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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvic_(mineral_water) | Volvic (mineral water) | ["1 History","2 Varieties","3 Advertising campaigns","4 Alzheimer's study","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"] | Brand of mineral water
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Volvic" mineral water – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
VolvicProduct typeMineral waterOwnerDanone (1993–pres.)CountryFranceIntroduced1938; 86 years ago (1938)Websitevolvic.com
Volvic is a brand of mineral water. Its source is in the Chaîne des Puys-Limagne Fault, Auvergne Volcanoes Regional Park, at the Puy de Dôme in France.
Over 50% of the production of Volvic water is exported to more than sixty countries throughout the world. Two bottling plants produce over one billion bottles of water annually and are the principal employers of the local Volvic commune.
History
The first of the springs in the area was tapped in 1922, and the first bottles appeared on the market in 1938. In October 1993, the Volvic company was bought by Groupe Danone. Since 1997, Volvic has been using PETE, a recyclable material, to make their bottles.
The company became carbon-neutral during 2020. During the same year Volvic and the esports organisation Berlin International Gaming commenced a partnership.
In Episode 7 of the Starz original series The Chair, YouTuber Shane Dawson used Volvic in combination with a saline solution in a neti pot, at the insistence of his manager, Lauren.
Varieties
Nutritional valueSourceClairvic Spring, Auvergne Regional ParkpH7 (neutral)Calcium (Ca)12 - 11.5Chloride (Cl)15 Bicarbonate (HCO3)74 - 71Magnesium (Mg)8 Nitrate (NO3)7.3 Potassium (K)6 Silica (SiO2)32 - 31.7Sodium (Na)12 - 11.6TDS109 (dry residue 130)All concentrations in milligrams per liter (mg/L); pH without units
Volvic also produces a range of water that has natural fruit flavouring named Volvic Touch of Fruit, with sugar free options. Recent flavours include strawberry, summer fruits, orange & peach, cherry, and lemon & lime. Other ranges available are Volvic Juiced (water with fruit juice from concentrate), and Volvic Sparkling (sparkling flavoured water similar to Touch of Fruit).
Advertising campaigns
The track "Bombay Theme" from the Kollywood film Bombay's (1995) soundtrack is an instrumental orchestral piece composed and arranged by A. R. Rahman and conducted by K. Srinivas Murthy, recently featured in the television commercial for Volvic, starring Zinedine Zidane since 2000.
In Volvic's "1L = 10L FOR AFRICA" campaign, the company promised that for every one litre of Volvic purchased, they would provide ten litres of drinking water through their "well creation" programme with World Vision in Ghana, Malawi, Mali and Zambia.
Another recent campaign is the 14 Day Challenge, in which people are challenged to drink 1.5 litres of Volvic mineral water every day for 14 days, to achieve hydration to the body and mind.
Volvic became the first brand in the history of Danone and advertising during 2006, when Danone paid an amount reaching seven figures for the first sponsorship made for television. The sponsorship took place on E4 and included the television shows How I Met Your Mother, The Inbetweeners, The Goldbergs and 2 Broke Girls, a series from Guy Martin, a series of The Island and a reality survival series, Eden.
In 2007, a series of four Volvic adverts were released featuring a volcano named George (voiced by Matt Berry) and a T-rex named Tyrannosaurus Alan (voiced by Tom Goodman-Hill).
Alzheimer's study
A 2006 study found that drinking Volvic could reduce the levels of aluminium in the bodies of people with Alzheimer's disease. There is a link between human exposure to aluminium and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
References
^ "Origin & Source". www.volvic.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Binet, Léon (1968). "Concernant la demande d'autorisation d'exploitation, après transport à distance, de l'eau de la source d'eau minérale naturelle dite 'Clairvic' située à Volvic (Puy-de-de-Dôme)" . Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine (in French). 152 (30): 542–547. PMID 4888547.
^ "Volvic - company info - about us". Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
^ "B Impact Report". bcorporation.net (B Lab). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Nicholson, Jonno (19 February 2021). "BIG extends partnership with Volvic". www.esportsinsider.com. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h "volcanic-water/composition". Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ "Volvic '14 day challenge' by RKCR/Y&R". www.campaignlive.co.uk. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Connelly, Anthony. "Volvic partners with channel 4 for first ever TV ad campaign". www.thedrum.com.
^ "Adwatch: Volvic - 'Brainy Dino'".
^ Exley, Christopher (2006). "Drinking mineral water could reduce aluminium in Alzheimer's disease sufferers". www.j-alz.com/press/2006 Journal Alzheimers. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
Sources
"Bottled Water - The Definitive Bottled Water Site". www.bottledwaterweb.com. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
"Advertisement - Danone Water - "New Life"". Volvic, youtube.com. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
Upshall, Emma (3 June 2020). "Danone Water - "New Life"". www.foodbev.com. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volvic (mineral water).
Official website
vteGroupe DanoneBrands and subsidiariesCurrent
Actimel
Activia
Alpro
Bagley
Evian
Happy Family
Horizon Organic
International Delight
Michel et Augustin
Nutricia
Silk
Volvic
Danone North America
YoCrunch
Former
Brown Cow
Earthbound Farm
Stonyfield Farm
Vega
People
Isaac Carasso (founder)
Daniel Carasso
Bruno Bonnell
Emmanuel Faber
Richard Goblet d'Alviella
Bernard Hours
Benoît Potier
Franck Riboud
Michel David-Weill
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mineral water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water"},{"link_name":"Chaîne des Puys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puys"},{"link_name":"Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Volcanoes Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne#Geography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Puy de Dôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"Volvic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvic"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"}],"text":"Volvic is a brand of mineral water. Its source is in the Chaîne des Puys-Limagne Fault, Auvergne Volcanoes Regional Park,[1] at the Puy de Dôme[2] in France.[citation needed]Over 50% of the production of Volvic water is exported to more than sixty countries throughout the world. Two bottling plants produce over one billion bottles of water annually and are the principal employers of the local Volvic commune.","title":"Volvic (mineral water)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Groupe Danone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Danone"},{"link_name":"PETE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"carbon-neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-neutral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The first of the springs in the area was tapped in 1922, and the first bottles appeared on the market in 1938. In October 1993, the Volvic company was bought by Groupe Danone. Since 1997, Volvic has been using PETE, a recyclable material, to make their bottles.[3]The company became carbon-neutral during 2020.[4] During the same year Volvic and the esports organisation Berlin International Gaming commenced a partnership.[5]In Episode 7 of the Starz original series The Chair, YouTuber Shane Dawson used Volvic in combination with a saline solution in a neti pot, at the insistence of his manager, Lauren.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concentrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrate"}],"text":"Volvic also produces a range of water that has natural fruit flavouring named Volvic Touch of Fruit, with sugar free options. Recent flavours include strawberry, summer fruits, orange & peach, cherry, and lemon & lime. 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The sponsorship took place on E4 and included the television shows How I Met Your Mother, The Inbetweeners, The Goldbergs and 2 Broke Girls, a series from Guy Martin, a series of The Island and a reality survival series, Eden.[8]In 2007, a series of four Volvic adverts were released featuring a volcano named George (voiced by Matt Berry) and a T-rex named Tyrannosaurus Alan (voiced by Tom Goodman-Hill).[9]","title":"Advertising campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A 2006 study found that drinking Volvic could reduce the levels of aluminium in the bodies of people with Alzheimer's disease. There is a link between human exposure to aluminium and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.[10]","title":"Alzheimer's study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bottled Water - The Definitive Bottled Water Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bottledwaterweb.com/bottlersdetail.do?k=662"},{"link_name":"\"Advertisement - Danone Water - \"New Life\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=OARMkzTBreE"},{"link_name":"\"Danone Water - \"New Life\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foodbev.com/news/danones-volvic-water-brand-achieves-carbon-neutrality-and-b-corp-certification/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=3e73d1c2d122a57edd1e63c4d0257e278f2ba312-1621391273-0-AdLoQPWYlJZG8NKW8OmsNx0VRSuIf9XRxGGDexlLSKoWvjOS6FAyaA2w7wJYv6d9yUqOu0dd9hB99qyL4pBM17AxI5b17poxEHAK4BxPxOzFgBqOdzFu2G2KcKDMWO1nGmbfZnwZv1gNKjzgVWSZCCm-te0rXTraF-KAzxvyza4IbEdRVMWY0tGxBCBrNqaH8PDb8YHF_-S7SsxtE52_1hFrK3aN1g_j9WXOteNuBwZpn-3gRgKrJv2hpPwIXhDN-67b7O7V71blcE-Ftm9BIIhULlMfzsay_OQyJ1bKfuzPtkb9NzAOhzQGgq93hrg5bORDW3zNX0tV7s_dA0bkoDXn2soem0ei2T4eknBRIrtnkHt67cQTDQbIneEW6ehSJ1LafPTWD-ID8h4NEcsx6Pt6zehuHy_sB7nGrwOCANNGLRvkhuV_BuP4ytNPGWB9Gv5dh56mNY0NfWxHtYKRh4XWfJQ2K7_uqRRi3MQg5mqaUc0bhWWsUgbl6ZFVPKUKkA"}],"text":"\"Bottled Water - The Definitive Bottled Water Site\". www.bottledwaterweb.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Louisiana_State_Capitol | Old Louisiana State Capitol | ["1 History","2 Museum of Political History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | United States historic placeOld Louisiana State CapitolU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark
Old Louisiana State CapitolLocation100 North Boulevard, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United StatesCoordinates30°26′48″N 91°11′21″W / 30.44657°N 91.18903°W / 30.44657; -91.18903Area4.6 acres (1.9 ha)Built1847–1852ArchitectDakin, James H.; Freret, William A.Architectural styleGothic RevivalNRHP reference No.73000862Significant datesAdded to NRHPJanuary 12, 1973Designated NHLMay 30, 1974
South side of the capitol
The Old Louisiana State Capitol, also known as the State House, is a historic government building, and now a museum, at 100 North Boulevard in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. It housed the Louisiana State Legislature from the mid-19th century until the current capitol tower building was constructed from 1929-32.
It was built to both look like and function like a castle and has led some locals to call it the Louisiana Castle, the Castle of Baton Rouge, the Castle on the River, or the Museum of Political History; although most people just call it the old capitol building. The term "Old State Capitol" in Louisiana is used to refer to the building and not to the two towns that were formerly the capital city: New Orleans and Donaldsonville.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1973, and was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 30, 1974.
History
In 1846, the state legislature in New Orleans decided to move the seat of government to Baton Rouge. As in many states, representatives from other parts of Louisiana feared a concentration of power in the state's largest city. In 1840, New Orleans' population was about 102,000, making it the fourth-largest city in the U.S. The 1840 population of Baton Rouge, on the other hand, was only 2,269.
Louisiana's old State Capitol
On September 21, 1847, the city of Baton Rouge donated to the state of Louisiana a $20,000 parcel of land for a state capitol building. The land donated by the city for the capitol stands high atop a bluff facing the Mississippi River, a site that some believe was once marked by the red stick, or baton rouge, which French explorers claimed designated a Native American council meeting site.
New York architect James H. Dakin (then living in New Orleans) was hired to design the Baton Rouge capitol building, and rather than mimic the national Capitol Building in Washington, as so many other states had done, he conceived a Neo-Gothic medieval-style castle overlooking the Mississippi.
In 1859, the statehouse was featured and favorably described in De Bow's Review, the most prestigious periodical in the antebellum South. Mark Twain, however, as a steamboat pilot in the 1850s, loathed the sight of it, "It is pathetic ... that a whitewashed castle, with turrets and things ... should ever have been built in this otherwise honorable place."
The statehouse burns on 28 December 1862
In 1862, during the Civil War, Union Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans, and the seat of government retreated from Baton Rouge. The Union's occupying troops first used the capitol building — or "old gray castle," as it was once described — as a prison, and then to garrison African-American troops under General Culver Grover. While used as a garrison the building caught fire twice. This sequence of events transformed Louisiana's capitol into an empty, gutted shell abandoned by the Union Army.
By 1882 the statehouse was totally rebuilt by architect and engineer William A. Freret, who is credited with the installation of the spiral staircase and the stained glass dome, which are the interior focal points. The refurbished statehouse remained in use until 1932, when it was abandoned for the new Louisiana State Capitol building. The Old State Capitol has since been used to house Federally-chartered veterans organizations, and as an office of the Works Progress Administration, among other things.
Museum of Political History
Stained glass window
Stained glass dome, and as seen from the ground floor through the spiral staircase
Restored in the 1990s, the Old State Capitol is now the Museum of Political History. Most recently, the exterior façade has been refurbished with shades of tan stucco, in noticeable contrast to its former gray stone coloring. Numerous events are held there including an annual ball wherein the participants re-enact dances and traditions of French culture while wearing 18th- and 19th-century dress.
The museum's location downtown in Baton Rouge is within walking distance of the current capitol tower and of many culturally significant buildings. These include the Old Louisiana Governor's Mansion, the Louisiana Arts and Science Museum, St. Joseph Cathedral, and the widely acclaimed Shaw Center.
In 2010, the Museum of Political History's visitor experience opened, designed by award-winning Bob Rogers and the design firm BRC Imagination Arts, with attractions and exhibits showcasing the building as an architectural treasure and highlighting historic artifacts. Included is an interactive gallery featuring past state governors including Huey P. Long.
A key attraction, The Ghost of the Castle, is a theatrical production, during which visitors come face to face with the ghost of Sarah Morgan Dawson, a young Baton Rouge resident who loved the castle and wrote about it in her book, Sarah Morgan: The Civil War Diary of a Southern Woman (originally published in 1913 under a different title). In the roughly 12-minute experience, Sarah's ghost "conjures the building’s remarkable trials and tribulations through history," showing "the determination of everyday Louisianans who have saved the castle time and time again."
Admission to the museum is free, and the building is wheelchair-accessible.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Old Louisiana Governor's Mansion
Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
^ a b "Louisiana's Old State Capitol". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. June 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.
^ "Louisiana State Capitol (1849-62; 1882-1932)" (PDF). State of Louisiana's Division of Historic Preservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018. with six photos and two maps Archived 2018-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ruth S. LeCompte (November 15, 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination Form: Old Louisiana State Capitol". National Park Service. Retrieved May 11, 2018. With nine photos.
^ Life on the Mississippi, Chapter 40.
^ The Ghost of the Castle (2010) at IMDb, retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ Storyline of presentation at IMDb, crediting Old State Capitol; retrieved 31 May 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Louisiana State Capitol.
Louisiana's Old State Capitol and Museum of Political History - official website
Louisiana's Old State Capitol Foundation
Governor Henry Watkins Allen Memorial by La-Cemeteries
Library of Congress, Survey number HABS LA-1132
BatonRougeGuide.com
Baton Rouge Digital Archive from the East Baton Rouge Parish Library
This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service
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LA Art and Science Museum (Yazoo&MS. Valley Rail Depot)
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Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport
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(*) Some schools are in unincorporated areas outside of the city limits, including Woodlawn HS and St. Michael HS(**) Includes landmarks not owned by/a part of Louisiana State University nor Southern University, nor those elsewhere categorized
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in LouisianaListsby parish
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Portal: National Register of Historic Places | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Louisiana_state_capitol,_south_side.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"current capitol tower building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Donaldsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldsonville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ladoc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-4"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"}],"text":"United States historic placeSouth side of the capitolThe Old Louisiana State Capitol, also known as the State House, is a historic government building, and now a museum, at 100 North Boulevard in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. It housed the Louisiana State Legislature from the mid-19th century until the current capitol tower building was constructed from 1929-32.It was built to both look like and function like a castle and has led some locals to call it the Louisiana Castle, the Castle of Baton Rouge, the Castle on the River, or the Museum of Political History; although most people just call it the old capitol building. The term \"Old State Capitol\" in Louisiana is used to refer to the building and not to the two towns that were formerly the capital city: New Orleans and Donaldsonville.The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1973,[1][3][4] and was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 30, 1974.[2]","title":"Old Louisiana State Capitol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"seat of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_of_government"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baton_Rouge_Old_Capitol_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"James H. 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In 1840, New Orleans' population was about 102,000, making it the fourth-largest city in the U.S. The 1840 population of Baton Rouge, on the other hand, was only 2,269.Louisiana's old State CapitolOn September 21, 1847, the city of Baton Rouge donated to the state of Louisiana a $20,000 parcel of land for a state capitol building. The land donated by the city for the capitol stands high atop a bluff facing the Mississippi River, a site that some believe was once marked by the red stick, or baton rouge, which French explorers claimed designated a Native American council meeting site.New York architect James H. Dakin (then living in New Orleans) was hired to design the Baton Rouge capitol building, and rather than mimic the national Capitol Building in Washington, as so many other states had done, he conceived a Neo-Gothic medieval-style castle overlooking the Mississippi.In 1859, the statehouse was featured and favorably described in De Bow's Review, the most prestigious periodical in the antebellum South. Mark Twain, however, as a steamboat pilot in the 1850s, loathed the sight of it, \"It is pathetic ... that a whitewashed castle, with turrets and things ... should ever have been built in this otherwise honorable place.\"[5]The statehouse burns on 28 December 1862In 1862, during the Civil War, Union Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans, and the seat of government retreated from Baton Rouge. The Union's occupying troops first used the capitol building — or \"old gray castle,\" as it was once described — as a prison, and then to garrison African-American troops under General Culver Grover. While used as a garrison the building caught fire twice. This sequence of events transformed Louisiana's capitol into an empty, gutted shell abandoned by the Union Army.By 1882 the statehouse was totally rebuilt by architect and engineer William A. Freret, who is credited with the installation of the spiral staircase and the stained glass dome, which are the interior focal points. The refurbished statehouse remained in use until 1932, when it was abandoned for the new Louisiana State Capitol building. The Old State Capitol has since been used to house Federally-chartered veterans organizations, and as an office of the Works Progress Administration, among other things.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window_at_Old_Louisiana_State_Capitol_in_Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%A2ton_Rouge-_Louisiane-_Etats-Unis._-_D%C3%B4me_en_vitrail_de_l%27ancien_Capitole.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Louisiana Governor's Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Louisiana_Governor%27s_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Arts and Science Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Arts_and_Science_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_Cathedral,_Baton_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Shaw Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bob Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rogers_(designer)"},{"link_name":"BRC Imagination Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRC_Imagination_Arts"},{"link_name":"past state governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Huey P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Angus | Henry Angus | ["1 References"] | Canadian lawyer and academic
For the Australian politician, see Henry Angus (politician).
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Henry Forbes AngusThe members of the Rowell-Sirois Commission in 1938. Seated, left, H. F. Angus.Born(1891-04-19)April 19, 1891Victoria, British ColumbiaDiedSeptember 17, 1991(1991-09-17) (aged 100)AwardsOrder of Canada
Henry Forbes Angus OC (April 19, 1891 – September 17, 1991) was a Canadian lawyer and academic.
Born in Victoria, British Columbia, he received a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1911. He received a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Civil Law from Oxford University in 1914. He was awarded the Vinerian Scholarship. He fought in India during World War I. After the war, he received a Master of Arts from Oxford University. Returning to British Columbia, he was called to the Bar.
In 1919, he became an assistant professor of economics in the political science and sociology faculty at the University of British Columbia and later became professor and head of the department. He was the first fully qualified lawyer to serve on the full-time teaching staff. From 1948 until his retirement in 1956, he was the first Dean of Graduate Studies.
From 1937 to 1940, he was a member of the Royal Commission of Dominion–Provincial Relations. From 1949 to 1951, he was a member of the Royal Commission of Transportation.
During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, he was Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for External Affairs. He was one of the few public voices to oppose the Japanese Canadian internment.
In 1955, he was appointed chairman of the Public Utilities Commission of British Columbia. In 1965, he was chairman of the British Columbia Commission of inquiry into redefinition of Electoral Districts ("The Provincial Redistribution Commission").
From 1951 to 1952, he was the president of the Royal Society of Canada.
In 1971, he was made an officer of the Order of Canada. In 1956, he was awarded a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, from the University of British Columbia. The Henry Angus Building at the University of British Columbia is named in his honour.
References
"Anne Angus Fonds". City of Vancouver Archives.
"University of British Columbia tributes". University of British Columbia.
Professional and academic associations
Preceded byJohn Johnston O'Neill
President of the Royal Society of Canada 1951–1952
Succeeded byGuilford Bevil Reed
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This Canadian biographical article relating to law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Angus (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Angus_(politician)"},{"link_name":"OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Vinerian Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinerian_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission of Dominion–Provincial Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowell%E2%80%93Sirois_Commission"},{"link_name":"Japanese Canadian internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Canadian_internment"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"honoris causa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoris_causa"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"}],"text":"For the Australian politician, see Henry Angus (politician).Henry Forbes Angus OC (April 19, 1891 – September 17, 1991) was a Canadian lawyer and academic.Born in Victoria, British Columbia, he received a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1911. He received a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Civil Law from Oxford University in 1914. He was awarded the Vinerian Scholarship. He fought in India during World War I. After the war, he received a Master of Arts from Oxford University. Returning to British Columbia, he was called to the Bar.In 1919, he became an assistant professor of economics in the political science and sociology faculty at the University of British Columbia and later became professor and head of the department. He was the first fully qualified lawyer to serve on the full-time teaching staff. From 1948 until his retirement in 1956, he was the first Dean of Graduate Studies.From 1937 to 1940, he was a member of the Royal Commission of Dominion–Provincial Relations. From 1949 to 1951, he was a member of the Royal Commission of Transportation.During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, he was Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for External Affairs. He was one of the few public voices to oppose the Japanese Canadian internment.In 1955, he was appointed chairman of the Public Utilities Commission of British Columbia. In 1965, he was chairman of the British Columbia Commission of inquiry into redefinition of Electoral Districts (\"The Provincial Redistribution Commission\").From 1951 to 1952, he was the president of the Royal Society of Canada.In 1971, he was made an officer of the Order of Canada. In 1956, he was awarded a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, from the University of British Columbia. The Henry Angus Building at the University of British Columbia is named in his honour.","title":"Henry Angus"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Anne Angus Fonds\". City of Vancouver Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/anne-angus-fonds;rad#www.library.ubc.ca/archives/u_arch/angus.html","url_text":"\"Anne Angus Fonds\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of British Columbia tributes\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Stalenberg | Naomi Stalenberg | ["1 Early life","2 Cricket career","3 References","4 External links"] | Australian cricketer
Naomi StalenbergStalenberg batting for New South Wales in 2017Personal informationFull nameNaomi Elizabeth StalenbergBorn (1994-04-18) 18 April 1994 (age 30)Blacktown, New South Wales, AustraliaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleAll-rounderInternational information
National sideAustralia (2016)Only T20I (cap 42)26 January 2016 v India
Domestic team information
YearsTeam2012/13Northern Districts2013/14–2019/20New South Wales2015/16–2019/20Sydney Thunder2020/21–presentTasmania2020/21–presentHobart Hurricanes
Career statistics
Competition
WT20I
WNCL
WBBL
Matches
1
66
108
Runs scored
–
1,239
1,301
Batting average
–
27.53
15.86
100s/50s
–/–
0/7
0/1
Top score
–
86
55
Balls bowled
–
114
6
Wickets
–
2
0
Bowling average
–
59.00
–
5 wickets in innings
–
0
–
10 wickets in match
–
–
–
Best bowling
–
1/5
–
Catches/stumpings
1/–
24/–
35/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 2 January 2023
Naomi Elizabeth Stalenberg (born 18 April 1994) is an Australian cricketer who plays as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She represented New South Wales in domestic cricket beginning in 2013, and in 2016 she played a Twenty20 International (T20I) for the Australian national cricket team. In 2020 she was cut from New South Wales' squad and began playing for Tasmania. She has also played in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL) for the Sydney Thunder and the Hobart Hurricanes.
Early life
Stalenberg was born in Blacktown in Greater Western Sydney on 18 April 1994. Her grandparents had immigrated to Australia from the Netherlands. Stalenberg began playing sport at an early stage of her life. She started playing football at six years old and cricket at eight years old. She initially focused more on football and participated in the New South Wales state All Schools Championship.
After high school, Stalenberg took a gap year and stayed in Utrecht in the Netherlands. Despite not speaking Dutch, she played for a local cricket team in the city and decided to pursue a career in cricket.
Cricket career
In the 2013/14 season, Stalenberg began playing domestic cricket in Australia, playing for New South Wales in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL). She also joined the Sydney Thunder for the inaugural season of the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL) in 2015. Because of the low pay in women's cricket early in her career, Stalenberg split her time between studying at university, working at a hotel, training at nights and playing cricket on weekends.
Stalenberg had a strong year in the 2015–16 WBBL season. She was one of the competition's fastest-scoring batters, scoring 160 runs at a strike rate of 150.94 runs per 100 balls. As a result, she was selected as part of the Australian national cricket team's 15-player squad for a Twenty20 International (T20I) series against India in January 2016. Stalenberg appeared in one T20I against India on 26 January 2016, but Australia finished their run chase before she had a chance to bat, so she neither batted nor bowled in the match.
In the 2016/17 season, Stalenberg was able to become a full-time cricketer as New South Wales began paying all of their players a full time wage. She had another strong year in 2017/18, but she was overlooked by the national team and instead played warm-up matches against the touring English team for a Cricket Australia XI. Playing for New South Wales, she won the Women's National Cricket League final for the fourth time, and at the end of the season she was called up again to the national team for the 2017–18 India women's Tri-Nation Series, but she did not play a match during the tournament.
Stalenberg had her career-best season in the WNCL in 2019/20, scoring 255 runs in nine games for New South Wales, but at the end of the season she was cut from the team. During the 2020 winter she switched state teams and signed with Tasmania. She began playing for Tasmania in the WNCL and the Hobart Hurricanes in the WBBL in the 2020/21 season.
References
^ a b c d "Naomi Stalenberg". CricketArchive. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Naomi Stalenberg". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ a b c d e Wu, Andrew (20 September 2018). "How a gap year in the Netherlands led to a cricket career". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ a b c d Hickey, Conor (16 October 2017). "Naomi Stalenberg selected for Cricket Australia XI to take on England". Hawkesbury Gazette. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ a b "Cheatle, Stalenberg in line for Australia debuts". ESPNcricinfo. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "1st T20I: Australia Women v India Women at Adelaide, Jan 26, 2016 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Hickey, Conor (26 February 2018). "Naomi Stalenberg wins fourth WNCL title, looks to Aussie Tour of India". Hawkesbury Gazette. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ Hickey, Conor (22 February 2018). "Naomi Stalenberg named in Australia's T20 India tour squad to play in 2018 tri-series against India, England". Hawkesbury Gazette. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ Middleton, Dave (3 June 2020). "Love and opportunity lead to Tassie sea change". cricket.com.au. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
External links
Naomi Stalenberg at ESPNcricinfo
Naomi Stalenberg at Cricket Australia
vteTasmanian Tigers Women – current squad
2 Villani (c)
4 Silver-Holmes
5 Stalenberg
6 L Smith
8 Trenaman
11 Graham
13 Gibson
14 A Smith
16 Carey
17 Cavanough
21 Manix-Geeves
25 Coyte
26 Strano
28 Scott
51 Saville
67 Lee
99 Moloney
– Lane
– Wilson
Head Coach: Coleman
vteHobart Hurricanes (WBBL) – current squad
2 Villani (c)
4 Silver-Holmes
8 Trenaman
10 Stalenberg
11 Graham
13 Gibson
14 A Smith
16 Carey
21 Manix-Geeves (†)
26 Strano
28 Johnston
43 B Smith
51 Saville
67 Lee
89 Ismail
– Cavanough
Coach: Marsh | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"batter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_bowling"},{"link_name":"bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"Australian national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Women's Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"Sydney Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Thunder_(WBBL)"},{"link_name":"Hobart Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Hurricanes_(WBBL)"}],"text":"Naomi Elizabeth Stalenberg (born 18 April 1994) is an Australian cricketer who plays as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She represented New South Wales in domestic cricket beginning in 2013, and in 2016 she played a Twenty20 International (T20I) for the Australian national cricket team. In 2020 she was cut from New South Wales' squad and began playing for Tasmania. 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She started playing football at six years old and cricket at eight years old.[3] She initially focused more on football and participated in the New South Wales state All Schools Championship.[3]After high school, Stalenberg took a gap year and stayed in Utrecht in the Netherlands. Despite not speaking Dutch, she played for a local cricket team in the city and decided to pursue a career in cricket.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Women's National Cricket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"Sydney Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Thunder_(WBBL)"},{"link_name":"Women's Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricketarchive-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caxi-4"},{"link_name":"2015–16 WBBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Women%27s_Big_Bash_League_season"},{"link_name":"strike rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_rate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debut-5"},{"link_name":"Australian national cricket team's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"against India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_women%27s_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2015%E2%80%9316"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debut-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caxi-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caxi-4"},{"link_name":"English team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caxi-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2017–18 India women's Tri-Nation Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_India_women%27s_Tri-Nation_Series"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hobart Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Hurricanes_(WBBL)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricketarchive-1"}],"text":"In the 2013/14 season, Stalenberg began playing domestic cricket in Australia, playing for New South Wales in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL). She also joined the Sydney Thunder for the inaugural season of the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL) in 2015.[1] Because of the low pay in women's cricket early in her career, Stalenberg split her time between studying at university, working at a hotel, training at nights and playing cricket on weekends.[3][4]Stalenberg had a strong year in the 2015–16 WBBL season. She was one of the competition's fastest-scoring batters, scoring 160 runs at a strike rate of 150.94 runs per 100 balls.[5] As a result, she was selected as part of the Australian national cricket team's 15-player squad for a Twenty20 International (T20I) series against India in January 2016.[5] Stalenberg appeared in one T20I against India on 26 January 2016, but Australia finished their run chase before she had a chance to bat, so she neither batted nor bowled in the match.[4][6]In the 2016/17 season, Stalenberg was able to become a full-time cricketer as New South Wales began paying all of their players a full time wage.[4] She had another strong year in 2017/18, but she was overlooked by the national team and instead played warm-up matches against the touring English team for a Cricket Australia XI.[4] Playing for New South Wales, she won the Women's National Cricket League final for the fourth time,[7] and at the end of the season she was called up again to the national team for the 2017–18 India women's Tri-Nation Series,[8] but she did not play a match during the tournament.Stalenberg had her career-best season in the WNCL in 2019/20, scoring 255 runs in nine games for New South Wales, but at the end of the season she was cut from the team. During the 2020 winter she switched state teams and signed with Tasmania.[9] She began playing for Tasmania in the WNCL and the Hobart Hurricanes in the WBBL in the 2020/21 season.[1]","title":"Cricket career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Naomi Stalenberg\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/963/963176/963176.html","url_text":"\"Naomi Stalenberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naomi Stalenberg\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/naomi-stalenberg-592588","url_text":"\"Naomi Stalenberg\""}]},{"reference":"Wu, Andrew (20 September 2018). \"How a gap year in the Netherlands led to a cricket career\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Tongue_(Bring_Me_the_Horizon_song) | Mother Tongue (Bring Me the Horizon song) | ["1 Composition and lyrics","2 Music video","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 References"] | 2019 single by Bring Me the Horizon
"Mother Tongue"Cover art for the "Sub Focus Remix"Single by Bring Me the Horizonfrom the album Amo Released22 January 2019 (2019-01-22)Genre
Pop rock
dance-pop
pop metal
Length3:37Label
Sony
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Jordan Fish
Matt Kean
Oliver Sykes
Matt Nicholls
Lee Malia
Producer(s)
Oliver Sykes
Jordan Fish
Bring Me the Horizon singles chronology
"Medicine" (2019)
"Mother Tongue" (2019)
"Nihilist Blues" (2019)
Music video"Mother Tongue" on YouTube
"Mother Tongue" is a song by British rock band Bring Me the Horizon. Produced by the band's vocalist Oliver Sykes and keyboardist Jordan Fish, it is featured on the group's 2019 sixth studio album Amo. The track was released as the fourth single from the album on 22 January 2019 and has spent twelve non-consecutive weeks on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart as of July 2019.
Composition and lyrics
"Mother Tongue" has been described as a pop rock, dance-pop, and pop metal song. According to Jordan Fish, "Mother Tongue" is the spiritual successor of "Drown". The track is a love song dedicated to Oliver Sykes' wife, Alissa Salls. Fish said of the song:
"Vocal-wise it's quite a big song. There's a little bit of Portuguese in there, which is quite unusual. It's kind of a big, anthemic song. It's probably as close as we get to something like "Drown" on this album. It's a love song, so it's an emotional one."
Music video
The music video for "Mother Tongue" was released via YouTube on 9 May 2019. It was filmed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
Charts
Chart performance for "Mother Tongue"
Chart (2019)
Peakposition
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
16
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)
27
UK Singles (OCC)
68
UK Rock & Metal (OCC)
4
US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)
23
Certifications
Certifications for "Mother Tongue"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
Gold
20,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Trapp, Philip (22 January 2019). "Bring Me The Horizon get romantic on new song 'mother tongue'". Alternative Press. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
^ "Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40". UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ "BRING ME THE HORIZON Release New Ballad "Mother Tongue," – Where Is The "-Core?"". Metal Injection. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^ "REVIEW: Bring Me The Horizon - Post Human: Survival Horror". Thunderchord. 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021. The latter however would rather alienate fans with their new sound and direction, especially with pop-rock sing-alongs like "Medicine" and "Mother Tongue".
^ "Bring Me The Horizon Share New Dance-Pop Track 'Mother Tongue'". Music Feeds. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^ Morin, Max (12 June 2019). "Exclaim!'s Top 29 Albums of 2019 So Far". Exclaim!. Retrieved 11 May 2022. Gone are the days of the deathcore scene kids; in their place, we have some of the best pop metal tracks ever put to record, including "Mantra," "Medicine," "Mother Tongue" and "Sugar Honey Ice & Tea."
^ a b "Bring Me The Horizon Talk Us Through Every Track On Forthcoming Album Amo". Kerrang!. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ "Bring Me The Horizon – mother tongue Lyrics". Genius.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ "Bring Me The Horizon Release New Video For mother tongue". Kerrang!. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
^ Alex, Tony (9 May 2019). "Bring Me The Horizon lança clipe de "mother tongue" gravado no Brasil". Tenho Mais Discos Que Amigos (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 October 2019.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201917 into search. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
^ "Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
^ "Bring Me The Horizon Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
^ "Brazilian single certifications – Bring Me the Horizon – Mother Tongue" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
vteBring Me the Horizon
Oli Sykes
Matt Nicholls
Lee Malia
Matt Kean
Jona Weinhofen
Jordan Fish
Studio albums
Count Your Blessings
Suicide Season
There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret.
Sempiternal
That's the Spirit
Amo
Post Human: Nex Gen
Live albums
Live at Wembley
Live at the Royal Albert Hall
Extended plays
This Is What the Edge of Your Seat Was Made For
The Chill Out Sessions
Other releases
Music to Listen To...
Post Human: Survival Horror
Singles
"Chelsea Smile"
"It Never Ends"
"Shadow Moses"
"Sleepwalking"
"Go to Hell, for Heaven's Sake"
"Can You Feel My Heart"
"Drown"
"Happy Song"
"Throne"
"True Friends"
"Follow You"
"Avalanche"
"Oh No"
"Mantra"
"Wonderful Life"
"Medicine"
"Mother Tongue"
"Nihilist Blues"
"Sugar Honey Ice & Tea"
"In the Dark"
"Ludens"
"Parasite Eve"
"Obey"
"Teardrops"
"Die4U"
"Strangers"
"Lost"
"Darkside"
"Kool-Aid"
Featured songs
"Bad Habits"
"Maybe"
"Fallout"
"Bad Life"
Other songs
"Antivist"
"Don't Look Down"
"Doomed"
Related articles
Discography
Songs
There Is a Hell... Tour
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2010s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Bring Me the Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oliver Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Sykes"},{"link_name":"Amo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amo_(Bring_Me_the_Horizon_album)"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rock_%26_Metal_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Mother Tongue\" is a song by British rock band Bring Me the Horizon.[1] Produced by the band's vocalist Oliver Sykes and keyboardist Jordan Fish, it is featured on the group's 2019 sixth studio album Amo. 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There's a little bit of Portuguese in there, which is quite unusual. It's kind of a big, anthemic song. It's probably as close as we get to something like \"Drown\" on this album. It's a love song, so it's an emotional one.\"[7]","title":"Composition and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The music video for \"Mother Tongue\" was released via YouTube on 9 May 2019.[9] It was filmed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.[10]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Trapp, Philip (22 January 2019). \"Bring Me The Horizon get romantic on new song 'mother tongue'\". Alternative Press. 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Tenho Mais Discos Que Amigos (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tenhomaisdiscosqueamigos.com/2019/05/09/bring-me-mother-tongue-clipe/","url_text":"\"Bring Me The Horizon lança clipe de \"mother tongue\" gravado no Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4588","url_text":"\"NZ Hot Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Bring Me The Horizon Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_famiglia_impossibile | Una famiglia impossibile | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1940 film by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
Una famiglia impossibileDirected byCarlo Ludovico BragagliaWritten byCesare Zavattini Aldo De BenedettiStory byCesare ZavattiniProduced byGiuseppe AmatoStarringArmando FalconiPina Renzi María MercaderCinematographyAnchise BrizziMusic byCesare A. BixioGiovanni D'Anzi Luigi PaganoRelease date
1940 (1940)
LanguageItalian
Una famiglia impossibile (i.e. "An Impossible Family") is a 1940 Italian "white-telephones" comedy film directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and starring Armando Falconi, Pina Renzi and María Mercader.
Plot
A wealthy young woman falls in love with a radio singer without ever having seen him. He forces his strange family (a forgetful father, a mother with ideas of greatness, three sisters with a passion for singing and another who takes care of abandoned children) to go to the EIAR headquarters to be able to meet him.
Cast
Armando Falconi as Giovanni Bartolla
Pina Renzi as Cesira Bartolla
María Mercader as Edvige Bartolla
Clely Fiamma as Anna Bartolla
Isa Bellini as Marina Bartolla
Thea Prandi as Nerina Bartolla
Wilma Mangini as Malvina Bartolla
Sergio Tofano as The Butler
Alberto Rabagliati as The Radio Singer
Arturo Bragaglia as The Poor Relative
Stefano Sibaldi as The Director
Paolo Stoppa
Pippo Barzizza
Nunzio Filogamo
References
^ Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia (2005). Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8884403510.
^ Fabrizio Sarazani (29 December 1940). "Una famiglia impossibile" (review). Il Giornale d'Italia.
External links
Una famiglia impossibile at IMDb
This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white-telephones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ludovico_Bragaglia"},{"link_name":"Armando Falconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Falconi"},{"link_name":"Pina Renzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina_Renzi"},{"link_name":"María Mercader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Mercader"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45-59-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Una famiglia impossibile (i.e. \"An Impossible Family\") is a 1940 Italian \"white-telephones\" comedy film directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and starring Armando Falconi, Pina Renzi and María Mercader.[1][2]","title":"Una famiglia impossibile"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A wealthy young woman falls in love with a radio singer without ever having seen him. He forces his strange family (a forgetful father, a mother with ideas of greatness, three sisters with a passion for singing and another who takes care of abandoned children) to go to the EIAR headquarters to be able to meet him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armando Falconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Falconi"},{"link_name":"Pina Renzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina_Renzi"},{"link_name":"María Mercader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Mercader"},{"link_name":"Isa Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Thea Prandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Prandi"},{"link_name":"Sergio Tofano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Tofano"},{"link_name":"Alberto Rabagliati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Rabagliati"},{"link_name":"Arturo Bragaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Bragaglia"},{"link_name":"Stefano Sibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Sibaldi"},{"link_name":"Paolo Stoppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Stoppa"},{"link_name":"Pippo Barzizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippo_Barzizza"},{"link_name":"Nunzio Filogamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunzio_Filogamo"}],"text":"Armando Falconi as Giovanni Bartolla\nPina Renzi as Cesira Bartolla\nMaría Mercader as Edvige Bartolla\nClely Fiamma as Anna Bartolla\nIsa Bellini as Marina Bartolla\nThea Prandi as Nerina Bartolla\nWilma Mangini as Malvina Bartolla\nSergio Tofano as The Butler\nAlberto Rabagliati as The Radio Singer\nArturo Bragaglia as The Poor Relative\nStefano Sibaldi as The Director\nPaolo Stoppa\nPippo Barzizza\nNunzio Filogamo","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia (2005). Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8884403510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884403510","url_text":"8884403510"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032451/","external_links_name":"Una famiglia impossibile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Una_famiglia_impossibile&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Srinivas | Krishna Srinivas | ["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Krishna SrinivasBorn(1913-07-26)July 26, 1913Madras Presidency, British IndiaDiedDecember 14, 2007(2007-12-14) (aged 94)Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaOccupationPoetAwards2004 Padma Bhushan
Krishna Srinivas (1913–2007) was an Indian writer of English literature, known for his spiritualistic poems. He was the president of the World Poetry Society Intercontinental (WPSI). The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, in 2004.
Biography
Krishna Srinivas, born on July 26, 1913 at Srirangam in the present day Tiruchirappalli district of the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu (then known as Madras Presidency), did his college education at University of Madras from where he graduated in 1932. He worked as a Clerk in Chettinad Bank for 6 years between 1936 and 1942. He got a job as a feature writer with AIR All India Radio in Delhi; He would later become the Assistant Director at AIR. However, he returned to Chennai to work as a freelance journalist till he founded a journal, POET, in 1960. Later, he was also involved in the formation of the World Poetry Society Intercontinental ad served as an editorial consultant to the International Who's Who In Poetry And Poets' Encyclopaedia, published by International Biographical Centre, Cambridge.
The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan in 2004. He died on December 14, 2007, at the age of 94.
Bibliography
Krishna Srinivas (1970). Dance of dust. Industries Press. OCLC 564152.
Krishna Srinivas (1972). Vedas in lyrics. Poet Press India. OCLC 8502127.
Krishna Srinivas (1976). Great American world poets. Poet Press India. OCLC 3445316.
Cēturāman̲, Vā. Mu; Krishna Srinivas (1981). Tamil poets today. Kaviarasan Publications : Sole selling agents, Tamilmani Puthaka Pannai. OCLC 12106199.
Krishna Srinivas (1982). World poetry. World Poetry. OCLC 234005103.
India portalLiterature portal
References
^ a b "Krishna Srinivas: Quest for Reality by Ram Krishna Singh". www.boloji.com. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ a b "Krishna Srinivas dead". The Hindu. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Padma Awards". Padma Awards. Government of India. 17 May 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Further reading
S. C. Dwivedi (2003). "Vedantic Thoughts in the Poetry of Krishna Srinivas". In K.A. Agrawal (ed.). Indian Writing in English: A Critical Study. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 38–65. ISBN 978-81-269-0285-9.
"Srinivas Krishna Poems - Poems of Srinivas Krishna - Poem Hunter". www.poemhunter.com. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
External links
"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
"Krishna Srinivas - list of publications". Amazon. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)2000
V. K. Aatre
Anil Agarwal
Ram Narain Agarwal
Sharan Rani Backliwal
Swami Kalyandev
Veerendra Heggade
Pavaguda V. Indiresan
Wahiduddin Khan
B. B. Lal
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
H. Y. Sharada Prasad
Rajinikanth
Begum Aizaz Rasul
Radha Reddy
Raja Reddy
Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan
Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya
S. Srinivasan
Ratan Tata
Harbans Singh Wasir
2001
Dev Anand
Viswanathan Anand
Amitabh Bachchan
Rahul Bajaj
B. R. Barwale
Balasaheb Bharde
Boyi Bhimanna
Swadesh Chatterjee
B. R. Chopra
Ashok Desai
K. M. George
Bhupen Hazarika
Lalgudi Jayaraman
Yamini Krishnamurthy
Shiv K. Kumar
Raghunath Mohapatra
Arun Netravali
Mohan Singh Oberoi
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Abdul Karim Parekh
Amrita Patel
Pran
Aroon Purie
B. V. Raju
P. Bhanumathi
Sundaram Ramakrishnan
Chitranjan Singh Ranawat
Palle Rama Rao
Raj Reddy
Uma Sharma
L. Subramaniam
Naresh Trehan
2002
Gary Ackerman
H. P. S. Ahluwalia
Prabha Atre
Sushantha Kumar Bhattacharyya
Chandu Borde
Eugene Chelyshev
Pravinchandra Varjivan Gandhi
Shobha Gurtu
Henning Holck-Larsen
Zakir Hussain
B. K. S. Iyengar
F. C. Kohli
V. C. Kulandaiswamy
Gury Marchuk
Jagat Singh Mehta
Ismail Merchant
Mario Miranda
Frank Pallone
Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal
Natesan Rangabashyam
Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra
Habib Tanvir
K. K. Venugopal
Nirmal Verma
K. J. Yesudas
2003
Teejan Bai
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar
Prabhu Chawla
Herbert Fischer
Jamshyd Godrej
Coluthur Gopalan
K. Parasaran
B. Rajam Iyer
Shri Krishna Joshi
Madurai Narayanan Krishnan
Rajinder Kumar
Ramesh Kumar
Purshotam Lal
Sitakant Mahapatra
Bagicha Singh Minhas
Subhash Mukhopadhyay
P. S. Narayanaswamy
Arcot Ramachandran
Trichur V. Ramachandran
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
T. V. Sankaranarayanan
Naseeruddin Shah
T. V. R. Shenoy
Jagjit Singh
Ram Badan Singh
Hari Shankar Singhania
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
Narayanan Srinivasan
Padma Subrahmanyam
Swapna Sundari
O. V. Vijayan
Herbert Alexandrovich Yefremov
2004
Thoppil Varghese Antony
Soumitra Chatterjee
Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari
Gulzar
Sardara Singh Johl
M. V. Kamath
Komal Kothari
Yoshirō Mori
Gopi Chand Narang
Govindarajan Padmanaban
Poornima Arvind Pakvasa
Vishnu Prabhakar
N. Rajam
C. H. Hanumantha Rao
Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar
T. N. Seshagopalan
Bijoy Nandan Shahi
Krishna Srinivas
Alarmel Valli
2005
Sardar Anjum
André Beteille
Chandi Prasad Bhatt
Tumkur Ramaiya Satishchandran
Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri
Yash Chopra
Manna Dey
Irfan Habib
Yusuf Hamied
Qurratulain Hyder
Tarlochan Singh Kler
Anil Kohli
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
Mrinal Miri
Hari Mohan
Brijmohan Lall Munjal
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Azim Premji
Balraj Puri
Syed Mir Qasim
A. Ramachandran
G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna
V. S. Ramamurthy
K. I. Varaprasad Reddy
K. Srinath Reddy
Girish Chandra Saxena
Narasimaiah Seshagiri
Mark Tully
2006
Jaiveer Agarwal
P. S. Appu
Shashi Bhushan
Ganga Prasad Birla
Grigory Bongard-Levin
Lokesh Chandra
Chiranjeevi
Dinesh Nandini Dalmia
Tarun Das
Madhav Gadgil
A. K. Hangal
Devaki Jain
Kamleshwar
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan
Sabri Khan
Ghulam Mustafa Khan
Shanno Khurana
Gunter Kruger
P. Leela
K. P. P. Nambiar
Nandan Nilekani
Sai Paranjpye
Deepak Parekh
M. V. Pylee
Subramaniam Ramadorai
N. S. Ramaswamy
Pavani Parameswara Rao
Ramakanta Rath
V. Shanta
Hira Lall Sibal
Billy Arjan Singh
Jasjit Singh
Vijaypat Singhania
K. G. Subramanyan
K. K. Talwar
Vijay Shankar Vyas
Dušan Zbavitel
2007
Javed Akhtar
Gabriel Chiramel
Ela Gandhi
Saroj Ghose
V. Mohini Giri
Somnath Hore
Jamshed Jiji Irani
Gurcharan Singh Kalkat
N. Mahalingam
Prithipal Singh Maini
Tyeb Mehta
Rajan and Sajan Mishra
Rajan and Sajan Mishra
Sunil Mittal
Ramankutty Nair
Gopaldas Neeraj
Indra Nooyi
Kavalam Narayana Panicker
Bhikhu Parekh
Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri
V. S. Ramachandran
Tapan Raychaudhuri
S. H. Raza
Jeffrey Sachs
Chandra Prasad Saikia
L. Z. Sailo
Shiv Kumar Sarin
Shriram Sharma
Manju Sharma
T. N. Srinivasan
Osamu Suzuki
K. T. Thomas
2008
Mian Bashir Ahmed
Kaushik Basu
Shayama Chona
Jagjit Singh Chopra
Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar
Chandrashekhar Dasgupta
Asis Datta
Meghnad Desai
Padma Desai
Sukh Dev
Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
B. N. Goswamy
Vasant Gowarikar
Baba Kalyani
K. V. Kamath
Inderjit Kaur Barthakur
Ravindra Kelekar
Asad Ali Khan
Dominique Lapierre
D. R. Mehta
Shiv Nadar
Suresh Kumar Neotia
T. K. Oommen
K. Padmanabhaiah
Vikram Pandit
V. Ramachandran
Sushil Kumar Saxena
Amarnath Sehgal
Jasdev Singh
Shrilal Shukla
P. Susheela
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
Yuli Vorontsov
Sunita Williams
Ji Xianlin
2009
Isher Judge Ahluwalia
Inderjit Kaur Barthakur
Shamshad Begum
Abhinav Bindra
Shanta Dhananjayan
V. P. Dhananjayan
Ramachandra Guha
Shekhar Gupta
Khalid Hameed
Minoru Hara
Jayakanthan
Thomas Kailath
Sarvagya Singh Katiyar
G. Krishna
R. C. Mehta
A. Sreedhara Menon
S. K. Misra
A. M. Naik
Satish Nambiar
Kunwar Narayan
Nagnath Naikwadi
Kirit Parikh
Sam Pitroda
C. K. Prahalad
Gurdip Singh Randhawa
Brijendra Kumar Rao
Bhakta B. Rath
C. S. Seshadri
V. Ganapati Sthapati
Devendra Triguna
Sarojini Varadappan
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
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Netherlands
This article about a poet from India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"}],"text":"Krishna Srinivas (1913–2007) was an Indian writer of English literature, known for his spiritualistic poems. He was the president of the World Poetry Society Intercontinental (WPSI). The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, in 2004.","title":"Krishna Srinivas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna_Srinivas:_Quest_for_Reality-1"},{"link_name":"Srirangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangam"},{"link_name":"Tiruchirappalli district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"University of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Madras"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna_Srinivas_dead-2"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna_Srinivas_dead-2"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishna_Srinivas:_Quest_for_Reality-1"}],"text":"Krishna Srinivas, born on July 26, 1913[1] at Srirangam in the present day Tiruchirappalli district of the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu (then known as Madras Presidency), did his college education at University of Madras from where he graduated in 1932. He worked as a Clerk in Chettinad Bank for 6 years between 1936 and 1942. He got a job as a feature writer with AIR All India Radio in Delhi; He would later become the Assistant Director at AIR.[2] However, he returned to Chennai to work as a freelance journalist till he founded a journal, POET, in 1960. Later, he was also involved in the formation of the World Poetry Society Intercontinental ad served as an editorial consultant to the International Who's Who In Poetry And Poets' Encyclopaedia, published by International Biographical Centre, Cambridge.[2]The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan in 2004.[3] He died on December 14, 2007, at the age of 94.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"564152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/564152"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8502127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8502127"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3445316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3445316"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12106199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12106199"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"234005103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/234005103"},{"link_name":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"link_name":"Literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literature"}],"text":"Krishna Srinivas (1970). Dance of dust. Industries Press. OCLC 564152.\nKrishna Srinivas (1972). Vedas in lyrics. Poet Press India. OCLC 8502127.\nKrishna Srinivas (1976). Great American world poets. Poet Press India. OCLC 3445316.\nCēturāman̲, Vā. Mu; Krishna Srinivas (1981). Tamil poets today. Kaviarasan Publications : Sole selling agents, Tamilmani Puthaka Pannai. OCLC 12106199.\nKrishna Srinivas (1982). World poetry. World Poetry. OCLC 234005103.India portalLiterature portal","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Vedantic Thoughts in the Poetry of Krishna Srinivas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wRcQrmT6hlwC&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-269-0285-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0285-9"},{"link_name":"\"Srinivas Krishna Poems - Poems of Srinivas Krishna - Poem Hunter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.poemhunter.com/srinivas-krishna/poems/"}],"text":"S. C. Dwivedi (2003). \"Vedantic Thoughts in the Poetry of Krishna Srinivas\". In K.A. Agrawal (ed.). Indian Writing in English: A Critical Study. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 38–65. ISBN 978-81-269-0285-9.\n\"Srinivas Krishna Poems - Poems of Srinivas Krishna - Poem Hunter\". www.poemhunter.com. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Krishna Srinivas (1970). Dance of dust. Industries Press. OCLC 564152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/564152","url_text":"564152"}]},{"reference":"Krishna Srinivas (1972). Vedas in lyrics. Poet Press India. OCLC 8502127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8502127","url_text":"8502127"}]},{"reference":"Krishna Srinivas (1976). Great American world poets. Poet Press India. OCLC 3445316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3445316","url_text":"3445316"}]},{"reference":"Cēturāman̲, Vā. Mu; Krishna Srinivas (1981). Tamil poets today. Kaviarasan Publications : Sole selling agents, Tamilmani Puthaka Pannai. OCLC 12106199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12106199","url_text":"12106199"}]},{"reference":"Krishna Srinivas (1982). World poetry. World Poetry. OCLC 234005103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234005103","url_text":"234005103"}]},{"reference":"\"Krishna Srinivas: Quest for Reality by Ram Krishna Singh\". www.boloji.com. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boloji.com/articles/48951/krishna-srinivas-quest-for-reality","url_text":"\"Krishna Srinivas: Quest for Reality by Ram Krishna Singh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krishna Srinivas dead\". The Hindu. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Krishna-Srinivas-dead/article14895956.ece","url_text":"\"Krishna Srinivas dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\". Padma Awards. Government of India. 17 May 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"S. C. Dwivedi (2003). \"Vedantic Thoughts in the Poetry of Krishna Srinivas\". In K.A. Agrawal (ed.). Indian Writing in English: A Critical Study. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 38–65. ISBN 978-81-269-0285-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wRcQrmT6hlwC&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"Vedantic Thoughts in the Poetry of Krishna Srinivas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0285-9","url_text":"978-81-269-0285-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Srinivas Krishna Poems - Poems of Srinivas Krishna - Poem Hunter\". www.poemhunter.com. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poemhunter.com/srinivas-krishna/poems/","url_text":"\"Srinivas Krishna Poems - Poems of Srinivas Krishna - Poem Hunter\""}]},{"reference":"\"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\". id.loc.gov. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50078892.html","url_text":"\"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krishna Srinivas - list of publications\". Amazon. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/","url_text":"\"Krishna Srinivas - list of publications\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/564152","external_links_name":"564152"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8502127","external_links_name":"8502127"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3445316","external_links_name":"3445316"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12106199","external_links_name":"12106199"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234005103","external_links_name":"234005103"},{"Link":"https://www.boloji.com/articles/48951/krishna-srinivas-quest-for-reality","external_links_name":"\"Krishna Srinivas: Quest for Reality by Ram Krishna Singh\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Krishna-Srinivas-dead/article14895956.ece","external_links_name":"\"Krishna Srinivas dead\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wRcQrmT6hlwC&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"\"Vedantic Thoughts in the Poetry of Krishna Srinivas\""},{"Link":"https://www.poemhunter.com/srinivas-krishna/poems/","external_links_name":"\"Srinivas Krishna Poems - Poems of Srinivas Krishna - Poem Hunter\""},{"Link":"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50078892.html","external_links_name":"\"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/","external_links_name":"\"Krishna Srinivas - list of publications\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19480/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35081869","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP3vwkRphTTXjxMjjKVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/111514622","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268428905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50078892","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35283072","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p16140152X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Srinivas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_antenna | Microwave antenna | ["1 Microwave frequency bands","2 Uses","3 Antenna types","3.1 Reflector antennas","3.2 Horn antennas","3.3 Lens antennas","3.4 Array antennas","3.5 Leaky wave antenna","3.6 Spiral antenna","4 References"] | A typical larger microwave antenna designed for mid to long range
A parabolic satellite antenna for Erdfunkstelle Raisting, based in Raisting, Bavaria, Germany.
C band horn-reflector antennas on the roof of a telephone switching center in Seattle, Washington, part of the U.S. AT&T Long Lines microwave relay network.
A microwave antenna is a physical transmission device used to broadcast microwave transmissions between two or more locations. In addition to broadcasting, antennas are also used in radar, radio astronomy and electronic warfare.
Microwave frequency bands
Radio bands where microwave antennas are commonly deployed in 2016 FCC
C band
4 to 8 GHz
3.75 cm to 7.5 cm
4 GHz, 6 GHz
X band
8 to 12 GHz
25 mm to 37.5 mm
10 GHz, 11 GHz
Ku band
12 to 18 GHz
16.7 mm to 25 mm
12 GHz, 18 GHz
K band
18 to 26.5 GHz
11.3 mm to 16.7 mm
18 GHz
Ka band
26.5 to 40 GHz
5.0 mm to 11.3 mm
23 GHz, 31 GHz
Q band
33 to 50 GHz
6.0 mm to 9.0 mm
38 GHz
W band
75 to 110 GHz
2.7 mm to 4.0 mm
70 GHz, 80 GHz, 90 GHz
Uses
See also: Microwave transmission
One-way (e.g. television broadcasting) and two-way telecommunication using communications satellites
Terrestrial microwave relay links in telecommunications networks including backbone or backhaul carriers in cellular networks linking BTS-BSC and BSC-MSC.
Radar
Radio astronomy
Communications intelligence
Electronic warfare
Antenna types
Reflector antennas
A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. These devices range anywhere from 6" to more than 12' diameter depending on application and use.
Horn antennas
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
Lens antennas
A lens antenna uses a lens to direct or collect microwave radiation.
Array antennas
An array antenna is a high gain antenna consisting of an array of smaller antenna elements.
Leaky wave antenna
A leaky wave antenna uses a leaking transmission line to obtain radiation.
Spiral antenna
A spiral antenna, configured in the shape of a spiral, serves as a radio frequency antenna. It can function independently or as a feeder for satellite communication reflector antennas. It ensures excellent impedance matching and radiation pattern performance across the entire operating frequency band.
References
^ Balanis, Constantine. Antenna theory; analysis and design (3rd ed.).
^ "Point-to-Point Microwave". 22 February 2016.
^ Bevilaqua, Peter (2009). "Horn antenna - Intro". Antenna-theory.com website. Retrieved 2010-11-11. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erdfunkstelle_Raisting_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raisting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisting"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hogg_horn_antennas.jpg"},{"link_name":"C band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)"},{"link_name":"horn-reflector antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna#Horn-reflector_antenna"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"AT&T Long Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"radio astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"}],"text":"A parabolic satellite antenna for Erdfunkstelle Raisting, based in Raisting, Bavaria, Germany.C band horn-reflector antennas on the roof of a telephone switching center in Seattle, Washington, part of the U.S. AT&T Long Lines microwave relay network.A microwave antenna is a physical transmission device used to broadcast microwave transmissions between two or more locations.[1] In addition to broadcasting, antennas are also used in radar, radio astronomy and electronic warfare.","title":"Microwave antenna"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Microwave frequency bands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microwave transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission"},{"link_name":"television broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"communications satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite"},{"link_name":"backhaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"cellular networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network"},{"link_name":"BTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Transceiver_Station"},{"link_name":"BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem#Base_station_controller"},{"link_name":"MSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switching_subsystem#Mobile_switching_center"},{"link_name":"Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"Radio astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Communications intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"}],"text":"See also: Microwave transmissionOne-way (e.g. television broadcasting) and two-way telecommunication using communications satellites\nTerrestrial microwave relay links in telecommunications networks including backbone or backhaul carriers in cellular networks linking BTS-BSC and BSC-MSC.\nRadar\nRadio astronomy\nCommunications intelligence\nElectronic warfare","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Antenna types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parabolic antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_antenna"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"parabolic reflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_reflector"},{"link_name":"parabola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola"}],"sub_title":"Reflector antennas","text":"A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. These devices range anywhere from 6\" to more than 12' diameter depending on application and use.","title":"Antenna types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horn antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna"},{"link_name":"waveguide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide"},{"link_name":"horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(acoustic)"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahigh_frequency"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bevilaqua-3"}],"sub_title":"Horn antennas","text":"A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.[3]","title":"Antenna types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lens antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_antenna"}],"sub_title":"Lens antennas","text":"A lens antenna uses a lens to direct or collect microwave radiation.","title":"Antenna types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"array antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_antenna"}],"sub_title":"Array antennas","text":"An array antenna is a high gain antenna consisting of an array of smaller antenna elements.","title":"Antenna types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaky wave antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_wave_antenna"}],"sub_title":"Leaky wave antenna","text":"A leaky wave antenna uses a leaking transmission line to obtain radiation.","title":"Antenna types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spiral antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_antenna"}],"sub_title":"Spiral antenna","text":"A spiral antenna, configured in the shape of a spiral, serves as a radio frequency antenna. It can function independently or as a feeder for satellite communication reflector antennas. It ensures excellent impedance matching and radiation pattern performance across the entire operating frequency band.","title":"Antenna types"}] | [{"image_text":"A typical larger microwave antenna designed for mid to long range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mile%C5%A1ovka_%28837_m%29%2C_satelity_s_v%C3%BDhledem_do_krajiny.JPG/220px-Mile%C5%A1ovka_%28837_m%29%2C_satelity_s_v%C3%BDhledem_do_krajiny.JPG"},{"image_text":"A parabolic satellite antenna for Erdfunkstelle Raisting, based in Raisting, Bavaria, Germany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Erdfunkstelle_Raisting_2.jpg/220px-Erdfunkstelle_Raisting_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"C band horn-reflector antennas on the roof of a telephone switching center in Seattle, Washington, part of the U.S. AT&T Long Lines microwave relay network.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hogg_horn_antennas.jpg/220px-Hogg_horn_antennas.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Balanis, Constantine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Park_station_(MetroLink) | Washington Park station (MetroLink) | ["1 Station layout","2 Notable places nearby","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°36′49″N 90°05′43″W / 38.613685°N 90.095224°W / 38.613685; -90.095224
Station in St. Louis MetroLink light rail system, Illinois, USA
For other stations named "Washington Park", see Washington Park station.
Washington ParkGeneral informationLocation909 North 54th StreetEast St. Louis, IllinoisCoordinates38°36′49″N 90°05′43″W / 38.613685°N 90.095224°W / 38.613685; -90.095224Owned byBi-State Development AgencyOperated byMetro TransitPlatforms1 island platformTracks2Bus stands3Connections MetroBus Illinois: 6, 13ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeParking706 spacesBicycle facilitiesRackAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedMay 5, 2001 (2001-05-05)Passengers2018599 dailyRank24 out of 38
Services
Preceding station
MetroLink
Following station
JJK Centertoward Shrewsbury–Lansdowne I-44
Blue Line
Fairview HeightsTerminus
JJK Centertoward Lambert Airport Terminal 1
Red Line
Fairview Heightstoward Shiloh–Scott
Location
Washington Park station is a light rail station on the Red and Blue lines of the St. Louis MetroLink system. This at-grade station is located on the city limit line between East St. Louis, Illinois and Washington Park, Illinois.
It primarily serves Illinois commuters via a MetroBus transfer and a park and ride lot with 706 spaces. The park and ride lot is accessed from both North Kingshighway and St. Clair Avenue.
Station layout
The island platform is accessed via a ramp that leads to the bus transfer and parking lot to the north of the tracks and North 53rd Street to the south of the tracks.
Street
Entrance/exit, bus bays, park and ride
Westbound
← Blue Line toward Shrewsbury (JJK Center)← Red Line toward Lambert Airport (JJK Center)
Island platform, doors will open on the left
Eastbound
← Red Line toward Shiloh–Scott (Fairview Heights) →← Blue Line toward Fairview Heights (Terminus) →
Notable places nearby
East St. Louis Senior High School
Frank Holten State Park
References
^ "Bus Bays" (PDF). Metro Transit. January 2021. p. 25. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "Illinois System Map" (Map). Metro Transit. April 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ "System Addresses". Metro Transit. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^ Leiser, Ken (April 30, 2001). "MetroLink Extension Opens This Weekend With Parking to Spare". The St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. A9. Retrieved April 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Washington Park Station". metrostlouis.org. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
External links
St. Louis Metro
vteEast St. Louis, IllinoisHistory
1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado
East St. Louis riots (1917)
Schools
East St. Louis School District 189
East St. Louis Senior High School
Closed
East St. Louis Lincoln High School
Landmarks
Casino Queen
Spivey Building
TransportationMetroLink
East Riverfront
5th & Missouri
Emerson Park
JJK Center
Washington Park.
MetroBus
St. Clair County Transit DistrictThis list is incomplete.
This article related to Metro Transit (St. Louis) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Illinois train station-related article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmarsh_Shopping_Centre | Broadmarsh | ["1 History","2 Redevelopment","2.1 Shopping Centre","2.2 Car park","2.3 Central Library","2.4 City Hub","2.5 Skate Park","2.6 Bus lane","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°57′0″N 1°08′55″W / 52.95000°N 1.14861°W / 52.95000; -1.14861Former shopping centre in Nottingham
For the locality in Australia, see Broadmarsh, Tasmania.
(formerly) intu BroadmarshEntrance to the former Broadmarsh Centre from Low PavementLocationNottingham City Centre, EnglandCoordinates52°57′0″N 1°08′55″W / 52.95000°N 1.14861°W / 52.95000; -1.14861AddressLister GateOpening date1972; 52 years ago (1972)Closing dateJuly 2020OwnerNottingham City CouncilPublic transit accessBroadmarsh bus station
Broadmarsh is an historic area of Nottingham, England. The area was subjected to large scale slum clearance, creating large spaces used for regeneration. A shopping centre, car park, bus station and road complex created in the early 1970s cut-through the traditional thoroughfares from the city centre to the rail and canalside area. A large courts building was opened in 1981.
The former shopping precinct known as The Broadmarsh Centre (rebranded in 2013 as intu Broadmarsh) was located slightly south of the centre of Nottingham, on land owned by Nottingham City Council and formerly leased to Intu Properties. It was partly demolished during renovation work by the intu group.
Following Intu's financial collapse resulting in administration during 2020, the council have undertaken public consultations to find an acceptable outcome for eventual redevelopment, including the former multi-storey car park and bus station.
The intended demolition of the remaining precinct structure was delayed due to the City Council trying to obtain funding from central government under the Levelling up funding scheme announced in 2021. The funding bid was rejected in October 2021, meaning demolition work on the eastern end was further delayed until a new bid for £20 million funding could be submitted after early 2022. When the announcement of funding was made in January 2023, after postponement from October 2022, Nottingham's bid was unsuccessful.
History
The entrance on Lister Gate in 2016
The shopping centre was built in the early 1970s, in an area known as Broad Marsh, that was historically boggy ground, on the outskirts of the medieval town. It was once occupied by the Franciscan Friary known as Greyfriars, Nottingham, which was dissolved in 1539. The area was cleared of all buildings to accommodate the new shopping centre.
A former tannery within the caves under the shopping centre
Former cafe beside the centre entrance on Middle Pavement
During preparation of the site, many caves and cellars dug into the soft sandstone foundations of the city were rediscovered (both ancient and more recent). The caves were to be destroyed as part of the construction, but activism by residents and historians allowed the caves to be preserved. The caves were excavated by staff from Nottingham City Council's museums service and local history enthusiasts. Some were opened to the public as part of the City of Caves museum beneath the shopping centre, and are protected as a Scheduled Monument.
The shopping centre, designed by the architects Turner, Lansdown, Holt and Partners was originally intended to be an Arndale Centre, and the associated parking structure – once voted the "ugliest building in Nottingham" – was known as the Arndale Car Park. Nottingham Corporation Estates Committee decided that the trade name Arndale should be removed from the title. The centre, built at a cost of £7m was officially opened on 25 March 1975 by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and the Duchess of Gloucester.
The centre underwent a major cosmetic refurbishment in 1988 at a cost of £9m.
Redevelopment
Shopping Centre
Nottingham City Council, owners of the land leasehold on the centre, had as of 2013 been attempting to encourage development at Broadmarsh for "almost two decades". Their 2002 development brief called for a development that "respects the urban grain of the City Centre, with clear streets and urban blocks of buildings to provide for legibility, separate identity and future flexibility" with a clear north–south route linking Nottingham's Old Market Square and railway station, stating, "This route must take the form of a pedestrianised public street."
In November 2002, plans to demolish the existing shopping centre, car park, and adjoining Broadmarsh bus station were approved.
In April 2007, a plan nearly identical to that proposed in 2002 was approved. The three-year redevelopment plan would have involved the demolition of much of the centre, the car park, and the adjoining bus station.
In November 2011, it was announced that Capital Shopping Centres (CSC), owners of the Victoria Shopping Centre, just north of the city centre, had bought Westfield's stake in Broadmarsh. The purchase prompted an investigation by the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission, which was concerned the company's monopoly over the city's shopping centres could negatively impact competition.
In February 2013, CSC changed its name to Intu Properties plc. The new owners wished to start an already planned development of the Victoria Centre, but Nottingham City Council insisted that Broadmarsh must be their "priority" and offered £50 million towards its redevelopment.
A 2013 report mentioned that the centre was "half-empty". The deputy leader of Nottingham City Council said the council would withhold planning permission for the development of the Victoria Centre until they "see bulldozers going into the Broadmarsh Centre".
A new plan for a limited redevelopment of some of the centre received planning approval in June 2015. The plans included the retention of most of the fabric of the 1970s' mall and existing tenants, including Boots, Wilko and BrightHouse, with some cosmetic updating. A nine-screen cinema was to be constructed at a remodelled south-eastern corner, along with new leisure and restaurant spaces. Drury Walk was planned as "Bridlesmith Square", providing a new area outside intu Broadmarsh, targeted at upmarket brands. Counter to the 2002 Development Brief, the new walkway between the city centre and station was planned to be within the existing enclosed shopping mall, under a new glass roof.
Construction company Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd were given the contract to start work on the long-awaited redevelopment of the centre with phased-demolition of the Broadmarsh starting in October 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, redevelopment work was halted in March 2020. Despite a relaxation of rules allowing construction projects to continue, contractors failed to return to the site in May 2020, with equipment and scaffolding being removed in June 2020, and the public right of way though the centre being closed by Intu citing safety concerns.
Work was halted in June 2020, owing to the owners Intu Properties entering administration. By early July 2020, the part-demolished shopping centre had closed and the site was handed back to the freeholder, Nottingham City Council.
On 6 August 2020, it was announced that the centre would be completely demolished at a cost of £8 million. A mixed-use future development is possible.
Part of the former Broadmarsh Shopping Centre at Collin Street opposite Carrington Street junction, location of the entrance to the initial covered pedestrian walkway through the site linking to Lister Gate shopping area. A new open-air route through the site was opened in September 2022.
As of October 2021, the site remained only partly demolished due to Nottingham City Council's bid to obtain extra government funding. A new pedestrian covered walkway was created through the demolition site, linking the rail station area to the city centre, allowing for future clearance of the remaining 1970s structure. In that month, the funding bid was rejected, meaning demolition work on the eastern end was further delayed until a new bid for extra funding can be submitted after spring 2022. Demolition of the western end of the former shopping area continued as some funding had been obtained from D2N2, the LEP for East Midlands.
In December 2021, the scheme for redevelopment was reported. The concept, headed by designer Thomas Heatherwick, allows for retention of some structural remains of the centre, as a framework and basis for extensive soft landscaping, provisionally entitled The Frame.
When the announcement of funding was made in January 2023, Nottingham's bid to finish the Broadmarsh was unsuccessful, as was the bid for the nearby Island Quarter development. The city council vowed to continue pursuing outside funding to achieve The Frame concept. 2024 saw the city council allocating "...up to £100,000..." to an outside consultancy to ascertain the commercial viability of creating a medical multi-scanning facility within the site.
Car park
Collin Street Nottingham, taken from Nottingham Castle, showing two high level pedestrian walkways linking between the old Broadmarsh car park to right and Broadmarsh shopping centre to left
The 1970s multi-storey car park with bus station underneath was demolished between 2017 and 2018.
The Broadmarsh Bus Station and Car Park in 2023
In October 2021, it was announced that the new multi-storey car park with 1,200 spaces, 90 motorcycle bays and 81 electric charge points was finished with anticipated opening on 1 November. Nottingham City Council were obligated to finish the car park project, although they had reservations about usage as the shopping centre rebuild was not undertaken, it was hoped the nearby College and Castle would offset the loss of shoppers. The design allowed for a high-level footbridge.
Central Library
The central library originally located at Angel Row off the city centre was closed during the COVID-19 restrictions, with re-opening abandoned due to difficulties in making a COVID-safe environment. Provision was made during redevelopment for a new facility as part of the car park and bus station complex. As of January 2022, no opening date was anticipated as contractors were being invited to submit new estimates for fitting-out of the new building, with the books still in storage. The new library was opened on 28 November 2023 with a video-testimonial by Dolly Parton, whose own literary charity project, the Imagination Library, has donated books for the use of children since 1995.
City Hub
A 2017 plan to redevelop the adjacent land along Canal Street, for the benefit of Nottingham College, was approved. Work started on the £58m City Hub in 2018. It is a six-storey building designed by Sheffield-based architecture firm Bond Bryan. Constructed by Wates it was intended to provide training and employment opportunities including 24 work placements, 16 new jobs, 13 apprentice placements and training for 11 NVQs.
Skate Park
A dedicated skating area using a special smooth treatment to the surfacing was created under the elevated section of the tram lines, as part of the street scene regeneration. Close to Nottingham College, it forms part of an intended eventual walk-through to the city centre.
Bus lane
The traffic flow around the old Broadmarsh centre was altered in September 2020, as part of the overall scheme to create a "pedestrian-friendly" area stretching to the City Hub, with a bus-only lane being implemented. In March 2022, responding to a Freedom of Information request, it was confirmed that automatic cameras had instigated fines totalling over £965,000, allocated to Nottingham City Council. The Council commented that the money was used to pay for the camera system, with any surplus going towards "traffic initiatives".
Responding to a Freedom of Information request in January 2022, the council confirmed that, for the period of 1 December 2021 to 12 December 2021, a total of 2,066 Penalty Charge Notices were issued for two camera locations on Canal Street. The council confirmed in February 2022 that it had placed a maintenance contract with the supplier of the ANPR camera system covering the city, at a cost £187,000 for the period of October 2021 to the end of September 2022.
References
^ The key reasons why intu collapsed into administration sending shockwaves around the retail world Nottinghamshire Live, 30 June 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2021
^ 'What happens next for Broadmarsh means so much to Nottingham' Nottinghamshire Live, 9 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021
^ Broadmarsh Car Park and Bus Station "Having demolished the previous Broadmarsh Car Park and Bus Station in 2018, the modern and new Broadmarsh Car Park building started in 2019." Nottingham City Council. Retrieved 15 October 2021
^ 'Broadmarsh just needs to come down now,' say shoppers hopeful for government cash Nottinghamshire Live, 16 August 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021
^ a b Broadmarsh centre demolition in limbo amid £20m grant wait BBC News, 11 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021
^ a b Levelling Up Fund Application Form Nottingham City Council, March 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021
^ a b Wider Broadmarsh Centre demolition delayed as new Levelling Up funding bid set to be made next year Nottinghamshire Live, 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021
^ a b Nottingham misses out on £57m of Government funding for huge city improvements Nottinghamshire Live, 18 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023
^ William Page, ed. (1910). 'Friaries: Franciscan friars of Nottingham', A History of the County of Nottingham: Volume 2. Victoria County History. pp. 144–145.
^ Weir, Christopher (2007). Turning Back the Pages in Old Broad Marsh and Narrow Marsh. Nottinghamshire County Council. ISBN 978-0902751590.
^ Broad Marsh and Narrow Marsh - The Story of a Nottingham Community Online Exhibition spread across 8 pages.
^ Scott C. Lomax (17 October 2013). Nottingham: The Buried Past of a Historic City Revealed. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-2999-2.
^ "Here you will find everything you need". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 13 March 1973. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "New centre sticks to old name". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 22 January 1971. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Couple take trip on free city bus". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 26 March 1975. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Broadmarsh". Shopping in Nottingham. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
^ "New-look Broad Marsh impresses retail bosses". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 21 November 1888. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ a b "Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre 'risk'". BBC News. 3 March 2013.
^ "Broadmarsh Development Brief 2002". Nottingham Insight.
^ "City gets new centre". BBC News. 21 November 2002. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Redevelopment Plan". Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.
^ "Westfield sells Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre". BBC News. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
^ "Westfield to sell Broadmarsh Centre". this is Nottingham. 10 November 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
^ "Probe into Nottingham Broadmarsh shopping centre deal". BBC News. 10 January 2012.
^ Monaghan, Angela (15 January 2013). "Capital Shopping Centres rebrands as Intu and launches fashion website". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "Nottingham's Broadmarsh Centre deal to transform city". BBC News. 11 November 2013.
^ Did the 1960s ruin the cities of the East Midlands? BBC News, 3 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2021
^ "Nottingham's Broadmarsh centre revamp plans approved". BBC News. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
^ "Caves and leisure for new-look Broadmarsh Centre". Nottingham Post. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
^ Morby, Aaron. "McAlpine signs-off £86m Nottingham Broadmarsh revamp". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ Metcalf, Sam. "Broadmarsh redevelopment to take major step forward". The Business Desk. Regional Media Services Ltd. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ Locker, Joseph (12 May 2020). "Uncertain future for Broadmarsh centre redevelopment as construction workers remain absent". Nottinghamshire Live. Local World. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ Topping, Andrew (13 June 2020). "Everything we know so far about intu Broadmarsh closing its doors". Nottinghamshire Live. Local World. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Should Nottingham's half-finished Broadmarsh Centre be knocked down?". BBC News. 27 June 2020.
^ "Broadmarsh liquidation hands control of site to council". BBC News. 4 July 2020.
^ Sandeman, Kit (6 August 2020). "£8million plan to demolish the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre". Retrieved 6 August 2020.
^ a b New walkway opens at Nottingham's Broadmarsh as demolition to get underway Nottinghamshire Live, 16 September 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021
^ New Broad Marsh walkway a sign of 'overwhelming change' as it officially opens Nottinghamshire Live, 9 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2021
^ Nottingham City Council miss out on £20 million funding to demolish Broadmarsh Nottinghamshire Live, 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021
^ Nottingham Broad Marsh vision hailed as 'extraordinary' as new plans unveiled for the first time Nottinghamshire Live, 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021
^ Broad Marsh: Vision for shopping centre 'frame' creating truly unique space 'like nothing else in the world' Nottinghamshire Live, 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021
^ Consultants to be hired at cost of £100,000 to check plans for NHS centre near Broadmarsh Nottinghamshire Live, 12 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024
^ Demolition of Broadmarsh car park hails 'start of transformation' of the area Nottinghamshire Live, 19 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2021
^ Broadmarsh car park and bus station flattened - now bring on the £50m replacement Nottinghamshire Live, 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2021
^ Overnight Collin Street closures to remove Broadmarsh pedestrian bridges My Nottingham News, 28 December 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2021
^ Controversial Nottingham city centre scheme by Leonard Design set for approval Architects' Journal, 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2021
^ New Broadmarsh car park may need to be changed if not enough motorists use it Nottinghamshire Live, 10 August 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021
^ New Nottingham Broadmarsh car park opening date confirmed Nottinghamshire Live, 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021
^ Nottingham Central Library will not reopen following Covid shutdown Nottinghamshire Live, 17 August 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021
^ Nottingham's new central library delayed until next year Nottinghamshire Live, 9 March 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021
^ Nottingham's Central Library moved to temporary location - at a cost of £200k Nottinghamshire Live, 19 April 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021
^ Nottingham Central Library closure Nottingham City Libraries 22 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021
^ 3 libraries proposed to close as wait continues for central library to open in Nottingham Nottinghamshire Live, 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022
^ Opening of Nottingham Central Library Marketing Nottingham, 27 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023
^ We Explore the New Central Library - Nottingham Culture Left Lion, 3 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023
^ Robinson, Dan (30 October 2017). "Here's what new £58m City Hub campus for Nottingham College could look like". nottinghampost. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
^ "New City Hub set to inspire students at Nottingham College - Scape Group". Scape Group. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
^ New skatepark to open this autumn as part of the Broadmarsh redevelopment Nottinghamshire Live 22 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2023
^ 'First of its kind' Nottingham skate park built under Broad Marsh Nottinghamshire Live 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2023
^ Free 'jam' as free skate spot under Nottingham's Broadmarsh opens Nottinghamshire Live 29 March 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023
^ More than 13,000 motorists fined for driving through Nottingham city centre bus lane Nottinghamshire Live, 3 April 2021. Retrieved March 2022
^ Man says trip to Nottingham was spoiled by Canal Street bus lane fine Nottinghamshire Live, 28 October 2021. Retrieved March 2022
^ Confusion over Nottingham city centre road as thousands received bus lane fines Nottinghamshire Live, 26 December 2021. Retrieved March 2022
^ Nottingham Canal Street bus lane fines totalled more than £950,000 BBC News Nottingham, 6 March 2022. Retrieved March 2022
^ Request under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (the Act) Nottingham City Council via WhatDoTheyKnow, 18 January 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022
^ £187,000 contract agreed to stop motorists driving in bus lanes Notts TV, 2 February, 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadmarsh Shopping Centre.
vtePlaces of interest in NottinghamHistoric buildings
10, Low Pavement
19, Castle Gate
24-26, Low Pavement
All Saints' Church
Boulevard Works
Bromley House Library
Canning Terrace
Central Post Office
County War Memorial
City War Memorial
County House
Enfield House
Flying Horse Inn
Green's Windmill
Newdigate House
Nottingham Castle
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Nottingham Roman Catholic Cathedral
Nottingham Guildhall
Old Assembly Rooms
Oldknows Factory, Nottingham
Plumptre Hospital
Queen's Chambers
Severn's Building
Sheriff House
Sherwin House
St Mary's Church
St Nicholas' Church
St Peter's Church
Watson Fothergill's offices
Willoughby House
Wollaton Hall
Public Houses
The Bell Inn
Cock and Hoop
Old Angel Inn
Royal Children
Thurland Hall
Ye Olde Salutation Inn
Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem
Museums, centres and galleries
City of Caves
National Justice Museum
Green's Windmill
Nottingham Castle
Nottingham Contemporary Art Gallery
Nottingham Heritage Railway
Nottingham Industrial Museum
Trade
Nottingham Natural History Museum
Wollaton Hall
Parks and public spaces
Forest Recreation Ground
Highfields Park
Church Cemetery, Nottingham
Nottingham General Cemetery
Old Market Square
The Arboretum
Wollaton Park
Woodthorpe Grange Park
Theatre and entertainment
Albert Hall
Broadway Cinema
Elite Picture Theatre
Lace Market Theatre
Motorpoint Arena Nottingham
National Ice Centre
Nottingham Arts Theatre
Nottingham Playhouse
Royal Concert Hall
Ocean
PRYZM
Rock City
Savoy Cinema
The Cornerhouse
Theatre Royal
Shopping
Broadmarsh Shopping Centre
The Exchange Arcade
Victoria Shopping Centre
Transport
Broadmarsh bus station
East Midlands Airport
Nottingham Express Transit
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Trent Bridge
Victoria bus station
Education
Nottingham Trent University
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Sport
National Ice Centre (Nottingham Panthers)
National Watersports Centre
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Trent Bridge (Nottinghamshire C.C.C.)
