F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8.
Desmond FitzGerald, Many Parts: The Life and Travels of a Soldier, Engineer and Arbitrator in Africa and Beyond, London: I.B. Tauris, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84511-306-3.
Joslen, H. F. (2003) . Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
Norman E. H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
The Memoirs of Field Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, London: Collins, 1958.
Maj-Gen R.P. Pakenham-Walsh, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol VIII, 1938–1948, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1958.
Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927.
Col Sir Charles M. Watson, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol III, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, reprint 1954.
Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, ISBN 978-171790180-4.
R. A. Westlake, Royal Engineers (Volunteers) 1859–1908, Wembley: R. A. Westlake, 1983, ISBN 0-9508530-0-3.
External sources
British Army units from 1945 on
Mark Conrad, The British Army in 1914.
The Drill Hall Project
Great War Forum Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Historic England
Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
London Gazette
RE Museum
Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"North African campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappers"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Military unitThe 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps, later the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers, was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers whose history dated back to 1862. The unit helped to defend the vital naval base of Plymouth, and supplied detachments for service in the field in both World Wars. During the North African campaign in the Second World War, the unit's sappers distinguished themselves in bridging the Nile and clearing minefields during and after the Second Battle of El Alamein. Their successors served on the postwar Territorial Army until 1969.","title":"1st Devonshire Engineers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volunteer movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_movement"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westlake-3"},{"link_name":"1st (Exeter and South Devon) Devonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_(Exeter_and_South_Devon)_Devonshire_Rifle_Volunteer_Corps"},{"link_name":"1st Administrative Battalion, Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Administrative_Battalion,_Gloucestershire_Engineer_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"1st Gloucestershire (Gloucester, Somerset and Devon) Engineer Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Gloucestershire_(Gloucester,_Somerset_and_Devon)_Engineer_Volunteer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westlake-3"},{"link_name":"1st Gloucestershire (The Western Counties) Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Gloucestershire_(The_Western_Counties)_Engineer_Volunteers,_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westlake-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drillex-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need.[1] One such unit was the 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) formed at Torquay, with the first officers' commissions dated 28 January 1862.[2][3]The 1st Devonshire EVC was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Devonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps from April 1863 until August 1869, when it joined the 1st Administrative Battalion, Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers. With the reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880, the Gloucestershire Admin Bn was consolidated as the 1st Gloucestershire (Gloucester, Somerset and Devon) Engineer Volunteer Corps, with the 1st Devon providing E Company at Torquay and F Company at Exeter.[3] The unit became the 1st Gloucestershire (The Western Counties) Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers, after the Somerset unit left in 1888. The EVC titles were abandoned in 1888, when the units became 'Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers', proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE, and then simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.[4][5]In August 1889, the Devon and Somerset companies were removed from the Gloucestershire battalion and constituted as a separate 1st Devonshire and Somersetshire RE (V), with its HQ at the Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.[3][4][6][7]The 1st Devonshire and Somerset RE (V) sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.[8]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Wessex Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westlake-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R83-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drillplym-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drillex-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drillplym-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) in 1908, the Devon and Somerset Engineers were split to form the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers at Plymouth and the divisional engineer companies for the Wessex Division, which were based in Somerset (except for part of the signal company, which remained at Exeter).[3][9]The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was organised as follows:[4][10][11]HQ at Mutley Barracks, Plymouth[12]\nNo 1 Works Company at the Drill Hall, Rock Road, Torquay[13]\nNos 2 & 3 Works Companies at Exeter[6]\nNos 4 & 5 Electric Lights Companies at Plymouth[12]A new Drill Hall at Lambhay Green, Plymouth, designed in 1913, was completed in 1918.[14][15]","title":"Territorial Force"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devonport, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonport,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embarkation-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R83-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R83-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R63-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Mobilisation","text":"On the outbreak of war in August 1914, the fortress engineers moved to their war stations in the coastal defences, the Devonshire Fortress Engineers coming under the command of South Western Coast Defences HQ at Devonport, Plymouth.[16] Shortly afterwards, the men of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and WO instructions were issued to form those men who had only signed up for Home Service into reserve or 2nd Line units. The titles of these 2nd Line units were the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. They absorbed most of the recruits that flooded in, and in many cases themselves went on active service later.[17]In December 1914 the 1/1st Devonshire (Works) Co sailed to Gibraltar to relieve a Regular RE company there. In the Spring of 1915 it was relieved by 1/2nd Devonshire (Works) Co. The 1/1st Devonshire then moved to the Western Front and joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It served on the Somme in 1916. The 1/2nd Devonshire was in turn relieved by another TF company in November 1916 and embarked again for service with the BEF on 17 March 1917.[18][19] The 1/4th Dorset (EL) Company was also sent to Gibraltar in April 1915 to replace a Regular company.[11]When the TF companies of the RE received numbers in February 1917, they were assigned as follows:[11][20][21][22]567th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/1st Devon (Works) Company\n568th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/2nd Devon (Works) Company\n569th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/3rd Devon (Works) Company\n570th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 2/1st Devon (Works) Company\n571st (Devon) Works Company – probably 2/2nd Devon (Works) Company\n572nd (Devon) Works Company – formerly 2/3rd Devon (Works) Company\n614th (Devon) Fortress Company – formerly 1/4th Devon (Electric Lights) Company","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Sinai and Palestine Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Battle of Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)"},{"link_name":"capture Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Sinai and Palestine","text":"Details of the service of the Devon companies are sketchy. At the end of August 1917, 571st Company officially changed its designation from 'Works' to 'Army Troops' and most of the company embarked at Southampton on 29 September (the wagons and horses followed a month later). 570th and 571st Companies disembarked at Alexandria in October, where 569th Company was already engaged on various duties around the ports and camps. At this stage of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was about to launch the Battle of Beersheba and begin its advance to capture Jerusalem. The three companies served on the vital lines of communications in Egypt and Palestine supporting the EEF for the rest of the war.[23]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R83-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embarkation-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R63-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Later war","text":"567th (Devon) Company was serving with X Corps in June 1917, and Fourth Army, by the time of the Armistice in November 1918. 568th (Devon) Company was still serving with First Army as late as June 1919. 569th, 570th and 5761st (Devon) Companies continued working on the Palestine Lines of Communications after the Armistice, 570th Company serving until at least March 1920. Having spent much if the war working in the UK, 572nd (Devon) Works Company finally embarked to join the BEF on 8 August 1918 to work on aerodrome construction for the Royal Air Force, and remained overseas until at least March 1919. 614th continued doing fortress duties in Gibraltar until it was absorbed into the Regular 33rd Fortress Company RE in 1919.[11][19][20][24]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Fortress Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Fortress_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cadet Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Corps"}],"text":"The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was reformed at Muttley Barracks, Plymouth, in the renamed Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, forming part of the Coast Defence forces in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area.[25][26] In 1933 it was amalgamated with the Cornwall Fortress Engineers at Falmouth and became the Devonshire and Cornwall (Fortress) Engineers (D&C (F) RE) with the following organisation:[4][27]No 1 (EL & Works) Company\nNo 2 (EL) Company\nNo 3 (EL) Company\nNo 4 (Anti-Aircraft Searchlight) Company at Falmouth – 'from Cornwall Fortress Engineers'The Plymouth Junior Technical School Cadet Corps was attached to the unit.","title":"Interwar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pendennis Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendennis_Castle"},{"link_name":"482nd (Devon & Cornwall) Searchlight Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Fortress_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"55th Anti-Aircraft Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=55th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Command_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Tiverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_Troops,_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R171-31"},{"link_name":"X Corps HQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R171-31"}],"sub_title":"Mobilisation","text":"Just before or shortly after war broke out in September 1939 a fifth EL&W company was added to the unit, based at Pendennis Castle under Commander, Fixed Defences, Falmouth, and No 4 Company became an independent unit (482nd (Devon & Cornwall) Searchlight Company) under the command of 55th Anti-Aircraft Brigade. The remainder of the D&C (F) RE mobilised in the Plymouth and Falmouth Defences of Southern Command.[28][29] In May 1940 the fortress companies were reorganised as field companies; No 5 E&L Company left for Tiverton on 23 May 1940, having been redesignated 573rd Devon and Cornwall Army Field Company.[30]When VIII Corps was formed in Southern Command in June 1940, its engineers (VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers, or VIII CTRE) were provided by the Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers:[31]570th Corps Field Park Company\n571st Army Field Company\n572nd Army Field Company\n573rd Army Field CompanyHowever, in February 1941, the companies left VIII Corps and were sent to Egypt, where they became X CTRE when X Corps HQ arrived from England a few months later to join Eighth Army.[31]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rommel"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Helwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helwan"},{"link_name":"Pontoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge"},{"link_name":"feluccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felucca"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alam Halfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_Halfa"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Bridging the Nile","text":"On 20 July 1942, when Rommel was driving towards Egypt, General Headquarters (GHQ) ordered the construction of two bridges across the Nile to allow Eighth Army's armour to manoeuvre to the south if the Cairo defences were attacked. The task was assigned to X CTRE under Lt-Col E.N. Bickford. The sites chosen were at Helwan and Wasta, where the widths to be bridged were 2,688 and 2,760 feet (819 and 841 m) respectively, and the difference between high and low water was about 22 feet (6.7 m). Pontoons were unavailable, so local feluccas were used to make a bridge of boats. 572nd Field Company took on the bridge at Helwan with the assistance of a Seychelles Pioneer Company, while 571st Field Company with a Mauritius Pioneer Company built the Wasta bridge. 570th Field Park Company was responsible for stores and welding. In the event, Rommel's final drive was halted at the Battle of Alam Halfa, the Cairo defences were not required, and the bridges were dismantled in November.[32]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MINE_DETECTOR_IN_NORTH_AFRICA_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Operation Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"minefields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minefield"},{"link_name":"Polish mine detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_mine_detector"},{"link_name":"10th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"1st Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R171-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW385-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW385-33"}],"sub_title":"Clearing minefields","text":"Sappers demonstrating the new Mark I mine detector in North Africa, August 1942.On 23 October, the Eighth Army under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery counter-attacked at the Second Battle of El Alamein. For the first phase, the aptly-named Operation Lightfoot, the key was to breach the extensive German minefields during the night to allow the armour formations to pass through and exploit the success of the initial bombardment and infantry assault. For this work the sappers were trained to use the recently arrived Polish mine detector (Mine detector Mark I). X Corps organised a Minefield Task Force for each of its armoured divisions: 571st Field Company was attached to 10th Armoured Division, and both 572nd and 573rd Fd Cos were with 1st Armoured Division, while 570th Fd Park Co remained with X Corps HQ.[31][33][34]The task of clearing lanes through the minefields went according to plan, though delayed by the scale of the minefields and the presence of pockets of enemy resistance that had not been cleared out by the attacking infantry. The southern corridor was under enemy artillery and small-arms fire, and when a truck was set on fire the illumination meant that the sappers were exposed to even more accurate fire. However, the gap was cleared by 06.30 on 24 October, and 10th Armoured passed through. Progress was slower in the northern corridor and 51st (Highland) Division had to put in a fresh attack with massed artillery support at 15.00, after which the sappers were able to clear the way for 1st Armoured to deploy during the second night. The regimental history attributes the relatively light casualties among the mine clearance parties, despite the firefights going on around them, 'to the excellence of the mine-lifting drill and the accuracy with which it was carried out'. By 4 November the German and Italian troops were in full retreat across the desert.[33]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1943_E4141E.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Misourata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata"},{"link_name":"S-mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-mine"},{"link_name":"bulldozers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW406-35"},{"link_name":"booby-traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitz-36"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW406-35"},{"link_name":"Fascist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Party"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitz-36"}],"sub_title":"Advance to Tripoli","text":"Churchill on the podium takes the salute at the Tripoli victory parade, 4 February 1943.X CTRE followed Eighth Army's six-month advance across North Africa, repairing roads behind the advancing troops. Between Bouerat and Misourata, the unit dealt with 68 separate demolitions and craters, one involving the construction of a bridge with five 30-foot (9.1 m) spans. So many casualties were suffered from S-mines hidden among the demolitions that bulldozers were frequently called in.[35] Captain Desmond Fitzgerald, a Regular RE officer attached to the TA Devonians of 571st Fd Co for two months from 1 January, recalled that his duties mainly involved clearing mines and booby-traps from captured landing strips before they could be used by the Royal Air Force. The company was attached to 1st Armoured Division at this time.[36]When the damaged port of Tripoli was captured in late January 1943, Montgomery said that his \"main preoccupation was to get the harbour uncorked and ships inside, so as to get a good daily tonnage landed\" and reduce reliance on the long coast road from Tobruk.[37] 571st Army Fd Co was one of the units sent to clear debris and repair the approach roads to the quays, and then begin repairing the Spanish Mole.[38] Despite winter storms, a shallow entrance into the harbour was ready for small craft to enter and unload by 30 January.[35] The next task was to remove Fascist Party emblems and pictures of Benito Mussolini, and erect a special podium in the town square for a victory parade attended by Winston Churchill on 4 February. Fitzgerald recalls that the troops referred to this construction as the \"oxometer\" – a device for measuring bullshit.[36]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"crossing of the Garigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino#First_assault:_X_Corps_on_the_left,_17_January"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"North West Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"demobilised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilization"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R171-31"}],"sub_title":"Italy and North West Europe","text":"X CTRE next took part in the Italian campaign of 1943–5, including the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944. The four Devon companies left X CTRE in early 1945 when they were sent to join 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. Here they were redesignated 19th GHQ TRE. The units were demobilised some time after September 1945.[31]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R293-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80on-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80on-40"},{"link_name":"Supplementary Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia#The_Special_Reserve"},{"link_name":"409th (Cornwall) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cornwall_(Duke_of_Cornwall%27s)_Artillery_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&R293-39"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"TAVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Devonshire Territorials (Royal Devon Yeomanry/1st Rifle Volunteers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Devon_Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80on-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the four Devon companies (now termed squadrons, but unusually still retaining the numbers they had borne on and off since 1917) were reformed, comprising 116 Army Engineer Regiment:[39][40][41]570 Field Park Squadron\n571 Field Squadron\n572 Field Squadron\n573 Field SquadronThe regiment had its HQ at Plymouth and derived its seniority from the 1st Devonshire EVC of 1862. It formed part of 26 Engineer Group.[40]116 Regiment was disbanded in 1950 and its number transferred from the TA to the Supplementary Reserve (later the Army Emergency Reserve). A new 116 (Devon and Cornwall) Engineer Regiment was formed in the TA in 1961, comprising a reformed 571 Field Squadron with 409 (Cornwall) Independent Field Squadron, the latter formed in 1956 by conversion of the 409th (Cornwall) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery.[39][42] When the TA was converted into the TAVR in 1967, 571 Sqn was reconstituted as B (Devon Fortress Engineers) Squadron in the Devonshire Territorials (Royal Devon Yeomanry/1st Rifle Volunteers). However, the squadron was short-lived, because the TAVR units were reduced to cadre in 1969 and the Devon Fortress Engineers lineage was discontinued.[40][43]","title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAL-4"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal Sir Lintorn Simmons, RE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintorn_Simmons"},{"link_name":"General Sir Richard Harrison, RE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harrison_(British_Army_officer)"}],"text":"The following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:[4]Field Marshal Sir Lintorn Simmons, RE, appointed 14 July 1888\nGeneral Sir Richard Harrison, RE, appointed 20 January 1909","title":"Honorary Colonels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exeter Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Guildhall"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"There is a memorial plaque in Exeter Guildhall to the men of 570, 571, 572 and 573 Field Companies, 'formerly Devon and Cornwall Fortress Engineers', who died at home, and in North Africa and Italy during the Second World War.[44]","title":"Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Westlake_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Westlake_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Westlake_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Westlake_3-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MAL_4-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drillex_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drillex_6-1"},{"link_name":"Exeter at The Drill Hall Project.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownExeter.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Priory Drill Hall at Historic England.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1411907"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"London Gazette, 14 October 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28424/page/7232"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R83_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R83_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R83_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R83_11-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drillplym_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drillplym_12-1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth at The Drill Hall Project.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownPlymouth.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Torquay at The Drill Hall Project.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownTorquay.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Plymouth at Drill Hall Project.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownPlymouth.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Architectural plans at Drill Hall Project.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drillhalls.org/CountyImages/Devon/Plymouth%20Lambhay%20Drawings.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Embarkation_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Embarkation_19-1"},{"link_name":"The National Archives (TNA), Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R63_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R63_20-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151222112400/http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=159355"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=159355"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"RE Museum list of WWI unit war diaries.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.re-museum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Library-War-Diaries-WW1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"The National Archives (TNA), Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Southern Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=6694&page=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R171_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R171_31-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R171_31-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R171_31-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PW385_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PW385_33-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PW406_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PW406_35-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fitz_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fitz_36-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Tripoli breakwater reconstruction – evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161220053620/http://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abb378ae3-d34c-4c94-9928-9efacec3ef5e"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abb378ae3-d34c-4c94-9928-9efacec3ef5e"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R293_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W&R293_39-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80on_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80on_40-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80on_40-2"},{"link_name":"80–177 TA Rgts RE at British Army 1945 on.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/regiments-80-177-territorial-army.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"337–575 TA Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/squadrons-sr-aer-240-to-751.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"The Devonshire Territorials at Regiments.org.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051227060051/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-so/69devon.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"IWM WMR ref 25200.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/25200"}],"text":"^ Beckett.\n\n^ Beckett, Appendix IX.\n\n^ a b c d Westlake, pp. 7–8.\n\n^ a b c d e Monthly Army List.\n\n^ Westlake, p. 3.\n\n^ a b Exeter at The Drill Hall Project.\n\n^ Priory Drill Hall at Historic England.\n\n^ Watson, pp. 42–43.\n\n^ London Gazette, 14 October 1910\n\n^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 12.\n\n^ a b c d Watson & Rinaldi, p. 83.\n\n^ a b Plymouth at The Drill Hall Project.\n\n^ Torquay at The Drill Hall Project.\n\n^ Plymouth at Drill Hall Project.\n\n^ Architectural plans at Drill Hall Project.\n\n^ Conrad.\n\n^ Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6.\n\n^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 69.\n\n^ a b 'Embarkation Dates', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 162/7.\n\n^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 63–64.\n\n^ \"Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.\n\n^ RE Museum list of WWI unit war diaries.\n\n^ 569th, 570th & 571st (Devon) AT Companies War Diaries, 1917–19, The National Archives (TNA), Kew file WO 95/4730.\n\n^ Addison, p. 22.\n\n^ Monthly Army List, January 1923.\n\n^ Titles and designations, 1927.\n\n^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 104.\n\n^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 185.\n\n^ Southern Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.\n\n^ 523 Coast Rgt, RA, War Diary 1940–41, TNA file WO 166/1725.\n\n^ a b c d Watson & Rinaldi, p. 171.\n\n^ Pakenham-Walsh, p. 364.\n\n^ a b Pakenham-Walsh, pp. 385–395.\n\n^ Joslen, pp. 567–569.\n\n^ a b Pakenham-Walsh, pp. 406–408.\n\n^ a b Fitzgerald, pp. 126–128.\n\n^ Montgomery, p. 156.\n\n^ \"Tripoli breakwater reconstruction – evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. The original construction of these main breakwaters dates back to the Spaniards. The main breakwater on the North, known as the Spanish Mole, extended some 1900 m East North-East.\n\n^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 293–293.