Nottingham Racecourse
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Lost landmarks
Black Boy Hotel
Greyfriars, Nottingham
Nottingham Exchange
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vteIntuShopping centres
Intu Braehead (Renfrewshire)
Intu Broadmarsh (Nottingham)
Intu Chapelfield (Norwich)
Intu Derby (Derby)
Intu Eldon Square (Newcastle Upon Tyne)
Intu Lakeside (West Thurrock)
Intu Merry Hill (Dudley)
Intu Metrocentre (Gateshead)
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Intu Uxbridge (Uxbridge)
Intu Watford (Watford)
Cribbs Causeway (Bristol)
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Intu Milton Keynes (Milton Keynes)
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Victoria Centre (Nottingham)
Leisure
Intu Braehead Soar (Renfrewshire)
Braehead Arena (Renfrewshire)
vteWestfield Corporation in the United KingdomCurrent centres
Westfield London (White City, London)
Westfield Stratford City (Stratford, London)
Former centres
Westfield Broadmarsh (Nottingham)
The Broadway (Bradford)
Westfield CastleCourt (Belfast)
Westfield Derby (Derby)
Westfield Merry Hill (Dudley)
Westfield Royal Victoria Place (Tunbridge Wells)
Westfield The Friary (Guildford)
Sprucefield Park (Lisburn)
Planned centres
Westfield Croydon (Croydon, London)
vteShopping centres in East MidlandsDerbyshire
Derbion
East Midlands Designer Outlet
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Beaumont Shopping Centre
Fosse Park
Haymarket Shopping Centre
Highcross Leicester
Silver Arcade
Lincolnshire
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Nottinghamshire
Broadmarsh
Flying Horse Walk
Victoria Centre | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadmarsh, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmarsh,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"slum clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"courts building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"the centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Nottingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Intu Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intu_Properties"},{"link_name":"intu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmarsh_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Levelling up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling_up_policy_of_the_Boris_Johnson_government"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Oct_2021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCC_level_up-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_next_year-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Jan_23-8"}],"text":"Former shopping centre in NottinghamFor the locality in Australia, see Broadmarsh, Tasmania.Broadmarsh is an historic area of Nottingham, England. The area was subjected to large scale slum clearance, creating large spaces used for regeneration. A shopping centre, car park, bus station and road complex created in the early 1970s cut-through the traditional thoroughfares from the city centre to the rail and canalside area. A large courts building was opened in 1981.The former shopping precinct known as The Broadmarsh Centre (rebranded in 2013 as intu Broadmarsh) was located slightly south of the centre of Nottingham, on land owned by Nottingham City Council and formerly leased to Intu Properties. It was partly demolished during renovation work by the intu group.Following Intu's financial collapse resulting in administration during 2020,[1] the council have undertaken public consultations to find an acceptable outcome for eventual redevelopment, including the former multi-storey car park and bus station.[2][3]The intended demolition of the remaining precinct structure was delayed due to the City Council trying to obtain funding from central government under the Levelling up funding scheme announced in 2021.[4][5][6] The funding bid was rejected in October 2021, meaning demolition work on the eastern end was further delayed until a new bid for £20 million funding could be submitted after early 2022.[7] When the announcement of funding was made in January 2023, after postponement from October 2022, Nottingham's bid was unsuccessful.[8]","title":"Broadmarsh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lister_Gate,_Nottingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5044688.jpg"},{"link_name":"boggy ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars, Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BH-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Caves_Tannery.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coco_Tang,_Nottingham_by_DncnH.jpg"},{"link_name":"cellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Nottingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"City of Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Caves"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott_C._Lomax_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arndale Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndale_Centre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgitte,_Duchess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The entrance on Lister Gate in 2016The shopping centre was built in the early 1970s, in an area known as Broad Marsh, that was historically boggy ground, on the outskirts of the medieval town. It was once occupied by the Franciscan Friary known as Greyfriars, Nottingham, which was dissolved in 1539.[9] The area was cleared of all buildings to accommodate the new shopping centre.[10][11]A former tannery within the caves under the shopping centreFormer cafe beside the centre entrance on Middle PavementDuring preparation of the site, many caves and cellars dug into the soft sandstone foundations of the city were rediscovered (both ancient and more recent). The caves were to be destroyed as part of the construction, but activism by residents and historians allowed the caves to be preserved. The caves were excavated by staff from Nottingham City Council's museums service and local history enthusiasts. Some were opened to the public as part of the City of Caves museum beneath the shopping centre, and are protected as a Scheduled Monument.[12]The shopping centre, designed by the architects Turner, Lansdown, Holt and Partners[13] was originally intended to be an Arndale Centre, and the associated parking structure – once voted the \"ugliest building in Nottingham\" – was known as the Arndale Car Park. Nottingham Corporation Estates Committee decided that the trade name Arndale should be removed from the title.[14] The centre, built at a cost of £7m was officially opened on 25 March 1975 by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and the Duchess of Gloucester.[15]The centre underwent a major cosmetic refurbishment in 1988[16] at a cost of £9m.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Broadmarsh bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmarsh_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Victoria Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Centre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Office of Fair Trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading"},{"link_name":"Competition Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Commission_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Intu Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intu_Properties"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_(company)"},{"link_name":"Wilko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilko_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"BrightHouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightHouse_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert McAlpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_McAlpine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demolition-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadmarsh_Shopping_Centre_Nottingham_under_demolition.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walkway-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCC_level_up-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Oct_2021-5"},{"link_name":"rail station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_station"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walkway-37"},{"link_name":"D2N2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Derby,_Derbyshire,_Nottingham_and_Nottinghamshire_Local_Enterprise_Partnership"},{"link_name":"LEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_enterprise_partnership"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_next_year-7"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Thomas Heatherwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Heatherwick"},{"link_name":"landscaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscaping"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Jan_23-8"},{"link_name":"multi-scanning facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Shopping Centre","text":"Nottingham City Council, owners of the land leasehold on the centre, had as of 2013 been attempting to encourage development at Broadmarsh for \"almost two decades\".[18] Their 2002 development brief called for a development that \"respects the urban grain of the City Centre, with clear streets and urban blocks of buildings to provide for legibility, separate identity and future flexibility\" with a clear north–south route linking Nottingham's Old Market Square and railway station, stating, \"This route must take the form of a pedestrianised public street.\"[19]In November 2002, plans to demolish the existing shopping centre, car park, and adjoining Broadmarsh bus station were approved.[20]In April 2007, a plan nearly identical to that proposed in 2002 was approved. The three-year redevelopment plan would have involved the demolition of much of the centre, the car park, and the adjoining bus station.[21]In November 2011, it was announced that Capital Shopping Centres (CSC), owners of the Victoria Shopping Centre, just north of the city centre, had bought Westfield's stake in Broadmarsh.[22][23] The purchase prompted an investigation by the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission, which was concerned the company's monopoly over the city's shopping centres could negatively impact competition.[24]In February 2013, CSC changed its name to Intu Properties plc.[25] The new owners wished to start an already planned development of the Victoria Centre, but Nottingham City Council insisted that Broadmarsh must be their \"priority\" and offered £50 million towards its redevelopment.[26]A 2013 report mentioned that the centre was \"half-empty\".[27] The deputy leader of Nottingham City Council said the council would withhold planning permission for the development of the Victoria Centre until they \"see bulldozers going into the Broadmarsh Centre\".[18]A new plan for a limited redevelopment of some of the centre received planning approval in June 2015.[28] The plans included the retention of most of the fabric of the 1970s' mall and existing tenants, including Boots, Wilko and BrightHouse, with some cosmetic updating. A nine-screen cinema was to be constructed at a remodelled south-eastern corner, along with new leisure and restaurant spaces. Drury Walk was planned as \"Bridlesmith Square\", providing a new area outside intu Broadmarsh, targeted at upmarket brands. Counter to the 2002 Development Brief, the new walkway between the city centre and station was planned to be within the existing enclosed shopping mall, under a new glass roof.[29]Construction company Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd were given the contract to start work on the long-awaited redevelopment of the centre with phased-demolition of the Broadmarsh starting in October 2019.[30][31] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, redevelopment work was halted in March 2020. Despite a relaxation of rules allowing construction projects to continue, contractors failed to return to the site in May 2020,[32] with equipment and scaffolding being removed in June 2020, and the public right of way though the centre being closed by Intu citing safety concerns.[33]Work was halted in June 2020, owing to the owners Intu Properties entering administration.[34] By early July 2020, the part-demolished shopping centre had closed and the site was handed back to the freeholder, Nottingham City Council.[35]On 6 August 2020, it was announced that the centre would be completely demolished at a cost of £8 million. A mixed-use future development is possible.[36]Part of the former Broadmarsh Shopping Centre at Collin Street opposite Carrington Street junction, location of the entrance to the initial covered pedestrian walkway through the site linking to Lister Gate shopping area.[37] A new open-air route through the site was opened in September 2022.[38]As of October 2021, the site remained only partly demolished due to Nottingham City Council's bid to obtain extra government funding.[6][5] A new pedestrian covered walkway was created through the demolition site, linking the rail station area to the city centre, allowing for future clearance of the remaining 1970s structure.[37] In that month, the funding bid was rejected, meaning demolition work on the eastern end was further delayed until a new bid for extra funding can be submitted after spring 2022. Demolition of the western end of the former shopping area continued as some funding had been obtained from D2N2, the LEP for East Midlands.[7][39]In December 2021, the scheme for redevelopment was reported.[40] The concept, headed by designer Thomas Heatherwick, allows for retention of some structural remains of the centre, as a framework and basis for extensive soft landscaping, provisionally entitled The Frame.[41]When the announcement of funding was made in January 2023, Nottingham's bid to finish the Broadmarsh was unsuccessful, as was the bid for the nearby Island Quarter development. The city council vowed to continue pursuing outside funding to achieve The Frame concept.[8] 2024 saw the city council allocating \"...up to £100,000...\" to an outside consultancy to ascertain the commercial viability of creating a medical multi-scanning facility within the site.[42]","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collin_Street_with_pedestrian_walkways.jpg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadmarsh_Bus_Station_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_College"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Car park","text":"Collin Street Nottingham, taken from Nottingham Castle, showing two high level pedestrian walkways linking between the old Broadmarsh car park to right and Broadmarsh shopping centre to leftThe 1970s multi-storey car park with bus station underneath was demolished between 2017 and 2018.[43][44]The Broadmarsh Bus Station and Car Park in 2023In October 2021, it was announced that the new multi-storey car park with 1,200 spaces, 90 motorcycle bays and 81 electric charge points was finished with anticipated opening on 1 November. Nottingham City Council were obligated to finish the car park project, although they had reservations about usage as the shopping centre rebuild was not undertaken, it was hoped the nearby College and Castle would offset the loss of shoppers. The design allowed for a high-level footbridge.[45][46][47][48]","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"Imagination Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton%27s_Imagination_Library"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Central Library","text":"The central library originally located at Angel Row off the city centre was closed during the COVID-19 restrictions, with re-opening abandoned due to difficulties in making a COVID-safe environment. Provision was made during redevelopment for a new facility as part of the car park and bus station complex.[49][50][51][52] As of January 2022, no opening date was anticipated as contractors were being invited to submit new estimates for fitting-out of the new building, with the books still in storage.[53] The new library was opened on 28 November 2023 with a video-testimonial by Dolly Parton, whose own literary charity project, the Imagination Library, has donated books for the use of children since 1995.[54][55]","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_College"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-np2017-56"},{"link_name":"Wates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wates_Group"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"City Hub","text":"A 2017 plan to redevelop the adjacent land along Canal Street, for the benefit of Nottingham College, was approved.[56] Work started on the £58m City Hub in 2018. It is a six-storey building designed by Sheffield-based architecture firm Bond Bryan. Constructed by Wates it was intended to provide training and employment opportunities including 24 work placements, 16 new jobs, 13 apprentice placements and training for 11 NVQs.[57]","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skating area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skatepark"},{"link_name":"elevated section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_railway"},{"link_name":"tram lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Express_Transit"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Skate Park","text":"A dedicated skating area using a special smooth treatment to the surfacing was created under the elevated section of the tram lines, as part of the street scene regeneration. Close to Nottingham College, it forms part of an intended eventual walk-through to the city centre.[58][59][60]","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom of Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"ANPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Bus lane","text":"The traffic flow around the old Broadmarsh centre was altered in September 2020, as part of the overall scheme to create a \"pedestrian-friendly\" area stretching to the City Hub, with a bus-only lane being implemented. In March 2022, responding to a Freedom of Information request, it was confirmed that automatic cameras had instigated fines totalling over £965,000, allocated to Nottingham City Council. The Council commented that the money was used to pay for the camera system, with any surplus going towards \"traffic initiatives\".[61][62][63][64]Responding to a Freedom of Information request in January 2022, the council confirmed that, for the period of 1 December 2021 to 12 December 2021, a total of 2,066 Penalty Charge Notices were issued for two camera locations on Canal Street.[65] The council confirmed in February 2022 that it had placed a maintenance contract with the supplier of the ANPR camera system covering the city, at a cost £187,000 for the period of October 2021 to the end of September 2022.[66]","title":"Redevelopment"}] | [{"image_text":"The entrance on Lister Gate in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lister_Gate%2C_Nottingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5044688.jpg/220px-Lister_Gate%2C_Nottingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5044688.jpg"},{"image_text":"A former tannery within the caves under the shopping centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/City_of_Caves_Tannery.JPG/220px-City_of_Caves_Tannery.JPG"},{"image_text":"Former cafe beside the centre entrance on Middle Pavement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coco_Tang%2C_Nottingham_by_DncnH.jpg/220px-Coco_Tang%2C_Nottingham_by_DncnH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the former Broadmarsh Shopping Centre at Collin Street opposite Carrington Street junction, location of the entrance to the initial covered pedestrian walkway through the site linking to Lister Gate shopping area.[37] A new open-air route through the site was opened in September 2022.[38]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Broadmarsh_Shopping_Centre_Nottingham_under_demolition.jpg/220px-Broadmarsh_Shopping_Centre_Nottingham_under_demolition.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collin Street Nottingham, taken from Nottingham Castle, showing two high level pedestrian walkways linking between the old Broadmarsh car park to right and Broadmarsh shopping centre to left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Collin_Street_with_pedestrian_walkways.jpg/220px-Collin_Street_with_pedestrian_walkways.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Broadmarsh Bus Station and Car Park in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Broadmarsh_Bus_Station_2023.jpg/220px-Broadmarsh_Bus_Station_2023.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"William Page, ed. (1910). 'Friaries: Franciscan friars of Nottingham', A History of the County of Nottingham: Volume 2. Victoria County History. pp. 144–145.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40098","url_text":"'Friaries: Franciscan friars of Nottingham', A History of the County of Nottingham: Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Weir, Christopher (2007). Turning Back the Pages in Old Broad Marsh and Narrow Marsh. Nottinghamshire County Council. ISBN 978-0902751590.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902751590","url_text":"978-0902751590"}]},{"reference":"\"Here you will find everything you need\". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 13 March 1973. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19730313/014/0014","url_text":"\"Here you will find everything you need\""}]},{"reference":"\"New centre sticks to old name\". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 22 January 1971. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19710122/006/0006","url_text":"\"New centre sticks to old name\""}]},{"reference":"\"Couple take trip on free city bus\". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 26 March 1975. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19750326/007/0007","url_text":"\"Couple take trip on free city bus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadmarsh\". Shopping in Nottingham. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110110065538/http://www.shoppinginnottingham.co.uk/Broadmarsh","url_text":"\"Broadmarsh\""},{"url":"http://www.shoppinginnottingham.co.uk/Broadmarsh","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New-look Broad Marsh impresses retail bosses\". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 21 November 1888. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19881121/009/0009","url_text":"\"New-look Broad Marsh impresses retail bosses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre 'risk'\". BBC News. 3 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-21633311","url_text":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre 'risk'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadmarsh Development Brief 2002\". Nottingham Insight.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nottinghaminsight.org.uk/d/95501","url_text":"\"Broadmarsh Development Brief 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"City gets new centre\". BBC News. 21 November 2002. Retrieved 21 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2499245.stm","url_text":"\"City gets new centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redevelopment Plan\". Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713005216/http://plan4.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/WAM/pas/showCaseFile.do?councilName=Nottingham+City+Council&appNumber=07/00117/PVAR3","url_text":"\"Redevelopment Plan\""},{"url":"http://plan4.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/WAM/pas/showCaseFile.do?councilName=Nottingham+City+Council&appNumber=07/00117/PVAR3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Westfield sells Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre\". BBC News. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-15670609","url_text":"\"Westfield sells Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westfield to sell Broadmarsh Centre\". this is Nottingham. 10 November 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115234438/http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/Westfield-sell-Broadmarsh-Centre/story-13808055-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Westfield to sell Broadmarsh Centre\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/Westfield-sell-Broadmarsh-Centre/story-13808055-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Probe into Nottingham Broadmarsh shopping centre deal\". BBC News. 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-16497311","url_text":"\"Probe into Nottingham Broadmarsh shopping centre deal\""}]},{"reference":"Monaghan, Angela (15 January 2013). \"Capital Shopping Centres rebrands as Intu and launches fashion website\". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/9801038/Capital-Shopping-Centres-rebrands-as-Intu-and-launches-fashion-website.html","url_text":"\"Capital Shopping Centres rebrands as Intu and launches fashion website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh Centre deal to transform city\". BBC News. 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-24906520","url_text":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh Centre deal to transform city\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh centre revamp plans approved\". BBC News. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-33171403","url_text":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh centre revamp plans approved\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caves and leisure for new-look Broadmarsh Centre\". Nottingham Post. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150718151616/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Caves-leisure-new-look-Broadmarsh/story-26292069-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Caves and leisure for new-look Broadmarsh Centre\""},{"url":"http://www.nottinghampost.com/Caves-leisure-new-look-Broadmarsh/story-26292069-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morby, Aaron. \"McAlpine signs-off £86m Nottingham Broadmarsh revamp\". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2019/01/04/mcalpine-signs-off-86m-nottingham-broadmarsh-revamp/","url_text":"\"McAlpine signs-off £86m Nottingham Broadmarsh revamp\""}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Sam. \"Broadmarsh redevelopment to take major step forward\". The Business Desk. Regional Media Services Ltd. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/eastmidlands/news/2029113-broadmarsh-rdevelopment-to-take-major-step-forward","url_text":"\"Broadmarsh redevelopment to take major step forward\""}]},{"reference":"Locker, Joseph (12 May 2020). \"Uncertain future for Broadmarsh centre redevelopment as construction workers remain absent\". Nottinghamshire Live. Local World. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/uncertain-future-broadmarsh-centre-redevelopment-4123197","url_text":"\"Uncertain future for Broadmarsh centre redevelopment as construction workers remain absent\""}]},{"reference":"Topping, Andrew (13 June 2020). \"Everything we know so far about intu Broadmarsh closing its doors\". Nottinghamshire Live. Local World. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/everything-know-far-intu-broadmarsh-4223073","url_text":"\"Everything we know so far about intu Broadmarsh closing its doors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Should Nottingham's half-finished Broadmarsh Centre be knocked down?\". BBC News. 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-53193703","url_text":"\"Should Nottingham's half-finished Broadmarsh Centre be knocked down?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadmarsh liquidation hands control of site to council\". BBC News. 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-53287832","url_text":"\"Broadmarsh liquidation hands control of site to council\""}]},{"reference":"Sandeman, Kit (6 August 2020). \"£8million plan to demolish the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre\". Retrieved 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/8million-plan-demolish-broadmarsh-shopping-4399424","url_text":"\"£8million plan to demolish the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Dan (30 October 2017). \"Here's what new £58m City Hub campus for Nottingham College could look like\". nottinghampost. Retrieved 29 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/heres-what-new-58m-city-702565","url_text":"\"Here's what new £58m City Hub campus for Nottingham College could look like\""}]},{"reference":"\"New City Hub set to inspire students at Nottingham College - Scape Group\". Scape Group. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scapegroup.co.uk/news/2018/city-hub-nottingham-college","url_text":"\"New City Hub set to inspire students at Nottingham College - Scape Group\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Broadmarsh¶ms=52_57_0_N_1_08_55_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°57′0″N 1°08′55″W / 52.95000°N 1.14861°W / 52.95000; -1.14861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Broadmarsh¶ms=52_57_0_N_1_08_55_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°57′0″N 1°08′55″W / 52.95000°N 1.14861°W / 52.95000; -1.14861"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/key-reasons-intu-collapsed-administration-4275985","external_links_name":"The key reasons why intu collapsed into administration sending shockwaves around the retail world"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/broadmarsh-shopping-centre-nottingham-redevelopment-4871543","external_links_name":"'What happens next for Broadmarsh means so much to Nottingham'"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/information-for-residents/transport-parking-and-streets/broadmarsh/car-park-changes/","external_links_name":"Broadmarsh Car Park and Bus Station"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/nottingham-residents-hoping-broadmarsh-government-5790475","external_links_name":"'Broadmarsh just needs to come down now,' say shoppers hopeful for government cash"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-58877982","external_links_name":"Broadmarsh centre demolition in limbo amid £20m grant wait"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/media/3371660/20210617-luf_applicationweb_broadmarsh-nottingham-city.pdf","external_links_name":"Levelling Up Fund Application Form"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/nottinghams-broadmarsh-centre-demolition-wait-6125813","external_links_name":"Wider Broadmarsh Centre demolition delayed as new Levelling Up funding bid set to be made next year"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/nottingham-misses-out-57m-government-8047580","external_links_name":"Nottingham misses out on £57m of Government funding for huge city improvements"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40098","external_links_name":"'Friaries: Franciscan friars of Nottingham', A History of the County of Nottingham: Volume 2"},{"Link":"http://cms.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/home/leisure/archives/exhibitions/broadmarshandnarrowmarsh.htm","external_links_name":"Broad Marsh and Narrow Marsh - The Story of a Nottingham Community"},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19730313/014/0014","external_links_name":"\"Here you will find everything you need\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19710122/006/0006","external_links_name":"\"New centre sticks to old name\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19750326/007/0007","external_links_name":"\"Couple take trip on free city bus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110110065538/http://www.shoppinginnottingham.co.uk/Broadmarsh","external_links_name":"\"Broadmarsh\""},{"Link":"http://www.shoppinginnottingham.co.uk/Broadmarsh","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003894/19881121/009/0009","external_links_name":"\"New-look Broad Marsh impresses retail bosses\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-21633311","external_links_name":"\"Nottingham's Broadmarsh shopping centre 'risk'\""},{"Link":"http://www.nottinghaminsight.org.uk/d/95501","external_links_name":"\"Broadmarsh Development Brief 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revamp plans approved\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150718151616/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Caves-leisure-new-look-Broadmarsh/story-26292069-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Caves and leisure for new-look Broadmarsh Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.nottinghampost.com/Caves-leisure-new-look-Broadmarsh/story-26292069-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2019/01/04/mcalpine-signs-off-86m-nottingham-broadmarsh-revamp/","external_links_name":"\"McAlpine signs-off £86m Nottingham Broadmarsh revamp\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/eastmidlands/news/2029113-broadmarsh-rdevelopment-to-take-major-step-forward","external_links_name":"\"Broadmarsh redevelopment to take major step forward\""},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/uncertain-future-broadmarsh-centre-redevelopment-4123197","external_links_name":"\"Uncertain future for Broadmarsh centre redevelopment as 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underway"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/new-broad-marsh-walkway-sign-7568408","external_links_name":"New Broad Marsh walkway a sign of 'overwhelming change' as it officially opens"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/nottingham-city-council-miss-20-6122124","external_links_name":"Nottingham City Council miss out on £20 million funding to demolish Broadmarsh"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/nottingham-broad-marsh-vision-hailed-6310744","external_links_name":"Nottingham Broad Marsh vision hailed as 'extraordinary' as new plans unveiled for the first time"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/broad-marsh-vision-shopping-centre-6312719","external_links_name":"Broad Marsh: Vision for shopping centre 'frame' creating truly unique space 'like nothing else in the world'"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/consultants-hired-cost-100000-check-9222213","external_links_name":"Consultants to be hired at cost of £100,000 to check plans for NHS centre near Broadmarsh"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/demolition-broadmarsh-car-park-hails-494670","external_links_name":"Demolition of Broadmarsh car park hails 'start of transformation' of the area"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/broadmarsh-car-park-bus-station-1620925","external_links_name":"Broadmarsh car park and bus station flattened - now bring on the £50m replacement"},{"Link":"https://www.mynottinghamnews.co.uk/overnight-collin-street-closures-to-remove-broadmarsh-pedestrian-bridges/","external_links_name":"Overnight Collin Street closures to remove Broadmarsh pedestrian bridges"},{"Link":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/controversial-nottingham-city-centre-scheme-by-leonard-design-set-for-approval","external_links_name":"Controversial Nottingham city centre scheme by Leonard Design set for approval"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/new-broadmarsh-car-park-need-5763604","external_links_name":"New Broadmarsh car park may need to be changed if not enough motorists use it"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/new-nottingham-broadmarsh-car-park-6091182","external_links_name":"New Nottingham Broadmarsh car park opening date confirmed"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/nottingham-central-library-not-reopen-4431957","external_links_name":"Nottingham Central Library will not reopen following Covid shutdown"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/nottinghams-new-central-library-delayed-5085977","external_links_name":"Nottingham's new central library delayed until next year"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/nottinghams-central-library-moved-temporary-5316599","external_links_name":"Nottingham's Central Library moved to temporary location - at a cost of £200k"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghamcitylibraries.co.uk/library/nottingham-central-library/","external_links_name":"Nottingham Central Library closure"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/three-libraries-close-wait-continues-6481564","external_links_name":"3 libraries proposed to close as wait continues for central library to open in Nottingham"},{"Link":"https://marketingnottingham.uk/opening-of-nottingham-central-library/","external_links_name":"Opening of Nottingham Central Library"},{"Link":"https://leftlion.co.uk/features/2023/12/we-explore-the-new-central-library/","external_links_name":"We Explore the New Central Library - Nottingham Culture"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/heres-what-new-58m-city-702565","external_links_name":"\"Here's what new £58m City Hub campus for Nottingham College could look like\""},{"Link":"https://www.scapegroup.co.uk/news/2018/city-hub-nottingham-college","external_links_name":"\"New City Hub set to inspire students at Nottingham College - Scape Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/new-skatepark-open-autumn-part-7239282","external_links_name":"New skatepark to open this autumn as part of the Broadmarsh redevelopment"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/first-kind-nottingham-skate-park-7958051","external_links_name":"'First of its kind' Nottingham skate park built under Broad Marsh"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/free-jam-free-skate-spot-8303412","external_links_name":"Free 'jam' as free skate spot under Nottingham's Broadmarsh opens"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/more-13000-motorists-fined-driving-5260846","external_links_name":"More than 13,000 motorists fined for driving through Nottingham city centre bus lane"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/man-says-trip-nottingham-spoiled-6120088?_ga=2.5840499.1535400896.1646773871-9668535135.1646535197","external_links_name":"Man says trip to Nottingham was spoiled by Canal Street bus lane fine"},{"Link":"https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/confusion-over-nottingham-city-centre-6312840","external_links_name":"Confusion over Nottingham city centre road as thousands received bus lane fines"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-60622463","external_links_name":"Nottingham Canal Street bus lane fines totalled more than £950,000"},{"Link":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/817745/response/1954008/attach/html/3/15791%20Final%20Response.pdf.html","external_links_name":"Request under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (the Act)"},{"Link":"https://nottstv.com/187000-contract-agreed-to-stop-motorists-driving-in-bus-lanes/","external_links_name":"£187,000 contract agreed to stop motorists driving in bus lanes"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Stig_M%C3%B8ller | Per Stig Møller | ["1 Education","2 Non-political career","3 Political career","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"] | Danish politician
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Per Stig MøllerMøller in 2011Minister of Foreign AffairsIn office27 November 2001 – 23 February 2010Prime MinisterAnders Fogh Rasmussen Lars Løkke RasmussenPreceded byMogens LykketoftSucceeded byLene EspersenMinister of CultureIn office23 February 2010 – 3 October 2011Prime MinisterLars Løkke RasmussenPreceded byCarina ChristensenSucceeded byUffe ElbækMinister of Ecclesiastical AffairsIn office8 March 2011 – 3 October 2011Prime MinisterLars Løkke RasmussenPreceded byBirthe Rønn HornbechSucceeded byManu SareenMinister of the EnvironmentIn office18 December 1990 – 25 January 1993Prime MinisterPoul SchlüterPreceded byLone DybkjærSucceeded bySvend AukenLeader of the Conservative People’s PartyIn office1997–1998Preceded byHans EngellSucceeded byPia Christmas-Møller
Personal detailsBorn (1942-08-27) 27 August 1942 (age 81)Frederiksberg, DenmarkPolitical partyConservative People’s
Per Stig Møller (left) and Jóannes Eidesgaard in Fámjin before signing the contract about Faroese-Danish relations in foreign policy
Per Stig Møller (Danish pronunciation: , informal: Per Stig; born 27 August 1942 in Frederiksberg) is a Danish politician. He was a member of the Folketing (Danish national parliament) for the Conservative People's Party from 1984 until 2015, and was Minister for the Environment from 18 December 1990 to 24 January 1993 as part of the Cabinet of Poul Schlüter IV and Foreign Minister from 27 November 2001 to 23 February 2010 as part of the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I, II and III, and the first Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen. From 23 February 2010 to 3 October 2011 he was Minister for Culture.
Per Stig Møller is the son of the former Finance Minister Poul Møller and journalist Lis Møller, who were both Members of Parliament.
Education
Per Stig Møller completed his master's degree in comparative literature at the University of Copenhagen in 1967, and was awarded a dr.phil. (higher doctorate) in 1973 for his thesis Malte-Bruns litterære kritik og dens plads i transformationsprocessen mellem klassicisme og romantik i fransk litteraturhistorie 1800-1826 (Eng.: Literary criticism of Malte-Brun and its position in the transformation process between classicism and romanticism in French history of literature 1800-1826).
Non-political career
1973 - 1974: Editor of culture in Danmarks Radio.
1974 - 1976: Lecturer at the University of Paris.
1974, 1976 - 1979: Vice president (souschef) at the department of culture and society at Danmarks Radio.
1979 - 1984: Working with the program manager at Danmarks Radio.
1985 - 1986: Vice president of Radiorådet, the leading organ of Danmarks Radio which is appointed by Folketinget.
1986 - 1987: President of Radiorådet.
1984 - 2001: Commentator at the newspaper Berlingske Tidende.
Political career
1983 - 1989: President of Folkeligt Oplysningsforbund.
1984 – 2015: Member of Folketinget for the Conservative People's Party.
1985 - 1998: Member of hovedbestyrelsen, the leadership of the Conservative People's Party.
1987 - 2001: Member of the Council of Europe.
1990 - 1993: Minister for the Environment in the Cabinet of Poul Schlüter IV.
1994 - 2001: Member of Udenrigspolitisk Nævn, the committee for foreign policy.
1994 - 1996: President of Sikkerhedspolitisk Udvalg, the committee of security.
1997 - 1998: Leader of the Conservative People's Party, succeeding Hans Engell. He resigned after a poor result in the election in 1998.
1998 - 2001: Foreign policy spokesman for the Conservative People's Party.
2001 - 2010: Foreign Minister of Denmark
2010–2011: Culture Minister of Denmark
2011–2011: Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark
Bibliography
This article is part of a series onConservatism in Denmark
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Oehlenschläger
Politicians
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Møller (John)
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Synspunkter i konservatismen (anthology) (1968)
Antikleksikon (with Preben Hasselbalch and Jens Winther) (1970)
La Critique dramatique et littéraire de Malte-Brun (1971)
Utopi og virkelighed (with Søren Krarup and Ebbe Reich) (1973)
Malte-Bruns litterære kritik og dens plads i transformationsprocessen mellem klassicisme og romantik i fransk litteraturhistorie 1800-1826 (Doctor of Philosophy|Ph. D. thesis) (1973)
Léopold Sédar Senghor: Mod en ny civilisation (commentary) (1973)
Tøger Reenberg: Ars Poetica. Digte mellem to tider (commentary) (1973)
Erotismen (1973) ISBN 8716007573
København-Paris t/r (1973) ISBN 8741648587
Tværsnit 1790 (anthology) (1974) ISBN 8700840416
På Sporet af det forsvundne Menneske (1976) ISBN 8701301128
Forfatternes Danmarkshistorie (editor) (1977) ISBN 8701658514
Livet i Gøgereden (1978) ISBN 8702219948
Fra Tid til Anden (1979) ISBN 8701846213
Forfatternes kulturhistorie (editor) (1979) ISBN 8701817310
Tro, Håb og Fællesskab (1980) ISBN 8700403911
Forfatternes forfatterhistorie (editor) (1980) ISBN 8701998528
Midt i Redeligheden (1981) ISBN 8702219913
Orwells Håb og Frygt (1983) ISBN 8702219905
Nat uden Daggry (1985) ISBN 8700858242
Mulighedernes Samfund (with Bertel Haarder and Tom Høyem) (1985) ISBN 8701205145
Stemmer fra Øst (1987) ISBN 8711115548
Historien om Estland, Letland og Litauen (1990) ISBN 8711080329
Kurs mod Katastrofer? (1993) ISBN 8702219999
Miljøproblemer (1995) ISBN 8702220008
Den naturlige Orden - Tolv år der flyttede Verden (1996) ISBN 8700255963
Spor. Udvalgte Skrifter om det åbne Samfund og dets Værdier (1997) ISBN 8700297429
Magt og Afmagt (1999) ISBN 8714295342
Munk (2000) ISBN 8700345083
Mere Munk (2003) ISBN 8702017547
Samtale fremme forståelsen (2010) ISBN 8702103753
Kaj Munk, digter, præst og urostifter (2014) ISBN 9788702176704
Aldrig skal Danmark dø (2015) ISBN 9788774672128
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Per Stig Møller.
Biography on the website of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget)
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Political offices
Preceded byLone Dybkjær
Minister for the Environment of Denmark 1990–1993
Succeeded bySvend Auken
Preceded byMogens Lykketoft
Foreign Minister of Denmark 2001–2010
Succeeded byLene Espersen
Preceded byCarina Christensen
Culture Minister of Denmark 2010–2011
Succeeded byUffe Elbæk
Preceded byBirthe Rønn Hornbech
Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark March–October 2011
Succeeded byManu Sareen
Party political offices
Preceded byHans Engell
Leader of the Conservative People's Party 1997–1998
Succeeded byPia Christmas-Møller
vteMembers of the Folketingvte2011–2015Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne)Akdogan • Andersen • Antorini • Auken‡ • Bjerregaard • Bramsen • Brosbøl • Bruus • Bødskov • Corydon • Damsbo-Andersen • Engelbrecht • Frederiksen • Gjerskov • Gaardsted • Halsboe-Jørgensen • C. Hansen • T. Hansen • Hav • Heunicke • K. Hækkerup • N. Hækkerup • O. Hækkerup • L. Jensen • M. Jensen • T. Jensen • Joel • Johansen • Klint • Kofod • Kollerup • Krag‡ • Kristensen • Langhoff • Larsen • Laustsen • Lind • Lund • Lykketoft • Mortensen • Panduro • Paulsen • Petersen‡ • Prehn • Ravn • Reissmann • Rosenkrantz-Theil • Sina • Skovsby • Sohn‡ • Thorning-Schmidt • WammenLiberals (Venstre)H. Andersen • K. Andersen • Bech • Bonnesen • J. Christensen • P. Christensen • Christiansen • Danielsen • Elholm • Ellemann-Jensen • Ellemann • Engel-Schmidt • Frederiksen • Friis • Geertsen • Hansen • Heitmann • Henriksen • Hornbech • Høegh • Haarder • J. Jensen • K. Jensen • M. Jensen • Jespersen • Josefsen • Juel-Jensen • Jørgensen • E. Larsen • F. Larsen • Lauritzen • Lilleholt • Lorentzen • Løhde • Matthiesen • Nedergaard • Nonbo • Nørby • Pedersen • Pind • Poulsen • Rasmussen • Rørvig • Schmidt • Støjberg • Thoning • Thranum • Tørnæs • Vesselbo • ØktemDanish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti)Adelsteen • Adsbøl • Ahrendtsen • Blixt • Bøgsted • A. Christensen • R. Christensen • Christiansen • J. Dahl • K. Dahl • M. H. Dencker • M. Dencker • Dohrmann • Espersen • Flydtkjær • Henriksen • Kjærsgaard • Krarup • Langballe • Marinus • Nødgaard • Skibby • SkaarupSocial Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre)Andersen • Bach • Farooq • Hansen • Hersom • Jacobsen • Jelved • Loklindt • Mikkelsen • Mølvig • Nielsen • Petersen • Rod • Sareen • Stampe • Steenberg • Vestager • ØstergaardSocialist People's Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti)Andersen • Bagge • Bech-Nielsen • Baastrup • Cekic • Dahl • Dehnhardt • Dyhr • Gade • Mach • Nielsen • Søvndal • VilhelmsenRed-Green Alliance (Enhedslisten)Arbo-Bæhr • Brix • Clausen • Dohn • Hyllested • Juhl • Lund • Schmidt-Nielsen • Skipper • Sørensen • Villumsen • AaenLiberal Alliance (Liberal Alliance)Ammitzbøll-Bille • Bock • Christensen • Frank • Mikkelsen • Olesen • Olsen • Riisager • SamuelsenConservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti)Barfoed • Behnke • Dyremose • Espersen • Kiær • Legarth • Mercado • Mikkelsen • Møller • RugholmThe Alternative (Alternativet)ElbækFrom Faroe IslandsSocial Democratic Party (Javnaðarflokkurin)SkaaleUnion Party (Sambandsflokkurin)JoensenFrom GreenlandCommunity of the People (Inuit Ataqatigiit)OlsvigForward (Siumut)Jakobsen‡ = Elected under a different partyItalic = Left office before end of termvte2007–2011Liberals (Venstre)Andersen • Bech • Bisgaard • Bonnesen • P. Christensen • T. Christensen • Christiansen • Elholm • Ellemann • Frederiksen • Gade • Hansen • Holberg • Hornbech • Hvilshøj • Høegh • Haarder • J. Jensen • K. Jensen • M. Jensen • Jespersen • Josefsen • Juel-Jensen • Kirk • Larsen • Lauritzen • Lilleholt • Lorentzen • Løhde • Møller • Nedergaard • Nonbo • Nørby • M. Pedersen • T. Pedersen • T. S. Pedersen • Pind • Poulsen • A. Rasmussen • L. Rasmussen • Rudiengaard • Rørvig • Sander • Schmidt • Støjberg • Thoning • Tørnæs • Vesselbo • Vibjerg • Aamund‡Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne)Adelskov • Akdogan • P. Andersen • S. Andersen • Antorini • Auken • Björnsson • Brosbøl • Bødskov • Christensen • Damsbo-Andersen • Engelbrecht • Frederiksen • Gjerskov • Grave • C. Hansen • L. Hansen • T. Hansen • Hav • Heunicke • Husted • Karen Hækkerup • Klaus Hækkerup • N. Hækkerup • O. Hækkerup • L. Jensen • M. Jensen • T. Jensen • Klint • Kofod • Kristensen • Larsen • Laustsen • Lund • Lykketoft • Meldgaard • F. Mortensen • K. Mortensen • Møller • Panduro • Paulsen • Prehn • Rademacher • Seelen • Sindal • Skovsby • Sohn • Thorning-Schmidt • VernersenDanish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti)Adelsteen • Blixt • Brix • Brodersen • Bøgsted • Camre • A. Christensen • R. Christensen • Christiansen • Dahl • Dalgaard • Dencker • Dohrmann • Espersen • Falkenberg • Harpsøe • Henriksen • Kjærsgaard • Knakkergaard • Krarup • Langballe • Messerschmidt • Nødgaard • Petersen • Poulsen • Skibby • SkaarupSocialist People's Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti)Agersnap • Andersen • Auken • Bagge • Bonne • Bornhøft • Baastrup • Cekic • Dahl • Dehnhardt • Dyhr • Frahm • Fuglsang • Gade • Holmsgaard • Hønge • Jensen • Krag • Nielsen • Petersen • Qureshi • Søvndal • TouborgConservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti)Barfoed • Behnke • Bendtsen • Christensen • Dyremose • Espersen • Hedegaard • Jarlov • Khader‡ • Kier • Kjær • Kristensen • Leegaard • Legarth • Lundsgaard • Mikkelsen • H. Møller • P. Møller • Nielsen • Rasmussen • Rugholm • SjelleSocial Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre)Andersen • Dahl • Dybkjær • Jelved • M. Petersen • N. Petersen • Johannes Poulsen • Jørgen Poulsen‡ • Vestager • ØstergaardLiberal Alliance (Liberal Alliance)Ammitzbøll-Bille‡ • Christensen • Høiby • SamuelsenRed-Green Alliance (Enhedslisten)Barfod • Clausen • Schmidt-Nielsen • AaenChristian Democrats (Kristendemokraterne)Jørgensen‡Outside groupChristmas-Møller‡ • Hansen‡ • Seeberg‡From Faroe IslandsRepublic (Tjóðveldi)HoydalUnion Party (Sambandsflokkurin)JoensenFrom GreenlandCommunity of the People (Inuit Ataqatigiit)HenningsenForward (Siumut)Johansen‡ = Elected under a different party.Italic = Left office before end of term.
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Sweden | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Famj%C3%ACn._Su%C3%B0uroy.1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[ˈpʰɛɐ̯ ˈstiˀ ˈmøˀlɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish"},{"link_name":"Frederiksberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksberg"},{"link_name":"Folketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing"},{"link_name":"Conservative People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Minister for the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Environment_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Poul Schlüter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Poul_Schl%C3%BCter_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_I"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_II"},{"link_name":"III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_III"},{"link_name":"the first Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen_I"},{"link_name":"Minister for Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Culture_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Finance Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Poul Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_M%C3%B8ller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Lis Møller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis_M%C3%B8ller"}],"text":"Per Stig Møller (left) and Jóannes Eidesgaard in Fámjin before signing the contract about Faroese-Danish relations in foreign policyPer Stig Møller (Danish pronunciation: [ˈpʰɛɐ̯ ˈstiˀ ˈmøˀlɐ], informal: Per Stig; born 27 August 1942 in Frederiksberg) is a Danish politician. He was a member of the Folketing (Danish national parliament) for the Conservative People's Party from 1984 until 2015, and was Minister for the Environment from 18 December 1990 to 24 January 1993 as part of the Cabinet of Poul Schlüter IV and Foreign Minister from 27 November 2001 to 23 February 2010 as part of the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I, II and III, and the first Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen. From 23 February 2010 to 3 October 2011 he was Minister for Culture.Per Stig Møller is the son of the former Finance Minister Poul Møller and journalist Lis Møller, who were both Members of Parliament.","title":"Per Stig Møller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"comparative literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"higher doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_doctorate"},{"link_name":"Malte-Bruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun"}],"text":"Per Stig Møller completed his master's degree in comparative literature at the University of Copenhagen in 1967, and was awarded a dr.phil. (higher doctorate) in 1973 for his thesis Malte-Bruns litterære kritik og dens plads i transformationsprocessen mellem klassicisme og romantik i fransk litteraturhistorie 1800-1826 (Eng.: Literary criticism of Malte-Brun and its position in the transformation process between classicism and romanticism in French history of literature 1800-1826).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danmarks Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmarks_Radio"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Berlingske Tidende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlingske_Tidende"}],"text":"1973 - 1974: Editor of culture in Danmarks Radio.\n1974 - 1976: Lecturer at the University of Paris.\n1974, 1976 - 1979: Vice president (souschef) at the department of culture and society at Danmarks Radio.\n1979 - 1984: Working with the program manager at Danmarks Radio.\n1985 - 1986: Vice president of Radiorådet, the leading organ of Danmarks Radio which is appointed by Folketinget.\n1986 - 1987: President of Radiorådet.\n1984 - 2001: Commentator at the newspaper Berlingske Tidende.","title":"Non-political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folkeligt Oplysningsforbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folkeligt_Oplysningsforbund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Folketinget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketinget"},{"link_name":"Conservative People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Minister for the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Environment_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Poul Schlüter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Poul_Schl%C3%BCter_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Udenrigspolitisk Nævn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udenrigspolitisk_N%C3%A6vn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sikkerhedspolitisk Udvalg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikkerhedspolitisk_Udvalg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Engell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Engell"},{"link_name":"election in 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Danish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Foreign Minister of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Culture Minister of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Minister_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_for_Ecclesiastical_Affairs_of_Denmark"}],"text":"1983 - 1989: President of Folkeligt Oplysningsforbund.\n1984 – 2015: Member of Folketinget for the Conservative People's Party.\n1985 - 1998: Member of hovedbestyrelsen, the leadership of the Conservative People's Party.\n1987 - 2001: Member of the Council of Europe.\n1990 - 1993: Minister for the Environment in the Cabinet of Poul Schlüter IV.\n1994 - 2001: Member of Udenrigspolitisk Nævn, the committee for foreign policy.\n1994 - 1996: President of Sikkerhedspolitisk Udvalg, the committee of security.\n1997 - 1998: Leader of the Conservative People's Party, succeeding Hans Engell. He resigned after a poor result in the election in 1998.\n1998 - 2001: Foreign policy spokesman for the Conservative People's Party.\n2001 - 2010: Foreign Minister of Denmark\n2010–2011: Culture Minister of Denmark\n2011–2011: Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preben Hasselbalch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preben_Hasselbalch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jens Winther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Winther"},{"link_name":"Søren Krarup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Krarup"},{"link_name":"Ebbe Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebbe_Reich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malte-Bruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun"},{"link_name":"Léopold Sédar 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Haarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertel_Haarder"},{"link_name":"Tom Høyem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_H%C3%B8yem"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8701205145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8701205145"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8711115548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8711115548"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8711080329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8711080329"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8702219999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8702219999"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8702220008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8702220008"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8700255963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8700255963"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8700297429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8700297429"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8714295342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8714295342"},{"link_name":"Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj_Munk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8700345083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8700345083"},{"link_name":"Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj_Munk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8702017547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8702017547"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8702103753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8702103753"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788702176704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788702176704"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788774672128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788774672128"}],"text":"Synspunkter i konservatismen (anthology) (1968)\nAntikleksikon (with Preben Hasselbalch and Jens Winther) (1970)\nLa Critique dramatique et littéraire de Malte-Brun (1971)\nUtopi og virkelighed (with Søren Krarup and Ebbe Reich) (1973)\nMalte-Bruns litterære kritik og dens plads i transformationsprocessen mellem klassicisme og romantik i fransk litteraturhistorie 1800-1826 (Doctor of Philosophy|Ph. D. thesis) (1973)\nLéopold Sédar Senghor: Mod en ny civilisation (commentary) (1973)\nTøger Reenberg: Ars Poetica. Digte mellem to tider (commentary) (1973)\nErotismen (1973) ISBN 8716007573\nKøbenhavn-Paris t/r (1973) ISBN 8741648587\nTværsnit 1790 (anthology) (1974) ISBN 8700840416\nPå Sporet af det forsvundne Menneske (1976) ISBN 8701301128\nForfatternes Danmarkshistorie (editor) (1977) ISBN 8701658514\nLivet i Gøgereden (1978) ISBN 8702219948\nFra Tid til Anden (1979) ISBN 8701846213\nForfatternes kulturhistorie (editor) (1979) ISBN 8701817310\nTro, Håb og Fællesskab (1980) ISBN 8700403911\nForfatternes forfatterhistorie (editor) (1980) ISBN 8701998528\nMidt i Redeligheden (1981) ISBN 8702219913\nOrwells Håb og Frygt (1983) ISBN 8702219905\nNat uden Daggry (1985) ISBN 8700858242\nMulighedernes Samfund (with Bertel Haarder and Tom Høyem) (1985) ISBN 8701205145\nStemmer fra Øst (1987) ISBN 8711115548\nHistorien om Estland, Letland og Litauen (1990) ISBN 8711080329\nKurs mod Katastrofer? (1993) ISBN 8702219999\nMiljøproblemer (1995) ISBN 8702220008\nDen naturlige Orden - Tolv år der flyttede Verden (1996) ISBN 8700255963\nSpor. Udvalgte Skrifter om det åbne Samfund og dets Værdier (1997) ISBN 8700297429\nMagt og Afmagt (1999) ISBN 8714295342\nMunk (2000) ISBN 8700345083\nMere Munk (2003) ISBN 8702017547\nSamtale fremme forståelsen (2010) ISBN 8702103753\nKaj Munk, digter, præst og urostifter (2014) ISBN 9788702176704\nAldrig skal Danmark dø (2015) ISBN 9788774672128","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Per Stig Møller (left) and Jóannes Eidesgaard in Fámjin before signing the contract about Faroese-Danish relations in foreign policy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Famj%C3%ACn._Su%C3%B0uroy.1.jpg/220px-Famj%C3%ACn._Su%C3%B0uroy.1.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Per+Stig+M%C3%B8ller%22","external_links_name":"\"Per Stig Møller\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Per+Stig+M%C3%B8ller%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Per+Stig+M%C3%B8ller%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Per+Stig+M%C3%B8ller%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Per+Stig+M%C3%B8ller%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Per+Stig+M%C3%B8ller%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/per-stig-moeller","external_links_name":"Biography on the website of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget)"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?1002532","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1992981/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000005487955X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73874245","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1057560693","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274819105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79113849","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/vs68bc1d4d3xxr1","external_links_name":"Sweden"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplochromis_worthingtoni | Haplochromis worthingtoni | ["1 References"] | Species of fish
Haplochromis worthingtoni
Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cichliformes
Family:
Cichlidae
Genus:
Haplochromis
Species:
H. worthingtoni
Binomial name
Haplochromis worthingtoniRegan, 1929
Synonyms
Harpagochromis worthingtoni (Regan, 1929)
Haplochromis worthingtoni is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Kyoga in Uganda. This species reaches a length of 14.1 centimetres (5.6 in) SL. The specific name honours the explorer E. Barton Worthington (1905–2001) who collected the type of this species with type with Michael Graham.
References
^ Snoeks, J.; Laleye, P.; Contreras-MacBeath, T. (2009). "Haplochromis worthingtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T9727A13011927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T9727A13011927.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Haplochromis worthingtoni" in FishBase. February 2013 version.
^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (21 August 2018). "Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
Taxon identifiersHaplochromis worthingtoni
Wikidata: Q306443
Wikispecies: Haplochromis worthingtoni
CoL: 3JM5L
EoL: 213059
FishBase: 6876
GBIF: 2373353
iNaturalist: 102300
IRMNG: 11306653
ITIS: 648675
IUCN: 9727
Open Tree of Life: 3635985
WoRMS: 1013853
This Haplochromis article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cichlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichlid"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Lake Kyoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kyoga"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"E. Barton Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Barton_Worthington"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Michael Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Graham_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-3"}],"text":"Haplochromis worthingtoni is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Kyoga in Uganda. This species reaches a length of 14.1 centimetres (5.6 in) SL.[2] The specific name honours the explorer E. Barton Worthington (1905–2001) who collected the type of this species with type with Michael Graham.[3]","title":"Haplochromis worthingtoni"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Snoeks, J.; Laleye, P.; Contreras-MacBeath, T. (2009). \"Haplochromis worthingtoni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T9727A13011927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T9727A13011927.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9727/13011927","url_text":"\"Haplochromis worthingtoni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T9727A13011927.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T9727A13011927.en"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (21 August 2018). \"Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k)\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/","url_text":"\"Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9727/13011927","external_links_name":"\"Haplochromis worthingtoni\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T9727A13011927.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T9727A13011927.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Haplochromis&speciesname=worthingtoni","external_links_name":"\"Haplochromis worthingtoni\""},{"Link":"http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/","external_links_name":"\"Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k)\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3JM5L","external_links_name":"3JM5L"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/213059","external_links_name":"213059"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/6876","external_links_name":"6876"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2373353","external_links_name":"2373353"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/102300","external_links_name":"102300"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11306653","external_links_name":"11306653"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=648675","external_links_name":"648675"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/9727","external_links_name":"9727"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3635985","external_links_name":"3635985"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1013853","external_links_name":"1013853"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplochromis_worthingtoni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Scottish_League_Cup_Final | 2009 Scottish League Cup final | ["1 Route to the final","1.1 Celtic","1.2 Rangers","2 Match","2.1 Team news","2.2 Match summary","2.3 Match details","2.4 Statistics","3 Media coverage","4 References"] | Football match2009 Scottish League Cup finalEvent2008–09 Scottish League Cup
Celtic
Rangers
2
0
After extra timeDate15 March 2009VenueHampden Park, GlasgowRefereeDougie McDonaldAttendance51,193← 2008 2010` →
The 2009 Scottish League Cup final was the final match of the 2008–09 Scottish League Cup, the 62nd season of the Scottish League Cup. The match was played at Hampden Park, Glasgow on 15 March 2009, and was won by Celtic, who beat Old Firm rivals and Cup holders, Rangers, 2-0 after extra time.
Both teams had to play just three matches to reach the final because teams competing in Europe received a bye into the third round. In the semi-finals, Celtic beat Dundee United 11–10 on penalties after the match ended 0–0 following extra time. Rangers beat Falkirk 3–0 in their semi-final.
Route to the final
See also: 2008–09 Scottish League Cup
Celtic
Round
Opposition
Score
Third round
Livingston (h)
4–0
Quarter-final
Kilmarnock (a)
1–3
Semi-final
Dundee United (n)
0–0 (a.e.t.) (11–10 pen.)
Celtic faced First Division Livingston at Celtic Park in their first match, a comfortable 4–0 victory was secured with goals from Glenn Loovens, Georgios Samaras and Scott Brown. Loovens headed into the net from a cross by Paul Caddis, Samaras added the second with a header from Loovens cross shortly after the hour. Brown added the third with a lob before Samaras got his second from the penalty spot, after Dave MacKay fouled Shaun Maloney in the penalty area. Celtic then travelled to Rugby Park to play Kilmarnock, Scott McDonald scored the opener after 10 minutes with a header, the matches first effort on goal from either side, Shunsuke Nakamura scored the second with a free-kick. Aiden McGeady ended the scoring from a Scott Brown pass, just 3 minutes after Danny Invincibile had given Kilmarnock a chance. The previous season's losing finalists Dundee United were Celtic's opponents in the semi-final at Hampden, The match ended goalless after extra time and so was decided by a penalty shootout. An astonishing climax ensued with all 10 penalties being scored before going to sudden death. Lee Wilkie; who had missed the penalty in the previous season's final which allowed Rangers to win the cup, missed United's ninth penalty, Glenn Loovens therefore had a chance to win the match but could not score either. Another two penalties scored and it was goalkeeper time, Łukasz Załuska who would join Celtic the following season scored his and Artur Boruc did likewise, It was back to the first taker Willo Flood, who would join Celtic shortly after this match, could not convert and this time Celtic did take their chance to go through with Scott McDonald scoring the winning penalty.
Rangers
Round
Opposition
Score
Third Round
Partick Thistle (a)
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Quarter-final
Hamilton Academical (h)
2–0
Semi-final
Falkirk (n)
3–0
As both Rangers and Celtic had been competing in Europe, they entered the competition in the third round. Rangers began their campaign against fellow Glasgow team Partick Thistle from the First Division, the third meeting between the two teams in two seasons. Partick had taken Rangers to a replay following a 1–1 draw at Ibrox in the 2007–08 Scottish Cup quarter-finals, a competition which Rangers went on to win. Kris Boyd opened the scoring with a stunning volley, but the lead lasted only eight minutes, with Stephen McKeown equalising for Thistle. Pedro Mendes scored the winner deep into extra time following a goalless second half. Hamilton Academical were beaten 2–0 at Ibrox in the quarter-final. Jean-Claude Darcheville found Kris Boyd, who fired past goalkeeper Tomáš Černý after 25 minutes. Kyle Lafferty added the second from a Steven Davis cross. Falkirk were the next opponents. Two goals from Nacho Novo and one from Kris Boyd ensured a 3–0 victory at Hampden Park. After eight minutes, Madjid Bougherra flicked on Pedro Mendes' corner, allowing Novo to finish from close range at the back post. Goalkeeper Dani Mallo was beaten again five minutes from half-time when Steven Davis passed to Novo, who shot low into the corner of the net. Boyd added the third on eight minutes after a mistake by Mallo.
Match
Team news
Celtic defender Mark Wilson returned to the squad and was named on the bench but Barry Robson missed out through injury. Strachan started Gary Caldwell in midfield alongside Paul Hartley to replace Robson. Also missing through injury for Celtic were Lee Naylor, Shaun Maloney, Paddy McCourt, Koki Mizuno and Willo Flood who was ineligible, having played for Dundee United in the semi-final.
A big miss for Rangers was influential defender Madjid Bougherra with a calf injury so manager Walter Smith chose to partner Kirk Broadfoot at the back alongside David Weir. The only other absentee was Kevin Thomson who was ruled out for the rest of the season with knee ligament damage.
Celtic's Glenn Loovens and Rangers' Pedro Mendes were lining up against each other, having also done so in the previous season's English FA Cup final. On that occasion, Loovens was playing for Cardiff City and Mendes for winners Portsmouth.
Match summary
After a goalless 90 minutes, the tie went to extra time. Darren O'Dea scored with a header to give Celtic a 1–0 lead, within two minutes of extra time commencing. In the last minute of extra time, Kirk Broadfoot was sent off for a professional foul on Aiden McGeady to give Celtic a penalty kick, which McGeady scored to confirm the win.
Match details
15 March 200915:00
Celtic2–0 (a.e.t.)Rangers
O'Dea 91' McGeady 120' (pen.)
Report
Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 51,193Referee: D McDonald
Celtic
Rangers
CELTIC :
GK
1
Artur Boruc
120'
RB
2
Andreas Hinkel
43'
CB
22
Glenn Loovens
CB
4
Stephen McManus (c)
LB
48
Darren O'Dea
71'
106'
RM
25
Shunsuke Nakamura
CM
5
Gary Caldwell
CM
8
Scott Brown
LM
11
Paul Hartley
72'
SS
46
Aiden McGeady
105'
CF
7
Scott McDonald
Substitutes:
GK
21
Mark Brown
DF
12
Mark Wilson
106'
MF
17
Marc Crosas
FW
9
Georgios Samaras
72' 120'
FW
10
Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink
120'
Manager:
Gordon Strachan
RANGERS :
GK
1
Allan McGregor
RB
28
Steven Whittaker
CB
21
Kirk Broadfoot
120'
CB
3
David Weir
65'
LB
5
Saša Papac
DM
12
Lee McCulloch
78'
82'
RM
35
Steven Davis
CM
6
Barry Ferguson (c)
CM
4
Pedro Mendes
LM
27
Kyle Lafferty
76'
CF
18
Kenny Miller
58'
Substitutes:
GK
25
Neil Alexander
MF
23
Christian Dailly
82'
MF
2
Maurice Edu
FW
9
Kris Boyd
76'
FW
10
Nacho Novo
63'
58'
Manager:
Walter Smith
MATCH OFFICIALS
Referee: Dougie McDonald
Assistant Referee 1: Francis Andrews
Assistant Referee 2: John Bicknell
Fourth Official: Calum Murray
MATCH RULES
90 minutes
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level
Five named substitutes
Maximum of three substitutions
Statistics
Statistic
Celtic
Rangers
Goals scored
2
0
Total shots
21
15
Shots on target
10
6
Ball possession
53%
47%
Corner kicks
8
2
Fouls committed
8
27
Offsides
3
10
Yellow cards
4
3
Red cards
0
1
Source
Media coverage
The 2009 Scottish League Cup final was broadcast live on BBC One Scotland on their Sportscene programme, at 14:30 GMT. A highlights package was also broadcast late on 15 March 2009 on BBC One Scotland also on Sportscene.
Coverage of the match on radio was from BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio nan Gàidheal and BBC Radio 5 Live.
References
^ a b "Celtic 0-0 Dundee U (11-10 pens)". BBC Sport. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ a b "Rangers 3-0 Falkirk". BBC Sport. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Celtic 4-0 Livingston". BBC Sport. 23 September 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Kilmarnock 1-3 Celtic". BBC Sport. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Rangers 1-1 Partick Thistle". BBC Sport. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Partick Thistle 0-2 Rangers". BBC Sport. 13 April 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Queen of the South 2-3 Rangers". BBC Sport. 24 May 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Partick Thistle 1-2 Rangers (aet)". BBC Sport. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
^ "Rangers 2-0 Hamilton Accies". BBC Sport. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ The Scottish Football League (25 February 2009). "The Co-operative Insurance Cup Final, 2009 – Appointment of Match Officials". Scottish Football League. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
vteScottish League CupSeasons
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1947–48
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1952–53
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1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
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1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
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1989–90
1990–91
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1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
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Progrès Niederkorn 2–0 Rangers (2017) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008–09 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Firm"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_Shootout_(football)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celtic_semi-1"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangers_semi-2"}],"text":"Football matchThe 2009 Scottish League Cup final was the final match of the 2008–09 Scottish League Cup, the 62nd season of the Scottish League Cup. The match was played at Hampden Park, Glasgow on 15 March 2009, and was won by Celtic, who beat Old Firm rivals and Cup holders, Rangers, 2-0 after extra time.Both teams had to play just three matches to reach the final because teams competing in Europe received a bye into the third round. In the semi-finals, Celtic beat Dundee United 11–10 on penalties after the match ended 0–0 following extra time.[1] Rangers beat Falkirk 3–0 in their semi-final.[2]","title":"2009 Scottish League Cup final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008–09 Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_League_Cup"}],"text":"See also: 2008–09 Scottish League Cup","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"Glenn Loovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loovens"},{"link_name":"Georgios Samaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Samaras"},{"link_name":"Scott Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Paul Caddis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Caddis"},{"link_name":"Dave MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mackay_(footballer_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Maloney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rugby Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Park"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scott McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Shunsuke Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Aiden McGeady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_McGeady"},{"link_name":"Danny Invincibile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Invincibile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_Shootout_(football)"},{"link_name":"previous season's final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Scottish_League_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Załuska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Za%C5%82uska"},{"link_name":"Artur Boruc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Boruc"},{"link_name":"Willo Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willo_Flood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celtic_semi-1"}],"sub_title":"Celtic","text":"Celtic faced First Division Livingston at Celtic Park in their first match, a comfortable 4–0 victory was secured with goals from Glenn Loovens, Georgios Samaras and Scott Brown. Loovens headed into the net from a cross by Paul Caddis, Samaras added the second with a header from Loovens cross shortly after the hour. Brown added the third with a lob before Samaras got his second from the penalty spot, after Dave MacKay fouled Shaun Maloney in the penalty area.[3] Celtic then travelled to Rugby Park to play Kilmarnock, Scott McDonald scored the opener after 10 minutes with a header, the matches first effort on goal from either side, Shunsuke Nakamura scored the second with a free-kick. Aiden McGeady ended the scoring from a Scott Brown pass, just 3 minutes after Danny Invincibile had given Kilmarnock a chance.[4] The previous season's losing finalists Dundee United were Celtic's opponents in the semi-final at Hampden, The match ended goalless after extra time and so was decided by a penalty shootout. An astonishing climax ensued with all 10 penalties being scored before going to sudden death. Lee Wilkie; who had missed the penalty in the previous season's final which allowed Rangers to win the cup, missed United's ninth penalty, Glenn Loovens therefore had a chance to win the match but could not score either. Another two penalties scored and it was goalkeeper time, Łukasz Załuska who would join Celtic the following season scored his and Artur Boruc did likewise, It was back to the first taker Willo Flood, who would join Celtic shortly after this match, could not convert and this time Celtic did take their chance to go through with Scott McDonald scoring the winning penalty.[1]","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Ibrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2007–08 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kris Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Stephen McKeown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McKeown"},{"link_name":"Pedro Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Mendes_(footballer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Darcheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Darcheville"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Černý","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Kyle Lafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Lafferty"},{"link_name":"Steven Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Davis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nacho Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacho_Novo"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Madjid Bougherra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjid_Bougherra"},{"link_name":"Dani Mallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Mallo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangers_semi-2"}],"sub_title":"Rangers","text":"As both Rangers and Celtic had been competing in Europe, they entered the competition in the third round. Rangers began their campaign against fellow Glasgow team Partick Thistle from the First Division, the third meeting between the two teams in two seasons. Partick had taken Rangers to a replay following a 1–1 draw at Ibrox in the 2007–08 Scottish Cup quarter-finals,[5][6] a competition which Rangers went on to win.[7] Kris Boyd opened the scoring with a stunning volley, but the lead lasted only eight minutes, with Stephen McKeown equalising for Thistle. Pedro Mendes scored the winner deep into extra time following a goalless second half.[8] Hamilton Academical were beaten 2–0 at Ibrox in the quarter-final. Jean-Claude Darcheville found Kris Boyd, who fired past goalkeeper Tomáš Černý after 25 minutes. Kyle Lafferty added the second from a Steven Davis cross.[9] Falkirk were the next opponents. Two goals from Nacho Novo and one from Kris Boyd ensured a 3–0 victory at Hampden Park. After eight minutes, Madjid Bougherra flicked on Pedro Mendes' corner, allowing Novo to finish from close range at the back post. Goalkeeper Dani Mallo was beaten again five minutes from half-time when Steven Davis passed to Novo, who shot low into the corner of the net. Boyd added the third on eight minutes after a mistake by Mallo.[2]","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wilson_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Barry Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Robson"},{"link_name":"Gary Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Paul Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hartley"},{"link_name":"Lee Naylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Naylor_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Maloney"},{"link_name":"Paddy McCourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_McCourt"},{"link_name":"Koki Mizuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koki_Mizuno"},{"link_name":"Willo Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willo_Flood"},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Walter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Smith"},{"link_name":"Kirk Broadfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Broadfoot"},{"link_name":"David Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weir_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Glenn Loovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loovens"},{"link_name":"FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Team news","text":"Celtic defender Mark Wilson returned to the squad and was named on the bench but Barry Robson missed out through injury. Strachan started Gary Caldwell in midfield alongside Paul Hartley to replace Robson. Also missing through injury for Celtic were Lee Naylor, Shaun Maloney, Paddy McCourt, Koki Mizuno and Willo Flood who was ineligible, having played for Dundee United in the semi-final.A big miss for Rangers was influential defender Madjid Bougherra with a calf injury so manager Walter Smith chose to partner Kirk Broadfoot at the back alongside David Weir. The only other absentee was Kevin Thomson who was ruled out for the rest of the season with knee ligament damage.Celtic's Glenn Loovens and Rangers' Pedro Mendes were lining up against each other, having also done so in the previous season's English FA Cup final. On that occasion, Loovens was playing for Cardiff City and Mendes for winners Portsmouth.","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Darren O'Dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_O%27Dea"},{"link_name":"Kirk Broadfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Broadfoot"},{"link_name":"professional foul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_foul"},{"link_name":"Aiden McGeady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_McGeady"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"}],"sub_title":"Match summary","text":"After a goalless 90 minutes, the tie went to extra time. Darren O'Dea scored with a header to give Celtic a 1–0 lead, within two minutes of extra time commencing. In the last minute of extra time, Kirk Broadfoot was sent off for a professional foul on Aiden McGeady to give Celtic a penalty kick, which McGeady scored to confirm the win.","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"O'Dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_O%27Dea"},{"link_name":"McGeady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_McGeady"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/scot_cups/7941624.stm"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"D McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_McDonald"}],"sub_title":"Match details","text":"15 March 200915:00\nCeltic2–0 (a.e.t.)Rangers\nO'Dea 91' McGeady 120' (pen.)\nReport\n\nHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 51,193Referee: D McDonald","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/football/match/1318473"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"Source","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC One Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sportscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportscene"},{"link_name":"BBC One Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sportscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportscene"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio nan Gàidheal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"}],"text":"The 2009 Scottish League Cup final was broadcast live on BBC One Scotland on their Sportscene programme, at 14:30 GMT. A highlights package was also broadcast late on 15 March 2009 on BBC One Scotland also on Sportscene.Coverage of the match on radio was from BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio nan Gàidheal and BBC Radio 5 Live.","title":"Media coverage"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Celtic 0-0 Dundee U (11-10 pens)\". BBC Sport. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7851505.stm","url_text":"\"Celtic 0-0 Dundee U (11-10 pens)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rangers 3-0 Falkirk\". BBC Sport. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7851386.stm","url_text":"\"Rangers 3-0 Falkirk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic 4-0 Livingston\". BBC Sport. 23 September 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7629596.stm","url_text":"\"Celtic 4-0 Livingston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kilmarnock 1-3 Celtic\". BBC Sport. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7691773.stm","url_text":"\"Kilmarnock 1-3 Celtic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rangers 1-1 Partick Thistle\". BBC Sport. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7302930.stm","url_text":"\"Rangers 1-1 Partick Thistle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partick Thistle 0-2 Rangers\". BBC Sport. 13 April 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7343165.stm","url_text":"\"Partick Thistle 0-2 Rangers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen of the South 2-3 Rangers\". BBC Sport. 24 May 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7416622.stm","url_text":"\"Queen of the South 2-3 Rangers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partick Thistle 1-2 Rangers (aet)\". BBC Sport. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7629650.stm","url_text":"\"Partick Thistle 1-2 Rangers (aet)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rangers 2-0 Hamilton Accies\". BBC Sport. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7691772.stm","url_text":"\"Rangers 2-0 Hamilton Accies\""}]},{"reference":"The Scottish Football League (25 February 2009). \"The Co-operative Insurance Cup Final, 2009 – Appointment of Match Officials\". Scottish Football League. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/news.cfm?curpageid=945&newsid=2588","url_text":"\"The Co-operative Insurance Cup Final, 2009 – Appointment of Match Officials\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807172636/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/news.cfm?curpageid=945&newsid=2588","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/scot_cups/7941624.stm","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/match/1318473","external_links_name":"Source"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7851505.stm","external_links_name":"\"Celtic 0-0 Dundee U (11-10 pens)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7851386.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rangers 3-0 Falkirk\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7629596.stm","external_links_name":"\"Celtic 4-0 Livingston\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7691773.stm","external_links_name":"\"Kilmarnock 1-3 Celtic\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7302930.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rangers 1-1 Partick Thistle\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7343165.stm","external_links_name":"\"Partick Thistle 0-2 Rangers\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7416622.stm","external_links_name":"\"Queen of the South 2-3 Rangers\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7629650.stm","external_links_name":"\"Partick Thistle 1-2 Rangers (aet)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_cups/7691772.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rangers 2-0 Hamilton Accies\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/news.cfm?curpageid=945&newsid=2588","external_links_name":"\"The Co-operative Insurance Cup Final, 2009 – Appointment of Match Officials\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807172636/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/news.cfm?curpageid=945&newsid=2588","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
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Turkey portalvte
The official holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of 19 March 1981 that replaced the Act 2739 of 27 May 1935. These holidays can be grouped in national and religious holidays, which in total equals to 15.5 days of public holiday.
List
General Holidays
Official Holidays
National Holidays
Religious Holidays
Available holidays
Date
English name
Local name
Remarks
1 January
New Year's Day
Yılbaşı
First day of the Gregorian new year
23 April
National Sovereignty and Children's Day
Ulusal Egemenlik ve Çocuk Bayramı
Commemoration of the first opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey at Ankara in 1920. Dedicated to the children.
1 May
Labour and Solidarity Day
Emek ve Dayanışma Günü
May Day
19 May
Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day
Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı
Commemoration of the beginning of national liberation movement initiated in 1919 by Atatürk's landing in Samsun. Dedicated to the youth.
15 July
Democracy and National Unity Day
Demokrasi ve Millî Birlik Günü
Commemoration of the national unity against the coup d'état attempt for democracy in 2016.
30 August
Victory Day
Zafer Bayramı
Commemoration of the victory at the final battle in Dumlupınar ending the Turkish Independence War in 1922, dedicated to the armed forces.
29 October
Republic Day
Cumhuriyet Bayramı
Commemoration of the proclamation of the republic in 1923. Also the halfday in the afternoon of previous day.
After the end of the Islamic month Ramadan.
Ramadan Feast
Ramazan Bayramı
Religious holiday for 3 days. Also the halfday in the afternoon of previous day.
Begins on the 10th day of the Islamic month Dhu'l-Hijjah.
Sacrifice Feast
Kurban Bayramı
Religious holiday for 4 days in hajj period. Also the halfday in the afternoon of previous day.
Former holidays
Date
English name
Local name
Remarks
27 May
Freedom and Constitution Day
Hürriyet ve Anayasa Bayramı
Commemoration of the 1960 coup d'état. Observed between 1963 and 1981.
24 July
İyd-i Millî
İyd-i Millî
Celebration of Second Constitutional Era. Observed between 1909 and 1934.
Minority holidays
In May 2021, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced a new Human Rights Action Plan. According to the plan "public and private sector staff and students will be allowed to take leave for the religious holidays that they observe, regardless of their faith."
Notes
^ a b Since 1 yr. equals to 354 days 8 hr. and 48 min. in the Islamic calendar, the dates of Islamic feasts shift each year with respect to the Gregorian calendar.
References
^ "2023 resmi tatilleri hangi güne denk geliyor? 2023 resmi tatil günleri…". TRT Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 February 2023.
^ "'New human rights plan for the people': Turkish leader". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ "Erdoğan unveils human rights plan for more democratic Turkey". Daily Sabah. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ "İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı" (PDF). Retrieved 6 March 2021.
vte Public holidays in TurkeyCurrent
New Year's Day (1 January)
National Sovereignty and Children's Day (23 April)
Labour and Solidarity Day (1 May)
Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day (19 May)
Democracy and National Unity Day (15 July)
Victory Day (30 August)
Republic Day (29 October)
Ramadan Feast (variable)
Sacrifice Feast (variable)
Former
Freedom and Constitution Day (27 May)
İyd-i Millî (23 July)
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European Union | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The official holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of 19 March 1981 that replaced the Act 2739 of 27 May 1935. These holidays can be grouped in national and religious holidays, which in total equals to 15.5 days of public holiday.[1]","title":"Public holidays in Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"General HolidaysOfficial HolidaysNational HolidaysReligious Holidays","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Available holidays","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former holidays","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacomtr-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailysabah-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ihep-5"}],"text":"In May 2021, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced a new Human Rights Action Plan. According to the plan \"public and private sector staff and students will be allowed to take leave for the religious holidays that they observe, regardless of their faith.\"[2][3][4]","title":"Minority holidays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-islamic_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-islamic_2-1"},{"link_name":"Islamic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"}],"text":"^ a b Since 1 yr. equals to 354 days 8 hr. and 48 min. in the Islamic calendar, the dates of Islamic feasts shift each year with respect to the Gregorian calendar.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2023 resmi tatilleri hangi güne denk geliyor? 2023 resmi tatil günleri…\". TRT Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trthaber.com/haber/guncel/2023-resmi-tatilleri-hangi-gune-denk-geliyor-2023-resmi-tatil-gunleri-685155.html","url_text":"\"2023 resmi tatilleri hangi güne denk geliyor? 2023 resmi tatil günleri…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRT_Haber","url_text":"TRT Haber"}]},{"reference":"\"'New human rights plan for the people': Turkish leader\". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/new-human-rights-plan-for-the-people-turkish-leader/2162111","url_text":"\"'New human rights plan for the people': Turkish leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Agency","url_text":"Anadolu Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Erdoğan unveils human rights plan for more democratic Turkey\". Daily Sabah. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/legislation/erdogan-unveils-human-rights-plan-for-more-democratic-turkey","url_text":"\"Erdoğan unveils human rights plan for more democratic Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Sabah","url_text":"Daily Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı\" (PDF). Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rayp.adalet.gov.tr/resimler/1/dosya/insan-haklari-ep02-03-202115-14.pdf","url_text":"\"İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.trthaber.com/haber/guncel/2023-resmi-tatilleri-hangi-gune-denk-geliyor-2023-resmi-tatil-gunleri-685155.html","external_links_name":"\"2023 resmi tatilleri hangi güne denk geliyor? 2023 resmi tatil günleri…\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/new-human-rights-plan-for-the-people-turkish-leader/2162111","external_links_name":"\"'New human rights plan for the people': Turkish leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/legislation/erdogan-unveils-human-rights-plan-for-more-democratic-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Erdoğan unveils human rights plan for more democratic Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://rayp.adalet.gov.tr/resimler/1/dosya/insan-haklari-ep02-03-202115-14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetic_advertising | Cosmetics advertising | ["1 Persuasion","2 Criticism","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Promotion of cosmetics and beauty products
Actresses Gong Li and Andie MacDowell have both appeared in many advertisements for L'Oréal.Cosmetic advertising is the promotion of cosmetics and beauty products by the cosmetics industry through a variety of media. The advertising campaigns are usually aimed at women wishing to improve their appearance, commonly to increase physical attractiveness and reduce the signs of ageing.
Persuasion
The beauty industry relies on all kinds of persuasion techniques to sell products. Celebrities help to build brand awareness through promoting products as consumers believe the product is used by the celebrity and this can affect consumer's decision making. This philosophy is often the impetus behind advertisements for makeup, skin products, and hair products. This causes consumers to spend extra money on items that might not be suitable or workable on themselves.
Beauty product advertising promises to consumers that certain products can make consumers look younger. Beauty advertising often seeks to convince consumers of the product's value or even its necessity for the consumer's well-being and self-image.
The effectiveness of advertising depends on convincing consumers that the product can improve their appearance. They may use different methods to persuade individuals to make purchases. Association can be a powerful tool, as well as incentives like discounts. As many people are aware that their personal appearance can have a significant effect on how they are treated by others, advertising can use these concerns by encouraging the target market to buy products.
Beauty advertising often has little to do with selling the product, but rather selling the concepts of beauty and self-esteem.
Criticism
Many campaigns have come under fire through their alleged use of pseudoscience and their promotion of unrealistic goals. Moreover, many campaigns are accused of inducing eating disorders, or leading to destructive plastic surgery practices.
In addition, cosmetic advertising is often accused of excessively using photo manipulation to enhance the appearance of models, instead of using the cosmetics themselves, creating an unrealistic image of the product's benefits.
Cosmetics are a major expenditure for many women, with the cosmetics industry grossing around 7 billion dollars a year, according to a 2008 YWCA report. Cosmetic retailers design advertising to alter women's attitudes toward cosmetics, encouraging them to buy more products. Many advertisers shape this attitude by encouraging women to feel dissatisfied with their appearance. According to sociologist, Jean Kilbourne, adolescents are particularly vulnerable because they are new and inexperienced consumers and are the prime targets of many advertisements. Study after study has proven that repeated exposure to ideal beauty as portrayed by the media causes detrimental psychological effects in children and adolescents ranging from distorted body images and lowered self-esteem to eating disorders and steroid use.
This thin ideal represents less than 5% of the American population leaving 95% of females with a beauty norm that is impossible to meet. Not only is it impossible to meet, but the model in the advertisement has often been photo manipulated. The flawlessness of advertising woman is, in fact, an illusion created by makeup artists, photographers, and photo re-touchers. Each image is painstakingly worked over: teeth and eyeballs are bleached white; blemishes, wrinkles, and stray hairs are airbrushed away. Media images convey normative information as to what an attractive body looks like that prompts women to evaluate their own body against this normative standard.
Beauty standards are essentially societal norms or expectations that are used to define a very specific idea of what should be considered beautiful and not conforming to society’s beauty standards can have detrimental effects on a person’s sense of worth. Researchers have found a correlation between exposure to cosmetic advertisements and body image issues among black women. For example, cosmetic companies tend to glorify euro-centric characteristics over other physical features and this leaves people who lack these traits extremely self-conscious. Matter of fact, an experiment discovered there was a correlation between the likelihood of women undergoing cosmetic surgery based on their body dissatisfaction before and after experiencing some form of cosmetic advertisement. The results supported the hypothesis that mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, are more common among women who have undergone cosmetic surgery than their non-patient counterparts.
Cosmetics advertising can be detrimental not only to mental health, but physical health as well. When advertised incorrectly, people can be influenced to purchase products that are actually harming their skin more than benefiting. Most, but not all, cosmetics can cause harmful reactions to the skin due to the toxic chemicals they contain.
See also
Sex in advertising
Angel dusting
Cosmeceutical
References
^ Moraes, Marcela; Gountas, John; Gountas, Sandra; Sharma, Piyush (2019-09-02). "Celebrity influences on consumer decision making: new insights and research directions". Journal of Marketing Management. 35 (13–14): 1159–1192. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2019.1632373. hdl:20.500.11937/75465. ISSN 0267-257X. S2CID 190506947.
^ "A Revealing Look At Beauty Advertising".
^ Fowler, Jie G.; Reisenwitz, Timothy H.; Carlson, Les (3 July 2015). "Deception in cosmetics advertising: Examining cosmetics advertising claims in fashion magazine ads". Journal of Global Fashion Marketing. 6 (3): 194–206. doi:10.1080/20932685.2015.1032319. S2CID 14755104.
^ O'Dowd, A. (24 January 2012). "Surgeons' leaders call for ban on cosmetic surgery advertising". BMJ. 344: e627. doi:10.1136/bmj.e627. PMID 22275425. S2CID 46466932.
^ Yu, Ui-Jeen; Damhorst, Mary L.; Russell, Daniel W. (September 2011). "The Impact of Body Image on Consumers' Perceptions of Idealized Advertising Images and Brand Attitudes: BODY IMAGE INFLUENCES". Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal. 40 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02088.x.
^ Baker, Michael J.; Churchill, Gilbert A. (1977). "The Impact of Physically Attractive Models on Advertising Evaluations". Journal of Marketing Research. 14 (4): 538–555. doi:10.2307/3151194. JSTOR 3151194.
^ Ketchum, Dan. "The Persuasion Techniques of Beauty Product Advertising". smallbussines.chron. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
^ a b c Thompson, Van. "Influence of Advertisement on Women & the Attitude Toward Cosmetics". Houston Chronicle.
^ Kilbourne, Jean. "Beauty...and the Beast of Advertising". Center for Media Literacy. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^ Hoffmann, Aimee. "The Beauty Ideal:Unveiling Effects of Media Exposure to Children" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^ Harrison, Catherine R.; Robinette, Kathleen M. (1 June 2002). CAESAR: Summary Statistics for the Adult Population (Ages 18-65) of the United States of America (PDF) (Report). United States Air Force Research Laboratory. DTIC ADA406674.
^ a b c Rea, Jason (1 December 2012). "'Actual Results May Vary': Toward Fiercer National Regulation of Digitally Manipulated Cosmetics Advertisements". William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice. 19 (1): 161–186.
^ Gurari, Inbal; Hetts, John J.; Strube, Michael J (September 2006). "Beauty in the 'I' of the Beholder: Effects of Idealized Media Portrayals on Implicit Self-Image". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 28 (3): 273–282. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2803_6. S2CID 143321363.
^ Ashikali, Eleni-Marina; Dittmar, Helga; Ayers, Susan (July 2017). "The impact of cosmetic surgery advertising on women's body image and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery". Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 6 (3): 255–273. doi:10.1037/ppm0000099. S2CID 4886965.
^ Bryant, Susan L. (11 July 2019). "The Beauty Ideal: The Effects of European Standards of Beauty on Black Women". Columbia Social Work Review. 11 (1): 80–91. doi:10.7916/cswr.v11i1.1933.
^ von Soest, T.; Kvalem, I. L.; Wichstrøm, L. (March 2012). "Predictors of cosmetic surgery and its effects on psychological factors and mental health: a population-based follow-up study among Norwegian females". Psychological Medicine. 42 (3): 617–626. doi:10.1017/s0033291711001267. PMID 21781375. S2CID 45576387.
^ Khan, Azhar Danish; Alam, Mohammad Niyaz (2019-04-04). "Cosmetics and Their Associated Adverse Effects: A Review". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research: 1–6. doi:10.31069/japsr.v2i1.1. ISSN 2581-5520.
External links
"Guidelines for Cosmetic Advertising and Labelling Claims" at the Advertising Standards Canada
Gibson, Owen. 17 August 2005. "L'Oréal pulls TV ads after ruling" at Guardian Unlimited
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Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gong_Li_Andie_MacDowell_1998.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gong Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Li"},{"link_name":"Andie MacDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andie_MacDowell"},{"link_name":"L'Oréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty"},{"link_name":"cosmetics industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics_industry"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"advertising campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaign"},{"link_name":"physical attractiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_attraction"},{"link_name":"ageing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing"}],"text":"Actresses Gong Li and Andie MacDowell have both appeared in many advertisements for L'Oréal.Cosmetic advertising is the promotion of cosmetics and beauty products by the cosmetics industry through a variety of media. The advertising campaigns are usually aimed at women wishing to improve their appearance, commonly to increase physical attractiveness and reduce the signs of ageing.","title":"Cosmetics advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brand awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_awareness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"self-image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-image"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"self-esteem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The beauty industry relies on all kinds of persuasion techniques to sell products. Celebrities help to build brand awareness through promoting products as consumers believe the product is used by the celebrity and this can affect consumer's decision making.[1] This philosophy is often the impetus behind advertisements for makeup, skin products, and hair products. This causes consumers to spend extra money on items that might not be suitable or workable on themselves.Beauty product advertising promises to consumers that certain products can make consumers look younger. Beauty advertising often seeks to convince consumers of the product's value or even its necessity for the consumer's well-being and self-image.[2]The effectiveness of advertising depends on convincing consumers that the product can improve their appearance.[3] They may use different methods to persuade individuals to make purchases. Association can be a powerful tool, as well as incentives like discounts.[4] As many people are aware that their personal appearance can have a significant effect on how they are treated by others, advertising can use these concerns by encouraging the target market to buy products.[5][6][7]Beauty advertising often has little to do with selling the product, but rather selling the concepts of beauty and self-esteem.[citation needed]","title":"Persuasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"eating disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"photo manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson_smallbusiness.chron.com-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson_smallbusiness.chron.com-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson_smallbusiness.chron.com-8"},{"link_name":"Jean Kilbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ideal beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"thin ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Ideal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"photo manipulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rea2012-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rea2012-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rea2012-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"euro-centric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism"},{"link_name":"cosmetic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Many campaigns have come under fire through their alleged use of pseudoscience and their promotion of unrealistic goals. Moreover, many campaigns are accused of inducing eating disorders, or leading to destructive plastic surgery practices.[citation needed]In addition, cosmetic advertising is often accused of excessively using photo manipulation to enhance the appearance of models, instead of using the cosmetics themselves, creating an unrealistic image of the product's benefits.[citation needed]Cosmetics are a major expenditure for many women, with the cosmetics industry grossing around 7 billion dollars a year, according to a 2008 YWCA report.[8] Cosmetic retailers design advertising to alter women's attitudes toward cosmetics, encouraging them to buy more products.[8] Many advertisers shape this attitude by encouraging women to feel dissatisfied with their appearance.[8] According to sociologist, Jean Kilbourne, adolescents are particularly vulnerable because they are new and inexperienced consumers and are the prime targets of many advertisements.[9] Study after study has proven that repeated exposure to ideal beauty as portrayed by the media causes detrimental psychological effects in children and adolescents ranging from distorted body images and lowered self-esteem to eating disorders and steroid use.[10]This thin ideal represents less than 5% of the American population leaving 95% of females with a beauty norm that is impossible to meet.[11] Not only is it impossible to meet, but the model in the advertisement has often been photo manipulated.[12] The flawlessness of advertising woman is, in fact, an illusion created by makeup artists, photographers, and photo re-touchers.[12] Each image is painstakingly worked over: teeth and eyeballs are bleached white; blemishes, wrinkles, and stray hairs are airbrushed away.[12] Media images convey normative information as to what an attractive body looks like that prompts women to evaluate their own body against this normative standard.[13]Beauty standards are essentially societal norms or expectations that are used to define a very specific idea of what should be considered beautiful[14] and not conforming to society’s beauty standards can have detrimental effects on a person’s sense of worth.[15] Researchers have found a correlation between exposure to cosmetic advertisements and body image issues among black women. For example, cosmetic companies tend to glorify euro-centric characteristics over other physical features and this leaves people who lack these traits extremely self-conscious. Matter of fact, an experiment discovered there was a correlation between the likelihood of women undergoing cosmetic surgery based on their body dissatisfaction before and after experiencing some form of cosmetic advertisement.[16] The results supported the hypothesis that mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, are more common among women who have undergone cosmetic surgery than their non-patient counterparts.Cosmetics advertising can be detrimental not only to mental health, but physical health as well. When advertised incorrectly, people can be influenced to purchase products that are actually harming their skin more than benefiting. Most, but not all, cosmetics can cause harmful reactions to the skin due to the toxic chemicals they contain. [17]","title":"Criticism"}] | [{"image_text":"Actresses Gong Li and Andie MacDowell have both appeared in many advertisements for L'Oréal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gong_Li_Andie_MacDowell_1998.jpg/150px-Gong_Li_Andie_MacDowell_1998.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Sex in advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_in_advertising"},{"title":"Angel dusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_dusting"},{"title":"Cosmeceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeceutical"}] | [{"reference":"Moraes, Marcela; Gountas, John; Gountas, Sandra; Sharma, Piyush (2019-09-02). \"Celebrity influences on consumer decision making: new insights and research directions\". Journal of Marketing Management. 35 (13–14): 1159–1192. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2019.1632373. hdl:20.500.11937/75465. ISSN 0267-257X. 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Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal. 40 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02088.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02088.x","url_text":"\"The Impact of Body Image on Consumers' Perceptions of Idealized Advertising Images and Brand Attitudes: BODY IMAGE INFLUENCES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1552-3934.2011.02088.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02088.x"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Michael J.; Churchill, Gilbert A. (1977). \"The Impact of Physically Attractive Models on Advertising Evaluations\". Journal of Marketing Research. 14 (4): 538–555. doi:10.2307/3151194. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_wren | Black-bellied wren | ["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Feeding","4.2 Breeding","4.3 Vocalization","5 Status","6 References"] | Species of bird
Black-bellied wren
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Troglodytidae
Genus:
Pheugopedius
Species:
P. fasciatoventris
Binomial name
Pheugopedius fasciatoventris(Lafresnaye, 1845)
Synonyms
Thryothorus fasciativentris
Thryothorus melanogaster
The black-bellied wren (Pheugopedius fasciatoventris) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Taxonomy and systematics
The black-bellied wren has three subspecies, the nominate Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciatoventris, P. f. melanogaster, and P. f. albigularis.
Aligande area - Darien, Panama
Description
Male black-bellied wrens weigh 23.5 to 34.5 g (0.83 to 1.22 oz) and females 19.5 to 28.5 g (0.69 to 1.01 oz). Adults of all three subspecies have a rich chestnut back and tail; the latter has black bars. They have a white supercilium of varying size above a grayish face and are white on the chin, throat, and breast. All three have a black belly, but that of P. f. melanogaster is unmarked while those of the other two subspecies have thin white bars.
Distribution and habitat
P. f. melanogaster is the northernmost subspecies; it is found from the Gulf of Nicoya in western Costa Rica through western Panama to the Canal Zone. P. f. albigularis is found from the Canal Zone into Colombia's Chocó Department. The nominate P. f. fasciatoventris is found in northwestern and central Colombia east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and south into the Cauca and Magdalena valleys. The species inhabits the interior and edges of primary and secondary forest and is often associated with streams.
Behavior
Feeding
The black-bellied wren forages mainly in the canopy and sub-canopy of both the forest interior and its edges. It also sometimes forages in the understory and on the ground, but always in dense cover. It preys on small arthropods but details are scant.
Breeding
The black-bellied wren nests mostly in forest edges, usually near the ground in vine tangles. The nests are domed with a side entrance and constructed by both sexes of strips of palm and sugar cane leaves and lined with softer plant material. The clutch size is two. It appears that only the female incubates the eggs. The species' nests are heavily predated.
Vocalization
Both sexes of the black-bellied wren have large song repertoires; one male was recorded with 38 different songs and a female with 19. Multiple examples are available at Xeno-canto and Cornell's Macaulay Library .
Status
The IUCN has assessed the black-bellied wren as being of Least Concern. However, its population "is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation."
References
^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Black-bellied Wren Pheugopedius fasciatoventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)". Retrieved 14 January 2021.
^ a b c d e Logue, D. M. (2020). Black-bellied Wren (Pheugopedius fasciatoventris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blbwre1.01 retrieved 3 June 2021
Taxon identifiersPheugopedius fasciatoventris
Wikidata: Q4741856
Wikispecies: Pheugopedius fasciatoventris
BirdLife: 22711401
BOLD: 745727
BOW: blbwre1
CoL: 4G3KF
eBird: blbwre1
GBIF: 7341215
iNaturalist: 144857
ITIS: 915946
IUCN: 22711401
Neotropical: blbwre1
Observation.org: 199267
Xeno-canto: Pheugopedius-fasciatoventris
Thryothorus fasciatoventris
Wikidata: Q109563536
CoL: 56N7G
GBIF: 2493815
ITIS: 563447
NCBI: 376334
Open Tree of Life: 808707 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Troglodytidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglodytidae"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC11.1-2"}],"text":"The black-bellied wren (Pheugopedius fasciatoventris) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama.[2]","title":"Black-bellied wren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC11.1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-bellied_Wren.jpg"}],"text":"The black-bellied wren has three subspecies, the nominate Pheugopedius fasciatoventris fasciatoventris, P. f. melanogaster, and P. f. albigularis.[2]Aligande area - Darien, Panama","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supercilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercilium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBWR-BOW-3"}],"text":"Male black-bellied wrens weigh 23.5 to 34.5 g (0.83 to 1.22 oz) and females 19.5 to 28.5 g (0.69 to 1.01 oz). Adults of all three subspecies have a rich chestnut back and tail; the latter has black bars. They have a white supercilium of varying size above a grayish face and are white on the chin, throat, and breast. All three have a black belly, but that of P. f. melanogaster is unmarked while those of the other two subspecies have thin white bars.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of Nicoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Nicoya"},{"link_name":"Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Chocó Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta"},{"link_name":"Cauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_River"},{"link_name":"Magdalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_forest"},{"link_name":"secondary forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBWR-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"P. f. melanogaster is the northernmost subspecies; it is found from the Gulf of Nicoya in western Costa Rica through western Panama to the Canal Zone. P. f. albigularis is found from the Canal Zone into Colombia's Chocó Department. The nominate P. f. fasciatoventris is found in northwestern and central Colombia east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and south into the Cauca and Magdalena valleys. The species inhabits the interior and edges of primary and secondary forest and is often associated with streams.[3][1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBWR-BOW-3"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The black-bellied wren forages mainly in the canopy and sub-canopy of both the forest interior and its edges. It also sometimes forages in the understory and on the ground, but always in dense cover. It preys on small arthropods but details are scant.[3]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBWR-BOW-3"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The black-bellied wren nests mostly in forest edges, usually near the ground in vine tangles. The nests are domed with a side entrance and constructed by both sexes of strips of palm and sugar cane leaves and lined with softer plant material. The clutch size is two. It appears that only the female incubates the eggs. The species' nests are heavily predated.[3]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBWR-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"Xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno-canto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.xeno-canto.org/species/Pheugopedius-fasciatoventris"},{"link_name":"Macaulay Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay_Library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blbwre1/cur/multimedia?media=audio"}],"sub_title":"Vocalization","text":"Both sexes of the black-bellied wren have large song repertoires; one male was recorded with 38 different songs and a female with 19.[3] Multiple examples are available at Xeno-canto [1] and Cornell's Macaulay Library [2].","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"The IUCN has assessed the black-bellied wren as being of Least Concern. However, its population \"is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation.\"[1]","title":"Status"}] | [{"image_text":"Aligande area - Darien, Panama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Black-bellied_Wren.jpg/220px-Black-bellied_Wren.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Black-bellied Wren Pheugopedius fasciatoventris\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22711401/132097037","url_text":"\"Black-bellied Wren Pheugopedius fasciatoventris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). \"IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)\". Retrieved 14 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/","url_text":"\"IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Pheugopedius-fasciatoventris","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blbwre1/cur/multimedia?media=audio","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22711401/132097037","external_links_name":"\"Black-bellied Wren Pheugopedius fasciatoventris\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blbwre1.01","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blbwre1.01"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22711401","external_links_name":"22711401"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=745727","external_links_name":"745727"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blbwre1","external_links_name":"blbwre1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4G3KF","external_links_name":"4G3KF"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/blbwre1","external_links_name":"blbwre1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7341215","external_links_name":"7341215"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/144857","external_links_name":"144857"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=915946","external_links_name":"915946"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22711401","external_links_name":"22711401"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/blbwre1","external_links_name":"blbwre1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/199267/","external_links_name":"199267"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Pheugopedius-fasciatoventris","external_links_name":"Pheugopedius-fasciatoventris"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/56N7G","external_links_name":"56N7G"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2493815","external_links_name":"2493815"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563447","external_links_name":"563447"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=376334","external_links_name":"376334"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=808707","external_links_name":"808707"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sullivan_(rugby_union) | Peter Sullivan (rugby, born 1948) | ["1 Early life and rugby","2 Representative career","3 Rugby league career","4 Career summary","4.1 Test matches","5 References","6 External links","7 Published sources"] | This article is about the Australian player. For the Irish player, see Peter Sullivan (rugby union, born 1998).
Rugby playerPeter SullivanBirth namePeter David SullivanDate of birth (1948-03-19) 19 March 1948 (age 76)Place of birthNewcastle, NSW, AustraliaSchoolChatswood Boys HighRugby league careerPosition(s)
Second row forwardSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1974
St George Dragons
1
()Rugby union careerPosition(s)
FlankerAmateur team(s)Years
Team
Apps
(Points)
Forest Rugby Club
()Senior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)
Gordon RFC
()Provincial / State sidesYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1966–73
New South Wales
18
()International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1971–1973
Australia
13
(4)
Peter David Sullivan (born 1948) is an Australian former national representative rugby union player. He represented for New South Wales and Australia, captaining the national side on eleven occasions from 1972 to 1973.
Early life and rugby
Sullivan was schooled at Chatswood Boys High School and played his early rugby at the Forest Rugby Club in Forestville. His senior rugby started in Wollongong and in his first season of first grade and scarcely eighteen he was selected for the Illawarra region and from there he was selected for New South Wales after just six senior games. Howell writes that following state selection at such a young age, he found himself a marked man at club level and "injuries followed, his form deteriorated and his confidence with it" He did not represent again until 1970. In the mid 1970s he coached and was Physical Education teacher at Glenwood Boys High School in Durban South Africa.
Representative career
In 1969 Sullivan relocated to Sydney and joined the Gordon Rugby Club. He spent some time in reserve grade in that first season in Sydney first grade but in 1970 he regained his state position in a match against Scotland and he represented for Sydney against those same visitors.
In 1971 Sullivan appeared for New South Wales against the visiting British Lions and later that year when South Africa also toured, Sullivan was selected to meet them for Sydney, New South Wales and in three Test matches for Australia. He made the 1971 Australia rugby union tour of France and played in both Test matches, experiencing his first Wallaby victory in the first Test.
In 1972 he played in both home Test matches against the visiting French and he toured under captain Greg Davis on the 1972 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji. He was injured and had to be replaced in the games against North Otago and in the first Test match. Howell writes that the seven loss & five win result of the tour was "a disaster and occasioned Davis' retirement". An injury picked up in New Zealand prevented Davis from leading the side in the Test match in Fiji on the way home and Sullivan debuted as an Australian Test captain in the Wallabies' narrow 21–19 victory against Fiji. He had already captained the side in two mid-week games during the New Zealand leg.
In 1973 Peter Sullivan retained the Test captaincy in the two Test series against Tonga and was at the helm in the 2nd Test boil-over when Tonga got up 16–11. Howell writes of this period as "the lowest ever point of Australian rugby". He led the Wallabies on the 1973 Australia rugby union tour of Europe, and played in six of the nine matches including the Test loss against Wales. He was injured and did not take the field in the test against England, where the Wallabies were captained by John Hipwell.
All told Sullivan captained the Wallabies in four Tests through 1972–1973 and in nine tour matches. He played twenty-eight matches for Australia, thirteen of them Tests. Howell writes that he was "a vigorous, aggressive player who played to the maximum when wearing the green and gold".
Rugby league career
Keen to secure his family's financial future Sullivan signed a five-year contract with the St George Dragons at the end of the 1973 season. He managed only one first grade game before a serious knee injury ended his playing days.
Career summary
Test matches
Playing for Australia
National Team
Y
M
S
P
T
W
L
D
Fiji
1972
1
1
4
1
1
0
0
France
1971–1972
4
4
0
0
1
2
1
New Zealand
1972
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
South Africa
1971
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
Tonga
1973
2
2
0
0
1
1
0
Wales
1973
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
Legend : Y : Year, M : Test Matches Played, S : Starts, P : Points, T : Tries, W : Won, L : Lost, D : Drawn
Preceded byGreg Davis
Australian national rugby union captain 1972–73
Succeeded byJohn Hipwell
References
^ Peter Sullivan player profile ESPN Scrum.com
^ a b Howell p190
^ No-risk order to Gordon player
^ a b c d Howell p192
^ Whiticker & Hudson
External links
Profile at Scrum.com
Published sources
Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ
Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Catalonia
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Sullivan (rugby union, born 1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sullivan_(rugby_union,_born_1998)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"}],"text":"This article is about the Australian player. For the Irish player, see Peter Sullivan (rugby union, born 1998).Rugby playerPeter David Sullivan (born 1948)[1] is an Australian former national representative rugby union player. 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He made the 1971 Australia rugby union tour of France and played in both Test matches, experiencing his first Wallaby victory in the first Test.In 1972 he played in both home Test matches against the visiting French and he toured under captain Greg Davis on the 1972 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji. He was injured and had to be replaced in the games against North Otago and in the first Test match. Howell writes that the seven loss & five win result of the tour was \"a disaster and occasioned Davis' retirement\".[4] An injury picked up in New Zealand prevented Davis from leading the side in the Test match in Fiji on the way home and Sullivan debuted as an Australian Test captain in the Wallabies' narrow 21–19 victory against Fiji. He had already captained the side in two mid-week games during the New Zealand leg.[4]In 1973 Peter Sullivan retained the Test captaincy in the two Test series against Tonga and was at the helm in the 2nd Test boil-over when Tonga got up 16–11. Howell writes of this period as \"the lowest ever point of Australian rugby\".[4] He led the Wallabies on the 1973 Australia rugby union tour of Europe, and played in six of the nine matches including the Test loss against Wales. He was injured and did not take the field in the test against England, where the Wallabies were captained by John Hipwell.All told Sullivan captained the Wallabies in four Tests through 1972–1973 and in nine tour matches. He played twenty-eight matches for Australia, thirteen of them Tests. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_Boys | The Ordinary Boys | ["1 Career","1.1 Success","1.2 Split and reunions","1.3 Later albums and singles","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References"] | English indie rock band
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Ordinary Boys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Ordinary BoysBackground informationOriginWorthing, EnglandGenresIndie rock, punk rock, ska, 2 toneYears active2002–2008, 2011–presentLabelsMCA Music, Inc./B-UniqueMembersSamuel PrestonCharlie StanleyJames GregoryMatthew PowersPast membersWilliam J BrownDane EtteridgeToby HortonDan LoganAlex KershawSimon GoldringAndy Massey
The Ordinary Boys are an English indie rock band from Worthing, West Sussex. Originally a hardcore outfit named Next in Line, they are influenced by punk rock and Britpop music, as well as the bands the Clash, the Specials, the Jam, the Kinks and the Smiths. Their name derives from a Morrissey song, "The Ordinary Boys". The membership of the band that originally split up in 2008 consisted of founding members Preston (vocals, rhythm guitar), William Brown (lead guitar), James Gregory (bass), and Simon Goldring (drums).
In October 2015, they returned with a new self-titled album on their own imprint label Treat Yourself. A 25-date UK tour from mid-October 2015 to mid-November 2015 to promote the album followed.
Career
Success
In 2004, the Ordinary Boys released their debut album Over the Counter Culture preceded by the single "Maybe Someday". The title track "Over the Counter Culture" was featured on the soundtrack for the video game Burnout 3: Takedown. In support of the album, they embarked on tours supported by the Kaiser Chiefs, the Cribs and Hard-Fi.
In 2005, they released their second album Brassbound along with the single "Boys Will Be Boys". The single become a hit the following year, when the band's popularity grew while Preston participated in Celebrity Big Brother UK. During this time, "Boys Will Be Boys" was re-released and reached no. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and no. 1 on the UK Download Chart. That year, Simon Goldring replaced original drummer Charlie Stanley.
Following this, they released singles "Nine2Five" and "Lonely at the Top" to further top 10 success. In October 2006, they released their third album, How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps, which marked a change of sound, with more of a commercial pop feel, featuring synthesisers and samples. "I Luv U" was released as the final single from the album and became their fourth consecutive top 10 hit.
Yahoo! UK reported that "The Ordinary Boys" was the fourth most searched for keyword of 2006 in their annual top ten search results.
The song "Boys Will Be Boys" featured in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. The band was also referenced in the episode "Smoke and Mirrors" from the second series of The IT Crowd.
The group toured Japan and supported acts such as Morrissey, Paul Weller and The Who. They appeared on Later... with Jools Holland and one of the last episodes of Top of the Pops.
Split and reunions
In early 2008, Preston confirmed the band's split through the Ordinary Boys website. The Ordinary Boys' final live performance was at the Ben and Jerry's Summer Sundae outdoor event on Clapham Common on 27 July 2008. Preston's announcement stated that he was writing new material for a solo album, and he went on to have a career as a songwriter for artists such as Olly Murs, Kylie Minogue and Enrique Iglesias, John Newman, Lucy Spraggan, and James Flannigan (songwriter).
A revived Ordinary Boys reunited in December 2011 for a full UK tour of small venues. Preston stated that his objective had been "to give this band the decent burial that they didn't get in 2008". Brown and Gregory were unavailable for the reunion but gave their approval. The band recruited three new members to perform with Preston and Goldring, and this line-up recorded the new song "Run This Town". which was performed on the tour. Gregory made a guest appearance at the Islington Academy show on the tour, playing on "Maybe Someday".
The Ordinary Boys reunited on 13 December 2013 to play a one-off gig at the Hoxton Bar and Grill in Shoreditch, London. This reunion featured the return of Gregory on bass, and featured Alex Kershaw of Exeter band the Computers on guitar in place of the previous reunion members. On 28 December 2013, Preston announced that the Ordinary Boys were to officially reform, this time with Louis Jones from Spectrals on lead guitar, with original drummer Charlie Stanley replacing Goldring. On 19 August 2014, the Ordinary Boys new lineup played a sold-out first show at Birthdays in Dalston as a warm up for their UK tour that November.
Later albums and singles
In July 2015, the band announced that they would release their fourth album, the eponymously titled The Ordinary Boys, on 2 October 2015 via their own imprint label, Treat Yourself. A single, "Four Letter Word", was released in July on 7-inch vinyl and CD single and they also issued "I'm Leaving You (and I'm Taking You With Me)" on a split 7-inch with American band Mixtapes.
In March 2021, The Ordinary Boys teamed up with Mini Murphy to record a tribute to Murphy's father, Ranking Roger, who had died on 26 March 2019. The resulting double-A side single, with "Legacy" on one side and "Jump and Skank" on the other, was released as a download, vinyl and CD single by United Sound Records/Proper.
Discography
Albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
UK
UKIndie
SCO
Over the Counter Culture
Released: 5 August 2004
Label: B-Unique/Warner Music
19
—
18
BPI: Silver
Brassbound
Released: 20 June 2005
Label: B-Unique/Warner Music
11
—
14
BPI: Gold
How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps
Released: 23 October 2006
Label: B-Unique/Polydor
15
—
22
BPI: Silver
The Ordinary Boys
Released: 2 October 2015
Label: Treat Yourself Records
—
38
—
Singles
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
UK
UKDown.
EU DigitalTracks
IRE
SCO
2004
"Maybe Someday"
—
—
—
—
—
Over the Counter Culture
"Week In, Week Out"
36
—
—
—
36
"Talk, Talk, Talk"
17
—
—
—
24
"Seaside"
27
—
—
—
30
2005
"Boys Will Be Boys"
3
1
1
22
2
Brassbound
"Life Will Be the Death of Me"
50
—
—
—
50
2006
"Nine2Five" (vs. Lady Sovereign)
6
12
11
25
6
How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps
"Lonely at the Top"
10
26
—
—
19
2007
"I Luv U"
7
5
8
—
12
2014
"Awkward"
—
—
—
—
—
The Ordinary Boys
2015
"Four Letter Word"
—
—
—
—
—
References
^ a b "Biography by MacKenzie Wilson". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
^ "The Ordinary Boys – Discover music, videos, concerts, stats, & pictures at". Last.fm. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
^ "Yahoo 2006 top searches".
^ "The Ordinary Boys – Run This Town". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
^ "Ordinary Boys team up with Ranking Junior for Ranking Roger tribute". 18 March 2021.
^ "Ordinary Boys full Official Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Peak chart position on the UK Indie Albums Chart:
The Ordinary Boys: "Official UK Indie Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Peak chart position on the Scotland Albums Chart:
Over the Counter Culture: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 11 July 2004. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
Brassbound: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 5 February 2005. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 29 October 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ a b c d "UK Chartlog: The O – Ozric Tentacles". zobbel.de. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
^ "Ordinary Boys full Official Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Ordinary Boys Billboard Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Irishcharts: searchable database". irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
^ Peak chart position on the Scotland Singles Chart:
Week In, Week Out: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 11 April 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Talk, Talk, Talk: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 4 July 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Seaside: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 2 October 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Boys Will Be Boys: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Life Will Be the Death of Me: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 4 September 2005. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Nine2Five: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 28 May 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
Lonely at the Top: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
I Luv U: "Scottish Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
vteThe Ordinary Boys
Louis Jones
James Gregory
Charles "Chuck" Stanley
Preston
Dan Logan
Albums
Over the Counter Culture
Brassbound
How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps
The Ordinary Boys
Singles
"Maybe Someday"
"Week In, Week Out"
"Talk, Talk, Talk"
"Boys Will Be Boys"
"Life Will Be the Death of Me"
"Nine2Five"
"Lonely at the Top"
"I Luv U"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"the Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"the Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Specials"},{"link_name":"the Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jam"},{"link_name":"the Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"the Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"self-titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ordinary_Boys_(album)"}],"text":"The Ordinary Boys are an English indie rock band from Worthing, West Sussex. Originally a hardcore outfit named Next in Line, they are influenced by punk rock and Britpop music, as well as the bands the Clash, the Specials, the Jam, the Kinks and the Smiths.[1] Their name derives from a Morrissey song, \"The Ordinary Boys\".[1] The membership of the band that originally split up in 2008 consisted of founding members Preston (vocals, rhythm guitar), William Brown (lead guitar), James Gregory (bass), and Simon Goldring (drums).[2]\nIn October 2015, they returned with a new self-titled album on their own imprint label Treat Yourself. A 25-date UK tour from mid-October 2015 to mid-November 2015 to promote the album followed.","title":"The Ordinary Boys"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Over the Counter Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Counter_Culture"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Burnout 3: Takedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_3:_Takedown"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"the Cribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cribs"},{"link_name":"Hard-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-Fi"},{"link_name":"Brassbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassbound"},{"link_name":"Boys Will Be Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Will_Be_Boys_(The_Ordinary_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Download Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Download_Chart"},{"link_name":"Nine2Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine2Five"},{"link_name":"Lonely at the Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_at_the_Top_(The_Ordinary_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Get_Everything_You_Ever_Wanted_in_Ten_Easy_Steps"},{"link_name":"I Luv U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Luv_U_(The_Ordinary_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)"},{"link_name":"the second series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_IT_Crowd_episodes#Series_2:_2007"},{"link_name":"The IT Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd"},{"link_name":"Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Paul Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weller"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Later... with Jools Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later..._with_Jools_Holland"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"}],"sub_title":"Success","text":"In 2004, the Ordinary Boys released their debut album Over the Counter Culture preceded by the single \"Maybe Someday\". The title track \"Over the Counter Culture\" was featured on the soundtrack for the video game Burnout 3: Takedown. In support of the album, they embarked on tours supported by the Kaiser Chiefs, the Cribs and Hard-Fi.In 2005, they released their second album Brassbound along with the single \"Boys Will Be Boys\". The single become a hit the following year, when the band's popularity grew while Preston participated in Celebrity Big Brother UK. During this time, \"Boys Will Be Boys\" was re-released and reached no. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and no. 1 on the UK Download Chart. That year, Simon Goldring replaced original drummer Charlie Stanley.Following this, they released singles \"Nine2Five\" and \"Lonely at the Top\" to further top 10 success. In October 2006, they released their third album, How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps, which marked a change of sound, with more of a commercial pop feel, featuring synthesisers and samples. \"I Luv U\" was released as the final single from the album and became their fourth consecutive top 10 hit.Yahoo! UK reported that \"The Ordinary Boys\" was the fourth most searched for keyword of 2006 in their annual top ten search results.[3]The song \"Boys Will Be Boys\" featured in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. The band was also referenced in the episode \"Smoke and Mirrors\" from the second series of The IT Crowd.The group toured Japan and supported acts such as Morrissey, Paul Weller and The Who. They appeared on Later... with Jools Holland and one of the last episodes of Top of the Pops.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Clapham Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Common"},{"link_name":"Olly Murs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olly_Murs"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Enrique Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"John Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newman_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Lucy Spraggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Spraggan"},{"link_name":"James Flannigan (songwriter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Flannigan_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Islington Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_Academy"},{"link_name":"Hoxton Bar and Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoxton_Bar_and_Grill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch"},{"link_name":"Spectrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectrals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birthdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthdays"},{"link_name":"Dalston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston"}],"sub_title":"Split and reunions","text":"In early 2008[when?], Preston confirmed the band's split through the Ordinary Boys website. The Ordinary Boys' final live performance was at the Ben and Jerry's Summer Sundae outdoor event on Clapham Common on 27 July 2008. Preston's announcement stated that he was writing new material for a solo album, and he went on to have a career as a songwriter for artists such as Olly Murs, Kylie Minogue and Enrique Iglesias, John Newman, Lucy Spraggan, and James Flannigan (songwriter).A revived Ordinary Boys reunited in December 2011 for a full UK tour of small venues. Preston stated that his objective had been \"to give this band the decent burial that they didn't get in 2008\". Brown and Gregory were unavailable for the reunion but gave their approval. The band recruited three new members to perform with Preston and Goldring, and this line-up recorded the new song \"Run This Town\".[4] which was performed on the tour. Gregory made a guest appearance at the Islington Academy show on the tour, playing on \"Maybe Someday\".The Ordinary Boys reunited on 13 December 2013 to play a one-off gig at the Hoxton Bar and Grill in Shoreditch, London. This reunion featured the return of Gregory on bass, and featured Alex Kershaw of Exeter band the Computers on guitar in place of the previous reunion members. On 28 December 2013, Preston announced that the Ordinary Boys were to officially reform, this time with Louis Jones from Spectrals on lead guitar, with original drummer Charlie Stanley replacing Goldring. On 19 August 2014, the Ordinary Boys new lineup played a sold-out first show at Birthdays in Dalston as a warm up for their UK tour that November.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ordinary Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ordinary_Boys_(album)"},{"link_name":"imprint label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_label"},{"link_name":"Mixtapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtapes"},{"link_name":"Mini Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mini_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranking Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_Roger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Later albums and singles","text":"In July 2015, the band announced that they would release their fourth album, the eponymously titled The Ordinary Boys, on 2 October 2015 via their own imprint label, Treat Yourself. A single, \"Four Letter Word\", was released in July on 7-inch vinyl and CD single and they also issued \"I'm Leaving You (and I'm Taking You With Me)\" on a split 7-inch with American band Mixtapes.In March 2021, The Ordinary Boys teamed up with Mini Murphy to record a tribute to Murphy's father, Ranking Roger, who had died on 26 March 2019. The resulting double-A side single, with \"Legacy\" on one side and \"Jump and Skank\" on the other, was released as a download, vinyl and CD single by United Sound Records/Proper.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ordinaryboys.jpg/220px-Ordinaryboys.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Biography by MacKenzie Wilson\". Allmusic.com. 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Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20190405/131/","url_text":"\"Official UK Indie Albums Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 11 July 2004. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20040711/40/","url_text":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 5 February 2005. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20060205/40/","url_text":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 29 October 2006. 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Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/the-ordinary-boys","url_text":"\"Ordinary Boys Billboard Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irishcharts: searchable database\". irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 27 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"\"Irishcharts: searchable database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 11 April 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20040411/7501/","url_text":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 4 July 2004. 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Official Charts Company. 4 September 2005. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20050904/7501/","url_text":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 28 May 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20060528/41/","url_text":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20061022/41/","url_text":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. 21 January 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_(book_series) | Claudine (book series) | ["1 List of books","2 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Claudine" book series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Claudine series consists of four early novels by French authors Colette and Henry Gauthier-Villars, published 1900–1904. Written in diary form, they describe the growth to maturity of a young girl, Claudine. Aged fifteen at the beginning of the first book, Claudine à l'école, the series describes her education and experiences as she grows up. All the books are written in first-person with the first three having Claudine herself as the narrator. The last in the series, Claudine s'en va, introduces a new narrator, Annie.
The novels were written in the late 19th century in collaboration with Colette's first husband, the writer Henry Gauthier-Villars, better known by his pen name "Willy". There has been much speculation over the degree of involvement of both Colette and Willy in the writing of the Claudine novels, particularly as Willy was known for often using ghostwriters. Consequently, although the novels were originally attributed to Willy only and published under his name alone, they were later published under both names. After the death of Willy, Colette went to court to challenge her former husband's involvement in any of the writing, and subsequently had his name removed from the books. This decision however was overturned after her death, as Willy's son from a prior relationship, Jacques Gauthier-Villars, successfully sued to have his father's name restored.
The Claudine novels are thought to be roughly autobiographical.
List of books
Claudine à l'école (1900) – Claudine at School
Claudine à Paris (1901) – Claudine in Paris
Claudine en ménage (1902) – Claudine Married
Claudine s'en va (1903) – Claudine and Annie
References
^ a b c d e Southworth, Helen (2004), The intersecting realities and fictions of Virginia Woolf and Colette, Ohio State University Press, p. 111, ISBN 978-0-8142-5136-2
vteColetteNovels
Claudine at School
The Vagabond
Mitsou
Chéri
Green Wheat
The Last of Chéri
Break of Day
The Pure and the Impure
La Chatte
Duo
Julie de Carneilhan
Gigi
Libretto
L'enfant et les sortilèges
Short story collection
The Tendrils of the Vine
Related
Claudine series
Colette (2018 film)
Henry Gauthier-Villars (first husband)
Henry de Jouvenel (second husband)
Colette de Jouvenel (daughter)
This article about a novel of the 1900s with a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender theme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette"},{"link_name":"Henry Gauthier-Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gauthier-Villars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southworth2004-1"},{"link_name":"Claudine à l'école","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9cole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southworth2004-1"},{"link_name":"first-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_narrative"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southworth2004-1"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"ghostwriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter"},{"link_name":"Jacques Gauthier-Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Gauthier-Villars&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southworth2004-1"},{"link_name":"autobiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southworth2004-1"}],"text":"The Claudine series consists of four early novels by French authors Colette and Henry Gauthier-Villars, published 1900–1904.[1] Written in diary form, they describe the growth to maturity of a young girl, Claudine. Aged fifteen at the beginning of the first book, Claudine à l'école, the series describes her education and experiences as she grows up.[1] All the books are written in first-person with the first three having Claudine herself as the narrator. The last in the series, Claudine s'en va, introduces a new narrator, Annie.[1]The novels were written in the late 19th century in collaboration with Colette's first husband, the writer Henry Gauthier-Villars, better known by his pen name \"Willy\". There has been much speculation over the degree of involvement of both Colette and Willy in the writing of the Claudine novels, particularly as Willy was known for often using ghostwriters. Consequently, although the novels were originally attributed to Willy only and published under his name alone, they were later published under both names. After the death of Willy, Colette went to court to challenge her former husband's involvement in any of the writing, and subsequently had his name removed from the books. This decision however was overturned after her death, as Willy's son from a prior relationship, Jacques Gauthier-Villars, successfully sued to have his father's name restored.[1]The Claudine novels are thought to be roughly autobiographical.[1]","title":"Claudine (book series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claudine à l'école","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9cole"}],"text":"Claudine à l'école (1900) – Claudine at School\nClaudine à Paris (1901) – Claudine in Paris\nClaudine en ménage (1902) – Claudine Married\nClaudine s'en va (1903) – Claudine and Annie","title":"List of books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Southworth, Helen (2004), The intersecting realities and fictions of Virginia Woolf and Colette, Ohio State University Press, p. 111, ISBN 978-0-8142-5136-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TP_q7KHL1EkC","url_text":"The intersecting realities and fictions of Virginia Woolf and Colette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-5136-2","url_text":"978-0-8142-5136-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Claudine%22+book+series","external_links_name":"\"Claudine\" book series"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Claudine%22+book+series+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Claudine%22+book+series&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Claudine%22+book+series+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Claudine%22+book+series","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Claudine%22+book+series&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TP_q7KHL1EkC","external_links_name":"The intersecting realities and fictions of Virginia Woolf and Colette"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudine_(book_series)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter_(disambiguation) | Open letter (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | Look up open letter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience.
Open Letter may also refer to:
Open Letter (Loose Tubes album), 1988
Open Letter (Case album)
Open Letter (Ralph Towner album)
"Open Letter" (Jay-Z song), 2013
"Open Letter", a 2018 song by Lil Wayne from Tha Carter V
Open Letter Books, an American publisher owned by the University of Rochester specializing in translated works
See also
"Open Letter (To a Landlord)", a song by the New York City band Living Colour from their 1988 debut album Vivid
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Open letter.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/open_letter"},{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter"},{"link_name":"Open Letter (Loose Tubes album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_(Loose_Tubes_album)"},{"link_name":"Open Letter (Case album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_(Case_album)"},{"link_name":"Open Letter (Ralph Towner album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_(Ralph_Towner_album)"},{"link_name":"\"Open Letter\" (Jay-Z song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_(Jay-Z_song)"},{"link_name":"Tha Carter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Carter_V"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"}],"text":"Look up open letter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience.Open Letter may also refer to:Open Letter (Loose Tubes album), 1988\nOpen Letter (Case album)\nOpen Letter (Ralph Towner album)\n\"Open Letter\" (Jay-Z song), 2013\n\"Open Letter\", a 2018 song by Lil Wayne from Tha Carter V\nOpen Letter Books, an American publisher owned by the University of Rochester specializing in translated works","title":"Open letter (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Open Letter (To a Landlord)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_(To_a_Landlord)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Open_letter_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Open_letter_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koun_Wick | Koun Wick | ["1 References"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Koun Wick" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018)
Koun WickCambodian Ambassador to JapanIn office1974–1975Appointed byLon NolPreceded bySim VarSucceeded byTruong MealyMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office1970–1972Prime MinisterLon NolSisowath Sirik MatakPreceded byYem SambaurSucceeded bySon Ngoc ThanhIn office1964–1965Prime MinisterNorodom KantolPreceded byNorodom KantolSucceeded byNorodom Kantol
Personal detailsBorn(1917-11-10)10 November 1917Cambodia, French Indochina (now Cambodia)Died27 December 1999(1999-12-27) (aged 82)London, England, UKRelativesChau Sen Cocsal Chhum (cousin)
Koun Wick (10 November 1917 – 27 December 1999) was a Cambodian statesman and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1970 to 1972 and from 1964 to 1965. He was a cousin of former prime minister Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum.
References
^ "Wick Koun". The Guardian. 20 January 2000.
^ "Index Ch".
This article about a Cambodian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Cambodia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chau_Sen_Cocsal_Chhum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Koun Wick (10 November 1917 – 27 December 1999) was a Cambodian statesman and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1970 to 1972 and from 1964 to 1965.[1] He was a cousin of former prime minister Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum.[2]","title":"Koun Wick"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wick Koun\". The Guardian. 20 January 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jan/20/guardianobituaries.cambodia","url_text":"\"Wick Koun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Index Ch\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rulers.org/indexc2.html","url_text":"\"Index Ch\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koun_Wick&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Koun+Wick%22","external_links_name":"\"Koun Wick\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Koun+Wick%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Koun+Wick%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Koun+Wick%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Koun+Wick%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Koun+Wick%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jan/20/guardianobituaries.cambodia","external_links_name":"\"Wick Koun\""},{"Link":"https://www.rulers.org/indexc2.html","external_links_name":"\"Index Ch\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koun_Wick&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Woolpert | Paul Woolpert | ["1 Coaching career","2 Coaching record","2.1 PBA record","3 References"] | American basketball coach and scout
Paul WoolpertWoolpert in April 2019Personal informationNationalityAmericanCareer informationCollegePeninsula CollegeUniversity of PortlandCoaching career1994–presentCareer historyAs coach:1994–1995Yakima Sun Kings (asst.)1995–1996Sioux Falls Skyforce (asst.)1996–1998Yakima Sun Kings (asst.)1998–2001Yakima Sun Kings2001–2002Sioux Falls Skyforce2002–2003Talk 'N Text Phone Pals2004–2008Yakima Sun Kings2008–2009Tulsa 66ers2011–2013Townsville Crocodiles2014–2015Perth Wildcats (asst.)2015–2017Los Angeles D-Fenders (asst.)2018–2019Yakima SunKings2019Perth Wildcats (asst.)
Career highlights and awards
NAPB champion (2018)
4× CBA champion (1995, 2000, 2006, 2007)
2× CBA Coach of the Year (2007, 2008)
Paul Woolpert is an American basketball coach and scout. He was the head coach of the Yakima Sun Kings in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) for seven non-consecutive years (1998–2001, 2004–2008). He was named CBA Coach of the Year in 2007 and 2008. He led the Sun Kings to four CBA Championships (1995, 2000, 2006, 2007). A new Yakima Sun Kings team was founded in 2017 and Woolpert was hired as head coach. The team won the North American Premier Basketball (NAPB) Championship in 2018. He was fired during the 2019 NAPB Championship Series.
Woolpert was also head coach of the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the CBA (2001–02), the Talk 'N Text Phone Pals of the Philippine Basketball Association (2003), the Tulsa 66ers of the NBA D-League (2008–09) and the Townsville Crocodiles of the National Basketball League (2011–13).
Coaching career
Woolpert went to Peninsula College in Port Angeles, Washington and later transferred to the University of Portland, where he was a student assistant coach for the men's basketball team.
Woolpert got his start as a scout and video coordinator for the Seattle SuperSonics in 1986, remaining in the role until 1994. From 1995 to 2004, Woolpert served as a scout for the Portland Trail Blazers. Woolpert also coached in other capacities while maintaining those responsibilities, spending time as an assistant coach with the Sioux Falls Skyforce and the Yakima Sun Kings. Woolpert was promoted to head coach of the Sun Kings prior to the 1998 season, winning his first CBA Championship in 2000. Yakima enjoyed continued success with Woolpert at the helm, winning the CBA Championship in 2006 and 2007, while setting a CBA record for winning percentage, finishing the 2007–08 season with a 43–5 record (.895).
After serving as head coach of the Tulsa 66ers in 2008–09, Woolpert moved to Australia where he spent two seasons as the head coach of the Townsville Crocodiles.
In 2014–15, Woolpert served as the Perth Wildcats' lead assistant coach.
In August 2015, Woolpert was named an assistant coach for the Los Angeles D-fenders of the NBA Development League.
In October 2017, Woolpert rejoined the rebooted Yakima SunKings as its head coach and general manager ahead of the 2018 NAPB season. The SunKings went on to win NAPB championship in 2018. In 2019, Woolpert led the SunKings to the championships series, where he was released mid series by the owner following a Facebook post made by Woolpert asking for funds to bring his entire roster to the final championship game.
In July 2019, Woolpert was reappointed as lead assistant of the Perth Wildcats. However, he parted ways with the Wildcats on October 23, 2019, to return to the United States for family reasons.
Coaching record
PBA record
Season
Team
Conference
Elims./Clas. round
Playoffs
GP
W
L
PCT
Finish
PG
W
L
PCT
Results
2002
TNT
All-Filipino Cup
9
5
4
.556
4th
1
0
1
.000
Lost to Alaska in one-game quarterfinals
2003
TNT
All-Filipino
9
4
5
.444
-
Fired
Career Total
18
9
9
.500
Playoff Total
1
0
1
.000
0 championship
References
^ a b "Late Father's Example Inspires Yakima Coach". Seattle, Washington. Associated Press. 27 December 1994. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ "Red Devils 94, Pirates 75". Longview Daily News. Longview, Washington. 12 January 1981. p. 26. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ Townsville Crocodiles sack coach Paul Woolpert
^ Former Townsville coach Paul Woolpert relishing interim head coach role at Perth Wildcats
^ "Los Angeles D-FendersD-Fenders Announce Coaching Staff - Los Angeles D-Fenders". Losangeles.dleague.nba.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
^ Underwood, Roger (2007-03-30). "Woolpert joins Lakers' D-League staff | Professional Sports". yakimaherald.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
^ Sawyer, Andy (2017-10-17). "Back to the future: Rebooted Sun Kings bring in Woolpert as coach, GM ; Professional Sports". yakimaherald.com. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
^ SunKings cap comeback season with NAPB championship
^ SunKings fire coach Paul Woolpert in middle of championship series
^ "2019/20 Coaching Staff Finalised". Wildcats.com.au. July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
^ "Paul Woolpert departs Wildcats". Wildcats.com.au. October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
vteTNT Tropang Giga
Founded in 1990
Owned by Smart Communications, a subsidiary of PLDT
Formerly the Pepsi Hotshots, Mobiline Phone Pals and Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters
Franchise
Franchise
3x3 team
All-time roster
Draft history
Seasons
Current season
Administration
Owner: Manuel V. Pangilinan
Board Governor: Ricky Vargas
Head coaches
Ocampo
Pumaren
Guiao
Black
Manotoc
Altamirano
Alas
Bayno
Woolpert
Banal
Reyes
Uichico
Racela
Ravena
Lastimosa
Retired numbers
3
4
Championships(9)
2003 All-Filipino
2008–09 Philippine
2010–11 Philippine
2011 Commissioner's
2011–12 Philippine
2012–13 Philippine
2015 Commissioner's
2021 Philippine
2023 PBA Governors'
1998 Centennial
Runner-up finishes(13)
1992 Third
1998 Governors'
2002 Commissioner's
2004–05 Philippine
2005 Fiesta
2007 Fiesta
2011 Governors'
2012 Commissioner's
2014 Commissioner's
2017 Commissioner's
2019 Commissioner's
2020 Philippine
2022 Philippine
Culture and lore
Philippine Cup 3 Peat: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
Jun Bernardino Trophy
The Blur
The Mighty Mouse
The Rock
vteSeasons (33)1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
19992000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–092010s
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
20192020s
2020
2021
2022–23
2023–24 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Yakima Sun Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_Sun_Kings"},{"link_name":"Continental Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"North American Premier Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Premier_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Skyforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Skyforce"},{"link_name":"Talk 'N Text Phone Pals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_%27N_Text_Phone_Pals"},{"link_name":"Philippine Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Tulsa 66ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_66ers"},{"link_name":"NBA D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_G_League"},{"link_name":"Townsville Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"}],"text":"Paul Woolpert is an American basketball coach and scout. He was the head coach of the Yakima Sun Kings in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) for seven non-consecutive years (1998–2001, 2004–2008). He was named CBA Coach of the Year in 2007 and 2008. He led the Sun Kings to four CBA Championships (1995, 2000, 2006, 2007). A new Yakima Sun Kings team was founded in 2017 and Woolpert was hired as head coach. The team won the North American Premier Basketball (NAPB) Championship in 2018. He was fired during the 2019 NAPB Championship Series.Woolpert was also head coach of the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the CBA (2001–02), the Talk 'N Text Phone Pals of the Philippine Basketball Association (2003), the Tulsa 66ers of the NBA D-League (2008–09) and the Townsville Crocodiles of the National Basketball League (2011–13).","title":"Paul Woolpert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peninsula College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_College"},{"link_name":"Port Angeles, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Angeles,_Washington"},{"link_name":"University of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Pilots_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phil-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phil-1"},{"link_name":"Portland Trail Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers"},{"link_name":"Tulsa 66ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_66ers"},{"link_name":"Townsville Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Perth Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles D-fenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_D-fenders"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NAPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Premier_Basketball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Woolpert went to Peninsula College in Port Angeles, Washington and later transferred to the University of Portland, where he was a student assistant coach for the men's basketball team.[1][2]Woolpert got his start as a scout and video coordinator for the Seattle SuperSonics in 1986, remaining in the role until 1994.[1] From 1995 to 2004, Woolpert served as a scout for the Portland Trail Blazers. Woolpert also coached in other capacities while maintaining those responsibilities, spending time as an assistant coach with the Sioux Falls Skyforce and the Yakima Sun Kings. Woolpert was promoted to head coach of the Sun Kings prior to the 1998 season, winning his first CBA Championship in 2000. Yakima enjoyed continued success with Woolpert at the helm, winning the CBA Championship in 2006 and 2007, while setting a CBA record for winning percentage, finishing the 2007–08 season with a 43–5 record (.895).After serving as head coach of the Tulsa 66ers in 2008–09, Woolpert moved to Australia where he spent two seasons as the head coach of the Townsville Crocodiles.[3]In 2014–15, Woolpert served as the Perth Wildcats' lead assistant coach.[4]In August 2015, Woolpert was named an assistant coach for the Los Angeles D-fenders of the NBA Development League.[5][6]In October 2017, Woolpert rejoined the rebooted Yakima SunKings as its head coach and general manager ahead of the 2018 NAPB season.[7] The SunKings went on to win NAPB championship in 2018.[8] In 2019, Woolpert led the SunKings to the championships series, where he was released mid series by the owner following a Facebook post made by Woolpert asking for funds to bring his entire roster to the final championship game.[9]In July 2019, Woolpert was reappointed as lead assistant of the Perth Wildcats.[10] However, he parted ways with the Wildcats on October 23, 2019, to return to the United States for family reasons.[11]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PBA record","title":"Coaching record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Late Father's Example Inspires Yakima Coach\". Seattle, Washington. Associated Press. 27 December 1994. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19941227&slug=1949379","url_text":"\"Late Father's Example Inspires Yakima Coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Devils 94, Pirates 75\". Longview Daily News. Longview, Washington. 12 January 1981. p. 26. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/576069126/?terms=%22Paul%20Woolpert%22&match=1","url_text":"\"Red Devils 94, Pirates 75\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles D-FendersD-Fenders Announce Coaching Staff - Los Angeles D-Fenders\". Losangeles.dleague.nba.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://losangeles.dleague.nba.com/news/150826_dfenderscoaches/","url_text":"\"Los Angeles D-FendersD-Fenders Announce Coaching Staff - Los Angeles D-Fenders\""}]},{"reference":"Underwood, Roger (2007-03-30). \"Woolpert joins Lakers' D-League staff | Professional Sports\". yakimaherald.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yakimaherald.com/sports/professional_sports/woolpert-joins-lakers-d-league-staff/article_b03fe9b6-4c8c-11e5-8323-abc07ad1efb8.html","url_text":"\"Woolpert joins Lakers' D-League staff | Professional Sports\""}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Andy (2017-10-17). \"Back to the future: Rebooted Sun Kings bring in Woolpert as coach, GM ; Professional Sports\". yakimaherald.com. Retrieved 2017-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yakimaherald.com/sports/back-to-the-future-rebooted-sun-kings-bring-in-woolpert/article_fb430604-b3ab-11e7-af01-cfae493dc6e7.html","url_text":"\"Back to the future: Rebooted Sun Kings bring in Woolpert as coach, GM ; Professional Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019/20 Coaching Staff Finalised\". Wildcats.com.au. July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildcats.com.au/news/article/coaching-staff-finalised","url_text":"\"2019/20 Coaching Staff Finalised\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Woolpert departs Wildcats\". Wildcats.com.au. October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildcats.com.au/news/article/paul-woolpert-departs-wildcats","url_text":"\"Paul Woolpert departs Wildcats\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19941227&slug=1949379","external_links_name":"\"Late Father's Example Inspires Yakima Coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/576069126/?terms=%22Paul%20Woolpert%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"Red Devils 94, Pirates 75\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/basketball/townsville-crocodiles-sack-coach-paul-woolpert/story-fne39tgo-1226609021714","external_links_name":"Townsville Crocodiles sack coach Paul Woolpert"},{"Link":"http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/basketball/former-townsville-coach-paul-woolpert-relishing-interim-head-coach-role-at-perth-wildcats/story-fnhq5y0s-1227021921830","external_links_name":"Former Townsville coach Paul Woolpert relishing interim head coach role at Perth Wildcats"},{"Link":"http://losangeles.dleague.nba.com/news/150826_dfenderscoaches/","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles D-FendersD-Fenders Announce Coaching Staff - Los Angeles D-Fenders\""},{"Link":"http://www.yakimaherald.com/sports/professional_sports/woolpert-joins-lakers-d-league-staff/article_b03fe9b6-4c8c-11e5-8323-abc07ad1efb8.html","external_links_name":"\"Woolpert joins Lakers' D-League staff | Professional Sports\""},{"Link":"http://www.yakimaherald.com/sports/back-to-the-future-rebooted-sun-kings-bring-in-woolpert/article_fb430604-b3ab-11e7-af01-cfae493dc6e7.html","external_links_name":"\"Back to the future: Rebooted Sun Kings bring in Woolpert as coach, GM ; Professional Sports\""},{"Link":"https://www.yakimaherald.com/sports/sports_watch/sunkings-cap-comeback-season-with-napb-championship/article_77332376-567b-11e8-a379-b744386608c7.html","external_links_name":"SunKings cap comeback season with NAPB championship"},{"Link":"https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/news_watch/sunkings-fire-coach-paul-woolpert-in-middle-of-championship-series/article_048df879-94b8-5879-81bb-ddcb1e7de987.html","external_links_name":"SunKings fire coach Paul Woolpert in middle of championship series"},{"Link":"http://www.wildcats.com.au/news/article/coaching-staff-finalised","external_links_name":"\"2019/20 Coaching Staff Finalised\""},{"Link":"http://www.wildcats.com.au/news/article/paul-woolpert-departs-wildcats","external_links_name":"\"Paul Woolpert departs Wildcats\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce_Chico_River | Sauce Chico River | ["1 See also","2 References"] | River in Argentina
Sauce Chico RiverLocationCountryArgentina
The Sauce Chico River is a river of Argentina.
See also
List of rivers of Argentina
References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
GEOnet Names Server
This article about a place in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"}],"text":"The Sauce Chico River is a river of Argentina.","title":"Sauce Chico River"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Argentina"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html","external_links_name":"GEOnet Names Server"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauce_Chico_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauce_Chico_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getatchew_Haile | Getatchew Haile | ["1 Early life","2 Academic career","3 Reputation","4 Personal life","5 Lectures","6 Honors and distinctions","7 Books","8 References","9 External links"] | Ethiopian-American philologist (1931–2021)
Getatchew HaileHaile reading Ge'ez manuscripts in 2012Born(1931-04-19)April 19, 1931Shenkora, Shewa province, Ethiopian EmpireDiedJune 11, 2021(2021-06-11) (aged 90)Mount Sinai Morningside, New York, U.S.Nationality
Ethiopian citizenship
American citizenship
Alma mater
Coptic Theological Seminary (B.D.)
American University in Cairo (B.A.)
University of Tübingen (Ph.D)
Occupation
Philologist
Years active1957–2021Notable workActa Aethiopica (1980–89)
Getatchew Haile (Amharic: ጌታቸው ኀይሌ, romanized: Gētachew Ḫäyilē; April 19, 1931 – June 10, 2021) was an Ethiopian-American philologist widely considered the foremost scholar of the Ge'ez language and one of its most prolific (he published more than 150 books and articles). He was acknowledged for his contributions to the field with a MacArthur Fellows Program "genius" award and the Edward Ullendorff Medal from the Council of the British Academy. He was the first Ethiopian and the first African to win the award.
Early life
Haile was born in the rural village of Tute in Shenkora (part of the province of Shoa in the Ethiopian Empire). As a boy, he attended an Ethiopian Orthodox Church school, where he learned Ge'ez liturgical language and "devoted his energies to reading and understanding the texts."
From 1945 to 1951, he attended Trinity School in Addis Ababa. Haile moved to Cairo in 1952, and lived there through most of the 1950s, graduating from the Coptic Theological College, Cairo, Egypt with a B.D. in 1957, and from the American University in Cairo, with a B.A. in 1957. He then moved to West Germany in 1957, where he received a Ph.D. from the Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen in Semitic Philology in 1962. The title of his dissertation was Das Verbalsystem im Äthiopischen: Ein morphologischer Vergleich mit den orientalischen semitischen Sprachen. Haile married Misrak Amare on July 12, 1964, in Sidamo.
During the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, Haile, a believer in constitutional monarchy under the Solomonic dynasty, became a member of the transitional Ethiopian Parliament from Shoa province. Due to his vocal criticism of both dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam and the Marxist-Leninist and Soviet-backed Derg military dictatorship, the Ethiopian Army came to Haile's home at the beginning of the Red Terror in 1975. According to the Ethiopian Government, Haile was involved in a shootout while resisting arrest, but was eventually wounded and captured. According to Getachew Haile, on the other hand, he was the victim of a premeditated and unprovoked assassination attempt by a Derg death squad. After the BBC World Service and Voice of America publicized him as a prisoner of conscience worldwide, the Ethiopian government released him. Through the intervention of friends, Haile was allowed to travel to London for medical treatment. He was left as a paraplegic due to bullet damage to his spinal cord, and needed to use a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.
Academic career
Haile was associate professor in the Department of Ethiopian Languages and Literature, Haile Selassie I University (now Addis Ababa University), from 1962 to 1969, and 1971 to 1974, where he taught Amharic Grammar, Amharic Literature, Ge'ez Grammar, Ge'ez Literature, Arabic Grammar, and Semitic Linguistics. He was appointed head of the department in 1965.
After arriving in the U.S. in 1976, Haile joined Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota. He eventually became a Regents Professor Emeritus of Medieval Studies and Curator Emeritus of the Ethiopian Study Center at the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library. At HMML, he prepared catalogues of more than six thousand Ethiopian manuscripts and trained Ethiopic manuscript cataloguers in paleography, dating, and other skills.
He was on the advisory board of a number of journals, including Comité de lecture of Analecta Bollandiana (Journal of Christian Hagiography), Ethiopian Journal of Education, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Northeast African Studies, Ethiopian Register (1994–2001), and Acta Aethiopica (1980–89).
In addition to his writings and translations of a variety of works on Ethiopia and the Orthodox church, he produced two two-volume books on the history and beliefs of Abba Estifanos of Gwendagwende, one in 2006 and the other in 2011. His first translation, into Amharic, was of Mark Twain's short story Extracts from Adam's Diary in 1965.
The languages in which he worked were Amharic, Ge'ez, Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, German, and Coptic.
Reputation
Haile's work has frequently been described as foundational to the field of Ethiopian studies and has won many awards.
Edward Ullendorff, professor of Semitic studies at the School of Oriental and Asian Studies, described Haile's work as "highly significant" due to his "profoundly erudite" knowledge of Ethiopic language and literature. On another occasion, Ullendorff wrote that Haile's work represented the "most meticulous and original study of Ethiopic literature" ever done, and "on a scale and depth never before attempted." He added, "no other person before Getatchew Haile has ever been able to survey so much of Ethiopic literary creation and thus to gain so sovereign a command of this genre", which made a contribution not only to Ethiopian studies but also the study of Christian oriental writing more generally.
The Ethiopian poet Amha Asfaw wrote a poem in Amharic for him in 1999.
Personal life
Haile and his wife, Misrak Amare, had four children, adopted two more, and had many grandchildren. Among his children are the material science professor Sossina M. Haile and the author Rebecca G. Haile.
Haile served as a confidante of the Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the 1960s, as well as the Church's representative to the World Council of Churches.
Haile never returned to Ethiopia after leaving in 1975. He remained critical of the successive Ethiopian governments: in 2005, Ethiopian authorities charged him in absentia with treason for his comments.
Haile and his wife moved to New York City in 2016. He died at Mount Sinai Morningside hospital on June 10, 2021, at the age of 90. President Sahle-Work Zewde expressed her condolences to Haile's family in a press release.
Lectures
Haile gave a video lecture on the Täˀammərä Maryam, the Ethiopian Miracles of Mary stories, on May 23, 2020. Alessandro Bausi (professor, University of Hamburg), Kay Shelemay (professor, Harvard University), Elias Wondimu (CEO of Tsehai Publishers), and Habtamu Tegegne (professor, Rutgers University) spoke about Getatchew Haile's contributions.
In 2018, he gave an Amharic-language interview for EBS TV at the Minneapolis Institute of Art. He also gave a video lecture at the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library in April 2020.
Honors and distinctions
Abebe Bikila's Life Time Achievement Award, 2018
Honoree of a festschrift volume in 2017: Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History Festschrift for Getatchew Haile Presented by his Friends and Colleagues
Council of the British Academy, Edward Ullendorff Medal 2014, awarded for scholarly distinction and achievements in the field of Semitic languages or Ethiopian studies
Society of Ethiopians Established in Diaspora Annual Award, 1986
Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, 1987–2021
MacArthur Fellows Program, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship, 1988–1993
Ethiopian Government Award for academic excellence, 1991 (declined)
Member, Ethiopian Parliament, representing the province of Shoa, 1974–75
Books
The Homily of Zär'a Ya'əqob's Mäshafä Bərhan on the Rite of Baptism and Religious Instruction CSCO, text, Vol. 653/114, and trans., Vol. 654/115. Louvain: Peeters, 2013
Voices from Däbrä Zämäddo: Acts of Abba Bärtälomewos and Abba Yoḥannǝs 45 Miracles of Mary (Aethiopistische Forschungen 79), Wiesbaden 2013
A History of the first Estifanosite Monks. 2 vols. (ed. & tr.) Louvain: Peeters, 2011, ISBN 978-90-429-2513-7
Amdafta Lawgahu (Let Me Entertain You for a Moment: An Amharic Autobiography), Collegeville, (Minnesota), 2008
The Ge'ez Acts of Abba Esṭifanos of Gwendagwende, 2 vols. (ed. & tr.). Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-90-429-1741-5
Deqiqe Istifanos: Behigg Amlak (Hagiographies of the Estifanosite monks who flourished and were martyred in the fifteenth century, in Amharic), Collegeville (Minnesota), 2004
Ya'Abā Bā'rey Dersatoč (The Works of Abba Bā'rey with Other Documents Concerning the Oromo, in Amharic), Collegeville (Minnesota), 2002
Bahra Hassab (= Computus). (On the Ethiopian Calendar, with Annals of Ethiopian History, in Amharic), Collegeville (Minnesota), 2000.
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1993
The Mariology of Emperor Zära Ya'qob of Ethiopia (Orientalia Christiana Analecta, No. 242), Rome 1992
Beauty of the Creation, with Misrak Amare, University of Manchester, 1991
The Epistle of Humanity of Emperor Zär'a Ya'qob (Ṭomarä Tsb't), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium series, Vol. 522/Aeth. 95, tr. 523/Aeth. 96 (1991)
The Faith of the Unctionists in the Ethiopian Church (Haymanot Msi'awit), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium series, Vol. 517/Aeth. 91 (1990)
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. IX: Project Numbers 3501–4000, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1987. ISBN 978-0-940250-55-0
The Different Collections of Nägś Hymns of the Ethiopic Literature (Oikonomia No. 19), Erlangen (Germany), 1983
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. VIII: Project Numbers 3001–3500, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1985
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. VII: Project Numbers 2501–3000, (with a checklist by William F. Macomber), Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1983
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. VI: Project Numbers 2001–2500, (with a checklist by William F. Macomber), Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1982
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. V: Project Numbers 1501–2000, (with a checklist by William F. Macomber) Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1981
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. IV: Project Numbers 1101–1500, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1979
Mark Twain's Letters from Earth (adapted into Amharic from the German version, Tagebuch von Adam und Eva), Addis Ababa, 1968
Das Verbalsystem im Äthiopischen. Ein morphologischer Vergleich mit den orientalischen semitischen Sprachen. Diss., Tübingen 1962
References
^ Congress, The Library of. "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
^ Galawdewos (October 13, 2015). The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros: A Seventeenth-Century African Biography of an Ethiopian Woman. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400874149.
^ Bausi, Alessandro, and Thomas Rave. "A Selected Bibliography of the Publications of Getatchew Haile." In Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History: Festschrift for Getatchew Haile, edited by Adam Carter McCollum. Aethiopistische Forschungen 83, 609-19. Wiesbaden, London: Harrassowitz Verlag; Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, 2017.
^ Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 1988.
^ a b c MacArthur Fellows: The First 25 Years, 1981-2005. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. 2005.
^ Delamarter, Steve; Haile, Getatchew (January 31, 2013). Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project: Codices 106-200 and Magic Scrolls 135-284. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9780227173848.
^ a b Ullendorff, Edward (1996). "Review of A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville. Vol. X. Project Numbers 4001-5000". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 59 (1): 205–206. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 619459.
^ "MacArthur Foundation Awards Black Genius". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (24): 49–51. 1999. doi:10.2307/2999069. ISSN 1077-3711. JSTOR 2999069.
^ "African-American Recipients of MacArthur Foundation "Genius Grants," 1981-1996". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (13): 51. 1996. ISSN 1077-3711. JSTOR 2963164.
^ Haile, Getatchew (2016). ʼAndāftā lāwgāčehu (in Amharic). Collegeville, Minnesota: Getatchew Haile. ISBN 978-0-9706663-4-5. OCLC 682146136.
^ a b c d e f g h i McCollum, Adam Carter (2017). Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History: Festschrift for Getatchew Haile, Presented by His Friends and Colleagues. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10848-5.
^ a b c d e "Obituary: Prof. Getatchew Haile (1931-2021)". Tadias Magazine. June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
^ a b Bowen, Amy (April 8, 2007). "Joy amid struggle – The Getatchew Haile story". St. Cloud Times – via EthiopianReview.com.
^ "Columba Stewart and Getatchew Haile – Preserving Words and Worlds". The On Being Project. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ Haile, Rebecca G. (May 1, 2007). Held at a Distance: My Rediscovery of Ethiopia. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 9780897336598.
^ Haile, Getatchew; Terefe, Melaku (2011). Catalog of the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9780227173503.
^ a b Getatchew Haile (1985). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VIII: Project Numbers 3001-3500. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.
^ a b Getatchew Haile (1981). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. V: Project Numbers 1501-2000.
^ a b Getatchew Haile (1983). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VII: Project Numbers 2501-3000. William F. Macomber. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.
^ Getatchew Haile (1993). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.
^ a b Getatchew Haile (1982). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VI: Project Numbers 2001–2500. William F. Macomber. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.
^ "Bikila Award: Events". bikilaaward.org. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ "Ethiopianists – Wendy Laura Belcher". wendybelcher.com. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ The Geʻez Acts of Abba Esṭifanos of Gwendagwende. Getatchew Haile. Lovanii : Peeters. 2006. ISBN 90-429-1740-7. OCLC 84611961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ A history of the first Esṭifanosite monks. Getatchew Haile. Louvain. 2011. ISBN 978-90-429-2512-0. OCLC 759000813.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1992). "Beauty of the creation (śәnä Fәṭrät). By Getatchew Haile and Misrak Amare. (Journal of Semitic Studies Monograph 16.) pp. x, 87 Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1991". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2 (2): 253–255. doi:10.1017/S1356186300002443. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 162743774.
^ Irvine, A. K. (1986). "Stanislav Segert and Andrās J. E. Bodrogligeti (ed.): Ethiopian studies: dedicated to Wolf Leslau on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday November 14th, 1981 by friends and colleagues. xii, 582 pp. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983. DM 198". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 49 (1): 219–220. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00042713. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 161072186.
^ a b Ullendorf, Edward. "Foreward." In Beauty of the Creation ሥነ፡ ፍጥረት (Śǝnä Fǝṭrät), edited by Getatchew Haile and Misrak Amare, ix–x. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1991.
^ a b Haile, Rebecca G. (May 1, 2007). Held at a Distance: My Rediscovery of Ethiopia. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-0-89733-556-0.
^ "President expresses condolences over death of veteran Scholar Prof Getachew Haile". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
^ "Remarks by Prof. Getatchew Haile on the Ethiopian Miracles of Mary". betamasaheft.eu. May 23, 2020.
^ Reyot - Interview with Professor Getachew Haile Part 1, archived from the original on December 15, 2021, retrieved June 18, 2021
^ Getatchew Haile, Hill Museum & Manuscript Library, archived from the original on December 15, 2021, retrieved June 18, 2021
^ ethioexploreradmin. "Prof. Getachew Haile to Receive Abebe Bikila's Life Time Achievement Award on September 22, 2018 in Toronto – EthioExplorer.com". Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ McCollum, Adam Carter, ed. Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History Festschrift for Getatchew Haile Presented by his Friends and Colleagues. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
^ "Edward Ullendorff Medal | British Academy". British Academy. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Tribute to the late Prof. Getachew Haile". Ethiopian Tribune. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ A., Balashova, Galina (2016). "Rebecca Haile – a New Star in the Ethiopian Literary Firmament". Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures (50): 149–158. ISSN 0860-4649.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Zar'a Yā'eqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (2013). The homily of Zärʼa Yaʻe̳qob's Mäṣḥafä Be̳rhan on the rite of baptism and religious instruction. Getatchew Haile. Lovanii. ISBN 978-90-429-2752-0. OCLC 853452562.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Getatchew Haile (2013). Voices from Däbrä Zämäddo : acts of Abba Bärtälomewos and Abba Yohannes : 45 miracles of Mary. Wiesbaden, Germany. ISBN 978-3-447-19290-3. OCLC 889301454.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Getatchew Haile (2008). ʼAndāftā lāwgāčehu. Koléǧvil, Minisotā: Getatchew Haile. ISBN 978-0-9706663-4-5. OCLC 682146136.
^ Getatchew Haile; ጌታቸው ኃይሌ (2004). Daqiqa ʼEsṭifānos : "Ba-ḥeg ʼAmlak". Koléǧvil, Minisotā . ISBN 0-9706663-2-2. OCLC 60712518.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Getatchew Haile; ጌታቸው ኃይሌ (2002). YaʼAbā Bāḥrey dersatoč ʼOromočen kamimalakatu léloč sanadoč gārā. activeth century Bāḥrey, activeth century ባሕርይ. Koléǧvil (Minisotā) . ISBN 0-9706663-1-4. OCLC 60741817.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Getatchew Haile (2000). Bāḥra ḥasāb : yazaman qwaṭarā qersāčen katārik māstāwašā gārā (1st ed.). Koléǧvil, Minisotā: G. Haile. ISBN 0-9706663-0-6. OCLC 52508602.
^ Getatchew Haile (1993). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.
^ a b c Haile, Getatchew (2010). "Ethiopia" (PDF). In Patte, Daniel (ed.). The Cambridge dictionary of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-00792-4. OCLC 707078776.
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1992). "Review of Beauty of the Creation (Śənä Fəṭrät)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2 (2): 253–255. doi:10.1017/S1356186300002443. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 25182514. S2CID 162743774.
^ Irvine, A. K. (June 1985). "Getatchew Haile: The different collections of nägś hymns in Ethiopic literature and their contributions. (Oikonomia. Quellen und Studien zur Orthodoxen Theologie, Bd. 19.) , PP. Erlangen: Lehrstuhl für Geschichte und Theologie des christlichen Ostens, 1983". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 48 (2): 364. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00033632. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 177283389.
^ Getatchew Haile (1979). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. IV: Project Numbers 1101–1500. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologist"},{"link_name":"Ge'ez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellows Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Edward Ullendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Getatchew Haile (Amharic: ጌታቸው ኀይሌ, romanized: Gētachew Ḫäyilē; April 19, 1931 – June 10, 2021)[1] was an Ethiopian-American philologist widely considered the foremost scholar of the Ge'ez language[2] and one of its most prolific (he published more than 150 books and articles).[3] He was acknowledged for his contributions to the field with a MacArthur Fellows Program \"genius\" award[4][5] and the Edward Ullendorff Medal from the Council of the British Academy.[6] He was the first Ethiopian and the first African to win the award.[7][8][9]","title":"Getatchew Haile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shenkora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenkora"},{"link_name":"Shoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoa,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Ge'ez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_language"},{"link_name":"liturgical language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Coptic Theological College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"American University in Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Sidamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidamo_Province"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Solomonic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator"},{"link_name":"Mengistu Haile Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam"},{"link_name":"Marxist-Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist-Leninism"},{"link_name":"Derg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg"},{"link_name":"military dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Army"},{"link_name":"Red Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout"},{"link_name":"resisting arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resisting_arrest"},{"link_name":"death squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad"},{"link_name":"BBC World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"prisoner of conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"paraplegic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegia"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"wheelchair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Haile was born in the rural village of Tute in Shenkora (part of the province of Shoa in the Ethiopian Empire).[10] As a boy, he attended an Ethiopian Orthodox Church school, where he learned Ge'ez liturgical language and \"devoted his energies to reading and understanding the texts.\"[11]From 1945 to 1951, he attended Trinity School in Addis Ababa. Haile moved to Cairo in 1952, and lived there through most of the 1950s, graduating from the Coptic Theological College, Cairo, Egypt with a B.D. in 1957, and from the American University in Cairo, with a B.A. in 1957. He then moved to West Germany in 1957, where he received a Ph.D. from the Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen in Semitic Philology in 1962. The title of his dissertation was Das Verbalsystem im Äthiopischen: Ein morphologischer Vergleich mit den orientalischen semitischen Sprachen.[11] Haile married Misrak Amare on July 12, 1964, in Sidamo.[12]During the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, Haile, a believer in constitutional monarchy under the Solomonic dynasty, became a member of the transitional Ethiopian Parliament from Shoa province. Due to his vocal criticism of both dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam and the Marxist-Leninist and Soviet-backed Derg military dictatorship,[11] the Ethiopian Army came to Haile's home at the beginning of the Red Terror in 1975. According to the Ethiopian Government, Haile was involved in a shootout while resisting arrest, but was eventually wounded and captured. According to Getachew Haile, on the other hand, he was the victim of a premeditated and unprovoked assassination attempt by a Derg death squad. After the BBC World Service and Voice of America publicized him as a prisoner of conscience worldwide, the Ethiopian government released him.[13] Through the intervention of friends, Haile was allowed to travel to London for medical treatment. He was left as a paraplegic due to bullet damage to his spinal cord, and needed to use a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.[14]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Addis Ababa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Saint John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Saint_Benedict_and_Saint_John%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Collegeville, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegeville,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hill Museum & Manuscript Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Museum_%26_Manuscript_Library"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Abba Estifanos of Gwendagwende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Estifanos_of_Gwendagwende"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Extracts from Adam's Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracts_from_Adam%27s_Diary"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Ge'ez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"Haile was associate professor in the Department of Ethiopian Languages and Literature, Haile Selassie I University (now Addis Ababa University), from 1962 to 1969, and 1971 to 1974, where he taught Amharic Grammar, Amharic Literature, Ge'ez Grammar, Ge'ez Literature, Arabic Grammar, and Semitic Linguistics.[15] He was appointed head of the department in 1965.After arriving in the U.S. in 1976, Haile joined Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota. He eventually became a Regents Professor Emeritus of Medieval Studies and Curator Emeritus of the Ethiopian Study Center at the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library.[16][5] At HMML, he prepared catalogues of more than six thousand Ethiopian manuscripts and trained Ethiopic manuscript cataloguers in paleography, dating, and other skills.[17][18][19][20][21]He was on the advisory board of a number of journals, including Comité de lecture of Analecta Bollandiana (Journal of Christian Hagiography), Ethiopian Journal of Education, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Northeast African Studies, Ethiopian Register (1994–2001), and Acta Aethiopica (1980–89).[22][23]In addition to his writings and translations of a variety of works on Ethiopia and the Orthodox church, he produced two two-volume books on the history and beliefs of Abba Estifanos of Gwendagwende, one in 2006[24] and the other in 2011.[25] His first translation, into Amharic, was of Mark Twain's short story Extracts from Adam's Diary in 1965.[11]The languages in which he worked were Amharic, Ge'ez, Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, German, and Coptic.[11]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Edward Ullendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff"},{"link_name":"School of Oriental and Asian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-28"},{"link_name":"Christian oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-28"},{"link_name":"Amha Asfaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amha_Asfaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"Haile's work has frequently been described as foundational to the field of Ethiopian studies and has won many awards.[26][27]Edward Ullendorff, professor of Semitic studies at the School of Oriental and Asian Studies, described Haile's work as \"highly significant\" due to his \"profoundly erudite\" knowledge of Ethiopic language and literature.[7][11] On another occasion, Ullendorff wrote that Haile's work represented the \"most meticulous and original study of Ethiopic literature\" ever done, and \"on a scale and depth never before attempted.\"[28] He added, \"no other person before Getatchew Haile has ever been able to survey so much of Ethiopic literary creation and thus to gain so sovereign a command of this genre\", which made a contribution not only to Ethiopian studies but also the study of Christian oriental writing more generally.[28]The Ethiopian poet Amha Asfaw wrote a poem in Amharic for him in 1999.[11]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sossina M. Haile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sossina_M._Haile"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-29"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_of_the_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai Morningside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Morningside"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Sahle-Work Zewde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahle-Work_Zewde"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Haile and his wife, Misrak Amare, had four children, adopted two more, and had many grandchildren. Among his children are the material science professor Sossina M. Haile and the author Rebecca G. Haile.[29]Haile served as a confidante of the Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the 1960s, as well as the Church's representative to the World Council of Churches.[29]Haile never returned to Ethiopia after leaving in 1975.[12] He remained critical of the successive Ethiopian governments: in 2005, Ethiopian authorities charged him in absentia with treason for his comments.[13]Haile and his wife moved to New York City in 2016. He died at Mount Sinai Morningside hospital on June 10, 2021, at the age of 90.[12] President Sahle-Work Zewde expressed her condolences to Haile's family in a press release.[30]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessandro Bausi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Bausi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"EBS TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBS_TV_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Haile gave a video lecture on the Täˀammərä Maryam, the Ethiopian Miracles of Mary stories, on May 23, 2020. Alessandro Bausi (professor, University of Hamburg), Kay Shelemay (professor, Harvard University), Elias Wondimu (CEO of Tsehai Publishers), and Habtamu Tegegne (professor, Rutgers University) spoke about Getatchew Haile's contributions.[31]In 2018, he gave an Amharic-language interview for EBS TV at the Minneapolis Institute of Art.[32] He also gave a video lecture at the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library in April 2020.[33]","title":"Lectures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellows Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Abebe Bikila's Life Time Achievement Award, 2018[34]\nHonoree of a festschrift volume in 2017: Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History Festschrift for Getatchew Haile Presented by his Friends and Colleagues[35]\nCouncil of the British Academy, Edward Ullendorff Medal 2014, awarded for scholarly distinction and achievements in the field of Semitic languages or Ethiopian studies[36]\nSociety of Ethiopians Established in Diaspora Annual Award, 1986[12]\nCorresponding Fellow of the British Academy, 1987–2021[12]\nMacArthur Fellows Program, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship, 1988–1993[5]\nEthiopian Government Award for academic excellence, 1991 (declined)[37]\nMember, Ethiopian Parliament, representing the province of Shoa, 1974–75[38]","title":"Honors and distinctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-429-2513-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2513-7"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-429-1741-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1741-5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-46"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-940250-55-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940250-55-0"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-18"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"The Homily of Zär'a Ya'əqob's Mäshafä Bərhan on the Rite of Baptism and Religious Instruction CSCO, text, Vol. 653/114, and trans., Vol. 654/115. Louvain: Peeters, 2013[39]\nVoices from Däbrä Zämäddo: Acts of Abba Bärtälomewos and Abba Yoḥannǝs 45 Miracles of Mary (Aethiopistische Forschungen 79), Wiesbaden 2013[40]\nA History of the first Estifanosite Monks. 2 vols. (ed. & tr.) Louvain: Peeters, 2011, ISBN 978-90-429-2513-7\nAmdafta Lawgahu (Let Me Entertain You for a Moment: An Amharic Autobiography), Collegeville, (Minnesota), 2008[41]\nThe Ge'ez Acts of Abba Esṭifanos of Gwendagwende, 2 vols. (ed. & tr.). Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-90-429-1741-5\nDeqiqe Istifanos: Behigg Amlak (Hagiographies of the Estifanosite monks who flourished and were martyred in the fifteenth century, in Amharic), Collegeville (Minnesota), 2004[42]\nYa'Abā Bā'rey Dersatoč (The Works of Abba Bā'rey with Other Documents Concerning the Oromo, in Amharic), Collegeville (Minnesota), 2002[43]\nBahra Hassab (= Computus). (On the Ethiopian Calendar, with Annals of Ethiopian History, in Amharic), Collegeville (Minnesota), 2000.[44]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1993[45]\nThe Mariology of Emperor Zära Ya'qob of Ethiopia (Orientalia Christiana Analecta, No. 242), Rome 1992[46]\nBeauty of the Creation, with Misrak Amare, University of Manchester, 1991[47]\nThe Epistle of Humanity of Emperor Zär'a Ya'qob (Ṭomarä Tsb't), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium series, Vol. 522/Aeth. 95, tr. 523/Aeth. 96 (1991)[46]\nThe Faith of the Unctionists in the Ethiopian Church (Haymanot Msi'awit), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium series, Vol. 517/Aeth. 91 (1990)[46]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. IX: Project Numbers 3501–4000, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1987. ISBN 978-0-940250-55-0\nThe Different Collections of Nägś Hymns of the Ethiopic Literature (Oikonomia No. 19), Erlangen (Germany), 1983[48]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. VIII: Project Numbers 3001–3500, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1985[17]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. VII: Project Numbers 2501–3000, (with a checklist by William F. Macomber), Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1983[19]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. VI: Project Numbers 2001–2500, (with a checklist by William F. Macomber), Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1982[21]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. V: Project Numbers 1501–2000, (with a checklist by William F. Macomber) Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1981[18]\nA Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. IV: Project Numbers 1101–1500, Collegeville, (Minnesota) 1979[49]\nMark Twain's Letters from Earth (adapted into Amharic from the German version, Tagebuch von Adam und Eva), Addis Ababa, 1968[11]\nDas Verbalsystem im Äthiopischen. Ein morphologischer Vergleich mit den orientalischen semitischen Sprachen. Diss., Tübingen 1962[11]","title":"Books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Congress, The Library of. \"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\". id.loc.gov. Retrieved April 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79087751.html","url_text":"\"LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\""}]},{"reference":"Galawdewos (October 13, 2015). The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros: A Seventeenth-Century African Biography of an Ethiopian Woman. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400874149.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ofT8CAAAQBAJ&q=intitle:life+intitle:struggles+intitle:mother","url_text":"The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros: A Seventeenth-Century African Biography of an Ethiopian Woman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400874149","url_text":"9781400874149"}]},{"reference":"Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GnErAQAAIAAJ&q=getatchew+macarthur","url_text":"Jet"}]},{"reference":"MacArthur Fellows: The First 25 Years, 1981-2005. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8oiAQAAIAAJ&q=getatchew+macarthur","url_text":"MacArthur Fellows: The First 25 Years, 1981-2005"}]},{"reference":"Delamarter, Steve; Haile, Getatchew (January 31, 2013). Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project: Codices 106-200 and Magic Scrolls 135-284. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9780227173848.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=neQFBAAAQBAJ&q=getatchew+macarthur","url_text":"Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project: Codices 106-200 and Magic Scrolls 135-284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227173848","url_text":"9780227173848"}]},{"reference":"Ullendorff, Edward (1996). \"Review of A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville. Vol. X. Project Numbers 4001-5000\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 59 (1): 205–206. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 619459.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X","url_text":"0041-977X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/619459","url_text":"619459"}]},{"reference":"\"MacArthur Foundation Awards Black Genius\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (24): 49–51. 1999. doi:10.2307/2999069. ISSN 1077-3711. JSTOR 2999069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2999069","url_text":"10.2307/2999069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-3711","url_text":"1077-3711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2999069","url_text":"2999069"}]},{"reference":"\"African-American Recipients of MacArthur Foundation \"Genius Grants,\" 1981-1996\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (13): 51. 1996. ISSN 1077-3711. JSTOR 2963164.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-3711","url_text":"1077-3711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963164","url_text":"2963164"}]},{"reference":"Haile, Getatchew (2016). ʼAndāftā lāwgāčehu (in Amharic). Collegeville, Minnesota: Getatchew Haile. ISBN 978-0-9706663-4-5. OCLC 682146136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682146136","url_text":"ʼAndāftā lāwgāčehu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9706663-4-5","url_text":"978-0-9706663-4-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682146136","url_text":"682146136"}]},{"reference":"McCollum, Adam Carter (2017). Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History: Festschrift for Getatchew Haile, Presented by His Friends and Colleagues. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10848-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bRZwswEACAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History: Festschrift for Getatchew Haile, Presented by His Friends and Colleagues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10848-5","url_text":"978-3-447-10848-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Prof. Getatchew Haile (1931-2021)\". Tadias Magazine. June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tadias.com/06/13/2021/obituary-prof-getatchew-haile-1931-2021/","url_text":"\"Obituary: Prof. Getatchew Haile (1931-2021)\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Amy (April 8, 2007). \"Joy amid struggle – The Getatchew Haile story\". St. Cloud Times – via EthiopianReview.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethiopianreview.com/index/1075","url_text":"\"Joy amid struggle – The Getatchew Haile story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud_Times","url_text":"St. Cloud Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Columba Stewart and Getatchew Haile – Preserving Words and Worlds\". The On Being Project. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://onbeing.org/programs/columba-stewart-and-getatchew-haile-preserving-words-and-worlds/","url_text":"\"Columba Stewart and Getatchew Haile – Preserving Words and Worlds\""}]},{"reference":"Haile, Rebecca G. (May 1, 2007). Held at a Distance: My Rediscovery of Ethiopia. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 9780897336598.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KbCEBAAAQBAJ&q=getatchew+haile+shoa&pg=PA3","url_text":"Held at a Distance: My Rediscovery of Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897336598","url_text":"9780897336598"}]},{"reference":"Haile, Getatchew; Terefe, Melaku (2011). Catalog of the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9780227173503.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UuQFBAAAQBAJ&q=getatchew+macarthur&pg=PA412","url_text":"Catalog of the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227173503","url_text":"9780227173503"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (1985). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VIII: Project Numbers 3001-3500. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog08","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VIII: Project Numbers 3001-3500"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (1981). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. V: Project Numbers 1501-2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog05","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. V: Project Numbers 1501-2000"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (1983). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VII: Project Numbers 2501-3000. William F. Macomber. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog07","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VII: Project Numbers 2501-3000"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (1993). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog10","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (1982). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VI: Project Numbers 2001–2500. William F. Macomber. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog06","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. VI: Project Numbers 2001–2500"}]},{"reference":"\"Bikila Award: Events\". bikilaaward.org. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikilaaward.org/news_events/award_winners/index.html","url_text":"\"Bikila Award: Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopianists – Wendy Laura Belcher\". wendybelcher.com. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/ethiopianists/","url_text":"\"Ethiopianists – Wendy Laura Belcher\""}]},{"reference":"The Geʻez Acts of Abba Esṭifanos of Gwendagwende. Getatchew Haile. Lovanii [Louvain, Belgium]: Peeters. 2006. ISBN 90-429-1740-7. OCLC 84611961.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84611961","url_text":"The Geʻez Acts of Abba Esṭifanos of Gwendagwende"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1740-7","url_text":"90-429-1740-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84611961","url_text":"84611961"}]},{"reference":"A history of the first Esṭifanosite monks. Getatchew Haile. Louvain. 2011. ISBN 978-90-429-2512-0. OCLC 759000813.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759000813","url_text":"A history of the first Esṭifanosite monks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2512-0","url_text":"978-90-429-2512-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759000813","url_text":"759000813"}]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1992). \"Beauty of the creation (śәnä Fәṭrät). By Getatchew Haile and Misrak Amare. (Journal of Semitic Studies Monograph 16.) pp. x, 87 Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1991\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2 (2): 253–255. doi:10.1017/S1356186300002443. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 162743774.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1356186300002443/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"Beauty of the creation (śәnä Fәṭrät). By Getatchew Haile and Misrak Amare. (Journal of Semitic Studies Monograph 16.) pp. x, 87 Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1991\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300002443","url_text":"10.1017/S1356186300002443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863","url_text":"1356-1863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743774","url_text":"162743774"}]},{"reference":"Irvine, A. K. (1986). \"Stanislav Segert and Andrās J. E. Bodrogligeti (ed.): Ethiopian studies: dedicated to Wolf Leslau on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday November 14th, 1981 by friends and colleagues. xii, 582 pp. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983. DM 198\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 49 (1): 219–220. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00042713. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 161072186.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0041977X00042713/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"Stanislav Segert and Andrās J. E. Bodrogligeti (ed.): Ethiopian studies: dedicated to Wolf Leslau on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday November 14th, 1981 by friends and colleagues. xii, 582 pp. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983. DM 198\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00042713","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X00042713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X","url_text":"0041-977X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161072186","url_text":"161072186"}]},{"reference":"Haile, Rebecca G. (May 1, 2007). Held at a Distance: My Rediscovery of Ethiopia. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-0-89733-556-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wLGEBAAAQBAJ&q=getatchew+haile+misrak+amare&pg=PA189","url_text":"Held at a Distance: My Rediscovery of Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89733-556-0","url_text":"978-0-89733-556-0"}]},{"reference":"\"President expresses condolences over death of veteran Scholar Prof Getachew Haile\". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fanabc.com/english/president-expresses-condolences-over-death-of-veteran-scholar-prof-getachew-haile/","url_text":"\"President expresses condolences over death of veteran Scholar Prof Getachew Haile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks by Prof. Getatchew Haile on the Ethiopian Miracles of Mary\". betamasaheft.eu. May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/lectures.html","url_text":"\"Remarks by Prof. Getatchew Haile on the Ethiopian Miracles of Mary\""}]},{"reference":"Reyot - Interview with Professor Getachew Haile Part 1, archived from the original on December 15, 2021, retrieved June 18, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDnNoLsi2vM","url_text":"Reyot - Interview with Professor Getachew Haile Part 1"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/wDnNoLsi2vM","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile, Hill Museum & Manuscript Library, archived from the original on December 15, 2021, retrieved June 18, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4TL0n7CAPY","url_text":"Getatchew Haile, Hill Museum & Manuscript Library"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/h4TL0n7CAPY","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"ethioexploreradmin. \"Prof. Getachew Haile to Receive Abebe Bikila's Life Time Achievement Award on September 22, 2018 in Toronto – EthioExplorer.com\". Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200704174243/https://www.ethioexplorer.com/prof-getachew-haile-to-receive-abebe-bikilas-life-time-achievement-award-on-september-22-2018-in-toronto/","url_text":"\"Prof. Getachew Haile to Receive Abebe Bikila's Life Time Achievement Award on September 22, 2018 in Toronto – EthioExplorer.com\""},{"url":"https://ethioexplorer.com/prof-getachew-haile-to-receive-abebe-bikilas-life-time-achievement-award-on-september-22-2018-in-toronto/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edward Ullendorff Medal | British Academy\". British Academy. Retrieved December 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britac.ac.uk/edward-ullendorff-medal","url_text":"\"Edward Ullendorff Medal | British Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tribute to the late Prof. Getachew Haile\". Ethiopian Tribune. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethiopiantribune.com/news/professor-getachew-haile/","url_text":"\"Tribute to the late Prof. Getachew Haile\""}]},{"reference":"A., Balashova, Galina (2016). \"Rebecca Haile – a New Star in the Ethiopian Literary Firmament\". Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures (50): 149–158. ISSN 0860-4649.","urls":[{"url":"http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-82b3c93b-3bf9-45bb-a290-25072f36afbf","url_text":"\"Rebecca Haile – a New Star in the Ethiopian Literary Firmament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0860-4649","url_text":"0860-4649"}]},{"reference":"Zar'a Yā'eqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (2013). The homily of Zärʼa Yaʻe̳qob's Mäṣḥafä Be̳rhan on the rite of baptism and religious instruction. Getatchew Haile. Lovanii. ISBN 978-90-429-2752-0. OCLC 853452562.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853452562","url_text":"The homily of Zärʼa Yaʻe̳qob's Mäṣḥafä Be̳rhan on the rite of baptism and religious instruction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2752-0","url_text":"978-90-429-2752-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853452562","url_text":"853452562"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (2013). Voices from Däbrä Zämäddo : acts of Abba Bärtälomewos and Abba Yohannes : 45 miracles of Mary. Wiesbaden, Germany. ISBN 978-3-447-19290-3. 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OCLC 682146136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682146136","url_text":"ʼAndāftā lāwgāčehu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9706663-4-5","url_text":"978-0-9706663-4-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682146136","url_text":"682146136"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile; ጌታቸው ኃይሌ (2004). Daqiqa ʼEsṭifānos : \"Ba-ḥeg ʼAmlak\". Koléǧvil, Minisotā [Minnesota]. ISBN 0-9706663-2-2. OCLC 60712518.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60712518","url_text":"Daqiqa ʼEsṭifānos : \"Ba-ḥeg ʼAmlak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9706663-2-2","url_text":"0-9706663-2-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60712518","url_text":"60712518"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile; ጌታቸው ኃይሌ (2002). YaʼAbā Bāḥrey dersatoč ʼOromočen kamimalakatu léloč sanadoč gārā. activeth century Bāḥrey, activeth century ባሕርይ. Koléǧvil (Minisotā) [Hill Museum and Manuscript Library, Saint John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota]. ISBN 0-9706663-1-4. OCLC 60741817.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60741817","url_text":"YaʼAbā Bāḥrey dersatoč ʼOromočen kamimalakatu léloč sanadoč gārā"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9706663-1-4","url_text":"0-9706663-1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60741817","url_text":"60741817"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (2000). Bāḥra ḥasāb : yazaman qwaṭarā qersāčen katārik māstāwašā gārā (1st ed.). Koléǧvil, Minisotā: G. Haile. ISBN 0-9706663-0-6. OCLC 52508602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52508602","url_text":"Bāḥra ḥasāb : yazaman qwaṭarā qersāčen katārik māstāwašā gārā"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9706663-0-6","url_text":"0-9706663-0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52508602","url_text":"52508602"}]},{"reference":"Getatchew Haile (1993). A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000. Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog10","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Vol. X: Project Numbers 4001–5000"}]},{"reference":"Haile, Getatchew (2010). \"Ethiopia\" (PDF). In Patte, Daniel (ed.). The Cambridge dictionary of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-00792-4. OCLC 707078776.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/4166/ETHIOPIA.pdf","url_text":"\"Ethiopia\""},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707078776","url_text":"The Cambridge dictionary of Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00792-4","url_text":"978-1-139-00792-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707078776","url_text":"707078776"}]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1992). \"Review of Beauty of the Creation (Śənä Fəṭrät)\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2 (2): 253–255. doi:10.1017/S1356186300002443. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 25182514. S2CID 162743774.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182514","url_text":"\"Review of Beauty of the Creation (Śənä Fəṭrät)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300002443","url_text":"10.1017/S1356186300002443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863","url_text":"1356-1863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182514","url_text":"25182514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743774","url_text":"162743774"}]},{"reference":"Irvine, A. K. (June 1985). \"Getatchew Haile: The different collections of nägś hymns in Ethiopic literature and their contributions. (Oikonomia. Quellen und Studien zur Orthodoxen Theologie, Bd. 19.) [viii], [104] PP. Erlangen: Lehrstuhl für Geschichte und Theologie des christlichen Ostens, 1983\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 48 (2): 364. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00033632. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 177283389.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0041977X00033632/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"Getatchew Haile: The different collections of nägś hymns in Ethiopic literature and their contributions. (Oikonomia. Quellen und Studien zur Orthodoxen Theologie, Bd. 19.) [viii], [104] PP. 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Collegeville (Minn.): Hill Monastic Manuscript Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMMLCatalog04","url_text":"A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, vol. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_City_College_Football | Baltimore City College football | ["1 History","1.1 Early History (1870s-1918)","1.2 Maryland Scholastic Association (MSA) era (1919-1993)","1.3 Maryland Public Secondary School Athletic Association (MPSSAA) era (1993-present)","2 City-Poly rivalry","3 Head coaching history","4 City College players in the National Football League","5 Past seasons results, standings","6 Notes","7 References"] | Basketball team in MD, USBaltimore City College footballNicknameCity College Black KnightsConferenceMPSSAA 3A North RegionDivisionBaltimore City (Division 1)LeagueMaryland Scholastic Association (MSA) Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association (MPSSAA)StadiumGeorge Petrides Stadium at Alumni FieldCapacity2,000LocationBaltimore, MD, USTeam colorsOrange and BlackHead coachRodney Joyner (4th season); 22-12 (.647)Championships(18) MSA Conference Championships 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992Conference titles(4) MPSSAA Regional Championships 1996, 2001, 2005, 2023Division titles(2) Baltimore City League Division Championships2005, 2006Websitebccathletics.com
The Baltimore City College football team, known as the "Black Knights", or formerly "Castlemen", and "Alamedans", has represented Baltimore City College, popularly referred to as "City", the flagship public college preparatory school in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, for nearly 150 years in the sport of gridiron football. Until 1953, the school's athletic teams were primarily referred to as the "Collegians", a moniker that is still used alternatively today. The team is the oldest high school football program in Maryland and is among the oldest high school football programs in the United States. The program was among the nation's best in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, finishing ranked in national high school football polls on multiple occasions.
In the late-1890s, City College competed as a member of the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association (MIFA) against colleges in Maryland and Washington, D.C. The school joined the Maryland Scholastic Association (MSA) in 1919 as a founding member and remained a member until 1992 when it withdrew to join the Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association (MPSSAA) in 1993. The school left the MSA to compete for state championships with Maryland's other public high schools.
The program has a history of producing NFL talent, with 14 alumni reaching the professional ranks of the National Football League. City College also has a legacy of successful head football coaches. This list includes George Young, former General Manager of the New York Jets and George Petrides, whose 257 career wins ranks eighth all-time among Maryland high school football coaches.
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Poly) has been the team's primary rival since the two schools first met in 1889. The rivalry is believed to be the second-oldest high school football rivalry in the United States between public high schools, predated only by the English High School of Boston-Boston Latin School football rivalry. The rivalry began in 1889 and the teams have met 134 times in history. City College leads the series 66-62-6.
History
Early History (1870s-1918)
Members of the 1895 Baltimore City College football team
In the mid-1870s, as American football gained popularity, City College emerged as one of the first high schools in the Baltimore area to sponsor the sport. In the program's early years, the team played intersquad games with students also serving as coaches. This early adoption led to a unique situation where, due to a lack of comparable high school teams in the region, the team routinely traveled by train to face out-of-state high school opponents like the Central High School Lancers from nearby Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a matchup featuring the second- and third-oldest public high schools in the country. During this period, City College football also played against current NCAA Division I, II, and III college teams like the Maryland Terrapins, the Navy Midshipmen, the Frostburg State Bobcats, and the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays.
In the late-1890s, City College joined the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association (MIFA) with colleges in Maryland and Washington, D.C. MIFA members included colleges that ultimately became the University of Maryland, College Park; Johns Hopkins University; Loyola University Maryland; Mount St. Mary's University; Washington College; St. John's College; Gallaudet University; and McDaniel College. As the league's only preparatory school, the Collegians often struggled against older competition. The trend was not exclusive to games against MIFA competition. The program finished a challenging 1895 season with a 3–13 win-loss record, including a significant defeat by Navy, enthusiasm for the team remained high. This passion was evident in 1896 when City College faced Gettysburg College, suffering a 50–0 loss but receiving robust support as they traveled to Hampton, Virginia for a game against the Hampton Athletic Club. By the end of the 1890s, City College became more competitive against collegiate teams, including a 6–5 loss at William & Mary Tribe football in 1899.
The first football game against the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Engineers (often referred to as Poly) was played during the programs early years. The first recorded City-Poly football game was played at Baltimore's Clifton Park in 1889. This game marked the beginning of what is believed to be the second-longest continual public high school football rivalry in the United States, after the Boston Latin School-The English High School rivalry, which started two years earlier in 1887. From 1889 to 1900, City College dominated this rivalry, winning all 12 games during this period. However, by 1918, Poly and other local schools began to surpass City College football in their training and game preparations. This shift was partly due to City College's downtown Baltimore location, which limited the program's access to bonafide practice fields. The City College football continued scheduling a mix of high schools and colleges until the school became a founding member of the Maryland Scholastic Association in 1919.
Maryland Scholastic Association (MSA) era (1919-1993)
Under the guidance of Head Coach Harry Lawrence, City College consistently defeated local rivals, including Polytechnic, whom they beat each year from 1934 to 1942. The team also began facing out-of-state opponents, notably defeating Petersburg High School (VA) in 1936. The 1936 squad finished its season with an undefeated record, but later lost the MSA championship due to eligibility issues with a player. Despite beating McDonough High School during the season, the title was awarded to them. By 1940, Lawrence's coaching prowess had led City College to an impressive 38-game undefeated streak and three MSA championships. In 1941, the undefeated Knights traveled to Florida to play Miami High School in the sweltering heat of the Orange Bowl stadium, a drastic change from their usual colder playing conditions, and suffered a loss. During World War II, Lawrence and assistant coach Otts Helms joined the military. Lawrence returned to coaching in 1947 at Bucknell University, where he mentored future City College head coach George Young). In 1950, Andy Defassio took over as head coach, with Robert Lumsden as his assistant. However, Lumsden soon moved to Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, where he became a legendary coach.
George Young, who became head football coach in 1959, brought significant changes. Originally a history teacher at City and an assistant coach at Calvert Hall College High School, Young emphasized discipline and academic performance. Young's summer training camps focused heavily on running and conditioning, contributing to his teams winning six out of eight games against Poly during the 1960s and securing six MSA championships. One of the most notable City-Poly games under Young's coaching occurred on Thanksgiving Day in 1965 at Baltimore Memorial Stadium, drawing roughly 25,000 spectators. City triumphed over Poly with a score of 52–6, completing an undefeated 9–0 season and finished ranked No. 8 nationally by National Sports News Service (NSNS). Many coaches argued that the team should have finished the season ranked as high as No. 2 in the country, but the team was penalized in the poll for not playing at least 10 games and not playing in a state championship tournament. This game set a record for the highest points scored in the rivalry, and notable players like Sykes and Person advanced to the NFL. Kurt Schmoke, who later served as Mayor of Baltimore, was the quarterback. Following Young's departure from the program in 1967, three head coaches led the program until 1974. George Young was enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021.
George Petrides served as head football coach from 1975 until he retired in 2015. Petrides, a 1967 City College graduate, coached the team through MSA football seasons from his hire in 1975 until the school left the MSA for the MPSSAA in 1992. Under his leadership, the Black Knights achieved remarkable success, including a record 29-game winning streak and multiple MSA conference championships.
Maryland Public Secondary School Athletic Association (MPSSAA) era (1993-present)
The Knights on defense vs. Poly, 1994
City College joined the Maryland Public Secondary School Athletic Association (MPSSAA) in 1993 and was expected to compete for football championships immediately after having won a MSA football championship in 1992. City College football has won four MPSSAA regional championships in 1996, 2001, 2005, and 2023 and two MPSSAA district championships in 2005 and 2006. George Petrides, the longest-serving head football coach in school history, announced his retirement in 2015. His 275 career wins ranks eight all-time among Maryland high school football coaches. His contributions to the program is commemorated by the naming of the team's stadium George Petrides Stadium at Alumni Field. The current head coach is Rodney Joyner, who led the program to an appearance in the 2023 MPSSAA Class 3A state semifinals, the program's first state semifinals appearance since 2005.
City-Poly rivalry
An admission ticket to the 1936 City-Poly game.
Main article: City-Poly football rivalry
The City–Poly football rivalry, also referred to as the "City-Poly game" is an American football rivalry between the Baltimore City College Black Knights (City) and the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Engineers (Poly). This matchup is the oldest football rivalry in Maryland. The rivalry is believed to be the second-oldest high school football rivalry in the United States between public high schools, predated only by the English High School of Boston-Boston Latin School football rivalry, which started two years earlier in 1887. The rivalry began in 1889 and the teams have met 134 times in history. In 2023, City won its 12th consecutive game in the rivalry, and now leads the series 66-62-6.
"The Game", as this rivalry is commonly referred to, has featured legendary high school football coaches like Harry Lawrence, Bob Lumsden, George Petrides, and George Young. In all, 25 former players in the City-Poly game ultimately played in the National Football League (NFL), which includes the 14 NFL players City has produced.
The first game in the rivalry was played on a field in northeast Baltimore's Clifton Park without spectators. Beginning in 1922, the game has been played at in large stadiums with seating capacities of 65,000 or more. From 1922 to 1996, the game was played at Baltimore Memorial Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium that was home to the Baltimore Colts and the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL and Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles. When the Ravens moved to M&T Bank Stadium in downtown Baltimore, the game moved to that location. The last City-Poly game at M&T Bank was played in 2017. The game is now played at Hughes Stadium on the campus of Morgan State University.
Head coaching history
George Petrides, City College Black Knights head football coach, 1975-2015
Baltimore City College has had 28 head coaches since organized football began in the early-1900s. The program has been led by several successful head coaches over the years. This list of notable head football coaches includes:
Harry Lawrence, who was head football coach from 1934 to 1941 and again in 1946, leading the team to a win-loss-tie record of 69–10–6 (.870). Lawrence left City College following the 1946 season to become head football coach at Bucknell University.
George Young was head football coach from 1959 to 1967. In his nine seasons as head coach, Young led the program to a win-loss-tie record of 60-11-2 (.927) and six MSA conference championships. After a coaching stint with the Baltimore Colts, Young became the General Manager of the New York Giants. Under Young's leadership, the Giants won fifty-three percent of their games, four NFC titles and two Super Bowls and the senior vice president of football operations for the National Football League.
George Petrides served as head football coach from 1975 until his retirement in 2015. In his 40 years at the helm, Petrides led the program to a win-loss-tie record of 257-144-1 (.670) and retired as the second-winningest high school football coach (by career wins) in Maryland behind only Good Counsel High School's Bob Malloy. Petrides won five MSA conference championships in 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, two MPSSAA division championships in 2005 and 2006, and three MPSSAA regional championships in 1996, 2001, 2005.
The 28 individuals who have served as Baltimore City College head football coach during the years are listed below.
No.
Name
Seasons
1
Hay Eichelberger
1904-1907
2
Captain Steinbacker
1908-1909
3
D. Claude Stonecipher
1910-1911
4
Harry (Dutch) Ruhle
1912-1914
5
Michael J. Thompson
1915-1916
6
Ferdinand Bonnette
1917
7
Herb Armstrong
1918
8
John Coulbourn
1919-1921
9
Chester H. Katenkamp
1922
10
Henry "Pop" Goodard
1923-1928
11
Vic Schmid
1929-1930
12
David Kaufman
1931-1933
13
Harry Lawrence
1934-1941
14
Charles Hirschauer
1942-1944
15
Charley Rudo
1945
16
Harry Lawrence
1946
17
Otts Helms
1947-1949
18
Andy Defassio
1950-1951
19
Otts Helm
1952-1953
20
Frank Lee
1954-1958
21
George Young
1959-1967
22
Robert Patzwall
1968
23
Robert Terpening
1969-1970
24
Ron Chartrand
1971-1974
25
George Petrides
1975–2015
26
Daryl Wade
2015–2017
27
Mike Hamilton
2017-2019
28
Rodney Joyner
2020–present
City College players in the National Football League
The program has a history of producing talented players who ultimately play professional football at the highest level. 14 City College football alumni have played in the National Football League (NFL). This list includes current NFL player Malik Hamm (Baltimore Ravens), as well as former NFL players like Charles Tapper, Bryant Johnson, and others, showcasing the program's ability to develop athletes capable of competing at the highest levels of the football.
Player
Pos
Teams
From
To
Malik Hamm
LB
BAL
2023
present
Charles Tapper
DE
DAL
2017
2017
Bryant Johnson
WR
ARI,SFO,DET,HOU
2003
2011
George Ragsdale
RB-WR
TAM
1977
1979
Thom Gatewood
TE-WR
NYG
1972
1973
Ara Person
TE
STL
1972
1972
John Sykes
WR
SDG
1972
1972
Bob Baldwin
FB
BAL
1966
1966
Reid Lennon
G-C-T
WAS,LAD
1945
1947
Gil Meyer
E-DE
BCL
1947
1947
John Wright
B
BCL
1947
1947
Art Brandau
C-G
PIT
1945
1946
Nick Campofreda
C-T
WAS
1944
1944
Past seasons results, standings
Results and standings 1895-1934
Year
W
L
T
PF
PA
Comments
1895
3
12
0
50
260
losses included 42-0 (Naval Academy), & 6-0 (University of Md.)
1896
2
5
0
24
116
opponents included a mix of high school and college teams
1897
1
3
1
8
62
uniform colors were gold, black and white
1898
1
2
1
8
62
1899
1900
1901
beat Poly 5-0
1902
1903
4
1
2
54
11
beat Poly 10-0
1904
2
1
0
35
6
won championship
1905
7
1
0
94
33
only loss: 18–0 to Central High of Philadelphia
1906
only highschool football team to be pictured in the Spalding Official Football Guide
1907
2
2
3
87
51
beat Loyola College, 53-0
1908
2
2
3
identical record to 1907 but first loss to Poly, 11-0
1909
2
4
1
42
61
loss to Poly, 11-0(again)
1910
4
3
0
38
52
1911
3
3
1
28
36
1912
5
3
0
191
101
1913
1
4
0
1914
2
2
2
46
46
1915
2
4
0
96
102
1916
5
1
1
133
18
only loss was to Poly
1917
1918
0
6
0
15
128
1919
1920
1921
3
3
0
34
103
1922
6
1
0
195
41
beat Poly, 27–0, after 8-year drought
1923
5
2
1
118
42
all 5 wins were by shut out, including 14–0 over Poly
1924
beat Poly
1925
5
5
0
71
209
all 5 losses were by shut out, including a 94-0 thumping by Lindbloom
1926
Harry Lawrence kicked winning field goal for Poly
1927
2
5
1
35
70
1928
3
6
1
70
144
1929
4
3
0
30
33
1930
2
4
1
30
71
1931
1
8
1
52
128
played Poly twice, 7–7 tie and 0–2 loss in charity game
1932
4
4
3
111
63
played Poly twice, 2 ties, 2nd tie counted as a loss
1933
0
8
0
12
129
no returning seniors
1934
5
2
1
103
37
Public School champions
City quarterback Kurt Schmoke completes pass in the 1965 game
Results and standings 1935-1974
Year
W
L
T
PF
PA
Comments
1935
4
1
1
109
18
only loss was to Mt. St. Joe who won MSA championship
1936
9
0
0
221
6
MSA champions, 8 wins by shut-out (title later forfeited, ineligible player)
1937
7
0
1
155
24
MSA champions
1938
9
0
1
271
12
MSA champions, largest margin of victory to that point over Poly (33-0)
1939
10
0
0
198
30
MSA champions
1940
8
0
1
206
6
MSA champions, all wins by shut-out
1941
8
2
0
230
40
MSA champions, lost last game to Miami Sr. High in Miami, Fl.