\n\n^ a b c 80–177 TA Rgts RE at British Army 1945 on.\n\n^ 337–575 TA Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on.\n\n^ Litchfield, p. 34.\n\n^ The Devonshire Territorials at Regiments.org.\n\n^ IWM WMR ref 25200.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army units from 1945 on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150829181242/http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Mark Conrad, The British Army in 1914.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060219202408/http://home.comcast.net/~markconrad/BRIT14.html"},{"link_name":"The Drill Hall Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drillhalls.org/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Great War Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151023003523/http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historicengland.org.uk"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iwm.org.uk/memorials"},{"link_name":"London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk"},{"link_name":"RE Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.re-museum.co.uk"},{"link_name":"Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm"}],"text":"British Army units from 1945 on\nMark Conrad, The British Army in 1914.\nThe Drill Hall Project\nGreat War Forum Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine\nHistoric England\nImperial War Museum, War Memorials Register\nLondon Gazette\nRE Museum\nLand Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)","title":"External sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Sappers demonstrating the new Mark I mine detector in North Africa, August 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MINE_DETECTOR_IN_NORTH_AFRICA_1942.jpg/220px-MINE_DETECTOR_IN_NORTH_AFRICA_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Churchill on the podium takes the salute at the Tripoli victory parade, 4 February 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1943_E4141E.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1943_E4141E.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112400/http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=159355","url_text":"\"Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum\""},{"url":"http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=159355","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tripoli breakwater reconstruction – evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. The original construction of these main breakwaters dates back to the Spaniards. The main breakwater on the North, known as the Spanish Mole, extended some 1900 m East North-East.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053620/http://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abb378ae3-d34c-4c94-9928-9efacec3ef5e","url_text":"\"Tripoli breakwater reconstruction – evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design\""},{"url":"http://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abb378ae3-d34c-4c94-9928-9efacec3ef5e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-474-1","url_text":"978-1-84342-474-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownExeter.htm","external_links_name":"Exeter at The Drill Hall Project."},{"Link":"https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1411907","external_links_name":"Priory Drill Hall at Historic England."},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28424/page/7232","external_links_name":"London Gazette, 14 October 1910"},{"Link":"http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownPlymouth.htm","external_links_name":"Plymouth at The Drill Hall Project."},{"Link":"http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownTorquay.htm","external_links_name":"Torquay at The Drill Hall Project."},{"Link":"http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Devon/TownPlymouth.htm","external_links_name":"Plymouth at Drill Hall Project."},{"Link":"http://www.drillhalls.org/CountyImages/Devon/Plymouth%20Lambhay%20Drawings.pdf","external_links_name":"Architectural plans at Drill Hall Project."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112400/http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=159355","external_links_name":"\"Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum\""},{"Link":"http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=159355","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.re-museum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Library-War-Diaries-WW1.pdf","external_links_name":"RE Museum list of WWI unit war diaries."},{"Link":"http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=6694&page=1","external_links_name":"Southern Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053620/http://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abb378ae3-d34c-4c94-9928-9efacec3ef5e","external_links_name":"\"Tripoli breakwater reconstruction – evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design\""},{"Link":"http://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abb378ae3-d34c-4c94-9928-9efacec3ef5e","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/regiments-80-177-territorial-army.html","external_links_name":"80–177 TA Rgts RE at British Army 1945 on."},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-engineers/squadrons-sr-aer-240-to-751.html","external_links_name":"337–575 TA Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051227060051/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-so/69devon.htm","external_links_name":"The Devonshire Territorials at Regiments.org."},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/25200","external_links_name":"IWM WMR ref 25200."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150829181242/http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/","external_links_name":"British Army units from 1945 on"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060219202408/http://home.comcast.net/~markconrad/BRIT14.html","external_links_name":"Mark Conrad, The British Army in 1914."},{"Link":"http://www.drillhalls.org/index.htm","external_links_name":"The Drill Hall Project"},{"Link":"http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php","external_links_name":"Great War Forum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151023003523/http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.historicengland.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Historic England"},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials","external_links_name":"Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/","external_links_name":"London Gazette"},{"Link":"http://www.re-museum.co.uk/","external_links_name":"RE Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm","external_links_name":"Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Maki_(1944) | Japanese destroyer Maki (1944) | ["1 Design and description","2 Construction and career","3 Citations","4 Bibliography","5 Further reading"] | Japanese Matsu-class escort destroyer
Maki underway, July or August 1944
History
Empire of Japan
NameMaki
NamesakePodocarpaceae
BuilderMaizuru Naval Arsenal
Laid down19 February 1944
Launched10 June 1944
Completed10 August 1944
Stricken5 October 1945
FateTurned over to the United Kingdom, scrapped, 14 August 1947
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeMatsu-class escort destroyer
Displacement1,282 t (1,262 long tons) (standard)
Length100 m (328 ft 1 in) (o/a)
Beam9.35 m (30 ft 8 in)
Draft3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Installed power2 × water-tube boilers; 19,000 shp (14,000 kW)
Propulsion2 shafts, 2 × geared steam turbines
Speed27.8 knots (51.5 km/h; 32.0 mph)
Range4,680 nmi (8,670 km; 5,390 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement210
Sensors and processing systems
1 × Type 22 search radar
1 × Type 13 early-warning radar
Armament
1 × twin, 1 × single 127 mm (5 in) DP guns
4 × triple, 13 × single 25 mm (1 in) AA guns
1 × quadruple 610 mm (24 in) torpedo tubes
2 × rails, 2 × throwers for 36 depth charges
Maki (槇, "Podocarpaceae") was one of 18 Matsu-class escort destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Completed in mid-1944, the ship was damaged during the Battle off Cape Engaño in October by American aircraft. After repairs she was assigned to escort duties and was torpedoed by an American submarine in early 1945. Maki resumed her duties once her damage was repaired and remained in home waters for the rest of the war.
The ship was surrendered to the Allies at the end of the war and used to repatriate Japanese troops until 1947. Mid-year the destroyer was turned over to the United Kingdom and later scrapped.
Design and description
Designed for ease of production, the Matsu class was smaller, slower and more lightly armed than the IJN's previous destroyers. This was because they were intended to be used for second-line duties like escorting convoys, releasing the larger ships for missions with the fleet. The ships measured 100 meters (328 ft 1 in) long overall, with a beam of 9.35 meters (30 ft 8 in) and a draft of 3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in). Their crew numbered 210 officers and enlisted men. They displaced 1,282 metric tons (1,262 long tons) at standard load and 1,554 metric tons (1,529 long tons) at deep load. The ships had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of 19,000 shaft horsepower (14,000 kW) for a speed of 27.8 knots (51.5 km/h; 32.0 mph). The Matsus had a range of 4,680 nautical miles (8,670 km; 5,390 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).
The main armament of the Matsu-class ships consisted of three 127-millimeter (5 in) Type 89 dual-purpose guns in one twin-gun mount aft and one single mount forward of the superstructure. The single mount was partially protected against spray by a gun shield. The accuracy of the Type 89 guns was severely reduced against aircraft because no high-angle gunnery director was fitted. The ships carried a total of 25 Type 96 25-millimeter (1 in) anti-aircraft guns in 4 triple and 13 single mounts. The Matsus were equipped with Type 13 early-warning and Type 22 surface-search radars. The ships were also armed with a single rotating quadruple mount amidships for 610-millimeter (24 in) torpedoes. They could deliver their 36 depth charges via two stern rails and two throwers.
Construction and career
Authorized in the late 1942 Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Program, Maki was laid down on 19 February 1944 at the Maizuru Naval Arsenal and launched on 10 June. Upon her completion on 10 August, Maki was assigned to Destroyer Squadron 11 of the Combined Fleet for training. The ship was assigned to Destroyer Division 43, Escort Squadron 31 of the Combined Fleet on 30 September and participated in the Battle off Cape Engaño on 25 October as part of Vice-admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's Northern Force. During the battle she rescued 150 survivors from the sunken destroyer Akizuki and later attempted to rescue survivors from the light aircraft carrier Chiyoda. Maki was moderately damaged by American aircraft from Task Force 38 that hit her with one bomb and near-missed with several others; the bombs damaged her rudder and limited her speed to 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). The aircraft killed 31 members of Maki's crew and 4 rescuees from Akizuki.
Escort Squadron 31 was transferred to the 5th Fleet on 20 November and the destroyer helped to escort the battleship Haruna and the aircraft carrier Jun'yō from Mako, Japanese Taiwan, back to Japan on 6–10 December. Enroute she was torpedoed by the American submarine Plaice on 9 December. Struck by a single torpedo in the bow, Maki was subsequently repaired at Sasebo Naval Arsenal. The squadron rejoined the Combined Fleet on 5 February 1945, but was briefly assigned to the 2nd Fleet from 15 March to 20 April. The ship was transferred to Kure on 26 March, but spent the rest of the war in the Seto Inland Sea. Together with her sister ship Kaya and the destroyer Hanazuki, Maki helped to escort the battleship Yamato through the Inland Sea on 6 April, with the Yamato heading for a suicide attack against allied forces on Okinawa, as a part of Operation Ten-Go, although Maki only went as far as the Bungo Straight. The destroyer was turned over to Allied forces at Kure at the time of the surrender of Japan on 2 September and was stricken from the navy list on 5 October. She was disarmed and used to repatriate Japanese personnel in 1945–1947. Maki was turned over to Great Britain on 14 August of the latter year and subsequently scrapped.
Citations
^ Stille, p. 38
^ a b Sturton, p. 196
^ Stille, p. 45
^ Whitley, p. 206
^ a b Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 151
^ a b Stille, p. 41
^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 152
^ Stille, p. 40
^ a b c Nevitt
^ Reynolds, p. 166
Bibliography
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
Nevitt, Allyn D. (1998). "IJN Maki: Tabular Record of Movement". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
Reynolds, Clark G (1982). The Carrier War. Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0-8094-3304-9.
Stille, Mark (2013). Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers 1919–45 (2): Asahio to Tachibana Classes. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-987-6.
Sturton, Ian (1980). "Japan". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.
Further reading
Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
vteMatsu-class destroyers Imperial Japanese Navy
Matsu
Take
Ume
Momo
Kuwa
Kiri
Sugi
Maki
Momi
Kashi
Kaya
Nara
Sakura
Yanagi
Tsubaki
Hinoki
Kaede
Keyaki
Republic of China Navy
Hengyang (ex-Kaede)
Huiyang (ex-Sugi)
Soviet Navy
Volevoy / TsL-23 (ex-Kaya)
Vozrozhdionny / TsL-25 / PM-65 (ex-Kiri)
Preceded by: Shimakaze
Followed by: Tachibana class
List of destroyers of Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Podocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Matsu-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"escort destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer#Later_combat"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Battle off Cape Engaño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Enga%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"repatriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriate"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"Japanese Matsu-class escort destroyerMaki (槇, \"Podocarpaceae\") was one of 18 Matsu-class escort destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Completed in mid-1944, the ship was damaged during the Battle off Cape Engaño in October by American aircraft. After repairs she was assigned to escort duties and was torpedoed by an American submarine in early 1945. Maki resumed her duties once her damage was repaired and remained in home waters for the rest of the war.The ship was surrendered to the Allies at the end of the war and used to repatriate Japanese troops until 1947. Mid-year the destroyer was turned over to the United Kingdom and later scrapped.","title":"Japanese destroyer Maki (1944)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g6-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"metric tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Standard_displacement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kampon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampon"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"propeller shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3-5"},{"link_name":"127-millimeter (5 in) Type 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12.7_cm/40_Type_89_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"dual-purpose guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-purpose_gun"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"spray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)"},{"link_name":"gun shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_shield"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(military)"},{"link_name":"Type 96 25-millimeter (1 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_Gun"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"Type 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_World_War_II_radar#Land-based_Radar"},{"link_name":"early-warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-warning_radar"},{"link_name":"Type 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_World_War_II_radar#Shipborne_Radar"},{"link_name":"search radars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_radar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1-6"},{"link_name":"amidships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidships"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g6-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1-6"}],"text":"Designed for ease of production, the Matsu class was smaller, slower and more lightly armed than the IJN's previous destroyers. This was because they were intended to be used for second-line duties like escorting convoys, releasing the larger ships for missions with the fleet.[1] The ships measured 100 meters (328 ft 1 in) long overall, with a beam of 9.35 meters (30 ft 8 in) and a draft of 3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in).[2] Their crew numbered 210 officers and enlisted men.[3] They displaced 1,282 metric tons (1,262 long tons) at standard load and 1,554 metric tons (1,529 long tons) at deep load.[4] The ships had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of 19,000 shaft horsepower (14,000 kW) for a speed of 27.8 knots (51.5 km/h; 32.0 mph). The Matsus had a range of 4,680 nautical miles (8,670 km; 5,390 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[5]The main armament of the Matsu-class ships consisted of three 127-millimeter (5 in) Type 89 dual-purpose guns in one twin-gun mount aft and one single mount forward of the superstructure. The single mount was partially protected against spray by a gun shield. The accuracy of the Type 89 guns was severely reduced against aircraft because no high-angle gunnery director was fitted. The ships carried a total of 25 Type 96 25-millimeter (1 in) anti-aircraft guns in 4 triple and 13 single mounts. The Matsus were equipped with Type 13 early-warning and Type 22 surface-search radars.[6] The ships were also armed with a single rotating quadruple mount amidships for 610-millimeter (24 in) torpedoes. They could deliver their 36 depth charges via two stern rails and two throwers.[2][6]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_5th_Naval_Armaments_Supplement_Programme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_down"},{"link_name":"Maizuru Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizuru_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Combined Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Vice-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-admiral"},{"link_name":"Jisaburō Ozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa"},{"link_name":"Akizuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Akizuki_(1941)"},{"link_name":"light aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chiyoda"},{"link_name":"Task Force 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_38"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-9"},{"link_name":"5th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Haruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Jun'yō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Jun%27y%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Mako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magong"},{"link_name":"Japanese Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Plaice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Plaice"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"2nd Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Kure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"sister ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Kaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kaya_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Hanazuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hanazuki"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-9"},{"link_name":"Operation Ten-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bungo Straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungo_Channel"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_list"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3-5"}],"text":"Authorized in the late 1942 Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Program,[7] Maki was laid down on 19 February 1944 at the Maizuru Naval Arsenal and launched on 10 June.[8] Upon her completion on 10 August, Maki was assigned to Destroyer Squadron 11 of the Combined Fleet for training. The ship was assigned to Destroyer Division 43, Escort Squadron 31 of the Combined Fleet on 30 September and participated in the Battle off Cape Engaño on 25 October as part of Vice-admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's Northern Force. During the battle she rescued 150 survivors from the sunken destroyer Akizuki and later attempted to rescue survivors from the light aircraft carrier Chiyoda. Maki was moderately damaged by American aircraft from Task Force 38 that hit her with one bomb and near-missed with several others; the bombs damaged her rudder and limited her speed to 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). The aircraft killed 31 members of Maki's crew and 4 rescuees from Akizuki.[9]Escort Squadron 31 was transferred to the 5th Fleet on 20 November and the destroyer helped to escort the battleship Haruna and the aircraft carrier Jun'yō from Mako, Japanese Taiwan, back to Japan on 6–10 December. Enroute she was torpedoed by the American submarine Plaice on 9 December. Struck by a single torpedo in the bow, Maki was subsequently repaired at Sasebo Naval Arsenal. The squadron rejoined the Combined Fleet on 5 February 1945, but was briefly assigned to the 2nd Fleet from 15 March to 20 April. The ship was transferred to Kure on 26 March, but spent the rest of the war in the Seto Inland Sea. Together with her sister ship Kaya and the destroyer Hanazuki, Maki helped to escort the battleship Yamato through the Inland Sea on 6 April,[9] with the Yamato heading for a suicide attack against allied forces on Okinawa, as a part of Operation Ten-Go,[10] although Maki only went as far as the Bungo Straight. The destroyer was turned over to Allied forces at Kure at the time of the surrender of Japan on 2 September and was stricken from the navy list on 5 October.[9] She was disarmed and used to repatriate Japanese personnel in 1945–1947. Maki was turned over to Great Britain on 14 August of the latter year and subsequently scrapped.[5]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g6_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g6_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-j3_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-j3_5-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s1_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s1_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ne_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ne_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ne_9-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Stille, p. 38\n\n^ a b Sturton, p. 196\n\n^ Stille, p. 45\n\n^ Whitley, p. 206\n\n^ a b Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 151\n\n^ a b Stille, p. 41\n\n^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 152\n\n^ Stille, p. 40\n\n^ a b c Nevitt\n\n^ Reynolds, p. 166","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-893-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X"},{"link_name":"\"IJN Maki: Tabular Record of Movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.combinedfleet.com/maki_t.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8094-3304-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-3304-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84908-987-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-987-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-146-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7"},{"link_name":"Whitley, M. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Whitley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-326-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1"}],"text":"Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.\nNevitt, Allyn D. (1998). \"IJN Maki: Tabular Record of Movement\". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 21 September 2020.\nReynolds, Clark G (1982). The Carrier War. Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0-8094-3304-9.\nStille, Mark (2013). Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers 1919–45 (2): Asahio to Tachibana Classes. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-987-6.\nSturton, Ian (1980). \"Japan\". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.\nWhitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rohwer, Jürgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59114-119-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Matsu_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Matsu_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matsu_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Matsu-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Matsu_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Take_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Ume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Ume_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Momo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Momo_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kuwa_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kiri_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Sugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sugi_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Maki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Momi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Momi_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kashi_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kaya_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Nara_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sakura_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Yanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yanagi_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Tsubaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Tsubaki_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Hinoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hinoki_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Kaede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kaede_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Keyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Keyaki_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"Hengyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kaede_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Huiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sugi_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Volevoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kaya_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Vozrozhdionny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kiri_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Shimakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shimakaze_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Tachibana class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"List of destroyers of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_Japan"}],"text":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.vteMatsu-class destroyers Imperial Japanese Navy\nMatsu\nTake\nUme\nMomo\nKuwa\nKiri\nSugi\nMaki\nMomi\nKashi\nKaya\nNara\nSakura\nYanagi\nTsubaki\nHinoki\nKaede\nKeyaki\n Republic of China Navy\nHengyang (ex-Kaede)\nHuiyang (ex-Sugi)\n Soviet Navy\nVolevoy / TsL-23 (ex-Kaya)\nVozrozhdionny / TsL-25 / PM-65 (ex-Kiri)\n\nPreceded by: Shimakaze\nFollowed by: Tachibana class\n\nList of destroyers of Japan","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X","url_text":"0-87021-893-X"}]},{"reference":"Nevitt, Allyn D. (1998). \"IJN Maki: Tabular Record of Movement\". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 21 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/maki_t.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Maki: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Clark G (1982). The Carrier War. Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0-8094-3304-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-3304-9","url_text":"978-0-8094-3304-9"}]},{"reference":"Stille, Mark (2013). Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers 1919–45 (2): Asahio to Tachibana Classes. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-987-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-987-6","url_text":"978-1-84908-987-6"}]},{"reference":"Sturton, Ian (1980). \"Japan\". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Whitley","url_text":"Whitley, M. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1","url_text":"0-87021-326-1"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/maki_t.htm","external_links_name":"\"IJN Maki: Tabular Record of Movement\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Prze%C5%BAdziecki | Wacław Przeździecki | ["1 References"] | Wacław Przeździecki
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Wacław Jan Przeździecki (Polish pronunciation: ; 15 July 1883 – 29 June 1964) was a Polish military commander and Brigadier General of the Polish Army. During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, he was the commanding officer of the reserve Wołkowysk Cavalry Brigade that fought in the battle of Grodno.
Wacław Jan Przeździecki was born on 15 July 1883 in Leśmierz near Łęczyca to a family of old Polish gentry of Pierzchała Coat of Arms, deprived of all their property by the Russian authorities after the January Uprising. In 1903 he graduated from the Higher Trade School in Łódź, after which he joined the Technological Institute in Kharkiv (modern Ukraine). In 1904 he was relegated from the institute for being a member of a secret Polish resistance organisation. The only school to accept him was a military college in Kazan, from which he graduated in 1906. Przeździecki then joined the Imperial Russian Army and served as an adjutant in the officers school and the 260th Infantry Regiment stationed in Batum.
In 1913 he was promoted to the rank of Captain. During the First World War he served with distinction in the first line as the company and then battalion commander. After receiving a heavy wound in Prussia, he was declared ineligible for service and dismissed. After the February Revolution he joined various Polish organisations in Russia, including the Central Polish Military Committee (NPKW), and fought in the ranks of the 1st Polish Corps during the Russian Civil War. In 1918 he returned to Poland and joined the renascent Polish Army. As the commanding officer of the Polish 12th Infantry Division he fought in the Polish-Bolshevik War. After the Peace of Riga he remained in service at various staff posts. In 1926 he became the commanding officer of the Polish 21st Mountain Infantry Division and the following year he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. Retired in 1936, he settled in a small villa in Natolin, several kilometres to the south of Warsaw.
During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, he returned to active service and took part in formation of various reserve and improvised units for the German and then Soviet fronts. As the commanding officer of the Wołkowysk Cavalry Brigade he took part in the battle of Grodno, one of the most important Polish-Soviet battles of the war. After the battle he crossed the border with Lithuania, where he was interned with his soldiers. In 1940 however, after the Baltic States were annexed by the Soviet Union he was arrested by the NKVD and sent to the Kozielsk camp. Soon afterwards he was transferred to Lubyanka prison, where he was offered to lead a Polish Division created as an ally of the Soviet Union. When he refused and relied his reaction on the decision of the Polish Government in Exile, he was transferred to a special NKVD detention centre in Gryazovets.
After the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement he was released from the prison and allowed to join the Polish II Corps, with which he moved to Persia, Iraq and finally to Palestine. There he was judged (at age 58) to be too elderly for active service. After the war he remained in Palestine, and in 1947 moved to Great Britain, where he was given a role at the Polish Hospital in Penley, Wales. Wacław Przeździecki died there on 29 June 1964, aged 80.
Among the most notable of his military decorations were the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari, Commander's Cross of the Polonia Restituta, Cross of Independence (Krzyż Niepodległości), and the Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych), three times.
References
^ a b c d "WACŁAW JANPRZEŹDZIECKI". iPSB (in Polish). Archived from the original on 7 August 2020.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈvat͡swaf pʂɛʑˈd͡ʑɛt͡skʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPSB-1"},{"link_name":"Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Army"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)"},{"link_name":"battle of Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Leśmierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%9Bmierz"},{"link_name":"Łęczyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Pierzchała Coat of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierzcha%C5%82a_Coat_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"January 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During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, he was the commanding officer of the reserve Wołkowysk Cavalry Brigade that fought in the battle of Grodno.Wacław Jan Przeździecki was born on 15 July 1883 in Leśmierz near Łęczyca to a family of old Polish gentry of Pierzchała Coat of Arms,[citation needed] deprived of all their property by the Russian authorities after the January Uprising.[1] In 1903 he graduated from the Higher Trade School in Łódź, after which he joined the Technological Institute in Kharkiv (modern Ukraine). In 1904 he was relegated from the institute for being a member of a secret Polish resistance organisation.[citation needed] The only school to accept him was a military college in Kazan, from which he graduated in 1906. Przeździecki then joined the Imperial Russian Army and served as an adjutant in the officers school and the 260th Infantry Regiment stationed in Batum.[1]In 1913 he was promoted to the rank of Captain.[citation needed] During the First World War he served with distinction in the first line as the company and then battalion commander. After receiving a heavy wound in Prussia, he was declared ineligible for service and dismissed.[1] After the February Revolution he joined various Polish organisations in Russia, including the Central Polish Military Committee (NPKW), and fought in the ranks of the 1st Polish Corps during the Russian Civil War. In 1918 he returned to Poland and joined the renascent Polish Army. As the commanding officer of the Polish 12th Infantry Division he fought in the Polish-Bolshevik War. After the Peace of Riga he remained in service at various staff posts. In 1926 he became the commanding officer of the Polish 21st Mountain Infantry Division and the following year he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. Retired in 1936, he settled in a small villa in Natolin, several kilometres to the south of Warsaw.During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, he returned to active service and took part in formation of various reserve and improvised units for the German and then Soviet fronts. As the commanding officer of the Wołkowysk Cavalry Brigade he took part in the battle of Grodno, one of the most important Polish-Soviet battles of the war. After the battle he crossed the border with Lithuania, where he was interned with his soldiers. In 1940 however, after the Baltic States were annexed by the Soviet Union he was arrested by the NKVD and sent to the Kozielsk camp. Soon afterwards he was transferred to Lubyanka prison, where he was offered to lead a Polish Division created as an ally of the Soviet Union. When he refused and relied his reaction on the decision of the Polish Government in Exile, he was transferred to a special NKVD detention centre in Gryazovets.After the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement he was released from the prison and allowed to join the Polish II Corps, with which he moved to Persia, Iraq and finally to Palestine. There he was judged (at age 58) to be too elderly for active service. After the war he remained in Palestine, and in 1947 moved to Great Britain, where he was given a role at the Polish Hospital in Penley, Wales. Wacław Przeździecki died there on 29 June 1964, aged 80.Among the most notable of his military decorations were the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari, Commander's Cross of the Polonia Restituta, Cross of Independence (Krzyż Niepodległości), and the Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych), three times.","title":"Wacław Przeździecki"}] | [{"image_text":"Wacław Przeździecki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wac%C5%82aw_Prze%C5%BAdziecki.jpg/185px-Wac%C5%82aw_Prze%C5%BAdziecki.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"WACŁAW JANPRZEŹDZIECKI\". iPSB (in Polish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresonara | Fresonara | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 44°46′N 8°41′E / 44.767°N 8.683°E / 44.767; 8.683Comune in Piedmont, ItalyFresonaraComuneComune di FresonaraTown hall.
Coat of armsLocation of Fresonara
FresonaraLocation of Fresonara in ItalyShow map of ItalyFresonaraFresonara (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 44°46′N 8°41′E / 44.767°N 8.683°E / 44.767; 8.683CountryItalyRegionPiedmontProvinceAlessandria (AL)Government • MayorPaola PenoviArea • Total6.93 km2 (2.68 sq mi)Elevation143 m (469 ft)Population (31 July 2017) • Total660 • Density95/km2 (250/sq mi)DemonymFresonaresiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code15060Dialing code0143Saint daySeptember 8WebsiteOfficial website
Fresonara (Piedmontese: Fërsnèira) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Alessandria.
Fresonara borders the following municipalities: Basaluzzo, Bosco Marengo, and Predosa.
In 1404 it was destroyed by Facino Cane. It was annexed to the possessione of the House of Savoy in the 18th century.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Province of Alessandria
Acqui Terme
Albera Ligure
Alessandria
Alfiano Natta
Alice Bel Colle
Alluvioni Piovera
Altavilla Monferrato
Alzano Scrivia
Arquata Scrivia
Avolasca
Balzola
Basaluzzo
Bassignana
Belforte Monferrato
Bergamasco
Berzano di Tortona
Bistagno
Borghetto di Borbera
Borgo San Martino
Borgoratto Alessandrino
Bosco Marengo
Bosio
Bozzole
Brignano-Frascata
Cabella Ligure
Camagna Monferrato
Camino
Cantalupo Ligure
Capriata d'Orba
Carbonara Scrivia
Carentino
Carezzano
Carpeneto
Carrega Ligure
Carrosio
Cartosio
Casal Cermelli
Casale Monferrato
Casaleggio Boiro
Casalnoceto
Casasco
Cassano Spinola
Cassine
Cassinelle
Castellania Coppi
Castellar Guidobono
Castellazzo Bormida
Castelletto Merli
Castelletto Monferrato
Castelletto d'Erro
Castelletto d'Orba
Castelnuovo Bormida
Castelnuovo Scrivia
Castelspina
Cavatore
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Coniolo
Conzano
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Cremolino
Denice
Dernice
Fabbrica Curone
Felizzano
Fraconalto
Francavilla Bisio
Frascaro
Frassinello Monferrato
Frassineto Po
Fresonara
Frugarolo
Fubine Monferrato
Gabiano
Gamalero
Garbagna
Gavi
Giarole
Gremiasco
Grognardo
Grondona
Guazzora
Isola Sant'Antonio
Lerma
Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato
Malvicino
Masio
Melazzo
Merana
Mirabello Monferrato
Molare
Molino dei Torti
Mombello Monferrato
Momperone
Moncestino
Mongiardino Ligure
Monleale
Montacuto
Montaldeo
Montaldo Bormida
Montecastello
Montechiaro d'Acqui
Montegioco
Montemarzino
Morano sul Po
Morbello
Mornese
Morsasco
Murisengo
Novi Ligure
Occimiano
Odalengo Grande
Odalengo Piccolo
Olivola
Orsara Bormida
Ottiglio
Ovada
Oviglio
Ozzano Monferrato
Paderna
Pareto
Parodi Ligure
Pasturana
Pecetto di Valenza
Pietra Marazzi
Pomaro Monferrato
Pontecurone
Pontestura
Ponti
Ponzano Monferrato
Ponzone
Pozzol Groppo
Pozzolo Formigaro
Prasco
Predosa
Quargnento
Quattordio
Ricaldone
Rivalta Bormida
Rivarone
Rocca Grimalda
Roccaforte Ligure
Rocchetta Ligure
Rosignano Monferrato
Sala Monferrato
Sale
San Cristoforo
San Giorgio Monferrato
San Salvatore Monferrato
San Sebastiano Curone
Sant'Agata Fossili
Sardigliano
Sarezzano
Serralunga di Crea
Serravalle Scrivia
Sezzadio
Silvano d'Orba
Solero
Solonghello
Spigno Monferrato
Spineto Scrivia
Stazzano
Strevi
Tagliolo Monferrato
Tassarolo
Terruggia
Terzo
Ticineto
Tortona
Treville
Trisobbio
Valenza
Valmacca
Vignale Monferrato
Vignole Borbera
Viguzzolo
Villadeati
Villalvernia
Villamiroglio
Villanova Monferrato
Villaromagnano
Visone
Volpedo
Volpeglino
Voltaggio
This article on a location in the Province of Alessandria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piedmontese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_language"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"province of Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Basaluzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaluzzo"},{"link_name":"Bosco Marengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosco_Marengo"},{"link_name":"Predosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predosa"},{"link_name":"Facino Cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facino_Cane"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"}],"text":"Comune in Piedmont, ItalyFresonara (Piedmontese: Fërsnèira) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Alessandria.Fresonara borders the following municipalities: Basaluzzo, Bosco Marengo, and Predosa.In 1404 it was destroyed by Facino Cane. It was annexed to the possessione of the House of Savoy in the 18th century.","title":"Fresonara"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fresonara¶ms=44_46_N_8_41_E_type:city(703)_region:IT","external_links_name":"44°46′N 8°41′E / 44.767°N 8.683°E / 44.767; 8.683"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fresonara¶ms=44_46_N_8_41_E_type:city(703)_region:IT","external_links_name":"44°46′N 8°41′E / 44.767°N 8.683°E / 44.767; 8.683"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.fresonara.al.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresonara&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violant_of_Hungary | Violant of Hungary | ["1 Family","2 Queenship","3 Death and burial","4 Posterity","5 References","6 Sources"] | For the Polish princess and nun, see Yolanda of Poland.
Queen consort of Aragon
Violant of HungaryQueen consort of AragonTenure1235 – 1251Bornc. 1215Diedc. 1251 (aged 36)?BurialMonastery of Santa Maria de VallbonaSpouseJames I of AragonIssue
Yolanda, Queen of Castile
Constance, Infanta of Castile
Peter III of Aragon
James II of Majorca
Isabella, Queen of France
HouseÁrpádFatherAndrew II of HungaryMotherYolanda de Courtenay
Violant of Hungary (Hungarian: Jolán; Catalan: Iolanda or Violant d'Hongria; Spanish: Yolanda or Violante de Hungría; c. 1215 – c. 1251) was the queen of Aragon from 1235 until 1251 as the second wife of King James I of Aragon. A member of the Hungarian House of Árpád, Queen Violant was a valuable and influential advisor of her husband. She remains in folk memory in Catalonia and Valencia.
Family
Violant was born at Esztergom circa 1215, the only child of King Andrew II of Hungary and his second wife, Yolanda of Courtenay. Violant married King James I of Aragon in 1235. James had already been married to Eleanor of Castile, but he had this marriage annulled on the basis of consanguinity in 1229. He and Eleanor had a son, Alfonso, who was considered legitimate, but who died before James.
James and Violant had ten children:
Violant (1236–1301), Queen of Castile by her marriage to Alfonso X of Castile
Constance (1239–1269)
Peter III of Aragon (1240–1285)
James II of Majorca (1243–1311)
Ferdinand (1245–1250)
Sancha (1246–1251)
Isabella (1247–1271), Queen of France by her marriage to Philip III of France
Maria (1248–1267), nun
Sancho (1250–1275), Archbishop of Toledo
Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
Queenship
A large number of Hungarian knights escorted the queen to her new homeland with the leadership of Denis of Hungary. Queen Violant was a woman of talent and character. Next to King James I, she had an important political role in the Crown of Aragon. She was one of the most valuable advisors of the king, on whom she had a strong influence. She intervened decisively in international agreements as important as the Treaty of Almizra with Castile (1244). It was signed with the condition that Zayyan ibn Mardanish surrender of the city of Valencia, into which she triumphantly entered with her husband on 9 October 1238.
Death and burial
Violant reportedly died in September 1251. Jerónimo Zurita, in his Anales de Aragon, mentions this discrepancy, and writes that while some annals state that Violant died in Santa María de Salas in 1251, others report that she lived for a few years after (the probable sources of the 1253 date), and that she only made her will and testament in Huesca in 1251. Zurita continues that her will stipulated her burial at Vallbona, bequeathed the county of Posana (Pozsony) to her sons Peter, James, and Sancho (Pozsony being in the possession of her half-brother Béla IV of Hungary, but apparently left to her by her mother Queen Yolanda), and mentioned that she had 5 daughters with the king.
Violant and her daughter Sancha's remains are at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona in Vallbona de les Monges, Catalonia. Violant chose burial in that monastery, as she was a benefactor. Her tomb, placed along the wall on the right of the chancel, is fairly simple. It is raised on two pillars decorated with individual gold crosses inscribed in red (gules) circles, and has a gabled lid of white stone. In the center of the lid is a cross with the same characteristics as those on the pillars, but larger and without color. The only ornamentations on the box itself are three depictions of her husband's royal coat of arms – one on the visible side and one at each end. The Queen's remains were moved to the tomb in 1275, as indicated by the inscription on the visible side of the box: Fuit translata donna | Violán regina | Aragonum | anno 1275. In 2002, the Hungarian government financed a restoration of her tomb, costing 12,000 euros, but the monastic community denied permission to study its interior. Violant is the only member of the Árpád dynasty whose remains are undisturbed.
James I remarried one more time, to Teresa Gil de Vidaure, who was previously his mistress.
Posterity
Since the nineteenth century, streets have been dedicated to Queen Violant in Barcelona, Zaragoza, and other cities in the counties and kingdoms of the former Crown of Aragon. 9 October is the national day of the Valencian Community, which commemorates the Christian reconquest and the day on which James I and Violant entered the city. The celebration is known as the Mocadorada of Sant Dionís, since 9 October is the feast day of Saint Denis of Paris. Men typically give their partners a scarf (mocador) containing candied fruits and vegetables made of marzipan; these candies represent the fruits and vegetables that Valencian Muslims offered James and Violant when they entered the city, according to legend.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Violant of Hungary.
^ Martin 2012, p. 1089.
^ Laszlovzky 2016, p. 91.
^ Woodacre 2013, p. 52.
^ a b c d e Smith & Buffery 2010, p. 139.
^ Widmayer 1994, p. 249.
Sources
Laszlovzky, Jozsef (2016). "Local tradition or European patterns? The grave of Queen Gertrude in the Pilis Cistercian Abbey". In Jaritz, Gerhard; Szende, Katalin (eds.). Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus. Routledge. pp. 81–98.
Martin, Theresa, ed. (2012). Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture. Brill.
Smith, Damian J.; Buffery, Helen, eds. (2010). The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon. Ashgate Publishing.
Widmayer, Jeffrey S. (1994). "The Chronicle of Montpellier H119:Text, Translation and Commentary". In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle IV. Rodopi. pp. 231–261.
Woodacre, Elena, ed. (2013). Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras. Palgrave Macmillan.