1942
6
1
1
139
28
MSA champions
1943
3
3
2
77
98
lost to Navy plebes, 46-0
1944
4
2
1
61
39
1945
1
5
1
58
108
only win was over an undefeated Forest Park team
1946
3
5
1
104
149
1947
6
3
0
161
75
23,000 in attendance at the City-Poly game
1948
1949
5
4
0
125
96
1950
2
4
1
84
128
1951
2
7
1
69
193
Al Kaline was team captain
1952
3
4
1
110
126
shut-out by Poly
1953
2
4
1
26
64
20,000 in attendance at City-Poly game
1954
2
5
0
71
122
1955
3
4
1
94
92
17,242 at City-poly game
1956
6
2
0
126
53
beat a George Young coached Calvert Hall team
1957
1958
4
3
1
113
65
1959
8
1
0
Lost to Poly
1960
3
3
2
70
98
beat Poly after 11-year drought
1961
8
0
0
258
38
MSA-A conference champions
1962
3
3
2
141
99
4th, MSA-A conference, Tom Duley at QB
1963
6
1
0
166
60
2nd, MSA-A conf., ended Bates of Annapolis 27 game win streak
1964
MSA-A conference champions
1965
9
0
0
331
49
MSA-A conference champions, ranked 7th in U.S., Kurt Schmoke at QB
1966
7
0
2
239
45
MSA-A conference co-champions, Schmoke at QB
1967
7
2
0
266
105
MSA-A conference co-champions
1968
7
2
0
162
82
MSA-A conference champions
1969
5
3
1
162
134
1970
1971
1972
1973
2
7
0
1974
2
6
1
Results and standings 1975-2014
Year
W
L
T
PF
PA
Comments
1975
3
7
0
110
226
1976
1977
4
6
0
n/a
n/a
1978
1
8
0
na
na
5,000 attendance at Poly game
1979
na
na
(no varsity teams at City in 1979)
1980
na
na
(no varsity teams at City in 1980)
1981
5
5
0
183
138
1982
1983
7
2
1
172
92
1984
4
6
0
100
171
lost 48–0 to Poly, largest deficit in series
1985
3
6
0
80
175
1986
8
3
0
263
121
MSA B-conference champions
1987
11
0
0
MSA B-conference champions, ended 17 game losing streak to Poly
1988
8
2
0
252
72
MSA-B conference champions
1989
6
2
0
159
88
1990
6
4
0
171
101
1991
10
0
0
282
57
MSA-A conference champions
1992
10
0
0
268
52
MSA-A conference champions
1993
9
1
0
340
97
made state quarterfinals
1994
8
2
1995
4
6
1996
9
3
made state semifinals
1997
7
3
0
224
111
1998
7
3
0
159
138
1999
1
8
0
72
244
2000
6
4
0
217
132
2001
11
1
0
298*
114
made state semifinals but lost to Hereford 9-0
*point totals include a 2–0 win over Poly caused by Poly forfeit
2002
7
4
0
238
95
made state quarterfinals
2003
7
3
0
n/a
n/a
2004
6
4
0
216
186
finished 5th, Baltimore City, did not make state playoffs
2005
11
2
0
212
136
Baltimore City Champions, lost in state semifinals (class 2-A north)
2006
11
1
0
356
33
Baltimore City Champions, lost 7–6, in 2nd round of state playoffs (3-A)
2007
8
3
0
315
217
moved back to class 2-A lost, first round, state playoffs
2008
6
4
0
249
133
2009
7
3
0
2010
8
4
0
lost 7–6 in 2nd round of state playoffs
2011
5
4
0
lost to Poly
2012
6
4
0
beat Poly
2013
8
3
0
lost to River Hill, 1st round of playoffs
2014
5
6
0
lost to Glenelg, 1st round of playoffs
2015
5
5
0
239
143
beat Poly 42-6
2016
6
4
0
beat Poly in 2OT
2017
beat Poly
2018
beat Poly
2019
5
5
0
171
150
beat Poly
2020
0
0
0
0
0
no games due to COVID-19
2021
8
4
0
290
155
beat Poly twice, lost to Linganore High School in 1st round of playoffs
2022
6
3
0
182
171
beat Poly (disqualified from state playoffs)
Notes
^ a b Escolona, Eduardo, ed. (1933). The 1933 Green Bag. p. 105.
^ "The City vs. Poly tradition lives on". 27 October 2023.
^ "2023 MPSSAA Baltimore Metro Football Report – Round 2 Playoff Review, Round 3 Playoff Preview". 15 November 2023.
^ Satterfield, Lem (4 November 1992). "Girls teams benefit, but city's move to MPSSAA forces sacrifices as well: Switch to state organization spells end of some traditions". The Sun. p. 1D. ProQuest 1976682475.
^ a b c "Baltimore City College (Baltimore, MD) Alumni Pro Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com.
^ "Winningest Coaches | MD Football Foundation | Football Records".
^ a b Patterson (2000), p. 7.
^ a b "City football claims dominant 44-6 win over Poly in 134th edition of rivalry: 'This game means everything for City'". 28 October 2023.
^ 1899 William & Mary Orange and White football team
^ a b "When City first clashed with Poly on the gridiron". November 2018.
^ Jackson, James H (7 January 1966). "City College Football Team Ranked 8th In Nation: NEWS GROUP PUTS MIAMI IN TOP SPOT Collegians Kept From Higher Rating By Shorter Schedule". The Sun. p. C1. ProQuest 539659379.
^ "George Young | Pro Football Hall of Fame".
^ "George Petrides of Baltimore City College Honored as Ravens HS Coach of the Week - September 11, 2006". National Football League. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
^ "Maryland's oldest football rivalry continues". November 2019.
^ "From humble roots, Lumsden brought success to Poly's teams". 26 October 2002.
^ a b "Longtime City football coach George Petrides retires". 5 August 2015.
^ "Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Baltimore, MD) Alumni Pro Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com.
^ "Kyle Goon: Ravens hopeful Malik Hamm has an incredible underdog story". 26 July 2023.
^ "M&T Bank Stadium no longer the permanent venue for Turkey Bowl, City-Poly football games". 14 November 2017.
^ "Harry Lawrence (American football)".
^ "George B. Young - General".
^ Marudas, Kyriakos (1988). The City-Poly Game. Baltimore: Gateway Press. p. 66.
^ "Malik Hamm Baltimore Raven". 15 August 2023.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.200.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.186.
^ Byrne, Harry Stevenson, chief editor (1898). The 1898 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Leonhart (1939), p.202.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.203.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.198.
^ a b Leonhart (1939), p.204.
^ Patterson, Ted (2000). Football In Baltimore. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 304. ISBN 0-8018-6424-0. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.205.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.205-206.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.206.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.206-207.
^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.207.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.208.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.209.
^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.210.
^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.211.
^ Kronsberg, Milton, ed. (1928). The 1928 Green Bag. pp. 259–270.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.212.
^ Nachlas, Morton, ed. (1930). The 1930 Green Bag. pp. 175–185.
^ Rosenbaum, Herbert, ed. (1931). The 1931 Green Bag. p. 179.
^ Freed, Arnold V., ed. (1932). The 1932 Green Bag. p. 168.
^ Goldsmith, Jewett, ed. (1934). The 1934 Green Bag. p. 95.
^ Horn, George, ed. (1935). The 1935 Green Bag. p. 85.
^ Leonhart (1939), p.214
^ Hamill, Walter Ward, ed. (1937). The 1937 Green Bag.
^ a b Leonhart (1939), p.215
^ Leonhart (1939), p.217
^ Harris, Murray R., ed. (1940). The 1940 Green Bag. p. 114.
^ Chesney, Robert (1941). The 1941 Green Bag. p. 145.
^ Katz, Hy, co-editor; Bill Groom (1942). The 1942 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Katz, Hy, co-editor; Sol Flam (1943). The 1943 Green Bag. p. 74. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Ginsberg, Leonard, ed. (1944). The 1944 Green Bag. pp. 70–71.
^ Caplan, Robert S., co-editor; Leon Greenberg (1945). The 1945 Green Bag. p. 102. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Easson, Graeme, ed. (1946). The 1946 Green Bag. p. 86.
^ Duvall, R. Lee, ed. (1947). The 1947 Green Bag. pp. 33–34.
^ Offit, Benson, ed. (1948). The 1947 Green Bag.
^ Greenberg, Lvon, ed. (1950). The 1950 Green Bag. p. 58.
^ Sax, Daniel, ed. (1950). The 1950 Green Bag. p. 100.
^ Silverwood, Harry, ed. (1952). The 1952 Green Bag.
^ Mogel, Ronald, chairman (1953). The 1953 Green Bag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Sirota, Wilbert, ed. (1954). The 1954 Green Bag. pp. 106–111.
^ Becker, John W., co-editor; Frank M. Waldorf (1955). The 1955 Green Bag. p. 38. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Walt, E. Millard editor (1956). The 1956 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ Feinberg, Rober co-editor; Charles Roebuck (1957). The 1957 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ Paritzky, Zorel, ed. (1959). The 1959 Green Bag. p. 55.
^ Goldstein, Alan (22 November 1959). "City Coach Hopeful In Thanksgiving Day Game With Poly: BOTH TEAMS UNDEFEATED Young Cites Collegians' Steady Improvement". The Sun. p. 7D. ProQuest 540559853.
^ Wolfe, Murray, ed. (1961). The 1961 Green Bag. p. 60.
^ Levin, Fred., ed. (1962). The 1962 Green Bag. p. 47.
^ Schultz, Michael J., ed. (1963). The 1963 Green Bag.
^ Konig, David, ed. (1964). The 1964 Green Bag. p. 69.
^ Schmerler, George, ed. (1966). The 1966 Green Bag. p. 88.
^ Strasberger (1967), p.73.
^ Berzofsky, Michael, ed. (1968). The 1968 Green Bag. p. 81.
^ Bondroff, Daniel, ed. (1969). The 1969 Green Bag. pp. 57–60.
^ Bosk, Harry, ed. (1970). The 1970 Green Bag. p. 95.
^ Lawrence, Edward, ed. (1974). The 1974 Green Bag. p. 83.
^ Wiggins, Edward, ed. (1975). The 1975 Green Bag.
^ Wiggins, Edward, ed. (1976). The 1976 Green Bag. p. 56.
^ Cook, Michael, ed. (1978). The 1977-78 Green Bag.
^ a b Dixon, Joseph V., ed. (1979). The 1979 Green Bag.
^ Sindelar, Robert, ed. (1982). The 1982 Green Bag. p. 78.
^ Mayer, Rus, ed. (1984). The 1984 Green Bag. p. 92.
^ Kargon, Dina, ed. (1985). The 1985 Green Bag. p. 85.
^ Arenson, Dana, ed. (1986). The 1986 Green Bag.
^ Gerstenberger, Lara, ed. (1987). The 1987 Green Bag. p. 82.
^ White, Stefan, ed. (1988). The 1988 Green Bag. p. 78.
^ Goldberg, David, co-editor; David Rubin (1989). The 1989 Green Bag. p. 138. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ George, Christa, ed. (1990). The 1990 Green Bag. p. 78.
^ Alt, Daniel, ed. (1991). The 1991 Green Bag. p. 109.
^ a b Kane, Gregory (2001-02-10). "Speaking of streaks, this one's even longer". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
^ Bryant, Becky, ed. (1992). The 1992 Green Bag. p. 80.
^ Lyles, Damien, co-editor; Daniel Corcoran (1993). The 1993 Green Bag. p. 63. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c "MPSSA Football Championships Tournament History" (PDF). Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
^ Bryant, David, ed. (1994). The 1994 Green Bag. p. 65.
^ Tanner, Kwame, staff (1998). The 1998 Green Bag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Howard, Christopher, ed. (1998). The 1998 Green Bag.
^ Howard, Christopher, co-editor; Michelle Hudnall (2000). The 2000 Green Bag. p. 109. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Alum, editor (2001). The 2001 Green Bag. Vol. 105. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ Class of 2003, editor (2003). The 2003 Green Bag. p. 49. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Chaffin, Nicole, ed. (2003). The 2003 Green Bag. p. 49.
^ Troxler, Ashley, staff (2004). The 2004 Green Bag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "City College Knights: 2006". MDvarsit.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
^ "City College Knights: 2005". MDvarsit.com.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
^ "City College Knights: 2006". MDvarsit.com.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
^ "City College: Boys HIGH SCHOOL Football Fall 07-08". MaxPreps.com. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
^ a b c d "City College Football Schedule". MaxPreps.com. MaxPreps. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
References
Daneker, David C., ed. (1988). 150 Years of the Baltimore City College. Baltimore: Baltimore City College Alumni Association. p. 58.
Leonhart, James Chancellor (1939). One Hundred Years Of Baltimore City College. Baltimore: H.G. Roebuck & Son. p. 20.
Marudas, Kyriakos (1988). The City-Poly Game. Baltimore: Gateway Press. p. 66.
Sirota, Wilbert, editor; Neil Bernstein (1954). The Green Bag 1954. Baltimore: Baltimore City College Class of 1954. p. 196. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Strasburger, Victor, ed. (1967). The 1967 Green Bag. Baltimore. p. 199.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
vteBaltimore City CollegeThe school
Baltimore City College
History of Baltimore City College
Student life
Baltimore City College athletics
Bancroft Literary Association and Carrollton-Wight Literary SocietyBaltimore City College football
City–Poly football rivalry
Baltimore City College basketball
People
Notable alumni
Nathan C. Brooks
Thomas D. Baird
Francis G. Waters | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_City_College"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"college preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gridiron football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escolona_1933_105-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Intercollegiate_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Maryland Scholastic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Scholastic_Association"},{"link_name":"Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Public_Secondary_Schools_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pro-football-reference.com-5"},{"link_name":"George Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Young_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"the second-oldest high school football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_school_football_rivalries_(100_years%2B)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"English High School of Boston-Boston Latin School football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-Latin_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patterson7-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimoresun.com-8"}],"text":"The Baltimore City College football team, known as the \"Black Knights\", or formerly \"Castlemen\", and \"Alamedans\", has represented Baltimore City College, popularly referred to as \"City\", the flagship public college preparatory school in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, for nearly 150 years in the sport of gridiron football.[1] Until 1953, the school's athletic teams were primarily referred to as the \"Collegians\", a moniker that is still used alternatively today. The team is the oldest high school football program in Maryland and is among the oldest high school football programs in the United States.[2] The program was among the nation's best in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, finishing ranked in national high school football polls on multiple occasions.[3]In the late-1890s, City College competed as a member of the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association (MIFA) against colleges in Maryland and Washington, D.C. The school joined the Maryland Scholastic Association (MSA) in 1919 as a founding member and remained a member until 1992 when it withdrew to join the Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association (MPSSAA) in 1993. The school left the MSA to compete for state championships with Maryland's other public high schools.[4]The program has a history of producing NFL talent, with 14 alumni reaching the professional ranks of the National Football League.[5] City College also has a legacy of successful head football coaches. This list includes George Young, former General Manager of the New York Jets and George Petrides, whose 257 career wins ranks eighth all-time among Maryland high school football coaches.[6]Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Poly) has been the team's primary rival since the two schools first met in 1889. The rivalry is believed to be the second-oldest high school football rivalry in the United States between public high schools, predated only by the English High School of Boston-Boston Latin School football rivalry. The rivalry began in 1889 and the teams have met 134 times in history. City College leads the series 66-62-6.[7][8]","title":"Baltimore City College football"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltimore_City_College_football_team_(1895).jpg"},{"link_name":"Baltimore area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Central High School Lancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_High_School_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Maryland Terrapins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_football"},{"link_name":"Navy Midshipmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_football"},{"link_name":"Frostburg State Bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostburg_State_Bobcats"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_football"},{"link_name":"Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Intercollegiate_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Loyola University Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Mount St. Mary's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Washington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_College"},{"link_name":"St. John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)"},{"link_name":"Gallaudet University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaudet_University"},{"link_name":"McDaniel College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDaniel_College"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_College"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"William & Mary Tribe football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"Baltimore's Clifton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Park,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Boston Latin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School"},{"link_name":"The English High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_High_School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"},{"link_name":"Maryland Scholastic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Scholastic_Association"}],"sub_title":"Early History (1870s-1918)","text":"Members of the 1895 Baltimore City College football teamIn the mid-1870s, as American football gained popularity, City College emerged as one of the first high schools in the Baltimore area to sponsor the sport. In the program's early years, the team played intersquad games with students also serving as coaches. This early adoption led to a unique situation where, due to a lack of comparable high school teams in the region, the team routinely traveled by train to face out-of-state high school opponents like the Central High School Lancers from nearby Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a matchup featuring the second- and third-oldest public high schools in the country. During this period, City College football also played against current NCAA Division I, II, and III college teams like the Maryland Terrapins, the Navy Midshipmen, the Frostburg State Bobcats, and the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays.In the late-1890s, City College joined the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association (MIFA) with colleges in Maryland and Washington, D.C. MIFA members included colleges that ultimately became the University of Maryland, College Park; Johns Hopkins University; Loyola University Maryland; Mount St. Mary's University; Washington College; St. John's College; Gallaudet University; and McDaniel College. As the league's only preparatory school, the Collegians often struggled against older competition. The trend was not exclusive to games against MIFA competition. The program finished a challenging 1895 season with a 3–13 win-loss record, including a significant defeat by Navy, enthusiasm for the team remained high. This passion was evident in 1896 when City College faced Gettysburg College, suffering a 50–0 loss but receiving robust support as they traveled to Hampton, Virginia for a game against the Hampton Athletic Club. By the end of the 1890s, City College became more competitive against collegiate teams, including a 6–5 loss at William & Mary Tribe football in 1899.[9][circular reference]The first football game against the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Engineers (often referred to as Poly) was played during the programs early years. The first recorded City-Poly football game was played at Baltimore's Clifton Park in 1889. This game marked the beginning of what is believed to be the second-longest continual public high school football rivalry in the United States, after the Boston Latin School-The English High School rivalry, which started two years earlier in 1887.[10] From 1889 to 1900, City College dominated this rivalry, winning all 12 games during this period. However, by 1918, Poly and other local schools began to surpass City College football in their training and game preparations. This shift was partly due to City College's downtown Baltimore location, which limited the program's access to bonafide practice fields.[10] The City College football continued scheduling a mix of high schools and colleges until the school became a founding member of the Maryland Scholastic Association in 1919.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonough High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonough_High_School"},{"link_name":"Miami High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bucknell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucknell_University"},{"link_name":"George Young)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Young_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"George Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Young_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"Calvert Hall College High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Hall_College_High_School"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schmoke"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL-13"}],"sub_title":"Maryland Scholastic Association (MSA) era (1919-1993)","text":"Under the guidance of Head Coach Harry Lawrence, City College consistently defeated local rivals, including Polytechnic, whom they beat each year from 1934 to 1942. The team also began facing out-of-state opponents, notably defeating Petersburg High School (VA) in 1936. The 1936 squad finished its season with an undefeated record, but later lost the MSA championship due to eligibility issues with a player. Despite beating McDonough High School during the season, the title was awarded to them. By 1940, Lawrence's coaching prowess had led City College to an impressive 38-game undefeated streak and three MSA championships. In 1941, the undefeated Knights traveled to Florida to play Miami High School in the sweltering heat of the Orange Bowl stadium, a drastic change from their usual colder playing conditions, and suffered a loss. During World War II, Lawrence and assistant coach Otts Helms joined the military. Lawrence returned to coaching in 1947 at Bucknell University, where he mentored future City College head coach George Young). In 1950, Andy Defassio took over as head coach, with Robert Lumsden as his assistant. However, Lumsden soon moved to Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, where he became a legendary coach.George Young, who became head football coach in 1959, brought significant changes. Originally a history teacher at City and an assistant coach at Calvert Hall College High School, Young emphasized discipline and academic performance. Young's summer training camps focused heavily on running and conditioning, contributing to his teams winning six out of eight games against Poly during the 1960s and securing six MSA championships. One of the most notable City-Poly games under Young's coaching occurred on Thanksgiving Day in 1965 at Baltimore Memorial Stadium, drawing roughly 25,000 spectators. City triumphed over Poly with a score of 52–6, completing an undefeated 9–0 season and finished ranked No. 8 nationally by National Sports News Service (NSNS). Many coaches argued that the team should have finished the season ranked as high as No. 2 in the country, but the team was penalized in the poll for not playing at least 10 games and not playing in a state championship tournament.[11] This game set a record for the highest points scored in the rivalry, and notable players like Sykes and Person advanced to the NFL. Kurt Schmoke, who later served as Mayor of Baltimore, was the quarterback. Following Young's departure from the program in 1967, three head coaches led the program until 1974. George Young was enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021.[12]George Petrides served as head football coach from 1975 until he retired in 2015.[13] Petrides, a 1967 City College graduate, coached the team through MSA football seasons from his hire in 1975 until the school left the MSA for the MPSSAA in 1992. Under his leadership, the Black Knights achieved remarkable success, including a record 29-game winning streak and multiple MSA conference championships.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knightsfootball.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maryland Public Secondary School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Public_Secondary_School_Athletic_Association"}],"sub_title":"Maryland Public Secondary School Athletic Association (MPSSAA) era (1993-present)","text":"The Knights on defense vs. Poly, 1994City College joined the Maryland Public Secondary School Athletic Association (MPSSAA) in 1993 and was expected to compete for football championships immediately after having won a MSA football championship in 1992. City College football has won four MPSSAA regional championships in 1996, 2001, 2005, and 2023 and two MPSSAA district championships in 2005 and 2006. George Petrides, the longest-serving head football coach in school history, announced his retirement in 2015. His 275 career wins ranks eight all-time among Maryland high school football coaches. His contributions to the program is commemorated by the naming of the team's stadium George Petrides Stadium at Alumni Field. The current head coach is Rodney Joyner, who led the program to an appearance in the 2023 MPSSAA Class 3A state semifinals, the program's first state semifinals appearance since 2005.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1936_City-Poly_Game_Ticket.jpg"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"the second-oldest high school football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_school_football_rivalries_(100_years%2B)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"English High School of Boston-Boston Latin School football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-Latin_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patterson7-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltimoresun.com-8"},{"link_name":"Harry Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lawrence_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-16"},{"link_name":"George Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Young_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pro-football-reference.com-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Clifton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Park,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Colts"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"M&T Bank Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"downtown Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hughes Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Stadium_(Morgan_State)"},{"link_name":"Morgan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_State_University"}],"text":"An admission ticket to the 1936 City-Poly game.The City–Poly football rivalry, also referred to as the \"City-Poly game\" is an American football rivalry between the Baltimore City College Black Knights (City) and the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute Engineers (Poly). This matchup is the oldest football rivalry in Maryland.[14] The rivalry is believed to be the second-oldest high school football rivalry in the United States between public high schools, predated only by the English High School of Boston-Boston Latin School football rivalry, which started two years earlier in 1887. The rivalry began in 1889 and the teams have met 134 times in history. In 2023, City won its 12th consecutive game in the rivalry, and now leads the series 66-62-6.[7][8]\"The Game\", as this rivalry is commonly referred to, has featured legendary high school football coaches like Harry Lawrence, Bob Lumsden,[15] George Petrides,[16] and George Young. In all, 25 former players in the City-Poly game ultimately played in the National Football League (NFL), which includes the 14 NFL players City has produced.[5][17][18]The first game in the rivalry was played on a field in northeast Baltimore's Clifton Park without spectators. Beginning in 1922, the game has been played at in large stadiums with seating capacities of 65,000 or more. From 1922 to 1996, the game was played at Baltimore Memorial Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium that was home to the Baltimore Colts and the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL and Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles. When the Ravens moved to M&T Bank Stadium in downtown Baltimore, the game moved to that location. The last City-Poly game at M&T Bank was played in 2017.[19] The game is now played at Hughes Stadium on the campus of Morgan State University.","title":"City-Poly rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gpetrides06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lawrence_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Bucknell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucknell_University"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"George Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Young_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Super Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Good Counsel High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_High_School_(Montgomery_County,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marudas-22"}],"text":"George Petrides, City College Black Knights head football coach, 1975-2015Baltimore City College has had 28 head coaches since organized football began in the early-1900s. The program has been led by several successful head coaches over the years. This list of notable head football coaches includes:Harry Lawrence, who was head football coach from 1934 to 1941 and again in 1946, leading the team to a win-loss-tie record of 69–10–6 (.870). Lawrence left City College following the 1946 season to become head football coach at Bucknell University.[20][circular reference]\nGeorge Young was head football coach from 1959 to 1967. In his nine seasons as head coach, Young led the program to a win-loss-tie record of 60-11-2 (.927) and six MSA conference championships. After a coaching stint with the Baltimore Colts, Young became the General Manager of the New York Giants. Under Young's leadership, the Giants won fifty-three percent of their games, four NFC titles and two Super Bowls and the senior vice president of football operations for the National Football League.[21]\nGeorge Petrides served as head football coach from 1975 until his retirement in 2015. In his 40 years at the helm, Petrides led the program to a win-loss-tie record of 257-144-1 (.670) and retired as the second-winningest high school football coach (by career wins) in Maryland behind only Good Counsel High School's Bob Malloy.[16] Petrides won five MSA conference championships in 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, two MPSSAA division championships in 2005 and 2006, and three MPSSAA regional championships in 1996, 2001, 2005.The 28 individuals who have served as Baltimore City College head football coach during the years are listed below.[22]","title":"Head coaching history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pro-football-reference.com-5"},{"link_name":"Malik Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Charles 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game","title":"Past seasons results, standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Escolona_1933_105_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Escolona_1933_105_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The City vs. Poly tradition lives on\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wmar2news.com/sports/local-sports/the-city-vs-poly-tradition-lives-on"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"2023 MPSSAA Baltimore Metro Football Report – Round 2 Playoff Review, Round 3 Playoff 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(1933). The 1933 Green Bag. p. 105.\n\n^ \"The City vs. Poly tradition lives on\". 27 October 2023.\n\n^ \"2023 MPSSAA Baltimore Metro Football Report – Round 2 Playoff Review, Round 3 Playoff Preview\". 15 November 2023.\n\n^ Satterfield, Lem (4 November 1992). \"Girls teams benefit, but city's move to MPSSAA forces sacrifices as well: Switch to state organization spells end of some traditions\". The Sun. p. 1D. ProQuest 1976682475.\n\n^ a b c \"Baltimore City College (Baltimore, MD) Alumni Pro Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com.\n\n^ \"Winningest Coaches | MD Football Foundation | Football Records\".\n\n^ a b Patterson (2000), p. 7.\n\n^ a b \"City football claims dominant 44-6 win over Poly in 134th edition of rivalry: 'This game means everything for City'\". 28 October 2023.\n\n^ 1899 William & Mary Orange and White football team\n\n^ a b \"When City first clashed with Poly on the gridiron\". November 2018.\n\n^ Jackson, James H (7 January 1966). \"City College Football Team Ranked 8th In Nation: NEWS GROUP PUTS MIAMI IN TOP SPOT Collegians Kept From Higher Rating By Shorter Schedule\". The Sun. p. C1. ProQuest 539659379.\n\n^ \"George Young | Pro Football Hall of Fame\".\n\n^ \"George Petrides of Baltimore City College Honored as Ravens HS Coach of the Week - September 11, 2006\". National Football League. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-19.\n\n^ \"Maryland's oldest football rivalry continues\". November 2019.\n\n^ \"From humble roots, Lumsden brought success to Poly's teams\". 26 October 2002.\n\n^ a b \"Longtime City football coach George Petrides retires\". 5 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Baltimore, MD) Alumni Pro Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com.\n\n^ \"Kyle Goon: Ravens hopeful Malik Hamm has an incredible underdog story\". 26 July 2023.\n\n^ \"M&T Bank Stadium no longer the permanent venue for Turkey Bowl, City-Poly football games\". 14 November 2017.\n\n^ \"Harry Lawrence (American football)\".\n\n^ \"George B. Young - General\".\n\n^ Marudas, Kyriakos (1988). The City-Poly Game. Baltimore: Gateway Press. p. 66.\n\n^ \"Malik Hamm Baltimore Raven\". 15 August 2023.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.200.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.186.\n\n^ Byrne, Harry Stevenson, chief editor (1898). The 1898 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b Leonhart (1939), p.202.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.203.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.198.\n\n^ a b Leonhart (1939), p.204.\n\n^ Patterson, Ted (2000). Football In Baltimore. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 304. ISBN 0-8018-6424-0. Retrieved 2008-07-26.\n\n^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.205.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.205-206.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.206.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.206-207.\n\n^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.207.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.208.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.209.\n\n^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.210.\n\n^ a b c Leonhart (1939), p.211.\n\n^ Kronsberg, Milton, ed. (1928). The 1928 Green Bag. pp. 259–270.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.212.\n\n^ Nachlas, Morton, ed. (1930). The 1930 Green Bag. pp. 175–185.\n\n^ Rosenbaum, Herbert, ed. (1931). The 1931 Green Bag. p. 179.\n\n^ Freed, Arnold V., ed. (1932). The 1932 Green Bag. p. 168.\n\n^ Goldsmith, Jewett, ed. (1934). The 1934 Green Bag. p. 95.\n\n^ Horn, George, ed. (1935). The 1935 Green Bag. p. 85.\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.214\n\n^ Hamill, Walter Ward, ed. (1937). The 1937 Green Bag.\n\n^ a b Leonhart (1939), p.215\n\n^ Leonhart (1939), p.217\n\n^ Harris, Murray R., ed. (1940). The 1940 Green Bag. p. 114.\n\n^ Chesney, Robert (1941). The 1941 Green Bag. p. 145.\n\n^ Katz, Hy, co-editor; Bill Groom (1942). The 1942 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Katz, Hy, co-editor; Sol Flam (1943). The 1943 Green Bag. p. 74. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Ginsberg, Leonard, ed. (1944). The 1944 Green Bag. pp. 70–71.\n\n^ Caplan, Robert S., co-editor; Leon Greenberg (1945). The 1945 Green Bag. p. 102. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Easson, Graeme, ed. (1946). The 1946 Green Bag. p. 86.\n\n^ Duvall, R. Lee, ed. (1947). The 1947 Green Bag. pp. 33–34.\n\n^ Offit, Benson, ed. (1948). The 1947 Green Bag.\n\n^ Greenberg, Lvon, ed. (1950). The 1950 Green Bag. p. 58.\n\n^ Sax, Daniel, ed. (1950). The 1950 Green Bag. p. 100.\n\n^ Silverwood, Harry, ed. (1952). The 1952 Green Bag.\n\n^ Mogel, Ronald, chairman (1953). The 1953 Green Bag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Sirota, Wilbert, ed. (1954). The 1954 Green Bag. pp. 106–111.\n\n^ Becker, John W., co-editor; Frank M. Waldorf (1955). The 1955 Green Bag. p. 38. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Walt, E. Millard editor (1956). The 1956 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)\n\n^ Feinberg, Rober co-editor; Charles Roebuck (1957). The 1957 Green Bag. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)\n\n^ Paritzky, Zorel, ed. (1959). The 1959 Green Bag. p. 55.\n\n^ Goldstein, Alan (22 November 1959). \"City Coach Hopeful In Thanksgiving Day Game With Poly: BOTH TEAMS UNDEFEATED Young Cites Collegians' Steady Improvement\". The Sun. p. 7D. ProQuest 540559853.\n\n^ Wolfe, Murray, ed. (1961). The 1961 Green Bag. p. 60.\n\n^ Levin, Fred., ed. (1962). The 1962 Green Bag. p. 47.\n\n^ Schultz, Michael J., ed. (1963). The 1963 Green Bag.\n\n^ Konig, David, ed. (1964). The 1964 Green Bag. p. 69.\n\n^ Schmerler, George, ed. (1966). The 1966 Green Bag. p. 88.\n\n^ Strasberger (1967), p.73.\n\n^ Berzofsky, Michael, ed. (1968). The 1968 Green Bag. p. 81.\n\n^ Bondroff, Daniel, ed. (1969). The 1969 Green Bag. pp. 57–60.\n\n^ Bosk, Harry, ed. (1970). The 1970 Green Bag. p. 95.\n\n^ Lawrence, Edward, ed. (1974). The 1974 Green Bag. p. 83.\n\n^ Wiggins, Edward, ed. (1975). The 1975 Green Bag.\n\n^ Wiggins, Edward, ed. (1976). The 1976 Green Bag. p. 56.\n\n^ Cook, Michael, ed. (1978). The 1977-78 Green Bag.\n\n^ a b Dixon, Joseph V., ed. (1979). The 1979 Green Bag.\n\n^ Sindelar, Robert, ed. (1982). The 1982 Green Bag. p. 78.\n\n^ Mayer, Rus, ed. (1984). The 1984 Green Bag. p. 92.\n\n^ Kargon, Dina, ed. (1985). The 1985 Green Bag. p. 85.\n\n^ Arenson, Dana, ed. (1986). The 1986 Green Bag.\n\n^ Gerstenberger, Lara, ed. (1987). The 1987 Green Bag. p. 82.\n\n^ White, Stefan, ed. (1988). The 1988 Green Bag. p. 78.\n\n^ Goldberg, David, co-editor; David Rubin (1989). The 1989 Green Bag. p. 138. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ George, Christa, ed. (1990). The 1990 Green Bag. p. 78.\n\n^ Alt, Daniel, ed. (1991). The 1991 Green Bag. p. 109.\n\n^ a b Kane, Gregory (2001-02-10). \"Speaking of streaks, this one's even longer\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-26.\n\n^ Bryant, Becky, ed. (1992). The 1992 Green Bag. p. 80.\n\n^ Lyles, Damien, co-editor; Daniel Corcoran (1993). The 1993 Green Bag. p. 63. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b c \"MPSSA Football Championships Tournament History\" (PDF). Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association. Retrieved 2007-09-15.\n\n^ Bryant, David, ed. (1994). The 1994 Green Bag. p. 65.\n\n^ Tanner, Kwame, staff (1998). The 1998 Green Bag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Howard, Christopher, ed. (1998). The 1998 Green Bag.\n\n^ Howard, Christopher, co-editor; Michelle Hudnall (2000). The 2000 Green Bag. p. 109. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Alum, editor (2001). The 2001 Green Bag. Vol. 105. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)\n\n^ Class of 2003, editor (2003). The 2003 Green Bag. p. 49. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Chaffin, Nicole, ed. (2003). The 2003 Green Bag. p. 49.\n\n^ Troxler, Ashley, staff (2004). The 2004 Green Bag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"City College Knights: 2006\". MDvarsit.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.\n\n^ \"City College Knights: 2005\". MDvarsit.com.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.\n\n^ \"City College Knights: 2006\". MDvarsit.com.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.\n\n^ \"City College: Boys HIGH SCHOOL Football Fall 07-08\". MaxPreps.com. Retrieved 2007-09-19.\n\n^ a b c d \"City College Football Schedule\". MaxPreps.com. MaxPreps. Retrieved 17 November 2022.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Members of the 1895 Baltimore City College football team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baltimore_City_College_football_team_%281895%29.jpg/220px-Baltimore_City_College_football_team_%281895%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Knights on defense vs. Poly, 1994","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Knightsfootball.jpg/220px-Knightsfootball.jpg"},{"image_text":"An admission ticket to the 1936 City-Poly game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1936_City-Poly_Game_Ticket.jpg/220px-1936_City-Poly_Game_Ticket.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Petrides, City College Black Knights head football coach, 1975-2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Gpetrides06.jpg"},{"image_text":"City quarterback Kurt Schmoke completes pass in the 1965 game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/10Kurt_Schmoke.jpg/145px-10Kurt_Schmoke.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Escolona, Eduardo, ed. 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Retrieved 2008-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC&dq=marse+hill&pg=PA48","url_text":"Football In Baltimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6424-0","url_text":"0-8018-6424-0"}]},{"reference":"Kronsberg, Milton, ed. (1928). The 1928 Green Bag. pp. 259–270.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nachlas, Morton, ed. (1930). The 1930 Green Bag. pp. 175–185.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosenbaum, Herbert, ed. (1931). The 1931 Green Bag. p. 179.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Freed, Arnold V., ed. (1932). The 1932 Green Bag. p. 168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldsmith, Jewett, ed. (1934). The 1934 Green Bag. p. 95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Horn, George, ed. (1935). The 1935 Green Bag. p. 85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamill, Walter Ward, ed. (1937). The 1937 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Murray R., ed. (1940). The 1940 Green Bag. p. 114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chesney, Robert (1941). The 1941 Green Bag. p. 145.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Katz, Hy, co-editor; Bill Groom (1942). The 1942 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Katz, Hy, co-editor; Sol Flam (1943). The 1943 Green Bag. p. 74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ginsberg, Leonard, ed. (1944). The 1944 Green Bag. pp. 70–71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Caplan, Robert S., co-editor; Leon Greenberg (1945). The 1945 Green Bag. p. 102.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Easson, Graeme, ed. (1946). The 1946 Green Bag. p. 86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Duvall, R. Lee, ed. (1947). The 1947 Green Bag. pp. 33–34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Offit, Benson, ed. (1948). The 1947 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Lvon, ed. (1950). The 1950 Green Bag. p. 58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sax, Daniel, ed. (1950). The 1950 Green Bag. p. 100.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silverwood, Harry, ed. (1952). The 1952 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mogel, Ronald, chairman (1953). The 1953 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sirota, Wilbert, ed. (1954). The 1954 Green Bag. pp. 106–111.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Becker, John W., co-editor; Frank M. Waldorf (1955). The 1955 Green Bag. p. 38.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walt, E. Millard editor (1956). The 1956 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Feinberg, Rober co-editor; Charles Roebuck (1957). The 1957 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paritzky, Zorel, ed. (1959). The 1959 Green Bag. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Alan (22 November 1959). \"City Coach Hopeful In Thanksgiving Day Game With Poly: BOTH TEAMS UNDEFEATED Young Cites Collegians' Steady Improvement\". The Sun. p. 7D. ProQuest 540559853.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/540559853","url_text":"540559853"}]},{"reference":"Wolfe, Murray, ed. (1961). The 1961 Green Bag. p. 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levin, Fred., ed. (1962). The 1962 Green Bag. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schultz, Michael J., ed. (1963). The 1963 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Konig, David, ed. (1964). The 1964 Green Bag. p. 69.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schmerler, George, ed. (1966). The 1966 Green Bag. p. 88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Berzofsky, Michael, ed. (1968). The 1968 Green Bag. p. 81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bondroff, Daniel, ed. (1969). The 1969 Green Bag. pp. 57–60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bosk, Harry, ed. (1970). The 1970 Green Bag. p. 95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Edward, ed. (1974). The 1974 Green Bag. p. 83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wiggins, Edward, ed. (1975). The 1975 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wiggins, Edward, ed. (1976). The 1976 Green Bag. p. 56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cook, Michael, ed. (1978). The 1977-78 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dixon, Joseph V., ed. (1979). The 1979 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sindelar, Robert, ed. (1982). The 1982 Green Bag. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mayer, Rus, ed. (1984). The 1984 Green Bag. p. 92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kargon, Dina, ed. (1985). The 1985 Green Bag. p. 85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arenson, Dana, ed. (1986). The 1986 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gerstenberger, Lara, ed. (1987). The 1987 Green Bag. p. 82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"White, Stefan, ed. (1988). The 1988 Green Bag. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldberg, David, co-editor; David Rubin (1989). The 1989 Green Bag. p. 138.","urls":[]},{"reference":"George, Christa, ed. (1990). The 1990 Green Bag. p. 78.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alt, Daniel, ed. (1991). The 1991 Green Bag. p. 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kane, Gregory (2001-02-10). \"Speaking of streaks, this one's even longer\". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023634/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.kane10feb10%2C0%2C6628231.column?coll=bal-local-columnists","url_text":"\"Speaking of streaks, this one's even longer\""},{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.kane10feb10,0,6628231.column?coll=bal-local-columnists","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bryant, Becky, ed. (1992). The 1992 Green Bag. p. 80.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lyles, Damien, co-editor; Daniel Corcoran (1993). The 1993 Green Bag. p. 63.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MPSSA Football Championships Tournament History\" (PDF). Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association. Retrieved 2007-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpssaa.org/assets/fallsports/football/Football%20State%20Champions.pdf","url_text":"\"MPSSA Football Championships Tournament History\""}]},{"reference":"Bryant, David, ed. (1994). The 1994 Green Bag. p. 65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tanner, Kwame, staff (1998). The 1998 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Howard, Christopher, ed. (1998). The 1998 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Howard, Christopher, co-editor; Michelle Hudnall (2000). The 2000 Green Bag. p. 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alum, editor (2001). The 2001 Green Bag. Vol. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Class of 2003, editor (2003). The 2003 Green Bag. p. 49.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chaffin, Nicole, ed. (2003). The 2003 Green Bag. p. 49.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Troxler, Ashley, staff (2004). The 2004 Green Bag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"City College Knights: 2006\". MDvarsit.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdvarsity.rivals.com/hsHighSchool.asp?School=2059","url_text":"\"City College Knights: 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"City College Knights: 2005\". MDvarsit.com.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdvarsity.rivals.com/hsHighSchool.asp?School=2059","url_text":"\"City College Knights: 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"City College Knights: 2006\". MDvarsit.com.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdvarsity.rivals.com/hsHighSchool.asp?School=2059","url_text":"\"City College Knights: 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"City College: Boys HIGH SCHOOL Football Fall 07-08\". MaxPreps.com. Retrieved 2007-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxpreps.com/FanPages/Team.mxp/SchoolID-3bae4ed6-3e5b-4427-a1c2-d084dbd06ff2/Boys_Varsity_Football_Fall_07-08/Maryland/AreaID-f5f5c596-934d-4950-b7e7-089f86baa9bd","url_text":"\"City College: Boys HIGH SCHOOL Football Fall 07-08\""}]},{"reference":"\"City College Football Schedule\". MaxPreps.com. MaxPreps. Retrieved 17 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maxpreps.com/md/baltimore/city-college-black-knights/football/15-16/schedule/","url_text":"\"City College Football Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Daneker, David C., ed. (1988). 150 Years of the Baltimore City College. Baltimore: Baltimore City College Alumni Association. p. 58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leonhart, James Chancellor (1939). One Hundred Years Of Baltimore City College. Baltimore: H.G. Roebuck & Son. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marudas, Kyriakos (1988). The City-Poly Game. Baltimore: Gateway Press. p. 66.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sirota, Wilbert, editor; Neil Bernstein (1954). The Green Bag 1954. Baltimore: Baltimore City College Class of 1954. p. 196.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Strasburger, Victor, ed. (1967). The 1967 Green Bag. Baltimore. p. 199.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://baltimorecitycollegeathletics.com/","external_links_name":"bccathletics.com"},{"Link":"https://www.wmar2news.com/sports/local-sports/the-city-vs-poly-tradition-lives-on","external_links_name":"\"The City vs. Poly tradition lives on\""},{"Link":"https://baltimoresportsandlife.com/2023-mpssaa-baltimore-metro-football-report-round-2-playoff-review-round-3-playoff-preview/","external_links_name":"\"2023 MPSSAA Baltimore Metro Football Report – Round 2 Playoff Review, Round 3 Playoff Preview\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1976682475","external_links_name":"1976682475"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/schools/high_schools.cgi?id=93b8d8d0","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore City College (Baltimore, MD) Alumni Pro Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.mdprepfootball.com/winningest-coaches","external_links_name":"\"Winningest Coaches | MD Football Foundation | Football Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/high-school/bs-sp-va-city-poly-football-20231028-se6dleoc2nauhe4ihuv5vdadbq-story.html","external_links_name":"\"City football claims dominant 44-6 win over Poly in 134th edition of rivalry: 'This game means everything for City'\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/features/retro-baltimore/bs-md-retro-baltimore-city-poly-football-game-first-played-20181101-story.html","external_links_name":"\"When City first clashed with Poly on the gridiron\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/539659379","external_links_name":"539659379"},{"Link":"https://www.profootballhof.com/players/george-young/","external_links_name":"\"George Young | Pro Football Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044807/http://www.nflhs.com/nflprograms/coachofweek/ravenscow_09112006_jjc.asp","external_links_name":"\"George Petrides of Baltimore City College Honored as Ravens HS Coach of the Week - September 11, 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.nflhs.com/nflprograms/coachofweek/ravenscow_09112006_jjc.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/marylands-oldest-football-rivalry-continues-212541988.html?guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAEKHpgBaoZZhNiKoEh7_cILlgvtD4FoZahbNePIwNStj3mO2D6Q2IWB_6S2GqPhTwVkyALh5ovegH09rN0_avR5JkgGc6aKF1aIXbR1OZlBm3pozmD6iDp5w-8J2de05aFnlIQJfKU39LtpVXwM4X4GQg25hwTjL9pZWk7PNCnhW","external_links_name":"\"Maryland's oldest football rivalry continues\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2002-10-26-0210260241-story.html","external_links_name":"\"From humble roots, Lumsden brought success to Poly's teams\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/high-school/bs-va-sp-football-petrides-retires-20150805-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Longtime City football coach George Petrides retires\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/schools/high_schools.cgi?id=93bc1074","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Baltimore, MD) Alumni Pro Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/sports/ravens-nfl/baltimore-ravens-nfl-malik-hamm-training-camp-defensive-end-linebacker-kyle-goon-lafayette-fcs-PUX4LLTCYJAHRCFGTG2CYP6WP4/","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Goon: Ravens hopeful Malik Hamm has an incredible underdog story\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/high-school/bs-va-sp-high-school-games-mt-1115-story.html","external_links_name":"\"M&T Bank Stadium no longer the permanent venue for Turkey Bowl, City-Poly football games\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lawrence_(American_football)","external_links_name":"\"Harry Lawrence (American football)\""},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/sports/general/roster/george-b--young/114","external_links_name":"\"George B. Young - General\""},{"Link":"https://baltimorecitycollegeathletics.com/2023/08/15/malik-hamm-baltimore-raven/","external_links_name":"\"Malik Hamm Baltimore Raven\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cZeye8iTWyMC&dq=marse+hill&pg=PA48","external_links_name":"Football In Baltimore"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/540559853","external_links_name":"540559853"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023634/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.kane10feb10%2C0%2C6628231.column?coll=bal-local-columnists","external_links_name":"\"Speaking of streaks, this one's even longer\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.kane10feb10,0,6628231.column?coll=bal-local-columnists","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mpssaa.org/assets/fallsports/football/Football%20State%20Champions.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MPSSA Football Championships Tournament History\""},{"Link":"http://mdvarsity.rivals.com/hsHighSchool.asp?School=2059","external_links_name":"\"City College Knights: 2006\""},{"Link":"http://mdvarsity.rivals.com/hsHighSchool.asp?School=2059","external_links_name":"\"City College Knights: 2005\""},{"Link":"http://mdvarsity.rivals.com/hsHighSchool.asp?School=2059","external_links_name":"\"City College Knights: 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.maxpreps.com/FanPages/Team.mxp/SchoolID-3bae4ed6-3e5b-4427-a1c2-d084dbd06ff2/Boys_Varsity_Football_Fall_07-08/Maryland/AreaID-f5f5c596-934d-4950-b7e7-089f86baa9bd","external_links_name":"\"City College: Boys HIGH SCHOOL Football Fall 07-08\""},{"Link":"https://www.maxpreps.com/md/baltimore/city-college-black-knights/football/15-16/schedule/","external_links_name":"\"City College Football Schedule\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSPHAA | New York State Public High School Athletic Association | ["1 NYSPHSAA sports","2 Sections","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Governing body of interscholastic sports
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New York State Public High School Athletic AssociationAbbreviationNYSPHSAAFormation1923Legal statusAssociationPurposeAthletic/EducationalHeadquarters8 Airport Park Blvd.Latham, New York 12110, United StatesRegion served New YorkMembership 768 high schoolsOfficial language EnglishExecutive DirectorDr. Robert J. ZayasAffiliationsNational Federation of State High School AssociationsStaff 9Websitenysphsaa.org
1989 basketball championship trophy in East Hampton, New York
The New York State Public High School Athletic Association (NYSPHSAA) is the governing body of interscholastic sports for most public schools in New York outside New York City. The organization was created in 1923, after a predecessor organization called the New York State Public High School Association of Basketball Leagues began in 1921 to bring consistency to eligibility rules and to conduct state tournaments. It consists of 768 member high schools from the state divided into 11 geographic sections. While as its name suggests the vast majority of its members are public, it does include a number of private and Catholic high schools. Most of these are located in Central New York and the Capital District, where parallel sanctioning bodies for private schools (like the MMAA in Western New York, the CHSAA in Metropolitan New York, or various leagues in and around New York City) do not exist. It is a member of the National Federation of State High School Associations as well as the New York State Federation of Secondary School Athletic Associations.
NYSPHSAA sports
The NYSPHSAA acknowledges 23 sports and holds over 30 championship events throughout 3 seasons: Fall, Winter and Spring.
Fall Sports
Boys Cross Country
Girls Cross Country
Field Hockey
Football
Boys Gymnastics (Regional)
Girls Gymnastics
Boys Soccer
Girls Soccer
Game Day Cheer
Girls Swimming and Diving
Girls Tennis
Boys Volleyball
Girls Volleyball
Winter Sports
Boys Basketball
Girls Basketball
Boys Bowling
Girls Bowling
Competitive Cheer
Boys Ice hockey
Boys Indoor Track and Field
Girls Indoor Track and Field
Rifle
Boys Nordic Skiing
Girls Nordic Skiing
Boys Alpine Skiing
Girls Alpine Skiing
Boys Swimming and Diving
Boys Volleyball (Regional)
Girls Volleyball (Regional)
Wrestling
Spring Sports
Baseball
Boys Golf
Girls Golf
Boys Lacrosse
Girls Lacrosse
Softball
Boys Tennis
Boys Outdoor Track and Field
Girls Outdoor Track and Field
Sections
The NYSPHSAA is divided into eleven sections by geographical areas. The official membership list is at the NYSPHSAA site.
Section 1: Dutchess, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester Counties
Section 2: Capital District
Section 3: Central New York
Section 4: Southern Tier
Section 5: Genesee Valley
Section 6: Western New York
Section 7: Champlain Area
Section 8: Nassau County
Section 9: Orange, Sullivan, Ulster Counties
Section 10: St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties
Section 11: Suffolk County
Each section is further divided into classes, by school enrollment size. The classes are, from largest schools to smallest, AAA, AA, A, B, C, and D, though the classifications and enrollment numbers for each classification vary by sport.
Typically, each section holds a sectional championship tournament in each sport and class. The sectional champions then meet first in regional competition, then in state competition, to determine the state champion in each class.
See also
New York State Public High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Championships
Public Schools Athletic League
New York state high school boys basketball championships
References
^ http://www.nysphsaa.org/ nysphsaa.org, accessed 15-JAN-2008.
^ http://www.nysphsaa.org/AboutNYSPHSAA/History.aspx - accessed April 6, 2015
^ http://www.nysphsaa.org/html/HANDBOOK/MembershipPages.pdf nysphsaa.orghtml/HANDBOOK/MembershipPages.pdf, accessed 15-JAN-2008.
^ http://www.nysphsaa.org/Sections Accessed 30-MAR-2015
^ "Track & Field and Cross Country Statistics".
^ http://www.nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Membership/membership%20by%20section%2010-31.pdf NYSPHSAA membership list, Accessed 30-MAR-2015
^ "Home". 80019.digitalsports.com.
^ "Section V Athletics". Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
^ "NYSPHSAA > Classifications". Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
External links
Official site
vteNational Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nysphsaa-trophy.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysphsaa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysphsaa-2-3"},{"link_name":"MMAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor_Martin_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"CHSAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"National Federation of State High School Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations"}],"text":"1989 basketball championship trophy in East Hampton, New YorkThe New York State Public High School Athletic Association (NYSPHSAA) is the governing body of interscholastic sports for most public schools in New York outside New York City.[1] The organization was created in 1923, after a predecessor organization called the New York State Public High School Association of Basketball Leagues began in 1921 to bring consistency to eligibility rules and to conduct state tournaments.[2] It consists of 768 member high schools from the state divided into 11 geographic sections.[3] While as its name suggests the vast majority of its members are public, it does include a number of private and Catholic high schools. Most of these are located in Central New York and the Capital District, where parallel sanctioning bodies for private schools (like the MMAA in Western New York, the CHSAA in Metropolitan New York, or various leagues in and around New York City) do not exist. It is a member of the National Federation of State High School Associations as well as the New York State Federation of Secondary School Athletic Associations.","title":"New York State Public High School Athletic Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Field 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Gymnastics\nBoys Soccer\nGirls Soccer\nGame Day Cheer\nGirls Swimming and Diving\nGirls Tennis\nBoys Volleyball\nGirls VolleyballWinter SportsBoys Basketball\nGirls Basketball\nBoys Bowling\nGirls Bowling\nCompetitive Cheer\nBoys Ice hockey\nBoys Indoor Track and Field\nGirls Indoor Track and Field\nRifle\nBoys Nordic Skiing\nGirls Nordic Skiing\nBoys Alpine Skiing\nGirls Alpine Skiing\nBoys Swimming and Diving\nBoys Volleyball (Regional)\nGirls Volleyball (Regional)\nWrestlingSpring SportsBaseball\nBoys Golf\nGirls Golf\nBoys Lacrosse\nGirls Lacrosse\nSoftball\nBoys Tennis\nBoys Outdoor Track and Field\nGirls Outdoor Track and Field","title":"NYSPHSAA sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Section 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_1_(NYSPHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Dutchess, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley"},{"link_name":"Section 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_2_(NYSPHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Capital District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Section 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_3_(NYSPHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Central New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_York"},{"link_name":"Section 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_4_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Tier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Section 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_5_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genesee Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Section 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_6_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Western New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_York"},{"link_name":"Section 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_7_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champlain Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Section 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_8_(NYSPHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Section 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_9_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orange, Sullivan, Ulster Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Section 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_10_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Section 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_11_(NYSPHSAA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_NYSPHSAA_sections.png"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The NYSPHSAA is divided into eleven sections by geographical areas.[4][5] The official membership list is at the NYSPHSAA site.[6]Section 1: Dutchess, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester Counties\nSection 2: Capital District\nSection 3: Central New York\nSection 4: Southern Tier[7]\nSection 5: Genesee Valley[8]\nSection 6: Western New York\nSection 7: Champlain Area\nSection 8: Nassau County\nSection 9: Orange, Sullivan, Ulster Counties\nSection 10: St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties\nSection 11: Suffolk CountyEach section is further divided into classes, by school enrollment size. The classes are, from largest schools to smallest, AAA, AA, A, B, C, and D, though the classifications and enrollment numbers for each classification vary by sport.[9][10]Typically, each section holds a sectional championship tournament in each sport and class. The sectional champions then meet first in regional competition, then in state competition, to determine the state champion in each class.","title":"Sections"}] | [{"image_text":"1989 basketball championship trophy in East Hampton, New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nysphsaa-trophy.jpg/250px-Nysphsaa-trophy.jpg"}] | [{"title":"New York State Public High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Public_High_School_Athletic_Association_Boys_Basketball_Championships"},{"title":"Public Schools Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Schools_Athletic_League"},{"title":"New York state high school boys basketball championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_high_school_boys_basketball_championships"}] | [{"reference":"\"Track & Field and Cross Country Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athletic.net/TrackAndField/NewYork/","url_text":"\"Track & Field and Cross Country Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". 80019.digitalsports.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://80019.digitalsports.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Section V Athletics\". Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220201134638/https://sectionv.org/","url_text":"\"Section V Athletics\""},{"url":"http://www.sectionv.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NYSPHSAA > Classifications\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2015-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150408072511/http://www.nysphsaa.org/Classifications","url_text":"\"NYSPHSAA > Classifications\""},{"url":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Classifications","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316201713/http://nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Handbook/2014-2015%20Handbook/12-8-2014/Membership%20-%20Classification%20-%202014-2015%20NYSPHSAA%20Handbook%2012-8-14-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Handbook/2014-2015%20Handbook/12-8-2014/Membership%20-%20Classification%20-%202014-2015%20NYSPHSAA%20Handbook%2012-8-14-3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+York+State+Public+High+School+Athletic+Association%22","external_links_name":"\"New York State Public High School Athletic Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+York+State+Public+High+School+Athletic+Association%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+York+State+Public+High+School+Athletic+Association%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+York+State+Public+High+School+Athletic+Association%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+York+State+Public+High+School+Athletic+Association%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+York+State+Public+High+School+Athletic+Association%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/","external_links_name":"nysphsaa.org"},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/AboutNYSPHSAA/History.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/AboutNYSPHSAA/History.aspx"},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/html/HANDBOOK/MembershipPages.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/html/HANDBOOK/MembershipPages.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Sections","external_links_name":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Sections"},{"Link":"http://www.athletic.net/TrackAndField/NewYork/","external_links_name":"\"Track & Field and Cross Country Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Membership/membership%20by%20section%2010-31.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Membership/membership%20by%20section%2010-31.pdf"},{"Link":"http://80019.digitalsports.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220201134638/https://sectionv.org/","external_links_name":"\"Section V Athletics\""},{"Link":"http://www.sectionv.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150408072511/http://www.nysphsaa.org/Classifications","external_links_name":"\"NYSPHSAA > Classifications\""},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Classifications","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316201713/http://nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Handbook/2014-2015%20Handbook/12-8-2014/Membership%20-%20Classification%20-%202014-2015%20NYSPHSAA%20Handbook%2012-8-14-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/Portals/0/PDF/Handbook/2014-2015%20Handbook/12-8-2014/Membership%20-%20Classification%20-%202014-2015%20NYSPHSAA%20Handbook%2012-8-14-3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nysphsaa.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikopter_Services | CHC Helikopter Service | ["1 History","2 CHC EMS and SAR services","3 Fleet","4 Accidents and incidents","5 References"] | Norwegian division of CHC Helicopter Corporation
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CHC Helikopter Service
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
–
HKS
HELIBUS
Founded1956HubsStavanger Airport, SolaFocus citiesBergen Airport, Flesland, Brønnøysund Airport, Brønnøy, Florø Airport, Kristiansund Airport, KvernbergetFleet size28Parent companyCHC HelicopterHeadquartersStavangerWebsitehttp://www.chc.ca
CHC Helikopter Service, previously CHC Norway, CHC Helikopter Service and Helikopter Service is the Norwegian division of CHC Helicopter Corporation. The airline was an independent company until 1999. It operates primarily to oil platforms on the Norwegian continental shelf in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea, with crew change, infield shuttle and search and rescue operations. Though the global headquarters are in Richmond, B.C., Canada, the company has its main base at Stavanger Airport, Sola.
The company also operates out of the airports Bergen Airport, Flesland, Brønnøysund Airport, Brønnøy, Florø Airport and Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget in addition to the oil installations Ekofisk, Oseberg, Statfjord and Heidrun. It also operated a public service obligation on the route Bodø-Værøy and the national rescue helicopter service for some years.
History
Bell 212 at Groningen Airport Eelde
The company started out operating under the name Scancopter-Service A/S in 1956, using various small helicopters. But in 1966 the first steps in the Norwegian oil exploration started, and the company acquired two Sikorsky S-61 helicopters and at the same time changed its name to Helikopter Service. By 1980 the company was operating 20 such helicopters. The airline had by then been acquired by Scandinavian Airlines and Fred. Olsen.
In 1982 the company started to renew its fleet, introducing the Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma and later the Eurocopter Super Puma 2. In 1993 it also started operating the Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin with possibilities for search and rescue purposes.
In 1996 the company changed its name to Helicopter Services Group and bought the British Bond Helicopters, its Australian subsidiary Lloyd Helicopters and later the South African Court Helicopters.
CHC Helicopter bought Helikopter Services Group in 1999 and in 2000 the company changed name to CHC Helikopter Service. In 2000 the company sold the subsidiaries Lufttransport to Norwegian Air Shuttle and Heliflyg to Osterman Helicopter.
On 2 April 2009 the name was again changed to CHC Norway.
On 26 October 2010 the name was changed back to the current CHC Helikopter Service.
CHC EMS and SAR services
Norwegian Search and Rescue – CHC provides private Search and Rescue services in the Norwegian North Sea but acts in concert with government SAR operations. The CHC SAR fleet includes three offshore based AS 332L1, along with an EC225 at Statoil's Statfjord field, which can be converted from inter-rig shuttle role to SAR duty role within 15 minutes. Several of the Super Pumas in CHC's Norwegian fleet are prepared for the same quick change to SAR configuration.
Fleet
A Helikopter Service Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma in the pre-CHC livery
6 Eurocopter AS332L Super Puma
2 Eurocopter AS332L1 Super Puma
8 Eurocopter AS332L2 Super Puma 2
10 Sikorsky S-92A
7 Eurocopter EC 225 LP
Accidents and incidents
On 8 September 1997 LN-OPG, an AS332 L1 Super-Puma, suffered a catastrophic main gearbox failure while flying from Brønnøysund to the Norne oil field and crashed to the sea, killing all 12 aboard. Eurocopter accepted some but not all of the AAIB/N recommendations. Eurocopter's reply can be found in Appendix F to the report (page 265 in the pdf).
On 29 April 2016 LN-OJF, an EC225 LP Super Puma, crashed at Turøy in the Bergen archipelago en route to Bergen Airport, Flesland, from the Gullfaks B platform in the North Sea. The helicopter was carrying 11 passengers and 2 crew members, but none survived the crash. Eyewitnesses have reported that everything seemed normal until there was a sudden change in the sound, before the main rotor detached and the aircraft fell down. Due to the crash, all commercial flights – but not search and rescue flights – by EC225 helicopters were grounded immediately by both Norwegian and British civil aviation authorities.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helikopter Service.
^ "Helikopter Services". Airline History. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ "Report on the air accident 8 September 1997 in the Norwegian Sea approx. 100 nm west north west of Brønnøysund, involving Eurocopter AS 332L1 Super Puma, LN-OPG, operated by Helikopter Service AS". Air Accident Investigation Board, Norway. November 2001. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ Lura, Christian; Bolstad, Jon; Njåstad, Marthe; Nave, Ingvild (29 April 2016). "Politiet: Alle 13 er trolig omkommet" (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
vteAirlines of NorwayPrimarily scheduled
Scandinavian Airlines
Widerøe
Low-cost
Norse Atlantic Airways
Norwegian Air Shuttle
Primarily charter
Sundt Air
Primarily helicopter
Airlift AS
Bristow Norway
CHC Helikopter Service
Helitrans
Lufttransport
Norsk Helikopterservice
Norsk Luftambulanse
Defunct
Aero
Agderfly
Airwing
Air Europe Scandinavia
Air Executive Norway
Air Leap
Air Norway
Air Stord
Arctic Air
Bergen Air Transport
Bergen Aviation
Bergens Aero
BlueWay Offshore
Braathens
Braathens Helikopter
Braathens S.A.F.E.
Busy Bee
Busy Bee Air Service
Classic Norway Air
Coast Aero Center
Coast Air
Color Air
Det Norske Luftfartselskap
Det Norske Luftfartsrederi
Feel Air
Fjellfly
FlyNonstop
Flyr
FlyTaxi Nord
FlyViking
Fred. Olsen Airtransport
GuardAir
Helikopter Services
HelikopterDrift
Hesnes Air
Kato Airline
Krohn Air
Lotsberg & Skappel
Mey-Air
Mørefly
Nor-Fly Charter
Nor-Wings
Nord-Norges Aero
Nordic Air
Nordlandsfly
Nordsjøfly
Norsk Air
Norsk Flytjeneste
Norsk Forurensningskontroll
Norsk Helikopter
Nortrans Agderfly
Norving
Norway Airlines
Norwegian Air Lines
Norwegian Air Norway
Norwegian Long Haul
Norwegian Overseas Airways
Offshore Helicopters
Partnair
Polarfly
SAS Braathens
SAS Commuter
SAS Norge
Scancopter-Service
Sørfly
Teddy Air
Telemark Flyselskap
Trans Polar
Varangfly
Vestfoldfly
Vestlandske Luftfartsselskap
Viking Air Norway
Vildanden
West Norway Airlines
Widerøe's Flyveselskap AS
Widerøe & Bjørneby
Widerøe Norsk Air
Widerøe's Flyveselskap & Polarfly
Portals: Aviation Companies Norway
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CHC Helicopter Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHC_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"oil platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"Norwegian continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Sea"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Airport, Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Airport,_Sola"},{"link_name":"Bergen Airport, Flesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Airport,_Flesland"},{"link_name":"Brønnøysund Airport, Brønnøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8ysund_Airport,_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y"},{"link_name":"Florø Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%C3%B8_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_Airport,_Kvernberget"},{"link_name":"public service obligation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Obligation"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Værøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6r%C3%B8y"}],"text":"CHC Helikopter Service, previously CHC Norway, CHC Helikopter Service and Helikopter Service is the Norwegian division of CHC Helicopter Corporation. The airline was an independent company until 1999. It operates primarily to oil platforms on the Norwegian continental shelf in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea, with crew change, infield shuttle and search and rescue operations. Though the global headquarters are in Richmond, B.C., Canada, the company has its main base at Stavanger Airport, Sola.The company also operates out of the airports Bergen Airport, Flesland, Brønnøysund Airport, Brønnøy, Florø Airport and Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget in addition to the oil installations Ekofisk, Oseberg, Statfjord and Heidrun. It also operated a public service obligation on the route Bodø-Værøy and the national rescue helicopter service for some years.","title":"CHC Helikopter Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helikopter_Service_Bell_212_at_Groningen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bell 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_212"},{"link_name":"Groningen Airport Eelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_Airport_Eelde"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-61"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Fred. Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred._Olsen_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter Super Puma 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Bond Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"CHC Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHC_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Lufttransport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufttransport"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Air Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle"}],"text":"Bell 212 at Groningen Airport EeldeThe company started out operating under the name Scancopter-Service A/S in 1956, using various small helicopters. But in 1966 the first steps in the Norwegian oil exploration started, and the company acquired two Sikorsky S-61 helicopters and at the same time changed its name to Helikopter Service.[1] By 1980 the company was operating 20 such helicopters. The airline had by then been acquired by Scandinavian Airlines and Fred. Olsen.In 1982 the company started to renew its fleet, introducing the Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma and later the Eurocopter Super Puma 2. In 1993 it also started operating the Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin with possibilities for search and rescue purposes.In 1996 the company changed its name to Helicopter Services Group and bought the British Bond Helicopters, its Australian subsidiary Lloyd Helicopters and later the South African Court Helicopters.CHC Helicopter bought Helikopter Services Group in 1999 and in 2000 the company changed name to CHC Helikopter Service. In 2000 the company sold the subsidiaries Lufttransport to Norwegian Air Shuttle and Heliflyg to Osterman Helicopter.On 2 April 2009 the name was again changed to CHC Norway.On 26 October 2010 the name was changed back to the current CHC Helikopter Service.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Norwegian Search and Rescue – CHC provides private Search and Rescue services in the Norwegian North Sea but acts in concert with government SAR operations. The CHC SAR fleet includes three offshore based AS 332L1, along with an EC225 at Statoil's Statfjord field, which can be converted from inter-rig shuttle role to SAR duty role within 15 minutes. Several of the Super Pumas in CHC's Norwegian fleet are prepared for the same quick change to SAR configuration.","title":"CHC EMS and SAR services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSU_CHC_Eurocopter_Super_Puma.png"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS332_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS332L Super Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS332L1 Super Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS332L2 Super Puma 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-92A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-92"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC 225 LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC225"}],"text":"A Helikopter Service Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma in the pre-CHC livery6 Eurocopter AS332L Super Puma\n2 Eurocopter AS332L1 Super Puma\n8 Eurocopter AS332L2 Super Puma 2\n10 Sikorsky S-92A\n7 Eurocopter EC 225 LP","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LN-OPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikopter_Service_Flight_451"},{"link_name":"AS332 L1 Super-Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS332_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"Brønnøysund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8ysund"},{"link_name":"Norne oil field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norne_oil_field"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rep47-2"},{"link_name":"LN-OJF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Tur%C3%B8y_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"EC225 LP Super Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC225_Super_Puma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRK-3"}],"text":"On 8 September 1997 LN-OPG, an AS332 L1 Super-Puma, suffered a catastrophic main gearbox failure while flying from Brønnøysund to the Norne oil field and crashed to the sea, killing all 12 aboard.[2] Eurocopter accepted some but not all of the AAIB/N recommendations. Eurocopter's reply can be found in Appendix F to the report (page 265 in the pdf).\nOn 29 April 2016 LN-OJF, an EC225 LP Super Puma, crashed at Turøy in the Bergen archipelago en route to Bergen Airport, Flesland, from the Gullfaks B platform in the North Sea. The helicopter was carrying 11 passengers and 2 crew members, but none survived the crash. Eyewitnesses have reported that everything seemed normal until there was a sudden change in the sound, before the main rotor detached and the aircraft fell down.[3] Due to the crash, all commercial flights – but not search and rescue flights – by EC225 helicopters were grounded immediately by both Norwegian and British civil aviation authorities.","title":"Accidents and incidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Bell 212 at Groningen Airport Eelde","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Helikopter_Service_Bell_212_at_Groningen.jpg/220px-Helikopter_Service_Bell_212_at_Groningen.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Helikopter Service Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma in the pre-CHC livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KSU_CHC_Eurocopter_Super_Puma.png/220px-KSU_CHC_Eurocopter_Super_Puma.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Helikopter Services\". Airline History. Retrieved 2 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/helikopter-services/","url_text":"\"Helikopter Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on the air accident 8 September 1997 in the Norwegian Sea approx. 100 nm west north west of Brønnøysund, involving Eurocopter AS 332L1 Super Puma, LN-OPG, operated by Helikopter Service AS\". Air Accident Investigation Board, Norway. November 2001. Retrieved 5 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aibn.no/luftfart/rapporter/2001-47-eng","url_text":"\"Report on the air accident 8 September 1997 in the Norwegian Sea approx. 100 nm west north west of Brønnøysund, involving Eurocopter AS 332L1 Super Puma, LN-OPG, operated by Helikopter Service AS\""}]},{"reference":"Lura, Christian; Bolstad, Jon; Njåstad, Marthe; Nave, Ingvild (29 April 2016). \"Politiet: Alle 13 er trolig omkommet\" [Police: All 13 are probably dead] (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/full-katastrofealarm-etter-helikopterstyrt-1.12923907","url_text":"\"Politiet: Alle 13 er trolig omkommet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK","url_text":"NRK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22","external_links_name":"\"CHC Helikopter Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHC_Helikopter_Service&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22","external_links_name":"\"CHC Helikopter Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CHC+Helikopter+Service%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.chc.ca/","external_links_name":"http://www.chc.ca"},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/helikopter-services/","external_links_name":"\"Helikopter Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.aibn.no/luftfart/rapporter/2001-47-eng","external_links_name":"\"Report on the air accident 8 September 1997 in the Norwegian Sea approx. 100 nm west north west of Brønnøysund, involving Eurocopter AS 332L1 Super Puma, LN-OPG, operated by Helikopter Service AS\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/full-katastrofealarm-etter-helikopterstyrt-1.12923907","external_links_name":"\"Politiet: Alle 13 er trolig omkommet\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1165149368873285980007","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_The_Pet_Network | List of programs broadcast by The Pet Network | ["1 Current programming","2 Final programming","2.1 0–9","2.2 A–E","2.3 F–J","2.4 K–O","2.5 P–T","2.6 U–Z","3 Original programming","3.1 A–E","3.2 F–J","3.3 K–O","3.4 P–T","3.5 U–Z","4 External links"] | This is a list of television programs formerly and currently broadcast by the Canadian television channel The Pet Network.
Current programming
This a list of programs currently being broadcast regularly, as of November 2007.
Final programming
0–9
100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd
A–E
The Adventures of Black Stallion
Amazing Tales
Animal Airport
Animal Allies
Animal Crackers
Animal Doctor
Animal House
Animal Magnetism
Animal Miracles
Animal Movie Magic
Animal Rescue
Animal SOS
Animalia
Bark Off!
Baman Piderman
Dogs
F–J
Good Dog
Harry's Mad
Here's Boomer
K–O
The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams
Life with Pets
Mickey's Farm, a.k.a. Mickey: Everyone's Best Friend
The Mighty Jungle
Ned's Newt
Noah's Ark
P–T
Patrol 03
Pet Central
Pet Cinema - various movies
Pet Docs - various documentaries
Pet Fashion
Pet Friends
Pets and People
Riding High
Twits & Pishers
U–Z
Vets in Hong Kong
Vets on the Wildside
Wild Thing!
Woof!
Working Animals
World's Greatest Pets
Original programming
A–E
Barking!
Barking Mad
Battersea Dogs' Home
Dog-pound Shuffle
F–J
Gentle Doctor
Hollywood Pets
International Animal Emergency
K–O
Lassie
My Magic Dog
P–T
Pet Project
Psycho Kitty
The Right Companion
Sunny's Ears
U–Z
The Vet
External links
The Pet Network
vtePrograms broadcast on Canadian televisionNetworks and systemsCurrent
CBC Television
Citytv
CTV/CTV 2
Global
Ici Radio-Canada Télé
Noovo
TVA
Yes TV
Defunct
A-Channel
E!
Joytv
ChannelsCurrent
ABC Spark
Cartoon Network
CTV Comedy Channel
DejaView
Disney Channel
DTour
E!
Family Channel
Food Network
FX
HGTV
History
Knowledge Network
MTV
MTV2
Much
Nickelodeon
OLN
OUTtv
Prise 2
Showcase
Slice
Sportsnet 360
Treehouse
TSN
TVOntario
YTV
Defunct
BBC Canada
BiteTV
bpm:tv
Comedy Gold
Cosmopolitan TV
G4
Global Reality Channel
M3
The Pet Network
By language
English
French
vteList of television programs broadcast by regionAsia-wide
Animal Planet
Animax
Armenia TV
AXN
BBC
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Discovery
Discovery HD World
Discovery Science
Disney Channel Asia
HBO
MTV Southeast Asia
National Geographic
Nat Geo Wild
Nickelodeon
Syfy Asia
STAR World
Star Vijay
STAR Movies/Fox Movies Premium
Channel V
East AsiaHong Kong
TVB
ViuTVsix
Star Vijay
Japan
Animax
TBS
Tokyo MX
TV Tokyo
South Korea
Arirang TV
Cartoon Network
Channel A
Disney Channel
KBS
kakao TV
MBC
SBS
SBS M
JTBC
Tooniverse
TVING
tvN
OCN
Mnet
South AsiaBangladesh
ATN Bangla
Bangladesh Television
Ekushey Television
Duronto TV
India
&TV
9X
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Colors
Colors Tamil
DD National
Discovery
Discovery HD World
Discovery Kids
Disney Channel
ETV
Gemini TV
Hungama TV
Imagine TV
Jaya TV
Kalaignar TV
Life OK
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Nickelodeon
Pogo
Puthuyugam TV
Raj TV
SAB TV
Sahara One
Sony TV
STAR Maa
STAR One
STAR Plus
Star Vijay
Sun TV
TV Asia
Zee Magic
Zee TV
Zee Keralam
Zee Tamizh
Zindagi
Nepal
Nepal TV
Kantipur Television
AP1
ABC Television (Nepal)
Image
Kantipur Gold
Himalaya
Janta
NTV PLUS
NTV Kohalpur
NTV News
Sagarmatha
Pakistan
ARY Digital
ARY Zindagi
Cartoon Network
Geo Kahani
Geo TV
Hum TV
Hum Sitaray
Nickelodeon
PTV
Spacetoon
TV One
Urdu 1
Sri Lanka
Shakthi TV
Southeast AsiaMalaysia
TV2
TV3
ntv7
8TV
TV9
Astro Ceria
Star Vijay
Philippines
A2Z
ABS-CBN
AksyonTV/5 Plus
ALLTV
ANC
Animal Planet
Animax
BEAM TV
Boomerang
CNN Philippines
Discovery
DZBB
DWPM/TeleRadyo Serbisyo
DZRH/DZRH News TV
Fox Filipino
Fox Movies
GMA Network
GTV
Hero
IBC
INC TV
Jack TV
Jeepney TV
Kapamilya Channel
Knowledge Channel
Light TV
Metro Channel
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Net 25
One Sports
PBS
PIE
PTV
Radyo5/One PH
RJTV
RPN
S+A
SMNI
SolarFlix
TV5
UNTV
Yey!
Singapore
Asian Food Network
BBC
CNA
Channel 5
Channel 8
Vasantham
Star Vijay
Vietnam
Animal Planet
AXN
Discovery
HanoiTV
HTV1
HTV2
HTV3
HTV4
HTV7
HTV9
MTV Vietnam
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
RED by HBO
Fox Movies
THVN
Vietnam Television (VTV)
VTV1
VTV2
VTV4
VTV5
VTV6
VTV7
VTV8
VTV9
OceaniaAustralia
ABC
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Channel 31
Discovery
Discovery HD World
Disney Channel
MTV Australia
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Network Ten
Nine Network
Sky News Live
SBS
SF Channel
Seven Network
New Zealand
Prime
TVNZ
Warner Bros. Discovery
EuropeAlbania
Bang Bang
Top Channel
Armenia
Armenia TV
Armenia 1
Cyprus
CyBC
METV
France
France 2
Disney Channel
TF1
Germany
Das Erste
Kabel eins
ProSieben
RTL
Sat.1
ZDF
ZDFneo
Greece
Alpha TV
Alter Channel
ANT1
ERT
Mega Channel
Ireland
Cartoonito
RTÉ
TG4
Virgin Media
Italy
Fox
FX
Joi
Mya
Steel
Norway
NRK 1
NRK 2
NRK 3
NRK super
C More
Canal 9 Norway
Disney Channel Scandinavia
FEM
Max
TV 2
TV 2 Bliss
TV 2 Livsstil
TV2 Sport
TV 2 Nyhetskanalen
TV3 Norway
TVNorge
Vox
Poland
Polsat
TVN
TVN 7
Portugal
Disney Channel
SIC
TVI
Spain
TVE
La 1
La 2
Antena 3
Cuatro
Telecinco
La Sexta
United Kingdom
Animal Planet
BBC
Boomerang
Bravo
Cartoonito
Cartoon Network
CBBC
CBeebies
Challenge
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel One
Comedy Central
Discovery
Discovery Home & Health
Disney Channel
Disney XD
E4
ITV
ITV2
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
Nickelodeon
Nicktoons
Nick Jr.
Pop
Sky One
Sky Sci-Fi
Sky Witness
Middle EastIsrael
Channel 2
Channel 1
Israeli Educational Television
Arutz HaYeladim
North AmericaCanada
A-Channel
ABC Spark
BBC Canada
BiteTV
bpm:tv
Cartoon Network
CBC
Citytv
Comedy Gold
Cosmopolitan TV
CTV/CTV 2
CTV Comedy Channel
DejaView
Disney Channel
DTour
E! (TV system)
E! (specialty channel)
Family
Food Network
FX
G4
Global
Global Reality
HGTV
History
Ici Radio-Canada Télé
Joytv
Knowledge Network
M3
MTV
MTV2
Much
Nickelodeon
Noovo
OLN
OUTtv
The Pet Network
Prise 2
Showcase
Slice
Sportsnet 360
Treehouse TV
TSN
TVA
TVOntario
Yes TV
YTV
Caribbean
Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation
CaribVision
Cubavision International
Tempo TV
Mexico
Canal Once
Imagen Televisión
Televisa
United States
ABC
Adult Swim
A&E
Amazon Freevee
Amazon Prime Video
AMC
Animal Planet
Antenna TV
Apple TV+
Audience
Azteca
BBC America
BET
BET+
BET Her
Boomerang
Bravo
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Catchy Comedy
CBS
Chiller
Cinemax
CMT
CNBC
CNN
Comedy Central
Cooking Channel
Crackle
Create
Curiosity Stream
The CW
The CW Plus
DC Universe
Destination America
Discovery Channel
Discovery Family
Disney Channel
Disney+
Disney Jr.
Disney XD
DuMont
E!
Esquire Network
ESPN
Facebook Watch
Food Network
Fox
Fox Business
Fox Kids
Fox News
Fox Sports 1
Freeform
Fuse
FX
FXX
G4
GetTV
Game Show Network
Great American Family
HBO
Hallmark Channel
H&I
HGTV
History
Hulu
IFC
Investigation Discovery
Ion
Justice Network
Kids' WB
Lifetime
Logo
Max
MeTV
MGM+
MSNBC
MTV
MTV2
MTV Classic
MundoMax
MyNetworkTV
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Wild
NBC
NBCSN
Netflix
NewsNation
NFL Network
Nickelodeon
Nick at Nite
Nick GaS
Nick Jr.
Nick Jr. Channel
Nicktoons
Noggin
NTA Film Net
OWN
Oxygen
Paramount Network
Paramount+
Paramount+ with Showtime
PBS
PBS Kids
Peacock
Playhouse Disney
Pop
Qubo
Quibi
Retro TV
RT America
Science
Seeso
Shudder
Smile
Speed
Spike
Starz
Sundance TV
Syfy
Syndication
TBD
TBS
TechTV
TeenNick
Telemundo
TheCoolTV
The Roku Channel
The WB
The WB 100+
This TV
TLC
TNT
Toon Disney
Toonami
Tr3s
Travel Channel
truTV
TV Land
TV One
UniMás
Universal Kids
Univision
Up TV
UPN
UPN Kids
USA Network
VH1
Vice TV
We TV
Yahoo! Screen
YouTube Premium
Latin America
Animal Planet
BBC
Canal Sony
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Discovery Kids
Discovery
Discovery Science
Disney+ Latin America
Star+
Disney Channel
Disney Junior
Star Channel
Nat Geo
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr.
Warner Channel
South AmericaArgentina
América TV
elnueve
eltrece
Net TV
Telefe
TVP
Brazil
Band
CNT
Disney Channel Brazil
Globo
GloboNews
Mix TV
MTV
Nickelodeon
Multishow
Record News
Record
RedeTV!
SBT
Chile
Canal 13
Chilevisión
La Red
Mega
TVN
Colombia
Canal 1
Caracol Televisión
RCN Televisión
Ecuador
Ecuavisa
Gamavisión
RTS
TC Televisión
Teleamazonas
Peru
América Televisión
ATV
Latina Televisión
Panamericana Televisión
Venezuela
RCTV
Televen
TVes
Venevisión
Venezolana de Televisión
Multiple regions
Jetix
The Filipino Channel
GMA Pinoy TV
GMA Life TV
GMA News TV International
Max
Xbox Live
Netflix
Amazon Prime Video
Paramount+
Disney+
Apple TV+
Star | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of programs broadcast by The Pet Network"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This a list of programs currently being broadcast regularly, as of November 2007.","title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Deeds_for_Eddie_McDowd"}],"sub_title":"0–9","text":"100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd","title":"Final programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Adventures of Black Stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Black_Stallion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amazing Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Tales"},{"link_name":"Animal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Animal Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Allies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Animal Crackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Crackers_(Animal_Planet_TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Animal Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Doctor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Animal House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_House"},{"link_name":"Animal Magnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Magnetism"},{"link_name":"Animal Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Miracles"},{"link_name":"Animal Movie Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Movie_Magic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Animal SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_SOS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bark Off!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bark_Off!&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"A–E","text":"The Adventures of Black Stallion\nAmazing Tales\nAnimal Airport\nAnimal Allies\nAnimal Crackers\nAnimal Doctor\nAnimal House\nAnimal Magnetism\nAnimal Miracles\nAnimal Movie Magic\nAnimal Rescue\nAnimal SOS\nAnimalia\nBark Off!\nBaman Piderman\nDogs","title":"Final programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Dog"},{"link_name":"Harry's Mad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_Mad"},{"link_name":"Here's Boomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_Boomer"}],"sub_title":"F–J","text":"Good Dog\nHarry's Mad\nHere's Boomer","title":"Final programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Grizzly_Adams"},{"link_name":"Life with Pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_with_Pets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mickey's Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_Farm"},{"link_name":"The Mighty Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Jungle_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ned's Newt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%27s_Newt"},{"link_name":"Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(UK_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"K–O","text":"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\nLife with Pets\nMickey's Farm, a.k.a. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Oltra | Mónica Oltra | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Spanish politician (born 1969)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Oltra and the second or maternal family name is Jarque.
Mónica OltraOltra in 2015Co-spokesperson of Compromís(alongside Enric Morera)IncumbentAssumed office 2012Spokesperson of Compromís at Corts ValencianesIn office2007–2010Preceded byGlòria MarcosSucceeded byEnric MoreraSpokesperson of Valencian People's InitiativeIn office2010–2014Succeeded byPaco García LatorreMireia Mollà i HerreraMiquel Real AntequeraDeputy at Corts ValencianesIn office2007–2022First Vice president of the Generalitat ValencianaIn office2015–2022Preceded byJosé CíscarMinister for Equality and Inclusive Policies of Generalitat ValencianaIn office2015–2022Preceded byAsunción Sánchez Zaplana Spokesperson of the Generalitat ValencianaIn office2015–2022Preceded byMaría José Català
Personal detailsBorn (1969-12-20) 20 December 1969 (age 54)Neuss, West GermanyNationalitySpanishPolitical partyIdPV-CompromísWebsitemonicaoltra2015.com
Mónica Oltra Jarque (Valencian: ) is a Spanish left-wing politician, and the ex-vice president, ex-spokesperson and ex-minister for Equality and Inclusive Policies of the Valencian government.
Born in Germany to a Spanish immigrants family, she returned to Spain in 1984 and shortly after joined the Communist Party of Spain.
Mónica Oltra has served as one of the main leaders of the political party Valencian People's Initiative (IdPV) and of Coalició Compromís (Commitment Coalition), a coalition which she has represented in the Valencian parliament, representing the province of Valencia since 2007 until her resignation in 2022. She holds a bachelor's degree in Law from the University of Valencia. Alongside being a politician, she also works as a lawyer.
In June 2022 she was accused by the Supreme Court of Justice of Valencian Community in the crime of covering up the case of sexual abuse by her ex-husband of a 14 years old minor under guardianship. Despite the pressure, she initially refused to resign her position of the vice-president of Valencian government. However, after PSOE-Valencia threatened to break the governing Botanic coalition, she resigned on June 21. In June 2023, the judicial police released a report that allegedly supports Oltra's version that no cover-up had occurred, though the court is still to pronounce on the matter.
Notes
^ Her first name is sometimes given as Mònica , which is the usual form of this name in Catalan.
References
^ "Jo sempre he escrit el meu nom amb accent tancat. Perquè el meu nom m'agrada amb accent tancat, tal com sona. Si et dius Katerine no t'agrada que et diguen Catalina. Doncs jo sóc Mónica amb accent tancat." (in Catalan). Vilaweb. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
^ "Mónica Oltra: adiós a la política que probó su propio 'veneno'". ABC. 21 June 2022.
^ Los líderes de Compromís, atentos a "las formas de vida de la gente", El País, 12 January 2015
^ El PP suspenderá un mes como diputada a Mònica Oltra, El País, 5 June 2014
^ a b "Mónica Oltra rechaza dimitir tras su imputación: "La frase que define el auto es 'no existe prueba directa'"". El Diario. 17 June 2022.
^ "Maite, la niña víctima de los abusos sexuales del exmarido de Oltra que fue esposada y nadie creyó". ABC. 21 June 2022.
^ "Mónica Oltra, tras ser imputada: "No voy a dimitir. Mi postura es coherente, ética, estética y política"". El Pais. 17 June 2022.
^ Bono, María Fabra, Ferran (21 June 2022). "Mónica Oltra dimite como vicepresidenta y portavoz del Gobierno valenciano". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Pascual, Ana María (6 June 2023). "Vuelco en la investigación contra Mónica Oltra: los correos descartan que se taparan los abusos de su exmarido a una menor". Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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Other
IdRef
This article about a Valencian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ˈmonika ˈɔltɾa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Valencian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Valencian People's Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_People%27s_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Coalició Compromís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalici%C3%B3_Comprom%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Valencian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corts_Valencianes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"province of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"University of Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Justice of Valencian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Valencian_Community&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Superior_de_Justicia_de_la_Comunidad_Valenciana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PSOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSOE"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Oltra and the second or maternal family name is Jarque.Mónica Oltra Jarque (Valencian: [ˈmonika ˈɔltɾa])[1][a] is a Spanish left-wing politician, and the ex-vice president, ex-spokesperson and ex-minister for Equality and Inclusive Policies of the Valencian government.Born in Germany to a Spanish immigrants family, she returned to Spain in 1984 and shortly after joined the Communist Party of Spain.[2]Mónica Oltra has served as one of the main leaders[3] of the political party Valencian People's Initiative (IdPV) and of Coalició Compromís (Commitment Coalition), a coalition which she has represented in the Valencian parliament,[4] representing the province of Valencia since 2007 until her resignation in 2022. She holds a bachelor's degree in Law from the University of Valencia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Shettleworth | Sara Shettleworth | ["1 Selected bibliography","2 References","3 External links"] | Canadian zoologist
Sara ShettleworthBorn1943NationalityAmerican-born, CanadianEducationUniversity of Pennsylvania & University of TorontoOccupation(s)Psychologist and ZoologistSpouseNicholas Mrosovsky
Sara J. Shettleworth (born 1943) is an American-born, Canadian experimental psychologist and zoologist. Her research focuses on animal cognition. She is professor emerita of psychology and ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Toronto.
She was brought up in Maine and is a graduate of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She started her PhD at the University of Pennsylvania and transferred to the University of Toronto, where she finished her doctoral studies in comparative psychology. She has lived in Canada since 1967. Until his death in 2015, she was married to biologist Nicholas Mrosovsky.
Shettleworth's research focuses on adaptive specializations of learning and the evolution of cognition. She has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a visiting fellow at Magdalen College and Oxford University. Her research has been supported continuously since 1974 by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Shettleworth was honoured by the Comparative Cognition Society at their 2008 annual meeting for her contributions to the study of animal cognition. In 2012 the Canadian Society For Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science honoured her with the Donald Hebb award for her distinguished contributions to psychological science.
Selected bibliography
Books
Shettleworth, S. J. (2012). Fundamentals of Comparative Cognition (Fundamentals in Cognition). Oxford University Press.
Shettleworth, S. J. (2009). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior (2nd ed). Oxford University Press.
Scientific Publications
Shettleworth, S. J. (2012). Do Animals Have Insight, and What Is Insight Anyway? The Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(4), 217–226.
Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(11), 477–481.
Sutton, J. E. & Shettleworth, S. J. (2008). Memory without awareness: Pigeons do not show metamemory in delayed matching-to-sample. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34(2), 266–282.
Miller, N. Y.; Shettleworth, S. J. (2007). "Learning about environmental geometry: An associative model". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 33 (3): 191–212. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.33.3.191. PMID 17620021.
Cheng, K., & Shettleworth, S. J., Huttenlocher, J., & Rieser, J. (2007). Bayesian integration of spatial information. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 625–637.
A full list of publications can be found here
References
^ "Current Biology Q and A" (PDF). Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ "Sara J. Shettleworth" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ People in the Shettleworth Lab
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-03-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "CSBBCS/SCSCCC Hebb Award Recipient 2012". Archived from the original on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ "Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour & Cognitive Science: Dr. Sara Shettleworth". www.csbbcs.org. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
^ J., Shettleworth, Sara (2013). Fundamentals of comparative cognition (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195343106. OCLC 772774131.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J., Shettleworth, Sara (2010). Cognition, evolution, and behavior (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199717811. OCLC 488647761.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Shettleworth, Sara J. (2012). "Do animals have insight, and what is insight anyway?". Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 66 (4): 217–226. doi:10.1037/a0030674. ISSN 1878-7290. PMID 23231629.
^ Shettleworth, Sara J. (2010-11-01). "Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (11): 477–481. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.002. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 20685155. S2CID 13908581.
^ Sutton, Jennifer E.; Shettleworth, Sara J. (2008). "Memory without awareness: Pigeons do not show metamemory in delayed matching to sample". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 34 (2): 266–282. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.34.2.266. ISSN 1939-2184. PMID 18426309.
^ Cheng, Ken; Shettleworth, Sara J.; Huttenlocher, Janellen; Rieser, John J. (2007). "Bayesian integration of spatial information". Psychological Bulletin. 133 (4): 625–637. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.625. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 17592958.