Violant of Hungary House of ÁrpádBorn: circa 1215 Died: 12 October 1251
Royal titles
Preceded byEleanor of Castile
Queen consort of Aragon 1235–1253
Succeeded byConstance of Sicily
New title
Queen consort of Majorca 1235–1253
Succeeded byEsclaramunda of Foix
Queen consort of Valencia 1238–1253
Succeeded byConstance of Sicily
vteRoyal consorts of AragonHouse of Jiménez
Ermesinda of Bigorre
Agnes
Isabella of Urgell
Felicia of Roucy
Agnes of Aquitaine
Bertha
Urraca of León
Agnes of Aquitaine
Ramon Berengeur IV of Barcelona
House of Barcelona
Sancha of Castile
Maria of Montpellier
Eleanor of Castile
Violant of Hungary
Constance of Sicily
Isabella of Castile
Blanche of Anjou
Marie of Lusignan
Elisenda of Montcada
Eleanor of Castile
Maria of Navarre
Eleanor of Portugal
Eleanor of Sicily
Sibila de Fortià
Violant of Bar
Maria de Luna
Margaret of Prades
House of Trastámara
Eleanor of Alburquerque
Maria of Castile
Juana Enríquez
Isabella I of Castile
Germaine of Foix
House of Habsburg
Isabella of Portugal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Catalonia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yolanda of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"queen of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_consorts"},{"link_name":"James I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"House of Árpád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d"},{"link_name":"folk memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_memory"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For the Polish princess and nun, see Yolanda of Poland.Queen consort of AragonViolant of Hungary (Hungarian: Jolán; Catalan: Iolanda or Violant d'Hongria; Spanish: Yolanda or Violante de Hungría; c. 1215 – c. 1251) was the queen of Aragon from 1235 until 1251 as the second wife of King James I of Aragon. A member of the Hungarian House of Árpád, Queen Violant was a valuable and influential advisor of her husband. She remains in folk memory in Catalonia and Valencia.[citation needed]","title":"Violant of Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom"},{"link_name":"Andrew II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Yolanda of Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_of_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20121089-1"},{"link_name":"James I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaszlovzky201691-2"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile_(died_1244)"},{"link_name":"Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_of_Bigorre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Violant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violant_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre201352-3"},{"link_name":"Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Lady_of_Villena"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBuffery2010139-4"},{"link_name":"Peter III of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBuffery2010139-4"},{"link_name":"James II of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBuffery2010139-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBuffery2010139-4"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBuffery2010139-4"},{"link_name":"Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_of_Aragon_(1250-1275)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toledo"}],"text":"Violant was born at Esztergom circa 1215, the only child of King Andrew II of Hungary and his second wife, Yolanda of Courtenay.[1] Violant married King James I of Aragon in 1235.[2] James had already been married to Eleanor of Castile, but he had this marriage annulled on the basis of consanguinity in 1229. He and Eleanor had a son, Alfonso, who was considered legitimate, but who died before James.James and Violant had ten children:Violant (1236–1301), Queen of Castile by her marriage to Alfonso X of Castile[3]\nConstance (1239–1269)[4]\nPeter III of Aragon (1240–1285)[4]\nJames II of Majorca (1243–1311)[4]\nFerdinand (1245–1250)[4]\nSancha (1246–1251)\nIsabella (1247–1271), Queen of France by her marriage to Philip III of France[4]\nMaria (1248–1267), nun\nSancho (1250–1275), Archbishop of Toledo\nEleanor (born 1251, died young)","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denis of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Almizra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Almizra"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Zayyan ibn Mardanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayyan_ibn_Mardanish"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"}],"text":"A large number of Hungarian knights escorted the queen to her new homeland with the leadership of Denis of Hungary. Queen Violant was a woman of talent and character. Next to King James I, she had an important political role in the Crown of Aragon. She was one of the most valuable advisors of the king, on whom she had a strong influence. She intervened decisively in international agreements as important as the Treaty of Almizra with Castile (1244). It was signed with the condition that Zayyan ibn Mardanish surrender of the city of Valencia, into which she triumphantly entered with her husband on 9 October 1238.","title":"Queenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmayer1994249-5"},{"link_name":"Jerónimo Zurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Zurita_y_Castro"},{"link_name":"Pozsony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozsony"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_Vallbona"},{"link_name":"Vallbona de les Monges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallbona_de_les_Monges"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"gules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gules"},{"link_name":"Hungarian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Árpád dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Teresa Gil de Vidaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Gil_de_Vidaure"}],"text":"Violant reportedly died in September 1251.[5] Jerónimo Zurita, in his Anales de Aragon, mentions this discrepancy, and writes that while some annals state that Violant died in Santa María de Salas in 1251, others report that she lived for a few years after (the probable sources of the 1253 date), and that she only made her will and testament in Huesca in 1251. Zurita continues that her will stipulated her burial at Vallbona, bequeathed the county of Posana (Pozsony) to her sons Peter, James, and Sancho (Pozsony being in the possession of her half-brother Béla IV of Hungary, but apparently left to her by her mother Queen Yolanda), and mentioned that she had 5 daughters with the king.Violant and her daughter Sancha's remains are at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona in Vallbona de les Monges, Catalonia. Violant chose burial in that monastery, as she was a benefactor. Her tomb, placed along the wall on the right of the chancel, is fairly simple. It is raised on two pillars decorated with individual gold crosses inscribed in red (gules) circles, and has a gabled lid of white stone. In the center of the lid is a cross with the same characteristics as those on the pillars, but larger and without color. The only ornamentations on the box itself are three depictions of her husband's royal coat of arms – one on the visible side and one at each end. The Queen's remains were moved to the tomb in 1275, as indicated by the inscription on the visible side of the box: Fuit translata donna | Violán regina | Aragonum | anno 1275. In 2002, the Hungarian government financed a restoration of her tomb, costing 12,000 euros, but the monastic community denied permission to study its interior. Violant is the only member of the Árpád dynasty whose remains are undisturbed.James I remarried one more time, to Teresa Gil de Vidaure, who was previously his mistress.","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Valencian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"Mocadorada of Sant Dionís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mocadorada_of_Sant_Dion%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Denis of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"marzipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzipan"}],"text":"Since the nineteenth century, streets have been dedicated to Queen Violant in Barcelona, Zaragoza, and other cities in the counties and kingdoms of the former Crown of Aragon. 9 October is the national day of the Valencian Community, which commemorates the Christian reconquest and the day on which James I and Violant entered the city. The celebration is known as the Mocadorada of Sant Dionís, since 9 October is the feast day of Saint Denis of Paris. Men typically give their partners a scarf (mocador) containing candied fruits and vegetables made of marzipan; these candies represent the fruits and vegetables that Valencian Muslims offered James and Violant when they entered the city, according to legend.","title":"Posterity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aragonese_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aragonese_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Royal consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"House of Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ermesinda of Bigorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermesinda_of_Bigorre"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes,_wife_of_Ramiro_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Felicia of Roucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_of_Roucy"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Aquitaine,_Queen_of_Aragon_and_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Bertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Urraca of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Aquitaine,_wife_of_Ramiro_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Ramon Berengeur IV of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg"},{"link_name":"House of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Sancha of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancha_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Maria of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile_(died_1244)"},{"link_name":"Violant of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Constance of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily,_Queen_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Marie of Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Lusignan,_Queen_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Elisenda of Montcada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisenda_of_Montcada"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile_(1307%E2%80%931359)"},{"link_name":"Maria of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sibila de Fortià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibila_de_Forti%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Violant of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violant_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Maria de Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_de_Luna"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Prades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Prades"},{"link_name":"House of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Alburquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"Maria of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Juana Enríquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez"},{"link_name":"Isabella I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Germaine of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51779#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/316750115"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614682306706"}],"text":"Laszlovzky, Jozsef (2016). \"Local tradition or European patterns? The grave of Queen Gertrude in the Pilis Cistercian Abbey\". In Jaritz, Gerhard; Szende, Katalin (eds.). Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus. Routledge. pp. 81–98.\nMartin, Theresa, ed. (2012). Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture. Brill.\nSmith, Damian J.; Buffery, Helen, eds. (2010). The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon. Ashgate Publishing.\nWidmayer, Jeffrey S. (1994). \"The Chronicle of Montpellier H119:Text, Translation and Commentary\". In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle IV. Rodopi. pp. 231–261.\nWoodacre, Elena, ed. (2013). Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras. Palgrave Macmillan.vteRoyal consorts of AragonHouse of Jiménez\nErmesinda of Bigorre\nAgnes\nIsabella of Urgell\nFelicia of Roucy\nAgnes of Aquitaine\nBertha\nUrraca of León\nAgnes of Aquitaine\nRamon Berengeur IV of Barcelona\nHouse of Barcelona\nSancha of Castile\nMaria of Montpellier\nEleanor of Castile\nViolant of Hungary\nConstance of Sicily\nIsabella of Castile\nBlanche of Anjou\nMarie of Lusignan\nElisenda of Montcada\nEleanor of Castile\nMaria of Navarre\nEleanor of Portugal\nEleanor of Sicily\nSibila de Fortià\nViolant of Bar\nMaria de Luna\nMargaret of Prades\nHouse of Trastámara\nEleanor of Alburquerque\nMaria of Castile\nJuana Enríquez\nIsabella I of Castile\nGermaine of Foix\nHouse of Habsburg\nIsabella of PortugalAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nCatalonia","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Laszlovzky, Jozsef (2016). \"Local tradition or European patterns? The grave of Queen Gertrude in the Pilis Cistercian Abbey\". 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Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316750115","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614682306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforated_hardboard | Perforated hardboard | ["1 Materials","2 Functions","2.1 Storage and display","2.2 Games and education","2.3 Exercise","3 Typical dimensions and layout","4 References","5 External links"] | Tempered hardboard with evenly spaced holes
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A close-up view of a sheet of pegboard
Perforated hardboard is tempered hardboard which is pre-drilled with evenly spaced holes. The holes are used to accept pegs or hooks to support various items, and perforated hardboards are therefore used for purposes such as tool boards in workshops. Peg-Board is an expired trademark used as a brand name by the Masonite Corporation, first used in 1962, which is often used as a generic term for perforated storage boards made of hardboard, wood, metal, or other material. It is commonly used in retail settings along with steel rods sticking out to hold peggable products such as bagged potato chips, printer ink, and action figures.
Materials
Perforated hardboard and similar systems are made of a variety of materials, each of which has different characteristics that affect the range of possible uses.
Standard perforated hardboard is made of wood fibers, usually with the addition of resin, and tempered by coating with a thin layer of linseed oil and baking at a high temperature to polymerize the oil. This provides more water and impact resistance, hardness, rigidity and tensile strength. Hardboard will bend and warp with age and in the presence of moisture, and will sag under heavy weight (the exact weight is based on the dimensions and quality of the hardboard) unless secured to even weight distribution among several mounting points.
Perforated wood is more labor-intensive to manufacture and will warp and splinter under heavy loads, but is sometimes selected for aesthetic reasons. An inexpensive wood such as pine is often used, and it may be chemically treated for strength and fire retardant characteristics or turned into plywood first. Perforated wood may be mounted as a thin strip instead of the more square shape of perforated hardboard.
Metal pegboard systems are usually made out of steel. Metal pegboards are usually mounted in strips, as it would be comparatively costly, cumbersome and inefficient to sell in larger sheets. Sufficiently thick metal pegboards will not sag between mounting points. Instead, the system's mounting on surfaces such as wood beams or sheetrock will usually fail under a heavy weight before the metal pegboard does. Manufacturers advise customers to hang tools and other gear based on the estimated strength of the mounting points. High quality metal pegboard systems use extruded holes, while other systems have the holes drilled after casting.
Functions
Storage and display
Perforated hardboard and similar systems are designed to support peg hooks. These are usually mounted by hand and support themselves with gravity alone, though some systems use screws instead. These screws can be supported by additional straps to prevent the metal from bending under a significant load. The hooks in turn act as storage for a variety of objects such as tools and keys. Heavy duty metal systems can support the heaviest objects, such as push lawnmowers and vertically stored bicycles.
These storage systems are usually mounted in utility areas of a household such as a garage, storage shed or workshop. They may also be used in professional environments such as factories, along with the back shelving for discount stores (larger and thicker versions are used by big-box stores), but are rarely seen in more white collar areas of a workplace.
Games and education
Pegboards are used in games and for educational purposes.
Games based on the pegboard concept include peg mosaic boards, where a child may create pictures and lettering by inserting colored pegs in the board, in a way similar to pixel art. These boards are designed so that the pegs do not fall out when the board is tilted from a horizontal position.
Pre-school and elementary maths and geometry can be taught using a pegboard
.
Basic operations like sum, subtraction, multiplication and division can be illustrated by moving pegs on the board, in a similar way to an abacus. Concepts like the associative property of sums, multiplication tables, square and triangular numbers, can also be easily demonstrated in a graphical fashion.
Exercise
Large vertical pegboard can also be used for climbing exercises, whereby athletes hold two large pegs to insert into the holes of the pegboard to move up the board.
Typical dimensions and layout
These dimensions apply to standardized hardboard systems. Other systems may use their own spacing.
Type
Center spacing
Plate thickness
Hole diameter
Metric
25 mm
4 mm
Metric
25 mm
6 mm
Inch based
1 in (25.4 mm)
1⁄8 in (3.2 mm)
3⁄16 in (4.8 mm)
Inch based
1 in (25.4 mm)
1⁄4 in (6.4 mm)
1⁄4 in (6.4 mm)
References
^ "Word Mark: PEG-BOARD". Tmsearch.uspto.gov. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
^ "Perforated hardboard". Forestplywood.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Holey Rail The Most Efficient Storage System Available". The Holey Rail. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
^ "Holey Rail The Most Efficient Storage System Available". The Holey Rail. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
^ "How to Organize Your Garage with Steel Pegboards". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
^ The peg board—a useful aid in teaching mathematics
^ "Peg Maths with Ease" from Teachers of India website
^ "What Is A Pegboard? And What Are The Benefits Of The Pegboard Training?". Evo. 24 September 2018.
^ Kyllmann, Caro (15 August 2020). "10 Challenging Pegboard Workouts for CrossFit Athletes". BoxRox.
^ a b "Pegboard". Slatbox.com. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
External links
Q&A / Pegboard and Custom Color Pegboard at Ask the Builder | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pegboard.jpg"},{"link_name":"hardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardboard"},{"link_name":"tool boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_board"},{"link_name":"Masonite Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonite_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"generic term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"potato chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_chips"},{"link_name":"printer ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_ink"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figures"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A close-up view of a sheet of pegboardPerforated hardboard is tempered hardboard which is pre-drilled with evenly spaced holes. The holes are used to accept pegs or hooks to support various items, and perforated hardboards are therefore used for purposes such as tool boards in workshops. Peg-Board is an expired trademark used as a brand name by the Masonite Corporation, first used in 1962,[1] which is often used as a generic term for perforated storage boards made of hardboard, wood, metal, or other material. It is commonly used in retail settings along with steel rods sticking out to hold peggable products such as bagged potato chips, printer ink, and action figures.[citation needed]","title":"Perforated hardboard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"linseed oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil"},{"link_name":"polymerize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerize"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"fire retardant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_retardant"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"sheetrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheetrock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"extruded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusion"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Perforated hardboard and similar systems are made of a variety of materials, each of which has different characteristics that affect the range of possible uses.Standard perforated hardboard is made of wood fibers, usually with the addition of resin, and tempered by coating with a thin layer of linseed oil and baking at a high temperature to polymerize the oil. This provides more water and impact resistance, hardness, rigidity and tensile strength. Hardboard will bend and warp with age and in the presence of moisture, and will sag under heavy weight (the exact weight is based on the dimensions and quality of the hardboard) unless secured to even weight distribution among several mounting points.[citation needed]Perforated wood is more labor-intensive to manufacture and will warp and splinter under heavy loads, but is sometimes selected for aesthetic reasons. An inexpensive wood such as pine is often used, and it may be chemically treated for strength and fire retardant characteristics or turned into plywood first. Perforated wood may be mounted as a thin strip instead of the more square shape of perforated hardboard.[citation needed]Metal pegboard systems are usually made out of steel. Metal pegboards are usually mounted in strips, as it would be comparatively costly, cumbersome and inefficient to sell in larger sheets. Sufficiently thick metal pegboards will not sag between mounting points. Instead, the system's mounting on surfaces such as wood beams or sheetrock will usually fail under a heavy weight before the metal pegboard does.[2][3] Manufacturers advise customers to hang tools and other gear based on the estimated strength of the mounting points. High quality metal pegboard systems use extruded holes, while other systems have the holes drilled after casting.[4]","title":"Materials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"screws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screws"},{"link_name":"straps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straps"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tools"},{"link_name":"keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(lock)"},{"link_name":"lawnmowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawnmowers"},{"link_name":"bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycles"},{"link_name":"garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_(house)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"shed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shed"},{"link_name":"workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workshop"},{"link_name":"factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factories"},{"link_name":"discount stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_store"},{"link_name":"big-box stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-box_store"},{"link_name":"white collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker"}],"sub_title":"Storage and display","text":"Perforated hardboard and similar systems are designed to support peg hooks. These are usually mounted by hand and support themselves with gravity alone, though some systems use screws instead. These screws can be supported by additional straps to prevent the metal from bending under a significant load.[5] The hooks in turn act as storage for a variety of objects such as tools and keys. Heavy duty metal systems can support the heaviest objects, such as push lawnmowers and vertically stored bicycles.These storage systems are usually mounted in utility areas of a household such as a garage,[6] storage shed or workshop. They may also be used in professional environments such as factories, along with the back shelving for discount stores (larger and thicker versions are used by big-box stores), but are rarely seen in more white collar areas of a workplace.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"pixel art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_art"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"abacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus"},{"link_name":"associative property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_property"},{"link_name":"triangular numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_numbers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Games and education","text":"Pegboards are used in games and for educational purposes.Games based on the pegboard concept include peg mosaic boards, where a child may create pictures and lettering by inserting colored pegs in the board, in a way similar to pixel art. These boards are designed so that the pegs do not fall out when the board is tilted from a horizontal position.Pre-school and elementary maths and geometry can be taught using a pegboard \n.[7] \nBasic operations like sum, subtraction, multiplication and division can be illustrated by moving pegs on the board, in a similar way to an abacus. Concepts like the associative property of sums, multiplication tables, square and triangular numbers, can also be easily demonstrated in a graphical fashion.[8]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Exercise","text":"Large vertical pegboard can also be used for climbing exercises, whereby athletes hold two large pegs to insert into the holes of the pegboard to move up the board.[9][10]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"These dimensions apply to standardized hardboard systems.[citation needed] Other systems may use their own spacing.","title":"Typical dimensions and layout"}] | [{"image_text":"A close-up view of a sheet of pegboard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pegboard.jpg/220px-Pegboard.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Word Mark: PEG-BOARD\". 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Retrieved 28 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holeyrail.com/product_info.php/cPath/1/products_id/28","url_text":"\"Holey Rail The Most Efficient Storage System Available\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holey Rail The Most Efficient Storage System Available\". The Holey Rail. Retrieved 28 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holeyrail.com/product_info.php/cPath/2/products_id/32","url_text":"\"Holey Rail The Most Efficient Storage System Available\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Organize Your Garage with Steel Pegboards\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521145326/http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/How-To-Organize-Your-Garage-With-Steel-Pegboards/610593","url_text":"\"How to Organize Your Garage with Steel Pegboards\""},{"url":"http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/How-To-Organize-Your-Garage-With-Steel-Pegboards/610593","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is A Pegboard? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deemed-to-be-university | Deemed university | ["1 Deemed university status","2 Other types","3 See also","4 References"] | Category of university in India
In India, a deemed university or deemed-to-be-university is an accreditation granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Ministry of Education. According to the ministry's definition, the accreditation indicates, "an Institution of higher education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in specific area of study" and the accreditation grants "the academic status and privileges of a university."