External links
Sara Shettleworth's Website at U of T
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This article about a Canadian scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Canadian psychologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a zoologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"animal cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition"},{"link_name":"professor emerita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_emerita"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"comparative psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Mrosovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mrosovsky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences_and_Engineering_Research_Council_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Comparative Cognition Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_Cognition_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Donald Hebb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hebb"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sara J. Shettleworth (born 1943) is an American-born, Canadian experimental psychologist and zoologist. Her research focuses on animal cognition. She is professor emerita of psychology and ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Toronto.She was brought up in Maine and is a graduate of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She started her PhD at the University of Pennsylvania and transferred to the University of Toronto, where she finished her doctoral studies in comparative psychology.[1] She has lived in Canada since 1967. Until his death in 2015, she was married to biologist Nicholas Mrosovsky.[2]Shettleworth's research focuses on adaptive specializations of learning and the evolution of cognition. She has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a visiting fellow at Magdalen College and Oxford University. Her research has been supported continuously since 1974 by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.[3]Shettleworth was honoured by the Comparative Cognition Society at their 2008 annual meeting for her contributions to the study of animal cognition.[4] In 2012 the Canadian Society For Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science honoured her with the Donald Hebb award for her distinguished contributions to psychological science.[5][6]","title":"Sara Shettleworth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1037/0097-7403.33.3.191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1037%2F0097-7403.33.3.191"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17620021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17620021"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/shettle/abstracts.html"}],"text":"BooksShettleworth, S. J. (2012). Fundamentals of Comparative Cognition (Fundamentals in Cognition). Oxford University Press.[7]\nShettleworth, S. J. (2009). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior (2nd ed). Oxford University Press.[8]Scientific PublicationsShettleworth, S. J. (2012). Do Animals Have Insight, and What Is Insight Anyway? The Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(4), 217–226.[9]\nShettleworth, S. J. (2010). Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(11), 477–481.[10]\nSutton, J. E. & Shettleworth, S. J. (2008). Memory without awareness: Pigeons do not show metamemory in delayed matching-to-sample. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34(2), 266–282.[11] \nMiller, N. Y.; Shettleworth, S. J. (2007). \"Learning about environmental geometry: An associative model\". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 33 (3): 191–212. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.33.3.191. PMID 17620021.\nCheng, K., & Shettleworth, S. J., Huttenlocher, J., & Rieser, J. (2007). Bayesian integration of spatial information. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 625–637.[12]A full list of publications can be found here","title":"Selected bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Miller, N. Y.; Shettleworth, S. J. (2007). \"Learning about environmental geometry: An associative model\". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 33 (3): 191–212. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.33.3.191. PMID 17620021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0097-7403.33.3.191","url_text":"10.1037/0097-7403.33.3.191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17620021","url_text":"17620021"}]},{"reference":"\"Current Biology Q and A\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parris_Brook_Historic_and_Archeological_District | Parris Brook Historic and Archeological District | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Historic district in Rhode Island, United States
United States historic placeParris Brook Historic and Archeological DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district
LocationExeter, Rhode IslandNRHP reference No.80000023 Added to NRHPDecember 5, 1980
Parris Brook Historic and Archeological District is a historic district in Exeter, Rhode Island. The area includes remains of 18th- and 19th-century mill complexes, as well as prehistoric Native American rock shelters. It is mostly located in the Arcadia Management Area, a natural preserve managed by the state, and on adjacent private land.
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ Stachiw, Myron (May 1980). National Register nomination for Parris Brook Historic and Archeological District; available by request from the National Park Service
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This article about a Registered Historic Place in Washington County, Rhode Island is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Exeter, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeParris Brook Historic and Archeological District is a historic district in Exeter, Rhode Island. The area includes remains of 18th- and 19th-century mill complexes, as well as prehistoric Native American rock shelters. It is mostly located in the Arcadia Management Area, a natural preserve managed by the state, and on adjacent private land.[2]The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]","title":"Parris Brook Historic and Archeological District"}] | [] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Rhode_Island"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80000023","external_links_name":"80000023"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parris_Brook_Historic_and_Archeological_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu | Jebtsundamba Khutuktu | ["1 History","2 List of Jebtsundamba Khutuktus","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Spiritual head of Gelug Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia
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vte
The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu or Khalkha Jetsün Dampa Rinpoche is a title given to the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. They also hold the title of Bogd Gegeen, making them the top-ranked lama in Mongolia.
History
Statue of Zanabazar, the 1st Jebtsundamba
The first Jebtsundamba, Zanabazar (1635–1723), was identified as the reincarnation of the scholar Taranatha of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism. Zanabazar was the son of the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj, ruler of central Khalkha Mongolia, and himself became the spiritual head of the Khalkha Mongols.
On May 29, the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu paid homage to the Kangxi Emperor in 1691 at Dolonnor.
Like Zanabazar, the 2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was a member of Mongolia's highest nobility and direct descendant of Genghis Khan. After Chingünjav's rebellion and the demise of the second Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty decreed in 1758 that all future reincarnations were to be found from among the population of Tibet.
When the region of Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty in 1911, the eighth Jebtsundamba (1869–1924) was elevated to theocratic ruler, called Bogd Khan and established the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. He was the head of state until his death in 1924. The communist government of the Mongolian People's Republic, which replaced the theocracy in 1924, declared that there were to be no further reincarnations.
A reincarnation was in fact found almost at once in north Mongolia, and some high lamas of the dead Khutughtu's suite went to interview the child's mother, Tsendjav, and to instruct her in the details of the life of the former incarnation, so that she could familiarize the child-candidate with the tests which he would have to undergo. Faced with the possibility of a new Khutughtu who was born within Mongolia and was not even a foreigner from Tibet, the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party decided in July 1925 to turn the matter over to the elderly 13th Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The Dalai Lama's decision would nonetheless be subject to new Mongolian legislation for the separation of church and state. In February 1929, the installation of any further Khutughtus was forbidden.
A 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was installed by the 14th Dalai Lama as the head of a reinvigorated Jonang lineage. He was born Jampal Namdol Chökyi Gyaltsen in 1932 and he died in early 2012. Despite the Chinese government's claim to have inherited the authority and ultimate decision right for the choice of successor of all high lamas in Mongolia and Tibet, the 9th Jebstundamba will be reincarnated within the independent Mongolia and the selection will be confirmed by the Dalai Lama. This puts China in a dilemma of endangering their foreign affairs with Mongolia for the choice of the next Lama or to forfeit this right that they claim to have control of religious affairs, ultimately giving up their authority over the choice of the next Dalai Lama and putting their current choice of the Panchen Lama in question.
List of Jebtsundamba Khutuktus
The 8th Jebtsundamba, known as the Bogd Khan
Bogdo gegeen (Mongolian and ceremonial Tibetan language names)
1635–1723: Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar (Wylie: Blo bzang bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan), 1st Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1724–1757: Luvsandambiydonmi (Wylie: Blo bzang bstan pa'i srgon me), 2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1758–1773: Ishdambiynyam (Wylie: Ye shes bstan pa'i nyi ma), 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1775–1813: Luvsantüvdenvanchug (Wylie: Blo bzang thub bstan dbang phyug), 4th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1815–1841: Luvsanchültimjigmed (Wylie: Blo bzang tshul khrim 'jigs med), 5th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1843–1848: Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan (Wylie: Blo bzang dpal ldan bstan pa), 6th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1850–1868: Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts (Wylie: Ngag dbang chos kyi dbang phyug 'phrin las rgya mtsho), 7th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1870–20 May 1924: Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Wylie: Ngag dbang blo bzang chos rje nyi ma bstan 'dzin dbang phyug rJe btsun dam pa Bla ma), 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu and Bogd Khan
1936–1 March 2012: Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan (Jampal Namdrol Chokye Gyeltsen), 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (b. 1933; from 1991, recognized by the Dalai Lama; exile in Tibet to 1959, then in India; died in Ulaanbaatar)
Current: 10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu - In Nov 2016, during a visit to Mongolia, the 14th Dalai Lama announced his belief that the 10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu had been reborn in Mongolia and that a process for identifying him had begun. On March 8, 2023, at a ceremony in Dharamsala, the Dalai Lama announced the presence at the ceremony of the 10th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu.
Notes
^ Mongolian: Жавзандамба хутагт, Zhawzandamba hutagt, pronounced ; Chinese: 哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖; pinyin: Zhébùzūn Dānbā Hūtúkètú; Standard Tibetan: རྗེ་བཙུན་དམ་པ་ཧུ་ཐུག་ཐུ་, romanized: Jetsün Dampa Hutuktu; lit. "Venerable Excellent incarnate lama"
References
^ Charles Ives Waldo, Jr. "THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool". Tibetan & Himalayan Library. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Retrieved 25 February 2015. khal kha'i bla chen zhig said to be jo nang pa tā ra na tha's reincarnation
^ James Louis Hevia (1995). Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793. Duke University Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 0-8223-1637-4.
^ C.R. Bawden, The Modern History of Mongolia, 1968, Praeger publishers, New York, pp. 261-263
^ "Obituary: His Eminence the Ninth Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa - Central Tibetan Administration". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
^ Tibetan Buddhist Mongolia, Religious Organization, worldstatesmen.org
^ Aldrich, M.A. (3 December 2016). "The Dalai Lama in Mongolia: 'Tournament of Shadows' Reborn". www.thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ Sommerlad, Joe (27 March 2023). "US child named reincarnation of Buddhist spiritual leader by the Dalai Lama". The Independent. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Mongolian media reports suggest the child is one of a pair of twin boys named Aguidai and Achiltai Altannar, sons of Altannar Chinchuluun and Monkhnasan Narmandakh, a university mathematics professor and a national resources conglomerate executive, respectively. The boy's grandmother, Garamjav Tseden, is meanwhile a former member of parliament.
^ "Preliminary Procedures for the Chakrasamvara Empowerment". www.dalailama.com. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
External links
The Zanabazar quadratic script, Ragchaagiin Byambaa
Online biography of Zanabazar, the first Khalkha Jebtsundamba
List of the first eight Jebtsundamba Khutuktus (in Mongolian)
vteJebtsundamba Khutuktu
Zanabazar
Luvsandambiydonmi
Ishdambiynyam
Luvsantüvdenvanchug
Luvsanchültimjigmed
Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan
Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts
Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Bogd Khan)
Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan
10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
Bogd Khan, 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Gandantegchinlen Monastery
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Religion portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gelug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waldo-2"},{"link_name":"lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama"}],"text":"The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu[a] or Khalkha Jetsün Dampa Rinpoche is a title given to the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia.[1] They also hold the title of Bogd Gegeen, making them the top-ranked lama in Mongolia.","title":"Jebtsundamba Khutuktu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_003.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zanabazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanabazar"},{"link_name":"reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation#Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Taranatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranatha"},{"link_name":"Jonang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonang"},{"link_name":"Tüsheet Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevia1995-3"},{"link_name":"2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Chingünjav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching%C3%BCnjav"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Outer Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"declared independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911"},{"link_name":"Bogd Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bogd Khanate of Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Mongolian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"13th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"14th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Panchen Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchen_Lama"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Statue of Zanabazar, the 1st JebtsundambaThe first Jebtsundamba, Zanabazar (1635–1723), was identified as the reincarnation of the scholar Taranatha of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism. Zanabazar was the son of the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj, ruler of central Khalkha Mongolia, and himself became the spiritual head of the Khalkha Mongols.On May 29, the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu paid homage to the Kangxi Emperor in 1691 at Dolonnor.[2]Like Zanabazar, the 2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was a member of Mongolia's highest nobility and direct descendant of Genghis Khan. After Chingünjav's rebellion and the demise of the second Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty decreed in 1758 that all future reincarnations were to be found from among the population of Tibet.When the region of Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty in 1911, the eighth Jebtsundamba (1869–1924) was elevated to theocratic ruler, called Bogd Khan and established the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. He was the head of state until his death in 1924. The communist government of the Mongolian People's Republic, which replaced the theocracy in 1924, declared that there were to be no further reincarnations.A reincarnation was in fact found almost at once in north Mongolia, and some high lamas of the dead Khutughtu's suite went to interview the child's mother, Tsendjav, and to instruct her in the details of the life of the former incarnation, so that she could familiarize the child-candidate with the tests which he would have to undergo. Faced with the possibility of a new Khutughtu who was born within Mongolia and was not even a foreigner from Tibet, the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party decided in July 1925 to turn the matter over to the elderly 13th Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The Dalai Lama's decision would nonetheless be subject to new Mongolian legislation for the separation of church and state. In February 1929, the installation of any further Khutughtus was forbidden.[3]A 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was installed by the 14th Dalai Lama as the head of a reinvigorated Jonang lineage. He was born Jampal Namdol Chökyi Gyaltsen in 1932 and he died in early 2012. Despite the Chinese government's claim to have inherited the authority and ultimate decision right for the choice of successor of all high lamas in Mongolia and Tibet, the 9th Jebstundamba will be reincarnated within the independent Mongolia and the selection will be confirmed by the Dalai Lama. This puts China in a dilemma of endangering their foreign affairs with Mongolia for the choice of the next Lama or to forfeit this right that they claim to have control of religious affairs, ultimately giving up their authority over the choice of the next Dalai Lama and putting their current choice of the Panchen Lama in question.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogd_Khan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zanabazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanabazar"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"4th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"5th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"6th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"7th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration"},{"link_name":"Bogd Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_Khan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu"},{"link_name":"14th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dharamsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamsala"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The 8th Jebtsundamba, known as the Bogd KhanBogdo gegeen (Mongolian and ceremonial Tibetan language names)1635–1723: Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar (Wylie: Blo bzang bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan), 1st Jebtsundamba Khutughtu\n1724–1757: Luvsandambiydonmi (Wylie: Blo bzang bstan pa'i srgon me), 2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu\n1758–1773: Ishdambiynyam (Wylie: Ye shes bstan pa'i nyi ma), 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu\n1775–1813: Luvsantüvdenvanchug (Wylie: Blo bzang thub bstan dbang phyug), 4th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu\n1815–1841: Luvsanchültimjigmed (Wylie: Blo bzang tshul khrim 'jigs med), 5th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu\n1843–1848: Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan (Wylie: Blo bzang dpal ldan bstan pa), 6th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu\n1850–1868: Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts (Wylie: Ngag dbang chos kyi dbang phyug 'phrin las rgya mtsho), 7th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu[citation needed]\n1870–20 May 1924: Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Wylie: Ngag dbang blo bzang chos rje nyi ma bstan 'dzin dbang phyug rJe btsun dam pa Bla ma), 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu and Bogd Khan[citation needed]\n1936–1 March 2012: Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan (Jampal Namdrol Chokye Gyeltsen), 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (b. 1933; from 1991, recognized by the Dalai Lama; exile in Tibet to 1959, then in India; died in Ulaanbaatar)[5]\nCurrent: 10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu - In Nov 2016, during a visit to Mongolia, the 14th Dalai Lama announced his belief that the 10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu had been reborn in Mongolia and that a process for identifying him had begun.[6] On March 8, 2023, at a ceremony in Dharamsala, the Dalai Lama announced the presence at the ceremony of the 10th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu.[7][8]","title":"List of Jebtsundamba Khutuktus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈt͡ɕaw̜t͡sn̩təmpə ˈχʊʰtəχtʰ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Standard Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language"},{"link_name":"incarnate lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku"}],"text":"^ Mongolian: Жавзандамба хутагт, Zhawzandamba hutagt, pronounced [ˈt͡ɕaw̜t͡sn̩təmpə ˈχʊʰtəχtʰ]; Chinese: 哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖; pinyin: Zhébùzūn Dānbā Hūtúkètú; Standard Tibetan: རྗེ་བཙུན་དམ་པ་ཧུ་ཐུག་ཐུ་, romanized: Jetsün Dampa Hutuktu; lit. \"Venerable Excellent incarnate lama\"","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Statue of Zanabazar, the 1st Jebtsundamba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_003.JPG/220px-Museum_of_Ethnology_Vienna_003.JPG"},{"image_text":"The 8th Jebtsundamba, known as the Bogd Khan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bogd_Khan.jpg/220px-Bogd_Khan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bogd Khan, 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bogd_Khan.jpg/40px-Bogd_Khan.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Charles Ives Waldo, Jr. \"THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool\". Tibetan & Himalayan Library. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Retrieved 25 February 2015. khal kha'i bla chen zhig said to be jo nang pa tā ra na tha's reincarnation","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php","url_text":"\"THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool\""}]},{"reference":"James Louis Hevia (1995). Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793. Duke University Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 0-8223-1637-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj6d9_4F0EIC&q=Tusiyetu+khan&pg=PA45","url_text":"Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1637-4","url_text":"0-8223-1637-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: His Eminence the Ninth Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa - Central Tibetan Administration\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304095328/http://tibet.net/2012/03/01/obituary-his-eminence-the-ninth-khalkha-jetsun-dhampa/","url_text":"\"Obituary: His Eminence the Ninth Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa - Central Tibetan Administration\""},{"url":"http://tibet.net/2012/03/01/obituary-his-eminence-the-ninth-khalkha-jetsun-dhampa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aldrich, M.A. (3 December 2016). \"The Dalai Lama in Mongolia: 'Tournament of Shadows' Reborn\". www.thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/the-dalai-lama-in-mongolia-tournament-of-shadows-reborn/","url_text":"\"The Dalai Lama in Mongolia: 'Tournament of Shadows' Reborn\""}]},{"reference":"Sommerlad, Joe (27 March 2023). \"US child named reincarnation of Buddhist spiritual leader by the Dalai Lama\". The Independent. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Mongolian media reports suggest the child is one of a pair of twin boys named Aguidai and Achiltai Altannar, sons of Altannar Chinchuluun and Monkhnasan Narmandakh, a university mathematics professor and a national resources conglomerate executive, respectively. The boy's grandmother, Garamjav Tseden, is meanwhile a former member of parliament.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/new-dalai-lama-mongolia-boy-tibet-b2308510.html","url_text":"\"US child named reincarnation of Buddhist spiritual leader by the Dalai Lama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preliminary Procedures for the Chakrasamvara Empowerment\". www.dalailama.com. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dalailama.com/news/2023/preliminary-procedures-for-the-chakrasamvara-empowerment","url_text":"\"Preliminary Procedures for the Chakrasamvara Empowerment\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php","external_links_name":"\"THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj6d9_4F0EIC&q=Tusiyetu+khan&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304095328/http://tibet.net/2012/03/01/obituary-his-eminence-the-ninth-khalkha-jetsun-dhampa/","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: His Eminence the Ninth Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa - Central Tibetan Administration\""},{"Link":"http://tibet.net/2012/03/01/obituary-his-eminence-the-ninth-khalkha-jetsun-dhampa/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Religious_Organizations.html#Mongolia","external_links_name":"Tibetan Buddhist Mongolia, Religious Organization, worldstatesmen.org"},{"Link":"https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/the-dalai-lama-in-mongolia-tournament-of-shadows-reborn/","external_links_name":"\"The Dalai Lama in Mongolia: 'Tournament of Shadows' Reborn\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/new-dalai-lama-mongolia-boy-tibet-b2308510.html","external_links_name":"\"US child named reincarnation of Buddhist spiritual leader by the Dalai Lama\""},{"Link":"https://www.dalailama.com/news/2023/preliminary-procedures-for-the-chakrasamvara-empowerment","external_links_name":"\"Preliminary Procedures for the Chakrasamvara Empowerment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925054828/http://www.orient.uw.edu.pl/siap/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=2","external_links_name":"The Zanabazar quadratic script, Ragchaagiin Byambaa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060102030457/http://www.zanabazar.mn/Life/zanabazar.html","external_links_name":"Online biography of Zanabazar, the first Khalkha Jebtsundamba"},{"Link":"https://news.gogo.mn/event/print/30526","external_links_name":"List of the first eight Jebtsundamba Khutuktus (in Mongolian)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Hmone_Yati | Shwe Hmone Yati | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Brand ambassadorship","4 Filmography","4.1 Film (Cinema)","4.2 Television series","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"] | Burmese actress and model
In this Burmese name, the given name is Shwe Hmone Yati. There is no family name.
Shwe Hmone YatiရွှေမှုံရတီShwe Hmone Yati in 2019BornShwe Hmone Yati (1998-05-16) May 16, 1998 (age 26)Yangon, MyanmarNationalityBurmeseOther namesThelOccupationModel • Actress • SingerYears active2010–presentHeight5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Spouse
Shwe Htoo (m. 2018)Parent(s)Sein Thaung (father)Maw Maw Khine (mother)RelativesNgwe Hmone Yati (sister)AwardsMyanmar Motion Picture Academy Award for Best Actress (2022)
Shwe Hmone Yati (Burmese: ရွှေမှုံရတီ; born 16 May 1998) is an academy-winning Burmese actress. She is best known for her leading roles in several Burmese films.
Early life
Shwe Hmone Yati was born on May 16, 1998, in Yangon, Myanmar to parents; Sein Thaung and Maw Maw Khine. She has a younger sister, named Ngwe Hmone Yati. She attended at BEHS 2 Kamayut.
Career
Her career started from learning in Model Institute and Acting School. In 2012, at the age of 14, she starred her debut film Tha Khin Ye Kyay Kyun alongside Lu Min. In the same year, she starred her second film Aetta A Sate alongside Nay Toe and Palae Win and she became popular among the audiences from Myanmar. And then she acted in many film with different actors.
In 2017, she starred in Big screen Cho Myain Thaw Let Sar Chay Chin alongside Sai Sai Kham Leng and Khin Wint Wah.
In the same year, she starred in Big screen Wit Nyin Ka Kyoe alongside Aung Ye Lin and Thinzar Wint Kyaw. In 2018, she starred in Big screen movie Mhaw Kyauk Sar alongside Myint Myat. In 2019, she starred in Big screen movie Guest alongside Shwe Htoo and Nay Chi Oo. In 2020, she starred in Big screen movie Mite Mae Chit alongside Myint Myat and Khin Wint Wah.
Brand ambassadorship
She has been working as brand ambassador of Clear Myanmar since January 1, 2018. She has also been working as brand ambassador of Huawei Mobile Myanmar since May 1, 2019.
Filmography
Film (Cinema)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2020)
Aung Myin, Kyaw Kyar, Sue Sha, Htet Myet (အောင်မြင် ၊ ကျော်ကြား ၊ စူးရှ ၊ ထက်မြက်) (2016)
A Chit Sit (အချစ်စစ်) (2016)
Anubis (အနူးဘစ်) (2016)
Cho Myain Thaw Let Sar Chay Chin (ချိုမြိန်သောလက်စားချေခြင်း) (2017)
Wit Nyin Ka Kyoe (ဝိညာဉ်ကကြိုး) (2017)
Boon Daw Kyet Thu Kho (ဘွန္တောကြက်သူခိုး) (2017)
Mar Yar Style (မာယာစတိုင်) (2017)
Mhaw Kyauk Sar (မှော်ကျောက်စာ) (2018)
He He Ha Ha (ဟီးဟီးဟားဟား) (2018)
Nge Kyun (ငယ်ကျွန်) (2019)
Pyone Shwin Yay Pyaw Yae Lar (ပြုံးရွှင်ရေပျော်ရဲ့လား) (2019)
The Milk Ogre (နို့ဘီလူး) (2019)
Guest (ဧည့်သည်) (2019)
Thit Sar Nan Taw (သစ္စာနန်းတော်) (2019)
Kye Kye Kyal Kyal (ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်) (2019)
Mite Mae Chit (မိုက်မဲချစ်) (2020)
Rose Castle (နှင်းဆီရဲတိုက်) (2020)
Kan (ကမ်း) (2020)
Television series
Chit Chin Ko Phan Sin Thu (2017)
Lwan Lo Ma Kyan Yit Say Lo (2023)
Personal life
She is married to Shwe Htoo in 2018.
References
^ "မွေးနေ့ပွဲပြုလုပ်ဖို့ပြင်နေတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese).
^ "အသက်၂၂နှစ်အရွယ်ရဲ့တည်ငြိမ်ရင်ကျက်မှုပုံရိပ်တွေကိုမျှဝေ" (in Burmese).
^ "အိမ်ထောင်ကျပြီးမှပိုလှလာတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese).
^ "တစ်ရက်အတွင်းကြည့်ရှုသူသန်းချီရှိတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရွှေထူးတို့သီချင်း". Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese).
^ "ဓားပြဗိုလ်ဇာတ်ရုပ်ကပထမဆုံဇာတ်ရုပ်ဖစ်တယ်ဆိုတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ". Mizzima (in Burmese).
^ "ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံတို့ရဲ့မင်္ဂလာသတင်း". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese).
^ "တူနှစ်ကိုယ်တိုင်းပြည်တစ်ခုကိုတည်ထောင်တော့မယ့်ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ". Mizzima (in Burmese).
External links
Shwe Hmone Yati on Facebook | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_name"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In this Burmese name, the given name is Shwe Hmone Yati. There is no family name.Shwe Hmone Yati (Burmese: ရွှေမှုံရတီ; born 16 May 1998) is an academy-winning Burmese actress.[1][2][3][4] She is best known for her leading roles in several Burmese films.","title":"Shwe Hmone Yati"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"}],"text":"Shwe Hmone Yati was born on May 16, 1998, in Yangon, Myanmar to parents; Sein Thaung and Maw Maw Khine. She has a younger sister, named Ngwe Hmone Yati. She attended at BEHS 2 Kamayut.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lu Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Min_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nay Toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nay_Toe"},{"link_name":"Cho Myain Thaw Let Sar Chay Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Myain_Thaw_Let_Sar_Chay_Chin"},{"link_name":"Sai Sai Kham Leng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Sai_Kham_Leng"},{"link_name":"Khin Wint Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khin_Wint_Wah"},{"link_name":"Wit Nyin Ka Kyoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_Nyin_Ka_Kyoe"},{"link_name":"Aung Ye Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_Ye_Lin"},{"link_name":"Thinzar Wint Kyaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinzar_Wint_Kyaw"},{"link_name":"Mhaw Kyauk Sar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhaw_Kyauk_Sar"},{"link_name":"Myint Myat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myint_Myat"},{"link_name":"Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Shwe Htoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Htoo"},{"link_name":"Nay Chi Oo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nay_Chi_Oo"},{"link_name":"Mite Mae Chit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite_Mae_Chit"},{"link_name":"Myint Myat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myint_Myat"},{"link_name":"Khin Wint Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khin_Wint_Wah"}],"text":"Her career started from learning in Model Institute and Acting School. In 2012, at the age of 14, she starred her debut film Tha Khin Ye Kyay Kyun alongside Lu Min. In the same year, she starred her second film Aetta A Sate alongside Nay Toe and Palae Win and she became popular among the audiences from Myanmar. And then she acted in many film with different actors.In 2017, she starred in Big screen Cho Myain Thaw Let Sar Chay Chin alongside Sai Sai Kham Leng and Khin Wint Wah.\nIn the same year, she starred in Big screen Wit Nyin Ka Kyoe alongside Aung Ye Lin and Thinzar Wint Kyaw. In 2018, she starred in Big screen movie Mhaw Kyauk Sar alongside Myint Myat. In 2019, she starred in Big screen movie Guest alongside Shwe Htoo and Nay Chi Oo. In 2020, she starred in Big screen movie Mite Mae Chit alongside Myint Myat and Khin Wint Wah.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"She has been working as brand ambassador of Clear Myanmar since January 1, 2018. She has also been working as brand ambassador of Huawei Mobile Myanmar since May 1, 2019.","title":"Brand ambassadorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Cho Myain Thaw Let Sar Chay Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Myain_Thaw_Let_Sar_Chay_Chin"},{"link_name":"Wit Nyin Ka Kyoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_Nyin_Ka_Kyoe"},{"link_name":"Mhaw Kyauk Sar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhaw_Kyauk_Sar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Milk Ogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milk_Ogre"},{"link_name":"Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Mite Mae Chit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite_Mae_Chit"}],"sub_title":"Film (Cinema)","text":"Aung Myin, Kyaw Kyar, Sue Sha, Htet Myet (အောင်မြင် ၊ ကျော်ကြား ၊ စူးရှ ၊ ထက်မြက်) (2016)\nA Chit Sit (အချစ်စစ်) (2016)\nAnubis (အနူးဘစ်) (2016)\nCho Myain Thaw Let Sar Chay Chin (ချိုမြိန်သောလက်စားချေခြင်း) (2017)\nWit Nyin Ka Kyoe (ဝိညာဉ်ကကြိုး) (2017)\nBoon Daw Kyet Thu Kho (ဘွန္တောကြက်သူခိုး) (2017)\nMar Yar Style (မာယာစတိုင်) (2017)\nMhaw Kyauk Sar (မှော်ကျောက်စာ) (2018)\nHe He Ha Ha (ဟီးဟီးဟားဟား) (2018)[5]\nNge Kyun (ငယ်ကျွန်) (2019)\nPyone Shwin Yay Pyaw Yae Lar (ပြုံးရွှင်ရေပျော်ရဲ့လား) (2019)\nThe Milk Ogre (နို့ဘီလူး) (2019)\nGuest (ဧည့်သည်) (2019)\nThit Sar Nan Taw (သစ္စာနန်းတော်) (2019)\nKye Kye Kyal Kyal (ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်) (2019)\nMite Mae Chit (မိုက်မဲချစ်) (2020)\nRose Castle (နှင်းဆီရဲတိုက်) (2020)\nKan (ကမ်း) (2020)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","text":"Chit Chin Ko Phan Sin Thu (2017)\nLwan Lo Ma Kyan Yit Say Lo (2023)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shwe Htoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Htoo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"She is married to Shwe Htoo in 2018.[6][7]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"မွေးနေ့ပွဲပြုလုပ်ဖို့ပြင်နေတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ\". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2020/05/15/222723.html","url_text":"\"မွေးနေ့ပွဲပြုလုပ်ဖို့ပြင်နေတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irrawaddy","url_text":"The Irrawaddy"}]},{"reference":"\"အသက်၂၂နှစ်အရွယ်ရဲ့တည်ငြိမ်ရင်ကျက်မှုပုံရိပ်တွေကိုမျှဝေ\" (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"https://celezone.net/article/11267","url_text":"\"အသက်၂၂နှစ်အရွယ်ရဲ့တည်ငြိမ်ရင်ကျက်မှုပုံရိပ်တွေကိုမျှဝေ\""}]},{"reference":"\"အိမ်ထောင်ကျပြီးမှပိုလှလာတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ\". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2019/05/16/191479.html","url_text":"\"အိမ်ထောင်ကျပြီးမှပိုလှလာတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irrawaddy","url_text":"The Irrawaddy"}]},{"reference":"\"တစ်ရက်အတွင်းကြည့်ရှုသူသန်းချီရှိတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရွှေထူးတို့သီချင်း\". Democratic Voice of Burma (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/399193","url_text":"\"တစ်ရက်အတွင်းကြည့်ရှုသူသန်းချီရှိတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရွှေထူးတို့သီချင်း\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Voice_of_Burma","url_text":"Democratic Voice of Burma"}]},{"reference":"\"ဓားပြဗိုလ်ဇာတ်ရုပ်ကပထမဆုံဇာတ်ရုပ်ဖစ်တယ်ဆိုတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ\". Mizzima (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"http://mizzimaburmese.com/news/50711","url_text":"\"ဓားပြဗိုလ်ဇာတ်ရုပ်ကပထမဆုံဇာတ်ရုပ်ဖစ်တယ်ဆိုတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizzima","url_text":"Mizzima"}]},{"reference":"\"ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံတို့ရဲ့မင်္ဂလာသတင်း\". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"https://news-eleven.com/article/66253","url_text":"\"ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံတို့ရဲ့မင်္ဂလာသတင်း\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irrawaddy","url_text":"The Irrawaddy"}]},{"reference":"\"တူနှစ်ကိုယ်တိုင်းပြည်တစ်ခုကိုတည်ထောင်တော့မယ့်ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ\". Mizzima (in Burmese).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/news/52118","url_text":"\"တူနှစ်ကိုယ်တိုင်းပြည်တစ်ခုကိုတည်ထောင်တော့မယ့်ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizzima","url_text":"Mizzima"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shwe_Hmone_Yati&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2020/05/15/222723.html","external_links_name":"\"မွေးနေ့ပွဲပြုလုပ်ဖို့ပြင်နေတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ\""},{"Link":"https://celezone.net/article/11267","external_links_name":"\"အသက်၂၂နှစ်အရွယ်ရဲ့တည်ငြိမ်ရင်ကျက်မှုပုံရိပ်တွေကိုမျှဝေ\""},{"Link":"https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2019/05/16/191479.html","external_links_name":"\"အိမ်ထောင်ကျပြီးမှပိုလှလာတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ\""},{"Link":"http://burmese.dvb.no/archives/399193","external_links_name":"\"တစ်ရက်အတွင်းကြည့်ရှုသူသန်းချီရှိတဲ့ရွှေမှုံရွှေထူးတို့သီချင်း\""},{"Link":"http://mizzimaburmese.com/news/50711","external_links_name":"\"ဓားပြဗိုလ်ဇာတ်ရုပ်ကပထမဆုံဇာတ်ရုပ်ဖစ်တယ်ဆိုတဲ့ရွှေမှုံ\""},{"Link":"https://news-eleven.com/article/66253","external_links_name":"\"ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံတို့ရဲ့မင်္ဂလာသတင်း\""},{"Link":"http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/news/52118","external_links_name":"\"တူနှစ်ကိုယ်တိုင်းပြည်တစ်ခုကိုတည်ထောင်တော့မယ့်ရွှေထူးနဲ့ရွှေမှုံရတီ\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/thelthel.88","external_links_name":"Shwe Hmone Yati"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Kaufmann | Isidor Kaufmann | ["1 Life and career","2 References"] | Hungarian artist (1853–1921)
Portrait of Isidor Kaufmannby Hans Temple (by 1921)
Isidor Kaufmann (Hungarian: Kaufman(n) Izidor, Hebrew: איזידור קאופמן; 22 March 1853 in Arad – 1921 in Vienna) was an Austro-Hungarian painter of Jewish themes. Having devoted his career to genre painting, he traveled throughout Eastern Europe in search of scenes of Jewish, often Hasidic life. The artist's life and work was featured by the Jewish Museum Vienna 1995 in a show curated by Tobias G. Natter.
Life and career
Born to Hungarian Jewish parents in Arad, Kingdom of Hungary (presently in Romania), Kaufmann was originally destined for a commercial career, and could fulfill his wish to become a painter only later in life.
In 1875, he went to the Landes-Zeichenschule in Budapest, where he remained for one year. In 1876, he left for Vienna, but being refused admission to the Academy of Fine Arts there, he became a pupil of the portrait painter Joseph Matthäus Aigner. He then entered the Malerschule of the Vienna Academy, and later became a private pupil of Professor Trenkwald.
His most noted paintings refer to the life of Jews in Poland. They include: Der Besuch des Rabbi (the original of which was owned by Emperor Franz Joseph I, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum), Schachspieler, Der Zweifler (for which he received the gold medal at the Weltausstellung of 1873).
Kaufmann's other honors include: the Baron Königswarter Künstler-Preis, the gold medal of the Emperor of Germany, a gold medal of the International Exhibition at Munich, and a medal of the third class at the Exposition Universelle in Paris.
One of his most prominent students was Lazar Krestin.
He married a cantor's daughter in 1882. They had five children.
Kaufmann's Portrait of a Yeshiva Boy
Portrait of a Rabbi
Day of Atonement, before 1907
References
^ "Isidor Kaufmann's contemporary genre scenes in Vienna". 4 November 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
Media related to Isidor Kaufmann at Wikimedia Commons
Tobias G. Natter (Ed.): Rabbiner – Bücher – Talmudschüler. Bilder des Wiener Malers Isidor Kaufmann 1853–1921, exhibition catalog, Jewish Museum Vienna, 1995 ISBN 3-901398-01-5.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Isidore Singer, Laura Landau (1901–1906). "Isidor Kaufmann". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Alexander Kohut, Berühmte Israelitische Männer und Frauen
(in Romanian) Ileana-Rodica Dinculescu, "Teme în pictura unor artişti evrei din Europa Modernă (până la mişcarea de avangardă)" ("Themes in the Art of Jewish Painters in Modern Europe– Before the Avant-Garde Movement"), at the University of Bucharest site
Isidor Kaufmann (1853-1921)
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This article related to Jewish history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidor_Kaufmann,_by_Hans_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Temple"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_works"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Tobias G. Natter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_G._Natter"}],"text":"Portrait of Isidor Kaufmannby Hans Temple (by 1921)Isidor Kaufmann (Hungarian: Kaufman(n) Izidor, Hebrew: איזידור קאופמן; 22 March 1853 in Arad – 1921 in Vienna) was an Austro-Hungarian painter of Jewish themes. Having devoted his career to genre painting, he traveled throughout Eastern Europe in search of scenes of Jewish, often Hasidic life. The artist's life and work was featured by the Jewish Museum Vienna 1995 in a show curated by Tobias G. Natter.","title":"Isidor Kaufmann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad,_Romania"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Landes-Zeichenschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landes-Zeichenschule&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Joseph Matthäus Aigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Matth%C3%A4us_Aigner"},{"link_name":"Trenkwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mathias_von_Trenkwald"},{"link_name":"Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Weltausstellung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien"},{"link_name":"Königswarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswarter"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Lazar Krestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Krestin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isidor_Kaufmann's_contemporary_genre_scenes_in_Vienna-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidor_Kaufmann_Portrait_of_a_Yeshiva_Boy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidor_Kaufmann_-_Portrait_of_a_Rabbi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaufmann_Day_of_Atonement.jpg"},{"link_name":"Day of Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur"}],"text":"Born to Hungarian Jewish parents in Arad, Kingdom of Hungary (presently in Romania), Kaufmann was originally destined for a commercial career, and could fulfill his wish to become a painter only later in life.In 1875, he went to the Landes-Zeichenschule in Budapest, where he remained for one year. In 1876, he left for Vienna, but being refused admission to the Academy of Fine Arts there, he became a pupil of the portrait painter Joseph Matthäus Aigner. He then entered the Malerschule of the Vienna Academy, and later became a private pupil of Professor Trenkwald.His most noted paintings refer to the life of Jews in Poland. They include: Der Besuch des Rabbi (the original of which was owned by Emperor Franz Joseph I, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum), Schachspieler, Der Zweifler (for which he received the gold medal at the Weltausstellung of 1873).Kaufmann's other honors include: the Baron Königswarter Künstler-Preis, the gold medal of the Emperor of Germany, a gold medal of the International Exhibition at Munich, and a medal of the third class at the Exposition Universelle in Paris.One of his most prominent students was Lazar Krestin.He married a cantor's daughter in 1882. They had five children.[1]Kaufmann's Portrait of a Yeshiva Boy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of a Rabbi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDay of Atonement, before 1907","title":"Life and career"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Isidor Kaufmannby Hans Temple (by 1921)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Isidor_Kaufmann%2C_by_Hans_Temple.jpg/220px-Isidor_Kaufmann%2C_by_Hans_Temple.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Isidor Kaufmann's contemporary genre scenes in Vienna\". 4 November 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.com/2017/11/isidor-kaufmanns-contemporary-genre.html","url_text":"\"Isidor Kaufmann's contemporary genre scenes in Vienna\""}]},{"reference":"Isidore Singer, Laura Landau (1901–1906). \"Isidor Kaufmann\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Isidore Singer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Laura Landau"},{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=K","url_text":"\"Isidor Kaufmann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.com/2017/11/isidor-kaufmanns-contemporary-genre.html","external_links_name":"\"Isidor Kaufmann's contemporary genre scenes in Vienna\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=K","external_links_name":"\"Isidor Kaufmann\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070127064903/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/filologie/hebra/2-14.htm","external_links_name":"Ileana-Rodica Dinculescu, \"Teme în pictura unor artişti evrei din Europa Modernă (până la mişcarea de avangardă)\" (\"Themes in the Art of Jewish Painters in Modern Europe– Before the Avant-Garde Movement\")"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170707214401/http://artinconnu.blogspot.com/2009/08/isidor-kaufmann-1853-1921.html","external_links_name":"Isidor Kaufmann (1853-1921)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/359238/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066771423","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45109331","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgGjjT6gqkq3yv69YkjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119333422","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263755405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95026947","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=zmp20211109648&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p202430960","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/122502","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/43643","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500056810","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119333422.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Kaufmann&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Kaufmann&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Kaufmann&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Leaving_to_Egypt_(Pietro_Perugino) | Moses Leaving for Egypt | ["1 History","2 Description","3 References","4 Sources"] | Fresco by Pietro Perugino and his workshop
Moses Leaving for EgyptArtistPietro Perugino and his workshopYearc. 1482TypeFrescoDimensions350 cm × 572 cm (140 in × 225 in)LocationSistine Chapel, Rome
Moses Leaving for Egypt is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino and his workshop, executed around 1482 and located in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. It depicts a journey by the prophet Moses.
History
The commission of the work originated in 1480, when Perugino was decorating a chapel in the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Sixtus IV was pleased by his work, and decided to commission him also the decoration of the new Chapel he had built in the Vatican Palace. Due to the size of the work, Perugino was later joined by a group of painters from Florence, including Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and others.
Detail.
Perugino's assistants in the Sistine Chapel included Pinturicchio. Some figures in the fresco were traditionally attributed to him, but this has been disputed by 20th-century art historians. They were painted by Andrea d'Assisi, Rocco Zoppo or, less likely, Lo Spagna or Bartolomeo della Gatta, other Perugino's collaborators of the time.
Description
The fresco depicting the voyage of Moses is the first on the wall right to the altar, and faces the Baptism of Christ on the opposite wall.
The painting shows Moses (dressing in yellow and green as in the other frescoes of the cycle) leaving for Egypt, after he had been exiled from Midian, with Zipporah to his right. In the center, an angel asks him to circumcise his son Eliezer (scene on the right), as a sign of the alliance between Yahweh and the Israelites. The baptism, depicted on the opposite fresco, was in fact considered by several early Christian writers, including Augustine, as a kind of "spiritual circumcision". The ceremony is on the right, and includes Zipporah.
In the right background Moses and Zipporah are greeting Jethro before leaving. Natural elements include the hill landscape in the background, characterized by thin trees (including a palm, a symbol of Christian sacrifice), and the birds: two of them are mating, an allusion to the renovations cycles of the nature. On the left background is a group of shepherds. The dames with flying dresses were a common element of Florentine early Renaissance painting, used also by Ghirlandaio and Botticelli.
References
^ Todini, Filippo (1989). La Pittura Umbra.
^ Harwood, Edith (1907). Notable pictures in Rome. J.M. Dent. p. 6.
Sources
Garibaldi, Vittoria (2004). "Perugino". Pittori del Rinascimento. Florence: Scala.
vtePietro PeruginoPaintings
Nativity of the Virgin (c. 1472)
Pietà Gonfalon (c. 1472)
Visitation (c. 1472–1473)
Miracle of the Snow (c. 1472–1474)
Adoration of the Magi (Perugia) (c. 1470–1476)
God the Father with Two Saints (1477–1478)
St Sebastian between St Roch and St Peter (c. 1478)
Delivery of the Keys (c. 1481–1482)
Baptism of Christ (c. 1482)
Moses Leaving for Egypt (c. 1482)
Apollo and Daphnis (c. 1483)
Galitzin Triptych (c. 1485)
Portrait of Lorenzo di Credi (c. 1488)
Annunciation of Fano (c. 1488–1490)
St Sebastian (Nationalmuseum) (c. 1490)
Albani Torlonia Polyptych (c. 1491)
Madonna and Child with St Rose and St Catherine (c. 1490–1492) (with Andrea Aloigi)
Agony in the Garden (c. 1483–1493)
Pietà (c. 1483–1493)
Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian (1493)
The Virgin appearing to St. Bernard (c. 1490–1494)
Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Augustine (1494)
Portrait of Francesco delle Opere (1494)
Crucifixion (c. 1483–1495)
St Sebastian (Hermitage) (1493–1494)
Last Supper (c. 1493–1495)
Lamentation over the Dead Christ (1495)
Madonna and Child with Two Saints (c. 1495)
Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1495)
Pazzi Crucifixion (c. 1495)
Portrait of a Boy (1495)
St Sebastian (Louvre) (c. 1495)
Decemviri Altarpiece (1495–1496)
Fano Altarpiece (1497)
Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist (c. 1497)
Madonna della Consolazione (c. 1496–1498)
Madonna del Sacco (c. 1495–1500)
Ascension of Christ (c. 1496–1500)
Certosa di Pavia Altarpiece (c. 1496–1500)
Collegio del Cambio frescos (1496–1500)
San Pietro Polyptych (c. 1496–1500)
San Francesco al Prato Resurrection (c. 1499)
Mary Magdalene (c. 1500)
Tezi Altarpiece (c. 1500)
Vallombrosa Altarpiece (c. 1500)
Madonna in Glory with Saints (c. 1500–1501)
Gonfalon of Justice (c. 1501)
Madonna and Child (c. 1501)
Monteripido Altarpiece (1502)
The Battle Between Love and Chastity (1503)
Adoration of the Magi (1504)
Marriage of the Virgin (c. 1500–1504)
The Martyrdom of St Sebastian (1505)
Annunziata Polyptych (1504–1507)
Chigi Altarpiece (c. 1506–1507)
Madonna of Loreto (c. 1507)
St Sebastian (São Paulo) (c. 1507)
Baptism of Christ (Città della Pieve) (c. 1510)
Sansepolcro Altarpiece (c. 1510)
Corciano Altarpiece (1513)
Madonna and Child with St Herculanus and St Constantius (1515)
Transfiguration Altarpiece (1517)
Madonna and Child with St Peter and St Paul (c. 1515–1520)
Holy Trinity (c. 1505–1521) (with Raphael)
Adoration of the Magi (Trevi) (c. 1521–1522)
Spello Pietà (c. 1521–1522)
Fontignano Madonna (1522)
Madonna of Graces with Two Saints (1522)
Sant'Agostino Altarpiece (1502–1523)
Works by studio
Madonna and Child (c. 1500–1510)
vteArt of the Sistine ChapelLife of Moses
Moses Leaving for Egypt 1
The Youth of Moses 2
The Crossing of the Red Sea 3/4/5
The Descent from Mount Sinai 3/6
The Punishment of the Sons of Korah 2
Testament and Death of Moses 7/8
Life of Christ
The Baptism of Christ 1
The Temptations of Christ 2
The Vocation of the Apostles 4
The Sermon on the Mount 3
The Delivery of the Keys 1
The Last Supper 3/5
Ceiling 9 (Gallery)Scenes fromGenesis
The Separation of Light from Darkness
The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants
The Separation of Land and Water
The Creation of Adam
The Creation of Eve
The Fall and Expulsion from the Garden of Eden
The Sacrifice of Noah
The Flood
The Drunkenness of Noah
Prophets
Jonah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Joel
Zechariah
Isaiah
Daniel
Sibyls
Persian Sibyl
Erythraean Sibyl
Delphic Sibyl
Cumaean Sibyl
Libyan Sibyl
Altar wall
The Last Judgment 9
Tapestries
Raphael Cartoons 10
Related
Art patronage of Julius II
Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
Sistine Chapel Choir
Room of Tears
Vatican City
The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965 film)
Key: 1 Pietro Perugino
2 Sandro Botticelli
3 Cosimo Rosselli
4 Domenico Ghirlandaio
5 Biagio d'Antonio
6 Piero di Cosimo
7 Luca Signorelli
8 Bartolomeo della Gatta
9 Michelangelo
10 Raphael
Pope Sixtus IV
Vatican City portal
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Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezi_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Vallombrosa Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallombrosa_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna in Glory with Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_in_Glory_with_Saints"},{"link_name":"Gonfalon of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfalon_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Perugino,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Monteripido Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteripido_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"The Battle Between Love and Chastity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_Between_Love_and_Chastity"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Perugino,_Citt%C3%A0_della_Pieve)"},{"link_name":"Marriage of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"The Martyrdom of St Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Annunziata Polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunziata_Polyptych"},{"link_name":"Chigi Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigi_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_Loreto_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian (São Paulo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Perugino,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Christ (Città della Pieve)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ_(Perugino,_Citt%C3%A0_della_Pieve)"},{"link_name":"Sansepolcro Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansepolcro_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Corciano Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corciano_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St Herculanus and St Constantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Herculanus_and_St_Constantius"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_Altarpiece_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St Peter and St Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Peter_and_St_Paul"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_(Raphael_and_Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi (Trevi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Perugino,_Trevi)"},{"link_name":"Spello Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spello_Piet%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Fontignano Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontignano_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Madonna of Graces with Two Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_Graces_with_Two_Saints"},{"link_name":"Sant'Agostino Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Agostino_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(studio_of_Perugino)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sistine_Chapel"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sistine_Chapel"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sistine_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Sistine Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Moses Leaving for Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Leaving_for_Egypt_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"The Youth of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_of_Moses"},{"link_name":"The Crossing of the Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crossing_of_the_Red_Sea_(Sistine_Chapel)"},{"link_name":"The Descent from Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_from_Mount_Sinai_(Sistine_Chapel)"},{"link_name":"The Punishment of the Sons of Korah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment_of_the_Sons_of_Korah"},{"link_name":"Testament and Death of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_and_Death_of_Moses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_o_a_popes_Della_Rovere.svg"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"The Baptism of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ_(Perugino,_Rome)"},{"link_name":"The Temptations of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptations_of_Christ_(Botticelli)"},{"link_name":"The Vocation of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocation_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"The Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"The Delivery of the Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"The Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper_(Rosselli)"},{"link_name":"Ceiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling"},{"link_name":"Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling"},{"link_name":"The Separation of Light from Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_Light_from_Darkness"},{"link_name":"The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_Sun,_Moon,_and_Plants"},{"link_name":"The Creation of Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam"},{"link_name":"Jonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Jonah_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Jeremiah_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Joel_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Isaiah_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Daniel_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Persian Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Erythraean Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Delphic Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Cumaean Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Libyan Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"The Last Judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Raphael Cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons"},{"link_name":"Art patronage of Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II"},{"link_name":"Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes"},{"link_name":"Sistine Chapel Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir"},{"link_name":"Room of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"The Agony and the Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pietro Perugino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Perugino"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Cosimo Rosselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_Rosselli"},{"link_name":"Domenico Ghirlandaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio"},{"link_name":"Biagio d'Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagio_d%27Antonio"},{"link_name":"Piero di Cosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo"},{"link_name":"Luca Signorelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Signorelli"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo della Gatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_della_Gatta"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"Vatican City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"}],"text":"Garibaldi, Vittoria (2004). \"Perugino\". Pittori del Rinascimento. Florence: Scala.vtePietro PeruginoPaintings\nNativity of the Virgin (c. 1472)\nPietà Gonfalon (c. 1472)\nVisitation (c. 1472–1473)\nMiracle of the Snow (c. 1472–1474)\nAdoration of the Magi (Perugia) (c. 1470–1476)\nGod the Father with Two Saints (1477–1478)\nSt Sebastian between St Roch and St Peter (c. 1478)\nDelivery of the Keys (c. 1481–1482)\nBaptism of Christ (c. 1482)\nMoses Leaving for Egypt (c. 1482)\nApollo and Daphnis (c. 1483)\nGalitzin Triptych (c. 1485)\nPortrait of Lorenzo di Credi (c. 1488)\nAnnunciation of Fano (c. 1488–1490)\nSt Sebastian (Nationalmuseum) (c. 1490)\nAlbani Torlonia Polyptych (c. 1491)\nMadonna and Child with St Rose and St Catherine (c. 1490–1492) (with Andrea Aloigi)\nAgony in the Garden (c. 1483–1493)\nPietà (c. 1483–1493)\nMadonna and Child Enthroned with Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian (1493)\nThe Virgin appearing to St. Bernard (c. 1490–1494)\nMadonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Augustine (1494)\nPortrait of Francesco delle Opere (1494)\nCrucifixion (c. 1483–1495)\nSt Sebastian (Hermitage) (1493–1494)\nLast Supper (c. 1493–1495)\nLamentation over the Dead Christ (1495)\nMadonna and Child with Two Saints (c. 1495)\nMadonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1495)\nPazzi Crucifixion (c. 1495)\nPortrait of a Boy (1495)\nSt Sebastian (Louvre) (c. 1495)\nDecemviri Altarpiece (1495–1496)\nFano Altarpiece (1497)\nMadonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist (c. 1497)\nMadonna della Consolazione (c. 1496–1498)\nMadonna del Sacco (c. 1495–1500)\nAscension of Christ (c. 1496–1500)\nCertosa di Pavia Altarpiece (c. 1496–1500)\nCollegio del Cambio frescos (1496–1500)\nSan Pietro Polyptych (c. 1496–1500)\nSan Francesco al Prato Resurrection (c. 1499)\nMary Magdalene (c. 1500)\nTezi Altarpiece (c. 1500)\nVallombrosa Altarpiece (c. 1500)\nMadonna in Glory with Saints (c. 1500–1501)\nGonfalon of Justice (c. 1501)\nMadonna and Child (c. 1501)\nMonteripido Altarpiece (1502)\nThe Battle Between Love and Chastity (1503)\nAdoration of the Magi (1504)\nMarriage of the Virgin (c. 1500–1504)\nThe Martyrdom of St Sebastian (1505)\nAnnunziata Polyptych (1504–1507)\nChigi Altarpiece (c. 1506–1507)\nMadonna of Loreto (c. 1507)\nSt Sebastian (São Paulo) (c. 1507)\nBaptism of Christ (Città della Pieve) (c. 1510)\nSansepolcro Altarpiece (c. 1510)\nCorciano Altarpiece (1513)\nMadonna and Child with St Herculanus and St Constantius (1515)\nTransfiguration Altarpiece (1517)\nMadonna and Child with St Peter and St Paul (c. 1515–1520)\nHoly Trinity (c. 1505–1521) (with Raphael)\nAdoration of the Magi (Trevi) (c. 1521–1522)\nSpello Pietà (c. 1521–1522)\nFontignano Madonna (1522)\nMadonna of Graces with Two Saints (1522)\nSant'Agostino Altarpiece (1502–1523)\nWorks by studio\nMadonna and Child (c. 1500–1510)vteArt of the Sistine ChapelLife of Moses\nMoses Leaving for Egypt 1\nThe Youth of Moses 2\nThe Crossing of the Red Sea 3/4/5\nThe Descent from Mount Sinai 3/6\nThe Punishment of the Sons of Korah 2\nTestament and Death of Moses 7/8\nLife of Christ\nThe Baptism of Christ 1\nThe Temptations of Christ 2\nThe Vocation of the Apostles 4\nThe Sermon on the Mount 3\nThe Delivery of the Keys 1\nThe Last Supper 3/5\nCeiling 9 (Gallery)Scenes fromGenesis\nThe Separation of Light from Darkness\nThe Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants\nThe Separation of Land and Water\nThe Creation of Adam\nThe Creation of Eve\nThe Fall and Expulsion from the Garden of Eden\nThe Sacrifice of Noah\nThe Flood\nThe Drunkenness of Noah\nProphets\nJonah\nJeremiah\nEzekiel\nJoel\nZechariah\nIsaiah\nDaniel\nSibyls\nPersian Sibyl\nErythraean Sibyl\nDelphic Sibyl\nCumaean Sibyl\nLibyan Sibyl\nAltar wall\nThe Last Judgment 9\nTapestries\nRaphael Cartoons 10\nRelated\nArt patronage of Julius II\nRestoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes\nSistine Chapel Choir\nRoom of Tears\nVatican City\nThe Agony and the Ecstasy (1965 film)\n\nKey: 1 Pietro Perugino\n2 Sandro Botticelli\n3 Cosimo Rosselli\n4 Domenico Ghirlandaio\n5 Biagio d'Antonio\n6 Piero di Cosimo\n7 Luca Signorelli\n8 Bartolomeo della Gatta\n9 Michelangelo\n10 Raphael\nPope Sixtus IV\n Vatican City portal\n Catholicism portal","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Detail.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Perugino%2C_Viaggio_di_Mos%C3%A8_in_Egitto_05.jpg/230px-Perugino%2C_Viaggio_di_Mos%C3%A8_in_Egitto_05.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Todini, Filippo (1989). La Pittura Umbra.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harwood, Edith (1907). Notable pictures in Rome. J.M. Dent. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notablepictures01harwgoog","url_text":"Notable pictures in Rome"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notablepictures01harwgoog/page/n34","url_text":"6"}]},{"reference":"Garibaldi, Vittoria (2004). \"Perugino\". Pittori del Rinascimento. Florence: Scala.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/notablepictures01harwgoog","external_links_name":"Notable pictures in Rome"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/notablepictures01harwgoog/page/n34","external_links_name":"6"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Myal | Um Myal | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 35°23′32″N 37°23′57″E / 35.392279°N 37.399073°E / 35.392279; 37.399073Village in Hama, SyriaUm Myal
أم ميالVillageUm MyalLocation in SyriaCoordinates: 35°23′32″N 37°23′57″E / 35.392279°N 37.399073°E / 35.392279; 37.399073Country SyriaGovernorateHamaDistrictSalamiyah DistrictSubdistrictAl-Saan SubdistrictPopulation (2004) • Total605Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)City Qrya PcodeC3289
Um Myal (Arabic: أم ميال) is a Syrian village located in Al-Saan Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Um Myal had a population of 605 in the 2004 census.
References
^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2014-07-10.
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al-Mughayr
Shaykh Hadid
Salamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict
Salamiyah
Ali Kasun
Bardunah
Buwaydah
Dunaybah
Danin
Duwaybah
Fan Qibli
Fan Wastani
al-Ghawi
Halban
Jamala
al-Kafat
Karim
Khafiyah
Khunayfis
Kaytalun
al-Malih
Marj Mattar
Nawa
Qablahat
Qubbat al-Kurdi
al-Rubbah
al-Sabil
Safawi
Samnah
Shakara
Shaykh Ali
Sibaa
Shaykh Rih
Smakh
Sunaydah
Tell Ada
Tell Dahab
Tell Hasan Basha
Tell Khaznah
Tell Sinan
Taldara
Tirad
Thawra
Thayl al-Jal
Tiba al-Turki
Tuba
Tulul al-Humur
Umm al-Amad
Umm Tuwaynah
al-Uwayr
Zighrin
BarriSubdistrict
Barri Sharqi
Abu Hanaya
Abu Habilat
Akash
Arshunah
Barri al-Gharbi
Furaytan
al-Hardanah
al-Khurayjah
Mafkar al-Gharbi
Mafkar Sharqi
Salam Gharbi
Tell al-Tut
Tell Jadid
Umm Mil
SabburahSubdistrict
Sabburah
Abu Khanadiq
Aqarib
Fawrah
al-Judaydah
Jadduah
Jubb Zurayq
Jissin
Khunayfis al-Dawsa
Mabujah
Qanafath
Qubaybat
Salba
Samiriyah
Shahba
Shuhayb
Tell Abd al-Aziz
Tell al-Ghir
Tell al-Shih
Umm Khurayzah
UqayribatSubdistrict
Uqayribat
Abu Dali
Abu Hakfa
Abu al-Fashafish
Bustan al-Subeih
Dakhilah
Hamada al-Omar
Hanutah
Haddaj
Jani al-Albawi
Jubb Abyad
Jubb Dakhilah
Jayruh
Makhbuta
Masud
Mashrafah
Na'imiyah
Makaymin Shamali
Qastal
Rasm al-Abid
Rasm Elahmar
Rasm al-Bardakana
Ruwaydah
Suha
Tabara al-Hamra
Tahmaz
SaanSubdistrict
Al-Saan
Abu Hurayk
Abu al-Ghor
Abu al-Qusur
Amya
Aniq Bajra
al-Ayah
Baghadid
Harat al-Sharqiyah
Hasu al-Qiblawi
Ithriya
Jakuziyah
Jubb Khasara
Makharib
Mawilah
Qabasin al-Arab
Rahjan
Rasm al-Ahmar
Rasm Amun
Sarha
Shaykh Hilal
al-Suwayah
Umm Mayal
This article about a location in Hama Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Al-Saan Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saan_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Salamiyah District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah_District"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Hama, SyriaUm Myal (Arabic: أم ميال) is a Syrian village located in Al-Saan Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Um Myal had a population of 605 in the 2004 census.[1]","title":"Um Myal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2014-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Um_Myal¶ms=35.392279_N_37.399073_E_region:SY_type:city(605)","external_links_name":"35°23′32″N 37°23′57″E / 35.392279°N 37.399073°E / 35.392279; 37.399073"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Um_Myal¶ms=35.392279_N_37.399073_E_region:SY_type:city(605)","external_links_name":"35°23′32″N 37°23′57″E / 35.392279°N 37.399073°E / 35.392279; 37.399073"},{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Um_Myal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc_(Oh_Sees_album) | Orc (album) | ["1 Critical reception","1.1 Accolades","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References"] | 2017 studio album by Oh SeesOrcStudio album by Oh SeesReleasedAugust 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)Genre
Garage rock
psychedelic rock
Length50:04LabelCastle FaceProducer
Eric Bauer
Ty Segall
Enrique Tena
John Dwyer
Oh Sees chronology
An Odd Entrances(2016)
Orc(2017)
Memory of a Cut Off Head(2017)
Singles from Orc
"The Static God"Released: June 7, 2017
Orc is the nineteenth studio album by American garage rock band Oh Sees, released on August 25, 2017, on Castle Face Records. It is the band's first studio album to be released under the name Oh Sees, after it was announced that they would be dropping Thee from their name.
Co-produced by John Dwyer, Eric Bauer, Ty Segall and Enrique Tena, it is the band's first album to feature drummer Paul Quattrone, and is the first album in nine years to not feature recording engineer and regular collaborator Chris Woodhouse.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic79/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicPitchfork7.4/10
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Orc received an average score of 79, based on 18 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Among the critics providing praise for the album was Tim Sendra of AllMusic, who stated that "Orc is another classic Oh Sees album that shows no signs of wear and tear anyplace in the operation."
Accolades
Publication
Accolade
Year
Rank
Ref.
Rough Trade
Albums of the Year
2017
36
Uncut
Albums of the Year
2017
33
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."The Static God"4:202."Nite Expo"2:573."Animated Violence"5:064."Keys to the Castle"8:105."Jettisoned"5:146."Cadaver Dog"4:507."Paranoise"4:288."Cooling Tower"3:359."Drowned Beast"5:0210."Raw Optics"6:22
Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.
Oh Sees
John Dwyer – guitar, vocals, Mellotron, synths, flute, recorder, fife, hand percussion, Wurlitzer C3, Wurlitzer Electric Piano, sampling
Tim Hellman – bass
Dan Rincon – drums
Paul Quattrone – drums
Additional musicians
Brigid Dawson – vocals on "Nite Expo", "Keys to the Castle" and "Cadaver Dog"
Joe Cueto – viola, violin on "Keys to the Castle" and "Drowned Beast"
Technical personnel
Robery Beatty – artwork
Eric Bauer – engineering, mixing, production
JJ Golden – mastering
Matthew Jones – layout
Ty Segall – engineering, production
Enrique Tena – engineering, mixing, production
Charts
Chart (2017)
Peak position
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
183
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
181
US Independent Albums (Billboard)
23
US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)
5
References
^ Kaye, Ben. "Oh Sees (fka Thee Oh Sees) announce new album, Orc, share "The Static God" — listen". Consequence of Sound. Consequence Holdings, LLC. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
^ a b "Reviews and Tracks for Orc by Oh Sees". Metacritic. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ a b Sendra, Tim. "Orc – Thee Oh Sees". AllMusic. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
^ Berman, Stuart. "Orc - Oh Sees". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
^ "Albums of the Year". Rough Trade. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ "Uncut's 75 Best Albums of 2017". Uncut. November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ "Orc – Thee Oh Sees|Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ "Ultratop.be – Oh Sees – Orc" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ "Ultratop.be – Oh Sees – Orc" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ "Oh Sees Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ "Oh Sees Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
vteOsees
Tomas Dolas
John Dwyer
Tim Hellman
Dan Rincon
Paul Quattrone
Studio albums
2
Songs About Death & Dying Vol. 3
OCS 4: Get Stoved
The Cool Death of Island Raiders
Sucks Blood
The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In
Help
Dog Poison
Warm Slime
Castlemania
Carrion Crawler/The Dream
Putrifiers II
Floating Coffin
Drop
Mutilator Defeated at Last
A Weird Exits
An Odd Entrances
Orc
Memory of a Cut Off Head
Smote Reverser
Face Stabber
Protean Threat
Metamorphosed
A Foul Form
Intercepted Message
Compilations
Singles Collection Volume 3
Live albums
Thee Hounds of Foggy Notion
Live in San Francisco
EPs
Moon Sick
Singles
"The Drag"
"Fortress"
Former members
Patrick Mullins
Jigmae Baer
Lars Finberg
Mike Shoun
Petey Dammit!
Brigid Dawson
Nick Murray
Ryan Moutinho
Related articlesArticles
Discography
Castle Face Records
Chris Woodhouse
Bands
Coachwhips
Pink and Brown
The Hospitals
The Intelligence
Sic Alps
Ty Segall
Albums
Witch Egg
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"Oh Sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osees"},{"link_name":"Castle Face Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Face_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoS-1"},{"link_name":"John Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dwyer_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Eric Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ty Segall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Segall"},{"link_name":"Chris Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Woodhouse"}],"text":"Orc is the nineteenth studio album by American garage rock band Oh Sees, released on August 25, 2017, on Castle Face Records. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyver_Vega | Deyver Vega | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","3.2 International","4 Honours","4.1 Club","5 References","6 External links"] | Costa Rican footballer (born 1992)
Deyver Vega
Vega in 2018Personal informationFull name
Deyver Antonio de jesus Vegastro ÁlvarezDate of birth
(1992-09-19) 19 September 1992 (age 31)Place of birth
Ciudad Quesada, Costa RicaHeight
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
WingerTeam informationCurrent team
HeredianoNumber
30Youth career0000–2009
SaprissaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2009–2011
Generación Saprissa
0
(0)2010–2011
→ Grecia (loan)
0
(0)2012–2016
Deportivo Saprissa
131
(24)2016–2020
Brann
48
(9)2020
Vålerenga
29
(3)2020
Sandefjord
14
(1)2021
Politehnica Iași
14
(1)2021–2022
Sandefjord
24
(2)2023–
Herediano
13
(2)International career‡2009
Costa Rica U17
3
(0)2011
Costa Rica U20
10
(1)2015–
Costa Rica
12
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19:11, 25 October 2023 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14 November 2020
Deyver Vega (born 19 September 1992) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays for Herediano and the Costa Rica national football team as a forward.
Club career
Vega signed for Tippeligaen side SK Brann on 2 March 2016, on a contract until the summer of 2019.
International career
At the youth level he played in both the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup and the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Vega was called up to the Costa Rica senior team for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup and played in Costa Rica's opening game.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 23 April 2022
Club
Season
League
National Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Deportivo Saprissa
2011–12
Costa Rican Primera División
7
1
–
–
7
1
2012–13
29
5
–
–
29
5
2013–14
18
1
–
–
18
1
2014–15
43
9
–
3
0
46
9
2015–16
16
4
–
3
1
19
5
Total
113
20
0
0
6
1
119
21
Brann
2016
Tippeligaen
18
2
1
0
–
19
2
2017
Eliteserien
18
6
2
1
–
20
7
2018
12
1
4
4
–
16
5
Total
48
9
7
5
0
0
55
14
Vålerenga
2019
Eliteserien
23
2
1
1
–
24
3
2020
6
1
0
0
–
6
1
Total
29
3
1
1
0
0
30
4
Sandefjord
2020
Eliteserien
14
1
0
0
–
14
1
Total
14
1
0
0
0
0
14
1
Politehnica Iași
2020–21
Liga I
14
1
1
0
–
15
1
Total
14
1
1
0
0
0
15
1
Sandefjord
2021
Eliteserien
5
0
0
0
–
5
0
2022
4
1
0
0
–
4
1
Total
9
1
0
0
0
0
9
1
Career total
227
35
9
5
6
1
242
42
International
As of match played 14 November 2020
Costa Rica national team
Year
Apps
Goals
2015
8
0
2016
0
0
2017
3
0
2018
0
0
2019
0
0
2020
1
0
Total
12
0
Honours
Club
Deportivo Saprissa
Liga FPD: Clausura 2014, Apertura 2014, Apertura 2015
Costa Rican Cup: 2013
References
^ a b Deyver Vega at WorldFootball.net
^ "Nå er Vega blitt Brann-spiller". www.brann.no (in Norwegian). SK Brann. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
^ "Costa Rica vs. Jamaica – 9 July 2015 – Soccerway". soccerway.com.
^ "D.Vega". uk.soccerway.com. Soccerway. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
^ "Deyver Vega". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
External links
Deyver Vega at Soccerway
vteCosta Rica squad – 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup
1 Carvajal
2 Calvo
3 González
4 Umaña
5 Borges
6 Brown
7 Aguilar
8 Myrie
9 Saborío
10 Ruiz (c)
11 McDonald
12 Campbell
13 Angulo
14 Vega
15 Díaz
16 Gamboa
17 Venegas
18 Pemberton
19 Miller
20 Guzmán
21 Ramírez
22 Cubero
23 Alvarado
24 Waston
Coach: Wanchope
vteSandefjord Fotball – current squad
1 Keto
2 Berglie
3 Egeli
4 Pedersen
6 Risan
7 Markovic
8 Nilsson
9 Tveter
10 Mettler
11 Tibell
14 Al-Saed
16 Njie
17 Cheng
18 Ottosson
20 Melchior
21 Amin
22 Gjone
24 Holm Mathisen
26 Loftesnes-Bjune
27 Dunsby
29 Bugge Pettersen
30 Grønneberg
45 Mvuka
47 Kristiansen
Jarjué
Manager: Ødegaard/Tegström
This biographical article related to Costa Rican association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Herediano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Herediano"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"Deyver Vega (born 19 September 1992) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays for Herediano and the Costa Rica national football team as a forward.","title":"Deyver Vega"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tippeligaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippeligaen"},{"link_name":"SK Brann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Brann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Vega signed for Tippeligaen side SK Brann on 2 March 2016, on a contract until the summer of 2019.[2]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldFootball.net-1"},{"link_name":"2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At the youth level he played in both the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup and the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.[1]Vega was called up to the Costa Rica senior team for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup and played in Costa Rica's opening game.[3]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 23 April 2022[4]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT_Stats-5"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 14 November 2020[5]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga FPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_FPD"},{"link_name":"Clausura 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Costa_Rican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season#Campeonato_de_Verano"},{"link_name":"Apertura 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Liga_FPD#Campeonato_de_Invierno"},{"link_name":"Apertura 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Liga_FPD#Campeonato_de_Invierno"},{"link_name":"Costa Rican Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Costa_Rican_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Deportivo SaprissaLiga FPD: Clausura 2014, Apertura 2014, Apertura 2015\nCosta Rican Cup: 2013","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nå er Vega blitt Brann-spiller\". www.brann.no (in Norwegian). SK Brann. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212138/http://www.brann.no/mostread/article/1qf040md1is401kj2farythggb/title/na-er-vega-blitt-brann-spiller","url_text":"\"Nå er Vega blitt Brann-spiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Brann","url_text":"SK Brann"},{"url":"http://www.brann.no/mostread/article/1qf040md1is401kj2farythggb/title/na-er-vega-blitt-brann-spiller","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Rica vs. Jamaica – 9 July 2015 – Soccerway\". soccerway.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/09/nc-america/concacaf-gold-cup/costa-rica/jamaica/2020706/","url_text":"\"Costa Rica vs. Jamaica – 9 July 2015 – Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.Vega\". uk.soccerway.com. Soccerway. Retrieved 10 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/deyver-vega/102894/","url_text":"\"D.Vega\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deyver Vega\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58704.html","url_text":"\"Deyver Vega\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/deyver-vega/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Deyver Vega"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212138/http://www.brann.no/mostread/article/1qf040md1is401kj2farythggb/title/na-er-vega-blitt-brann-spiller","external_links_name":"\"Nå er Vega blitt Brann-spiller\""},{"Link":"http://www.brann.no/mostread/article/1qf040md1is401kj2farythggb/title/na-er-vega-blitt-brann-spiller","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/09/nc-america/concacaf-gold-cup/costa-rica/jamaica/2020706/","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rica vs. Jamaica – 9 July 2015 – Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/deyver-vega/102894/","external_links_name":"\"D.Vega\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58704.html","external_links_name":"\"Deyver Vega\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/deyver-vega/102894/","external_links_name":"Deyver Vega"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deyver_Vega&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Beaney | Alan Beaney | ["1 References"] | British politician
Not to be confused with Alan Bean (disambiguation).
Alan Beaney (3 March 1905 – 3 March 1985) was a British Labour Party politician.
Born in New Silksworth in County Durham, Beaney received an elementary education before becoming a coal miner in Yorkshire. He joined the Labour Party, and served on Dearne Urban District Council from 1938 to 1952, and then the West Riding of Yorkshire County Council from 1949 to 1952, and again from 1958 to 1959. The Yorkshire Miners' Association funded his study with the National Council of Labour Colleges, and he later served on its executive committee.
Beaney was elected at the 1959 general election as Member of Parliament for Hemsworth. He held the seat at the next three general elections, and stood down at the February 1974 general election.
References
^ a b Stenton, Michael; Lees, Stephen (1981). Who's Who of British Members of Parliament. Vol. IV. Brighton: Harvester Press. p. 20.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byHorace Holmes
Member of Parliament for Hemsworth 1959–February 1974
Succeeded byAlec Woodall
This article about a Labour Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (MP) representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Bean (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bean_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"New Silksworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Silksworth"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_County_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Miners' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Miners%27_Association"},{"link_name":"National Council of Labour Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Labour_Colleges"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton-1"},{"link_name":"1959 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemsworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"February 1974 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Alan Bean (disambiguation).Alan Beaney (3 March 1905 – 3 March 1985) was a British Labour Party politician.Born in New Silksworth in County Durham, Beaney received an elementary education before becoming a coal miner in Yorkshire. He joined the Labour Party, and served on Dearne Urban District Council from 1938 to 1952, and then the West Riding of Yorkshire County Council from 1949 to 1952, and again from 1958 to 1959. The Yorkshire Miners' Association funded his study with the National Council of Labour Colleges, and he later served on its executive committee.[1]Beaney was elected at the 1959 general election as Member of Parliament for Hemsworth. He held the seat at the next three general elections, and stood down at the February 1974 general election.[1]","title":"Alan Beaney"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stenton, Michael; Lees, Stephen (1981). Who's Who of British Members of Parliament. Vol. IV. Brighton: Harvester Press. p. 20.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Beaney&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn | Fritz Julius Kuhn | ["1 Early life","2 Leadership of the German American Bund","3 Criminal conviction","4 Imprisonment and deportation","5 Later life","6 Death","7 References","8 External links"] | American leader of the German American Bund (1896–1951)
Fritz Julius KuhnKuhn in 1938Born(1896-05-15)May 15, 1896Munich, German EmpireDiedDecember 14, 1951(1951-12-14) (aged 55)Munich, West GermanyNationalityGermanCitizenshipUnited States (1934–1943; revoked)Alma materTechnical University of MunichOccupationLeader of the German American BundSpouseElsaChildren2Parents
Georg Kuhn
Julia Justyna Beuth
AwardsIron Cross (1st Class)The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
Madison Square Garden rally 1939
Kuhn appearing on the street after leaving a courthouse in Webster, Massachusetts, in 1939
Kuhn speaking at a "Bund"-camp-rally
Fritz Julius Kuhn (May 15, 1896 – December 14, 1951) was a German Nazi activist who served as the elected leader of the German American Bund before World War II. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1934. Still, his citizenship was canceled in 1943 owing to his status as a foreign agent of Nazi Germany. Kuhn served prison time for larceny and forgery from 1939 to 1943 and, upon release, was immediately interned by the federal government as an enemy agent. He was deported in 1945 and later served further prison time in post-war Germany before dying in 1951.
Early life
Kuhn was born in Munich, Germany, on May 15, 1896, the son of Georg Kuhn and Julia Justyna Beuth. During World War I, Kuhn earned an Iron Cross as a German infantry lieutenant. After the war, he graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a master's degree in chemical engineering. In the 1920s, Kuhn moved to Mexico. In 1928, he moved to the United States, and, in 1934, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He worked at a Ford factory in Detroit before assuming control of the Bund in Buffalo, New York, in 1936.
Leadership of the German American Bund
A Congressional committee headed by Samuel Dickstein concluded that the Friends of New Germany supported a branch of German dictator Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in the United States, and the Friends of New Germany disbanded. However, in March 1936, the German American Bund was established in Buffalo as a follow-up organization. The Bund elected the German-born American citizen Kuhn as its leader.
Kuhn, while describing the Bund as "sympathetic to the Hitler government", denied that the organization received money or took orders from the government of Germany. Kuhn also denied that the Bund had any agenda of introducing fascism to the United States.
Kuhn enlisted thousands of Americans by using antisemitic, anticommunist, pro-German, and pro-American propaganda. One of his first tasks was planning a trip to Germany with 50 American followers. The purpose was to be in the presence of Hitler and to witness Nazism in practice personally.
At this time, Germany was preparing to host the 1936 Olympics. Kuhn anticipated a warm welcome from Adolf Hitler, but the encounter was disappointing. This did not stop Kuhn from fabricating propaganda to his followers once he returned to the United States about how Hitler acknowledged him as the "American Führer".
As his profile grew, so did the tension against him. Not only Jewish-Americans, but also German-Americans who did not want to be associated with Nazis protested against the Bund. These protests were occasionally violent, making the Bund front page news in the United States. In response to the outrage of Jewish war veterans, Congress in 1938 passed the Foreign Agents Registration Act requiring foreign agents to register with the State Department. The negative attention to the American Nazis was not to Hitler's liking because he wanted the Nazi Party in the United States to be strong but stealthy. Hitler needed to keep the U.S. neutral throughout the coming war and sought to avoid provoking Americans. In contrast, Kuhn was eager to stir media attention. On March 1, 1938, the Nazi government decreed that no German national (Reichsdeutsche) could be a member of the Bund and that no Nazi emblems were to be used by the organization.
Undaunted, on September 3, 1938, the Bund reelected Kuhn, and on February 20, 1939, Kuhn held the largest and most publicized rally in the Bund's history at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Some 20,000 people attended and heard Kuhn mock President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "Frank D. Rosenfeld", calling his New Deal the "Jew Deal" and denouncing what he called Bolshevik-Jewish American leadership. Kuhn also stated: "The Bund is fighting shoulder to shoulder with patriotic Americans to protect America from a race that is not the American race, that is not even a white race... The Jews are controlling everything and the white man is thrown out of his job.... The Jews are enemies of the United States.... All Jews are Communists.... Christ was not a Jew..." There was an outbreak of violence between Bund storm troopers and thousands of angry protesters in the streets. During Kuhn's speech, a Jewish protester, Isadore Greenbaum, rushed the stage and had to be rescued by police after he was beaten and stripped by stormtroopers.
Criminal conviction
Later in 1939, seeking to cripple the Bund, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia ordered the city to investigate the Bund's taxes. It alleged that Kuhn had embezzled $14,548 from the organization, spending part of the money on a mistress. District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey issued an indictment on May 25, 1939, and won a conviction against Kuhn. On December 5, 1939, Kuhn was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison for larceny and forgery. The next day, he was sent to Sing Sing. Despite his convictions for embezzlement, followers of the Bund continued to hold Kuhn in high regard, in line with the Nazi Führerprinzip, which gives the leader absolute power.
In 1940, James Wheeler-Hill, the Secretary of the Bund, was sentenced to one to three years in prison after pleading guilty to perjury for falsely testifying that he was an American citizen at Kuhn's trial. Wheeler-Hill had been born in Latvia, and was never naturalized.
Imprisonment and deportation
Kuhn's citizenship was revoked on June 1, 1943, while he was in Sing Sing prison, on the grounds of it having been obtained fraudulently as shown by his ongoing activity as a foreign agent of, and a person with loyalty including oaths of military service towards, Germany and the Nazi Party. Upon his release after 43 months in prison, Kuhn was re-arrested on June 21, 1943, as an enemy agent and interned by the federal government at a camp in Crystal City, Texas. Interned with Kuhn were his wife and 16-year-old son, who were deemed "enemy aliens". Kuhn's family had returned to Germany in 1938, but came back to support him for the trial. They were repatriated to Germany in an exchange in February 1944.
After the war, Kuhn, along with 714 other "unteachable Germans" was sent to Ellis Island and deported to Germany on September 15, 1945. Upon his return, he was interned at Hohenasperg Fortress. A CIC agent who interrogated Kuhn in January 1946 recommended his release, saying he was "discredited and spiritually broken." Kuhn wanted to return to the United States, but worked as an industrial chemist in a small chemical factory in Munich. The German authorities then decided that he could be tried under Germany's denazification laws, and he was imprisoned in July 1947.
Later life
Held in an internment camp at Dachau, awaiting trial before a Bavarian German de-Nazification court, Kuhn escaped on February 4, 1948, but was recaptured on June 15 in the French zone town of Bernkastel, near Trier. He had been sentenced to 10 years of hard labor, having been found guilty in absentia after a five-hour trial on April 20. The proceeding was "made conspicuous by the absence of not only Kuhn but also his lawyer and witnesses. The trial was carried out entirely by the presentation of documents which purported to show that Kuhn had close ties with Hitler's Third German Reich and that he had tried to transplant its ideology into the United States." How Kuhn escaped has never been officially explained, although there was an investigation; the camp director, Anton Zirngibl, was fired. Kuhn told reporters, 'The door was open so I went through.' Kuhn said on June 17 that he considered the ten-year sentence as a "major Nazi offender" unfair and that he intended to appeal.
In 1949, an appellate court reduced Kuhn's sentence to two years of hard labor. He was released on February 22, 1949. While in prison, Kuhn reportedly sent a message to columnist Walter Winchell, who had helped lead media counterattacks against the Bund back in New York City. It read: "Tell Herr Vinchell, I will lift to piss on his grafe ." (Winchell died in 1972).
Death
Kuhn died of unknown causes on December 14, 1951, in Munich, Germany. The New York Times obituary said that he died "a poor and obscure chemist, unheralded and unsung." Shortly before his death, Kuhn was asked why he'd followed Hitler. Disillusioned by the collapse of Nazi Germany, he replied, "Who would have known it would end like this?"
References
^ a b c "Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 2, 1953. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
^ a b c d e "Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany". The Evening Independent. September 7, 1945.
^ a b Adams, Thomas (2005). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A MultiDisciplinary Encyclopedia. G–N, volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 631. ISBN 1-85109-628-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ Curt Riess (20 April 2017). Total Espionage: Germany's Information and Disinformation Apparatus 1932-40. Fonthill Media. GGKEY:W0990A01E5Q.
^ a b O'Haire, Hugh (May 8, 1977). "When the Bund Strutted in Yaphankl". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
^ U.S. Congress, House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (1938). Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. United States Congress. p. 1090. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
^ a b Jim Bredemus. "American Bund – The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American 'Fifth Column'". TRACES. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
^ Cyprian Blamires; Paul Jackson (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 0-8223-0772-3.
^ Says Hitler Group is 200,000 strong. Kuhn Denies Trying to Set Up Fascism in U.S. Associated Press in Reading Eagle, March 12, 1937
^ Kuhn Bares Bund Record Destruction. "Kuhn steadfastly denied that the German government had any connection with his organization." Associated Press in Reading Eagle, August 16, 1939
^ a b Nazi America: A Secret History (2000), History Channel (92 min)
^ "The Day The German-American Bund Marched In Grafton". WUWM. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
^ "Nazis among the Cedars: The Inability of the German American Bund to Find Acceptance in Pre-War Milwaukee" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
^ Taylor, Alan (5 June 2017). "American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
^ Ratzis Fritz Kuhn and the Bund, 1939 by Jay Maeder Sunday, May 31, 1998
^ "How Fritz Kuhn and American Nazis brought anti-Semitic fervor to New York City before WWII". New York Daily News. 14 August 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
^ "Fight Nazis in Big N.Y. Rally". No. February 21, 1939. Chicago Tribune Archive. Chicago Tribune News Service. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
^ Philpot, Robert (February 22, 2019). "Eighty years ago this week: the night the Nazis played Madison Square Garden". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ Philip Bump, When Nazis rallied in Manhattan, one working-class Jewish man from Brooklyn took them on, 20 February 2017, The Washington Post
^ a b Duffy, Peter (2015). Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring. Scribner. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-45166-796-7. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Geels, James E. (August 1975). "The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum?". UNT Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
^ "Article clipped from Journal Gazette". Journal Gazette. 1939-12-05. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
^ Taylor, Alan (5 June 2017). "American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ Sander, Gordon F. (2017-08-23). "When Nazis Filled Madison Square Garden". Politico Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
^ "The Mid-Island Mail 28 February 1940 – The NYS Historic Newspapers". nyshistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
^ "The Minneapolis Star from Minneapolis, Minnesota". Newspapers.com. 1943-02-13. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
^ Kuhn Departs Today, On Way To Germany. In: New York Times. 15. September 1945; Deportees, POW's Head For Germany; Fritz Kuhn Is Deportet. In: New York Times. 16. September 1945.
^ "2_Leader of German-American Bund held at Crystal City, Texas". Intelligencer Journal. 1946-04-25. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
^ Shaffer, Ryan (Spring 2010). "Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics". Vol. 21, no. 2. Journal of Long Island History. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
^ Associated Press, "Former Bund Leader Convicted In Absentia by German Court," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 21 April 1948, Volume LIV, Number 201, page 1.
^ Associated Press, "Kuhn Captured In French Zone," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 18 June 1948, Volume LIV, Number 251, page 3.
^ Associated Press, "Former Bund Leader Convicted In Absentia by German Court," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 21 April 1948, Volume LIV, Number 201, page 1.
^ Associated Press, "Kuhn Captured In French Zone," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 18 June 1948, Volume LIV, Number 251, page 3.
^ Associated Press, "Kuhn Captured In French Zone," The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 18 June 1948, Volume LIV, Number 251, page 3.
^ IMDb Biography
^ Bernstein, Arnie (May 28, 2017). "Walter Winchell, Nazi Fighter". The New York Times Book Review: 6. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fritz Julius Kuhn.