Deemed university status
VIT Vellore - prominent private deemed university in India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - prominent deemed university in India
The higher education system in India includes both private and public universities. Public universities are supported by the Government of India and the state governments, while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission , which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. In addition to this, 15 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination. The status of a deemed to be university allows full autonomy in courses, syllabus, admissions and fees. As of 30 November 2021, the UGC lists 126 institutes which were granted the deemed to be university status. According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was Indian Institute of Science which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. The state with the most deemed universities is Tamil Nadu with 28 universities having deemed status.
Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act of 1956 also grants the UGC the right to "allocate and disburse, out of the Fund of the Commission, grants to Universities..." As such, the UGC categorizes institutes as either "declared fit to receive Central/UGC assistance under Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act–1956", or not, and notes this status at the lists published. Updates to these declarations are done in meetings of the UGC and published in the minutes. The latest list, published by the UGC on 24 August 2022, lists 50 institutes as fit to receive Central/UGC assistance.
Other types
Other types of universities under the regulatory purview of the UGC include:
Central universities, or Union universities are established by Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education.
State universities are run by the state government of each of the states and territories of India, and are usually established by a state legislative assembly act.
Institute under State Legislature Act is an Institution established or incorporated by a State Legislature Act, in India. Institutes that are 'under State Legislature Act' enjoy academic status and privileges of state universities.
State private universities are established under the State Act approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges.
See also
List of deemed universities
List of universities in India
References
^ "UGC Act-1956" (PDF). Ministry of Education. Secretary, University Grants Commission. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
^ "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST) Thiruvananthapuram Declared as Deemed to be University". Union Human Resource Development Ministry, Press Information Bureau. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
^ "Deemed University". Ministry of Human Resource Development. MHRD.
^ a b "University Grants Commission Act, 1956" (PDF). Union Human Resource Development Ministry. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
^ "::: Professional Councils-Inside H E – University Grants Commission :::". ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ "What is a Deemed University?". ndtv.com. NDTV. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ a b "List of Institutions Which Have Been Declared as Deemed To Be Universities as On 30 November 2021" (PDF). ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Decision by the Commission". ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^ "List of lnstitutions Deemed to be Universities included under Section 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956 (as on 24.08.2022)" (PDF). University Grants Commission. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ "Central Universities". mhrd.gov.in. Union Human Resource Development Ministry. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ "List of State Universities" (PDF). University Grants Commission. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
^ "Department of Higher Education | Government of India, Ministry of Education".
^ ":::Private Universities – University Grants Commission :::". ugc.ac.in. University Grants Commission. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In India, a deemed university or deemed-to-be-university is an accreditation granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Ministry of Education.[1][2] According to the ministry's definition, the accreditation indicates, \"an Institution of higher education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in specific area of study\" and the accreditation grants \"the academic status and privileges of a university.\"[3]","title":"Deemed university"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VIT_university,_vellore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amrita_School_of_Engineering,_Coimbatore.jpg"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"state governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_in_India"},{"link_name":"University Grants Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)"},{"link_name":"University Grants Commission Act, 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_Act,_1956"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deemed_university&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deemed-7"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deemed-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deemed_university&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fit-9"}],"text":"VIT Vellore - prominent private deemed university in IndiaAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - prominent deemed university in IndiaThe higher education system in India includes both private and public universities. Public universities are supported by the Government of India and the state governments, while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission , which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956.[4] In addition to this, 15 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination.[5] The status of a deemed to be university allows full autonomy in courses, syllabus, admissions and fees.[6] As of 30 November 2021[update], the UGC lists 126 institutes which were granted the deemed to be university status.[7] According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was Indian Institute of Science which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. The state with the most deemed universities is Tamil Nadu with 28 universities having deemed status.[7]Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act of 1956 also grants the UGC the right to \"allocate and disburse, out of the Fund of the Commission, grants to Universities...\"[4] As such, the UGC categorizes institutes as either \"declared fit to receive Central/UGC assistance under Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act–1956\", or not, and notes this status at the lists published. Updates to these declarations are done in meetings of the UGC and published in the minutes.[8] The latest list, published by the UGC on 24 August 2022[update], lists 50 institutes as fit to receive Central/UGC assistance.[9]","title":"Deemed university status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University,_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"State universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_(India)"},{"link_name":"states and territories of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State-11"},{"link_name":"Institute under State Legislature Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_under_State_Legislature_Act"},{"link_name":"State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(India)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"state universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_(India)"},{"link_name":"State private universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university#India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Private-13"}],"text":"Other types of universities under the regulatory purview of the UGC include:Central universities, or Union universities are established by Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education.[10]\nState universities are run by the state government of each of the states and territories of India, and are usually established by a state legislative assembly act.[11]\nInstitute under State Legislature Act is an Institution established or incorporated by a State Legislature Act, in India.[12] Institutes that are 'under State Legislature Act' enjoy academic status and privileges of state universities.\nState private universities are established under the State Act approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges.[13]","title":"Other types"}] | [{"image_text":"VIT Vellore - prominent private deemed university in India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VIT_university%2C_vellore.jpg/220px-VIT_university%2C_vellore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham - prominent deemed university in India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amrita_School_of_Engineering%2C_Coimbatore.jpg/221px-Amrita_School_of_Engineering%2C_Coimbatore.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of deemed universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deemed_universities"},{"title":"List of universities in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India"}] | [{"reference":"\"UGC Act-1956\" (PDF). Ministry of Education. Secretary, University Grants Commission. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ayrton_(music_critic) | William Ayrton (music critic) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life","4 Descendants","5 References"] | English music critic
William Ayrton FRS FSA (22 February 1777 – 8 May 1858) was an English opera manager and music critic.
Early life
Ayrton was the younger son of Dr. Edmund Ayrton, and was born in London. The Ayrton family originated in Yorkshire and William's grandfather Edward Ayrton was mayor of Ripon in 1760, laying the foundations for the family's subsequent prominence.
Career
Impresario
In 1816, Ayrton travelled to the Continent, to engage singers for the Italian opera at the King's Theatre. The following year he directed the productions, staging the first-ever performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni in England, and also introducing English audiences to such great artists as: Giuditta Pasta, Violante Camporese, Gaetano Crivelli and Giuseppe Ambrogietti.
In spite of a successful season, Ayrton was obliged to retire from the direction, due to various disputes within the company. In 1821, under the management of John Ebers, Ayrton again took the post of musical director but, owing to opposition he encountered from the committee, he was again forced to resign.
Writer
For the rest of his life, Ayrton concentrated on writing. From 1823 to 1833 he edited and contributed largely to the periodical the Harmonicon. He was both a music and literary critic for the Morning Chronicle (1813–26) and The Examiner (1837–51). In 1834-1835 he published his Sacred Minstrelsy, and in 1834, 1835 and 1836 the work now known as the Musical Library: an early affordable collection of vocal and instrumental music.
Interests
Ayrton was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and one of the original members of both the Royal Institution and the Athenæum Club.
Legacy
The personal papers and correspondence of William Ayrton can now be found in the British Library. His son William Scrope Ayrton (1804-1885) annotated the material, with the collection eventually partly sold at auction and partly donated to the British Library by his great-granddaughter Phyllis Alsager Ayrton.
Later life
William Ayrton married Marianne (Arnold), the daughter of the composer Samuel Arnold, on 17 May 1803. Their only son was also named William.
Ayrton died at Bridge Street, Westminster, on 8 March 1858, and is buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery, London.
Descendants
William Scrope Ayrton (senior) (1804–1885) was William's son, a barrister of Middle Temple. He was an official on the Courts of Bankruptcy of Leeds and of London, but also wrote several textbooks on bankruptcy law. In addition, he served as a magistrate in Yorkshire. In 1847 he married Margaret (Alsager), a daughter of Thomas Alsager.
William Scrope Ayrton (junior) (1849–1902) was William's grandson, an official with HM.Consular Service. He served his entire career in China. His career began in 1869 with the customary entry-appointment of Student Interpreter. Early posts included: Niuzhuang, in 1881; Wuhu, in 1882; Hangkou (Wuhan), in 1885–1887. From 1892 to 1896 he was HM.Consul, Tamsui, on the island of Formosa. This became a significant appointment when the First Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894 and Japan acquired the island in 1895. In 1896 Ayrton was posted as HM.Consul, Wenzhou. Ayrton married Ellen Louisa (McClatchie), sister of a fellow consular-officer, Thomas Russell Hillier McClatchie (d.1886); both were the children of the Rev. Thomas McClatchie, DD, MA, of the CMS in Shanghai.
Edward Ayrton (1882–1914) was William's great-grandson, a leading archaeologist.
Phyllis Alsager Ayrton (1884–1975) was William's great-granddaughter, a women's suffragist. She was a prominent Suffragette - though no direct relation of fellow-Suffragette Barbara Ayrton - having joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1909. She was also a supporter of the Women's Party and campaigned in Smethwick, alongside the leading WSPU figure Flora Drummond, on behalf of Christabel Pankhurst in the 1918 Election, the first in which women could stand as candidates, or even vote. Earlier, Drummond and Ayrton had also trailed the Prime Minister on a visit to women workers in Manchester. Ayrton also escorted the Australian Premier when he also visited women war workers. Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Ayrton went back to the Far East to help the 'refugees' (in modern parlance: Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)). She was thus, rather remarkably for an Englishwoman, present in both Sino-Japanese Wars. She was in Hong Kong when the Japanese launched their series of attacks on 8 (or 7, East of the date-line) December, 1941 and spent nearly four years in captivity, in Stanley Internment Camp. Despite the ordeal, she survived to live into her nineties.
References
^ Highfill, Philip and others. A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800 (1973), p.187
^ Fuhrmann, Christina (24 September 2015). Foreign Opera at the London Playhouses. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107022218.
^ Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians
^ Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol. 1, p. 264, Leanne Langley: William Ayrton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522186-2.
^ "Search".
^ "Search".
^ "Ayrton, William Scrope". Men-at-the-Bar.
^ "V&A · Transforming the V&A Museum of Childhood".
^ Ruxton, Ian, ed. (9 September 2014). The Correspondence of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister in Japan, 1895-1900 - Volume Four. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781312501119.
^ Whitaker, Joseph (1848). "An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord".
^ Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. ISBN 1135434026.
^ "Stock Photo - Flora Drummond ('The General) & Phyllis Ayrton campaigning for Christabel Pankhurst in Smethwick. Christabel represented the Women's Party in 1918 & 1919".
^ "Stock Photo - DAVID LLOYD GEORGE accompanied by Flora Drummond and Phyllis Ayrton, greets women munitions workers towards the end of World War One Date: 1863 - 1945".
^ "Stock Photo - in Manchester, Flora Drummond and Phyllis Ayrton greet Prime Minister David Lloyd George and introduce him to a group of enthusiastic women munitions workers Date".
^ "Stock Photo - the Australian Premier, William Hughes, reviews female munitions workers at Cardiff, escorted by Phyllis Ayrton. Date: 19 July 1918".
"Ayrton, William" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"William Ayrton FRS FSA (22 February 1777 – 8 May 1858) was an English opera manager and music critic.[1]","title":"William Ayrton (music critic)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Ayrton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ayrton"},{"link_name":"Edward Ayrton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ayrton#the_Ayrton_family"},{"link_name":"Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon"}],"text":"Ayrton was the younger son of Dr. Edmund Ayrton, and was born in London. The Ayrton family originated in Yorkshire and William's grandfather Edward Ayrton was mayor of Ripon in 1760, laying the foundations for the family's subsequent prominence.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Giuditta Pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuditta_Pasta"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Crivelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Crivelli"},{"link_name":"John Ebers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ebers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Morning Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"The Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Examiner_(1808%E2%80%931886)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution"},{"link_name":"Athenæum Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_London"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"ImpresarioIn 1816, Ayrton travelled to the Continent, to engage singers for the Italian opera at the King's Theatre. The following year he directed the productions, staging the first-ever performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni in England, and also introducing English audiences to such great artists as: Giuditta Pasta, Violante Camporese, Gaetano Crivelli and Giuseppe Ambrogietti.In spite of a successful season, Ayrton was obliged to retire from the direction, due to various disputes within the company. In 1821, under the management of John Ebers, Ayrton again took the post of musical director but, owing to opposition he encountered from the committee, he was again forced to resign.WriterFor the rest of his life, Ayrton concentrated on writing. From 1823 to 1833 he edited and contributed largely to the periodical the Harmonicon.[2] He was both a music and literary critic for the Morning Chronicle (1813–26) and The Examiner (1837–51).[3] In 1834-1835 he published his Sacred Minstrelsy, and in 1834, 1835 and 1836 the work now known as the Musical Library: an early affordable collection of vocal and instrumental music.InterestsAyrton was a Fellow of the Royal Society,[4] a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and one of the original members of both the Royal Institution and the Athenæum Club.LegacyThe personal papers and correspondence of William Ayrton can now be found in the British Library.[5] His son William Scrope Ayrton (1804-1885) annotated the material, with the collection eventually partly sold at auction and partly donated to the British Library by his great-granddaughter Phyllis Alsager Ayrton.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery"}],"text":"William Ayrton married Marianne (Arnold), the daughter of the composer Samuel Arnold, on 17 May 1803. Their only son was also named William.Ayrton died at Bridge Street, Westminster, on 8 March 1858, and is buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery, London.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Alsager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alsager"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Niuzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingkou"},{"link_name":"Wuhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhu"},{"link_name":"Hangkou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hangkou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tamsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsui"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Wenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou"},{"link_name":"CMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Edward Ayrton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Ayrton"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Women's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Smethwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smethwick"},{"link_name":"Flora Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Christabel Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"1918 Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Internally Displaced Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_Displaced_Persons"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Stanley Internment Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Internment_Camp"}],"text":"William Scrope Ayrton (senior) (1804–1885) was William's son, a barrister of Middle Temple. He was an official on the Courts of Bankruptcy of Leeds and of London, but also wrote several textbooks on bankruptcy law.[7] In addition, he served as a magistrate in Yorkshire. In 1847 he married Margaret (Alsager), a daughter of Thomas Alsager.[8]William Scrope Ayrton (junior) (1849–1902) was William's grandson, an official with HM.Consular Service. He served his entire career in China. His career began in 1869 with the customary entry-appointment of Student Interpreter. Early posts included: Niuzhuang, in 1881; Wuhu, in 1882; Hangkou (Wuhan), in 1885–1887.[9] From 1892 to 1896 he was HM.Consul, Tamsui, on the island of Formosa.[10] This became a significant appointment when the First Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894 and Japan acquired the island in 1895. In 1896 Ayrton was posted as HM.Consul, Wenzhou. Ayrton married Ellen Louisa (McClatchie), sister of a fellow consular-officer, Thomas Russell Hillier McClatchie (d.1886); both were the children of the Rev. Thomas McClatchie, DD, MA, of the CMS in Shanghai.Edward Ayrton (1882–1914) was William's great-grandson, a leading archaeologist.Phyllis Alsager Ayrton (1884–1975) was William's great-granddaughter, a women's suffragist. She was a prominent Suffragette - though no direct relation of fellow-Suffragette Barbara Ayrton - having joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1909.[11] She was also a supporter of the Women's Party and campaigned in Smethwick, alongside the leading WSPU figure Flora Drummond, on behalf of Christabel Pankhurst in the 1918 Election, the first in which women could stand as candidates, or even vote.[12] Earlier, Drummond and Ayrton had also trailed the Prime Minister on a visit to women workers in Manchester.[13][14] Ayrton also escorted the Australian Premier when he also visited women war workers.[15] Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Ayrton went back to the Far East to help the 'refugees' (in modern parlance: Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)). She was thus, rather remarkably for an Englishwoman, present in both Sino-Japanese Wars. She was in Hong Kong when the Japanese launched their series of attacks on 8 (or 7, East of the date-line) December, 1941 and spent nearly four years in captivity, in Stanley Internment Camp. Despite the ordeal, she survived to live into her nineties.","title":"Descendants"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fuhrmann, Christina (24 September 2015). Foreign Opera at the London Playhouses. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107022218.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJlrCgAAQBAJ&q=morning+chronicle+william+ayrton&pg=PA202","url_text":"Foreign Opera at the London Playhouses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107022218","url_text":"9781107022218"}]},{"reference":"Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol. 1, p. 264, Leanne Langley: William Ayrton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522186-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera","url_text":"New Grove Dictionary of Opera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522186-2","url_text":"978-0-19-522186-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Search\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cecilia-uk.org/html/search/verb/GetRecord/481","url_text":"\"Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cecilia-uk.org/html/search/verb/GetRecord/481/","url_text":"\"Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ayrton, William Scrope\". Men-at-the-Bar.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men-at-the-Bar/Ayrton,_William_Scrope","url_text":"\"Ayrton, William Scrope\""}]},{"reference":"\"V&A · Transforming the V&A Museum of Childhood\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/small-stories-bigger-histories/dolls-house-indenture/","url_text":"\"V&A · Transforming the V&A Museum of Childhood\""}]},{"reference":"Ruxton, Ian, ed. (9 September 2014). The Correspondence of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister in Japan, 1895-1900 - Volume Four. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781312501119.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFKDQAAQBAJ&q=consular+service+william+scrope+ayrton&pg=PA142","url_text":"The Correspondence of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister in Japan, 1895-1900 - Volume Four"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781312501119","url_text":"9781312501119"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Joseph (1848). \"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&q=chinese+maritime+customs+service+william+ayrton&pg=PA535","url_text":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. ISBN 1135434026.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2EK9P7-ZMsC&q=phyllis+alsager+ayrton&pg=PA23","url_text":"The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135434026","url_text":"1135434026"}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - Flora Drummond ('The General) & Phyllis Ayrton campaigning for Christabel Pankhurst in Smethwick. Christabel represented the Women's Party in 1918 & 1919\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-flora-drummond-the-general-amp-phyllis-ayrton-campaigning-for-christabel-105355921.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - Flora Drummond ('The General) & Phyllis Ayrton campaigning for Christabel Pankhurst in Smethwick. Christabel represented the Women's Party in 1918 & 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - DAVID LLOYD GEORGE accompanied by Flora Drummond and Phyllis Ayrton, greets women munitions workers towards the end of World War One Date: 1863 - 1945\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-david-lloyd-george-accompanied-by-flora-drummond-and-phyllis-ayrton-105348112.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - DAVID LLOYD GEORGE accompanied by Flora Drummond and Phyllis Ayrton, greets women munitions workers towards the end of World War One Date: 1863 - 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - in Manchester, Flora Drummond and Phyllis Ayrton greet Prime Minister David Lloyd George and introduce him to a group of enthusiastic women munitions workers Date\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-in-manchester-flora-drummond-and-phyllis-ayrton-greet-prime-minister-105348108.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - in Manchester, Flora Drummond and Phyllis Ayrton greet Prime Minister David Lloyd George and introduce him to a group of enthusiastic women munitions workers Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - the Australian Premier, William Hughes, reviews female munitions workers at Cardiff, escorted by Phyllis Ayrton. Date: 19 July 1918\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-australian-premier-william-hughes-reviews-female-munitions-workers-105355459.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - the Australian Premier, William Hughes, reviews female munitions workers at Cardiff, escorted by Phyllis Ayrton. Date: 19 July 1918\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V8IutzpP0sYC&dq=music+critic+Morning+Chronicle&pg=PA187","external_links_name":"A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJlrCgAAQBAJ&q=morning+chronicle+william+ayrton&pg=PA202","external_links_name":"Foreign Opera at the London Playhouses"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ayrton-william","external_links_name":"Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians"},{"Link":"http://www.cecilia-uk.org/html/search/verb/GetRecord/481","external_links_name":"\"Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.cecilia-uk.org/html/search/verb/GetRecord/481/","external_links_name":"\"Search\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men-at-the-Bar/Ayrton,_William_Scrope","external_links_name":"\"Ayrton, William Scrope\""},{"Link":"https://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/small-stories-bigger-histories/dolls-house-indenture/","external_links_name":"\"V&A · Transforming the V&A Museum of Childhood\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFKDQAAQBAJ&q=consular+service+william+scrope+ayrton&pg=PA142","external_links_name":"The Correspondence of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister in Japan, 1895-1900 - Volume Four"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&q=chinese+maritime+customs+service+william+ayrton&pg=PA535","external_links_name":"\"An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2EK9P7-ZMsC&q=phyllis+alsager+ayrton&pg=PA23","external_links_name":"The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928"},{"Link":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-flora-drummond-the-general-amp-phyllis-ayrton-campaigning-for-christabel-105355921.html","external_links_name":"\"Stock Photo - Flora Drummond ('The General) & Phyllis Ayrton campaigning for Christabel Pankhurst in Smethwick. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_family | Bell Huey family | ["1 Military designations (UH-1 and AH-1)","2 Civil designations","3 See also","4 References"] | American family of utility helicopters
Bell Huey family
UH-1A
The Bell Huey family of helicopters includes a wide range of civil and military aircraft produced since 1956 by Bell Helicopter. This H-1 family of aircraft includes the utility UH-1 Iroquois and the derivative AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter series and ranges from the XH-40 prototype, first flown in October 1956, to the 21st-century UH-1Y Venom and AH-1Z Viper. Although not flown in military service in the USA, the Bell 412 served in Canada and Japan and, like the UH-1Y, is a twin engine four rotor design based on the Bell 212.
Model
Engines
Rotors
F.F. Year
UH-1/CH-118/204/5
1
2
1956
UH-1N/CH-135/212
2
2
1968
412/CH-146/UH-2
2
4
1979
UH-1Y
2
4
2001
Military designations (UH-1 and AH-1)
AH-1E
AH-1Fs of the Israeli Defence Force over Masada
CH-146 Griffon
XH-40
The initial Bell 204 prototype. Three prototypes were built.
YH-40
Six aircraft for evaluation, as XH-40 with 12-inch cabin stretch and other modifications.
Bell 533
One YH-40BF rebuilt as a flight test bed with turbofan engines and wings.
HU-1A
Initial Bell 204 production model, redesignated as the UH-1A in 1962. The HU-1 designation gave rise to the popular but unofficial nickname "Huey".
TH-1A
UH-1A with dual controls and blind-flying instruments, 14 conversions.
XH-1A
A single UH-1A was redesignated for grenade launcher testing in 1960.
HU-1B
Upgraded HU-1A, various external and rotor improvements. Redesignated UH-1B in 1962.
YUH-1B
UH-1B prototypes
NUH-1B
A single test aircraft, serial number 64-18261.
UH-1C
UH-1B with improved engine, modified blades and rotor-head for better performance in the gunship role.
YUH-1D
Seven pre-production prototypes of the UH-1D.
UH-1D
Initial Bell 205 production model (long fuselage version of the 204). Also built under license in Germany by Dornier.
HH-1D
Rescue/fire fighting variant of UH-1D.
AH-1E
98 production Cobra gunships with the Enhanced Cobra Armament System (ECAS) featuring the M97A1 armament subsystem with a three-barreled M197 20 mm cannon. The AH-1E is also referred to as the "Upgunned AH-1S", or "AH-1S(ECAS)" prior to 1988.
UH-1E
UH-1B/C for USMC with different avionics and equipment.
NUH-1E
UH-1E configured for testing.
TH-1E
UH-1C configured for Marine Corps training. Twenty built in 1965.
AH-1F
"Modernized AH-1S", with upgraded avionics and defensive systems.
UH-1F
UH-1B/C for the USAF, with General Electric T-58-GE-3 engine of 1,325 shp.
TH-1F
Instrument and Rescue Trainer based on the UH-1F for the USAF.
UH-1G
Designation given locally to UH-1D/H gunships operating with the Cambodia armed forces.
AH-1G
Initial 1966 production model of the Cobra gunship for the US Army, with one 1,400 shp Avco Lycoming T53-13 turboshaft.
JAH-1G
One Cobra helicopter modified for armament testing, including Hellfire missiles and multi-barrel cannon.
TH-1G
Two-seat dual-control Cobra trainer.
Base Rescue Moose Jaw CH-118 Iroquois helicopters 118109 and 118101 at CFB Moose Jaw, 1982
UH-1H
Improved UH-1D with a Lycoming T-53-L-13 engine of 1,400 shp; 5,435 built. Also built under license in Taiwan by AIDC.
Nightime cockpit view of UH-1N
CUH-1H
Canadian Forces designation for the UH-1H utility transport helicopter. Redesignated CH-118.
EH-1H
Twenty-two aircraft converted by installation of AN/ARQ-33 radio intercept and jamming equipment for Project Quick Fix.
HH-1H
SAR variant for the USAF with rescue hoist. 30 built.
JUH-1
Five UH-1Hs converted to SOTAS battlefield surveillance configuration with belly-mounted airborne radar.
TH-1H
Modified UH-1Hs for use as basic helicopter flight trainers by the USAF.
AH-1J
Original twin-engine SeaCobra version, subsequently upgraded and exported to Iran as AH-1J "International"
UH-1J
An improved Japanese version of the UH-1H built under license in Japan by Fuji was locally given the designation UH-1J.
HH-1K
Purpose-built SAR variant of the Model 204 for the US Navy with USN avionics and equipment. 27 built.
TH-1L
Helicopter flight trainer based on the HH-1K for the USN.
UH-1L
Utility variant of the TH-1L.
UH-1M
Gunship specific UH-1C upgrade with Lycoming T-53-L-13 engine of 1,400 shp.
UH-1N
Initial Bell 212 production model, the Bell "Twin Pac" twin-engined Huey.
HH-1N
Rescue version of the UH-1N
AH-1P
100 production aircraft with composite rotors, flat plate glass cockpit, and improved cockpit layout for nap-of-earth (NOE) flight. The AH-1P is also referred to as the "Production AH-1S", or "AH-1S(PROD)" prior to 1988.
UH-1P preserved in diorama at the National Museum of the Air Force
UH-1P
UH-1F variant for USAF for special operations use and attack operations used solely by the USAF 20th Special Operations Squadron, "the Green Hornets".
YAH-1Q
Eight AH-1Gs with XM26 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU) and two M56 TOW 4-pack launchers.
AH-1Q
Upgraded AH-1G equipped with the M65 TOW/Cobra missile subsystem, M65 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU), and M73 Reflex sight.
YAH-1R
AH-1G powered by a T53-L-703 engine without TOW system.
AH-1RO
Proposed version for Romania as Dracula.
AH-1W on a training mission at the Mojave Spaceport.
YAH-1S
AH-1Q upgrade and TOW system.
AH-1S
AH-1Q upgraded with a 1,800 shp T53-L-703 turboshaft engine.
AH-1T
Named Improved SeaCobra, features an extended tailboom and fuselage and an upgraded transmission and engines.
UH-1U
Single prototype for Counter Mortar/Counter Battery Radar Jamming aircraft. Crashed at Edwards AFB during testing.
UH-1V
Aeromedical evacuation, rescue version for the US Army.
AH-1W
SuperCobra variant, nicknamed "Whiskey Cobra", day/night version with more powerful engines and advanced weapons capability.
EH-1X
Electronic warfare UH-1Hs converted under "Quick Fix IIA".
UH-1Y Venom
Named Venom, upgraded variant developed from existing upgraded late model UH-1Ns, with additional emphasis on commonality with the AH-1Z as part of the H-1 upgrade program.
AH-1Z Viper
Named Viper, or also "Zulu Cobra", it includes an upgraded 4 blade main rotor and adds the Night Targeting System (NTS). Offered as King Cobra to Turkey for its ATAK program and selected for production in 2000, but later canceled.
Canadian Forces CH-135 Twin Huey in service with the Multinational Force and Observers.
A Bell Griffin HT1 of the Defence Helicopter Flying School
UH-1/T700
Upgraded commercial version, named Ultra Huey, fitted with a 1,400-kW (1900-shp) General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshaft engine.
CH-118
Canadian Forces designation for the UH-1H
CH-135
Canadian Forces designation for the UH-1N Twin Huey
CH-146
Canadian Forces designation for a variant of the Bell 412
Griffin HT1
RAF designation for a trainer based on the 412EP
Griffin HAR2
RAF designation for a search and rescue helicopter based on the Bell 412EP
Civil designations
A Bell 205A-1 on firefighting duty with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Nym Lake, Ontario, Canada, 1996
A Bell 205A-1 with its helitack firefighting crew on standby with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Sioux Lookout, Ontario, 1995
A Bell 204B (upgraded to a "C" model) arrives to pick up its Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources firefighting crew on Fire 141, 1995
Kern County (California) Fire Department's Bell 205 based at Mojave Spaceport
Bell 214ST
Bell 412HP of Heli Austria
Bell 204B
11 seat utility transport helicopter; the civil certified model was based at the military model 204, known by the US Army as the UH-1B.
Agusta-Bell AB 204
11 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
Agusta-Bell AB 204AS
Anti-submarine warfare, anti-shipping version of the AB 204 helicopter.
Fuji-Bell 204B-2
11 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries.
Bell 205A
15 seat utility transport helicopter.
Agusta-Bell 205
15 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.
Bell 205A-1
15 seat utility transport helicopter, initial version based on the UH-1H.
Agusta-Bell 205A-1
Modified version of the AB 205.
Fuji-Bell 205A-1
15 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Japan by Fuji.
Bell 205A+
Field upgraded 205A utilizing a T53-17 engine and a 212 rotor system. Similar to the production 205B and 210.
Bell 205A-1A
A 205A-1, but with armament hardpoints and military avionics. Produced specifically for Israeli contract.
Fuji-Bell 205B
A joint Bell-Fuji commercial variant based on UH-1J, a Japanese improved model of UH-1H.
Agusta-Bell 205BG
Prototype fitted with two Gnome H 1200 turboshaft engines.
Agusta-Bell 205TA
Prototype fitted with two Turbomeca Astazous turboshaft engines.
Bell 208
Experimental twin-engine "Twin Huey" prototype.
Bell 209
Original AH-1G prototype with retractable skid landing gear.
Bell 210
15 seat upgraded 205A
Bell 211
The HueyTug, was a commercial version of the UH-1C with an upgraded transmission, longer main rotor, larger tailboom, strengthened fuselage, stability augmentation system, and a 2,650 shp (1,976 kW) Lycoming T-55-L-7 turboshaft engine.
Bell 212
15 seat twin-engined derivative of the Bell 205
Bell 214 Huey Plus
Strengthened development of the Bell 205 airframe with a larger engine
Bell 214ST
18 seat twin engined utility helicopter
Bell 249
Experimental AH-1 demonstrator version fitted with a four-bladed rotor system, an uprated engine and experimental equipment, including Hellfire missiles.
Bell 309 KingCobra
Experimental version powered by one Lycoming T-55-L-7C engine.
Bell 412
Bell 212 with a four-bladed semi-rigid rotor system.
Bell Huey II
A modified and re-engined UH-1H, significantly upgrading its performance, and its cost-effectiveness. Currently offered by Bell to all current military users of the type.
Global Eagle
Pratt & Whitney Canada name for a modified UH-1H with a new PT6C-67D engine, modified tail rotor, and other minor changes to increase range and fuel efficiency over the Bell 212.
Huey 800
Upgraded commercial version, fitted with an LHTEC T800 turboshaft engine.
Panha Shabaviz 2-75
Unlicensed version made by PANHA in Iran.
Panha 2091
Unlicensed Iranian upgrade of the AH-1J International.
See also
List of Bell UH-1 Iroquois operators
List of utility helicopters
Super Huey UH-IX 1980s video game
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Mutza, Wayne. UH-1 Huey In Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1986. ISBN 0-89747-179-2.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. ISBN 0-904597-22-9.
^ a b c d e Bishop, Chris. Huey Cobra Gunships. Osprey Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-84176-984-3.
^ a b Donald, David. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Nobel Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
^ a b c d e "The Bell UH-1 Huey". archive.org. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Bell CH-118 Iroquois." Archived 2006-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Canadian DND webpage. Retrieved: 30 August 2007.
^ UH-1J 多用途ヘリコプター. (in Japanese). Retrieved: 11 December 2007.
^ "Bell HH-1N". Pima Air & Space. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
^ "Back to square one in attack helicopter plan" Archived 2006-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, Turkish Daily News, 2 December 2006.