Talking History Archive – Recording of Fritz Kuhn's speech at the German-American Bund Rally, New York City, Feb. 20, 1939, at the University of Albany
Fritz Julius Kuhn – Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files
"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism; The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American 'Fifth Column'" Article by Jim Bredemus on Traces.org
Fritz Julius Kuhn at IMDb
Newspaper clippings about Fritz Julius Kuhn in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Fritz Kuhn: "The American Führer" – PBS documentary
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Strike_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fritz_kuhn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Webster, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster,_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_USA_5_Kuhn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"German American Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American_Bund"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"foreign agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_agent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvenIndep-2"},{"link_name":"interned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"enemy agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvenIndep-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"}],"text":"Madison Square Garden rally 1939Kuhn appearing on the street after leaving a courthouse in Webster, Massachusetts, in 1939Kuhn speaking at a \"Bund\"-camp-rallyFritz Julius Kuhn (May 15, 1896 – December 14, 1951) was a German Nazi activist who served as the elected leader of the German American Bund before World War II. 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Still, his citizenship was canceled in 1943 owing to his status as a foreign agent of Nazi Germany.[2] Kuhn served prison time for larceny and forgery from 1939 to 1943 and, upon release, was immediately interned by the federal government as an enemy agent.[3][2] He was deported in 1945 and later served further prison time in post-war Germany before dying in 1951.[1]","title":"Fritz Julius Kuhn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riess2017-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"naturalized citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_citizen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvenIndep-2"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-5"}],"text":"Kuhn was born in Munich, Germany, on May 15, 1896, the son of Georg Kuhn and Julia Justyna Beuth. During World War I, Kuhn earned an Iron Cross as a German infantry lieutenant.[4][page needed] After the war, he graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a master's degree in chemical engineering. In the 1920s, Kuhn moved to Mexico. In 1928, he moved to the United States, and, in 1934, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[2] He worked at a Ford factory in Detroit before assuming control of the Bund in Buffalo, New York, in 1936.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Dickstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Friends of New Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"German American Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American_Bund"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bredemus-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb270-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1936 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazi_America_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Foreign Agents Registration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazi_America_2000-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Reichsdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsdeutsche"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bredemus-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Nazi_rally_at_Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A Congressional committee headed by Samuel Dickstein concluded that the Friends of New Germany supported a branch of German dictator Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in the United States,[6] and the Friends of New Germany disbanded. However, in March 1936, the German American Bund was established in Buffalo as a follow-up organization.[7] The Bund elected the German-born American citizen Kuhn as its leader.[8]Kuhn, while describing the Bund as \"sympathetic to the Hitler government\", denied that the organization received money or took orders from the government of Germany. Kuhn also denied that the Bund had any agenda of introducing fascism to the United States.[9][10]Kuhn enlisted thousands of Americans by using antisemitic, anticommunist, pro-German, and pro-American propaganda. One of his first tasks was planning a trip to Germany with 50 American followers. The purpose was to be in the presence of Hitler and to witness Nazism in practice personally.At this time, Germany was preparing to host the 1936 Olympics. Kuhn anticipated a warm welcome from Adolf Hitler, but the encounter was disappointing.[citation needed] This did not stop Kuhn from fabricating propaganda to his followers once he returned to the United States about how Hitler acknowledged him as the \"American Führer\".[11]As his profile grew, so did the tension against him. Not only Jewish-Americans, but also German-Americans who did not want to be associated with Nazis protested against the Bund.[12][13] These protests were occasionally violent, making the Bund front page news in the United States. In response to the outrage of Jewish war veterans,[citation needed] Congress in 1938 passed the Foreign Agents Registration Act requiring foreign agents to register with the State Department.[11] The negative attention to the American Nazis was not to Hitler's liking[citation needed] because he wanted the Nazi Party in the United States to be strong but stealthy.[citation needed] Hitler needed to keep the U.S. neutral throughout the coming war and sought to avoid provoking Americans. In contrast, Kuhn was eager to stir media attention. On March 1, 1938, the Nazi government decreed that no German national (Reichsdeutsche) could be a member of the Bund and that no Nazi emblems were to be used by the organization.[7]Undaunted, on September 3, 1938, the Bund reelected Kuhn,[14] and on February 20, 1939, Kuhn held the largest and most publicized rally in the Bund's history at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[15] Some 20,000 people attended and heard Kuhn mock President Franklin D. Roosevelt as \"Frank D. Rosenfeld\", calling his New Deal the \"Jew Deal\" and denouncing what he called Bolshevik-Jewish American leadership. Kuhn also stated: \"The Bund is fighting shoulder to shoulder with patriotic Americans to protect America from a race that is not the American race, that is not even a white race... The Jews are controlling everything and the white man is thrown out of his job.... The Jews are enemies of the United States.... All Jews are Communists.... Christ was not a Jew...\"[16] There was an outbreak of violence between Bund storm troopers and thousands of angry protesters in the streets. During Kuhn's speech, a Jewish protester, Isadore Greenbaum, rushed the stage and had to be rescued by police after he was beaten and stripped by stormtroopers.[17][18][19]","title":"Leadership of the German American Bund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiorello La Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffy-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duffy-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nazi Führerprinzip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Later in 1939, seeking to cripple the Bund, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia ordered the city to investigate the Bund's taxes.[20] It alleged that Kuhn had embezzled $14,548 from the organization, spending part of the money on a mistress.[20][21] District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey issued an indictment on May 25, 1939, and won a conviction against Kuhn. On December 5, 1939, Kuhn was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison for larceny and forgery.[3][22] The next day, he was sent to Sing Sing.[23] Despite his convictions for embezzlement, followers of the Bund continued to hold Kuhn in high regard, in line with the Nazi Führerprinzip, which gives the leader absolute power.[24]In 1940, James Wheeler-Hill, the Secretary of the Bund, was sentenced to one to three years in prison after pleading guilty to perjury for falsely testifying that he was an American citizen at Kuhn's trial. Wheeler-Hill had been born in Latvia, and was never naturalized.[25]","title":"Criminal conviction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvenIndep-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-5"},{"link_name":"Crystal City, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ellis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island"},{"link_name":"deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Hohenasperg Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenasperg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvenIndep-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Kuhn's citizenship was revoked on June 1, 1943, while he was in Sing Sing prison, on the grounds of it having been obtained fraudulently as shown by his ongoing activity as a foreign agent of, and a person with loyalty including oaths of military service towards, Germany and the Nazi Party.[2][5] Upon his release after 43 months in prison, Kuhn was re-arrested on June 21, 1943, as an enemy agent and interned by the federal government at a camp in Crystal City, Texas. Interned with Kuhn were his wife and 16-year-old son, who were deemed \"enemy aliens\". Kuhn's family had returned to Germany in 1938, but came back to support him for the trial. They were repatriated to Germany in an exchange in February 1944.[26]After the war, Kuhn, along with 714 other \"unteachable Germans\" was sent to Ellis Island and deported to Germany on September 15, 1945.[27] Upon his return, he was interned at Hohenasperg Fortress.[2] A CIC agent who interrogated Kuhn in January 1946 recommended his release, saying he was \"discredited and spiritually broken.\"[28] Kuhn wanted to return to the United States, but worked as an industrial chemist in a small chemical factory in Munich.[29] The German authorities then decided that he could be tried under Germany's denazification laws, and he was imprisoned in July 1947.[30]","title":"Imprisonment and deportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bernkastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkastel"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"Third German Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-35"},{"link_name":"Walter Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Winchell"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernstein-36"}],"text":"Held in an internment camp at Dachau, awaiting trial before a Bavarian German de-Nazification court, Kuhn escaped on February 4, 1948, but was recaptured on June 15 in the French zone town of Bernkastel, near Trier.[31] He had been sentenced to 10 years of hard labor, having been found guilty in absentia after a five-hour trial on April 20. The proceeding was \"made conspicuous by the absence of not only Kuhn but also his lawyer and witnesses. The trial was carried out entirely by the presentation of documents which purported to show that Kuhn had close ties with Hitler's Third German Reich and that he had tried to transplant its ideology into the United States.\"[32] How Kuhn escaped has never been officially explained, although there was an investigation; the camp director, Anton Zirngibl, was fired. Kuhn told reporters, 'The door was open so I went through.'[33] Kuhn said on June 17 that he considered the ten-year sentence as a \"major Nazi offender\" unfair and that he intended to appeal.[34]In 1949, an appellate court reduced Kuhn's sentence to two years of hard labor. He was released on February 22, 1949.[35] While in prison, Kuhn reportedly sent a message to columnist Walter Winchell, who had helped lead media counterattacks against the Bund back in New York City. It read: \"Tell Herr Vinchell, I will lift to piss on his grafe [sic].\"[36] (Winchell died in 1972).","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"}],"text":"Kuhn died of unknown causes on December 14, 1951, in Munich, Germany. The New York Times obituary said that he died \"a poor and obscure chemist, unheralded and unsung.\" Shortly before his death, Kuhn was asked why he'd followed Hitler. Disillusioned by the collapse of Nazi Germany, he replied, \"Who would have known it would end like this?\"[1]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Madison Square Garden rally 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nazi_Strike_2.jpg/267px-Nazi_Strike_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kuhn appearing on the street after leaving a courthouse in Webster, Massachusetts, in 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fritz_kuhn.jpg/267px-Fritz_kuhn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kuhn speaking at a \"Bund\"-camp-rally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Battle_of_the_USA_5_Kuhn.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich\". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 2, 1953. Retrieved 2008-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1953/02/02/archives/fritz-kuhn-death-in-1951-revealed-lawyer-says-former-leader-of.html","url_text":"\"Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany\". The Evening Independent. September 7, 1945.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L48LAAAAIBAJ&pg=5799,1832986&dq=fritz+kuhn&hl=en","url_text":"\"Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Thomas (2005). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A MultiDisciplinary Encyclopedia. G–N, volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 631. ISBN 1-85109-628-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&q=denaturalized+americans&pg=PA631","url_text":"Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A MultiDisciplinary Encyclopedia. G–N, volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-628-0","url_text":"1-85109-628-0"}]},{"reference":"Curt Riess (20 April 2017). Total Espionage: Germany's Information and Disinformation Apparatus 1932-40. Fonthill Media. GGKEY:W0990A01E5Q.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yw-0DgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Total Espionage: Germany's Information and Disinformation Apparatus 1932-40"}]},{"reference":"O'Haire, Hugh (May 8, 1977). \"When the Bund Strutted in Yaphankl\". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/08/archives/when-the-bund-strutted-in-yaphank-40-years-ago-in-yaphank.html","url_text":"\"When the Bund Strutted in Yaphankl\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Congress, House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (1938). Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. United States Congress. p. 1090. Retrieved 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/investigationofu193802unit#page/1090/mode/2up","url_text":"Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States"}]},{"reference":"Jim Bredemus. \"American Bund – The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American 'Fifth Column'\". TRACES. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518142641/http://www.traces.org/americanbund.html","url_text":"\"American Bund – The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American 'Fifth Column'\""},{"url":"http://www.traces.org/americanbund.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cyprian Blamires; Paul Jackson (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 0-8223-0772-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C","url_text":"World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0772-3","url_text":"0-8223-0772-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Day The German-American Bund Marched In Grafton\". WUWM. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wuwm.com/post/day-german-american-bund-marched-grafton#stream/0","url_text":"\"The Day The German-American Bund Marched In Grafton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nazis among the Cedars: The Inability of the German American Bund to Find Acceptance in Pre-War Milwaukee\" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved January 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/72649/Petrie_Stephen_2015.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Nazis among the Cedars: The Inability of the German American Bund to Find Acceptance in Pre-War Milwaukee\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Alan (5 June 2017). \"American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2017/06/american-nazis-in-the-1930sthe-german-american-bund/529185/","url_text":"\"American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Fritz Kuhn and American Nazis brought anti-Semitic fervor to New York City before WWII\". New York Daily News. 14 August 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/2017/08/14/how-fritz-kuhn-and-american-nazis-brought-anti-semitic-fervor-to-new-york-city-before-wwii/","url_text":"\"How Fritz Kuhn and American Nazis brought anti-Semitic fervor to New York City before WWII\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Fight Nazis in Big N.Y. Rally\". No. February 21, 1939. Chicago Tribune Archive. Chicago Tribune News Service. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1939/02/21/page/1/article/fight-nazis-in-big-n-y-rally","url_text":"\"Fight Nazis in Big N.Y. Rally\""}]},{"reference":"Philpot, Robert (February 22, 2019). \"Eighty years ago this week: the night the Nazis played Madison Square Garden\". The Jewish Chronicle. London. Retrieved March 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/news/us-news/eighty-years-ago-this-week-the-night-the-nazis-played-madison-square-garden-1.480513","url_text":"\"Eighty years ago this week: the night the Nazis played Madison Square Garden\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Peter (2015). Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring. Scribner. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-45166-796-7. Retrieved November 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XXIHBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45166-796-7","url_text":"978-1-45166-796-7"}]},{"reference":"Geels, James E. (August 1975). \"The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum?\". UNT Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663312/","url_text":"\"The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article clipped from Journal Gazette\". Journal Gazette. 1939-12-05. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/journal-gazette/58701429/","url_text":"\"Article clipped from Journal Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Alan (5 June 2017). \"American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2017/06/american-nazis-in-the-1930sthe-german-american-bund/529185/","url_text":"\"American Nazis in the 1930s – The German American Bund\""}]},{"reference":"Sander, Gordon F. (2017-08-23). \"When Nazis Filled Madison Square Garden\". Politico Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/23/nazi-german-american-bund-rally-madison-square-garden-215522","url_text":"\"When Nazis Filled Madison Square Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mid-Island Mail 28 February 1940 – The NYS Historic Newspapers\". nyshistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=tmm19400228-01.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN----------","url_text":"\"The Mid-Island Mail 28 February 1940 – The NYS Historic Newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Minneapolis Star from Minneapolis, Minnesota\". Newspapers.com. 1943-02-13. Retrieved 2023-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/187366418/","url_text":"\"The Minneapolis Star from Minneapolis, Minnesota\""}]},{"reference":"\"2_Leader of German-American Bund held at Crystal City, Texas\". Intelligencer Journal. 1946-04-25. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/intelligencer-journal-2leader-of-german/67183274/","url_text":"\"2_Leader of German-American Bund held at Crystal City, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Ryan (Spring 2010). \"Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics\". Vol. 21, no. 2. Journal of Long Island History. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621060808/http://www.stonybrook.edu/lihj/IssueFiles/V21_2/Articles/Shaffer/shaffer.html","url_text":"\"Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Long_Island_History&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Long Island History"},{"url":"http://www.stonybrook.edu/lihj/IssueFiles/V21_2/Articles/Shaffer/shaffer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Arnie (May 28, 2017). \"Walter Winchell, Nazi Fighter\". The New York Times Book Review: 6. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/books/review/letters-to-the-editor.html","url_text":"\"Walter Winchell, Nazi Fighter\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1953/02/02/archives/fritz-kuhn-death-in-1951-revealed-lawyer-says-former-leader-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L48LAAAAIBAJ&pg=5799,1832986&dq=fritz+kuhn&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&q=denaturalized+americans&pg=PA631","external_links_name":"Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A MultiDisciplinary Encyclopedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Garafola | Lynn Garafola | ["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Writing about dance","4 Publications","4.1 Books","4.2 Online volumes","4.3 Selected articles in other books","4.4 Selected journal articles","5 Lectures and public readings","6 Exhibitions","7 Awards and fellowships","8 Related activities","9 Personal life","10 References","11 External links"] | American Linguist
This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (December 2021)
Lynn GarafolaLynn GarafolaBornLynn Theresa Garafola (1946-12-12) December 12, 1946 (age 77)New York City, New York, United StatesNationalityAmericanAlma materBarnard College • Columbia UniversityOccupationLinguistSpouse
Eric Foner (m. 1980)AwardsFulbright Fellowship
Lynn Theresa Garafola (born December 12, 1946) is an American dance historian, linguist, critic, curator, lecturer, and educator. A prominent researcher and writer with broad interests in the field of dance history, she is acknowledged as the leading expert on the Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev (1909–1929), the most influential company in twentieth-century theatrical dance.
Early life and education
Born in New York City, Lynn spent her early years in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. Her parents were Louis Salvatore Garafola, a printer, and Rose Jean (Marchione) Garafola, whose surname is a Southern Italian corruption of garofalo, meaning "carnation." As a child Lynn studied ballet and violin with teachers from the Armenian diaspora, including Madame Seda Suny, a well-known dance teacher in the neighborhood, and spent leisure time in reading, knitting and stitchery, acting, and swimming. Madame Seda, who was always considered "Russian" by her students, introduced the young girl to the art form that would become one of the guiding passions of her life. After six years of elementary school, she entered the seventh grade of Hunter College High School, an elite, all-girls school with high academic standards and a strong arts program. There, her Latin teacher, Irving Kizner, sparked her facility in languages, which would become another lifelong interest. While in high school, she also studied modern dance with Alice Halpern and, in her senior year, took occasional classes in "jazz dance" with Alvin Ailey, which was really Horton technique accompanied by drumming.
Upon graduation from high school in 1964, Garafola found her first summer job, as a salesgirl at Arnold Constable's flagship store in New York, the "Palace of Trade" on Broadway at West 19th Street. That autumn, she entered the freshman class of Barnard College (class of 1968), the prestigious women's college associated with Columbia University, on Morningside Heights in Manhattan. As a budding linguist and an amateur actress, she became attached to faculty members who were émigrés from the Spanish Civil War and who, to Garafola's delight, staged plays in Spanish, in which she often appeared. Besides Spanish, her major field, her course of study included classes in French and Italian as well as general academics. Throughout her college years, she continued to study dance and to take part in theatrical productions. She graduated from Barnard with a baccalaureate degree (A.B.) in 1968.
The recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, Lynn spent the following year in Quito, Ecuador, studying Latin American literature and teaching English. Then, after a year in the American Midwest and some time in Mexico, she returned to New York, where she found employment in 1970 as a staff translator at the Berlitz Translation Service in midtown Manhattan. Deciding to pursue graduate studies, she entered the doctoral program in Spanish at the Graduate Center of City University of New York. She soon switched her field from Spanish to comparative literature, which she found more intellectually stimulating, and began regular attendance at dance performances in the city. She eventually earned a master's degree (M.Phil.) in 1979. More years of study followed, as her interest in dance history grew to become her primary focus. With a dissertation entitled "Art and Enterprise in Diaghilev's Ballets Russes," she earned a doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in 1985.
Academic career
While still a graduate student, Garafola began her academic career in February 1975 as a part-time lecturer in the Department of Comparative Literature at Brooklyn College, a job she held until June 1977. After a hiatus of almost ten years, she was again a part-time lecturer, back uptown at Columbia University during the summers of 1985 and 1986. In September 1988, she was appointed adjunct assistant professor in the School of the Arts at Columbia, and in September 2000, she moved across Broadway at West 116th Street to the Department of Dance at Barnard, where she was an adjunct professor on a half-time schedule. In July 2003, she became a term professor, and in September 2006 she was named a full professor of dance. Granted tenure in 2007, she occupied this position until July 2017, when she became Professor Emerita. She served as co-chair of the Department of Dance at Barnard from July 2014 to July 2016. Until her retirement, she was a non-voting member of the Department of History at Columbia and a faculty member of the university's Harriman Institute, which is devoted to Russian, Eurasian, and East European studies. She continues to serve on orals and dissertation committees in History and Theatre, and remains active in the Harriman Institute.
An autodidact in dance history, Garafola has taught numerous courses at Barnard in Western theatrical dance from the Renaissance to the 1960s. She has also directed numerous projects on nineteenth- and twentieth-century topics in ballet as well as in modern, contemporary, African-American, social, and national dance forms. She has served on Ph.D. dissertation committees in history, theater, and music at Columbia, in performance studies, French, and History at New York University, in French at Johns Hopkins University, in history at Northwestern University, in music at Princeton University, in Visual Arts at the University of Leeds, and in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Sydney. She has a deep commitment to guiding and developing dance history scholars in work that is empirically rich and that opens new windows onto the past. In 2011 she founded the
University Seminar in Studies in Dance, which she still directs.
Writing about dance
After Garafola returned to New York City in 1970 and began to attend performances by the American Ballet Theatre, she fell in love with the nineteenth-century classic ballets: Swan Lake, Giselle, Coppélia, The Nutcracker, and The Sleeping Beauty. Seeing these works reignited her childhood interest in dance, and attendance at performances by the Joffrey Ballet, the New York City Ballet, and various modern dance companies led to a growing fascination with the history of dance, particularly ballet. In her readings in comparative literature, she chanced across an account of the meeting of Marcel Proust and James Joyce at a 1922 cast party for the Ballets Russes. Its description of impresario Sergei Diaghilev captured her attention, and she began to think about writing her doctoral dissertation on the influence of the Ballets Russes on intellectuals and writers of imaginative literature. Trained as a literary scholar, she reconceptualized her dissertation topic to focus on the history of the Ballets Russes itself, thus transforming herself from a literary comparatist into a historian of performing arts.
In time, Garafola's dissertation metamorphosed into a history book, Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, published in 1989. This was followed by a number of edited works and a torrent of articles in scholarly journals, anthologies, encyclopedias, newspapers, and popular magazines as well as dozens of book reviews, program notes, interviews, public lectures, scholarly presentations, and other writings. She has also made many appearances on television and public radio that have resulted in written transcripts of her commentary and addresses. Her current project focuses on the life and work of choreographer Bronislava Nijinska, younger sister of Vaslav Nijinsky and member of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. All of Garafola's writings have been motivated by her belief in the centrality of dance and its importance to scholarship and the cultural life of a city, a nation, and communities throughout the world.
Publications
Among the published works of which Garafola is the author, editor, or translator are the following books, articles in other books, and scholarly journal articles. In addition to these are scores of book reviews and papers included in the proceedings of academic conferences and meetings.
Books
1989. Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. New York: Oxford University Press.
1991. André Levinson on Dance: Writings from Paris in the Twenties. Edited and with an introduction by Joan Acocella and Lynn Garafola. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. Includes a bibliography of Levinson's writings.
1991. The Diaries of Marius Petipa. Translated from the Russian and edited by Lynn Garafola, with an introduction and chronology of works. Studies in Dance History, a monograph series, no. 3.1, published by the Society of Dance History Scholars.
The Origins of the Bolero School. Edited by Lynn Garafola. Studies in Dance History, a monograph series, no. 4.1, published by the Society of Dance History Scholars. This is an English-language version of the Spanish original, edited by Javier Suárez-Parajes and Xoán M. Carreira, and translated by Elizabeth Coonrod Martinez, Aurelia de la Vega, and Lynn Garafola.
1994. Of, By, and For the People: Dancing on the Left in the 1930s. Edited by Lynn Garafola. Studies in Dance History, a monograph series, no 5.1, published by the Society of Dance History Scholars.
1997. Rethinking the Sylph: New Perspectives on the Romantic Ballet. Edited and introduced by Lynn Garafola. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.
1998. José Limon: An Unfinished Memoir. Edited by Lynn Garafola. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.
1999. Dance for a City: Fifty Years of the New York City Ballet. Edited by Lynn Garafola with Eric Foner. New York: Columbia University Press.
1999. The Ballets Russes and Its World. Edited by Lynn Garafola and Nancy Van Norman Baer. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
2005. Legacies of Twentieth-Century Dance. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.
2011. Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes: A Tribute to the First Hundred Years. Annual issue, Experiment: Journal of Russian Culture, vol. 17. Edited by Lynn Garafola and John E. Bowlt and published by the Institute of Modern Russian Culture, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
2022. La Nijinska: Choreographer of the Modern. New York: Oxford University Press.
2024. Crafting the Ballets Russes: Music, Dance, Design: The Robert Owen Lehman Collection, by Robinson McClellan, with a contribution by Lynn Garafola. New York: The Morgan Library & Museum.
Online volumes
2015. Russian Movement Culture of the 1920s and 1930s. Edited volume based on a symposium organized with Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, 12-14 Feb. 2015. Published by the Harriman Institute in fall 2015.
2017. Dancing the Cold War. Edited volume based on a symposium sponsored by the Harriman, Institute, Columbia University, 16-18 Feb. 2017. Published by the Harriman Institute in winter 2018.
2018. Arthur Mitchell: Harlem’s Ballet Trailblazer. Exhibition website created for the Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University, in tandem with the Wallach Art Gallery exhibition of the same title, 2018.
Selected articles in other books
1983. "Les Soirées de Paris." In Lydia Lopokova, edited by Milo Keynes. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1988. "Toward an American Dance: Dance in the City, 1940–1965." In New York: Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965, edited by Leonard Wallock. New York: Rizzoli.
1988. "The Ballets Russes in America." In The Art of Enchantment: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909–1929, edited by Nancy Van Norman Baer. New York: Universe Books.
1995. "The Ballets Suédois and the Ballets Russes." In Paris Modern: The Swedish Ballet, 1920–1925, edited by Nancy Van Norman Baer. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.
2001. "The Choreography of Le Tricorne." In Los Ballets Russes de Diaghilev y España (The Ballets Russes of Diaghilev and Spain), edited by Yvan Nommick and Antonio Alvarez Cañibano. Madrid: Centro de Documentación de Música y Danza.
2003. "Ballet: Reinvention and Continuity over Five Centuries." In The Living Dance: An Anthology of Essays on Movement and Culture, edited by Judith Chazin-Bennahum. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt.
2005. "Agrippina Vaganova and Her Times." Introduction to Vaganova: A Dance Journey from Petersburg to Leningrad, by Vera Krasovskaya, translated from the Russian by Vera M. Siegel. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
2007. "Voice of the Zeitgeist: Sally Banes and Her Times." Introduction to Before, Between, After: Three Decades of Dance Writing, by Sally Banes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2009. "Workshop of the Muses: Diaghilev and Monte Carlo." In A Feast of Wonders: Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, edited by John E. Bowlt. Milan: Skira Rizzoli.
2011. "Astonish Me!: Diaghilev, Massine, and the Experimentalist Tradition." In Ballets Russes in Australia and Beyond, edited by Mark Carroll. Adelaide, S.A.: Wakefield Press.
2011. "Abstraction and the Dance: Bronislava Nijinska's Les Noces." In Arturo Herrera: Les Noces (The Wedding), exhibition catalog, edited by Gabriela Rangel. New York: American Society.
2013. Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes: A New Kind of Company. In Avatar of Modernity: The Rite of Spring Reconsidered. Ed. Hermann Danuser and Heidy Zimmermann. London: Paul Sacher Foundation/Boosey & Hawkes, 2013.
2014. "Chernota delaet roscherk v dyshe moei" (Blackness makes a stroke on my soul). Publication of the original Russian text of Bronislava Nijinska’s 1919-22 diary and her 1918-19 treatise School and Theater of Movement, with an accompanying essay. In Mnemozina: dokumenty I facty iz istorii otechestvennogo teatra XX veka. Ed. V.V. Ivanov. Moscow: Indrik 2014.
2014. “Foreward. Like a Bomb Going Off: Leonid Yakobson and Ballet as Resistance in Soviet Russia, by Janice Ross. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.
2014. In Search of Eden: Bronislava Nijinska in California. In Kinetic Los Angeles: Russian Emigrés in the City of Self-Transformation. Ed. Lorin Johnson. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Special issue of Experiment: Journal of Russian Culture 20 (2014).
2016 “H.P.: A Lost Dance of the Americas.” In Dance: American Art 1830-1960. Ed. Jane Dini. Detroit Institute of Art/Yale University Press, 2016.
2017 “A Century of Rites: The Making of an Avant-Garde Tradition.” In The Rite of Spring at 100. Ed. Severine Neff, Maureen Carr, and Gretchen Horlacher, with John Reef. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017.
2019. “Lincoln Kirstein, Man of the People.” In catalogue of Lincoln Kirstein’s Modern, 17 Mar.-30 June 2019. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2019.
Selected journal articles
1982. "Hollywood and the Myth of the Working Class." Radical America (Somerville, Mass., January–February 1980).
1985–1986. "The Travesty Dancer in Nineteenth-Century Ballet." Dance Research Journal (New York) 17.2 (Fall 1985) and 18.1 (Spring 1986). Reprinted in Crossing the Stage: Controversies on Cross-Dressing, edited by Lesley Ferris (London: Routledge, 1993).
1988. "Mark Morris and the Feminine Mystique." Ballet Review (New York) 16.3 (December 1988).
1995. "Forgotten Interlude: Eurhythmic Dancers at the Paris Opera." Dance Research (Edinburgh) 13.1 (Summer 1995).
1995. "A las Márganes del Occidente: El Destino Transpirenaico de la Danza Española desde la Época del Romanticismo" ("On the Margins of the West: The Destiny of Spanish Dance beyond the Pyrenees since the Era of Romanticism"). Cairón: Revista del Estudios de Danza (Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 1995).
2002. "Dollars for Dance: Lincoln Kirstein, City Center, and the Rockefeller Foundation." Dance Chronicle: Studies in Dance and Related Arts (New York) 25.1 (Spring 2002).
2006. "Making Dances: Process and Practice in Diaghilev's Ballets Russes." Culture Teatrali: Studi, Interventi e Scrittore sullo Spettacolo (Bologna) 14 (Spring 2006), special issue, edited by Rosella Mazzaglia. Reprinted in Denkfiguren: Performatives zwischen Bewegen, Schreiben und Erfinden (Conceptions of Interactions between Movement, Writing, and Creativity), edited by Nicole Haitzinger and Karin Fenbock (Munich: Epodium Verlag, 2010).
2006. "Serguéi Diághilev: La Creación del Ballet Moderno" ("Sergei Diaghilev: The Creation of Modern Ballet"), La Tempestad (Barcelona) 8.50 (October 2006).
2011. “Crafted by Many Hands: Re-Reading Bronislava Nijinska’s Early Memoirs.” Dance Research (Edinburgh) 29.1 (Summer 2011).
2011. “An Amazon of the Avant-Garde: Bronislava Nijinska in Revolutionary Russia.” Dance Research (Edinburgh) 29. 2 (Winter 2011).
2015. “Interlude oubliée: la danse rythmique à l’Opéra de Paris.” Trans. Marina Nordera. Recherches en Danse, Jan. 2015.
Lectures and public readings
Garafola has delivered dozens of lectures and public presentations on a great many topics in dance history. Those listed here are but a sampling of this body of work, intended to indicate the breadth of her interests and the extent of her reach.
1985. "Remaking Ballet in the Diaghilev Era: The Choreographic Revolution of Fokine, Nijinsky, Massine, and Nijinska." The Houston Seminar, Houston, Texas.
1991. "Nijinsky and Nijinska." Fundaçáo Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon.
1993. "Writing the History of Dance." History Society, Pembroke College, University of Oxford.
1996. "Léonide Massine: Symphonic Choreographer." New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
2000. "George Antheil and the Dance." Great Hall, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York.
2002. "Stravinsky and Ida Rubenstein." University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
2003. "On Your Toes, or The Americanization of George Balanchine." Annual meeting, Popular Culture Association, New Orleans.
2004. "Balanchine and the Many Roots of Abstraction." Hermitage Theater, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
2006. "A Model of Female Empowerment: Isadora Duncan and the Early Choreographic Career of Bronislava Nijinska." Harriman Institute, Columbia University, New York.
2009. "Crossing Borders, Transcending Boundaries: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and the Birth of Ballet Modernism." Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
2011. "The Ballets Russes and Twentieth-Century Dance." Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo.
2013. "Making Ballet Modern: Modernism and Diaghilev's Ballets Russes." George Washington University Summer in Paris.
2013. "A Century of Rites: The Making of an Avant-garde Tradition." Emory University, Atlanta; University of Dayton, Ohio; and Institut fŭr Theaterwissenschaft, Freie Universitãt Berlin.
2013. "Discourses of Memory: The Marginalization of Bronislava Nijinska." Keynote address. “Gender and Creation in the History of the Performing Arts,” Paris, 14 Dec. 2013.
2015. "Dancing through Adversity: Bronislava Nijinska's Théâtre de la Danse, 1932–34." Athens, Greece.
2017. "Concealments and Revelations of the First Person:Bronislava Nijinska's Diaries." Seminério Internacional de História da Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil, 22 Sept. 2017.
2017. "Amazon of the Avant-Garde on a Global Stage." Dance and the Avant-Garde in Central and Eastern Europe, a conference organized by the Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Lublin, Poland, 16 Nov. 2017.
2018. "Bronislava Nijinska y el nacionalismo coreográfico de 'Rusia en el extranjero'" (Bronislava Nijinska and the Choreographic Nationalism of "Russia Abroad"). XI Jornadas de investigación de danza 2018, Buenos Aires, 7 Sept. 2018.
2018. "Bronislava Nijinska – from Kyiv to Hollywood." America House, Kyiv, 10 Nov. 2018.
2019. "Pilgrimage to an Imagined West: Antiquity and the Early Ballets Russes." Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York, 28 Mar. 2019.
2019. "The African-American Presence in Postwar American Ballet." University of California, Santa Barbara, 29 Apr. 2019.
2019. “The Long History of Bronislava Nijinska’s Bolero.” Presented at the international conference "Repensar El sombrero de tres picos: cien años después," Palacio de la Madraza, Granada, 5 July 2019.
2020. "Gendered Selves and the Melancholy of Being: Francis Poulenc and Bronislava Nijinska." Presented at the symposium “Within and Without: ‘Les Six’ at 100.” Princeton University, 17 Jan. 2020.
2020. "Anna Pavlova: A Ballerina for All.” Presented at the symposium "Ballerina: Fashion's Modern Muse." Fashion Institute of Technology (GIT), 6 Mar. 2020.
2024. "Diaghilev—Man of Music." Scheduled to be presented April 18, 2024, at the Morgan Library & Museum in connection with its exhibit "Crafting the Ballets Russes: The Robert Owen Lehman Collection", scheduled for June 28 through September 22, 2024.
Exhibitions
1986. Historical consultant. Bronislava Nijinska: A Dancer's Legacy. Curated by Nancy Van Norman Baer. The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.
1988. Historical consultant. The Art of Enchantment: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909–1929. The Fine Arts Museums of Sab Francisco.
1999. Guest curator. Dance for a City: Fifty Years of the New York City Ballet. New-York Historical Society.
2000. Guest curator. Dance at the White Barn. The White Barn Theater Museum, Westport, Connecticut.
2004–2005. Guest curator, with Norton Owen. America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures: The First 100. traveling exhibition sponsored by the Dance Heritage Coalitiob, Washington, D.C., and mounted in four venues: San Francisco Performing Arts Library and Museum (Winter 2004); Blake's Barn, Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival, Beckett, Massachusetts (Summer 2004); Music and Dance Library, Ohio State University (Autumn 2004); and New York Public Library for the Performing Arts (Summer 2005).
2006–2007. Guest curator, with Patrizia Veroli. 500 Years of Italian Dance: Treasures from the New York Public Library's Cia Fornaroli Collection. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
2008. Guest curator. New York Story: Jerome Robbins and His World. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
2009. Guest curator. Diaghilev's Theater of Marvels: The Ballets Russes and Its Aftermath. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
2018. Guest curator. Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer. Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University.
Awards and fellowships
In addition to glowing reviews of her books and accolades from her peers, Garafola has been the recipient of a number of prestigious awards and fellowships. Among them are the following.
1968–1969. Fellowship. Fulbright Scholar Program, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. For study of the social novel at the University of Quito, Ecuador.
1978–1979. Fellowship. Social Science Research Council, New York.
1986–1987. Fellowship. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York. For study at the Heyman Center, Columbia University. (Declined)
1986–1987. Fellowship in the History of Art and the Humanities. The Getty Foundation, Los Angeles.
1990. De la Torre Bueno Prize, given by the Dance Perspectives Foundation, New York, in recognition of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes as the outstanding work in dance history for the year 1990.
1991–1992. Appointment, scholar in residence. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles.
1993–1994. Fellowship. National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, D.C.
1999. Award, given by the Congress on Research in Dance, New York, in recognition of José Limon: An Unfinished Memoir as the outstanding scholarly dance publication of the year 1999.
2000. Independent Publisher Book Award, given in recognition of Dance for a City: Fifty Years of the New York City Ballet as the outstanding book in the performing arts.
2005. Kurt Weill Prize, given by the Kurt Weill Foundation for Music, New York, in recognition of The Ballets Russes and Its World as representative of distinguished scholarship in twentieth-century musical theater.
2008. Emily Gregory Award, given by the Trustees of Barnard College to a student-nominated candidate recognized for excellence in teaching and for devotion and service to the students of Barnard College.
2013–2014. Fellowship, in support of "Bronislava Nijinska: A Choreographer's Journey." Dorothy and Lewis B. Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
2013–2014. Fellowship, in support of "Bronislava Nijinska: A Choreographer's Journey." John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, New York.
Related activities
Since 1988, Garafola has been an active member of the Society of Dance History Scholars, serving as editor of its monograph series Studies in Dance History (1991–98), chair of its fundraising committee (2000–01), chair of its editorial board (2002–04), and a judge on its annual prize committee on several occasions. She has also been active in the Dance Critics Association, the Congress on Research in Dance, the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For several years (2000-2004), she was a principal researcher on the Popular Balanchine project of the George Balanchine Foundation, charged with compiling dossiers on the 1936, 1954, and 1982 productions of the Broadway musical On Your Toes, choreographed by Mr. Balanchine. She has also been a panelist and judge in programs sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Library of Congress, and various universities, publishers, and other organizations.
Personal life
In 1980, Garafola married Eric Foner, the Dewitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University. They have one daughter, Daria. A former dancer with the Norwegian National Ballet in Oslo, she received a Ph.D. in Art History from Columbia University in 2020 and is currently employed at the Morgan Library and Museum in New York.
References
^ "Lynn Garafola, Professor of Dance," faculty profile, Barnard College website, http://dance.barnard.edu/profiles/lgarafol. Retrieved 6 November 2015.Archived 27 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
^ Patrick Hanks and Flavia Hodges, "Garafalo," in A Dictionary of Surnames (Oxford University Press, 1989).
^ Lynn Garafola, responses to autobiographical questionnaire, 31 October 2015, digital submission for Claude Conyers dance history Wikipedia files, Charleston, South Carolina.
^ Lynn Garafola, Professor of Dance, curriculum vitae, dated 1 July 2015, in faculty files of Barnard College and Columbia University. This extensive and highly detailed document is the primary source of scholarly information presented herein.
^ "Garafola, Lynn," in International Who's Who of Authors and Writers, 30th ed. (New York and London: Routledge, 2015).
^ Garafola, curriculum vitae, dated 1 August 2020.
^ Lynn Garafola, "Enchanted with Dances Past, or How I Became a Historian of Dance," manuscript prepared for publication in Dance Research (Edinburgh), and responses to autobiographical questionnaire, 31 October 2015, digital submission for Claude Conyers dance history Wikipedia files, Charleston, South Carolina.
^ "Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer". Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ Garafola, curriculum vitae, 1 July 2015.
External links
Lynn Garafola papers, 1985-1992 Jerome Robbins Dance Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lynn Theresa Garafola (born December 12, 1946) is an American dance historian, linguist, critic, curator, lecturer, and educator. A prominent researcher and writer with broad interests in the field of dance history, she is acknowledged as the leading expert on the Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev (1909–1929), the most influential company in twentieth-century theatrical dance.[1]","title":"Lynn Garafola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Upper Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Washington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Barnard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"comparative literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Born in New York City, Lynn spent her early years in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. Her parents were Louis Salvatore Garafola, a printer, and Rose Jean (Marchione) Garafola, whose surname is a Southern Italian corruption of garofalo, meaning \"carnation.\"[2] As a child Lynn studied ballet and violin with teachers from the Armenian diaspora, including Madame Seda Suny, a well-known dance teacher in the neighborhood, and spent leisure time in reading, knitting and stitchery, acting, and swimming. Madame Seda, who was always considered \"Russian\" by her students, introduced the young girl to the art form that would become one of the guiding passions of her life. After six years of elementary school, she entered the seventh grade of Hunter College High School, an elite, all-girls school with high academic standards and a strong arts program. There, her Latin teacher, Irving Kizner, sparked her facility in languages, which would become another lifelong interest. While in high school, she also studied modern dance with Alice Halpern and, in her senior year, took occasional classes in \"jazz dance\" with Alvin Ailey, which was really Horton technique accompanied by drumming.[3]Upon graduation from high school in 1964, Garafola found her first summer job, as a salesgirl at Arnold Constable's flagship store in New York, the \"Palace of Trade\" on Broadway at West 19th Street. That autumn, she entered the freshman class of Barnard College (class of 1968), the prestigious women's college associated with Columbia University, on Morningside Heights in Manhattan. As a budding linguist and an amateur actress, she became attached to faculty members who were émigrés from the Spanish Civil War and who, to Garafola's delight, staged plays in Spanish, in which she often appeared. Besides Spanish, her major field, her course of study included classes in French and Italian as well as general academics. Throughout her college years, she continued to study dance and to take part in theatrical productions. She graduated from Barnard with a baccalaureate degree (A.B.) in 1968.[4]The recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, Lynn spent the following year in Quito, Ecuador, studying Latin American literature and teaching English. Then, after a year in the American Midwest and some time in Mexico, she returned to New York, where she found employment in 1970 as a staff translator at the Berlitz Translation Service in midtown Manhattan. Deciding to pursue graduate studies, she entered the doctoral program in Spanish at the Graduate Center of City University of New York. She soon switched her field from Spanish to comparative literature, which she found more intellectually stimulating, and began regular attendance at dance performances in the city. She eventually earned a master's degree (M.Phil.) in 1979. More years of study followed, as her interest in dance history grew to become her primary focus. With a dissertation entitled \"Art and Enterprise in Diaghilev's Ballets Russes,\" she earned a doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in 1985.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"While still a graduate student, Garafola began her academic career in February 1975 as a part-time lecturer in the Department of Comparative Literature at Brooklyn College, a job she held until June 1977. After a hiatus of almost ten years, she was again a part-time lecturer, back uptown at Columbia University during the summers of 1985 and 1986. In September 1988, she was appointed adjunct assistant professor in the School of the Arts at Columbia, and in September 2000, she moved across Broadway at West 116th Street to the Department of Dance at Barnard, where she was an adjunct professor on a half-time schedule. In July 2003, she became a term professor, and in September 2006 she was named a full professor of dance. Granted tenure in 2007, she occupied this position until July 2017, when she became Professor Emerita. She served as co-chair of the Department of Dance at Barnard from July 2014 to July 2016. Until her retirement, she was a non-voting member of the Department of History at Columbia and a faculty member of the university's Harriman Institute, which is devoted to Russian, Eurasian, and East European studies. She continues to serve on orals and dissertation committees in History and Theatre, and remains active in the Harriman Institute.An autodidact in dance history, Garafola has taught numerous courses at Barnard in Western theatrical dance from the Renaissance to the 1960s. She has also directed numerous projects on nineteenth- and twentieth-century topics in ballet as well as in modern, contemporary, African-American, social, and national dance forms. She has served on Ph.D. dissertation committees in history, theater, and music at Columbia, in performance studies, French, and History at New York University, in French at Johns Hopkins University, in history at Northwestern University, in music at Princeton University, in Visual Arts at the University of Leeds, and in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Sydney.[6] She has a deep commitment to guiding and developing dance history scholars in work that is empirically rich and that opens new windows onto the past. In 2011 she founded the \nUniversity Seminar in Studies in Dance, which she still directs.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Ballet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Joffrey Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Sergei Diaghilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bronislava Nijinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska"}],"text":"After Garafola returned to New York City in 1970 and began to attend performances by the American Ballet Theatre, she fell in love with the nineteenth-century classic ballets: Swan Lake, Giselle, Coppélia, The Nutcracker, and The Sleeping Beauty. Seeing these works reignited her childhood interest in dance, and attendance at performances by the Joffrey Ballet, the New York City Ballet, and various modern dance companies led to a growing fascination with the history of dance, particularly ballet. In her readings in comparative literature, she chanced across an account of the meeting of Marcel Proust and James Joyce at a 1922 cast party for the Ballets Russes. Its description of impresario Sergei Diaghilev captured her attention, and she began to think about writing her doctoral dissertation on the influence of the Ballets Russes on intellectuals and writers of imaginative literature. Trained as a literary scholar, she reconceptualized her dissertation topic to focus on the history of the Ballets Russes itself, thus transforming herself from a literary comparatist into a historian of performing arts.[7]In time, Garafola's dissertation metamorphosed into a history book, Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, published in 1989. This was followed by a number of edited works and a torrent of articles in scholarly journals, anthologies, encyclopedias, newspapers, and popular magazines as well as dozens of book reviews, program notes, interviews, public lectures, scholarly presentations, and other writings. She has also made many appearances on television and public radio that have resulted in written transcripts of her commentary and addresses. Her current project focuses on the life and work of choreographer Bronislava Nijinska, younger sister of Vaslav Nijinsky and member of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. All of Garafola's writings have been motivated by her belief in the centrality of dance and its importance to scholarship and the cultural life of a city, a nation, and communities throughout the world.","title":"Writing about dance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Among the published works of which Garafola is the author, editor, or translator are the following books, articles in other books, and scholarly journal articles. In addition to these are scores of book reviews and papers included in the proceedings of academic conferences and meetings.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"1989. Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. New York: Oxford University Press.\n1991. André Levinson on Dance: Writings from Paris in the Twenties. Edited and with an introduction by Joan Acocella and Lynn Garafola. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. Includes a bibliography of Levinson's writings.\n1991. The Diaries of Marius Petipa. Translated from the Russian and edited by Lynn Garafola, with an introduction and chronology of works. Studies in Dance History, a monograph series, no. 3.1, published by the Society of Dance History Scholars.\nThe Origins of the Bolero School. Edited by Lynn Garafola. Studies in Dance History, a monograph series, no. 4.1, published by the Society of Dance History Scholars. This is an English-language version of the Spanish original, edited by Javier Suárez-Parajes and Xoán M. Carreira, and translated by Elizabeth Coonrod Martinez, Aurelia de la Vega, and Lynn Garafola.\n1994. Of, By, and For the People: Dancing on the Left in the 1930s. Edited by Lynn Garafola. Studies in Dance History, a monograph series, no 5.1, published by the Society of Dance History Scholars.\n1997. Rethinking the Sylph: New Perspectives on the Romantic Ballet. Edited and introduced by Lynn Garafola. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.\n1998. José Limon: An Unfinished Memoir. Edited by Lynn Garafola. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.\n1999. Dance for a City: Fifty Years of the New York City Ballet. Edited by Lynn Garafola with Eric Foner. New York: Columbia University Press.\n1999. The Ballets Russes and Its World. Edited by Lynn Garafola and Nancy Van Norman Baer. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.\n2005. Legacies of Twentieth-Century Dance. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.\n2011. Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes: A Tribute to the First Hundred Years. Annual issue, Experiment: Journal of Russian Culture, vol. 17. Edited by Lynn Garafola and John E. Bowlt and published by the Institute of Modern Russian Culture, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.\n2022. La Nijinska: Choreographer of the Modern. New York: Oxford University Press.\n2024. Crafting the Ballets Russes: Music, Dance, Design: The Robert Owen Lehman Collection, by Robinson McClellan, with a contribution by Lynn Garafola. New York: The Morgan Library & Museum.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Online volumes","text":"2015. Russian Movement Culture of the 1920s and 1930s. Edited volume based on a symposium organized with Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, 12-14 Feb. 2015. Published by the Harriman Institute in fall 2015.\n2017. Dancing the Cold War. Edited volume based on a symposium sponsored by the Harriman, Institute, Columbia University, 16-18 Feb. 2017. Published by the Harriman Institute in winter 2018.\n2018. Arthur Mitchell: Harlem’s Ballet Trailblazer. Exhibition website created for the Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University, in tandem with the Wallach Art Gallery exhibition of the same title, 2018.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selected articles in other books","text":"1983. \"Les Soirées de Paris.\" In Lydia Lopokova, edited by Milo Keynes. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.\n1988. \"Toward an American Dance: Dance in the City, 1940–1965.\" In New York: Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965, edited by Leonard Wallock. New York: Rizzoli.\n1988. \"The Ballets Russes in America.\" In The Art of Enchantment: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909–1929, edited by Nancy Van Norman Baer. New York: Universe Books.\n1995. \"The Ballets Suédois and the Ballets Russes.\" In Paris Modern: The Swedish Ballet, 1920–1925, edited by Nancy Van Norman Baer. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.\n2001. \"The Choreography of Le Tricorne.\" In Los Ballets Russes de Diaghilev y España (The Ballets Russes of Diaghilev and Spain), edited by Yvan Nommick and Antonio Alvarez Cañibano. Madrid: Centro de Documentación de Música y Danza.\n2003. \"Ballet: Reinvention and Continuity over Five Centuries.\" In The Living Dance: An Anthology of Essays on Movement and Culture, edited by Judith Chazin-Bennahum. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt.\n2005. \"Agrippina Vaganova and Her Times.\" Introduction to Vaganova: A Dance Journey from Petersburg to Leningrad, by Vera Krasovskaya, translated from the Russian by Vera M. Siegel. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.\n2007. \"Voice of the Zeitgeist: Sally Banes and Her Times.\" Introduction to Before, Between, After: Three Decades of Dance Writing, by Sally Banes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.\n2009. \"Workshop of the Muses: Diaghilev and Monte Carlo.\" In A Feast of Wonders: Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, edited by John E. Bowlt. Milan: Skira Rizzoli.\n2011. \"Astonish Me!: Diaghilev, Massine, and the Experimentalist Tradition.\" In Ballets Russes in Australia and Beyond, edited by Mark Carroll. Adelaide, S.A.: Wakefield Press.\n2011. \"Abstraction and the Dance: Bronislava Nijinska's Les Noces.\" In Arturo Herrera: Les Noces (The Wedding), exhibition catalog, edited by Gabriela Rangel. New York: American Society.\n2013. Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes: A New Kind of Company. In Avatar of Modernity: The Rite of Spring Reconsidered. Ed. Hermann Danuser and Heidy Zimmermann. London: Paul Sacher Foundation/Boosey & Hawkes, 2013.\n2014. \"Chernota delaet roscherk v dyshe moei\" (Blackness makes a stroke on my soul). Publication of the original Russian text of Bronislava Nijinska’s 1919-22 diary and her 1918-19 treatise School and Theater of Movement, with an accompanying essay. In Mnemozina: dokumenty I facty iz istorii otechestvennogo teatra XX veka. Ed. V.V. Ivanov. Moscow: Indrik 2014.\n2014. “Foreward. Like a Bomb Going Off: Leonid Yakobson and Ballet as Resistance in Soviet Russia, by Janice Ross. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.\n2014. In Search of Eden: Bronislava Nijinska in California. In Kinetic Los Angeles: Russian Emigrés in the City of Self-Transformation. Ed. Lorin Johnson. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Special issue of Experiment: Journal of Russian Culture 20 (2014).\n2016 “H.P.: A Lost Dance of the Americas.” In Dance: American Art 1830-1960. Ed. Jane Dini. Detroit Institute of Art/Yale University Press, 2016.\n2017 “A Century of Rites: The Making of an Avant-Garde Tradition.” In The Rite of Spring at 100. Ed. Severine Neff, Maureen Carr, and Gretchen Horlacher, with John Reef. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017.\n2019. “Lincoln Kirstein, Man of the People.” In catalogue of Lincoln Kirstein’s Modern, 17 Mar.-30 June 2019. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2019.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selected journal articles","text":"1982. \"Hollywood and the Myth of the Working Class.\" Radical America (Somerville, Mass., January–February 1980).\n1985–1986. \"The Travesty Dancer in Nineteenth-Century Ballet.\" Dance Research Journal (New York) 17.2 (Fall 1985) and 18.1 (Spring 1986). Reprinted in Crossing the Stage: Controversies on Cross-Dressing, edited by Lesley Ferris (London: Routledge, 1993).\n1988. \"Mark Morris and the Feminine Mystique.\" Ballet Review (New York) 16.3 (December 1988).\n1995. \"Forgotten Interlude: Eurhythmic Dancers at the Paris Opera.\" Dance Research (Edinburgh) 13.1 (Summer 1995).\n1995. \"A las Márganes del Occidente: El Destino Transpirenaico de la Danza Española desde la Época del Romanticismo\" (\"On the Margins of the West: The Destiny of Spanish Dance beyond the Pyrenees since the Era of Romanticism\"). Cairón: Revista del Estudios de Danza (Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 1995).\n2002. \"Dollars for Dance: Lincoln Kirstein, City Center, and the Rockefeller Foundation.\" Dance Chronicle: Studies in Dance and Related Arts (New York) 25.1 (Spring 2002).\n2006. \"Making Dances: Process and Practice in Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.\" Culture Teatrali: Studi, Interventi e Scrittore sullo Spettacolo (Bologna) 14 (Spring 2006), special issue, edited by Rosella Mazzaglia. Reprinted in Denkfiguren: Performatives zwischen Bewegen, Schreiben und Erfinden (Conceptions of Interactions between Movement, Writing, and Creativity), edited by Nicole Haitzinger and Karin Fenbock (Munich: Epodium Verlag, 2010).\n2006. \"Serguéi Diághilev: La Creación del Ballet Moderno\" (\"Sergei Diaghilev: The Creation of Modern Ballet\"), La Tempestad (Barcelona) 8.50 (October 2006).\n2011. “Crafted by Many Hands: Re-Reading Bronislava Nijinska’s Early Memoirs.” Dance Research (Edinburgh) 29.1 (Summer 2011).\n2011. “An Amazon of the Avant-Garde: Bronislava Nijinska in Revolutionary Russia.” Dance Research (Edinburgh) 29. 2 (Winter 2011).\n2015. “Interlude oubliée: la danse rythmique à l’Opéra de Paris.” Trans. Marina Nordera. Recherches en Danse, Jan. 2015.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Library & Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum"},{"link_name":"\"Crafting the Ballets Russes: The Robert Owen Lehman Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/ballets-russes"}],"text":"Garafola has delivered dozens of lectures and public presentations on a great many topics in dance history. Those listed here are but a sampling of this body of work, intended to indicate the breadth of her interests and the extent of her reach.1985. \"Remaking Ballet in the Diaghilev Era: The Choreographic Revolution of Fokine, Nijinsky, Massine, and Nijinska.\" The Houston Seminar, Houston, Texas.\n1991. \"Nijinsky and Nijinska.\" Fundaçáo Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon.\n1993. \"Writing the History of Dance.\" History Society, Pembroke College, University of Oxford.\n1996. \"Léonide Massine: Symphonic Choreographer.\" New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.\n2000. \"George Antheil and the Dance.\" Great Hall, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York.\n2002. \"Stravinsky and Ida Rubenstein.\" University of British Columbia, Vancouver.\n2003. \"On Your Toes, or The Americanization of George Balanchine.\" Annual meeting, Popular Culture Association, New Orleans.\n2004. \"Balanchine and the Many Roots of Abstraction.\" Hermitage Theater, Saint Petersburg, Russia.\n2006. \"A Model of Female Empowerment: Isadora Duncan and the Early Choreographic Career of Bronislava Nijinska.\" Harriman Institute, Columbia University, New York.\n2009. \"Crossing Borders, Transcending Boundaries: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and the Birth of Ballet Modernism.\" Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota.\n2011. \"The Ballets Russes and Twentieth-Century Dance.\" Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo.\n2013. \"Making Ballet Modern: Modernism and Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.\" George Washington University Summer in Paris.\n2013. \"A Century of Rites: The Making of an Avant-garde Tradition.\" Emory University, Atlanta; University of Dayton, Ohio; and Institut fŭr Theaterwissenschaft, Freie Universitãt Berlin.\n2013. \"Discourses of Memory: The Marginalization of Bronislava Nijinska.\" Keynote address. “Gender and Creation in the History of the Performing Arts,” Paris, 14 Dec. 2013.\n2015. \"Dancing through Adversity: Bronislava Nijinska's Théâtre de la Danse, 1932–34.\" Athens, Greece.\n2017. \"Concealments and Revelations of the First Person:Bronislava Nijinska's Diaries.\" Seminério Internacional de História da Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil, 22 Sept. 2017.\n2017. \"Amazon of the Avant-Garde on a Global Stage.\" Dance and the Avant-Garde in Central and Eastern Europe, a conference organized by the Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Lublin, Poland, 16 Nov. 2017.\n2018. \"Bronislava Nijinska y el nacionalismo coreográfico de 'Rusia en el extranjero'\" (Bronislava Nijinska and the Choreographic Nationalism of \"Russia Abroad\"). XI Jornadas de investigación de danza 2018, Buenos Aires, 7 Sept. 2018.\n2018. \"Bronislava Nijinska – from Kyiv to Hollywood.\" America House, Kyiv, 10 Nov. 2018.\n2019. \"Pilgrimage to an Imagined West: Antiquity and the Early Ballets Russes.\" Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York, 28 Mar. 2019.\n2019. \"The African-American Presence in Postwar American Ballet.\" University of California, Santa Barbara, 29 Apr. 2019.\n2019. “The Long History of Bronislava Nijinska’s Bolero.” Presented at the international conference \"Repensar El sombrero de tres picos: cien años después,\" Palacio de la Madraza, Granada, 5 July 2019.\n2020. \"Gendered Selves and the Melancholy of Being: Francis Poulenc and Bronislava Nijinska.\" Presented at the symposium “Within and Without: ‘Les Six’ at 100.” Princeton University, 17 Jan. 2020.\n2020. \"Anna Pavlova: A Ballerina for All.” Presented at the symposium \"Ballerina: Fashion's Modern Muse.\" Fashion Institute of Technology (GIT), 6 Mar. 2020.\n2024. \"Diaghilev—Man of Music.\" Scheduled to be presented April 18, 2024, at the Morgan Library & Museum in connection with its exhibit \"Crafting the Ballets Russes: The Robert Owen Lehman Collection\", scheduled for June 28 through September 22, 2024.","title":"Lectures and public readings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trailblazer-8"}],"text":"1986. Historical consultant. Bronislava Nijinska: A Dancer's Legacy. Curated by Nancy Van Norman Baer. The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.\n1988. Historical consultant. The Art of Enchantment: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909–1929. The Fine Arts Museums of Sab Francisco.\n1999. Guest curator. Dance for a City: Fifty Years of the New York City Ballet. New-York Historical Society.\n2000. Guest curator. Dance at the White Barn. The White Barn Theater Museum, Westport, Connecticut.\n2004–2005. Guest curator, with Norton Owen. America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures: The First 100. traveling exhibition sponsored by the Dance Heritage Coalitiob, Washington, D.C., and mounted in four venues: San Francisco Performing Arts Library and Museum (Winter 2004); Blake's Barn, Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival, Beckett, Massachusetts (Summer 2004); Music and Dance Library, Ohio State University (Autumn 2004); and New York Public Library for the Performing Arts (Summer 2005).\n2006–2007. Guest curator, with Patrizia Veroli. 500 Years of Italian Dance: Treasures from the New York Public Library's Cia Fornaroli Collection. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.\n2008. Guest curator. New York Story: Jerome Robbins and His World. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.\n2009. Guest curator. Diaghilev's Theater of Marvels: The Ballets Russes and Its Aftermath. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.\n2018. Guest curator. Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer. Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University.[8]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In addition to glowing reviews of her books and accolades from her peers, Garafola has been the recipient of a number of prestigious awards and fellowships. Among them are the following.1968–1969. Fellowship. Fulbright Scholar Program, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. For study of the social novel at the University of Quito, Ecuador.\n1978–1979. Fellowship. Social Science Research Council, New York.\n1986–1987. Fellowship. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York. For study at the Heyman Center, Columbia University. (Declined)\n1986–1987. Fellowship in the History of Art and the Humanities. The Getty Foundation, Los Angeles.\n1990. De la Torre Bueno Prize, given by the Dance Perspectives Foundation, New York, in recognition of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes as the outstanding work in dance history for the year 1990.\n1991–1992. Appointment, scholar in residence. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles.\n1993–1994. Fellowship. National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, D.C.\n1999. Award, given by the Congress on Research in Dance, New York, in recognition of José Limon: An Unfinished Memoir as the outstanding scholarly dance publication of the year 1999.\n2000. Independent Publisher Book Award, given in recognition of Dance for a City: Fifty Years of the New York City Ballet as the outstanding book in the performing arts.\n2005. Kurt Weill Prize, given by the Kurt Weill Foundation for Music, New York, in recognition of The Ballets Russes and Its World as representative of distinguished scholarship in twentieth-century musical theater.\n2008. Emily Gregory Award, given by the Trustees of Barnard College to a student-nominated candidate recognized for excellence in teaching and for devotion and service to the students of Barnard College.\n2013–2014. Fellowship, in support of \"Bronislava Nijinska: A Choreographer's Journey.\" Dorothy and Lewis B. Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.\n2013–2014. Fellowship, in support of \"Bronislava Nijinska: A Choreographer's Journey.\" John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, New York.","title":"Awards and fellowships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Since 1988, Garafola has been an active member of the Society of Dance History Scholars, serving as editor of its monograph series Studies in Dance History (1991–98), chair of its fundraising committee (2000–01), chair of its editorial board (2002–04), and a judge on its annual prize committee on several occasions. She has also been active in the Dance Critics Association, the Congress on Research in Dance, the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For several years (2000-2004), she was a principal researcher on the Popular Balanchine project of the George Balanchine Foundation, charged with compiling dossiers on the 1936, 1954, and 1982 productions of the Broadway musical On Your Toes, choreographed by Mr. Balanchine. She has also been a panelist and judge in programs sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Library of Congress, and various universities, publishers, and other organizations.[9]","title":"Related activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Foner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner"}],"text":"In 1980, Garafola married Eric Foner, the Dewitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University. They have one daughter, Daria. A former dancer with the Norwegian National Ballet in Oslo, she received a Ph.D. in Art History from Columbia University in 2020 and is currently employed at the Morgan Library and Museum in New York.","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer\". Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University. Retrieved January 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/mitchell","url_text":"\"Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Garafola&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/ballets-russes","external_links_name":"\"Crafting the Ballets Russes: The Robert Owen Lehman Collection"},{"Link":"http://dance.barnard.edu/profiles/lgarafol","external_links_name":"http://dance.barnard.edu/profiles/lgarafol"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180827032703/http://dance.barnard.edu/profiles/lgarafol","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/mitchell","external_links_name":"\"Arthur Mitchell: Harlem's Ballet Trailblazer\""},{"Link":"http://archives.nypl.org/dan/22669","external_links_name":"Lynn Garafola papers, 1985-1992"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/248388/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110424884","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19803784","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXbTW3qrvD83DJYMtHYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90362767","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12741826m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12741826m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516318606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/188490698","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007596803205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14561447","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88207168","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0175972&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p085061565","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1574348","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd188490698.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/050632264","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Manning | Dick Manning | ["1 Early years","2 Yiddish swing","3 Songwriting and composing","4 Published songs","4.1 Songs written by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning","4.2 Songs written by Al Hoffman, Dick Manning and another collaborator","4.3 Other songs","5 Work on Broadway","6 References","7 External links"] | Russian-American songwriter (1912–1991)
For other people named Dick Manning, see Richard Manning (disambiguation).
Dick ManningDick ManningBackground informationBirth nameSamuel MedoffBorn(1912-06-12)June 12, 1912Gomel, Russian EmpireDiedApril 11, 1991(1991-04-11) (aged 78)Marietta, Georgia, U.S.Occupation(s)SongwriterMusical artist
Dick Manning (born Samuel Medoff (Самуил Медов), June 12, 1912 – April 11, 1991) was a Russian-American songwriter, best known for his many collaborations with Al Hoffman. Manning composed the first full-length musical to be broadcast on television. The Boys From Boise aired on the DuMont Television Network in 1944.
Early years
Manning was born in Gomel, Russian Empire, to a Jewish family, and came to the United States with his family when he was six years old. He studied at the Juilliard School of Music. Manning changed his name from Medoff in 1948, although he continued also to play and record in Yiddish under his birth name.
Yiddish swing
In the early 1940s, he had a radio show on WHN radio in New York called Sam Medoff and His Yiddish Swing Orchestra; he performed with his band, "The Yiddish Swingtet". Manning and the band were also regulars on "Yiddish Melodies in Swing", which was also broadcast on WHN. The 15 minute weekly radio show, which blended traditional Yiddish folk music with swing and jazz, got its start on the station in 1938. Medoff and the Swingtet were hired to give a new twist to the traditional songs, as well as introduce new popular songs performed in Yiddish. The Barry Sisters (Claire and Merna) were the vocalists for the program. The radio show was originally done live at the Lowes State Theatre every Sunday at 1PM; it aired until 1955. Medoff also played piano and organ for Yiddish crooner Seymour Rexite's radio show.
Songwriting and composing
Manning was the co-writer of many popular songs, among them: "Takes Two to Tango", "Fascination", "Hot Diggity" and "Papa Loves Mambo". They were recorded by artists such as Perry Como, Sammy Kaye, Kate Smith and others. Manning's songs have been published in 27 languages. In 1956, Manning shared a late-night subway ride with Perry Como's music publisher, Mickey Glass. As the two men talked, Glass mentioned a need for a new novelty song for Como. Manning said he had just made a demo recording of something like that which had yet to be heard by anyone else. Glass arranged to hear Manning's demo the next day; Como's recording of "Hot Diggity" was the result of that chance meeting of Manning and Glass.
Manning also composed The Boys From Boise, which was the story of a troupe of show girls who were stranded on an Idaho ranch. The girls take jobs as cowgirls on the ranch in an effort to raise enough money to return home. This was the first full-length television musical, and was presented on the DuMont Television Network in 1944. The television presentation of the musical was sponsored by Esquire magazine. Manning appeared earlier in that year on DuMont's Key-Bored Televisual Presentations as a pianist. Manning also was an arranger and vocal coach, and wrote radio jingles.
Manning, the father of two daughters and a son, died of diabetes-related complications in Marietta, Georgia on April 11, 1991.
Published songs
Songs written by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning
"Allegheny Moon" (1956)
"Dennis the Menace" (1960)
"Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen by the Sea" (1954)
"Hawaiian Wedding Song" (1958-English version)
"Hot Diggity" (1956)
"I Can't Tell a Waltz from a Tango" (1954)
"I Love Her, That's Why!" (for George Burns and Gracie Allen) (1955)
"Mama, Teach Me to Dance" (1956)
"Mi Casa, Su Casa (My House Is Your House)" (1957)
"Moon Talk" (1958)
"O Dio Mio" (1960)
"Takes Two to Tango" (1952)
Songs written by Al Hoffman, Dick Manning and another collaborator
"Are You Really Mine?" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)
"Make Me a Miracle" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)
"Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)
"Papa Loves Mambo" (1954) (with Bix Reichner)
"Secretly" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)
Other songs
"Jilted" (with Robert Colby)
"Fascination" (lyrics)
"Like I Do"
"Not I" (with Sammy Gallop)
"Walkin' With My Honey" (with Buddy Kaye)
"Start the Day with a Song" (with Buddy Kaye)
"Morning Side of the Mountain"
Work on Broadway
The Fifth Season (1975) - musical - composer and lyricist
References
^ a b c d "Dick Manning, 79, Composer and Lyricist". The New York Times. April 13, 1991. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp. 1608/9. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.
^ Whitney, Christa (May 8, 2019). "Caraid O'Brien's Oral History". Yiddish Book Center. Retrieved March 8, 2023. Web page includes video and full transcript.
^ "The Barry Sisters". Donttellyourfriends.blogspot.com. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ "Yiddish Radio Project; Story of the Long-Running Jewish Radio Program "Yiddish Melodies in Swing" Transcript". National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ Matt Temkin (December 2008). "American Yiddish Instrumental Fusion Music in the 1950s and 1960s". Matt Temkin. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ "The Rise of Yiddish Swing". Yiddish Radio Project. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ "The Yiddish Crooner: Seymour Rexite". Yiddish Radio Project. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ Dachs, David (May 10, 1959). "The Story Behind Those Golden Records". Rome News-Tribune. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
^ Hathaway, Brad (February 4, 2014). "Before Sound of Music and Smash – TV musicals, 1944 – 1996". Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ "The Hills Were Alive Again with 'The Sound of Music'". New Show Studios. January 7, 2014. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ Szul, Barbara; Weaver, Maurice (April 23, 1989). "The Whole World Is Watching". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ "Photo from the WABD presentation of The Boys From Boise". Early Television Museum. 1944. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ "The Boys From Boise". Musicals101.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
^ DuMont Television. Billboard. March 4, 1944. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ Hischak, Thomas S., ed. (2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film, and Television. Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0195335330. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ a b "Dick Manning Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ a b Billig, Michael, ed. (2001). Rock and Roll Jews. Syracuse University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780815607052. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ "Buddy Kaye". AllMusic.com. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ "The Fifth Season". Internet Broadway Database. 1975. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
External links
Dick Manning discography at Discogs
Sam Medoff and the Yiddish Swingtet at Amazon
Sam Medoff and the Yiddish Swingtet at Congregation Shaar Hashomayim
Authority control databases International
ISNI
2
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
Finland
Belgium
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
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The girls take jobs as cowgirls on the ranch in an effort to raise enough money to return home.[10] This was the first full-length television musical, and was presented on the DuMont Television Network in 1944.[11] The television presentation of the musical was sponsored by Esquire magazine.[12][13] Manning appeared earlier in that year on DuMont's Key-Bored Televisual Presentations as a pianist.[14][15][16] Manning also was an arranger and vocal coach, and wrote radio jingles.[1]Manning, the father of two daughters and a son, died of diabetes-related complications in Marietta, Georgia on April 11, 1991.[1]","title":"Songwriting and composing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegheny Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Moon"},{"link_name":"Dennis the Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen by the 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songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jilted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilted_(song)"},{"link_name":"Robert Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Colby"},{"link_name":"Fascination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascination_(1932_song)"},{"link_name":"Like I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_I_Do_(Nancy_Sinatra_song)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Kaye"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaye-19"},{"link_name":"Morning Side of the Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Side_of_the_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-17"}],"sub_title":"Other songs","text":"\"Jilted\" (with Robert Colby)\n\"Fascination\" (lyrics)\n\"Like I Do\"\n\"Not I\" (with Sammy Gallop)\n\"Walkin' With My Honey\" (with Buddy Kaye) [19]\n\"Start the Day with a Song\" (with Buddy Kaye)\n\"Morning Side of the Mountain\"[17]","title":"Published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theater"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"lyricist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyricist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Fifth Season (1975) - musical - composer and lyricist[20]","title":"Work on Broadway"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dick Manning, 79, Composer and Lyricist\". The New York Times. April 13, 1991. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20610FD395C0C708DDDAD0894D9494D81","url_text":"\"Dick Manning, 79, Composer and Lyricist\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130130100434/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20610FD395C0C708DDDAD0894D9494D81","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp. 1608/9. 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Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708033422/http://donttellyourfriends.blogspot.com/2008/10/barry-sisters.html","url_text":"\"The Barry Sisters\""},{"url":"http://donttellyourfriends.blogspot.com/2008/10/barry-sisters.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yiddish Radio Project; Story of the Long-Running Jewish Radio Program \"Yiddish Melodies in Swing\" Transcript\". National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110106072406/http://www.neh.gov/projects/transcripts/yiddishradiotranscript.html","url_text":"\"Yiddish Radio Project; Story of the Long-Running Jewish Radio Program \"Yiddish Melodies in Swing\" Transcript\""},{"url":"https://www.neh.gov/projects/transcripts/yiddishradiotranscript.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matt Temkin (December 2008). \"American Yiddish Instrumental Fusion Music in the 1950s and 1960s\". Matt Temkin. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010613/http://matttemkin.info/Masters_Thesis/Chapter_2.html","url_text":"\"American Yiddish Instrumental Fusion Music in the 1950s and 1960s\""},{"url":"http://matttemkin.info/Masters_Thesis/Chapter_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rise of Yiddish Swing\". Yiddish Radio Project. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://yiddishradioproject.org/exhibits/ymis/","url_text":"\"The Rise of Yiddish Swing\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Yiddish Crooner: Seymour Rexite\". Yiddish Radio Project. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yiddishradioproject.org/exhibits/rexite/","url_text":"\"The Yiddish Crooner: Seymour Rexite\""}]},{"reference":"Dachs, David (May 10, 1959). \"The Story Behind Those Golden Records\". Rome News-Tribune. Retrieved November 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O-kuAAAAIBAJ&pg=3189,1141022&dq=perry+como&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Story Behind Those Golden Records\""}]},{"reference":"Hathaway, Brad (February 4, 2014). \"Before Sound of Music and Smash – TV musicals, 1944 – 1996\". Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dctheatrescene.com/2014/02/04/46299/","url_text":"\"Before Sound of Music and Smash – TV musicals, 1944 – 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hills Were Alive Again with 'The Sound of Music'\". New Show Studios. January 7, 2014. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140624212335/http://www.newshowstudios.com/blog/television/the-hills-were-alive-again-with-the-sound-of-music/","url_text":"\"The Hills Were Alive Again with 'The Sound of Music'\""},{"url":"http://www.newshowstudios.com/blog/television/the-hills-were-alive-again-with-the-sound-of-music/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Szul, Barbara; Weaver, Maurice (April 23, 1989). \"The Whole World Is Watching\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-04-23/entertainment/8904060795_1_original-amateur-hour-juvenile-jury-sportscast","url_text":"\"The Whole World Is Watching\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo from the WABD presentation of The Boys From Boise\". Early Television Museum. 1944. Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xwv.html","url_text":"\"Photo from the WABD presentation of The Boys From Boise\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boys From Boise\". Musicals101.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicals101.com/tv2.htm","url_text":"\"The Boys From Boise\""}]},{"reference":"DuMont Television. Billboard. March 4, 1944. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wQwEAAAAMBAJ&q=sam+medoff&pg=PT12","url_text":"DuMont Television"}]},{"reference":"Hischak, Thomas S., ed. (2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film, and Television. 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Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yQHJC4F6zeUC&q=yiddish+swing&pg=PA29","url_text":"Rock and Roll Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815607052","url_text":"9780815607052"}]},{"reference":"\"Buddy Kaye\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/buddy-kaye-p92819/biography","url_text":"\"Buddy Kaye\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fifth Season\". Internet Broadway Database. 1975. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Freriks | Philip Freriks | ["1 External links","2 References"] | Dutch television presenter
Philip FreriksBorn (1944-07-27) 27 July 1944 (age 79)Utrecht, Netherlands
Philip Freriks (born 27 July 1944) is a Dutch journalist, columnist and television presenter.
He is known for presenting the NOS Journaal from 1996 until 2009. He also presented the Groot Dictee der Nederlandse Taal from 1990 until 2016 and in 2018.
Freriks is also known as presenter of the television quiz show De Slimste Mens.
Also, he acted as the narrator in the 2012 edition of The Passion.
External links
Philip Freriks at IMDb
References
^ "Freriks blijft tot eind 2009 bij NOS Journaal". Trouw (in Dutch). 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^ "De Slimste begint weer op 23 december 2019". Televizier (in Dutch). 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^ "Maarten van Rossem ziet De Slimste niet voor zich zonder Philip Freriks". NU.nl (in Dutch). 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef
This article about a person from the Netherlands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NOS Journaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS_Journaal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trouw_einde_nos-1"},{"link_name":"Groot Dictee der Nederlandse Taal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Dictation_of_the_Dutch_Language"},{"link_name":"De Slimste Mens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Slimste_Mens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-televizier_nieuw_seizoen_slimste-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nu_slimste_mens_niet_voorstellen-3"},{"link_name":"The Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_(Netherlands)"}],"text":"Philip Freriks (born 27 July 1944) is a Dutch journalist, columnist and television presenter.He is known for presenting the NOS Journaal from 1996 until 2009.[1] He also presented the Groot Dictee der Nederlandse Taal from 1990 until 2016 and in 2018.Freriks is also known as presenter of the television quiz show De Slimste Mens.[2][3]Also, he acted as the narrator in the 2012 edition of The Passion.","title":"Philip Freriks"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Freriks blijft tot eind 2009 bij NOS Journaal\". 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Retrieved 28 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028210651/https://www.televizier.nl/amusement/de-slimste-begint-weer-op-23-december-2019","url_text":"\"De Slimste begint weer op 23 december 2019\""},{"url":"https://www.televizier.nl/amusement/de-slimste-begint-weer-op-23-december-2019","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maarten van Rossem ziet De Slimste niet voor zich zonder Philip Freriks\". NU.nl (in Dutch). 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lover_in_Me_(Sheena_Easton_song) | The Lover in Me (song) | ["1 Chart performance","2 Music video","3 Track listings","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Release history","6 References"] | 1988 single by Sheena Easton
"The Lover in Me"Single by Sheena Eastonfrom the album The Lover in Me Released11 October 1988GenreDance-popLength
5:01 (album version)
6:59 (extended version)
LabelMCASongwriter(s)
Kenneth Edmonds
Antonio Reid
Daryl Simmons
Producer(s)
L.A. Reid
Babyface
Sheena Easton singles chronology
"Eternity" (1987)
"The Lover in Me" (1988)
"Days Like This" (1989)
Music video"The Lover in Me" on YouTube
"The Lover in Me" is a song by Scottish singer Sheena Easton for her ninth studio album of the same name (1988). Released as the album's lead single on 11 October 1988, the song became Easton's first top-20 hit in the United Kingdom after a seven-year hiatus. The song was also Easton's final top-10 single on the US Billboard Hot 100.
"The Lover in Me" was written by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Antonio "L.A." Reid and Daryl Simmons, and produced by Reid and Babyface, who were at the peak of their success at the time as a songwriting and production team.
Chart performance
"The Lover in Me" reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming her biggest hit there since "9 to 5 (Morning Train)", and it stayed on the chart for 25 weeks. It also peaked at number two on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart.
Music video
The accompanying music video for "The Lover in Me" was directed by Dominic Sena and features Easton singing and dancing in a nightclub.
Track listings
7-inch single and cassette single
"The Lover in Me" – 4:10
"The Lover in Me" (instrumental) – 4:10
Standard 12-inch single
A1. "The Lover in Me" (extended version) – 6:59
B1. "The Lover in Me" (radio edit) – 5:20
B2. "The Lover in Me" (instrumental) – 6:59
UK 12-inch and mini-CD single
A1. "The Lover in Me" (extended version) – 6:55
B1. "The Lover in Me" (instrumental) – 6:55
B2. "The Lover in Me" (bassapella) – 5:13
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1988–1989)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
91
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
17
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
17
Denmark (Hitlisten)
19
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
29
Ireland (IRMA)
12
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
25
UK Singles (OCC)
15
US Billboard Hot 100
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
43
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
2
US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)
1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
5
West Germany (Official German Charts)
26
Zimbabwe (ZIMA)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (1989)
Position
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
74
US Billboard Hot 100
41
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref.
United States
11 October 1988
7-inch vinyl12-inch vinylcassette
MCA
Japan
28 November 1988
Mini-CD
United Kingdom
9 January 1989
7-inch vinyl12-inch vinylCD
References
^ Breihan, Tom (4 May 2020). "The Number Ones: Sheena Easton's "Morning Train (Nine to Five)". Stereogum. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ...but she made it up to #2 with 1988's "The Lover In Me," a squelchy new jack swing-adjacent dance-pop jam...
^ a b "Sheena Easton Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ The Lover in Me (US 7-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1988. MCA-53416.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ The Lover in Me (UK 7-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1989. MCA 1289.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ The Lover in Me (US cassette single sleeve). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1988. MCAC-53416.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ The Lover in Me (US 12-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1988. MCA-23904.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ The Lover in Me (UK 12-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1989. MCAT 1289.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ The Lover in Me (UK mini-CD single liner notes). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1989. DMCA 1289.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Sheena Easton chart history, received from ARIA on 29 June 2021". Imgur.com. Retrieved 18 June 2024. N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart. This only contains chart peaks from the ARIA-produced chart (June 1988 onwards) era.
^ "Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "RPM 100 Singles – March 25, 1989" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 21. 25 March 1989. p. 6. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ Danish Charts Archive. February 1989.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 6, no. 7. 18 February 1989. p. 28. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – The Lover in Me". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 8, 1989" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Sheena Easton Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Sheena Easton Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Sheena Easton Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
^ "Sheena Easton Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1989" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1989". Billboardtop100of.com. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "ラバー・イン・ミー | シーナ・イーストン" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ "New Singles". Music Week. 7 January 1989. p. 23.
vteSheena EastonStudio albums
Take My Time
You Could Have Been with Me
Madness, Money & Music
Best Kept Secret
Todo Me Recuerda a Ti
A Private Heaven
Do You
No Sound But a Heart
The Lover in Me
What Comes Naturally
No Strings
My Cherie
Freedom
Home
Fabulous
Singles
"Modern Girl"
"9 to 5"
"One Man Woman"
"For Your Eyes Only"
"You Could Have Been with Me"
"We've Got Tonite"
"Telefone (Long Distance Love Affair)"
"Almost Over You"
"Me Gustas Tal Como Eres"
"Strut"
"Sugar Walls"
"Swear"
"Jimmy Mack"
"U Got the Look"
"The Lover in Me"
"101"
"The Arms of Orion"
"What Comes Naturally"
Related articles
Discography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheena Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheena_Easton"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lover_in_Me_(album)"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Reid"},{"link_name":"Daryl Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Simmons"}],"text":"\"The Lover in Me\" is a song by Scottish singer Sheena Easton for her ninth studio album of the same name (1988). Released as the album's lead single on 11 October 1988, the song became Easton's first top-20 hit in the United Kingdom after a seven-year hiatus. The song was also Easton's final top-10 single on the US Billboard Hot 100.\"The Lover in Me\" was written by Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid and Daryl Simmons, and produced by Reid and Babyface, who were at the peak of their success at the time as a songwriting and production team.","title":"The Lover in Me (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"9 to 5 (Morning Train)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_to_5_(Sheena_Easton_song)"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdance-2"}],"text":"\"The Lover in Me\" reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming her biggest hit there since \"9 to 5 (Morning Train)\", and it stayed on the chart for 25 weeks. It also peaked at number two on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart.[2]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Dominic Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Sena"},{"link_name":"nightclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"}],"text":"The accompanying music video for \"The Lover in Me\" was directed by Dominic Sena and features Easton singing and dancing in a nightclub.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"7-inch single and cassette single[3][4][5]\"The Lover in Me\" – 4:10\n\"The Lover in Me\" (instrumental) – 4:10Standard 12-inch single[6]A1. \"The Lover in Me\" (extended version) – 6:59\nB1. \"The Lover in Me\" (radio edit) – 5:20\nB2. \"The Lover in Me\" (instrumental) – 6:59UK 12-inch and mini-CD single[7][8]A1. \"The Lover in Me\" (extended version) – 6:55\nB1. \"The Lover in Me\" (instrumental) – 6:55\nB2. \"The Lover in Me\" (bassapella) – 5:13","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lover_in_Me_(song)&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Sheena_Easton-10"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-14"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-15"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Sheena_Easton-16"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Sheena_Easton-17"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-18"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Sheena_Easton-19"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Sheena_Easton-20"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdance-2"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Sheena_Easton-21"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Sheena_Easton-22"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Sheena_Easton-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lover_in_Me_(song)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1988–1989)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[9]\n\n91\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[10]\n\n17\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[11]\n\n17\n\n\nDenmark (Hitlisten)[12]\n\n19\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[13]\n\n29\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[14]\n\n12\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[15]\n\n12\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[16]\n\n11\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17]\n\n25\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[18]\n\n15\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[19]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[20]\n\n43\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[2]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[22]\n\n5\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[23]\n\n26\n\n\nZimbabwe (ZIMA)[24]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1989)\n\nPosition\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n74\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[26]\n\n41","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (4 May 2020). \"The Number Ones: Sheena Easton's \"Morning Train (Nine to Five)\". Stereogum. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ...but she made it up to #2 with 1988's \"The Lover In Me,\" a squelchy new jack swing-adjacent dance-pop jam...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2083071/the-number-ones-sheena-eastons-morning-train-nine-to-five/columns/the-number-ones/","url_text":"\"The Number Ones: Sheena Easton's \"Morning Train (Nine to Five)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"The Lover in Me (US 7-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1988. MCA-53416.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheena_Easton","url_text":"Sheena Easton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records","url_text":"MCA Records"}]},{"reference":"The Lover in Me (UK 7-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1989. MCA 1289.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Lover in Me (US cassette single sleeve). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1988. MCAC-53416.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Lover in Me (US 12-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1988. MCA-23904.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Lover in Me (UK 12-inch single vinyl disc). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1989. MCAT 1289.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Lover in Me (UK mini-CD single liner notes). Sheena Easton. MCA Records. 1989. DMCA 1289.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sheena Easton chart history, received from ARIA on 29 June 2021\". Imgur.com. Retrieved 18 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/RSQdGQq.jpeg","url_text":"\"Sheena Easton chart history, received from ARIA on 29 June 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 Singles – March 25, 1989\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 21. 25 March 1989. p. 6. Retrieved 8 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume%2049-No.%2021-March%2020-25,%201989.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100 Singles – March 25, 1989\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 6, no. 7. 18 February 1989. p. 28. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1989/M&M-1989-02-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1989\" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 8 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1989&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1989\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Charts","url_text":"MegaCharts"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1989\". Billboardtop100of.com. Retrieved 8 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://billboardtop100of.com/1989-2/","url_text":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"ラバー・イン・ミー | シーナ・イーストン\" [Lover in Me | Sheena Easton] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/75218/products/5425/1/","url_text":"\"ラバー・イン・ミー | シーナ・イーストン\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\". Music Week. 7 January 1989. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3mSb6IGCZw","external_links_name":"\"The Lover in Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/2083071/the-number-ones-sheena-eastons-morning-train-nine-to-five/columns/the-number-ones/","external_links_name":"\"The Number Ones: Sheena Easton's \"Morning Train (Nine to Five)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sheena-Easton/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"Sheena Easton Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://i.imgur.com/RSQdGQq.jpeg","external_links_name":"\"Sheena Easton chart history, received from ARIA on 29 June 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Sheena+Easton&titel=The+Lover+in+Me&cat=s","external_links_name":"Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me\""},{"Link":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume%2049-No.%2021-March%2020-25,%201989.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RPM 100 Singles – March 25, 1989\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1989/M&M-1989-02-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=The+Lover+in+Me","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – The Lover in Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/1989/week-8","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 8, 1989"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Sheena+Easton&titel=The+Lover+in+Me&cat=s","external_links_name":"Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Sheena+Easton&titel=The+Lover+in+Me&cat=s","external_links_name":"Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19890204/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sheena-Easton/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Sheena Easton Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sheena-Easton/chart-history/ASI","external_links_name":"\"Sheena Easton Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sheena-Easton/chart-history/DSA","external_links_name":"\"Sheena Easton Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Sheena-Easton/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Sheena Easton Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-1928","external_links_name":"Offiziellecharts.de – Sheena Easton – The Lover in Me\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1989&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1989\""},{"Link":"http://billboardtop100of.com/1989-2/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Top 100 – 1989\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/75218/products/5425/1/","external_links_name":"\"ラバー・イン・ミー | シーナ・イーストン\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_So_Good_(play) | Never So Good | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Never So GoodWritten byHoward BrentonDate premiered26 March 2008 (2008-03-26)Place premieredNational Theatre, LondonOriginal languageEnglishSubjectLife and career of British politician Harold MacmillanOfficial site
Never So Good is a 2008 play by Howard Brenton, which portrays the life and career of Harold Macmillan, a 20th-century Conservative British politician who served as Prime Minister (1957–1963). It was first performed in the Lyttelton auditorium of the National Theatre, London, on 26 March 2008; previews began on 17 March 2008.
The play is divided into four acts, covering Macmillan's early life and military experience in World War I; his involvement in British politics during the descent into World War II; the Suez Crisis, during which he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; and his service as Prime Minister, during which the reputation of his government was severely damaged by the Profumo affair. Macmillan's younger self remains with him, providing mocking commentary.
The National Theatre production was directed by Howard Davies. The cast included Jeremy Irons as Harold Macmillan, Anthony Calf as Anthony Eden, Pip Carter as young Harold Macmillan, Anna Carteret as Nellie Macmillan, Anna Chancellor as Dorothy Macmillan and Ian McNeice as Winston Churchill, whom he would later play in several episodes of Doctor Who.
References
^ "A good look at politics". Evening Standard. 27 March 2008.
^ "History of Harold Macmillan - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
^ "National Theatre : Productions : Never So Good". 12 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008.
^ "Never So Good - Drama Online". www.dramaonlinelibrary.com.
^ "First Night: Never So Good, National Theatre, London". The Independent. 27 March 2008. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022.
^ Hemming, Sarah (27 March 2008). "Never So Good, Lyttelton, National Theatre, London". Financial Times.
^ "How one historical Doctor Who character ALMOST made it back for the new series". Radio Times.
External links
John Thaxter "Never So Good" review in The Stage, 27 March 2008
Michael Billington "Never So Good" review in The Guardian, 28 March 2008
Charles Spencer "Jeremy Irons shines in Never So Good" review in The Daily Telegraph, 28 March 2008
Susannah Clapp "Supermac returns" review in The Observer, 30 March 2008
National Theatre page for the opening production
Never So Good (script), Howard Brenton (2008), published by Nick Hern Books Limited, ISBN 978-1-85459-551-5
vteWorks by Howard BrentonMajor plays
Christie in Love
Magnificence
The Churchill Play
Weapons of Happiness
Epsom Downs
The Romans in Britain
Bloody Poetry
Greenland
Paul
In Extremis
Never So Good
Anne Boleyn
55 Days
Drawing the Line
Doctor Scroggy's War
Lawrence After Arabia
With David Hare
Pravda
Television
Dead Head
See also
Portable Theatre Company
vteHarold Macmillan, 1st Earl of StocktonConstituencies
Stockton-on-Tees
Bromley
Family
Daniel MacMillan (grandfather)
Lady Dorothy Macmillan (wife)
Maurice Macmillan (son)
Lady Caroline Faber (daughter)
Julian Amery (son-in-law)
Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire (brother-in-law)
Career
1945 Bromley by-election
Macmillan government
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
1959 United Kingdom general election
Wind of Change speech
Night of the Long Knives
Beeching reports
Vassall affair
Profumo affair
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Depictions
Supermac (1958 cartoon)
Never So Good (play, 2008)
The Crown (TV, 2017)
Related
Birch Grove
The Middle Way (1938)
1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election
1963 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
Earl of Stockton
Macmillan Publishers
St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes
This article on a 2000s play is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Howard Brenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Brenton"},{"link_name":"Harold Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Profumo affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profumo_affair"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Howard Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Davies_(Theatre_Director)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Irons"},{"link_name":"Anthony Calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Calf"},{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Pip Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_Carter"},{"link_name":"Anna Carteret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Carteret"},{"link_name":"Anna Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Ian McNeice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McNeice"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Never So Good is a 2008 play by Howard Brenton, which portrays the life and career of Harold Macmillan, a 20th-century Conservative British politician who served as Prime Minister (1957–1963).[1][2] It was first performed in the Lyttelton auditorium of the National Theatre, London, on 26 March 2008; previews began on 17 March 2008.[3]The play is divided into four acts, covering Macmillan's early life and military experience in World War I; his involvement in British politics during the descent into World War II; the Suez Crisis, during which he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; and his service as Prime Minister, during which the reputation of his government was severely damaged by the Profumo affair. Macmillan's younger self remains with him, providing mocking commentary.[4]The National Theatre production was directed by Howard Davies.[5] The cast included Jeremy Irons as Harold Macmillan, Anthony Calf as Anthony Eden, Pip Carter as young Harold Macmillan, Anna Carteret as Nellie Macmillan, Anna Chancellor as Dorothy Macmillan and Ian McNeice as Winston Churchill, whom he would later play in several episodes of Doctor Who.[6][7]","title":"Never So Good"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"A good look at politics\". Evening Standard. 27 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/a-good-look-at-politics-7405165.html","url_text":"\"A good look at politics\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Harold Macmillan - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/harold-macmillan","url_text":"\"History of Harold Macmillan - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Theatre : Productions : Never So Good\". 12 May 2008. 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Radio Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-06-10/how-one-historical-doctor-who-character-almost-made-it-back-for-the-new-series/","url_text":"\"How one historical Doctor Who character ALMOST made it back for the new series\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/neversogood","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/a-good-look-at-politics-7405165.html","external_links_name":"\"A good look at politics\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/harold-macmillan","external_links_name":"\"History of Harold Macmillan - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512144804/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/neversogood","external_links_name":"\"National Theatre : Productions : Never So Good\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/neversogood","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/never-so-good-iid-141688","external_links_name":"\"Never So Good - Drama Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/first-night-never-so-good-national-theatre-london-801310.html","external_links_name":"\"First Night: Never So Good, National Theatre, London\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/first-night-never-so-good-national-theatre-london-801310.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/ddccbc20-fc20-11dc-9229-000077b07658","external_links_name":"\"Never So Good, Lyttelton, National Theatre, London\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-06-10/how-one-historical-doctor-who-character-almost-made-it-back-for-the-new-series/","external_links_name":"\"How one historical Doctor Who character ALMOST made it back for the new series\""},{"Link":"http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/20229/never-so-good","external_links_name":"\"Never So Good\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/mar/27/theatre3","external_links_name":"\"Never So Good\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/drama/3672128/Jeremy-Irons-shines-in-Never-So-Good.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Irons shines in Never So Good\""},{"Link":"http://arts.guardian.co.uk/theatre/drama/reviews/story/0,,2269573,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Supermac returns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512144804/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/neversogood","external_links_name":"National Theatre page for the opening production"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_So_Good&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fi%C3%A9v%C3%A9 | Nicolas Fiévé | ["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Major publications","4 External links","5 References"] | French historian
Old Okada house, Itami, Japan
Nicolas Bernard Fiévé is a French historian of Japanese Architecture; he was born in Paris in 1959 and is the son of the
cinema decorator, Bernard Fiévé. In 1993, he became a member of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and in 1996 he joined the Collège de France’s Japanese Civilization research team. In 2007, he was elected Professor at the Historical and Philological Sciences Department at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), where he teaches the history of pre-modern (16th to 19th centuries) Japanese urbanism, architecture and gardens. He is a member of the Accademia Ambrosiana, Milan. Nicolas Fiévé is currently Director of the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), or French School of Asian Studies.
Biography
After graduating from secondary school in literary studies, Nicolas Fiévé was admitted to the École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette. In 1984, shortly after obtaining his DPLG degree and graduating as an architect, he left for Japan with a scholarship from the Japanese government, and he joined the research laboratory in Architectural Theory at the University of Kyoto led by Professor Katō Kunio 加藤邦夫, an architect and phenomenologist as well as a disciple of the modernist Masuda Tomoya 増田友也 (1914-1981) whom he had recently succeeded at the University of Kyōto and who introduced Anthropology of Architecture to Japan. When Nicolas Fiévé joined his research group, Katō Kunio was lecturing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception while finishing a Japanese translation of Christian Noberg-Schulz's Roots of Modern Architecture and beginning that of Genius Loci. Under the tutelage of this remarkable master, Nicolas Fiévé undertook to study the architecture of medieval Japanese tea houses from a phenomenological perspective and began his research on medieval Japanese architecture and space.
While in Japan, Nicolas Fiévé took an avid interest in the study of Japanese and its different scripts, and upon his return to France in 1986, he decided to further his knowledge of Classical Japanese. The following year, having obtained his undergraduate degree in Japanese, he began a master's degree in Classical Japanese at the Université Paris VII where he turned out to be the only student of his class. In addition to lectures on Classical Japanese dispensed by Jacqueline Pigeot (Université Paris VII), his thesis supervisor, he also attended Jean-Noël Robert’s (EPHE) and Francine Hérail’s (EPHE) lectures in Sino-Japanese Studies. Throughout this period he earned a living working at the Paris Office of the daily Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun.
In 1988, armed with another scholarship from the Japanese government, Nicolas Fiévé returned to Japan to work again in Katō's research unit where he remained for the following five years. In 1989, Nicolas Fiévé completed his Master's thesis on the architecture of tea houses and obtained his master's degree in Japanese Studies at University Paris VII. He pursued his doctorate studies within Katō's research group at the Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty of the University of Kyoto (1990–93), and, under the supervision of Jacqueline Pigeot, began writing his thesis (in French) on the elite classes during the Ashikaga shoguns. During this period he attended Professor Katō's lectures on major Japanese works pertaining to Japanese aesthetics and architecture, such as Masuda Tomoya's (Spiritual) Landscape of the House and Garden, Watsuji Tetsurō’s 和辻哲郎 (1889-1960) Fūdo and Kuki Shūzō’s 九鬼周造 (1848-1941) The Structure of Iki. At the time, he also worked at the Atelier Ryō run by the architect Kinoshita Ryōichi and participated in the complete survey of rural houses in the Shiga region.
Upon his return to France in 1993, Nicolas Fiévé obtained his PhD degree and title of Doctor in East Asian Studies specialized in Japanese Civilization and joined the CNRS as Researcher. He was first appointed to the Institut d’Asie Orientale in Lyon for three years before becoming a member of the Collège de France's Japanese Civilization research team, where he continues to work alongside several of his former professors: Paul Akamatsu, Francine Hérail, Jacqueline Pigeot, Jean-Noël Robert, Jean-Jacques Tschudin and Cécile Sakai. In 2006, the Japanese Civilization research team —founded as a joint research unit with the CNRS by the Collège de France professor Bernard Frank— merged with two other research units, the Chinese and Tibetan Civilizations Studies teams from the EPHE, to form the Far Eastern Civilizations research Centre (Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale) or CRCAO (UMR 8155 of the CNRS in partnership with the EPHE, the Collège de France and Université Paris-Diderot). Actively involved in the creation of the CRCAO, Nicolas Fiévé was appointed the unit's Deputy Director, working alongside the archaeologist and Sinologist Alain Thote (EPHE), from 2006 to 2010, and was nominated Director, from 2014 to 2016.
In 2007, Nicolas Fiévé became a member of the History of the Modern and Contemporary World Section (Section 33) of the National Committee for Scientific Research and was also nominated Professor at the EPHE, Historical and Philological Sciences Department, where he initiated a program of lectures on the history of pre-modern Japan's architecture and gardens—the first and only of its kind in Europe. Leaving purely urban studies aside for a while, he has resumed his work on the habitat of the Japanese elite, with a focus on architectural space in the retreats and retirement villas of Japan's 17th century elite.
Work
Fiévé's research hinges on two fields of study: on the one hand, the study of ancient documents (both literary and administrative, technical handbooks, maps and plans) pertaining to architecture, urbanism and landscape (including parks and gardens)—generally resulting in the establishment of lexicons and glossaries of technical vocabulary and translation of various texts— and on the other hand, in situ research, based on his experience and perception as an architect. These two complementary approaches, which are not always easy to conciliate, are the fruit of his dual training in Japanese Philology and Architectural Phenomenology.
Fiévé conducts his fieldwork using the tools he acquired through his training as an architect, i.e. physical experience of the site under study, and observation of its spaces, routes, forms, materials, scale, and temporality, together with architectural survey based on measurements, drawings and photography. In his first years as a young researcher from 1980 to 1990, Nicolas Fiévé visited hundreds of sites throughout Japan: palaces, temples, towns and gardens, with a special focus on forty or so historical tea houses. He then cross-references and combines his field research with the study of related historical documents.
In his first work on tea houses (1989), in part based on the research of the architect and historian Horiguchi Sutemi 堀口捨己 (1895-1984), Nicolas Fiévé addresses the subject of the tea houses’ architectural space through the study of writings ascribed to Takeno Jōō 武野紹鴎 (1502-1555), Sen no Rikyū 千利休 (1522-1585), Yamanoue Shōji 山上宗二 (1544-1590). His work on the tea houses may already be described as a ‘history of habitats’ or as an ‘anthropological study of historical space’ since the sources he uses were written by those who built the sites in question or occupied them in the past; thus his philological approach serves to define an anthropological perspective on space.
This dual approach that characterizes all Nicolas Fiévé's work is often inspired by that of the geographer Augustin Berque, principally in the use of mesology (the study of the mutual interrelationships between the living creatures and their biological, sociological and environmental surroundings). Nicolas Fiévé's approach differs, however, in that he always retains an architect's perspective and his historical analysis always supports the conception, underlying all his studies, that architecture first & foremost serves man.