^ a b c d FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet H1SW for the 204, 205A, 205A-1 and 210 models
^ Takeshi Makino (December 24, 2002). "The Activities of Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. in the Field of Vertical Flight". Archived from the original on April 14, 2004. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "Skycranes". Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
^ " First Generation Cobras". archive.org. 8 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Douglas W. Nelms (2005-11-01). "Eagle Power". Aviation Today. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
vteBell Aircraft and Bell Helicopter/Bell Textron aircraftManufacturerdesignations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
311
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39 (I)
39 (II)
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
J
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70–1001
101
102
103
104
105
106
1071
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131–1991
200
201
2021
2031
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
2131
214
214ST
2151
216
2171
2181
2191
2201
2211
222
223–2291
230
231–2481
249
250–3001
301
302–3081
309
310–3591
360
361–3991
400
401–4051
406
407
4081
409
4101
4111
412
4131
4141
4151
4161
417
418–4261
427
4281
429
430
431–4391
440
4411
4421
4431
4441
445
4461
4471
4481
449
550–5041
505
506–5241
525
526–5321
533
534–5391
540
541–5471
548
549–5751
576
577–5821
583
846–5981
599
600–6081
609
610–6451
646
647–6791
680
681–9171
918
D-188
D-255
D-292
Fighter aircraft
YFM-1
P-39
XFL
P-59
P-63
P-76
XP-77
XP-83
Target drones
PQM-56
Attack helicopters
207
Bell AH-1
Singles
Twins
AH-1Z
309
YAH-63
360
Observation andutility helicopters
H-13
H-13J
UH-1
UH-1N
UH-1Y
TH-57
OH-58
TH-67
ARH-70
Commercial helicopters
47
47J
204
205
206
210
212
214
214ST
222
230
407
412
427
429
430
505
525
Tiltrotors
V-22
V-247
V-280
AW609
TR918
QTR
UAVs
MQ-8C
Non-production helicopters
400
417
440
Experimental aircraft
ATV
201
533
D-188
D-255
D-292
FCX-001
L-39
LLRV/LLTV
X-1
X-2
X-5
X-14
X-16
X-22
XF-109
XP-52
XV-3
XV-15
Names
Airabonita
Airacobra
Airacomet
Airacuda
Arapaho
BigLifter
Cobra
Creek
Eagle Eye
Fire Scout
GlobalRanger
Huey
HueyCobra
Invictus
Iroquois
JetRanger
Jet Ranger X
Kingcobra
KingCobra
Kiowa
LongRanger
Osprey
Quad TiltRotor
Ranger
Sea Cobra
Sea Ranger
Sioux
Sioux Scout
SuperCobra
Super Huey
Super Transporter
Twin Huey
TwinRanger
Valor
Venom
Vigilant
Viper
Zulu Cobra
1 Unknown/not assigned
vteBell Huey familyMilitary
H-40
H-48
H-63
HU-1
AH-1
J/T/W
Z
EH-1
HH-1
N
TH-1
G
UH-1
N
Y
VH-1
CH-118
CH-135
CH-146
249
309
533
Civilian
204
205
208
209
210
211
212
214
ST
412
450
ForeignproductionAgusta (Italy)
AB.204
AB.205
AB.212
AB.412
Dornier (Germany)
UH-1D
Fuji/Subaru (Japan)
UH-1J
UH-2
204
205
412
IAIO (Iran)
Toufan
PANHA (Iran)
Shabaviz 2-75
2091
Topics
Accidents and incidents
1982 Twilight Zone accident
2018 Sapphire Aviation crash
Displayed aircraft
AH-1
In fiction
AH-1
Operators
Upgrade program
Variants
See also: Bell 47 family • Bell JetRanger family
vteUnited States helicopter designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsNumerical sequence used by USAAC/USAAF/USAF 1941–present; U.S. Army 1948–1956 and 1962–present; U.S. Navy 1962–presentArmy/Air Force sequence(1941–1962)Prefix R-, 1941–1948
R-1
R-2
R-3
R-4
R-5
R-6
R-7
R-8
R-9
R-10
R-11
R-12
R-13
R-14
R-15
R-16
Prefix H-, 1948–1962
H-5
H-6
H-9
H-10
H-11
H-12
H-13
H-13J
H-15
H-16
H-17
H-18
H-19
H-20
H-21
H-22
H-23
H-24
H-25
H-26
H-27
H-28
H-29
H-30
H-31
H-32
H-33
H-34
H-35
H-361
H-37
H-381
H-39
H-40
H-41
H-42
H-43
H-441
H-451
Tri-service sequence(1962–present)1962 redesignations
H-13
H-13F
H-13J
H-19
H-21
H-23
H-25
H-34
H-37
H-43
New designations
H-46
H-47
H-48
H-49
H-50
H-51
H-52
H-53
CH-53/E/K
HH-53/MH-53
H-54
H-55
H-56
H-57
H-58
H-59
H-60
UH-60
SH-60
HH-60
MH-60
H-61
H-62
H-63
H-64
H-65
H-66
H-67
H-68
H-691
H-70
H-71
H-72
H-73
Alternate sequence
H-1
AH-1/J/T/W/Z
UH-1/N/Y
H-2
G
H-3
CH-3/HH-3
SH-3
H-4
H-5
H-6
AH-6
MH-6
OH-6
Non-sequential
H-90
H-92
CH-92/VH-92
H-139
1 Not assigned | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Bell Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"UH-1 Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"AH-1 Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1_Cobra"},{"link_name":"XH-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois_variants"},{"link_name":"UH-1Y Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1Y_Venom"},{"link_name":"AH-1Z Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1Z_Viper"}],"text":"The Bell Huey family of helicopters includes a wide range of civil and military aircraft produced since 1956 by Bell Helicopter. This H-1 family of aircraft includes the utility UH-1 Iroquois and the derivative AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter series and ranges from the XH-40 prototype, first flown in October 1956, to the 21st-century UH-1Y Venom and AH-1Z Viper. Although not flown in military service in the USA, the Bell 412 served in Canada and Japan and, like the UH-1Y, is a twin engine four rotor design based on the Bell 212.","title":"Bell Huey family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AH-1_Cobra_DF-ST-85-09827.JPEG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masada_cobra1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Masada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-146_Griffon_Helicopter.jpg"},{"link_name":"CH-146 Griffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-146_Griffon"},{"link_name":"XH-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XH-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"YH-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YH-40"},{"link_name":"Bell 533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_533"},{"link_name":"HU-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-1A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"TH-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TH-1A"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"XH-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XH-1A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"HU-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HU-1B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"UH-1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1C"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"YUH-1D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUH-1D"},{"link_name":"UH-1D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1D"},{"link_name":"Dornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"HH-1D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-1D"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"AH-1E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1E"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey_Cobra-3"},{"link_name":"UH-1E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1E"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"TH-1E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TH-1E"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"AH-1F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1F"},{"link_name":"UH-1F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"TH-1F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TH-1F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"AH-1G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1G"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyl_aircr-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyl_aircr-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BellCH-118Huey118109and118101.JPG"},{"link_name":"CFB Moose Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Moose_Jaw"},{"link_name":"UH-1H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1H"},{"link_name":"Lycoming T-53-L-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_T53"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"AIDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Industrial_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey_267_(20437038573).jpg"},{"link_name":"CUH-1H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUH-1H"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"EH-1H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EH-1H"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"AH-1J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1J"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HH-1K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-1K"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade_p_125-2"},{"link_name":"TH-1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TH-1L"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"UH-1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1L"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"UH-1M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1M"},{"link_name":"Lycoming T-53-L-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_T53"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"UH-1N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1N"},{"link_name":"Bell 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_212"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AH-1P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_UH-1P-BF_(5-19-2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"UH-1P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1P"},{"link_name":"20th Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey_Cobra-3"},{"link_name":"TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey_Cobra-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ah1-228-070719-02cr-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mojave Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Spaceport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey_Cobra-3"},{"link_name":"AH-1S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1S"},{"link_name":"AH-1T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1T"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UH-1V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1V"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"AH-1W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1W"},{"link_name":"EH-1X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EH-1X"},{"link_name":"Electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutza-1"},{"link_name":"UH-1Y Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1Y_Venom"},{"link_name":"H-1 upgrade program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1_upgrade_program"},{"link_name":"AH-1Z Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1Z_Viper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BellCH-135TwinHuey135102.JPG"},{"link_name":"CH-135 Twin Huey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1N_Twin_Huey"},{"link_name":"Multinational Force and Observers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_412EP_Griffin_HT1_of_the_RAF_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"CH-118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois_variants"},{"link_name":"CH-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey"},{"link_name":"CH-146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_CH-146_Griffon"},{"link_name":"Bell 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_412"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"}],"text":"AH-1EAH-1Fs of the Israeli Defence Force over MasadaCH-146 GriffonXH-40\nThe initial Bell 204 prototype. Three prototypes were built.[1]\nYH-40\nSix aircraft for evaluation, as XH-40 with 12-inch cabin stretch and other modifications.\nBell 533\nOne YH-40BF rebuilt as a flight test bed with turbofan engines and wings.\nHU-1A\nInitial Bell 204 production model, redesignated as the UH-1A in 1962.[1][2] The HU-1 designation gave rise to the popular but unofficial nickname \"Huey\".\nTH-1A\nUH-1A with dual controls and blind-flying instruments, 14 conversions.[2]\nXH-1A\nA single UH-1A was redesignated for grenade launcher testing in 1960.[1]\nHU-1B\nUpgraded HU-1A, various external and rotor improvements. Redesignated UH-1B in 1962.[1][2]\nYUH-1B\nUH-1B prototypes[1]\nNUH-1B\nA single test aircraft, serial number 64-18261.[1]\nUH-1C\nUH-1B with improved engine, modified blades and rotor-head for better performance in the gunship role.[1][2]\nYUH-1D\nSeven pre-production prototypes of the UH-1D.\nUH-1D\nInitial Bell 205 production model (long fuselage version of the 204). Also built under license in Germany by Dornier.[1][2]\nHH-1D\nRescue/fire fighting variant of UH-1D.[1]\nAH-1E\n98 production Cobra gunships with the Enhanced Cobra Armament System (ECAS) featuring the M97A1 armament subsystem with a three-barreled M197 20 mm cannon. The AH-1E is also referred to as the \"Upgunned AH-1S\", or \"AH-1S(ECAS)\" prior to 1988.[3]\nUH-1E\nUH-1B/C for USMC with different avionics and equipment.[1][2]\nNUH-1E\nUH-1E configured for testing.\nTH-1E\nUH-1C configured for Marine Corps training. Twenty built in 1965.[1]\nAH-1F\n\"Modernized AH-1S\", with upgraded avionics and defensive systems.\nUH-1F\nUH-1B/C for the USAF, with General Electric T-58-GE-3 engine of 1,325 shp.[1][2]\nTH-1F\nInstrument and Rescue Trainer based on the UH-1F for the USAF.[1][2]\nUH-1G\nDesignation given locally to UH-1D/H gunships operating with the Cambodia armed forces.\nAH-1G\nInitial 1966 production model of the Cobra gunship for the US Army, with one 1,400 shp Avco Lycoming T53-13 turboshaft.\nJAH-1G\nOne Cobra helicopter modified for armament testing, including Hellfire missiles and multi-barrel cannon.[4]\nTH-1G\nTwo-seat dual-control Cobra trainer.[4]Base Rescue Moose Jaw CH-118 Iroquois helicopters 118109 and 118101 at CFB Moose Jaw, 1982UH-1H\nImproved UH-1D with a Lycoming T-53-L-13 engine of 1,400 shp; 5,435 built.[1][2] Also built under license in Taiwan by AIDC.[5]Nightime cockpit view of UH-1NCUH-1H\nCanadian Forces designation for the UH-1H utility transport helicopter. Redesignated CH-118.[1][2][6]\nEH-1H\nTwenty-two aircraft converted by installation of AN/ARQ-33 radio intercept and jamming equipment for Project Quick Fix.\nHH-1H\nSAR variant for the USAF with rescue hoist.[1] 30 built.[2]\nJUH-1\nFive UH-1Hs converted to SOTAS battlefield surveillance configuration with belly-mounted airborne radar.[1]\nTH-1H\nModified UH-1Hs for use as basic helicopter flight trainers by the USAF.\nAH-1J\nOriginal twin-engine SeaCobra version, subsequently upgraded and exported to Iran as AH-1J \"International\"\nUH-1J\nAn improved Japanese version of the UH-1H built under license in Japan by Fuji was locally given the designation UH-1J.[5][7]\nHH-1K\nPurpose-built SAR variant of the Model 204 for the US Navy with USN avionics and equipment.[1] 27 built.[2]\nTH-1L\nHelicopter flight trainer based on the HH-1K for the USN.[1]\nUH-1L\nUtility variant of the TH-1L.[1]\nUH-1M\nGunship specific UH-1C upgrade with Lycoming T-53-L-13 engine of 1,400 shp.[1]\nUH-1N\nInitial Bell 212 production model, the Bell \"Twin Pac\" twin-engined Huey.[1]\nHH-1N\nRescue version of the UH-1N[8]\nAH-1P\n100 production aircraft with composite rotors, flat plate glass cockpit, and improved cockpit layout for nap-of-earth (NOE) flight. The AH-1P is also referred to as the \"Production AH-1S\", or \"AH-1S(PROD)\" prior to 1988.UH-1P preserved in diorama at the National Museum of the Air ForceUH-1P\nUH-1F variant for USAF for special operations use and attack operations used solely by the USAF 20th Special Operations Squadron, \"the Green Hornets\".[1]\nYAH-1Q\nEight AH-1Gs with XM26 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU) and two M56 TOW 4-pack launchers.[3]\nAH-1Q\nUpgraded AH-1G equipped with the M65 TOW/Cobra missile subsystem, M65 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU), and M73 Reflex sight.\nYAH-1R\nAH-1G powered by a T53-L-703 engine without TOW system.[3]\nAH-1RO\nProposed version for Romania as Dracula.AH-1W on a training mission at the Mojave Spaceport.YAH-1S\nAH-1Q upgrade and TOW system.[3]\nAH-1S\nAH-1Q upgraded with a 1,800 shp T53-L-703 turboshaft engine.\nAH-1T\nNamed Improved SeaCobra, features an extended tailboom and fuselage and an upgraded transmission and engines.\nUH-1U\nSingle prototype for Counter Mortar/Counter Battery Radar Jamming aircraft. Crashed at Edwards AFB during testing.[citation needed]\nUH-1V\nAeromedical evacuation, rescue version for the US Army.[1]\nAH-1W\nSuperCobra variant, nicknamed \"Whiskey Cobra\", day/night version with more powerful engines and advanced weapons capability.\nEH-1X\nElectronic warfare UH-1Hs converted under \"Quick Fix IIA\".[1]\nUH-1Y Venom\nNamed Venom, upgraded variant developed from existing upgraded late model UH-1Ns, with additional emphasis on commonality with the AH-1Z as part of the H-1 upgrade program.\nAH-1Z Viper\nNamed Viper, or also \"Zulu Cobra\", it includes an upgraded 4 blade main rotor and adds the Night Targeting System (NTS). Offered as King Cobra to Turkey for its ATAK program and selected for production in 2000, but later canceled.[9]Canadian Forces CH-135 Twin Huey in service with the Multinational Force and Observers.A Bell Griffin HT1 of the Defence Helicopter Flying SchoolUH-1/T700\nUpgraded commercial version, named Ultra Huey, fitted with a 1,400-kW (1900-shp) General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshaft engine.\nCH-118\nCanadian Forces designation for the UH-1H\nCH-135\nCanadian Forces designation for the UH-1N Twin Huey\nCH-146\nCanadian Forces designation for a variant of the Bell 412\nGriffin HT1\nRAF designation for a trainer based on the 412EP\nGriffin HAR2\nRAF designation for a search and rescue helicopter based on the Bell 412EP","title":"Military designations (UH-1 and AH-1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell205AC-FJTG.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_(Ontario)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HelitackCrew01.JPG"},{"link_name":"helitack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helitack"},{"link_name":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Sioux Lookout, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Lookout,_Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell204CandFireFighters04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_(Ontario)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kfd-205-N408KC-050430-05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kern County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Mojave Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Spaceport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell214STSuperTransporterN724HT.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bell 214ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_214ST"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_412HP,_Heli_Austria_AN2029793.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bell 204B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_Branch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcdsh1sw-10"},{"link_name":"Agusta-Bell AB 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta"},{"link_name":"Agusta-Bell AB 204AS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois_variants"},{"link_name":"Fuji-Bell 204B-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Fuji Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Bell 205A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcdsh1sw-10"},{"link_name":"Agusta-Bell 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Bell 205A-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcdsh1sw-10"},{"link_name":"Agusta-Bell 205A-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Fuji-Bell 205A-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Bell 205A+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Bell 205A-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois_variants"},{"link_name":"Fuji-Bell 205B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"UH-1J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois_variants#UH-1J"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Agusta-Bell 205BG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"Agusta-Bell 205TA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"Bell 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-5"},{"link_name":"Bell 209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Bell 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcdsh1sw-10"},{"link_name":"Bell 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cent-12"},{"link_name":"Bell 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_212"},{"link_name":"Bell 214 Huey Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_214"},{"link_name":"Bell 214ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_214ST"},{"link_name":"Bell 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1_Cobra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey_Cobra-3"},{"link_name":"Bell 309 KingCobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_309_KingCobra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bell 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_412"},{"link_name":"Bell Huey II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois_variants"},{"link_name":"Global Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada"},{"link_name":"PT6C-67D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PT6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Huey 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_204/205"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Panha Shabaviz 2-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panha_Shabaviz_2-75"},{"link_name":"PANHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANHA"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Panha 2091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panha_2091"}],"text":"A Bell 205A-1 on firefighting duty with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Nym Lake, Ontario, Canada, 1996A Bell 205A-1 with its helitack firefighting crew on standby with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Sioux Lookout, Ontario, 1995A Bell 204B (upgraded to a \"C\" model) arrives to pick up its Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources firefighting crew on Fire 141, 1995Kern County (California) Fire Department's Bell 205 based at Mojave SpaceportBell 214STBell 412HP of Heli AustriaBell 204B\n11 seat utility transport helicopter; the civil certified model was based at the military model 204, known by the US Army as the UH-1B.[10]\nAgusta-Bell AB 204\n11 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.\nAgusta-Bell AB 204AS\nAnti-submarine warfare, anti-shipping version of the AB 204 helicopter.\nFuji-Bell 204B-2\n11 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries.\nBell 205A\n15 seat utility transport helicopter.[10]\nAgusta-Bell 205\n15 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Italy by Agusta.\nBell 205A-1\n15 seat utility transport helicopter, initial version based on the UH-1H.[10]\nAgusta-Bell 205A-1\nModified version of the AB 205.\nFuji-Bell 205A-1\n15 seat utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Japan by Fuji.\nBell 205A+\nField upgraded 205A utilizing a T53-17 engine and a 212 rotor system. Similar to the production 205B and 210.\nBell 205A-1A\nA 205A-1, but with armament hardpoints and military avionics. Produced specifically for Israeli contract.\nFuji-Bell 205B\nA joint Bell-Fuji commercial variant based on UH-1J, a Japanese improved model of UH-1H.[11]\nAgusta-Bell 205BG\nPrototype fitted with two Gnome H 1200 turboshaft engines.[5]\nAgusta-Bell 205TA\nPrototype fitted with two Turbomeca Astazous turboshaft engines.[5]\nBell 208\nExperimental twin-engine \"Twin Huey\" prototype.[5]\nBell 209\nOriginal AH-1G prototype with retractable skid landing gear.\nBell 210\n15 seat upgraded 205A[10]\nBell 211\nThe HueyTug, was a commercial version of the UH-1C with an upgraded transmission, longer main rotor, larger tailboom, strengthened fuselage, stability augmentation system, and a 2,650 shp (1,976 kW) Lycoming T-55-L-7 turboshaft engine.[12]\nBell 212\n15 seat twin-engined derivative of the Bell 205\nBell 214 Huey Plus\nStrengthened development of the Bell 205 airframe with a larger engine\nBell 214ST\n18 seat twin engined utility helicopter\nBell 249\nExperimental AH-1 demonstrator version fitted with a four-bladed rotor system, an uprated engine and experimental equipment, including Hellfire missiles.[3]\nBell 309 KingCobra\nExperimental version powered by one Lycoming T-55-L-7C engine.[13]\nBell 412\nBell 212 with a four-bladed semi-rigid rotor system.\nBell Huey II\nA modified and re-engined UH-1H, significantly upgrading its performance, and its cost-effectiveness. Currently offered by Bell to all current military users of the type.\nGlobal Eagle\nPratt & Whitney Canada name for a modified UH-1H with a new PT6C-67D engine, modified tail rotor, and other minor changes to increase range and fuel efficiency over the Bell 212.[14]\nHuey 800\nUpgraded commercial version, fitted with an LHTEC T800 turboshaft engine.[citation needed]\nPanha Shabaviz 2-75\nUnlicensed version made by PANHA in Iran.\nPanha 2091\nUnlicensed Iranian upgrade of the AH-1J International.","title":"Civil designations"}] | [{"image_text":"AH-1E","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/AH-1_Cobra_DF-ST-85-09827.JPEG/220px-AH-1_Cobra_DF-ST-85-09827.JPEG"},{"image_text":"AH-1Fs of the Israeli Defence Force over Masada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Masada_cobra1.jpg/220px-Masada_cobra1.jpg"},{"image_text":"CH-146 Griffon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CH-146_Griffon_Helicopter.jpg/220px-CH-146_Griffon_Helicopter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Base Rescue Moose Jaw CH-118 Iroquois helicopters 118109 and 118101 at CFB Moose Jaw, 1982","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BellCH-118Huey118109and118101.JPG/220px-BellCH-118Huey118109and118101.JPG"},{"image_text":"Nightime cockpit view of UH-1N","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey_267_%2820437038573%29.jpg/220px-Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey_267_%2820437038573%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"UH-1P preserved in diorama at the National Museum of the Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_UH-1P-BF_%285-19-2022%29.jpg/220px-Bell_UH-1P-BF_%285-19-2022%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"AH-1W on a training mission at the Mojave Spaceport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ah1-228-070719-02cr-16.jpg/220px-Ah1-228-070719-02cr-16.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canadian Forces CH-135 Twin Huey in service with the Multinational Force and Observers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BellCH-135TwinHuey135102.JPG/220px-BellCH-135TwinHuey135102.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Bell Griffin HT1 of the Defence Helicopter Flying School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bell_412EP_Griffin_HT1_of_the_RAF_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg/220px-Bell_412EP_Griffin_HT1_of_the_RAF_at_RIAT_2010_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bell 205A-1 on firefighting duty with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Nym Lake, Ontario, Canada, 1996","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bell205AC-FJTG.JPG/220px-Bell205AC-FJTG.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Bell 205A-1 with its helitack firefighting crew on standby with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Sioux Lookout, Ontario, 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/HelitackCrew01.JPG/220px-HelitackCrew01.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Bell 204B (upgraded to a \"C\" model) arrives to pick up its Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources firefighting crew on Fire 141, 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bell204CandFireFighters04.JPG/220px-Bell204CandFireFighters04.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kern County (California) Fire Department's Bell 205 based at Mojave Spaceport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kfd-205-N408KC-050430-05.jpg/220px-Kfd-205-N408KC-050430-05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bell 214ST","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bell214STSuperTransporterN724HT.JPG/220px-Bell214STSuperTransporterN724HT.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bell 412HP of Heli Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bell_412HP%2C_Heli_Austria_AN2029793.jpg/220px-Bell_412HP%2C_Heli_Austria_AN2029793.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Bell UH-1 Iroquois operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bell_UH-1_Iroquois_operators"},{"title":"List of utility helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_utility_helicopters"},{"title":"Super Huey UH-IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Huey_UH-IX"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Bell UH-1 Huey\". archive.org. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120106195943/http://vectorsite.net/avhuey.html","url_text":"\"The Bell UH-1 Huey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bell HH-1N\". Pima Air & Space. Retrieved 2024-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://pimaair.org/museum-aircraft/bell-hh-1n-iroquois/","url_text":"\"Bell HH-1N\""}]},{"reference":"Takeshi Makino (December 24, 2002). \"The Activities of Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. in the Field of Vertical Flight\". Archived from the original on April 14, 2004. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040414143348/http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2415/makino.html","url_text":"\"The Activities of Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. in the Field of Vertical Flight\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2415/makino.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Skycranes\". Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070409021135/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/skycranes/HE13.htm","url_text":"\"Skycranes\""},{"url":"http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/skycranes/HE13.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[1.0] First Generation Cobras\". archive.org. 8 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120408211614/http://www.vectorsite.net/avcobra_1.html","url_text":"\"[1.0] First Generation Cobras\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas W. Nelms (2005-11-01). \"Eagle Power\". Aviation Today. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173945/http://www.aviationtoday.com/print/rw/military/utility/1824.html","url_text":"\"Eagle Power\""},{"url":"http://www.aviationtoday.com/print/rw/military/utility/1824.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120106195943/http://vectorsite.net/avhuey.html","external_links_name":"\"The Bell UH-1 Huey\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip/historical/iroquoislst_e.asp","external_links_name":"\"Bell CH-118 Iroquois.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510134213/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip/historical/iroquoislst_e.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/aviation/uh-1j/uh1j.html","external_links_name":"UH-1J 多用途ヘリコプター."},{"Link":"https://pimaair.org/museum-aircraft/bell-hh-1n-iroquois/","external_links_name":"\"Bell HH-1N\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=60656","external_links_name":"\"Back to square one in attack helicopter plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206174158/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=60656","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608074714/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/1f2c7b0cfe3afe288625733a006b57df/%24FILE/H1SW.pdf","external_links_name":"FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet H1SW for the 204, 205A, 205A-1 and 210 models"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040414143348/http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2415/makino.html","external_links_name":"\"The Activities of Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. in the Field of Vertical Flight\""},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/2415/makino.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070409021135/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/skycranes/HE13.htm","external_links_name":"\"Skycranes\""},{"Link":"http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/skycranes/HE13.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120408211614/http://www.vectorsite.net/avcobra_1.html","external_links_name":"\"[1.0] First Generation Cobras\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173945/http://www.aviationtoday.com/print/rw/military/utility/1824.html","external_links_name":"\"Eagle Power\""},{"Link":"http://www.aviationtoday.com/print/rw/military/utility/1824.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Luxembourg_National_Division | 2019–20 Luxembourg National Division | ["1 Teams","1.1 Stadia and locations","2 League table","3 Results","4 Season statistics","4.1 Top scorers","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Football league seasonLuxembourg National DivisionSeason2019–20Dates3 August 2019 – 8 March 2020(Remaining matches cancelled)Championsnot awardedRelegatedno relegationChampions LeagueFola EschEuropa LeagueProgrès NiederkornDifferdange 03Union Titus PétangeMatches played119Goals scored403 (3.39 per match)Top goalscorerDanel Sinani(14 goals)Biggest home winFola Esch 5–0 Rodange 91(3 November 2019)Biggest away winVictoria Rosport 0–7 F91 Dudelange(29 September 2019)Highest scoringHostert 3–5 Progrès Niederkorn(11 August 2019)Longest winning run6 matchesDifferdange 03Longest unbeaten run13 matchesFola EschLongest winless run12 matchesMondorf-les-BainsLongest losing run5 matchesHostert← 2018–19 2020–21 →
All statistics correct as of 8 March 2020.