The research method Nicolas Fiévé gradually developed takes into account the architecture, spaces and landscape of parks and gardens together with the surrounding architectural and urban landscape. Thus his work L’architecture et la ville du Japon ancien (1996) shows that the mutations in space occurring in 14th and 15th centuries Kyōto follow a process similar to that occurring in palaces and in the composition of urban areal space wherein each sub-space (neighborhood, temple, shrine, palace, house, pavilion) represents an independent unit in which the same structural contrasts are reproduced .
This work received the Mainichi Shibusawa-Claudel award and the Giles Prize from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and a laudatory review from Mack Horton (University of Berkeley). Following its publication, Nicolas Fiévé embarked on a research project that had been dear to his heart for many years: to compile a history of Kyōto combining the perspective of architectural anthropology he acquired from Katō Kunio with the historical and philological approach he inherited from Jacqueline Pigeot and Francine Hérail during his Japanese studies.
In order to carry out this flagship project, Nicolas Fiévé assembled a joint team of French researchers in Japanese Civilization –including historians Paul Akamatsu, François Macé, Mieko Macé, Nathalie Kouamé, Francine Hérail, and Charlotte von Verschuer– and Japanese specialists in architecture and urbanism –including Katō Kunio, Takahashi Yasuo, Kōzai Katsuhiko, Hirao Kazuhiko, Sendai Shōichirō and Yamasaki Masafumi. He also rallied the support of the Prodig Laboratory of CNRS that created over two hundred original maps of Kyoto for the project, which, in addition, received sponsorship from the Toyota Foundation for Research, the CNRS, the French Ministry of Culture (Architecture and Heritage Department), the UNESCO, and the World Heritage fund.
For the purposes of the project, Nicolas Fiévé returned to Kyoto in 2001 as a resident at the Kujōyama Villa in order to conduct in situ research on Kyōto's historical sites. The project, centering on the question of habitat, was developed in a broad historical perspective–from the city's origins to the present– and based on a comprehensive survey of the city's architecture and landscape. It resulted in the publication, in 2008, of the Historical Atlas of Kyoto. Spatial analysis of the memory systems of a city which received the Carroll Award from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Columbia Professor Henry Smith II's acclamatory review published in 2010 in the Monumenta Nipponica journal illustrates the Atlas’ appeal to a wide international audience of researchers in both urbanism and Japanese studies.
From June 2009 to December 2010, Nicolas Fiévé returned to Japan as part of a delegation sent to Kyoto by the École française d'Extrême-Orient, which enabled him to conduct a thorough study of thirty-six landscaped gardens –historical parks belonging to the aristocracy and daimyos of the Edo era– across the Japanese archipelago, and to assemble a vast collection of documents, including surveys, books, reproductions of old maps, and thousands of photos that have since served to illustrate his weekly lectures at the EPHE.
This field research has also resulted in his recent work on the Katsura Villa, a retreat built by the Hachijō princes in the 17th century; Fiévé's aim here is to highlight the intertwining myths that shaped the history of the site, a history born from the fundamental relationship between earth and heaven, man and the sacred. Through the study of poems pertaining to the site, he shows how the princes, invoking the genius loci of Katsura, embarked on an architectural and landscape project that was designed as an ode to the genius of past poets incarnating the most glorious moments of imperial virtue. The princes’ endeavor reflected an unprecedented renewal in landscape design that was to have a long lasting impact on the subsequent development of Japanese architecture.
Major publications
L'architecture et la ville du Japon ancien. Espace architectural de la ville de Kyōto et des résidences shōgunales aux XIVe et XVe siècles (Architecture and Towns of Ancient Japan: Architectural Space in the City of Kyoto and the Shoguns's Residences), Bibliothèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises du Collège de France, Paris, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1996, 358 pages (Herbert A. Giles Prize, 1997, Shibusawa-Claudel Prize, 1997).
Atlas historique de Kyōto. Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d’une ville, de son architecture et de ses paysages urbains (Historical Atlas of Kyōto, Spatial Analysis of the Memory Systems of a City). Foreword by Kōichirō Matsuura, Preface by Jacques Gernet, Paris, Éditions de l’UNESCO - Éditions de l’Amateur, 2008, 528 pages, 207 maps (Joseph Carroll Prize, 2002).
with Paul Waley, Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Power, Memory and Place in Kyōto, Edo and Tokyo, London, Routledge-Curzon Press. 2003, 417 pages (published in paperback in 2006).
with Sekiko Matsuzaki-Petitmengin, ルイ･クレットマンコレクション—フランス士官が 見た近代日本のあけぼの Collection Kreitmann. L’aube du Japon moderne, vue par un officier français au cours des années 1876-1878 (The Dawn of Modern Japan as observed by a French Officer from 1876 to 1878) Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises / Équipe Civilisation japonaise du CNRS / Nihon toshokan kyōkai, Tokyo, I.R.D. shuppansha, 2005, 298 pages + 269 photos (bilingual edition).
with Benoît Jacquet, Vers une modernité architecturale et paysagère. Modèles et savoirs partagés entre le Japon et le monde occidental, (Towards Architectural Modernity: Models & Shared Knowledge between Japan & the Western World), Paris, Collège de France, 2013, VII, 333 pages.
with Yola Gloaguen et Benoît Jacquet (ed.), Mutations paysagères de l’espace habité au Japon. De la maison au territoire, Bibliothèque de l’Institut des hautes études japonaises, Paris, Collège de France, 2020, 380 pages.
with Xavier Guillot (ed.), Penser la ressource en architecture, numéro thématique des Cahiers de la recherche architecturale, urbaine et paysagère, 9/11, Paris, Ministère de la culture, 2021, 361 pages.
External links
Nicolas Fiévé's web page: http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article202
Nicolas Fiévé's page on the EPHE web site: https://www.ephe.fr/ecole/nos-enseignants-chercheurs/nicolas-fieve
Eurasiane directory: http://www.eurasiane.eu/index-directory.php?page=member&id=585&id_organisation=133&id_structure=39
Web site for the Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale (CRCAO): http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article482/
Web site for the EPHE: http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/en/
Authority control: • WorldCat • Library of Congress • VIAF • International Standard Name Identifier • Bibliothèque nationale de France • Système universitaire de documentation
References
^ Masuda Tomoya, Living architecture, Grosset & Dunlap, 1970.
^ 現代建築の根 (Roots of Modern Architecture), translation by Katō Kunio, Tokyo, A.D.A. EDITA, 1988, 214 pages ; 実存・空間・建築 (Existence, Space and Architecture), translation by Katō Kunio, Tokyo, Kajima shuppankai, 1973, 236 pages ; ゲニウス・ロキ : 建築の現象学をめざして (Genius loci : Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture) translation by Katō Kunio et Tazaki Yūsei 田崎祐生, Tokyo, Seiunsha, 1994, 409 pages.
^ Masuda Tomoya, 家と庭の風景 – 日本住宅の空間論的考察 (Spiritual) Landscape of the House and Garden – an essay on space in Japanese dwellings), Kyoto, Nakanisha shuppan, 1987, 282 pages.
^ Appointment Decree, 13 November 2007, published on Légifrance : http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000706772&fastPos=3&fastReqId=1006873592&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte
^ Appointment Decree, 6 December 2007, published on Légifrance : http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000017577180&fastPos=2&fastReqId=236849248&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte
^ Including « Nomenclature », in L’architecture et la ville du Japon ancien, (Architecture and Towns of Ancient Japan) 1996, p. 281-304 ; « Lexique des termes d’urbanisme » (Lexicon of terminology in Urbanism), in Atlas historique de Kyoto (Historical Atlas of Kyoto), 2008, p. 487-493; « Les techniques de construction d’un corps de logis au XVIIe siècle. Le shoin 書院 de la villa secondaire de Katsura » (House Construction Techniques used in the 17th century: the shoin of Katsura Villa), in Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences historiques et philologiques, 144| 2013, p. 276-288.
^ « Le livre des ornementations en usage à la Retraite des collines de l'Est (The book of Ornamentations used in the Eastern Hills Retreat), French translation of Okazarisho 御飾書 by Sōami相阿弥 ( ?-1525) », Artibus Asiae, Vol. 54-3/4, Museum Rietberg Zurich-Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1994, p. 296-326.
^ L’architecture et la ville du Japon ancien. Espace architecturale de la ville de Kyoto et des résidences shōgunales aux XIVe et XVe siècles, reviewed by Mack Horton, The Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Winter 1988), pp. 123-126. JSTOR 132942
^ See Historical Atlas of Kyoto, 2008, p. ii, v, vi et 527-528.
^ For a list of works having received the Carroll Award, click on the following link: http://www.aibl.fr/prix-et-fondations/prix-carroll-pour-les-etudes/?lang=fr
^ Smith, Henry D. II (2010). "Atlas historique de Kyōto: Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d'une ville, de son architecture et de son paysage urbain (review)". Monumenta Nipponica. 65 (2): 442–445. doi:10.1353/mni.2010.0021. S2CID 161563326. Project MUSE 426321.
^ Presentation given at the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, on 13 December 2013, see following link for a summary: http://www.aibl.fr/seances-et-manifestations/les-seances-du-vendredi/seances-2013/decembre-2013/article/seance-du-13-decembre-2013?lang=fr
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_okada_house05_800.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernard Fiévé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fi%C3%A9v%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"École Pratique des Hautes Études","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Pratique_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes"},{"link_name":"École française d'Extrême-Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient"}],"text":"Old Okada house, Itami, JapanNicolas Bernard Fiévé is a French historian of Japanese Architecture; he was born in Paris in 1959 and is the son of the \ncinema decorator, Bernard Fiévé. In 1993, he became a member of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and in 1996 he joined the Collège de France’s Japanese Civilization research team. In 2007, he was elected Professor at the Historical and Philological Sciences Department at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), where he teaches the history of pre-modern (16th to 19th centuries) Japanese urbanism, architecture and gardens. He is a member of the Accademia Ambrosiana, Milan. Nicolas Fiévé is currently Director of the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), or French School of Asian Studies.","title":"Nicolas Fiévé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27architecture_de_Paris-La_Villette"},{"link_name":"加藤邦夫","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E9%82%A6%E7%94%B7"},{"link_name":"増田友也","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%97%E7%94%B0%E5%8F%8B%E4%B9%9F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Pigeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Pigeot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Noël Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Robert"},{"link_name":"Francine Hérail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_H%C3%A9rail"},{"link_name":"Yomiuri Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Watsuji Tetsurō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsuji_Tetsur%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kuki Shūzō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"The Structure of Iki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Structure_of_Iki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atelier Ryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//atelryo.web5.jp/works.html"},{"link_name":"Institut d’Asie Orientale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//iao.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/?lang=en"},{"link_name":"Jean-Noël Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Robert"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Civilizations research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article482"},{"link_name":"Alain Thote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article169"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After graduating from secondary school in literary studies, Nicolas Fiévé was admitted to the École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette. In 1984, shortly after obtaining his DPLG degree and graduating as an architect, he left for Japan with a scholarship from the Japanese government, and he joined the research laboratory in Architectural Theory at the University of Kyoto led by Professor Katō Kunio 加藤邦夫, an architect and phenomenologist as well as a disciple of the modernist Masuda Tomoya 増田友也 (1914-1981) whom he had recently succeeded at the University of Kyōto and who introduced Anthropology of Architecture to Japan.[1] When Nicolas Fiévé joined his research group, Katō Kunio was lecturing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception while finishing a Japanese translation of Christian Noberg-Schulz's Roots of Modern Architecture and beginning that of Genius Loci.[2] Under the tutelage of this remarkable master, Nicolas Fiévé undertook to study the architecture of medieval Japanese tea houses from a phenomenological perspective and began his research on medieval Japanese architecture and space.While in Japan, Nicolas Fiévé took an avid interest in the study of Japanese and its different scripts, and upon his return to France in 1986, he decided to further his knowledge of Classical Japanese. The following year, having obtained his undergraduate degree in Japanese, he began a master's degree in Classical Japanese at the Université Paris VII where he turned out to be the only student of his class. In addition to lectures on Classical Japanese dispensed by Jacqueline Pigeot (Université Paris VII), his thesis supervisor, he also attended Jean-Noël Robert’s (EPHE) and Francine Hérail’s (EPHE) lectures in Sino-Japanese Studies. Throughout this period he earned a living working at the Paris Office of the daily Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun.In 1988, armed with another scholarship from the Japanese government, Nicolas Fiévé returned to Japan to work again in Katō's research unit where he remained for the following five years. In 1989, Nicolas Fiévé completed his Master's thesis on the architecture of tea houses and obtained his master's degree in Japanese Studies at University Paris VII. He pursued his doctorate studies within Katō's research group at the Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty of the University of Kyoto (1990–93), and, under the supervision of Jacqueline Pigeot, began writing his thesis (in French) on the elite classes during the Ashikaga shoguns. During this period he attended Professor Katō's lectures on major Japanese works pertaining to Japanese aesthetics and architecture, such as Masuda Tomoya's (Spiritual) Landscape of the House and Garden,[3] Watsuji Tetsurō’s 和辻哲郎 (1889-1960) Fūdo and Kuki Shūzō’s 九鬼周造 (1848-1941) The Structure of Iki. At the time, he also worked at the Atelier Ryō run by the architect Kinoshita Ryōichi and participated in the complete survey of rural houses in the Shiga region.Upon his return to France in 1993, Nicolas Fiévé obtained his PhD degree and title of Doctor in East Asian Studies specialized in Japanese Civilization and joined the CNRS as Researcher. He was first appointed to the Institut d’Asie Orientale in Lyon for three years before becoming a member of the Collège de France's Japanese Civilization research team, where he continues to work alongside several of his former professors: Paul Akamatsu, Francine Hérail, Jacqueline Pigeot, Jean-Noël Robert, Jean-Jacques Tschudin and Cécile Sakai. In 2006, the Japanese Civilization research team —founded as a joint research unit with the CNRS by the Collège de France professor Bernard Frank— merged with two other research units, the Chinese and Tibetan Civilizations Studies teams from the EPHE, to form the Far Eastern Civilizations research Centre (Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale) or CRCAO (UMR 8155 of the CNRS in partnership with the EPHE, the Collège de France and Université Paris-Diderot). Actively involved in the creation of the CRCAO, Nicolas Fiévé was appointed the unit's Deputy Director, working alongside the archaeologist and Sinologist Alain Thote (EPHE), from 2006 to 2010, and was nominated Director, from 2014 to 2016.In 2007, Nicolas Fiévé became a member of the History of the Modern and Contemporary World Section (Section 33) of the National Committee for Scientific Research[4] and was also nominated Professor at the EPHE,[5] Historical and Philological Sciences Department, where he initiated a program of lectures on the history of pre-modern Japan's architecture and gardens—the first and only of its kind in Europe. Leaving purely urban studies aside for a while, he has resumed his work on the habitat of the Japanese elite, with a focus on architectural space in the retreats and retirement villas of Japan's 17th century elite.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"堀口捨己","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%80%E5%8F%A3%E6%8D%A8%E5%B7%B1"},{"link_name":"Takeno Jōō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeno_J%C5%8D%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sen no Rikyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"山上宗二","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%8C"},{"link_name":"Augustin Berque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Berque"},{"link_name":"Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kujōyama Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Kujoyama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Monumenta Nipponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenta_Nipponica"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"École française d'Extrême-Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Fiévé's research hinges on two fields of study: on the one hand, the study of ancient documents (both literary and administrative, technical handbooks, maps and plans) pertaining to architecture, urbanism and landscape (including parks and gardens)—generally resulting in the establishment of lexicons and glossaries of technical vocabulary[6] and translation of various texts[7]— and on the other hand, in situ research, based on his experience and perception as an architect. These two complementary approaches, which are not always easy to conciliate, are the fruit of his dual training in Japanese Philology and Architectural Phenomenology.Fiévé conducts his fieldwork using the tools he acquired through his training as an architect, i.e. physical experience of the site under study, and observation of its spaces, routes, forms, materials, scale, and temporality, together with architectural survey based on measurements, drawings and photography. In his first years as a young researcher from 1980 to 1990, Nicolas Fiévé visited hundreds of sites throughout Japan: palaces, temples, towns and gardens, with a special focus on forty or so historical tea houses. He then cross-references and combines his field research with the study of related historical documents.In his first work on tea houses (1989), in part based on the research of the architect and historian Horiguchi Sutemi 堀口捨己 (1895-1984), Nicolas Fiévé addresses the subject of the tea houses’ architectural space through the study of writings ascribed to Takeno Jōō 武野紹鴎 (1502-1555), Sen no Rikyū 千利休 (1522-1585), Yamanoue Shōji 山上宗二 (1544-1590). His work on the tea houses may already be described as a ‘history of habitats’ or as an ‘anthropological study of historical space’ since the sources he uses were written by those who built the sites in question or occupied them in the past; thus his philological approach serves to define an anthropological perspective on space.This dual approach that characterizes all Nicolas Fiévé's work is often inspired by that of the geographer Augustin Berque, principally in the use of mesology (the study of the mutual interrelationships between the living creatures and their biological, sociological and environmental surroundings). Nicolas Fiévé's approach differs, however, in that he always retains an architect's perspective and his historical analysis always supports the conception, underlying all his studies, that architecture first & foremost serves man.The research method Nicolas Fiévé gradually developed takes into account the architecture, spaces and landscape of parks and gardens together with the surrounding architectural and urban landscape. Thus his work L’architecture et la ville du Japon ancien (1996) shows that the mutations in space occurring in 14th and 15th centuries Kyōto follow a process similar to that occurring in palaces and in the composition of urban areal space wherein each sub-space (neighborhood, temple, shrine, palace, house, pavilion) represents an independent unit in which the same structural contrasts are reproduced .This work received the Mainichi Shibusawa-Claudel award and the Giles Prize from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and a laudatory review from Mack Horton (University of Berkeley).[8] Following its publication, Nicolas Fiévé embarked on a research project that had been dear to his heart for many years: to compile a history of Kyōto combining the perspective of architectural anthropology he acquired from Katō Kunio with the historical and philological approach he inherited from Jacqueline Pigeot and Francine Hérail during his Japanese studies.In order to carry out this flagship project, Nicolas Fiévé assembled a joint team of French researchers in Japanese Civilization –including historians Paul Akamatsu, François Macé, Mieko Macé, Nathalie Kouamé, Francine Hérail, and Charlotte von Verschuer– and Japanese specialists in architecture and urbanism –including Katō Kunio, Takahashi Yasuo, Kōzai Katsuhiko, Hirao Kazuhiko, Sendai Shōichirō and Yamasaki Masafumi. He also rallied the support of the Prodig Laboratory of CNRS that created over two hundred original maps of Kyoto for the project, which, in addition, received sponsorship from the Toyota Foundation for Research, the CNRS, the French Ministry of Culture (Architecture and Heritage Department), the UNESCO, and the World Heritage fund.[9]For the purposes of the project, Nicolas Fiévé returned to Kyoto in 2001 as a resident at the Kujōyama Villa in order to conduct in situ research on Kyōto's historical sites. The project, centering on the question of habitat, was developed in a broad historical perspective–from the city's origins to the present– and based on a comprehensive survey of the city's architecture and landscape. It resulted in the publication, in 2008, of the Historical Atlas of Kyoto. Spatial analysis of the memory systems of a city which received the Carroll Award from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.[10] Columbia Professor Henry Smith II's acclamatory review published in 2010 in the Monumenta Nipponica journal illustrates the Atlas’ appeal to a wide international audience of researchers in both urbanism and Japanese studies.[11]From June 2009 to December 2010, Nicolas Fiévé returned to Japan as part of a delegation sent to Kyoto by the École française d'Extrême-Orient, which enabled him to conduct a thorough study of thirty-six landscaped gardens –historical parks belonging to the aristocracy and daimyos of the Edo era– across the Japanese archipelago, and to assemble a vast collection of documents, including surveys, books, reproductions of old maps, and thousands of photos that have since served to illustrate his weekly lectures at the EPHE.This field research has also resulted in his recent work on the Katsura Villa, a retreat built by the Hachijō princes in the 17th century; Fiévé's aim here is to highlight the intertwining myths that shaped the history of the site, a history born from the fundamental relationship between earth and heaven, man and the sacred. Through the study of poems pertaining to the site, he shows how the princes, invoking the genius loci of Katsura, embarked on an architectural and landscape project that was designed as an ode to the genius of past poets incarnating the most glorious moments of imperial virtue. The princes’ endeavor reflected an unprecedented renewal in landscape design that was to have a long lasting impact on the subsequent development of Japanese architecture.[12]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kōichirō Matsuura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Matsuura"},{"link_name":"Jacques Gernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gernet"},{"link_name":"Paul Waley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Waley"},{"link_name":"Benoît Jacquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.efeo.fr/en/biographies/notices/Jacquet.html"}],"text":"L'architecture et la ville du Japon ancien. Espace architectural de la ville de Kyōto et des résidences shōgunales aux XIVe et XVe siècles (Architecture and Towns of Ancient Japan: Architectural Space in the City of Kyoto and the Shoguns's Residences), Bibliothèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises du Collège de France, Paris, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1996, 358 pages (Herbert A. Giles Prize, 1997, Shibusawa-Claudel Prize, 1997).\nAtlas historique de Kyōto. Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d’une ville, de son architecture et de ses paysages urbains (Historical Atlas of Kyōto, Spatial Analysis of the Memory Systems of a City). Foreword by Kōichirō Matsuura, Preface by Jacques Gernet, Paris, Éditions de l’UNESCO - Éditions de l’Amateur, 2008, 528 pages, 207 maps (Joseph Carroll Prize, 2002).\nwith Paul Waley, Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Power, Memory and Place in Kyōto, Edo and Tokyo, London, Routledge-Curzon Press. 2003, 417 pages (published in paperback in 2006).\nwith Sekiko Matsuzaki-Petitmengin, ルイ･クレットマンコレクション—フランス士官が 見た近代日本のあけぼの Collection Kreitmann. L’aube du Japon moderne, vue par un officier français au cours des années 1876-1878 (The Dawn of Modern Japan as observed by a French Officer from 1876 to 1878) Institut des Hautes Études Japonaises / Équipe Civilisation japonaise du CNRS / Nihon toshokan kyōkai, Tokyo, I.R.D. shuppansha, 2005, 298 pages + 269 photos (bilingual edition).\nwith Benoît Jacquet, Vers une modernité architecturale et paysagère. Modèles et savoirs partagés entre le Japon et le monde occidental, (Towards Architectural Modernity: Models & Shared Knowledge between Japan & the Western World), Paris, Collège de France, 2013, VII, 333 pages.\nwith Yola Gloaguen et Benoît Jacquet (ed.), Mutations paysagères de l’espace habité au Japon. De la maison au territoire, Bibliothèque de l’Institut des hautes études japonaises, Paris, Collège de France, 2020, 380 pages.\nwith Xavier Guillot (ed.), Penser la ressource en architecture, numéro thématique des Cahiers de la recherche architecturale, urbaine et paysagère, 9/11, Paris, Ministère de la culture, 2021, 361 pages.","title":"Major publications"}] | [{"image_text":"Old Okada house, Itami, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_okada_house05_800.jpg/220px-Old_okada_house05_800.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Smith, Henry D. II (2010). \"Atlas historique de Kyōto: Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d'une ville, de son architecture et de son paysage urbain (review)\". Monumenta Nipponica. 65 (2): 442–445. doi:10.1353/mni.2010.0021. S2CID 161563326. Project MUSE 426321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2010.0021","url_text":"10.1353/mni.2010.0021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161563326","url_text":"161563326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse","url_text":"Project MUSE"},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/426321","url_text":"426321"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://atelryo.web5.jp/works.html","external_links_name":"Atelier Ryō"},{"Link":"http://iao.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Institut d’Asie Orientale"},{"Link":"http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article482","external_links_name":"Far Eastern Civilizations research Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article169","external_links_name":"Alain Thote"},{"Link":"http://www.efeo.fr/en/biographies/notices/Jacquet.html","external_links_name":"Benoît Jacquet"},{"Link":"http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article202","external_links_name":"http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article202"},{"Link":"https://www.ephe.fr/ecole/nos-enseignants-chercheurs/nicolas-fieve","external_links_name":"https://www.ephe.fr/ecole/nos-enseignants-chercheurs/nicolas-fieve"},{"Link":"http://www.eurasiane.eu/index-directory.php?page=member&id=585&id_organisation=133&id_structure=39","external_links_name":"http://www.eurasiane.eu/index-directory.php?page=member&id=585&id_organisation=133&id_structure=39"},{"Link":"http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article482/","external_links_name":"http://www.crcao.fr/spip.php?article482/"},{"Link":"http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/en/","external_links_name":"http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/en/"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr96-021806/","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr96021806.html","external_links_name":"Library of Congress"},{"Link":"http://viaf.org/viaf/73968249/","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000053397479","external_links_name":"International Standard Name Identifier"},{"Link":"http://catalogue.bnf.fr/servlet/RechercheEquation?host=catalogue","external_links_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France"},{"Link":"http://www.idref.fr/034893237","external_links_name":"Système universitaire de documentation"},{"Link":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000706772&fastPos=3&fastReqId=1006873592&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte","external_links_name":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000706772&fastPos=3&fastReqId=1006873592&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte"},{"Link":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000017577180&fastPos=2&fastReqId=236849248&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte","external_links_name":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000017577180&fastPos=2&fastReqId=236849248&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/132942","external_links_name":"132942"},{"Link":"http://www.aibl.fr/prix-et-fondations/prix-carroll-pour-les-etudes/?lang=fr","external_links_name":"http://www.aibl.fr/prix-et-fondations/prix-carroll-pour-les-etudes/?lang=fr"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2010.0021","external_links_name":"10.1353/mni.2010.0021"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161563326","external_links_name":"161563326"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/426321","external_links_name":"426321"},{"Link":"http://www.aibl.fr/seances-et-manifestations/les-seances-du-vendredi/seances-2013/decembre-2013/article/seance-du-13-decembre-2013?lang=fr","external_links_name":"http://www.aibl.fr/seances-et-manifestations/les-seances-du-vendredi/seances-2013/decembre-2013/article/seance-du-13-decembre-2013?lang=fr"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000053397479","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73968249","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4CggJkYFR8rDV7qFR8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12559746r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12559746r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1047305747","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261259805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96021806","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p170671550","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034893237","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domashniy | Domashny | ["1 Russian series","2 Classic movies","3 Foreign series","4 External links"] | Russian TV channel for women
Television channel
DomashnyДомашнийCountryRussiaBroadcast areaRussiaProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 576i for the SD feed)OwnershipOwnerCTC MediaKey peopleAlexander Rodnyansky, former CEOHistoryLaunched13 February 1995; 29 years ago (1995-02-13)Former names1995-1999: Channel 311999-2005: M1LinksWebsitewww.domashniy.ru
(only in Russia)AvailabilityTerrestrialDigital terrestrial televisionChannel 14
Domashny (Russian: Домашний, IPA: , lit. 'Home Channel') is a Russian TV network which targets female viewers aged 25–60. It was launched in March 2005. Domashny was aimed to deliver programming to capture an attractive audience in demand by advertisers, but traditionally under-served by broadcasters.
CTC Media created the Domashny brand in 2005 from the ground up. Today, Domashny has a potential audience of 63 million people. In 2006, Domashny's average audience share in its target demographic was 2.4%, compared to 1.7% in 2007.
Domashny Network in 2008 comprised four owned-and-operated stations. Today it has more than 230 affiliates, including 13 owned-and-operated stations.
Russian series
The programming of Domashny focuses on issues of interest to women including health, family, career, style and fashion. The most popular shows on Domashny include the legal show focusing on family issues, family cases, and a show centered on medical malpractice.
Classic movies
Domashny broadcasts only the classic movies from the platinum collection of Hollywood. All the movies on Domashny are aimed at family audience.
Foreign series
Domashny offers its audience the best in medical dramas: the Emmy winning series ER and House M.D. For the younger viewers, it offers the comedy sitcom ALF. Desperate Housewives, Bewitched, Latin American telenovelas shown on Domashny are extremely successful with its target audience.
Cashmere Mafia
Cougar Town
Desperate Housewives
Dirty Sexy Money
ER
The Good Wife
House M.D.
Lipstick Jungle
Muhteşem Yüzyıl
Murder, She Wrote
Royal Pains
Scrubs
External links
Media related to Domashny (TV channel) at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
CTC Media Official website
vteTelevision in RussiaBroadcasting and regulation
Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media
Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network
Russian Satellite Communications Company
Ostankino Technical Center
Moscow Scientific-Research Television Institute
Gazprom Space Systems
Terrestrial Nationwide Digital Broadcasting ProgramFirst Multiplex
Channel 1HD
Channel 2HD
Channel 3HD
Channel 4HD
Channel 5
Channel 6HD
Channel 7
Channel 8HD
Channel 9HD
Channel 10HD
Radio 1
Radio 25.1
Radio 3
Second Multiplex
Channel 11HD
Channel 12
Channel 13HD
Channel 14HD
Channel 15HD
Channel 16HD
Channel 17HD
Channel 18HD
Channel 19HD
Channel 20HD
Terrestrial and Analog Broadcasting or Nationwide channelsVGTRK
Russia-1
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1Channels don't broadcast in Russia, 2Joint venture Channel One and VGTRK, 3Joint venture National Media Group and Rostelecom | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[dɐˈmaʂnʲɪj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"CTC Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTC_Media"}],"text":"Television channelDomashny (Russian: Домашний, IPA: [dɐˈmaʂnʲɪj], lit. 'Home Channel') is a Russian TV network which targets female viewers aged 25–60. It was launched in March 2005. Domashny was aimed to deliver programming to capture an attractive audience in demand by advertisers, but traditionally under-served by broadcasters.CTC Media created the Domashny brand in 2005 from the ground up. Today, Domashny has a potential audience of 63 million people. In 2006, Domashny's average audience share in its target demographic was 2.4%, compared to 1.7% in 2007.Domashny Network in 2008 comprised four owned-and-operated stations. Today it has more than 230 affiliates, including 13 owned-and-operated stations.","title":"Domashny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical malpractice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpractice"}],"text":"The programming of Domashny focuses on issues of interest to women including health, family, career, style and fashion. The most popular shows on Domashny include the legal show focusing on family issues, family cases, and a show centered on medical malpractice.","title":"Russian series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Domashny broadcasts only the classic movies from the platinum collection of Hollywood. All the movies on Domashny are aimed at family audience.","title":"Classic movies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"House M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ALF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"},{"link_name":"Bewitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewitched"},{"link_name":"Latin American telenovelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Cashmere Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Cougar Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar_Town"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"},{"link_name":"Dirty Sexy Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Sexy_Money"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Good Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Wife_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"House M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lipstick Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstick_Jungle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Muhteşem Yüzyıl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhte%C5%9Fem_Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l"},{"link_name":"Murder, She Wrote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote"},{"link_name":"Royal Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pains"},{"link_name":"Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Domashny offers its audience the best in medical dramas: the Emmy winning series ER and House M.D. For the younger viewers, it offers the comedy sitcom ALF. Desperate Housewives, Bewitched, Latin American telenovelas shown on Domashny are extremely successful with its target audience.Cashmere Mafia\nCougar Town\nDesperate Housewives\nDirty Sexy Money\nER\nThe Good Wife\nHouse M.D.\nLipstick Jungle\nMuhteşem Yüzyıl\nMurder, She Wrote\nRoyal Pains\nScrubs","title":"Foreign series"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.ctcmedia.ru/about/management/management_team/","external_links_name":"Alexander Rodnyansky"},{"Link":"http://www.domashniy.ru/","external_links_name":"www.domashniy.ru"},{"Link":"http://www.domashniy.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.ctcmedia.ru/","external_links_name":"CTC Media Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Island | Bob Island | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 64°56′15″S 63°26′0″W / 64.93750°S 63.43333°W / -64.93750; -63.43333Antarctic island
Bob IslandBob IslandLocation in AntarcticaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates64°56′15″S 63°26′0″W / 64.93750°S 63.43333°W / -64.93750; -63.43333ArchipelagoPalmer ArchipelagoAdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited
Bob Island is a rocky island 1 nautical mile (2 km) long and 145 metres (480 ft) high, lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) southeast of Cape Errera, on Wiencke Island in the Palmer Archipelago off the coast of Antarctica. An island in this vicinity was surveyed and photographed by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (BelgAE) under Gerlache in the year 1898. It was originally called "Ile Famine", but in the reports resulting from the expedition it was renamed "Ile Bob". In a survey of the area in 1955, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) made a landing on this island. Although it differs somewhat in size and position from the BelgAE reports, the FIDS found it closely resembles the BelgAE photograph and consider it to be the island originally named.
See also
List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
References
^ "Bob Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Bob Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
This Palmer Archipelago location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Errera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Errera"},{"link_name":"Wiencke Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiencke_Island"},{"link_name":"Palmer Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Belgian Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Gerlache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlache"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies_Survey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Antarctic islandBob Island is a rocky island 1 nautical mile (2 km) long and 145 metres (480 ft) high, lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) southeast of Cape Errera, on Wiencke Island in the Palmer Archipelago off the coast of Antarctica. An island in this vicinity was surveyed and photographed by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (BelgAE) under Gerlache in the year 1898. It was originally called \"Ile Famine\", but in the reports resulting from the expedition it was renamed \"Ile Bob\". In a survey of the area in 1955, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) made a landing on this island. Although it differs somewhat in size and position from the BelgAE reports, the FIDS found it closely resembles the BelgAE photograph and consider it to be the island originally named.[1]","title":"Bob Island"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_sub-Antarctic_islands"}] | [{"reference":"\"Bob Island\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 27 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:1573","url_text":"\"Bob Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bob_Island¶ms=64_56_15_S_63_26_0_W_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"64°56′15″S 63°26′0″W / 64.93750°S 63.43333°W / -64.93750; -63.43333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bob_Island¶ms=64_56_15_S_63_26_0_W_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"64°56′15″S 63°26′0″W / 64.93750°S 63.43333°W / -64.93750; -63.43333"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:1573","external_links_name":"\"Bob Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:1573","external_links_name":"\"Bob Island\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_18000_series | Tokyo Metro 18000 series | ["1 Formations","1.1 Key","2 Interior","3 History","4 References","5 External links"] | Japanese electric multiple unit train type
Tokyo Metro 18000 seriesA Hanzōmon Line 18000 series trainIn service2021–presentManufacturerHitachiBuilt atKudamatsu, YamaguchiFamily nameA-trainReplaced8000 seriesConstructed2020–presentEntered service7 August 2021Number under construction80 vehicles (8 sets) (as of 15 November 2022)Number built110 vehicles (11 sets)Number in service110 vehicles (11 sets) (as of 15 November 2022)Formation10 cars per trainsetFleet numbers18101–OperatorsTokyo MetroDepotsSaginumaLines served
Z Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line
DT Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line
TS Tobu Skytree Line (Express services only)
TN Tobu Nikkō Line
TI Tobu Isesaki Line
SpecificationsCar body constructionAluminium alloy double-skinned constructionTrain length176.51 m (579 ft 1 in)Car length20,005 mm (65 ft 7.6 in) (end cars)19.5 m (64 ft 0 in) (intermediate cars)Width2.78 m (9 ft 1 in) (normal)2.828 m (9 ft 3.3 in) (between car side lights)2.786 m (9 ft 1.7 in) (slip)Height3.635 m (11 ft 11.1 in) (normal)4.022 m (13 ft 2.3 in) (including aircon unit)4.08 m (13 ft 5 in) (pantograph folding height)Floor height1.14 m (3 ft 9 in)Doors4 pairs per sideMaximum speed120 km/h (75 mph) (design)110 km/h (68 mph) (service)Weight298.4 t (293.7 long tons; 328.9 short tons)Traction systemMitsubishi Electric MAP-214-15V336 PG-less 2-level SiC-MOSFET–VVVF inverter vector controlTraction motors16 × totally enclosed Toshiba 205 kW (275 hp) permanent-magnet synchronous motorPower output3.28 MW (4,399 hp)Acceleration0.92 m/s2 (2.1 mph/s)Deceleration0.97 m/s2 (2.2 mph/s) (service)1.3 m/s2 (2.9 mph/s) (emergency)Electric system(s)1,500 V DC (nominal) from overhead catenaryCurrent collector(s)PantographUIC classification2'2' + Bo'Bo' + 2'2' + Bo'Bo' + 2'2' + 2'2' + Bo'Bo' + 2'2' + Bo'Bo' + 2'2'Safety system(s)Tokyo Metro CS-ATC, Tokyu CS-ATC, Tobu ATSCoupling systemShibataTrack gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
The Tokyo Metro 18000 series (東京メトロ18000系, Tōkyō Metoro 18000-kei) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated Tokyo Metro on the Hanzomon Line in Japan. Introduced into service on 7 August 2021, a total of 19 ten-car trainsets are being manufactured by Hitachi Rail from 2020 to replace the aging Tokyo Metro 8000 series currently in service on the Hanzomon Line.
Formations
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The 18000 series fleet is formed as follows:
← OshiageShibuya →
Car No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Designation
18100(CT1)
18200(M)
18300(T)
18400(M)
18500(Tc1)
18600(Tc2)
18700(M)
18800(T')
18900(M)
18000(CT2)
Equipment
VVVF
BTCP
VVVF
SIVCP
SIV
VVVF
BTCP
VVVF
Weight (t)
28.5
32.6
26.7
32.8
29.1
28.2
32.8
26.7
32.6
28.4
Numbering
18101:
18201:
18301:
18401:
18501:
18601:
18701:
18801:
18901:
18001:
Key
VVVF: Variable-voltage/variable-frequency drive
SIV: Static inverter
CP: Compressor
BT: Battery
Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout. Wheelchair and stroller spaces are provided in all cars. The interior also includes security cameras.
Interior view, October 2021
Priority seating, October 2021
Priority seating with wheelchair/stroller space, October 2021
LCD passenger information displays and security cameras above passenger doorways, October 2021
History
In March 2019, Tokyo Metro announced a plan to introduce new rolling stock, including the 18000 series. The 18000 series are planned to replace the 8000 series, which have been in service since 1981.
Delivery of the first set began in October 2020. A second set was delivered from Hitachi Kasado plant in December 2020.
The trains entered full revenue service on 7 August 2021.
On 20 October 2021, the train type received the Good Design Award.
On 26 May 2022, the 18000 series, alongside the similar 17000 series, was awarded the Laurel Prize.
References
^ "2021年に登場する新型車両、東京圏の4形式". tetsudo-ch.com (in Japanese). EXPRESS Co., Ltd. 2 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ a b "半蔵門線新型車両 18000 系いよいよデビュー！" (PDF). Tokyo Metro (in Japanese). 7 August 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^ a b "東京メトロ半蔵門線に新型車両「18000系」、2021年度上半期に営業運転開始". 鉄道コム (in Japanese). ASAHI INTERACTIVE, Inc. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ "Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line 18000 starts commercial operation in August". Rail Magazine (in Japanese). 38 (5 (Volume 450)). Neko Publishing: 67. 19 July 2021.
^ a b "東京メトロ18000系、半蔵門線の新型車両が登場 - 関東へ輸送される". news.mynavi.jp (in Japanese). Mynavi Corporation. 3 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ Barrow, Keith (28 March 2019). "Tokyo Metro to invest Yen 490bn in 2019-2021". railjournal.com. Simmons-Boardman Publishing. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ "Tokyo Metro's Hanzomon Line unveils new 18000 series train". Mainichi Daily News. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
^ "東京メトロ18000系が甲種輸送される". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Koyusha Co., Ltd. 3 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ "東京メトロ18000系第2編成が甲種輸送される". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Koyusha Co., Ltd. 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ "2021年度 賞在受賞！「半葴門線 新型車両 18000 系」" (PDF). Tokyo Metro. 20 October 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
^ "2022年ブルーリボン賞・ローレル賞決定" . Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tokyo Metro 18000 series.
Tokyo Metro news release (in Japanese)
vteTrainsets of the Tokyo MetroCurrent
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06 series | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro"},{"link_name":"Hanzomon Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hanzomon_Line"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro 8000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_8000_series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mynavi03102020-5"}],"text":"The Tokyo Metro 18000 series (東京メトロ18000系, Tōkyō Metoro 18000-kei) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated Tokyo Metro on the Hanzomon Line in Japan. Introduced into service on 7 August 2021, a total of 19 ten-car trainsets are being manufactured by Hitachi Rail from 2020 to replace the aging Tokyo Metro 8000 series currently in service on the Hanzomon Line.[5]","title":"Tokyo Metro 18000 series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 18000 series fleet is formed as follows:","title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variable-voltage/variable-frequency drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive"},{"link_name":"inverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter"},{"link_name":"Compressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor"}],"sub_title":"Key","text":"VVVF: Variable-voltage/variable-frequency drive\nSIV: Static inverter\nCP: Compressor\nBT: Battery","title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"security cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_cameras"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mynavi03102020-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro-Series18000_Inside.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro-Series18000_Inside_Priority-seat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro-Series18000_Inside_Free-Space.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro-Series18000_Digital-Signage.jpg"}],"text":"Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout. Wheelchair and stroller spaces are provided in all cars. The interior also includes security cameras.[5]Interior view, October 2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPriority seating, October 2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPriority seating with wheelchair/stroller space, October 2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLCD passenger information displays and security cameras above passenger doorways, October 2021","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irj28032019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan03102020-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan04122020-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm18000_debut-2"},{"link_name":"Good Design Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18000_gda_21-10"},{"link_name":"17000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_17000_series"},{"link_name":"Laurel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-laurel_20222-11"}],"text":"In March 2019, Tokyo Metro announced a plan to introduce new rolling stock, including the 18000 series.[6] The 18000 series are planned to replace the 8000 series, which have been in service since 1981.[7]Delivery of the first set began in October 2020.[8] A second set was delivered from Hitachi Kasado plant in December 2020.[9]The trains entered full revenue service on 7 August 2021.[2]On 20 October 2021, the train type received the Good Design Award.[10]On 26 May 2022, the 18000 series, alongside the similar 17000 series, was awarded the Laurel Prize.[11]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2021年に登場する新型車両、東京圏の4形式\". tetsudo-ch.com (in Japanese). EXPRESS Co., Ltd. 2 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tetsudo-ch.com/11058784.html","url_text":"\"2021年に登場する新型車両、東京圏の4形式\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102031705/https://tetsudo-ch.com/11058784.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"半蔵門線新型車両 18000 系いよいよデビュー！\" [Hanzomon Line new model 18000 series finally debuts!] (PDF). Tokyo Metro (in Japanese). 7 August 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews210807_41.pdf","url_text":"\"半蔵門線新型車両 18000 系いよいよデビュー！\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807105045/https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews210807_41.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"東京メトロ半蔵門線に新型車両「18000系」、2021年度上半期に営業運転開始\". 鉄道コム (in Japanese). ASAHI INTERACTIVE, Inc. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tetsudo.com/news/2338/","url_text":"\"東京メトロ半蔵門線に新型車両「18000系」、2021年度上半期に営業運転開始\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029202034/https://www.tetsudo.com/news/2338/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line 18000 starts commercial operation in August\". Rail Magazine (in Japanese). 38 (5 (Volume 450)). Neko Publishing: 67. 19 July 2021.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"東京メトロ18000系、半蔵門線の新型車両が登場 - 関東へ輸送される\". news.mynavi.jp (in Japanese). Mynavi Corporation. 3 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20201003-tokyometro18000/","url_text":"\"東京メトロ18000系、半蔵門線の新型車両が登場 - 関東へ輸送される\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129050245/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20201003-tokyometro18000/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barrow, Keith (28 March 2019). \"Tokyo Metro to invest Yen 490bn in 2019-2021\". railjournal.com. Simmons-Boardman Publishing. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/tokyo-metro-to-invest-yen-490bn-in-2019-2021/","url_text":"\"Tokyo Metro to invest Yen 490bn in 2019-2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201070809/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/tokyo-metro-to-invest-yen-490bn-in-2019-2021/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Metro's Hanzomon Line unveils new 18000 series train\". Mainichi Daily News. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210603/p2a/00m/0bu/007000c","url_text":"\"Tokyo Metro's Hanzomon Line unveils new 18000 series train\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210808025320/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210603/p2a/00m/0bu/007000c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"東京メトロ18000系が甲種輸送される\". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Koyusha Co., Ltd. 3 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://railf.jp/news/2020/10/03/201500.html","url_text":"\"東京メトロ18000系が甲種輸送される\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104223813/https://railf.jp/news/2020/10/03/201500.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"東京メトロ18000系第2編成が甲種輸送される\". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Koyusha Co., Ltd. 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://railf.jp/news/2020/12/04/203000.html","url_text":"\"東京メトロ18000系第2編成が甲種輸送される\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210127104406/https://railf.jp/news/2020/12/04/203000.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2021年度 賞在受賞！「半葴門線 新型車両 18000 系」\" [Received the 2021 Good Design Award! 'Hanzomon Line new model 18000 series'] (PDF). Tokyo Metro. 20 October 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews211020_g14_4.pdf","url_text":"\"2021年度 賞在受賞！「半葴門線 新型車両 18000 系」\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020051607/https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews211020_g14_4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2022年ブルーリボン賞・ローレル賞決定\" [2022 Blue Ribbon Award / Laurel Prize recipients decided]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://railf.jp/news/2022/05/26/173000.html","url_text":"\"2022年ブルーリボン賞・ローレル賞決定\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323080716/https://railf.jp/news/2022/05/26/173000.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metro_18000_series&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metro_18000_series&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://tetsudo-ch.com/11058784.html","external_links_name":"\"2021年に登場する新型車両、東京圏の4形式\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102031705/https://tetsudo-ch.com/11058784.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews210807_41.pdf","external_links_name":"\"半蔵門線新型車両 18000 系いよいよデビュー！\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807105045/https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews210807_41.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tetsudo.com/news/2338/","external_links_name":"\"東京メトロ半蔵門線に新型車両「18000系」、2021年度上半期に営業運転開始\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029202034/https://www.tetsudo.com/news/2338/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20201003-tokyometro18000/","external_links_name":"\"東京メトロ18000系、半蔵門線の新型車両が登場 - 関東へ輸送される\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129050245/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20201003-tokyometro18000/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/tokyo-metro-to-invest-yen-490bn-in-2019-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo Metro to invest Yen 490bn in 2019-2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201070809/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/tokyo-metro-to-invest-yen-490bn-in-2019-2021/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210603/p2a/00m/0bu/007000c","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo Metro's Hanzomon Line unveils new 18000 series train\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210808025320/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210603/p2a/00m/0bu/007000c","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://railf.jp/news/2020/10/03/201500.html","external_links_name":"\"東京メトロ18000系が甲種輸送される\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104223813/https://railf.jp/news/2020/10/03/201500.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://railf.jp/news/2020/12/04/203000.html","external_links_name":"\"東京メトロ18000系第2編成が甲種輸送される\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210127104406/https://railf.jp/news/2020/12/04/203000.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews211020_g14_4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2021年度 賞在受賞！「半葴門線 新型車両 18000 系」\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020051607/https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews211020_g14_4.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://railf.jp/news/2022/05/26/173000.html","external_links_name":"\"2022年ブルーリボン賞・ローレル賞決定\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323080716/https://railf.jp/news/2022/05/26/173000.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/images_h/metroNews200930_63.pdf","external_links_name":"Tokyo Metro news release"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Charge | Poll tax (Great Britain) | ["1 Origins","2 Implementation","3 Opposition","4 Political consequences","5 Abolition","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Controversial system of taxation in the UK from 1989 to 1993
A leaflet explaining the Community Charge (the so-called "poll tax"), Department of the Environment, April 1989
The Community Charge, commonly known as the poll tax, was a system of local taxation introduced by Margaret Thatcher's government whereby each taxpayer was taxed the same fixed sum (a "poll tax" or "head tax"), with the precise amount being set by each local authority. It replaced domestic rates in Scotland from 1989, prior to its introduction in England and Wales from 1990. The abolition of the poll tax was announced in 1991 and it was replaced in 1993 by the current system of the Council Tax.
Origins
This article is part of a series aboutMargaret Thatcher
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vte
The abolition of the rating system of taxes (based on the notional rental value of a house) to fund local government had been unveiled by Margaret Thatcher when she was Shadow Environment Secretary in 1974, and was included in the manifesto of the Conservative Party in the October 1974 general election. In the 1979 elections the Conservative manifesto stated that lowering income tax took priority. The Government published a green paper in 1981 under the title Alternatives to Domestic Rates. It considered a flat-rate per-capita tax as a supplement to another tax, noting that a large flat-rate tax would be seen as unfair.
The 1980s saw a period of general confrontation between central government and Labour-controlled local authorities over levels of expenditure (known as the "rate-capping rebellion"), which eventually led to the abolition of the Greater London Council and the six metropolitan county councils. The commitment to abolish the rates was replaced in the 1983 general election manifesto with a commitment to introduce the ability for central government to cap rates which it saw as excessive. This was introduced by the Rates Act 1984.
Although the rates system was supposed to have regular revaluations to minimise discrepancies, the revaluations in England and Wales had been cancelled in 1978 and 1983. The Scottish revaluation of 1985/1986 led to a great deal of criticism and gave added urgency to rates reform or replacement.
The green paper of 1986, Paying for Local Government, produced by the Department of the Environment from consultations between Lord Rothschild, William Waldegrave and Kenneth Baker, proposed the poll tax. This was a fixed tax per adult resident, although there was a reduction for poor people. This charged each person for the services provided in their community. Owing to the variations in the amount of local taxes paid and the amount of grant provided by central government to individual local authorities, there were differences in the amount charged between councils.
It become known as the "poll tax" as this is a general term referring to a tax charged at an equal amount per head (also known as a head-tax), but also as a reference to historical unpopular head-taxes, in particular the English Poll Tax of 1379.
This proposal was contained in the Conservative manifesto for the 1987 General Election. The legislation introducing the poll tax was passed in 1987, 1988, and the new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1989/90 financial year and in England and Wales from the start of the 1990/91 financial year. Additionally, the Uniform Business Rate, levied by local government at a rate set by central government and then apportioned between local authorities in proportion to their population, was introduced.
The tax was not implemented in Northern Ireland, which continued, as it still does as of 2018, to levy the rating system, despite some unionists calling for the region to have the same taxation system as Great Britain.
Implementation
The poll tax when implemented encountered a number of administrative and enforcement difficulties. Some renters did not pay, knowing they would have moved elsewhere by the time the bills arrived. Councils of towns with highly mobile populations, such as university towns, were faced with big store rooms of unprocessed "gone-aways". The initial register, which was based on the rates register for "owned" houses, contained many irregularities from supplementary data sources such as housing benefit recipients.
A significant collection issue was the 20 per cent /100 per cent split. People in employment had to pay 100 per cent, while students and the registered unemployed paid 20 per cent. The nature of the shared house market meant that not even the landlord knew exactly who was living there; tenants were replaced and may have shared a "single" room with their partner. Therefore, the local council did not know who was living where and when.
Councils were burdened with the task of pursuing the large numbers of defaulters, many of whom were participating in organised resistance to the charge. There is also some evidence that the poll tax had a lasting effect of people not registering themselves on the electoral register to evade collection attempts, possibly because of the false impression that the words "poll tax" created. This may have affected the results of the 1992 general election, which ended in a fourth successive Conservative victory, despite most opinion polls pointing to a hung parliament or narrow Labour majority.
Opposition
Graffiti against the poll tax near Huddersfield
The change from payment based on the worth of one's house to a fixed rate was widely criticised as being unfair, and needlessly burdensome on those less well-off. Mass protests were co-ordinated by the All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation, other national networks such as 3D (Don't Register, Don't Pay, Don't Collect) and by hundreds of local Anti-Poll Tax Unions (APTUs), which were not aligned to any particular political grouping. In Scotland, where the tax was implemented first, the APTUs called for mass non-payment. As the tax neared its implementation in England, protests against it began to increase. That culminated in a number of poll tax riots. The most serious of those was on 31 March 1990 – a week before the implementation of the tax – when between 70,000 and 200,000 people demonstrated against the tax. The demonstration around Trafalgar Square left 113 people injured and 340 under arrest, with over 100 police officers needing treatment for injuries. There were further conflicts and protests, but none on the scale of the Trafalgar Square riot.
As the amount of the poll tax began to rise and the inefficiency of local councils in their collection of the tax became apparent, large numbers of people refused to pay. Local councils tried to respond with enforcement measures, but they were largely ineffective given the huge numbers of non-payers. According to the BBC, up to 30 per cent of former ratepayers in some areas refused to pay.
The anti-poll-tax organisations encouraged non-payers not to register, to clog up the courts by contesting local council attempts to gain liability orders, and ultimately, not to attend court hearings arising from their non-compliance. In November 1990, South Yorkshire Police said they were planning to refuse to arrest poll tax defaulters, even when instructed to by the courts, because it would be "physically impossible for the police because of the large number of defaulters".
The opposition Labour Party, at its 1988 annual conference, decided against support for a non-payment campaign. In July 1991, Terry Fields, Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool Broadgreen, and a member of the Militant tendency, was imprisoned for sixty days for refusing to pay. At the time of Fields' jailing, Labour leader Neil Kinnock commented: "Law makers must not be law breakers."
In popular culture, the punk band The Exploited featured the song "Don't Pay The Poll Tax" in their album The Massacre, which was released on 15 April 1990.
Over 40 people collaborated on Punk Aide's 1989 compilations Axe The Tax, Can't Pay Won't Pay and Fuck The Poll Tax. Oi Polloi and Chumbawamba released and toured an EP called Smash the Poll Tax. A compilation album, A Pox Upon The Poll Tax, was also released in 1989. The Orchids released "Defy The Law" in response to the Poll Tax.
On their 22 March 1990 Top Of The Pops appearance, Orbital performed "Chime" while wearing hoodies with a crosshair and seemingly-abstract images on them. Upon closer inspection, those images read "no poll tax".
Political consequences
After the poll tax was announced, opinion polls showed the Labour opposition opening a strong lead over the Conservative government. Following the Poll Tax Riots, Conservative ministers contemplated abolition of the tax but knew that, as a flagship Thatcherite policy, its abolition would not be possible while Thatcher was still Prime Minister. Kinnock had vowed to abolish the poll tax if he won the next general election.
For this, among other reasons, Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Conservative leadership in November 1990. Although she prevailed by a margin of fifty votes, she narrowly missed the threshold to avoid a second vote, and on 22 November 1990 she announced her resignation after more than a decade in office. All three of the contenders to succeed her pledged to abandon the tax.
The successful candidate, John Major, appointed Heseltine to the post of Environment Secretary, responsible for replacing the poll tax. In early 1991 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, announced a rise in Value Added Tax from 15 to 17.5 per cent to pay for a £140 reduction in the tax. The abolition of the poll tax was announced on 21 March 1991.
The Conservative government was re-elected for a fourth successive term in office at the 1992 general election, shaking off the strong challenge from the Labour Party. The Labour Party having been defeated in this way, their leader Neil Kinnock resigned.
Abolition
By the time of the 1992 general election, legislation had been passed replacing the poll tax with the Council Tax from the start of the 1993/1994 financial year. The VAT rate of 17.5 per cent remained despite an earlier policy of charging a higher poll tax.
Council Tax strongly resembled the rates system of tax that had been in effect prior to the poll tax. The main differences (at the Council Tax's inception) were that properties were placed in bands based on a range of property values, thereby capping the maximum amount, and that the tax was levied on the property's capital value rather than on its notional rental value. Households with only one occupant were also entitled to a 25 per cent discount. The only substantial change since the introduction of the Council Tax form of direct taxation is the gradual introduction of certain exemptions and discounts.
See also
Poll tax riots
Peasants' Revolt – 14th-century rebellion against serfdom and the imposition of a poll tax
Tommy Sheridan, Scottish socialist who originally came to prominence protesting against the poll tax
Bedroom tax
Window tax
Poll tax
References
^ "John Major" at number10.gov.uk. Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Local Government Finance Act 1988", legislation.gov.uk.
^ "Poll tax", in Encyclopedia of Britain by Bamber Gascoigne, HistoryWorld.net.
^ Graham, David (25 March 2010). "The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited". The Independent. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^ "31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration". On This Day 1950–2005. BBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-1490572741.
^ "1990: One in five yet to pay poll tax", "On This Day", BBC News.
^ Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 36–38, 79–80. ISBN 978-1490572741.
^ quoted in "Poll tax fury". Organise!. No. 21. Anarchist Communist Federation. January 1991. pp. 16, 13. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
^ Andy McSmith, Faces of Labour: The Inside Story, London: Verso, 1996, p. 114.
^ "1991: Anti-poll tax MP jailed", BBC News On This Day, 11 July
^ Interviews by Dave Simpson: "How we made Orbital's Chime". The Guardian. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
^ "BBC Politics 97". BBC. 9 April 1992. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ A coal miner's son. (British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock), 14 May 1990
^ "ON THIS DAY | 1991: Heseltine unveils new property tax". BBC News. 21 March 1960. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ Local Government Finance Act 1992
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Community Charge.
Alderman, R. K., and Neil Carter. "A very Tory coup: The ousting of Mrs Thatcher." Parliamentary Affairs 44.2 (1991): 125–139.
Bagguley, Paul. "Protest, poverty and power: a case study of the anti-poll tax movement", Sociological review, 1995, vol. 43, n° 4, pp. 693–719.
Anti-Poll Tax Community based campaign
Burns, Danny. Poll Tax Rebellion (AK Press, Stirling, Scotland, 1992).
Butler, David, Andrew Adonis, and Tony Travers. Failure in British government: the politics of the poll tax (Oxford University Press, 1994).
Crick, Michael, and Adrian Van Klaveren. "Mrs Thatcher's greatest blunder." Contemporary British History 5.3 (1991): 397–416; the poll tax.
Gibson, John G. "Voter reaction to tax change: the case of the poll tax 1." Applied Economics 26.9 (1994): 877–884.
vteMargaret Thatcher
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
Leader of the Conservative Party (1975–1990)
MP for Finchley (1959–1992)
Member of Parliament
Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)
Circular 10/70 (1970)
Shadow Cabinet
"Britain Awake" (1976)
Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)
Ideology
Thatcherism
Conservatism
Free market
Union democracy
Premiership
Ministers
wets and dries
Cold War
1st term
2nd–3rd term
1st ministry(1979–1983)
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Budget (1980)
"The lady's not for turning" (1980)
Budget (1981)
Gang of 25
Irish hunger strike (1981)
Budget (1982)
Falklands War (1982)
"Rejoice"
Diana Gould exchange
"White flags over Port Stanley"
Budget (1983)
2nd ministry(1983–1987)
Budget (1984)
Brighton hotel bombing (1984)
GCHQ trade union ban (1984)
CCSU case
Miners' strike (1984–85)
Budget (1985)
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985)
Local Government Act (1985)
rate-capping rebellion
Westland affair (1986)
Budget (1986)
Budget (1987)
3rd ministry(1987–1990)
Budget (1988)
Broadcasting restrictions (1988)
"Sermon on the Mound" (1988)
Bruges speech (1988)
Budget (1989)
Community Charge (1989–90)
Poll tax riots
Budget (1990)
Gulf War (1990)
"No. No. No." (1990)
Resignation Honours (1990)
Party elections
1975
1989
1990
General elections
1979
1983
1987
Books
The Downing Street Years (1993 autobiography)
The Path to Power (1995 memoir)
Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World (2003)
Family
Sir Denis Thatcher (husband)
baronetcy
Sir Mark Thatcher (son)
Carol Thatcher (daughter)
Alfred Roberts (father)
"We have become a grandmother" (1989)
Cultural depictionsFilm andtelevision
Anyone for Denis? (1982 TV play)
Spitting Image (1984–1996 & 2020 TV series)
The New Statesman (1987–1991 TV series)
Thatcher: The Final Days (1991 film)
The Falklands Play (2002 play)
Jeffrey Archer: The Truth (2002 TV film)
The Alan Clark Diaries (2004 TV series)
Pinochet in Suburbia (2006 docudrama)
The Long Walk to Finchley (2008 film)
Margaret (2009 film)
The Queen (2009 TV serial)
The Iron Lady (2011 film)
The Hunt for Tony Blair (2011 episode)
In Search of La Che (2011 film)
The Crown (2020 TV series)
Reagan (2024 film)
Plays
Handbagged (2010, 2013)
The Audience (2013)
Statues
London Guildhall (1998)
Palace of Westminster (2007)
Grantham (2022)
Related topics
Blatcherism
Death and funeral
Honours
Thatchergate
← James Callaghan
John Major →
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PollTaxLeaflet.png"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"poll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax"},{"link_name":"head tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_tax"},{"link_name":"domestic rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_rates"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Council Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Tax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A leaflet explaining the Community Charge (the so-called \"poll tax\"), Department of the Environment, April 1989The Community Charge, commonly known as the poll tax, was a system of local taxation introduced by Margaret Thatcher's government whereby each taxpayer was taxed the same fixed sum (a \"poll tax\" or \"head tax\"), with the precise amount being set by each local authority. It replaced domestic rates in Scotland from 1989, prior to its introduction in England and Wales from 1990. The abolition of the poll tax was announced in 1991 and it was replaced in 1993 by the current system of the Council Tax.[1]","title":"Poll tax (Great Britain)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rates_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"October 1974 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"green paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_paper"},{"link_name":"rate-capping rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-capping_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Greater London Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Council"},{"link_name":"metropolitan county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_county"},{"link_name":"1983 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Rates Act 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rates_Act_1984"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Department of the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Environment"},{"link_name":"Lord Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"William Waldegrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_Baron_Waldegrave_of_North_Hill"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking"},{"link_name":"Poll Tax of 1379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_Tax_of_1379"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto"},{"link_name":"1987 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Uniform Business Rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_England"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)&action=edit"}],"text":"The abolition of the rating system of taxes (based on the notional rental value of a house) to fund local government had been unveiled by Margaret Thatcher when she was Shadow Environment Secretary in 1974, and was included in the manifesto of the Conservative Party in the October 1974 general election. In the 1979 elections the Conservative manifesto stated that lowering income tax took priority. The Government published a green paper in 1981 under the title Alternatives to Domestic Rates. It considered a flat-rate per-capita tax as a supplement to another tax, noting that a large flat-rate tax would be seen as unfair.The 1980s saw a period of general confrontation between central government and Labour-controlled local authorities over levels of expenditure (known as the \"rate-capping rebellion\"), which eventually led to the abolition of the Greater London Council and the six metropolitan county councils. The commitment to abolish the rates was replaced in the 1983 general election manifesto with a commitment to introduce the ability for central government to cap rates which it saw as excessive. This was introduced by the Rates Act 1984.Although the rates system was supposed to have regular revaluations to minimise discrepancies, the revaluations in England and Wales had been cancelled in 1978 and 1983. The Scottish revaluation of 1985/1986 led to a great deal of criticism and gave added urgency to rates reform or replacement[citation needed].The green paper of 1986, Paying for Local Government, produced by the Department of the Environment from consultations between Lord Rothschild, William Waldegrave and Kenneth Baker, proposed the poll tax. This was a fixed tax per adult resident, although there was a reduction for poor people. This charged each person for the services provided in their community. Owing to the variations in the amount of local taxes paid and the amount of grant provided by central government to individual local authorities, there were differences in the amount charged between councils.It become known as the \"poll tax\" as this is a general term referring to a tax charged at an equal amount per head (also known as a head-tax), but also as a reference to historical unpopular head-taxes, in particular the English Poll Tax of 1379.This proposal was contained in the Conservative manifesto for the 1987 General Election. The legislation introducing the poll tax was passed in 1987, 1988,[2] and the new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1989/90 financial year and in England and Wales from the start of the 1990/91 financial year. Additionally, the Uniform Business Rate, levied by local government at a rate set by central government and then apportioned between local authorities in proportion to their population, was introduced.The tax was not implemented in Northern Ireland, which continued, as it still does as of 2018[update], to levy the rating system, despite some unionists calling for the region to have the same taxation system as Great Britain.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the 1992 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"hung parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The poll tax when implemented encountered a number of administrative and enforcement difficulties. Some renters did not pay, knowing they would have moved elsewhere by the time the bills arrived. Councils of towns with highly mobile populations, such as university towns, were faced with big store rooms of unprocessed \"gone-aways\". The initial register, which was based on the rates register for \"owned\" houses, contained many irregularities from supplementary data sources such as housing benefit recipients.A significant collection issue was the 20 per cent /100 per cent split. People in employment had to pay 100 per cent, while students and the registered unemployed paid 20 per cent. The nature of the shared house market meant that not even the landlord knew exactly who was living there; tenants were replaced and may have shared a \"single\" room with their partner. Therefore, the local council did not know who was living where and when.Councils were burdened with the task of pursuing the large numbers of defaulters, many of whom were participating in organised resistance to the charge. There is also some evidence that the poll tax had a lasting effect of people not registering themselves on the electoral register to evade collection attempts, possibly because of the false impression that the words \"poll tax\" created. This may have affected the results of the 1992 general election, which ended in a fourth successive Conservative victory, despite most opinion polls pointing to a hung parliament or narrow Labour majority.[3]","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_to_the_Poll_Tax_grafitti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation"},{"link_name":"poll tax riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_riots"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trafalgarsq_num-4"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otd_pt-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Terry Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Fields"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Broadgreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Broadgreen"},{"link_name":"Militant tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_tendency"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC910711-11"},{"link_name":"The Exploited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploited"},{"link_name":"The Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Massacre_(The_Exploited_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oi Polloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oi_Polloi"},{"link_name":"Chumbawamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbawamba"},{"link_name":"The Orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orchids"},{"link_name":"Top Of The Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Of_The_Pops"},{"link_name":"Orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chime_(song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Graffiti against the poll tax near HuddersfieldThe change from payment based on the worth of one's house to a fixed rate was widely criticised as being unfair, and needlessly burdensome on those less well-off. Mass protests were co-ordinated by the All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation, other national networks such as 3D (Don't Register, Don't Pay, Don't Collect) and by hundreds of local Anti-Poll Tax Unions (APTUs), which were not aligned to any particular political grouping. In Scotland, where the tax was implemented first, the APTUs called for mass non-payment. As the tax neared its implementation in England, protests against it began to increase. That culminated in a number of poll tax riots. The most serious of those was on 31 March 1990 – a week before the implementation of the tax – when between 70,000 and 200,000 people[4] demonstrated against the tax. The demonstration around Trafalgar Square left 113 people injured and 340 under arrest,[5] with over 100 police officers needing treatment for injuries.[6] There were further conflicts and protests, but none on the scale of the Trafalgar Square riot.As the amount of the poll tax began to rise and the inefficiency of local councils in their collection of the tax became apparent, large numbers of people refused to pay. Local councils tried to respond with enforcement measures, but they were largely ineffective given the huge numbers of non-payers. According to the BBC, up to 30 per cent of former ratepayers in some areas refused to pay.[7]The anti-poll-tax organisations encouraged non-payers not to register, to clog up the courts by contesting local council attempts to gain liability orders, and ultimately, not to attend court hearings arising from their non-compliance.[8] In November 1990, South Yorkshire Police said they were planning to refuse to arrest poll tax defaulters, even when instructed to by the courts, because it would be \"physically impossible for the police because of the large number of defaulters\".[9]The opposition Labour Party, at its 1988 annual conference, decided against support for a non-payment campaign.[10] In July 1991, Terry Fields, Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool Broadgreen, and a member of the Militant tendency, was imprisoned for sixty days for refusing to pay. At the time of Fields' jailing, Labour leader Neil Kinnock commented: \"Law makers must not be law breakers.\"[11]In popular culture, the punk band The Exploited featured the song \"Don't Pay The Poll Tax\" in their album The Massacre, which was released on 15 April 1990.[citation needed]Over 40 people collaborated on Punk Aide's 1989 compilations Axe The Tax, Can't Pay Won't Pay and Fuck The Poll Tax. Oi Polloi and Chumbawamba released and toured an EP called Smash the Poll Tax. A compilation album, A Pox Upon The Poll Tax, was also released in 1989. The Orchids released \"Defy The Law\" in response to the Poll Tax.On their 22 March 1990 Top Of The Pops appearance, Orbital performed \"Chime\" while wearing hoodies with a crosshair and seemingly-abstract images on them. Upon closer inspection, those images read \"no poll tax\".[12]","title":"Opposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Thatcherite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherite"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Michael Heseltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heseltine"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Norman Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Value Added Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1992 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"}],"text":"After the poll tax was announced, opinion polls showed the Labour opposition opening a strong lead over the Conservative government. Following the Poll Tax Riots, Conservative ministers contemplated abolition of the tax but knew that, as a flagship Thatcherite policy, its abolition would not be possible while Thatcher was still Prime Minister.[13] Kinnock had vowed to abolish the poll tax if he won the next general election.[14]For this, among other reasons, Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Conservative leadership in November 1990. Although she prevailed by a margin of fifty votes, she narrowly missed the threshold to avoid a second vote, and on 22 November 1990 she announced her resignation after more than a decade in office. All three of the contenders to succeed her pledged to abandon the tax.The successful candidate, John Major, appointed Heseltine to the post of Environment Secretary, responsible for replacing the poll tax. In early 1991 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, announced a rise in Value Added Tax from 15 to 17.5 per cent to pay for a £140 reduction in the tax. The abolition of the poll tax was announced on 21 March 1991.[15]The Conservative government was re-elected for a fourth successive term in office at the 1992 general election, shaking off the strong challenge from the Labour Party. The Labour Party having been defeated in this way, their leader Neil Kinnock resigned.","title":"Political consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Council Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Tax"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Council Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Tax"},{"link_name":"direct taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_tax"}],"text":"By the time of the 1992 general election, legislation had been passed[16] replacing the poll tax with the Council Tax from the start of the 1993/1994 financial year. The VAT rate of 17.5 per cent remained despite an earlier policy of charging a higher poll tax.[clarification needed]Council Tax strongly resembled the rates system of tax that had been in effect prior to the poll tax. The main differences (at the Council Tax's inception) were that properties were placed in bands based on a range of property values, thereby capping the maximum amount, and that the tax was levied on the property's capital value rather than on its notional rental value. Households with only one occupant were also entitled to a 25 per cent discount. The only substantial change since the introduction of the Council Tax form of direct taxation is the gradual introduction of certain exemptions and discounts.","title":"Abolition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Community_Charge"},{"link_name":"Anti-Poll Tax Community based campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091114155207/http://www.afed.org.uk/ace/polltax.html"},{"link_name":"Crick, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick,_Michael"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Bodies_(Admission_to_Meetings)_Act_1960"},{"link_name":"Circular 10/70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_10/70"},{"link_name":"Shadow Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"\"Britain Awake\" (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Awake"},{"link_name":"Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_vote_of_no_confidence_in_the_Callaghan_ministry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_(1983).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thatcherism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherism"},{"link_name":"Conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"Union democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_democracy"},{"link_name":"Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ministers_under_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"wets and dries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wets_and_dries"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"1st term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"2nd–3rd term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"1st ministry(1979–1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Thatcher_ministry"},{"link_name":"Budget (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1979_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Budget (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"\"The lady's not for turning\" (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_lady%27s_not_for_turning"},{"link_name":"Budget (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Gang of 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_25"},{"link_name":"Irish hunger strike (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Budget (1982)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"\"Rejoice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejoice_(Margaret_Thatcher)"},{"link_name":"Diana Gould exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Gould%E2%80%93Margaret_Thatcher_exchange"},{"link_name":"\"White flags over Port Stanley\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flags_over_Port_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Budget (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"2nd ministry(1983–1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Thatcher_ministry"},{"link_name":"Budget (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Brighton hotel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"GCHQ trade union ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ_trade_union_ban"},{"link_name":"CCSU case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Civil_Service_Unions_v_Minister_for_the_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"Miners' strike (1984–85)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike"},{"link_name":"Budget (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1985"},{"link_name":"rate-capping rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-capping_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Westland affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_affair"},{"link_name":"Budget (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Budget (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"3rd ministry(1987–1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Thatcher_ministry"},{"link_name":"Budget (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting restrictions (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%931994_British_broadcasting_voice_restrictions"},{"link_name":"\"Sermon on the Mound\" (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mound"},{"link_name":"Bruges speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_speech"},{"link_name":"Budget (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Community Charge (1989–90)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Poll tax riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_riots"},{"link_name":"Budget (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"\"No. No. No.\" (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)"},{"link_name":"Resignation Honours (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours"},{"link_name":"Party elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Margaret_Thatcher#Conservative_Party_leadership_elections"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"General elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Margaret_Thatcher#United_Kingdom_general_elections"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"The Downing Street Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Downing_Street_Years"},{"link_name":"The Path to Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_to_Power_(Thatcher_book)"},{"link_name":"Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statecraft:_Strategies_for_a_Changing_World"},{"link_name":"Sir Denis Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher_baronets"},{"link_name":"Sir Mark Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Carol Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Alfred Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Roberts"},{"link_name":"We have become a grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_have_become_a_grandmother"},{"link_name":"Cultural depictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Anyone for Denis?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyone_for_Denis%3F_(video)"},{"link_name":"Spitting Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Image"},{"link_name":"The New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Statesman_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thatcher: The Final Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher:_The_Final_Days"},{"link_name":"The Falklands Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falklands_Play"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Archer: The Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer:_The_Truth"},{"link_name":"The Alan Clark Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alan_Clark_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Pinochet in Suburbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinochet_in_Suburbia"},{"link_name":"The Long Walk to Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Walk_to_Finchley"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"The Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"The Iron Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Lady_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hunt for Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"In Search of La Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_La_Che"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_season_4"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_(2024_film)"},{"link_name":"Handbagged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbagged"},{"link_name":"The Audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)"},{"link_name":"London Guildhall (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(London_Guildhall)"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Palace_of_Westminster)"},{"link_name":"Grantham (2022)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Grantham)"},{"link_name":"Blatcherism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatcherism"},{"link_name":"Death and funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Thatchergate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatchergate"},{"link_name":"James Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Margaret_Thatcher"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Community Charge.Alderman, R. K., and Neil Carter. \"A very Tory coup: The ousting of Mrs Thatcher.\" Parliamentary Affairs 44.2 (1991): 125–139.\nBagguley, Paul. \"Protest, poverty and power: a case study of the anti-poll tax movement\", Sociological review, 1995, vol. 43, n° 4, pp. 693–719.\nAnti-Poll Tax Community based campaign\nBurns, Danny. Poll Tax Rebellion (AK Press, Stirling, Scotland, 1992).\nButler, David, Andrew Adonis, and Tony Travers. Failure in British government: the politics of the poll tax (Oxford University Press, 1994).\nCrick, Michael, and Adrian Van Klaveren. \"Mrs Thatcher's greatest blunder.\" Contemporary British History 5.3 (1991): 397–416; the poll tax.\nGibson, John G. \"Voter reaction to tax change: the case of the poll tax 1.\" Applied Economics 26.9 (1994): 877–884.vteMargaret Thatcher\nPrime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)\nLeader of the Conservative Party (1975–1990)\nMP for Finchley (1959–1992)\nMember of Parliament\nPublic Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)\nCircular 10/70 (1970)\nShadow Cabinet\n\"Britain Awake\" (1976)\nVote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)\nIdeology\nThatcherism\nConservatism\nFree market\nUnion democracy\nPremiership\nMinisters\nwets and dries\nCold War\n1st term\n2nd–3rd term\n1st ministry(1979–1983)\nBudget (1979)\nBudget (1980)\n\"The lady's not for turning\" (1980)\nBudget (1981)\nGang of 25\nIrish hunger strike (1981)\nBudget (1982)\nFalklands War (1982)\n\"Rejoice\"\nDiana Gould exchange\n\"White flags over Port Stanley\"\nBudget (1983)\n2nd ministry(1983–1987)\nBudget (1984)\nBrighton hotel bombing (1984)\nGCHQ trade union ban (1984)\nCCSU case\nMiners' strike (1984–85)\nBudget (1985)\nAnglo-Irish Agreement (1985)\nLocal Government Act (1985)\nrate-capping rebellion\nWestland affair (1986)\nBudget (1986)\nBudget (1987)\n3rd ministry(1987–1990)\nBudget (1988)\nBroadcasting restrictions (1988)\n\"Sermon on the Mound\" (1988)\nBruges speech (1988)\nBudget (1989)\nCommunity Charge (1989–90)\nPoll tax riots\nBudget (1990)\nGulf War (1990)\n\"No. No. No.\" (1990)\nResignation Honours (1990)\n\nParty elections\n1975\n1989\n1990\nGeneral elections\n1979\n1983\n1987\nBooks\nThe Downing Street Years (1993 autobiography)\nThe Path to Power (1995 memoir)\nStatecraft: Strategies for a Changing World (2003)\nFamily\nSir Denis Thatcher (husband)\nbaronetcy\nSir Mark Thatcher (son)\nCarol Thatcher (daughter)\nAlfred Roberts (father)\n\"We have become a grandmother\" (1989)\nCultural depictionsFilm andtelevision\nAnyone for Denis? (1982 TV play)\nSpitting Image (1984–1996 & 2020 TV series)\nThe New Statesman (1987–1991 TV series)\nThatcher: The Final Days (1991 film)\nThe Falklands Play (2002 play)\nJeffrey Archer: The Truth (2002 TV film)\nThe Alan Clark Diaries (2004 TV series)\nPinochet in Suburbia (2006 docudrama)\nThe Long Walk to Finchley (2008 film)\nMargaret (2009 film)\nThe Queen (2009 TV serial)\nThe Iron Lady (2011 film)\nThe Hunt for Tony Blair (2011 episode)\nIn Search of La Che (2011 film)\nThe Crown (2020 TV series)\nReagan (2024 film)\nPlays\nHandbagged (2010, 2013)\nThe Audience (2013)\nStatues\nLondon Guildhall (1998)\nPalace of Westminster (2007)\nGrantham (2022)\nRelated topics\nBlatcherism\nDeath and funeral\nHonours\nThatchergate\n\n← James Callaghan\nJohn Major →\n Category","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A leaflet explaining the Community Charge (the so-called \"poll tax\"), Department of the Environment, April 1989","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/PollTaxLeaflet.png"},{"image_text":"Graffiti against the poll tax near Huddersfield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/No_to_the_Poll_Tax_grafitti.jpg/220px-No_to_the_Poll_Tax_grafitti.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Poll tax riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_riots"},{"title":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"title":"serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"title":"Tommy Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sheridan"},{"title":"Bedroom tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_tax"},{"title":"Window tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tax"},{"title":"Poll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax"}] | [{"reference":"Graham, David (25 March 2010). \"The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited\". The Independent. Retrieved 8 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-battle-of-trafalgar-square-the-poll-tax-riots-revisited-1926873.html","url_text":"\"The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited\""}]},{"reference":"\"31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration\". On This Day 1950–2005. BBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/31/newsid_2530000/2530763.stm","url_text":"\"31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration\""}]},{"reference":"Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-1490572741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490572741","url_text":"978-1490572741"}]},{"reference":"Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 36–38, 79–80. ISBN 978-1490572741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490572741","url_text":"978-1490572741"}]},{"reference":"\"Poll tax fury\". Organise!. No. 21. Anarchist Communist Federation. January 1991. pp. 16, 13. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726054845/http://www.afed.org.uk/org/polltax/organise21_polltax_p16.gif","url_text":"\"Poll tax fury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain)","url_text":"Anarchist Communist Federation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130426120104/http://www.afed.org.uk/org/polltax/organise21_polltax_p13.gif","url_text":"13"},{"url":"http://www.afed.org.uk/org/polltax/organise21_polltax_p16.gif","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How we made Orbital's Chime\". The Guardian. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/18/how-we-made-orbitals-chime-hartnoll-rave-anthem","url_text":"\"How we made Orbital's Chime\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Politics 97\". BBC. 9 April 1992. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/background/pastelec/ge92.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Politics 97\""}]},{"reference":"A coal miner's son. (British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock), 14 May 1990","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ON THIS DAY | 1991: Heseltine unveils new property tax\". BBC News. 21 March 1960. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/21/newsid_4278000/4278401.stm","url_text":"\"ON THIS DAY | 1991: Heseltine unveils new property tax\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/john-major-2/","external_links_name":"\"John Major\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111016063730/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/john-major-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/41/contents","external_links_name":"\"Local Government Finance Act 1988\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyworld.net/Articles/PlainTextArticles.asp?aid=zai&pid=165","external_links_name":"\"Poll tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-battle-of-trafalgar-square-the-poll-tax-riots-revisited-1926873.html","external_links_name":"\"The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/31/newsid_2530000/2530763.stm","external_links_name":"\"31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14/newsid_2495000/2495911.stm","external_links_name":"\"1990: One in five yet to pay poll tax\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726054845/http://www.afed.org.uk/org/polltax/organise21_polltax_p16.gif","external_links_name":"\"Poll tax fury\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130426120104/http://www.afed.org.uk/org/polltax/organise21_polltax_p13.gif","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"http://www.afed.org.uk/org/polltax/organise21_polltax_p16.gif","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/11/newsid_2500000/2500365.stm","external_links_name":"\"1991: Anti-poll tax MP jailed\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/18/how-we-made-orbitals-chime-hartnoll-rave-anthem","external_links_name":"\"How we made Orbital's Chime\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/background/pastelec/ge92.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC Politics 97\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/21/newsid_4278000/4278401.stm","external_links_name":"\"ON THIS DAY | 1991: Heseltine unveils new property tax\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091114155207/http://www.afed.org.uk/ace/polltax.html","external_links_name":"Anti-Poll Tax Community based campaign"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Maffei_(architect) | Andrea Maffei (architect) | ["1 Publications by Andrea Maffei","2 References","3 External links"] | Italian architect (born 1968)
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020)
Andrea Maffei is an Italian architect, born in Modena in 1968. He studied architecture and engineering at the University of Florence and graduated cum laude in 1994. He was an associate director for the projects based in Italy by Arata Isozaki. Among these projects is the New exit for the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, which won first place in an international design competition launched in 1998. In 2005 he founded his own architecture firm Andrea Maffei Architects, with headquarters in Brera (district of Milan), Italy. Together with Isozaki Arata Maffei co-designed the New Town Library in Maranello, which was opened to the public in 2012; the CityLife office tower in Milan (currently under construction and due to become, with its height of 207 meters, the tallest skyscraper in Italy); and the expansion of the Bologna Centrale railway station, completed in 2016. Maffei was also the project architect for the Palasport Olimpico, designed by Arata Isozaki & Associates and built for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
Publications by Andrea Maffei
Andrea Maffei (ed.), Toyo Ito: Works Projects Writing, Phaidon Press (2006).
References
^ "CNAPPC - Albo unico nazionale". www.cnappc.it. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
^ Godoli, Antonio; Arata Isozaki; Gae Aulenti; Mario Botta; Norman Foster; Vittorio Gregotti; Hans Hollein (1998). La Nuova Uscita Degli Uffizi: Progetti per Piazza Castellani. Florence: Gruppo Editoriale Giunti. ISBN 9788809217133.
^ Locati, Gioia (25 September 2011). "Lo studio dove è nata la torre più alta che cambierà Milano". Il Giornale. Style Week (228): 27.
^ Baglione, Chiara (June 2012). "Arata Isozaki, Andrea Maffei. Biblioteca Civica, Maranello". Casabella (814): 48–55.
^ Follis, Manuel (3 April 2012). "Ecco come sarà la torre Generali". Milano Finanza (66): 11.
^ De Magistris, Alessandro (July–August 2006). "Fabbrica di eventi". Casabella (746): 56–65.
External links
Andrea Maffei Architects
CityLife: Official website of the project
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"University of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arata Isozaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arata_Isozaki"},{"link_name":"New exit for the Uffizi Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_exit_for_the_Uffizi_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brera (district of Milan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brera_(district_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"New Town Library in Maranello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranello"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CityLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityLife_(Milan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bologna Centrale railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Centrale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Palasport Olimpico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_Palasport_Olimpico"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"}],"text":"Andrea Maffei is an Italian architect, born in Modena in 1968. He studied architecture and engineering at the University of Florence and graduated cum laude in 1994.[1] He was an associate director for the projects based in Italy by Arata Isozaki. Among these projects is the New exit for the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, which won first place in an international design competition launched in 1998.[2] In 2005 he founded his own architecture firm Andrea Maffei Architects,[3] with headquarters in Brera (district of Milan), Italy. Together with Isozaki Arata Maffei co-designed the New Town Library in Maranello, which was opened to the public in 2012;[4] the CityLife office tower in Milan (currently under construction and due to become, with its height of 207 meters, the tallest skyscraper in Italy);[5] and the expansion of the Bologna Centrale railway station, completed in 2016. Maffei was also the project architect for the Palasport Olimpico,[6] designed by Arata Isozaki & Associates and built for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.","title":"Andrea Maffei (architect)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyo Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Ito"}],"text":"Andrea Maffei (ed.), Toyo Ito: Works Projects Writing, Phaidon Press (2006).","title":"Publications by Andrea Maffei"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"CNAPPC - Albo unico nazionale\". www.cnappc.it. Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnappc.it/risultato.aspx?IDAssociato=49786&tipo=1#edit","url_text":"\"CNAPPC - Albo unico nazionale\""}]},{"reference":"Godoli, Antonio; Arata Isozaki; Gae Aulenti; Mario Botta; Norman Foster; Vittorio Gregotti; Hans Hollein (1998). La Nuova Uscita Degli Uffizi: Progetti per Piazza Castellani. Florence: Gruppo Editoriale Giunti. ISBN 9788809217133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hollein","url_text":"Hans Hollein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788809217133","url_text":"9788809217133"}]},{"reference":"Locati, Gioia (25 September 2011). \"Lo studio dove è nata la torre più alta che cambierà Milano\". Il Giornale. Style Week (228): 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baglione, Chiara (June 2012). \"Arata Isozaki, Andrea Maffei. Biblioteca Civica, Maranello\". Casabella (814): 48–55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Follis, Manuel (3 April 2012). \"Ecco come sarà la torre Generali\". Milano Finanza (66): 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"De Magistris, Alessandro (July–August 2006). \"Fabbrica di eventi\". Casabella (746): 56–65.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cnappc.it/risultato.aspx?IDAssociato=49786&tipo=1#edit","external_links_name":"\"CNAPPC - Albo unico nazionale\""},{"Link":"http://www.amarchitects.it/","external_links_name":"Andrea Maffei Architects"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/*/www.city-life.it/en/chi-siamo/gli-architetti/","external_links_name":"CityLife: Official website of the project"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081884282","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/119427725","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjtbCvvXPhRqxjhtBP4v3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15016808g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15016808g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142101931","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV213246","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007426246905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002026224","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/252835360","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Airways_International | Club Airways International | ["1 History","2 Fleet","3 References","4 External links"] | Club Airways InternationalFounded2002Commenced operations2003Operating basesGeneva Cointrin International AirportParent companyClub 328HeadquartersMeyrin, Switzerland
Club Airways International is an airline based in Meyrin, Switzerland, near Geneva. It operates business jets for its members. Its main base is Geneva Cointrin International Airport.
History
The airline was established in December 2002 and started operations in February 2003. It is a subsidiary of United Kingdom-based Club 328.
Fleet
The Club Airways International fleet includes the following aircraft (at January 2005):
Cessna Citation Bravo
Falcon 20
References
^ "About Us Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine." Club Airways International. Retrieved on 6 November 2009.
^ "Plan de commune Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine." Meyrin. Retrieved on 29 September 2009.
External links
Club Airways International
Club Airways International (in French)
Portals: Switzerland Companies Aviation
This article relating to a European airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Swiss corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Switzerland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"Meyrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyrin"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyrinmap-2"},{"link_name":"Geneva Cointrin International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Cointrin_International_Airport"}],"text":"Club Airways International is an airline based in Meyrin, Switzerland, near Geneva.[1][2] It operates business jets for its members. Its main base is Geneva Cointrin International Airport.","title":"Club Airways International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Club 328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_328"}],"text":"The airline was established in December 2002 and started operations in February 2003. It is a subsidiary of United Kingdom-based Club 328.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Club Airways International fleet includes the following aircraft (at January 2005):Cessna Citation Bravo\nFalcon 20","title":"Fleet"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.clubairways.com/english/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"About Us"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210200/http://www.clubairways.com/english/aboutus.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.meyrin.ch/jahia/webdav/site/meyrin/shared/documents/informations%20utiles/Plan%20Commune%20Meyrin.pdf","external_links_name":"Plan de commune"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706235513/http://www.meyrin.ch/jahia/webdav/site/meyrin/shared/documents/informations%20utiles/Plan%20Commune%20Meyrin.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.clubairways.com/english/index.htm","external_links_name":"Club Airways International"},{"Link":"http://www.clubairways.com/","external_links_name":"Club Airways International"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Airways_International&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Airways_International&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Airways_International&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaganda_region | Karaganda Region | ["1 History","1.1 Archaeological findings","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Administrative divisions","5 Elections","6 Sister cities","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°0′N 71°0′E / 48.000°N 71.000°E / 48.000; 71.000Region of Kazakhstan
Region in KazakhstanKaraganda Region
Қарағанды облысы (Kazakh)RegionFrom the top, Karkaraly National Park, Bektauata, Lake Balkhash
FlagCoat of armsMap of Kazakhstan, location of Karaganda Region highlightedCoordinates: 48°0′N 71°0′E / 48.000°N 71.000°E / 48.000; 71.000Country KazakhstanCapitalKaragandaGovernment • AkimErmaganbet BulekpaevArea • Total427,982 km2 (165,245 sq mi)Highest elevation1,500 m (4,900 ft)Lowest elevation500 m (1,600 ft)Population (2018) • Total1,378,863 • Density3.2/km2 (8.3/sq mi)GDP • TotalKZT 7,278.1 billionUS$ 15.763 billion (2022) • Per capitaKZT 6,412,900US$ 13,889 (2022)Time zoneUTC+06:00 (East) • Summer (DST)UTC+06:00 (unchanged)Postal codes100000Area codes+7 (721)ISO 3166 codeKZ-KARVehicle registration09, MDistricts9Cities11Townships39Villages557 Websitekaraganda-region.gov.kz/eng/
Karaganda Region (Kazakh: Қарағанды облысы, romanized: Qarağandy oblysy, Russian: Карагандинская область) is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. On 17 March 2022, Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced that a part of the region would become a separate region, called Ulytau Region. The bill came into force on 8 June 2022.
History
The region was the site of intense coal mining during the days of the Soviet Union and also the site of several Gulag forced labor camps. Following World War II, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, had many ethnic Germans deported to the area.
There have been constant border changes within the region's history. The first took place in 1954 when it was ceded parts of Kustanay Oblast and parts of Taldy-Kurgan Oblast. In 1973, Dzhezkazgan Oblast was split off from Karaganda Oblast making it a fraction of the size it once was. In 1986, Karaganda Oblast was given the southern part of Tselinograd Oblast as part of another set of border reforms taking place in the Kazakh S.S.R. When Kazakhstan gained independence in 1991, Karaganda Oblast retained its post-1988 boundaries. The last change the region saw was in 1998 when Jezkazgan (Dzhezkazgan) Oblast was liquidated and re-merged with Karaganda oblast, thus making it the largest region of Kazakhstan in terms of area once again.
Archaeological findings
In July 2019, remains of a young couple buried face to face dated 4,000 years back were unearthed in Karaganda Region in central Kazakhstan by a group of archaeologists led by Igor Kukushkin from Saryarka Archaeological Institute in Karaganda. It is assumed that the Bronze Age couple were 16 or 17 years old when they died. Kukushkin supposes that they were from a 'noble family' thanks to the buried gold and jewelry artifacts, ceramic pots, woman's two bracelets on each arm beads, remains of horses and knives found in the grave.
Geography
With an area of 428,000 km2, Karaganda Region is Kazakhstan's largest region. It is known for its natural environment and historical sights. Although it doesn't touch the borders of any country, it touches nearly every other region, due to its location in the center of the country. They are: Aktobe Region to the west; Kostanay Region to the northwest; Akmola Region to the north; Pavlodar Region to the northeast; East Kazakhstan Region to the east; Almaty Region to the southeast; Jambyl Region and Turkistan Region to the south; and Kyzylorda Region to the southwest.
The area is arid with flat plains between hills and seasonal streams. The Karkaraly and Kent ranges, featuring the Karkaraly National Park, covering 90,300 hectares, is located in the Kazakh Uplands, as well as Kyzylarai, with the highest point of the region, 1,565 metres (5,135 ft) high mount Aksoran.
The Ishim (Esil) River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, begins in Karaganda Region; the Nura River and Tokrau are the region's other major rivers. The Ishim and Nura are replenished with water from the Irtysh, supplied by the 451 km long Irtysh–Karaganda Canal.
Lake Balkhash is located on the Southeast side.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1979 1,713,208— 1989 1,745,448+0.19%1999 1,410,218−2.11%2009 1,341,700−0.50%2021 1,375,788+0.21%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: Citypopulation
As of 2020, the Karaganda Region has a population of 1,376,882.