The 2019–20 Luxembourg National Division was the 106th season of top-tier association football in Luxembourg. The season began on 3 August 2019 and the last matches were played on 8 March 2020.
F91 Dudelange were the defending champions of the league.
On 28 April 2020, the league was abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic. The title was not awarded, and no teams were relegated, with the league expanded to 16 teams next season for a transitional year.
Teams
RM Hamm Benfica and Rumelange were relegated after the previous season. Muhlenbach Blue Boys and Rodange 91 earned promotion from the Luxembourg Division of Honour and joined the league this season.
Victoria RosportEschEsch teams:Fola EschJeunesse EschF91 DudelangeMuhlenbach Blue BoysUNA StrassenRacingMondorf-les-BainsUnion Titus PétangeDifferdange 03HostertRodange 91Progrès NiederkornEtzella Ettelbruckclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2019–20 Luxembourg National Division teams
Stadia and locations
Team
Town
Venue
Capacity
FC Blue Boys Muhlenbach
Muhlenbach
Stade Mathias Mamer
1,100
Differdange 03
Differdange
Stade Municipal de la Ville de Differdange
3,000
Etzella Ettelbruck
Ettelbruck
Stade Am Deich
2,020
F91 Dudelange
Dudelange
Stade Jos Nosbaum
2,558
Fola Esch
Esch-sur-Alzette
Stade Émile Mayrisch
3,826
Hostert
Hostert
Stade Jos Becker
1,500
Jeunesse Esch
Esch-sur-Alzette
Stade de la Frontière
5,090
Mondorf-les-Bains
Mondorf-les-Bains
Stade John Grün
3,600
Progrès Niederkorn
Niederkorn
Stade Jos Haupert
2,800
Racing FC
Luxembourg City
Stade Achille Hammerel
5,814
Rodange
Rodange
Stade Joseph Philippart
3,400
UNA Strassen
Strassen
Complexe Sportif Jean Wirtz
2,000
UT Pétange
Pétange
Stade Municipal
2,400
Victoria Rosport
Rosport
VictoriArena
1,000
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Fola Esch
17
12
3
2
41
17
+24
39
Qualification for the Champions League first qualifying round
2
Progrès Niederkorn
17
11
4
2
43
17
+26
37
Qualification for the Europa League first qualifying round
3
Differdange 03
17
11
2
4
36
25
+11
35
4
Union Titus Pétange
17
10
3
4
34
23
+11
33
5
F91 Dudelange
17
8
2
7
38
24
+14
26
6
UNA Strassen
17
7
5
5
30
26
+4
26
7
Racing FC
17
6
7
4
32
27
+5
25
8
Jeunesse Esch
17
5
4
8
24
34
−10
19
9
Victoria Rosport
17
5
3
9
23
35
−12
18
10
Etzella Ettelbruck
17
5
2
10
22
34
−12
17
11
Hostert
17
5
1
11
17
37
−20
16
12
Mondorf-les-Bains
17
3
6
8
22
28
−6
15
13
Rodange 91
17
4
3
10
21
37
−16
15
14
Muhlenbach Blue Boys
17
3
3
11
20
39
−19
12
Source: UEFA, SoccerwayRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Matches won; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head goals scored; 7) Play-off.
Results
Before the season, each team was expected to play every other team in the league twice for a total of 26 matches each.
Home \ Away
DIF
ETZ
DUD
FOL
HOS
JEU
MON
MUH
PRO
RAC
ROD
UNA
UTP
VIC
Differdange 03
—
2–1
0–3
—
3–1
—
1–1
—
1–5
—
2–1
4–1
2–3
—
Etzella Ettelbruck
0–3
—
1–4
0–1
0–1
—
1–3
—
0–4
—
5–2
3–2
1–2
—
F91 Dudelange
—
—
—
—
—
1–3
3–1
3–1
2–3
3–3
4–0
2–2
4–2
—
Fola Esch
1–2
3–1
2–1
—
—
—
—
4–2
2–0
—
5–0
2–1
2–0
—
Hostert
0–3
—
1–0
1–1
—
—
0–1
—
3–5
0–3
2–3
1–5
—
2–0
Jeunesse Esch
1–1
1–1
0–1
0–3
1–2
—
—
—
—
3–2
2–1
—
1–4
2–1
Mondorf-les-Bains
1–2
1–2
—
2–2
—
2–3
—
3–0
—
0–4
—
0–0
—
1–2
Muhlenbach Blue Boys
0–2
1–1
—
3–2
0–1
4–2
1–1
—
—
2–2
0–3
—
—
0–3
Progrès Niederkorn
—
—
2–0
—
4–0
4–0
2–2
5–2
—
1–2
1–0
0–0
—
2–1
Racing FC
3–2
0–3
1–0
2–2
2–1
1–1
—
—
1–1
—
—
—
2–3
2–2
Rodange 91
—
1–2
—
—
—
3–3
1–1
1–3
—
1–1
—
1–2
1–0
1–0
UNA Strassen
1–3
—
—
1–3
4–1
1–0
1–0
2–0
—
2–1
—
—
—
2–2
Union Titus Pétange
—
—
2–0
0–1
2–0
—
3–2
2–0
1–1
—
4–1
2–2
—
2–2
Victoria Rosport
2–3
3–0
0–7
0–4
—
2–1
—
2–1
0–3
—
—
—
1–2
—
Source: SoccerwayLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Season statistics
Top scorers
As of 8 March 2020
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Danel Sinani
F91 Dudelange
14
2
Moussa Seydi
Fola Esch
13
3
Emmanuel Françoise
Progrès Niederkorn
11
Yann Mabella
Racing FC
5
Artur Abreu
UT Pétange
10
6
Aleksandar Biedermann
Victoria Rosport
8
Martin Boakye
Jeunesse Esch
Andreas Buch
Differdange 03
Ken Corral
Fola Esch
Eddire Mokrani
UT Pétange
Benjamin Runser
UNA Strassen
Sebastian Szimayer
UNA Strassen
See also
Luxembourg Cup
Luxembourg Division of Honour
References
^ "BGL Ligue – programme détaillé 2019/2020". FLF. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
^ a b "National Division". soccerway.com. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
^ "Informations aux clubs de la FLF – crise du CORONA COVID-19 Décisions du Conseil d'Administration". Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Football. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Four top clubs to play European football, no team to be crowned champion". RTL.lu. 29 April 2020.
^ "National Division". soccerway.com. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
^ "Complexe Sportif Jean Wirtz". soccerway. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ "FC Victoria Rosport". soccerway. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ a b "National Division". soccerway.com. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Top Scorers".
External links
Official website
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Germany
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Hungary
Iceland
Israel
Italy
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Kosovo
Lithuania '19 '20
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Portugal
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Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"F91 Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-way-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 2019–20 Luxembourg National Division was the 106th season of top-tier association football in Luxembourg. The season began on 3 August 2019 and the last matches were played on 8 March 2020.[1]F91 Dudelange were the defending champions of the league.[2]On 28 April 2020, the league was abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic.[3] The title was not awarded, and no teams were relegated, with the league expanded to 16 teams next season for a transitional year.[4]","title":"2019–20 Luxembourg National Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RM Hamm Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_RM_Hamm_Benfica"},{"link_name":"Rumelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Rumelange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-way-2"},{"link_name":"Muhlenbach Blue Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Muhlenbach_Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"Rodange 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rodange_91"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg Division of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Division_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxembourg_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Rosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Victoria_Rosport"},{"link_name":"Fola Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Fola_Esch"},{"link_name":"Jeunesse Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch"},{"link_name":"F91 Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"Muhlenbach Blue Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Muhlenbach_Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"UNA Strassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_UNA_Strassen"},{"link_name":"Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_FC_Union_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Mondorf-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mondorf-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Union Titus Pétange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Titus_P%C3%A9tange"},{"link_name":"Differdange 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Differdange_03"},{"link_name":"Hostert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Hostert"},{"link_name":"Rodange 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rodange_91"},{"link_name":"Progrès Niederkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Progr%C3%A8s_Niederkorn"},{"link_name":"Etzella Ettelbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Etzella_Ettelbruck"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxembourg_adm_location_map.svg"}],"text":"RM Hamm Benfica and Rumelange were relegated after the previous season.[2] Muhlenbach Blue Boys and Rodange 91 earned promotion from the Luxembourg Division of Honour and joined the league this season.[5]Victoria RosportEschEsch teams:Fola EschJeunesse EschF91 DudelangeMuhlenbach Blue BoysUNA StrassenRacingMondorf-les-BainsUnion Titus PétangeDifferdange 03HostertRodange 91Progrès NiederkornEtzella Ettelbruckclass=notpageimage| Locations of the 2019–20 Luxembourg National Division teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stadia and locations","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=lux/domesticleague/standings/index.html"},{"link_name":"Soccerway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LuxRules-8"}],"text":"Source: UEFA, SoccerwayRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Matches won; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head goals scored; 7) Play-off.[8]","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LuxRules-8"},{"link_name":"DIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Differdange_03"},{"link_name":"ETZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Etzella_Ettelbruck"},{"link_name":"DUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"FOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Fola_Esch"},{"link_name":"HOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Hostert"},{"link_name":"JEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mondorf-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"MUH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Muhlenbach_Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"PRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Progr%C3%A8s_Niederkorn"},{"link_name":"RAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_FC_Union_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"ROD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rodange_91"},{"link_name":"UNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_UNA_Strassen"},{"link_name":"UTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Titus_P%C3%A9tange"},{"link_name":"VIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Victoria_Rosport"},{"link_name":"Differdange 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Differdange_03"},{"link_name":"Etzella Ettelbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Etzella_Ettelbruck"},{"link_name":"F91 Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"Fola Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Fola_Esch"},{"link_name":"Hostert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Hostert"},{"link_name":"Jeunesse Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Esch"},{"link_name":"Mondorf-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mondorf-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Muhlenbach Blue Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Muhlenbach_Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"Progrès Niederkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Progr%C3%A8s_Niederkorn"},{"link_name":"Racing FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_FC_Union_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Rodange 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rodange_91"},{"link_name":"UNA Strassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_UNA_Strassen"},{"link_name":"Union Titus Pétange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Titus_P%C3%A9tange"},{"link_name":"Victoria Rosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Victoria_Rosport"},{"link_name":"Soccerway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290"}],"text":"Before the season, each team was expected to play every other team in the league twice for a total of 26 matches each.[8]Home \\ Away\n\nDIF\n\nETZ\n\nDUD\n\nFOL\n\nHOS\n\nJEU\n\nMON\n\nMUH\n\nPRO\n\nRAC\n\nROD\n\nUNA\n\nUTP\n\nVIC\n\n\nDifferdange 03\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–5\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–3\n\n—\n\n\nEtzella Ettelbruck\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n1–4\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n—\n\n0–4\n\n—\n\n5–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n\nF91 Dudelange\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–3\n\n3–3\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–2\n\n—\n\n\nFola Esch\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n4–2\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n\nHostert\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n3–5\n\n0–3\n\n2–3\n\n1–5\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n\nJeunesse Esch\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–4\n\n2–1\n\n\nMondorf-les-Bains\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n2–3\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n0–4\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n\nMuhlenbach Blue Boys\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n\nProgrès Niederkorn\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n5–2\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n\nRacing FC\n\n3–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n\nRodange 91\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nUNA Strassen\n\n1–3\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n\nUnion Titus Pétange\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n4–1\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n\nVictoria Rosport\n\n2–3\n\n3–0\n\n0–7\n\n0–4\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\nSource: SoccerwayLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topscorer-9"}],"sub_title":"Top scorers","text":"As of 8 March 2020[9]","title":"Season statistics"}] | [] | [{"title":"Luxembourg Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Cup"},{"title":"Luxembourg Division of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Division_of_Honour"}] | [{"reference":"\"BGL Ligue – programme détaillé 2019/2020\". FLF. Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flf.lu/Competitions/Actualites/Promotion-honneu-programme-detaille-2019-2020-(1).aspx","url_text":"\"BGL Ligue – programme détaillé 2019/2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Division\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20182019/regular-season/r48021","url_text":"\"National Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Informations aux clubs de la FLF – crise du CORONA COVID-19 Décisions du Conseil d'Administration\". Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Football. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200428205137/http://www.flf.lu/La-FLF/Actualites/Informations-aux-clubs-de-la-FLF-%E2%80%93-crise-du-CO-(1).aspx","url_text":"\"Informations aux clubs de la FLF – crise du CORONA COVID-19 Décisions du Conseil d'Administration\""},{"url":"http://flf.lu/La-FLF/Actualites/Informations-aux-clubs-de-la-FLF-%E2%80%93-crise-du-CO-(1).aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Four top clubs to play European football, no team to be crowned champion\". RTL.lu. 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://today.rtl.lu/sport/local/a/1509593.html","url_text":"\"Four top clubs to play European football, no team to be crowned champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Division\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/promotion-dhonneur/20182019/regular-season/r48020","url_text":"\"National Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Complexe Sportif Jean Wirtz\". soccerway. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/venues/luxembourg/complexe-sportif-jean-wirtz/v9760/","url_text":"\"Complexe Sportif Jean Wirtz\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Victoria Rosport\". soccerway. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/teams/luxembourg/fc-victoria-rosport/1418/","url_text":"\"FC Victoria Rosport\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Division\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290/","url_text":"\"National Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Scorers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290/","url_text":"\"Top Scorers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=lux/domesticleague/standings/index.html","external_links_name":"UEFA"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290","external_links_name":"Soccerway"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290","external_links_name":"Soccerway"},{"Link":"http://www.flf.lu/Competitions/Actualites/Promotion-honneu-programme-detaille-2019-2020-(1).aspx","external_links_name":"\"BGL Ligue – programme détaillé 2019/2020\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20182019/regular-season/r48021","external_links_name":"\"National Division\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200428205137/http://www.flf.lu/La-FLF/Actualites/Informations-aux-clubs-de-la-FLF-%E2%80%93-crise-du-CO-(1).aspx","external_links_name":"\"Informations aux clubs de la FLF – crise du CORONA COVID-19 Décisions du Conseil d'Administration\""},{"Link":"http://flf.lu/La-FLF/Actualites/Informations-aux-clubs-de-la-FLF-%E2%80%93-crise-du-CO-(1).aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://today.rtl.lu/sport/local/a/1509593.html","external_links_name":"\"Four top clubs to play European football, no team to be crowned champion\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/promotion-dhonneur/20182019/regular-season/r48020","external_links_name":"\"National Division\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/venues/luxembourg/complexe-sportif-jean-wirtz/v9760/","external_links_name":"\"Complexe Sportif Jean Wirtz\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/teams/luxembourg/fc-victoria-rosport/1418/","external_links_name":"\"FC Victoria Rosport\""},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290/","external_links_name":"\"National Division\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/national/luxembourg/national-division/20192020/regular-season/r53290/","external_links_name":"\"Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"http://www.flf.lu/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
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