Ethnic groups (2020):
Kazakh: 52.36%
Russian: 35.07%
Ukrainian: 2.84%
German: 2.28%
Tatar: 2.21%
Others: 5.24%
Administrative divisions
The region is administratively divided into districts, as well as the cities of Karaganda, Balkhash, Saran, Shakhtinsk, and Temirtau. The districts are:
Abay District, with the administrative center in the town of Abay;
Aktogay District, the selo of Aktogay;
Bukhar-Zhyrau District, the settlement of Botakara;
Karkaraly District, the town of Karkaraly;
Nura District, the settlement of Kiyevka;
Osakarov District, the settlement of Osakarovka;
Shet District, the selo of Aksu-Ayuly;
The following nine localities in Karaganda Region have town status: Karaganda, Balkhash, Priozersk, Saran, Shakhtinsk, and Temirtau.
For some decades during the USSR era, the southern part of what is today Karaganda Region was a separate region, known as Jezkazgan Region, with the administrative center in Jezkazgan.
Elections
Party
Votes
%
Nur Otan
548,864
83.20
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol
50,599
7.67
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan
50,071
7.59
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl
8,642
1.31
Nationwide Social Democratic Party
1,188
0.18
Birlik
330
0.05
Invalid/blank votes
–
Total
Registered voters/turnout
Source: CEC, CEC
Sister cities
Ulsan, South Korea (2010)
References
^ "О назначении Булекпаева Е.К." (in Russian). akorda.kz. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Official site - General Information". Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
^ Agency of statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Численность населения Республики Казахстан по областям с начала 2013 года до 1 февраля 2013 года (russisch; Excel-Datei; 55 kB).
^ DOSM. "Department of Statistics Kazakhstan". stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ All-Biz Ltd. Карагандинская область
^ a b "В Казахстане появится четыре новых региона". Interfax. 16 March 2022.
^ "Улытауская область официально появилась на карте Казахстана". 24.kz (in Russian). 8 June 2022.
^ "Bronze Age Couple Unearthed in Kazakhstan - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ History, Owen Jarus 2019-08-01T16:07:52Z (August 2019). "This Young Man and Woman Were Buried Face-to-Face 4,000 Years Ago in Kazakhstan". livescience.com. Retrieved 17 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Ciaccia, Chris (2 August 2019). "Mysterious 4,000-year-old grave reveals boy and girl buried face to face". Fox News. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ "Karaganda travel guide". Caravanistan. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
^ "Kazakhstan: Regions".
^ "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года". Stat.kz. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года". Stat.kz. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ a b Карта области (in Russian). Информационный портал Акимата Карагандинской области. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
External links
Regional administration website Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Karaganda Region Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Karaganda Region Customs
Articles related to the Karaganda Region
Places adjacent to Karaganda Region
Kostanay Region
Akmola Region
Pavlodar Region
Aktobe Region
Karaganda Region
East Kazakhstan Region
Kyzylorda RegionTurkistan Region
Jambyl Region
Almaty Region
vteKaraganda RegionCapital: KaragandaDistricts
Abay
Aktogay
Bukhar-Zhyrau
Karkaraly
Nura
Sarybel
Shet
Major cities
Abay
Balqash
Karaganda
Karkaraly
Priozersk
Saran
Shakhtinsk
Temirtau
vteRegions of KazakhstanRegions
Abai
Akmola
Aktobe
Almaty
Atyrau
East Kazakhstan
Jambyl
Jetisu
Karaganda
Kostanay
Kyzylorda
Mangystau
North Kazakhstan
Pavlodar
Turkistan
Ulytau
West Kazakhstan
Special status cities
Almaty
Astana
Baikonur
Shymkent
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"region of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Karaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaganda"},{"link_name":"Kazakh President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_President"},{"link_name":"Kassym-Jomart Tokayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev"},{"link_name":"Ulytau Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulytau_Region"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newreg-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newreg-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Region of KazakhstanRegion in KazakhstanKaraganda Region (Kazakh: Қарағанды облысы, romanized: Qarağandy oblysy, Russian: Карагандинская область) is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. 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Following World War II, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, had many ethnic Germans deported to the area.There have been constant border changes within the region's history. The first took place in 1954 when it was ceded parts of Kustanay Oblast and parts of Taldy-Kurgan Oblast. In 1973, Dzhezkazgan Oblast was split off from Karaganda Oblast making it a fraction of the size it once was. In 1986, Karaganda Oblast was given the southern part of Tselinograd Oblast as part of another set of border reforms taking place in the Kazakh S.S.R. When Kazakhstan gained independence in 1991, Karaganda Oblast retained its post-1988 boundaries. The last change the region saw was in 1998 when Jezkazgan (Dzhezkazgan) Oblast was liquidated and re-merged with Karaganda oblast, thus making it the largest region of Kazakhstan in terms of area once again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Archaeological findings","text":"In July 2019, remains of a young couple buried face to face dated 4,000 years back were unearthed in Karaganda Region in central Kazakhstan by a group of archaeologists led by Igor Kukushkin from Saryarka Archaeological Institute in Karaganda. It is assumed that the Bronze Age couple were 16 or 17 years old when they died. Kukushkin supposes that they were from a 'noble family' thanks to the buried gold and jewelry artifacts, ceramic pots, woman's two bracelets on each arm beads, remains of horses and knives found in the grave.[8][9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aktobe Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktobe_Region"},{"link_name":"Kostanay Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostanay_Region"},{"link_name":"Akmola Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmola_Region"},{"link_name":"Pavlodar Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlodar_Region"},{"link_name":"East Kazakhstan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region"},{"link_name":"Almaty Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaty_Region"},{"link_name":"Jambyl Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambyl_Region"},{"link_name":"Turkistan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Region"},{"link_name":"Kyzylorda Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region"},{"link_name":"Karkaraly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkaraly_Range"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkaraly_Range"},{"link_name":"Karkaraly National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkaraly_National_Park"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares"},{"link_name":"Kazakh Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Kyzylarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylarai"},{"link_name":"Aksoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksoran"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ishim (Esil) River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishim_River"},{"link_name":"Irtysh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh"},{"link_name":"Nura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura_River"},{"link_name":"Tokrau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokrau"},{"link_name":"Irtysh–Karaganda Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh%E2%80%93Karaganda_Canal"},{"link_name":"Lake Balkhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Balkhash"}],"text":"With an area of 428,000 km2, Karaganda Region is Kazakhstan's largest region. It is known for its natural environment and historical sights. Although it doesn't touch the borders of any country, it touches nearly every other region, due to its location in the center of the country. They are: Aktobe Region to the west; Kostanay Region to the northwest; Akmola Region to the north; Pavlodar Region to the northeast; East Kazakhstan Region to the east; Almaty Region to the southeast; Jambyl Region and Turkistan Region to the south; and Kyzylorda Region to the southwest.The area is arid with flat plains between hills and seasonal streams. The Karkaraly and Kent ranges, featuring the Karkaraly National Park, covering 90,300 hectares, is located in the Kazakh Uplands, as well as Kyzylarai, with the highest point of the region, 1,565 metres (5,135 ft) high mount Aksoran. [11]The Ishim (Esil) River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, begins in Karaganda Region; the Nura River and Tokrau are the region's other major rivers. The Ishim and Nura are replenished with water from the Irtysh, supplied by the 451 km long Irtysh–Karaganda Canal.\nLake Balkhash is located on the Southeast side.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan"}],"text":"As of 2020, the Karaganda Region has a population of 1,376,882.[13]Ethnic groups (2020):[14]Kazakh: 52.36%\nRussian: 35.07%\nUkrainian: 2.84%\nGerman: 2.28%\nTatar: 2.21%\nOthers: 5.24%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_oblast_significance_(Kazakhstan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaganda"},{"link_name":"Balkhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkhash_(city)"},{"link_name":"Saran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saran,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Shakhtinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhtinsk"},{"link_name":"Temirtau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temirtau"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-akimat-reg-15"},{"link_name":"Abay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abay_District,_Karaganda_Region"},{"link_name":"Abay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abay_(town)"},{"link_name":"Aktogay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktogay_District,_Karaganda_Region"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Aktogay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktogay,_Karaganda_Region"},{"link_name":"Bukhar-Zhyrau District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhar-Zhyrau_District"},{"link_name":"Botakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botakara"},{"link_name":"Karkaraly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkaraly_District"},{"link_name":"Karkaraly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkaraly"},{"link_name":"Nura District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura_District"},{"link_name":"Kiyevka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyevka"},{"link_name":"Osakarov District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakarov_District"},{"link_name":"Osakarovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakarovka"},{"link_name":"Shet District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shet_District"},{"link_name":"Aksu-Ayuly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksu-Ayuly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-akimat-reg-15"},{"link_name":"Karaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaganda"},{"link_name":"Balkhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkhash_(city)"},{"link_name":"Priozersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priozersk,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Saran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saran,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Shakhtinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhtinsk"},{"link_name":"Temirtau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temirtau"},{"link_name":"Jezkazgan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jezkazgan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The region is administratively divided into districts, as well as the cities of Karaganda, Balkhash, Saran, Shakhtinsk, and Temirtau. The districts are:[15]Abay District, with the administrative center in the town of Abay;\nAktogay District, the selo of Aktogay;\nBukhar-Zhyrau District, the settlement of Botakara;\nKarkaraly District, the town of Karkaraly;\nNura District, the settlement of Kiyevka;\nOsakarov District, the settlement of Osakarovka;\nShet District, the selo of Aksu-Ayuly;The following nine localities in Karaganda Region have town status:[15] Karaganda, Balkhash, Priozersk, Saran, Shakhtinsk, and Temirtau.For some decades during the USSR era, the southern part of what is today Karaganda Region was a separate region, known as Jezkazgan Region, with the administrative center in Jezkazgan.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ulsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ulsan, South Korea (2010)[citation needed]","title":"Sister cities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"О назначении Булекпаева Е.К.\" (in Russian). akorda.kz. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.akorda.kz/ru/o-naznachenii-bulekpaeva-ek-811820","url_text":"\"О назначении Булекпаева Е.К.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official site - General Information\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706221243/https://karaganda-region.gov.kz/eng/","url_text":"\"Official site - General Information\""},{"url":"https://karaganda-region.gov.kz/eng/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DOSM. \"Department of Statistics Kazakhstan\". stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/national-accounts/publications/81256/","url_text":"\"Department of Statistics Kazakhstan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240102130402/https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/national-accounts/publications/81256/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"В Казахстане появится четыре новых региона\". Interfax. 16 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interfax.ru/world/828462","url_text":"\"В Казахстане появится четыре новых региона\""}]},{"reference":"\"Улытауская область официально появилась на карте Казахстана\". 24.kz (in Russian). 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://24.kz/ru/news/economyc/item/548493-ulytauskaya-oblast-ofitsialno-poyavilas-na-karte-kazakhstana","url_text":"\"Улытауская область официально появилась на карте Казахстана\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bronze Age Couple Unearthed in Kazakhstan - Archaeology Magazine\". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archaeology.org/news/7870-190801-kazakhstan-bronze-age-couple","url_text":"\"Bronze Age Couple Unearthed in Kazakhstan - Archaeology Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"History, Owen Jarus 2019-08-01T16:07:52Z (August 2019). \"This Young Man and Woman Were Buried Face-to-Face 4,000 Years Ago in Kazakhstan\". livescience.com. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/66077-ancient-couple-burial-kazakhstan.html","url_text":"\"This Young Man and Woman Were Buried Face-to-Face 4,000 Years Ago in Kazakhstan\""}]},{"reference":"Ciaccia, Chris (2 August 2019). \"Mysterious 4,000-year-old grave reveals boy and girl buried face to face\". Fox News. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/science/mysterious-4000-year-old-grave-reveals-boy-and-girl-buried-face-to-face","url_text":"\"Mysterious 4,000-year-old grave reveals boy and girl buried face to face\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karaganda travel guide\". Caravanistan. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://caravanistan.com/kazakhstan/center/karaganda/","url_text":"\"Karaganda travel guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kazakhstan: Regions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/kazakhstan/cities/","url_text":"\"Kazakhstan: Regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года\". Stat.kz. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200527204929/https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258","url_text":"\"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года\""},{"url":"https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года\". Stat.kz. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200527204929/https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258","url_text":"\"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года\""},{"url":"https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Карта области (in Russian). Информационный портал Акимата Карагандинской области. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Salvidienus_Rufus | Quintus Salvius Salvidienus Rufus | ["1 In popular culture","2 References","3 Further reading"] | 1st Century BC Roman politician and general
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Quintus Salvius Salvidienus Rufus (c. 65 BC – 40 BC) was a Roman general and one of the principal generals and advisors of Octavian during the early years of his political activity.
Despite his humble origin, he was one of Octavian's best friends, along with Marcus Agrippa. Salvidienus and Agrippa were with Octavian at Apollonia in March 44 BC when Julius Caesar was assassinated in Rome. Salvidienus became one of the most trusted of Octavian's generals during the civil wars following Caesar's death. In 42 BC, he commanded the fleet of Octavian against Sextus Pompeius, who had taken control of Sicily and was harassing the coasts of Italy. However, Salvidienus was defeated in a naval battle fought off Rhegium, largely because of the inexperience of his crews.
On Octavian's return from Greece after the Battle of Philippi, Salvidienus was sent to Spain with six legions, but he hastily retreated to Italy to oppose Lucius Antonius and Fulvia (Antony's wife), who had taken up arms against Octavian, starting the so-called Perusine War. Salvidienus captured and destroyed the city of Sentinum and then, with Agrippa, surrounded Lucius Antonius's forces in Perusia. The other Antonian generals, who had no clear orders from Mark Antony, remained out of the struggle, and Lucius Antonius was forced to surrender after a few months' siege (winter of 40 BC). After the end of the Perusian War, Octavian sent Salvidienus to Gaul as a governor, with a large army of eleven legions. He was also designated as consul for 39 BC, although he had not reached senatorial rank.
Despite all these honours, when Antony came from the East with large forces to confront Octavian, Salvidienus offered to desert to Antony with his legions. Apparently this proposal came after Antony had already made an agreement with Octavian (the Pact of Brundisium). Antony revealed to Octavian the treachery of Salvidienus, who was accused of high treason in the Senate and condemned to death in the fall of 40 BC. He was either executed or committed suicide, as reported by Appian, Livy, and Dio.
In popular culture
Salvidienus is a point of view character in John Williams' epistolary novel Augustus.
References
Citations
^ Pelling 2012.
Sources
Pelling, Christopher (2012). "Salvidienus Rufus, Quintus Salvius". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5684. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.
Further reading
Appian, Civil Wars IV. 85, V. 20, 24, 27, 35, 66.
Dio Cassius XLVIII. 13, 18, 33
Livy Per 123, 127.
Velleius Paterculus II. 59–76.
Suetonius, Divus Augustus 66.
Ronald Syme. The Roman Revolution. Oxford, 1939. ISBN 0-19-881001-6
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
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Salvidienus and Agrippa were with Octavian at Apollonia in March 44 BC when Julius Caesar was assassinated in Rome. Salvidienus became one of the most trusted of Octavian's generals during the civil wars following Caesar's death. In 42 BC, he commanded the fleet of Octavian against Sextus Pompeius, who had taken control of Sicily and was harassing the coasts of Italy. However, Salvidienus was defeated in a naval battle fought off Rhegium, largely because of the inexperience of his crews.On Octavian's return from Greece after the Battle of Philippi, Salvidienus was sent to Spain with six legions, but he hastily retreated to Italy to oppose Lucius Antonius and Fulvia (Antony's wife), who had taken up arms against Octavian, starting the so-called Perusine War. Salvidienus captured and destroyed the city of Sentinum and then, with Agrippa, surrounded Lucius Antonius's forces in Perusia. The other Antonian generals, who had no clear orders from Mark Antony, remained out of the struggle, and Lucius Antonius was forced to surrender after a few months' siege (winter of 40 BC). After the end of the Perusian War, Octavian sent Salvidienus to Gaul as a governor, with a large army of eleven legions. He was also designated as consul for 39 BC, although he had not reached senatorial rank.Despite all these honours, when Antony came from the East with large forces to confront Octavian, Salvidienus offered to desert to Antony with his legions. Apparently this proposal came after Antony had already made an agreement with Octavian (the Pact of Brundisium). Antony revealed to Octavian the treachery of Salvidienus, who was accused of high treason in the Senate and condemned to death in the fall of 40 BC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony | Equestrian Portrait of Maria Amalia of Saxony | ["1 References"] | Painting by Francesco Liani in the National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Equestrian Portrait of Maria Amalia of Saxony" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Equestrian Portrait of Amalia of Saxony is a mid-18th century portrait of Maria Amalia of Saxony, produced by Francesco Liani towards the end of her and her husband's rule in Naples before he became Charles III of Spain. It shows its subject in male hunting dress and is modelled on Louis Silvestre II's portrait of Maria's father Augustus III of Poland. Liani also produced a pair of her husband - both works are now in Room 34 of the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.
References
^ Utili, Mariella; Spinosa, Nicola (2002). Museo di Capodimonte (in Italian). Touring Editore. p. 172. ISBN 9788836525775.
^ "Ritratto equestre di Maria Amalia di Sassonia — Museo di Capodimonte". 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
This article about an eighteenth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francesco_Liani_-_Ritratto_equestre_di_Maria_Amalia_di_Sassonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Amalia of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Francesco Liani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Liani"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Louis Silvestre II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Silvestre_II"},{"link_name":"Augustus III of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a pair of her husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_Charles_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Capodimonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Capodimonte"}],"text":"Equestrian Portrait of Amalia of Saxony is a mid-18th century portrait of Maria Amalia of Saxony, produced by Francesco Liani towards the end of her and her husband's rule in Naples before he became Charles III of Spain.[1] It shows its subject in male hunting dress and is modelled on Louis Silvestre II's portrait of Maria's father Augustus III of Poland.[2] Liani also produced a pair of her husband - both works are now in Room 34 of the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.","title":"Equestrian Portrait of Maria Amalia of Saxony"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Francesco_Liani_-_Ritratto_equestre_di_Maria_Amalia_di_Sassonia.jpg/300px-Francesco_Liani_-_Ritratto_equestre_di_Maria_Amalia_di_Sassonia.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Utili, Mariella; Spinosa, Nicola (2002). Museo di Capodimonte (in Italian). Touring Editore. p. 172. ISBN 9788836525775.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_UxO8xDIuuwC","url_text":"Museo di Capodimonte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788836525775","url_text":"9788836525775"}]},{"reference":"\"Ritratto equestre di Maria Amalia di Sassonia — Museo di Capodimonte\". 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192408/http://cir.campania.beniculturali.it/museodicapodimonte/itinerari-tematici/galleria-di-immagini/OA900453","url_text":"\"Ritratto equestre di Maria Amalia di Sassonia — Museo di Capodimonte\""},{"url":"http://cir.campania.beniculturali.it/museodicapodimonte/itinerari-tematici/galleria-di-immagini/OA900453","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Equestrian+Portrait+of+Maria+Amalia+of+Saxony%22","external_links_name":"\"Equestrian Portrait of Maria Amalia of Saxony\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Equestrian+Portrait+of+Maria+Amalia+of+Saxony%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Equestrian+Portrait+of+Maria+Amalia+of+Saxony%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Equestrian+Portrait+of+Maria+Amalia+of+Saxony%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Equestrian+Portrait+of+Maria+Amalia+of+Saxony%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Equestrian+Portrait+of+Maria+Amalia+of+Saxony%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_UxO8xDIuuwC","external_links_name":"Museo di Capodimonte"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192408/http://cir.campania.beniculturali.it/museodicapodimonte/itinerari-tematici/galleria-di-immagini/OA900453","external_links_name":"\"Ritratto equestre di Maria Amalia di Sassonia — Museo di Capodimonte\""},{"Link":"http://cir.campania.beniculturali.it/museodicapodimonte/itinerari-tematici/galleria-di-immagini/OA900453","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrian_Portrait_of_Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasko | Kasko | ["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Soundtrack","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"] | 2009 film
For the town in Sweden, see Kaskinen.
KaskoPosterDirected byG. Nageswara ReddyScreenplay bySreedhar SeepanaProduced byA. Kodandarami ReddyA. BharathiA. Sunil Reddy (presenter)StarringVaibhavShweta Basu PrasadCinematographyAgilanEdited byPraveen K. L.N. B. SrikanthMusic byPremgi AmarenProductioncompanyK FilmsRelease date
24 December 2009 (2009-12-24)
CountryIndiaLanguageTelugu
Kasko is a 2009 Telugu romantic drama film directed by G. Nageswara Reddy. The film stars Vaibhav and Shweta Basu Prasad in the lead roles. The film was a box office failure.
Cast
Vaibhav as Vamsi / Pawan Kalyan
Shweta Basu Prasad as RJ Krishnaveni
Pradeep Rawat as Basavanna
Brahmanandam as Mahesh Babu
Salim Panda as Alauddin
Gowri Pandit as Deepika
Jayaprakash Reddy as J.P. (a goon)
Chalapathi Rao as Vamsi's father
Satyam Rajesh as Salim, Vamsi's friend
Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Vamsi's friend
Srinivasa Reddy as Vamsi's friend
M. S. Narayana
Raghu Babu
Tarjan
Azad
Production
A. Kodandarami Reddy, who produced Vaibhav Reddy's previous Telugu venture Godava, is also producing this film. Shweta Basu Prasad was signed as the heroine while Brahmanandam was signed as a comedian. Tamil music director Premji Amaren, who was Vaibhav Reddy's childhood friend and acted with him in Saroja, signed this film, which marks his debut in Telugu cinema. In January 2009, the production team shot the film in BHEL, Hyderabad. Kodandarami Reddy hired a helicopter to shoot the heroine kidnapping scene.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Premgi Amaren. The audio launch was held on 18 November 2009. The guests of the function included Paruchuri Gopala Krishna, V. V. Vinayak, B. Gopal, and N. Shankar.
Song Title
Singers
Length (m:s)
"Nachchavey"
Saindhavi, S. P. B. Charan
4:40
"Whistle Kottu"
Devi Sri Prasad, Surmukhi
4:30
"Dheera Gambeera"
Ranjith, SuVi
5:21
"Telusa Telusa"
Suchitra, Premgi Amaren
4:50
"Krishna Veni"
Sujatha, Naveen Madhav
5:08
Release
The film was scheduled to release on 4 December, but the release was postponed.
The Full Hyderabad gave the film a negative review saying that "All said and done, Kasko won't test your patience – they'll heave it out of the theatres pretty soon". 123 Telugu called the film a "head ache which is cliched, predictable and probably pointless drama too".
References
^ Krishnamoorthy, Suresh (11 January 2010). "'T' spectre looms large even as big movies release". The Hindu.
^ "Vaibhav Shweta Basu Prasad film press meet – Telugu cinema". Idlebrain.com.
^ a b "Kasko music launch – Telugu cinema – Vaibhav & Shweta Basu Prasad". Idlebrain.com.
^ "Kasko review: Kasko (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com". Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Kasko Review -Vaibhav,Swetha Basu Prasad, Gowri Pandit, Kasko Telugu Movie Review ,Telugu movie review, Telugu cinema - 123telugu.com - Andhra Pradesh News and Views". 123telugu.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
External links
Kasko at IMDb
vteG. Nageswara Reddy
6 Teens (2001)
Girl Friend (2002)
Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli (2003)
Nenu Seetamahalakshmi (2003)
Good Boy (2005)
Seema Sastry (2007)
Kasko (2009)
Seema Tapakai (2011)
Dhenikaina Ready (2012)
Current Theega (2014)
Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam (2016)
Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam (2016)
Aatadukundam Raa (2016)
Achari America Yatra (2018)
Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL (2019)
Gully Rowdy (2021)
vteA. Kodandarami Reddy filmography1980s
Sandhya (1980)
Kirayi Rowdylu (1981)
Nyayam Kavali (1981)
Kodeeswaran Magal (1981) (Tamil)
Gopala Krishnudu (1982)
Pralaya Rudrudu (1982)
Khaidi (1983)
Prema Pichollu (1983)
Kirayi Kotigadu (1983)
Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju (1983)
Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu (1983)
Sri Ranga Neethulu (1983)
Abhilasha (1983)
Anubandham (1984)
Challenge (1984)
Goonda (1984)
Bava Maradallu (1984)
Rustum (1984)
Dampatyam (1985)
Donga (1985)
Kirathakudu (1985)
Rakta Sindhuram (1985)
Vijetha (1985)
Anasuyamma Gari Alludu (1986)
Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1986)
Veta (1986)
Rakshasudu (1986)
Shravana Sandhya (1986)
Bhanumati Gari Mogudu (1986)
Bhargava Ramudu (1987)
Donga Mogudu (1987)
Jebu Donga (1987)
Pasivadi Pranam (1987)
Kirai Dada (1987)
Maarana Homam (1987)
Bazaar Rowdy (1988)
Marana Mrudangam (1988)
Raktabhishekam (1988)
Trinetrudu (1988)
Tiragabadda Telugubidda (1988)
Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu (1988)
Bhale Donga (1989)
Vicky Daada (1989)
1990s
Kondaveeti Donga (1990)
Rowdyism Nashinchali (1990)
Jamai Raja (1990)
Iddaru Iddare (1990)
Nari Nari Naduma Murari (1990)
Surya IPS (1991)
Chittemma Mogudu (1992)
Dharma Kshetram (1992)
President Gari Pellam (1992)
Moratodu Naa Mogudu (1992)
Nippu Ravva (1993)
Mutamestri (1993)
Allari Alludu (1993)
Bobbili Simham (1994)
Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam (1994)
Pokiri Raja (1995)
Maato Pettukoku (1995)
Jabilamma Pelli (1996)
Ramudochadu (1996)
Priyaragalu (1997)
Muddula Mogudu (1997)
2000s
Premakke Sai (2002) (Kannada)
Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu (2002)
Okato Number Kurraadu (2002)
Godava (2007)
Punnami Naagu (2009)
As producer
Godava (2007)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJR-9 | Jaguar XJR-9 | ["1 Development","2 History","3 Specifications","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"] | Motor vehicle
Jaguar XJR-9The 1988 24 hours of Le Mans winning XJR-9 on display at the British Motor MuseumOverviewManufacturerJaguar CarsTom Walkinshaw RacingProduction1988–1989AssemblyUnited Kingdom: Kidlington, OxfordshireDesignerTony Southgate for TWRBody and chassisClassRacing carBody style2-door CoupéLayoutRear mid-engine, rear-wheel-driveRelatedJaguar XJR-15Jaguar XJR-12PowertrainEngine6.0 L 60 degree Jaguar V12 (IMSA) 7.0 L 60 degree Jaguar V12 (WSPC)Transmission5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2,780 mm (109.4 in)Length4,780 mm (188.2 in)Width2,000 mm (78.7 in)Height1,100 mm (43.3 in)Kerb weight880 kg (1,940 lb)ChronologyPredecessorJaguar XJR-8SuccessorJaguar XJR-10Jaguar XJR-11
The Jaguar XJR-9 is a sports-prototype race car built by Jaguar for both FIA Group C and IMSA Camel GTP racing, debuting at the 1988 24 Hours of Daytona.
Development
An evolution of the design for the XJR-8, the XJR-9 was designed by Tony Southgate, built by Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) and featured a Jaguar 7.0-litre V12 engine based on the production 5.3-litre engine as used in the Jaguar XJS road car. A variant of the XJR-9, the XJR-9LM, would be developed specifically for the 24 Hours of Le Mans where the requirement for high straight line speeds on the Mulsanne Straight necessitated a low-drag aerodynamic package.
History
Rear three-quarter view of the 1988 Le Mans-winning XJR-9.
Jaguar XJR8-9 (1987)
Jaguar XJR8-9 driven by Justin Law at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009
Problems playing this file? See media help.
In the United States, the Castrol sponsored XJR-9s debuted at the 24 Hours of Daytona, with the car taking the overall win. However, throughout the rest of the IMSA Camel GTP season the XJR-9 was unable to gain another win until the final race of the season, meaning the team had to settle for third in the constructor's championship. In the 1988 World Sports Prototype Championship, the XJR-9, running Silk Cut sponsorship, met with more success. The XJR-9 was able to take six victories, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans, over the eleven race series. Silk Cut Jaguar won the Teams Championship and Jaguar driver Martin Brundle won the Drivers title. Jaguar's success at Le Mans marked the first time since 1980 that Porsche had not won Le Mans, and the first Le Mans victory for Jaguar since 1957.
For 1989, the XJR-9 was again entered in both IMSA Camel GTP and the World Sports Prototype Championship. However, the XJR-9 was by now dated, and in IMSA was being repeatedly beaten by Nissan, leaving the XJR-9 with only a single win on the season. This led to Jaguar introducing the XJR-10 midway through the season, which met with slightly better success having two wins on the season and usually placing higher than the XJR-9 it ran with. At the end of the season, Jaguar finished 2nd in the championship.
A similar story occurred in the 1989 World Sports Prototype Championship, with Jaguar not winning a single race during the series. Midway through the championship, the XJR-11 was developed to replace the XJR-9, although both finished out the season. This disappointment led to Jaguar finishing fourth in the Teams Championship.
Within months of Jaguar's 1988 Le Mans victory, TWR would use the XJR-9 chassis for the development of the R9R prototype which by 1990 had evolved into the XJR-15 sports car and spec-racer.
In 2010, the car won the Le Mans Legend race.
Specifications
Engine
Type: 60 degree SOHC 24 valve V12
Position: Mid, Longitudinally mounted
Displacement: 6,995 cc (427 cu in) (World Sports Prototype Championship)
5,996 cc (366 cu in) (IMSA GTP)
Bore: 94 mm (3.7 in)
Stroke: 84 mm (3.3 in)
Compression: 12:1
Injection: Zytek fuel injection
Aspiration: Naturally aspirated
Power: 750 hp (760 PS; 559 kW) at 7,200 rpm
Torque: 828 N⋅m (611 lb⋅ft) at 5,500 rpm
Drivetrain
Body: Carbon Composite body
Chassis: Carbon fibre and Kevlar monocoque
Front Suspension: Double wishbones, push-rod activated coil springs over dampers
Rear Suspension: Magnesium uprights, titanium coil springs over dampers
Steering: Rack and pinion power steering
Brakes: TWR ventilated discs
Transmission: March/TWR 5-speed manual transmission
Layout: Rear-wheel drive
Performance figures
Power to weight ratio: 0.85bhp/kg
Top speed: 245 mph (394 km/h)
Gallery
Front-quarter view of the IMSA GTP Jaguar XJR-9
Three-quarter view of the IMSA GTP Jaguar XJR-9
See also
Jaguar XJR Sportscars
Bibliography
Bamsey, Ian (1989). Jaguar XJR Group C and GTP Cars. G T Foulis. ISBN 0854297529.
Thurston, Leslie F. (2003). TWR Jaguar Prototype Racers. Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust. ISBN 978-0954103910.
Cotton, Michael (2017). Jaguar XJR-9 Owners Workshop Manual. J.H. Haynes. ISBN 978-1785211133.
References
^ a b Melissen, Wouter (7 November 2014). "1988 Jaguar XJR-9 LM - Images, Specifications and Information". Ultimatecarpage.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ "Jaguar XJR-9LM". Supercars.net. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ Culmer, Kris (15 June 2017). "Throwback Thursday: Driving the 1988 Le Mans-winning Jaguar XJR-9". The Autocar. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jaguar XJR-9.
Jaguar XJR-9 page at the Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust site
Jaguar Enthusiasts: Jaguar XJR-9LM
Jaguar XJR-9 Gallery
vte« previous — Jaguar road and race car timeline, 1980–2019 — next »
Type
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
0
1
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8
9
0
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Ownership
BL
Independent
Ford (PAG)
Tata Motors
Grand tourer
XJ-S
XJ-S HE
XJS
XK8 / XKR (X100)
XK / XKR (X150)
F-Type (X152)
Compact executive car
X-Type (X400)
XE (X760)
Executive car
S-Type (X200-X202-X204-X206)
XF / XFR (X250)
XF (X260)
Full-size luxury car
XJ6 Series III
XJ6 (XJ40)
XJ6 (X300)
XJ8 (X308)
XJ8 (X350)
XJ8 (X358)
XJ / XJR (X351)
XJ12 Series III
XJ12 (XJ81)
XJ12 (X305)
Subcompact SUV
E-Pace (X540)
Compact SUV
I-Pace
Crossover SUV
F-Pace (X761)
Sports car
XJR-15
XJ220
Racing car
XJRs: 8/9/11/12/14/15/17
C
R1/2/3/4/5
XKR GT3/GT2
I-Type 1-5
Concept Car
Advanced Lightweight Coupe Concept
B99
C-X16
C-X17
C-X75
C-XF
F-Type concept
Kensington
Pirana
R-Coupe
R-D6
XJ220 concept
XJ41
XJ42
XK 180
XKR-R
vteIMSA Grand Touring Prototypes (1981–1993)
Alba AR3
Alba AR8
Argo JM16
Argo JM19
BMW GTP
Chevrolet Corvette GTP
Chevron GTP
Eagle HF89
Eagle HF90
Eagle MkIII
Ford Mustang GTP
Ford Mustang Maxum GTP
Ford Probe GTP
Intrepid RM-1
Jaguar XJR-5
Jaguar XJR-6
Jaguar XJR-7
Jaguar XJR-9
Jaguar XJR-10
Jaguar XJR-12
Jaguar XJR-16
Kudzu DG-1
Kudzu DG-2
Kudzu DG-3
Lola T600
Lola T610
Lola T616
March 82G
March 83G
March 84G
March 85G
March 86G
March 87G
Mazda 757
Mazda 767
Mazda GTP
Mazda RX-792P
Nimrod NRA/C2
Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo
Nissan NPT-90
Porsche 935
Gaaco 935L
Fabcar 935 JLP4
Fabcar 935/84
Porsche 962
Spice SE86C
Spice SE88P
Spice SE89P
Spice SE90P
Spice SE91P
Spice SE92P
Tiga GT286
Toyota 88C | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports-prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports-prototype"},{"link_name":"race car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_car"},{"link_name":"Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_(car)"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"Group C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_C"},{"link_name":"IMSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Sports_Association"},{"link_name":"Camel GTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Daytona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Daytona"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Jaguar XJR-9 is a sports-prototype race car built by Jaguar for both FIA Group C and IMSA Camel GTP racing, debuting at the 1988 24 Hours of Daytona.","title":"Jaguar XJR-9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XJR-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJR-8"},{"link_name":"Tony Southgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Southgate"},{"link_name":"Tom Walkinshaw Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Walkinshaw_Racing"},{"link_name":"V12 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XJS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Mulsanne Straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulsanne_Straight"}],"text":"An evolution of the design for the XJR-8, the XJR-9 was designed by Tony Southgate, built by Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) and featured a Jaguar 7.0-litre V12 engine based on the production 5.3-litre engine as used in the Jaguar XJS road car.[3] A variant of the XJR-9, the XJR-9LM, would be developed specifically for the 24 Hours of Le Mans where the requirement for high straight line speeds on the Mulsanne Straight necessitated a low-drag aerodynamic package.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20070729_Silverstone070_edited.JPG"},{"link_name":"1988 Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XJR8-9 (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaguar_XJR8-9_(1987).ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Castrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrol"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Daytona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Daytona"},{"link_name":"1988 World Sports Prototype Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_World_Sports_Prototype_Championship"},{"link_name":"Silk Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Cut"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Martin Brundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brundle"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"IMSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Sports_Association"},{"link_name":"World Sports Prototype Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_World_Sports_Prototype_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"XJR-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJR-10"},{"link_name":"1989 World Sports Prototype Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_World_Sports_Prototype_Championship"},{"link_name":"XJR-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJR-11"},{"link_name":"XJR-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJR-15"},{"link_name":"spec-racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec_series"},{"link_name":"Le Mans Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Legend"}],"text":"Rear three-quarter view of the 1988 Le Mans-winning XJR-9.Jaguar XJR8-9 (1987)\n\nJaguar XJR8-9 driven by Justin Law at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009\nProblems playing this file? See media help.In the United States, the Castrol sponsored XJR-9s debuted at the 24 Hours of Daytona, with the car taking the overall win. However, throughout the rest of the IMSA Camel GTP season the XJR-9 was unable to gain another win until the final race of the season, meaning the team had to settle for third in the constructor's championship. In the 1988 World Sports Prototype Championship, the XJR-9, running Silk Cut sponsorship, met with more success. The XJR-9 was able to take six victories, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans, over the eleven race series. Silk Cut Jaguar won the Teams Championship and Jaguar driver Martin Brundle won the Drivers title. Jaguar's success at Le Mans marked the first time since 1980 that Porsche had not won Le Mans, and the first Le Mans victory for Jaguar since 1957.For 1989, the XJR-9 was again entered in both IMSA Camel GTP and the World Sports Prototype Championship. However, the XJR-9 was by now dated, and in IMSA was being repeatedly beaten by Nissan, leaving the XJR-9 with only a single win on the season. This led to Jaguar introducing the XJR-10 midway through the season, which met with slightly better success having two wins on the season and usually placing higher than the XJR-9 it ran with. At the end of the season, Jaguar finished 2nd in the championship.A similar story occurred in the 1989 World Sports Prototype Championship, with Jaguar not winning a single race during the series. Midway through the championship, the XJR-11 was developed to replace the XJR-9, although both finished out the season. This disappointment led to Jaguar finishing fourth in the Teams Championship.Within months of Jaguar's 1988 Le Mans victory, TWR would use the XJR-9 chassis for the development of the R9R prototype which by 1990 had evolved into the XJR-15 sports car and spec-racer.In 2010, the car won the Le Mans Legend race.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"Carbon fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibre"},{"link_name":"Kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"},{"link_name":"Magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"}],"text":"EngineType: 60 degree SOHC 24 valve V12\nPosition: Mid, Longitudinally mounted\nDisplacement: 6,995 cc (427 cu in) (World Sports Prototype Championship)\n5,996 cc (366 cu in) (IMSA GTP)\nBore: 94 mm (3.7 in)\nStroke: 84 mm (3.3 in)\nCompression: 12:1\nInjection: Zytek fuel injection\nAspiration: Naturally aspirated\nPower: 750 hp (760 PS; 559 kW) at 7,200 rpm\nTorque: 828 N⋅m (611 lb⋅ft) at 5,500 rpmDrivetrainBody: Carbon Composite body\nChassis: Carbon fibre and Kevlar monocoque\nFront Suspension: Double wishbones, push-rod activated coil springs over dampers\nRear Suspension: Magnesium uprights, titanium coil springs over dampers\nSteering: Rack and pinion power steering\nBrakes: TWR ventilated discs\nTransmission: March/TWR 5-speed manual transmission\nLayout: Rear-wheel drivePerformance figuresPower to weight ratio: 0.85bhp/kg\nTop speed: 245 mph (394 km/h)","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JaguarXJR9-61-LFpaddock-89mia.jpg"},{"link_name":"IMSA GTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_GTP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JaguarXJR9-61-LRpaddock-89mia.jpg"},{"link_name":"IMSA GTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_GTP"}],"text":"Front-quarter view of the IMSA GTP Jaguar XJR-9\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThree-quarter view of the IMSA GTP Jaguar XJR-9","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0854297529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854297529"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0954103910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954103910"},{"link_name":"J.H. Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.H._Haynes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1785211133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785211133"}],"text":"Bamsey, Ian (1989). Jaguar XJR Group C and GTP Cars. G T Foulis. ISBN 0854297529.\nThurston, Leslie F. (2003). TWR Jaguar Prototype Racers. Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust. ISBN 978-0954103910.\nCotton, Michael (2017). Jaguar XJR-9 Owners Workshop Manual. J.H. Haynes. ISBN 978-1785211133.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Rear three-quarter view of the 1988 Le Mans-winning XJR-9.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/20070729_Silverstone070_edited.JPG/250px-20070729_Silverstone070_edited.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Jaguar XJR Sportscars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJR_Sportscars"}] | [{"reference":"Bamsey, Ian (1989). Jaguar XJR Group C and GTP Cars. G T Foulis. ISBN 0854297529.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854297529","url_text":"0854297529"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Leslie F. (2003). TWR Jaguar Prototype Racers. Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust. ISBN 978-0954103910.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954103910","url_text":"978-0954103910"}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Michael (2017). Jaguar XJR-9 Owners Workshop Manual. J.H. Haynes. ISBN 978-1785211133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.H._Haynes","url_text":"J.H. Haynes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785211133","url_text":"978-1785211133"}]},{"reference":"Melissen, Wouter (7 November 2014). \"1988 Jaguar XJR-9 LM - Images, Specifications and Information\". Ultimatecarpage.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/764/Jaguar-XJR-9-LM.html","url_text":"\"1988 Jaguar XJR-9 LM - Images, Specifications and Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403014954/http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/764/Jaguar-XJR-9-LM.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaguar XJR-9LM\". Supercars.net. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supercars.net/blog/jaguar-xjr-9lm/","url_text":"\"Jaguar XJR-9LM\""}]},{"reference":"Culmer, Kris (15 June 2017). \"Throwback Thursday: Driving the 1988 Le Mans-winning Jaguar XJR-9\". The Autocar. Retrieved 25 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/anything-goes-throwback-thursday/throwback-thursday-driving-1988-le-mans-winning-jaguar-xjr","url_text":"\"Throwback Thursday: Driving the 1988 Le Mans-winning Jaguar XJR-9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autocar","url_text":"The Autocar"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/764/Jaguar-XJR-9-LM.html","external_links_name":"\"1988 Jaguar XJR-9 LM - Images, Specifications and Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403014954/http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/764/Jaguar-XJR-9-LM.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.supercars.net/blog/jaguar-xjr-9lm/","external_links_name":"\"Jaguar XJR-9LM\""},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/anything-goes-throwback-thursday/throwback-thursday-driving-1988-le-mans-winning-jaguar-xjr","external_links_name":"\"Throwback Thursday: Driving the 1988 Le Mans-winning Jaguar XJR-9\""},{"Link":"https://www.jaguarheritage.com/car/1988-jaguar-xjr9-le-mans-winner/","external_links_name":"Jaguar XJR-9 page at the Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070725/http://www.jaguar-enthusiasts.org.uk/xjr-9lm.html","external_links_name":"Jaguar Enthusiasts: Jaguar XJR-9LM"},{"Link":"http://allracingcars.com/jaguar-xjr-9/","external_links_name":"Jaguar XJR-9 Gallery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Lake | Downton Lake | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°50′41″N 123°00′31″W / 50.84472°N 123.00861°W / 50.84472; -123.00861Reservoir in Bridge River Country, British ColumbiaDownton LakeDownton Lake 3dDownton LakeLocationBridge River Country, British ColumbiaCoordinates50°50′41″N 123°00′31″W / 50.84472°N 123.00861°W / 50.84472; -123.00861TypereservoirBasin countriesCanada
Downton Lake, originally Downton Reservoir, and also known as Downton Lake Reservoir, is a reservoir in the Bridge River Country of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, formed by Lajoie Dam, the uppermost of the series of dams and diversions of the Bridge River Power Project.
It was named for Geoffrey M. Downton, BCLS (British Columbia Land Surveyor), credited with first noting the hydroelectric potential inherent in the elevation differential between the Bridge River and Seton Lake on opposing sides of Mission Ridge above Shalalth in 1912. Mount Downton in the Chilcotin District is also named for him.
As of 2013, a new power plant is being built at Jamie Creek, about 17 km from the eastern end of the Lake.
See also
List of lakes of British Columbia
References
^ Jamie Creek Hydroelectric Project
External links
"Downton Lake". BC Geographical Names.
vteHydrography of British ColumbiaRivers
Columbia
Cowichan
Fraser
Kootenay
Liard
Nanaimo
Nass
Nechako
Peace
Quesnel
Skeena
Stikine
Thompson
more...
Lakes
Atlin
Babine
Cowichan
Great Central
Harrison
Kinbasket
Kootenay
Nechako
Okanagan
Shuswap
Tagish
Teslin
Williston
more...
Coastal featuresHaida Gwaii
Cumshewa Inlet
Darwin Sound
Laskeek Bay
Masset Inlet
Rennell Sound
Skidegate Channel
Skidegate Inlet
North Coast
Arthur Passage
Burke Channel
Chatham Sound
Dixon Entrance
Douglas Channel
Finlayson Channel
Fisher Channel
Fitz Hugh Sound
Gardner Canal
Grenville Channel
Hecate Strait
Juan Perez Sound
Lama Passage
Laredo Channel
Milbanke Sound
Portland Inlet
Prince Rupert Harbour
Princess Royal Channel
Principe Channel
Queen Charlotte Sound
Rivers Inlet
Seaforth Channel
Smith Inlet
Smith Sound
Wright Sound
Central Coast
Belize Inlet
Bute Inlet
Call Inlet
Cordero Channel
Drury Inlet
Frederick Arm
Goletas Channel
Johnstone Strait
Kingcome Inlet
Knight Inlet
Loughborough Inlet
Nodales Channel
Phillips Arm
Pryce Channel
Queen Charlotte Strait
Seymour Inlet
Sutlej Channel
Wells Passage
Salish Sea
Active Pass
Baynes Sound
Boundary Bay
Boundary Pass
Burrard Inlet
Calm Channel
Captain Passage
Desolation Sound
Discovery Passage
Haro Strait
Homfray Channel
Hoskyn Channel
Howe Sound
Jervis Inlet
Malaspina Strait
Okisollo Channel
Port San Juan
Ramsay Arm
Saanich Inlet
Sansum Narrows
Satellite Channel
Sechelt Inlet
Stuart Channel
Strait of Georgia
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Sutil Channel
Toba Inlet
Trincomali Channel
Victoria Harbour
Vancouver Island
Barkley Sound
Brooks Bay
Checleset Bay
Clayoquot Sound
Hansen Bay
Kyuquot Sound
Nootka Sound
Pachena Bay
Quatsino Sound
San Josef Bay | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Bridge River Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_River_Country"},{"link_name":"Interior of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Lajoie Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajoie_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bridge River Power Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_River_Power_Project"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey M. Downton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_M._Downton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bridge River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_River"},{"link_name":"Seton Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Lake"},{"link_name":"Mission Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Ridge_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Shalalth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalalth"},{"link_name":"Mount Downton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Downton"},{"link_name":"Chilcotin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilcotin_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Reservoir in Bridge River Country, British ColumbiaDownton Lake, originally Downton Reservoir, and also known as Downton Lake Reservoir, is a reservoir in the Bridge River Country of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, formed by Lajoie Dam, the uppermost of the series of dams and diversions of the Bridge River Power Project.It was named for Geoffrey M. Downton, BCLS (British Columbia Land Surveyor), credited with first noting the hydroelectric potential inherent in the elevation differential between the Bridge River and Seton Lake on opposing sides of Mission Ridge above Shalalth in 1912. Mount Downton in the Chilcotin District is also named for him.As of 2013, a new power plant is being built at Jamie Creek, about 17 km from the eastern end of the Lake.[1]","title":"Downton Lake"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of lakes of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_British_Columbia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Downton Lake\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/14814.html","url_text":"\"Downton Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Downton_Lake¶ms=50_50_41_N_123_00_31_W_region:CA-BC_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"50°50′41″N 123°00′31″W / 50.84472°N 123.00861°W / 50.84472; -123.00861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Downton_Lake¶ms=50_50_41_N_123_00_31_W_region:CA-BC_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"50°50′41″N 123°00′31″W / 50.84472°N 123.00861°W / 50.84472; -123.00861"},{"Link":"http://www.sequoia-energy.com/JamieCreek.html","external_links_name":"Jamie Creek Hydroelectric Project"},{"Link":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/14814.html","external_links_name":"\"Downton Lake\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja_tu_tylko_sprz%C4%85tam | Ja tu tylko sprzątam | ["1 Track listing","2 Singles","3 Chart positions","4 Notes"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (April 2016) Click for important translation instructions.
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2008 studio album by O.S.T.R.Ja tu tylko sprzątamStudio album by O.S.T.R.ReleasedFebruary 22, 2008 (Poland)Recorded2007–2008GenreHip hopLength76:20LabelAsfalt RecordsProducerO.S.T.R.O.S.T.R. chronology
HollyŁódź(2007)
Ja tu tylko sprzątam(2008)
O.c.b.(2009)
Ja tu tylko sprzątam (Polish pronunciation: , English: I just do the cleaning here) is an album released by Polish rapper O.S.T.R. on February 22, 2008.
Track listing
№
Title
Time
Title translation
Performer(s)
1
"Introgliceryna"
5:40
"Introglicerin"
O.S.T.R.
2
"Zamach Na Ostrego"
5:57
"Assassinating O.S.T.R."
O.S.T.R.
3
"Rap Droższy Od Pieniędzy"
2:29
"Rap More Expensive Than Money"
O.S.T.R.
4
"Co By Się Nie Działo"
3:22
"Whatever Would Happen"
O.S.T.R.
5
"śśśśśś"
3:21
"shhhhh"
O.S.T.R.
6
"Dla Tych Kilku Rzeczy"
4:05
"For These Few Things"
O.S.T.R.
7
"Jak Nie Ty, To Kto?"
3:33
"If Not You, Then Who?"
O.S.T.R.Brother J
8
"Wojna o tlen"
3:27
"War Over Oxygen"
O.S.T.R.
9
"Ty Sobie Możesz"
3:33
O.S.T.R.
10
"Keep It Classy"
4:00
—
O.S.T.R.Sadat XCadillac Dale
11
"1980"
3:58
—
O.S.T.R.
12
"To Ja Mam Flow"
2:41
"I Have the Flow"
O.S.T.R.
13
"Krótki Kawałek O Wolności Słowa"
2:24
"A Short Track About Freedom of Speech"
O.S.T.R.
14
"Jestem Tylko Dzieckiem"
3:31
"I'm Just a Kid"
O.S.T.R.Dan FreshEl Da Sensei
15
"Pij Mleko"
3:41
"Drink Milk"
O.S.T.R.
16
"Przeżyć To Jeszcze Raz"
2:53
"To Live Through It Again"
O.S.T.R.
17
"Mówiłaś Mi..."
3:30
"You Told Me..."
O.S.T.R.
18
"To Mamy W Myśli"
3:31
"This is What We Have in Mind"
O.S.T.R.
19
"Big Money On The Table"
4:16
—
O.S.T.R.RepsCadillac Dale
20
"Wszystko Co Na Górze"
3:14
"Everything That's on the Top"
O.S.T.R.
21
"Ja Tu Tylko Sprzątam"
3:13
"I Just Do the Cleaning Here"
O.S.T.R.
22
"Jestem Tylko Dzieckiem (Returners Remix)" (Bonus Track)
3:01
"I'm Just a Kid"
O.S.T.R.El Da Sensei
Singles
"1980" (2008)
"Jak nie Ty, to Kto?" (2008)
Chart positions
Chart (2008)
Peakposition
Official Retail Sales Chart, Poland
1
Notes
^ "Sales for the period 18.02.2008 - 24.02.2008". Oficjalna lista sprzedaży OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
vteO.S.T.R.Studio albums
Masz to jak w banku
30 minut z życia
Tabasko
Jazz W Wolnych Chwilach
Jazzurekcja
7
HollyŁódź
Ja tu tylko sprzątam
O.c.b.
Tylko dla dorosłych
Jazz, dwa, trzy
Podróż zwana życiem
Życie po śmierci
Demo albums
Saturator
Collaboration albums
Trójka Live!
Galerianki
Podostrzyfszy...
Copycats
Haos
Kartagina
Growbox
Related articles
Asfalt Records
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˌja tu ˌtɨlkɔ ˈspʂɔ̃ntam]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"},{"link_name":"O.S.T.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.S.T.R."}],"text":"2008 studio album by O.S.T.R.Ja tu tylko sprzątam (Polish pronunciation: [ˌja tu ˌtɨlkɔ ˈspʂɔ̃ntam], English: I just do the cleaning here) is an album released by Polish rapper O.S.T.R. on February 22, 2008.","title":"Ja tu tylko sprzątam"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_(O.S.T.R._song)"},{"link_name":"Jak nie Ty, to Kto?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jak_nie_Ty,_to_Kto%3F&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"\"1980\" (2008)\n\"Jak nie Ty, to Kto?\" (2008)","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Olis_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sales for the period 18.02.2008 - 24.02.2008\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080228001949/http://www.olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?lang=en"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?lang=en"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:O.S.T.R."},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:O.S.T.R."},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:O.S.T.R."},{"link_name":"O.S.T.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.S.T.R."},{"link_name":"Masz to jak w banku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masz_to_jak_w_banku"},{"link_name":"30 minut z życia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_minut_z_%C5%BCycia"},{"link_name":"Tabasko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasko"},{"link_name":"Jazz W Wolnych Chwilach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_W_Wolnych_Chwilach"},{"link_name":"Jazzurekcja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzurekcja"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(O.S.T.R._album)"},{"link_name":"HollyŁódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Ja tu tylko sprzątam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"O.c.b.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.c.b._(album)"},{"link_name":"Tylko dla dorosłych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylko_dla_doros%C5%82ych"},{"link_name":"Jazz, dwa, trzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz,_dwa,_trzy"},{"link_name":"Podróż zwana życiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podr%C3%B3%C5%BC_zwana_%C5%BCyciem"},{"link_name":"Życie po śmierci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie_po_%C5%9Bmierci"},{"link_name":"Kartagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartagina"},{"link_name":"Asfalt Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asfalt_Records"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1939862#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/622bb931-ce37-35d1-9500-16ba85dcbe56"}],"text":"^ \"Sales for the period 18.02.2008 - 24.02.2008\". Oficjalna lista sprzedaży OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-03-03.vteO.S.T.R.Studio albums\nMasz to jak w banku\n30 minut z życia\nTabasko\nJazz W Wolnych Chwilach\nJazzurekcja\n7\nHollyŁódź\nJa tu tylko sprzątam\nO.c.b.\nTylko dla dorosłych\nJazz, dwa, trzy\nPodróż zwana życiem\nŻycie po śmierci\nDemo albums\nSaturator\nCollaboration albums\nTrójka Live!\nGalerianki\nPodostrzyfszy...\nCopycats\nHaos\nKartagina\nGrowbox\nRelated articles\nAsfalt RecordsAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sales for the period 18.02.2008 - 24.02.2008\". Oficjalna lista sprzedaży OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallaganda | Tallaganda National Park | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°44′37″S 149°28′53″E / 35.74361°S 149.48139°E / -35.74361; 149.48139
Captains Flat dammed lake
Tallaganda is a national park in New South Wales, Australia.
The national park gives its name to Phallocephale tallagandensis, a species of velvet worm that is known to occur there.
Tallaganda offers many opportunities for rest and recreation. It is an ideal place for bushwalking, camping, mountain biking, orienteering, and 4WD touring. Many animals have found their home here. This is a great place to live for greater gliders, sugar gliders, eastern pygmy possums, as well as for the 55 bird species recorded here.
See also
Protected areas of New South Wales (Australia)
References
^ "Australian Faunal Directory". Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
^ "Tallaganda National Park". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Tallaganda National Park | Learn more". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
External links
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service: Tallaganda National Park
vteNational parks of New South Wales, AustraliaCentral West & Orana
Abercrombie
Breelong
Capertee
Conimbla
Coolah Tops
Drillwarrina
Gardens of Stone
Garrawilla
Goobang
Goulburn
Kanangra-Boyd
Lachlan Valley
Marrangaroo
Nangar
Popran
Turon
Warrumbungle
Weddin Mountains
Wollemi
Far West
Brindingabba
Culgoa
Gundabooka
Kalyarr
Kemendok
Kinchega
Koonaburra
Mallee Cliffs
Mungo
Mutawintji
Narriearra Caryapundy Swamp
Paroo-Darling
Sturt
Toorale
Yanga
Hunter & Central Coast
Barakee
Barrington Tops
Belford
Ben Halls Gap
Biriwal Bulga
Booti Booti
Bouddi
Brisbane Water
Coolah Tops
Coorabakh
Crawney Pass
Crowdy Bay
Dharug
Gir-um-bit
Goulburn River
Gin-Doo-Ee
Hunter Wetlands
Karuah
Middle Brother
Mount Royal
Myall Lakes
Saltwater
Scone Mountain
Tapin Tops
Tilligerry
Towarri
Tomaree
Wallarah
Wallingat
Watagans
Werakata
Woko
Wollemi
Wyrrabalong
Yengo
Illawarra-Shoalhaven
Bimberamala
Budawang
Budderoo
Bugong
Conjola
Dharawal
Heathcote
Jerrawangala
Jervis Bay
Macquarie Pass
Meroo
Morton
Murramarang
Royal
Seven Mile Beach
New England-North West
Bald Rock
Barool
Basket Swamp
Boonoo Boonoo
Ben Halls Gap
Burral Yurrul
Butterleaf
Capoompeta
Carrai
Cascade
Cataract
Cathedral Rock
Coolah Tops
Cottan-Bimbang
Couradda
Crawney Pass
Cunnawarra
Dowe
Gibraltar Range
Guy Fawkes River
Indwarra
Kings Plain
Koreelah
Kwiambal
Maryland
Mount Clunie
Mount Kaputar
Mount Nothofagus
Mummel Gulf
New England
Nowendoc
Nullamanna
Nymboida
Oxley Wild Rivers
Single
Timbarra
Tooloom
Towarri
Warra
Warrabah
Washpool
Watsons Creek
Werrikimbe
North Coast
Arakwal
Bago Bluff
Bellinger River
Bindarri
Biriwal Bulga
Bongil Bongil
Border Ranges
Broadwater
Bundjalung
Bungawalbin
Carrai
Chaelundi
Cottan-Bimbang
Crowdy Bay
Dooragan
Dorrigo
Dunggir
Fortis Creek
Gibraltar Range
Goonengerry
Guy Fawkes River
Hat Head
Junuy Juluum
Kumbatine
Limeburners Creek
Mallanganee
Maria
Mebbin
Middle Brother
Mooball
Mount Jerusalem
Mount Nothofagus
Mount Pikapene
New England
Nightcap
Nymboi-Binderay
Nymboida
Ramornie
Richmond Range
Sea Acres
Toonumber
Ulidarra
Washpool
Werrikimbe
Willi Willi
Wollumbin
Yabbra
Yarrahapinni Wetlands
Yarriabini
Yuraygir
Riverina-Murray
Benambra
Brindabella
Cocoparra
Jimberoo
Jindalee
Kalyarr
Kosciuszko
Lachlan Valley
Livingstone
Minjary
Murray Valley
Murrumbidgee Valley
Oolambeyan
Willandra
Woomargama
Yanga
Southeast & Tablelands
Abercrombie
Bangadilly
Beowa
Biamanga
Blue Mountains
Bournda
Brindabella
Budawang
Budderoo
Clyde River
Deua
Eurobodalla
Gourock
Gulaga
Kooraban
Kosciuszko
Mares Forest
Macquarie Pass
Mimosa Rocks
Monga
Morton
Mount Imlay
Murramarang
Nattai
South East Forests
Tallaganda
Tarlo River
Wadbilliga
Yanununbeyan
Sydney & Surrounds
Berowra Valley
Blue Mountains
Cattai
Dharawal
Dharug
Garigal
Georges River
Heathcote
Kamay Botany Bay
Kanangra-Boyd
Ku-ring-gai Chase
Lane Cove
Malabar Headland
Marramarra
Nattai
Royal
Scheyville
Sydney Harbour
Thirlmere Lakes
Wollemi
Yengo
Protected areas of New South Wales
35°44′37″S 149°28′53″E / 35.74361°S 149.48139°E / -35.74361; 149.48139
This New South Wales protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captains_Flat_dammed_lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Phallocephale tallagandensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallocephale"},{"link_name":"velvet worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"greater gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_glider"},{"link_name":"sugar gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_glider"},{"link_name":"eastern pygmy possums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_pygmy_possum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Captains Flat dammed lakeTallaganda is a national park in New South Wales, Australia.The national park gives its name to Phallocephale tallagandensis, a species of velvet worm that is known to occur there.[1]Tallaganda offers many opportunities for rest and recreation. It is an ideal place for bushwalking, camping, mountain biking, orienteering, and 4WD touring.[2] Many animals have found their home here. This is a great place to live for greater gliders, sugar gliders, eastern pygmy possums, as well as for the 55 bird species recorded here.[3]","title":"Tallaganda National Park"}] | [{"image_text":"Captains Flat dammed lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Captains_Flat_dammed_lake.jpg/260px-Captains_Flat_dammed_lake.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Protected areas of New South Wales (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_South_Wales_(Australia)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Australian Faunal Directory\". Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/ONYCHOPHORA/checklist","url_text":"\"Australian Faunal Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tallaganda National Park\". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/tallaganda-national-park","url_text":"\"Tallaganda National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tallaganda National Park | Learn more\". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/tallaganda-national-park/learn-more","url_text":"\"Tallaganda National Park | Learn more\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tallaganda_National_Park¶ms=35_44_37_S_149_28_53_E_region:AU_type:landmark_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"35°44′37″S 149°28′53″E / 35.74361°S 149.48139°E / -35.74361; 149.48139"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/ONYCHOPHORA/checklist","external_links_name":"\"Australian Faunal Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/tallaganda-national-park","external_links_name":"\"Tallaganda National Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/tallaganda-national-park/learn-more","external_links_name":"\"Tallaganda National Park | Learn more\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/tallaganda-national-park","external_links_name":"NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service: Tallaganda National Park"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tallaganda_National_Park¶ms=35_44_37_S_149_28_53_E_region:AU_type:landmark_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"35°44′37″S 149°28′53″E / 35.74361°S 149.48139°E / -35.74361; 149.48139"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tallaganda_National_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_E-Class | Chrysler E-Class | ["1 History","2 Sales","3 References"] | Not to be confused with Mercedes-Benz E-Class.Motor vehicle
Chrysler E-ClassOverviewManufacturerChrysler CorporationProduction1982–1984Model years1983–1984AssemblyJefferson Avenue Assembly, Detroit, MichiganBody and chassisClassMid-sizeBody style4-door sedanLayoutFF layoutPlatformE-bodyRelatedChrysler New YorkerDodge 600Plymouth CaravellePowertrainEngine2.2 L K I42.2 L Turbo I I42.6 L Mitsubishi G54B I4Transmission3-speed A413 automatic3-speed A470 automaticChronologyPredecessorChrysler NewportSuccessorPlymouth Caravelle
The Chrysler E-Class was a mid-size car produced by Chrysler. Introduced in 1983 on a stretched version of the Chrysler K platform, the E-Class was a less expensive, less equipped version of the similar 1983 New Yorker.
History
1984 Chrysler E-Class rear view
The Chrysler E-Class was targeted at those who wanted Chrysler luxury at a more affordable price than the flagship New Yorker. Due to this reason, the E-Class is the de facto replacement for the 1981 Newport, which had been Chrysler's cheaper, more basic version of the New Yorker. The E-Class was originally to be called the "Grand LeBaron", however Chrysler decided to name it "E-Class" in reference to the new E-platform.
The E-Class came with a number of features and options including a cassette player, split 50/50 front bench with middle seat mounted console, woodgrain interior trim, two-tone exterior paint, power window & door locks, and air conditioning. Engines were the 2.2 L naturally aspirated I4 and the Mitsubishi 2.6 L I4. 1984 saw the debut of fuel injection on the 2.2 L engine and an optional Garrett AiResearch T-03 turbocharger. Larger, wraparound tail lights were also added for 1984.
The E-Class however, was not a sales success. Sales of the more expensive New Yorker were nearly double the E-Class's sales for 1984. Its slow sales caused it to be dropped from Chrysler's lineup after only two years on the market. Rather than discontinue a lower-priced model to be sold on Chrysler-Plymouth lots, Chrysler gave the car a minor refreshment (it lost the waterfall grille and crystal pentastar hood ornament) and transferred it to Plymouth's lineup, where it became the Caravelle for 1985.
Sales
Production
Model Year
Units
1983
39,258
1984
32,237
Total
71,495
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysler E-Class.
^ Encyclopedia of American Cars "Chrysler" p.255: "Chrysler Vehicles."
^ Encyclopedia of American Cars "Chrysler" p.279: "Chrysler Production Figures."
^ Encyclopedia of American Cars "Chrysler" p.279: "Chrysler Production Figures."
Chrysler Corporation. "1984 Chrysler E-Class". Chrysler Factory Brochure (1984).
vteChrysler vehiclesCurrent modelsVans
Pacifica
Discontinued (by date ofintroduction)1920s
Imperial
Parade Phaeton
Six
1930s
Airflow
LeBaron
New Yorker
Royal
Saratoga
Windsor
1940s
Newport
Town and Country (wagon)
1950s
300 (letter series)
Imperial (brand)
Royal/Plainsman/Wayfarer
1960s
300 (non-letter series)
Turbine Car
Valiant
VIP
1970s
150/Alpine1
160/180/2-Litre
Avenger1
Centura
Chrysler by Chrysler
Cordoba
Drifter
Horizon
Hunter/Vogue1
Lancer1
Valiant/Regal
Scorpion1
Sigma
Sunbeam
1980s
Conquest1
Dynasty2
E-Class
Executive
Fifth Avenue
Grand Voyager
Laser2
Shadow2
TC by Maserati
1990s
300M
Cirrus
Concorde
Imperial
Intrepid2
LHS
Neon
Sebring
Spirit2
Stratus2
TEVan
Town & Country (minivan)
Viper GTS-R
Vision1
2000s
Aspen2
Crossfire
Delta1
300
Pacifica
Prowler
PT Cruiser
Voyager
2010s
200
Concept
200C
Airflite
Airflow EV
Akino
Atlantic
C-200
California Cruiser
CCV
Chronos
Citadel
700C
Delta1
ecoVoyager
Falcon
Firepower
Halcyon
Imperial Concept
Java
ME Four-Twelve
Nassau
Natrium
Norseman
Pacifica Concept
Patriot
Phaeton
Pronto Cruizer
Category
Commons
List
Notes: * 1Rebadged models from European manufacturers * 2Originally a Dodge in the U.S., sold as "Chrysler" in other countries
vte« previous — Chrysler car timeline, 1970–present
Type
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
Subcompact
Sunbeam
Ypsilon
Lancer Hatch
Valiant Lancer
Horizon
Compact
Scorpion
Valiant Galant
Valiant Galant
Sigma
Volare K
Avenger
LeBaron
ES / Shadow
Neon*
Neon*
Hunter
Town & Country
PT Cruiser
Delta
Valiant Volare
Mid-size
150 / Alpine
LeBaron / Phantom (2-dr)
Sebring (2-dr)
Sebring (2-dr)
Centura
LeBaron conv.
Sebring conv.
Sebring conv.
Sebring conv.
200 conv.
160 / 180
E-Class
LeBaron GTS
LeBaron (4-dr)
Cirrus
Sebring (4-dr)
Sebring (4-dr)
200 (4-dr)
200 (4-dr)
2-Litre
GTS
Spirit
Stratus
Stratus
Volare E
Saratoga
LeBaron
New Yorker
Dynasty
Town & Country
Fifth Avenue
Full-size
Valiant
Valiant
Valiant
Valiant
Valiant
Valiant
VIP
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Regal
Regal
383
Vision
Newport
Newport
Newport
Executive
New Yorker
Concorde
Concorde
300
300
300
Intrepid
Intrepid
New Yorker
New Yorker
New Yorker
Fifth Avenue
Fifth Avenue
New Yorker
300M
Town & Country
Town & Country
Imperial
LHS
LHS
Sports
Laser
Conquest
Prowler
Crossfire
Daytona
Viper
Muscle car
Valiant Charger
Charger
Crossover
Pacifica
SUV
Aspen
Minivan
TEVan
Voyager
Voyager
Voyager
Voyager
Grand Voyager
Grand Voyager
Voyager
Town & Country
Town & Country
Town & Country
Town & Country
Town & Country
Pacifica
Personal luxury
Cordoba
Hurst 300
300
Imperial
Coupe utility
Wayfarer
Wayfarer
Valiant
Valiant
Valiant
Drifter
GT
TC
Legend
Only available in Europe
Only available in Australia
Only available in Africa
Only available in North America outside US
Only available in UK and Ireland
Available as Chrysler only outside US, as Dodge ( * or Plymouth) inside US | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz E-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class"},{"link_name":"mid-size car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"stretched version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_E_platform"},{"link_name":"Chrysler K platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform"},{"link_name":"New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_New_Yorker"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Mercedes-Benz E-Class.Motor vehicleThe Chrysler E-Class was a mid-size car produced by Chrysler. Introduced in 1983 on a stretched version of the Chrysler K platform, the E-Class was a less expensive, less equipped version of the similar 1983 New Yorker.","title":"Chrysler E-Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1984_Chrysler_E-Class_-_Flickr_-_dave_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Newport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"E-platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_E_platform"},{"link_name":"2.2 L naturally aspirated I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_K_engine#2.2"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"Garrett AiResearch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chrysler-Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler-Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Caravelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Caravelle"}],"text":"1984 Chrysler E-Class rear viewThe Chrysler E-Class was targeted at those who wanted Chrysler luxury at a more affordable price than the flagship New Yorker. Due to this reason, the E-Class is the de facto replacement for the 1981 Newport, which had been Chrysler's cheaper, more basic version of the New Yorker. The E-Class was originally to be called the \"Grand LeBaron\",[1] however Chrysler decided to name it \"E-Class\" in reference to the new E-platform.The E-Class came with a number of features and options including a cassette player, split 50/50 front bench with middle seat mounted console, woodgrain interior trim, two-tone exterior paint, power window & door locks, and air conditioning. Engines were the 2.2 L naturally aspirated I4 and the Mitsubishi 2.6 L I4. 1984 saw the debut of fuel injection on the 2.2 L engine and an optional Garrett AiResearch T-03 turbocharger. Larger, wraparound tail lights were also added for 1984.The E-Class however, was not a sales success. Sales of the more expensive New Yorker were nearly double the E-Class's sales for 1984.[2] Its slow sales caused it to be dropped from Chrysler's lineup after only two years on the market. Rather than discontinue a lower-priced model to be sold on Chrysler-Plymouth lots, Chrysler gave the car a minor refreshment (it lost the waterfall grille and crystal pentastar hood ornament) and transferred it to Plymouth's lineup, where it became the Caravelle for 1985.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales"}] | [{"image_text":"1984 Chrysler E-Class rear view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1984_Chrysler_E-Class_-_Flickr_-_dave_7.jpg/220px-1984_Chrysler_E-Class_-_Flickr_-_dave_7.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chrysler Corporation. \"1984 Chrysler E-Class\". Chrysler Factory Brochure (1984).","urls":[]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschingelfirn | Tschingel Glacier | ["1 See also","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°29′58″N 7°50′41″E / 46.49944°N 7.84472°E / 46.49944; 7.84472Tschingel GlacierTschingelfirnTschingel GlacierShow map of SwitzerlandTschingel GlacierShow map of AlpsLocationBern, SwitzerlandCoordinates46°29′58″N 7°50′41″E / 46.49944°N 7.84472°E / 46.49944; 7.84472
The Tschingel Glacier (German: Tschingelfirn) is a 3 km long glacier (2005) situated in the Bernese Alps in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of 6.19 km2.
See also
List of glaciers in Switzerland
Swiss Alps
External links
Swiss glacier monitoring network
vteJungfrau-Aletsch (World Heritage Site)Mountains
Finsteraarhorn
Aletschhorn
Jungfrau
Mönch
Schreckhorn
Lauteraarhorn
Grosses Fiescherhorn
Hinteres Fiescherhorn
Grünhorn
Gletscherhorn
Eiger
Ebnefluh
Bietschhorn
Grosses Wannenhorn
Mittaghorn
Nesthorn
Wetterhorn
Blüemlisalp
GlaciersNorth side
Kander
Tschingel
Lower Grindelwald
Upper Grindelwald
Unteraar
Oberaar
South side
Lang
Oberaletsch
Aletsch
Fiescher
Lakes
Oeschinen
Märjelen
This article about a glacier in the canton of Bern is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Bernese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_Alps"},{"link_name":"canton of Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"text":"The Tschingel Glacier (German: Tschingelfirn) is a 3 km long glacier (2005) situated in the Bernese Alps in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of 6.19 km2.","title":"Tschingel Glacier"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of glaciers in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland"},{"title":"Swiss Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tschingel_Glacier¶ms=46_29_58_N_7_50_41_E_type:glacier","external_links_name":"46°29′58″N 7°50′41″E / 46.49944°N 7.84472°E / 46.49944; 7.84472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tschingel_Glacier¶ms=46_29_58_N_7_50_41_E_type:glacier","external_links_name":"46°29′58″N 7°50′41″E / 46.49944°N 7.84472°E / 46.49944; 7.84472"},{"Link":"http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/glaciers/tschingel.html","external_links_name":"Swiss glacier monitoring network"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tschingel_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Darnell | Ben Darnell | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"] | American computer programmer
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Ben Darnell" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ben DarnellAlma materNorth Carolina State UniversityOccupationCTOEmployerCockroach LabsWebsiteBen Darnell on GitHub
Ben Darnell is an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, and business executive. He is the chief technology officer for Cockroach Labs, a company he co-founded in 2015. Prior to his work at Cockroach Labs, he worked for tech companies that include FriendFeed, Facebook, Brizzly, Dropbox, Viewfinder, and Square, Inc.
Early life and education
Darnell entered North Carolina State University in 1998. He graduated in 2002 with a degree in computer science.
Career
Darnell was an early employee of Google and was part of its Google Reader team. He worked with Thing Labs founders Jason Shellen and Chris Wetherell, two colleagues that he would later work with as part of Brizzly. He worked a total of seven years for Google and attributes it as being the foundation for his career as an engineer.
Darnell left Google to join FriendFeed. He joined Kevin Fox whom he also worked with at Google. Darnell began working at FriendFeed in July 2009. The company was purchased the following month by Facebook who incorporated Darnell into its team. A few months later, he left to work for startup Brizzly, a third-party interface for Twitter and Facebook that was later purchased by AOL. During his time at Brizzly, Darnell took over Tornado, an open source real-time web framework based on FriendFeed.
Darnell joined Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis at Viewfinder in 2012. He met them in San Francisco when they showed him a sample of their work. He joined the team and worked primarily on the company's iPhone client app. Darnell joined the team at Square, Inc. after its purchase of Viewfinder in 2013.
Darnell helped launch CockroachDB in 2014 along with Kimball and Mattis. They later formed the company Cockroach Labs after launching the software as an open source project on GitHub. Darnell serves as the company's chief architect and also contributes to the source code development of CockroachDB.
References
^ a b Finley, Klint (June 4, 2015). "Ex-Googlers Get Millions To Help You Build The Next Google". Wired. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ a b c d "Ben Darnell Makes Connections throughout the Tech Industry". ParkScholars. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Ewbank, Kay (June 9, 2015). "CockroachDB Released". I Programmer. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ a b "Almost Famous Update: Now Out of Beta Brizzly Hires Facebooker and Translates Tweets". AllThingsD. November 20, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ a b Wauters, Robin (July 28, 2009). "Steal! Ben Darnell Leaves Google Reader Team, Joins FriendFeed". Tech Crunch. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Siegler, MG (November 20, 2009). "Brizzly Opens To All. And Snatches Someone From Facebook". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Cutler, Kim-Mai (November 12, 2010). "Gmail Creator Paul Buchheit Leaves Facebook to Join Y Combinator". AdWeek. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Siegler, MG (June 22, 2011). "FriendFeed Lives On (In Spirit): Tornado 2.0 Released". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Finley, Klint (July 21, 2014). "Out in the Open: Ex-Googlers Building Cloud Software That's Almost Impossible To Take Down". Wired. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Novet, Jordan (June 4, 2015). "Peter Fenton's latest investment is a database startup called Cockroach". Venture Beat. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Wheatley, Mike (June 8, 2015). "Cockroach Labs gets $6.25M to build a more resilient database". Silicon Angle. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
External links
Cockroach Labs official website
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The company was purchased the following month by Facebook who incorporated Darnell into its team.[4] A few months later, he left to work for startup Brizzly, a third-party interface for Twitter and Facebook[6] that was later purchased by AOL.[7] During his time at Brizzly, Darnell took over Tornado, an open source real-time web framework based on FriendFeed.[8]Darnell joined Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis at Viewfinder in 2012.[2] He met them in San Francisco when they showed him a sample of their work. He joined the team and worked primarily on the company's iPhone client app.[2] Darnell joined the team at Square, Inc. after its purchase of Viewfinder in 2013.[9]Darnell helped launch CockroachDB in 2014 along with Kimball and Mattis.[10] They later formed the company Cockroach Labs after launching the software as an open source project on GitHub.[1] Darnell serves as the company's chief architect and also contributes to the source code development of CockroachDB.[11]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Finley, Klint (June 4, 2015). \"Ex-Googlers Get Millions To Help You Build The Next Google\". Wired. Retrieved July 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/06/cockroach-labs/","url_text":"\"Ex-Googlers Get Millions To Help You Build The Next Google\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Darnell Makes Connections throughout the Tech Industry\". ParkScholars. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_heritage | Virtual heritage | ["1 First use","2 Projects","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | ICT works regarding cultural heritage
Virtual heritage or cultural heritage and technology is the body of works dealing with information and communication technologies and their application to cultural heritage, such as virtual archaeology. It aims to restore ancient cultures as real (virtual) environments where users can immerse.
Virtual heritage and cultural heritage have independent meanings: cultural heritage refers to sites, monuments, buildings and objects "with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value", whereas virtual heritage refers to instances of these within a technological domain, usually involving computer visualization of artefacts or virtual reality environments.
First use
The first use of virtual heritage as a museum exhibit, and the derivation of the name virtual tour, was in 1994 as a museum visitor interpretation, providing a 'walk-through' of a 3D reconstruction of Dudley Castle in England as it was in 1550.
This consisted of a computer controlled laserdisc based system designed by British-based engineer Colin Johnson. It is a little-known fact that one of the first users of virtual heritage was Queen Elizabeth II, when she officially opened the visitor centre in June 1994.
Because the Queen's officials had requested titles, descriptions and instructions of all activities, the system was named 'Virtual Tour', being a cross between virtual reality and royal tour.
Projects
One technology that is frequently employed in virtual heritage applications is augmented reality (AR), which is used to provide on-site reconstructions of archaeological sites or artefacts. An example is the lifeClipper project, a Swiss commercial tourism and mixed reality urban heritage project. Using HMD technology, users walking the streets of Basel can see cultured AR video characters and objects as well as oddly-shaped stencils.
Many virtual heritage projects focus on the tangible aspects of cultural heritage, for example 3D modelling, graphics and animation. In doing so, they often overlook the intangible aspects of cultural heritage associated with objects and sites, such as stories, performances and dances. The tangible aspects of cultural heritage are not inseparable from the intangible and one method for combining them is the use of virtual heritage serious games, such as the 'Digital Songlines' and 'Virtual Songlines' which modified computer game technology to preserve, protect and present the cultural heritage of Aboriginal Australian Peoples. There have been numerous applications of digital models being used to engage the public and encourage involvement in built heritage activities and discourse.
Place-Hampi is another example of a virtual heritage project. It applies co-evolutionary systems to show a cultural presence using stereoscopic rendering of the landscape of Hampi landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India.
See also
CyArk
Computational archaeology
Digital heritage
References
^ Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl
^ Bawaya, M. (2010), "Virtual Archaeologists Recreate Parts of Ancient Worlds", Science, 327 (5962): 140–141, Bibcode:2010Sci...327..140B, doi:10.1126/science.327.5962.140, PMID 20056870
^ Chang, Maiga; Kuo, Rita; Kinshuk; Chen, Gwo-Dong; Hirose, Michitaka (2009). Learning by Playing. Game-based Education System Design and Development: 4th International Conference on E-learning, Edutainment 2009, Banff, Canada, August 9-11, 2009, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 52. ISBN 9783642033636.
^ UNESCO (2008). "Application Guide". Applications to UNESCO-Vocations Patrimoine Fellowships for World Heritage site managers. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Susan S. Lukesh (February 1995). "Imaging The Past". CSA Newsletter, Feb. '95. Center for the Study of Architecture. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ Boland, P.; Johnson, C. (1996), "Archaeology as computer visualization: 'Virtual tours' of Dudley Castle c. 1550", in Higgins, T.; Main, P.; Lang, J. (eds.), Imaging the Past: Electronic Imaging and Computer Graphics in Museums and Archaeology, Occasional Papers, vol. 114, British Museum Press, pp. 227–234, ISBN 978-0-86159-114-5
^ Colin Johnson. "Virtual Tours of Dudley Castle archive". Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ "ARCHEOGUIDE – Augmented Reality-based Cultural Heritage On-site Guide". ARCHEOGUIDE Project. 2002. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
^ a b Champion, Erik (9 March 2016). Critical Gaming: Interactive History and Virtual Heritage. Oxon: Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 9781317157397.
^ Anderson, E. F.; McLoughlin, L.; Liarokapis, F.; Peters, C.; Petridis, P.; de Freitas, S. (2009), Serious Games in Cultural Heritage, VAST-STAR, Short and Project Proceedings, 10th VAST International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (Eurographics VAST '09), Faculty of ICT, University of Malta, pp. 29–48
^ Brett Leavy. "Digital Songlines". Virtual Songlines (Bilbie Labs). Retrieved 22 November 2018.
^ Wyeld, T.G.; Carroll, J.; Gibbons, C.; Ledwich, B.; Leavy, B.; Hills, J.; Docherty, M. (2007), "Doing Cultural Heritage Using the Torque Game Engine: Supporting Indigenous Storytelling in a 3D Virtual Environment", International Journal of Architectural Computing, 5 (2): 418–435, doi:10.1260/1478-0771.5.2.418, hdl:1959.3/54849, S2CID 85537356
^ Laing, Richard (2020). "Built heritage modelling and visualisation: the potential to engage with issues of heritage value and wider participation". Developments in the Built Environment. 4: 100017. doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2020.100017.
^ Kalay, Yehuda; Kvan, Thomas; Affleck, Janice (2008). New Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 279. ISBN 9780415773560.
Further reading
Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). 'Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2013), ISBN 978-3-642-35870-8.
External links
Ben Kacyra: Ancient wonders captured in 3D, a TED talk | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information and communication technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"computer visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualization_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"}],"text":"Virtual heritage or cultural heritage and technology is the body of works dealing with information and communication technologies and their application to cultural heritage,[1] such as virtual archaeology.[2] It aims to restore ancient cultures as real (virtual) environments where users can immerse.[3]Virtual heritage and cultural heritage have independent meanings: cultural heritage refers to sites, monuments, buildings and objects \"with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value\",[4] whereas virtual heritage refers to instances of these within a technological domain, usually involving computer visualization of artefacts or virtual reality environments.","title":"Virtual heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"3D reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Dudley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Castle"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The first use of virtual heritage as a museum exhibit, and the derivation of the name virtual tour, was in 1994[5] as a museum visitor interpretation, providing a 'walk-through' of a 3D reconstruction of Dudley Castle in England as it was in 1550.[6]\nThis consisted of a computer controlled laserdisc based system designed by British-based engineer Colin Johnson. It is a little-known fact that one of the first users of virtual heritage was Queen Elizabeth II, when she officially opened the visitor centre in June 1994.\nBecause the Queen's officials had requested titles, descriptions and instructions of all activities, the system was named 'Virtual Tour', being a cross between virtual reality and royal tour.[7]","title":"First use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lifeClipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeClipper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"3D modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modelling"},{"link_name":"graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"serious games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"stereoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy"},{"link_name":"Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"One technology that is frequently employed in virtual heritage applications is augmented reality (AR), which is used to provide on-site reconstructions of archaeological sites[8] or artefacts. An example is the lifeClipper project, a Swiss commercial tourism and mixed reality urban heritage project.[9] Using HMD technology, users walking the streets of Basel can see cultured AR video characters and objects as well as oddly-shaped stencils.[9]Many virtual heritage projects focus on the tangible aspects of cultural heritage, for example 3D modelling, graphics and animation. In doing so, they often overlook the intangible aspects of cultural heritage associated with objects and sites, such as stories, performances and dances. The tangible aspects of cultural heritage are not inseparable from the intangible and one method for combining them is the use of virtual heritage serious games,[10] such as the 'Digital Songlines' and 'Virtual Songlines'[11] which modified computer game technology to preserve, protect and present the cultural heritage of Aboriginal Australian Peoples.[12] There have been numerous applications of digital models being used to engage the public and encourage involvement in built heritage activities and discourse.[13]Place-Hampi is another example of a virtual heritage project. It applies co-evolutionary systems to show a cultural presence using stereoscopic rendering of the landscape of Hampi landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India.[14]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-642-35870-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-35870-8"}],"text":"Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). 'Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2013), ISBN 978-3-642-35870-8.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"CyArk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyArk"},{"title":"Computational archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_archaeology"},{"title":"Digital heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_heritage"}] | [{"reference":"Bawaya, M. (2010), \"Virtual Archaeologists Recreate Parts of Ancient Worlds\", Science, 327 (5962): 140–141, Bibcode:2010Sci...327..140B, doi:10.1126/science.327.5962.140, PMID 20056870","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327..140B","url_text":"2010Sci...327..140B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.327.5962.140","url_text":"10.1126/science.327.5962.140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20056870","url_text":"20056870"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Maiga; Kuo, Rita; Kinshuk; Chen, Gwo-Dong; Hirose, Michitaka (2009). Learning by Playing. Game-based Education System Design and Development: 4th International Conference on E-learning, Edutainment 2009, Banff, Canada, August 9-11, 2009, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 52. ISBN 9783642033636.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/learningbyplayin00chan","url_text":"Learning by Playing. Game-based Education System Design and Development: 4th International Conference on E-learning, Edutainment 2009, Banff, Canada, August 9-11, 2009, Proceedings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media","url_text":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/learningbyplayin00chan/page/n67","url_text":"52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642033636","url_text":"9783642033636"}]},{"reference":"UNESCO (2008). \"Application Guide\". Applications to UNESCO-Vocations Patrimoine Fellowships for World Heritage site managers. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"},{"url":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/408","url_text":"\"Application Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre","url_text":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre"}]},{"reference":"Susan S. Lukesh (February 1995). \"Imaging The Past\". CSA Newsletter, Feb. '95. Center for the Study of Architecture. Retrieved 3 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csanet.org/newsletter/feb95/nl029504.html","url_text":"\"Imaging The Past\""}]},{"reference":"Boland, P.; Johnson, C. (1996), \"Archaeology as computer visualization: 'Virtual tours' of Dudley Castle c. 1550\", in Higgins, T.; Main, P.; Lang, J. (eds.), Imaging the Past: Electronic Imaging and Computer Graphics in Museums and Archaeology, Occasional Papers, vol. 114, British Museum Press, pp. 227–234, ISBN 978-0-86159-114-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum#British_Museum_Press","url_text":"British Museum Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-114-5","url_text":"978-0-86159-114-5"}]},{"reference":"Colin Johnson. \"Virtual Tours of Dudley Castle archive\". Retrieved 3 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exrenda.com/dudley/index.htm","url_text":"\"Virtual Tours of Dudley Castle archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARCHEOGUIDE – Augmented Reality-based Cultural Heritage On-site Guide\". ARCHEOGUIDE Project. 2002. Retrieved 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archeoguide.intranet.gr/","url_text":"\"ARCHEOGUIDE – Augmented Reality-based Cultural Heritage On-site Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Champion, Erik (9 March 2016). Critical Gaming: Interactive History and Virtual Heritage. Oxon: Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 9781317157397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317157397","url_text":"9781317157397"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, E. F.; McLoughlin, L.; Liarokapis, F.; Peters, C.; Petridis, P.; de Freitas, S. 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(2007), \"Doing Cultural Heritage Using the Torque Game Engine: Supporting Indigenous Storytelling in a 3D Virtual Environment\", International Journal of Architectural Computing, 5 (2): 418–435, doi:10.1260/1478-0771.5.2.418, hdl:1959.3/54849, S2CID 85537356","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1260%2F1478-0771.5.2.418","url_text":"10.1260/1478-0771.5.2.418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1959.3%2F54849","url_text":"1959.3/54849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85537356","url_text":"85537356"}]},{"reference":"Laing, Richard (2020). \"Built heritage modelling and visualisation: the potential to engage with issues of heritage value and wider participation\". 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ISBN 9780415773560.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newheritagenewme00tyeh","url_text":"New Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newheritagenewme00tyeh/page/n295","url_text":"279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415773560","url_text":"9780415773560"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl","external_links_name":"https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327..140B","external_links_name":"2010Sci...327..140B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.327.5962.140","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.327.5962.140"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20056870","external_links_name":"20056870"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/learningbyplayin00chan","external_links_name":"Learning by Playing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Cincinnati | Crime in Cincinnati | ["1 Earliest years","2 Crime over time","3 References"] | Cincinnati, OhioCrime rates* (2019)Violent crimesHomicide21.1Rape92.31***Robbery287.47Aggravated assault443.73Total violent crime844.6Property crimesBurglary911.53Larceny-theft2945.59Motor vehicle theft445.38Arson
Total property crime4302.5Notes*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.** For Arson: the FBI determined that the agency's data were underreported. Consequently, those data are not included in this table
Revised definitionSource: FBI 2019 UCR data
Crime in Cincinnati, Ohio has been a concern of residents since the 18th century.
Earliest years
The first recorded crime in Cincinnati's history was a petty theft in 1789. Under the judgement of William McMillan, informally appointed justice of the peace, one Patrick Grimes was sentenced to twenty-nine lashes after being caught stealing cucumbers. That occurred during the first year of the settlement, then still named "Losantiville", when food and other resources were extremely scarce.
Controversies over law enforcement quickly followed the establishment of government in the community: the military commander at Fort Washington deemed the region to be under his government, rejecting any authority set up by the settlers. When a second crime was reported to Judge McMillan, the accused fled to the fort for refuge, and the commander ordered Losantiville's court to renounce its jurisdiction. The judge replied with a message suggesting that the commander mind his own business, and blows ensued when a detachment of soldiers was sent to arrest the judge.
However, permanent civilian law enforcement was established soon after the incident. In August 1788, the Northwest Territory legislature, meeting in Marietta, had enacted an enabling act creating a Court of Quarter Sessions for the region, and local residents quickly took advantage of the law's provisions; William McMillan was named one of the court's first judges.
Crime over time
This is a graph of part one crimes that were reported from 2000 to 2019. Part one crimes consist of homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, arson, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft.
Overall violent crime reached an all-time low in 2022; rape and robbery went up that year, while homicides and aggravated assaults decreased. Property crimes went up in 2022, primarily driven by an increase in auto thefts.
Using FBI data for 2019, Cincinnati ranks 19th in the 100 most populous cities in the U.S. for overall crime rate (includes both violent and property crime).
Homicides reached a record high 94 in 2020, and the record was matched in 2021. There were 78 homicides in 2022; of those, 64 involved a firearm.
The City of Cincinnati publishes several public safety dashboards online:
Fire & Rescue
Emergency Medical Services
Police Calls for Service
911 Call Performance
Alternative Response to Crisis
Reported Crime
Reported Shootings
Traffic Crashes
Police Firearm Discharge
Use of Force
Assaults on Officers
Traffic Stops
Pedestrian Stops
Closed Citizen Complaints
Year
Homicides
2010
72
2011
67
2012
53
2013
74
2014
63
2015
71
2016
62
2017
71
2018
61
2019
73
2020
94
2021
94
2022
78
References
^ "FBI".
^ Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors. American Guide Series. Cincinnati: Wiesen-Hart, 1943, 8.
^ Greve, Charles Theodore. Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens. Vol. 1. Chicago" Biographical, 1904, 309.
^ "Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings". WVXU. 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ "Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings". WVXU. 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ "List of United States cities by crime rate", Wikipedia, 2023-02-06, retrieved 2023-02-13
^ a b "Cincinnati Saw Record Number Of Homicides In 2020". WVXU. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ "Cincinnati crime is at a 10-year low, even after tying the record for homicides last year". WVXU. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
^ "Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do | Cincinnati Enquirer" (PDF).
^ "Crime & Courts - Cincinnati.com - cincinnati.com". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
^ "New city officials face hangover of problems". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
^ Elgazzar, Kareem (January 2, 2015). "INTERACTIVE MAP: Killings, shootings and violent crime all down in Cincinnati in 2014". WCPO-TV. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
^ "Here's where city's shootings occur". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"}],"text":"Crime in Cincinnati, Ohio has been a concern of residents since the 18th century.","title":"Crime in Cincinnati"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McMillan_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"lashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"enabling act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_act"},{"link_name":"Court of Quarter Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sessions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The first recorded crime in Cincinnati's history was a petty theft in 1789. Under the judgement of William McMillan, informally appointed justice of the peace, one Patrick Grimes was sentenced to twenty-nine lashes after being caught stealing cucumbers. That occurred during the first year of the settlement, then still named \"Losantiville\", when food and other resources were extremely scarce.[2]Controversies over law enforcement quickly followed the establishment of government in the community: the military commander at Fort Washington deemed the region to be under his government, rejecting any authority set up by the settlers. When a second crime was reported to Judge McMillan, the accused fled to the fort for refuge, and the commander ordered Losantiville's court to renounce its jurisdiction. The judge replied with a message suggesting that the commander mind his own business, and blows ensued when a detachment of soldiers was sent to arrest the judge.However, permanent civilian law enforcement was established soon after the incident. In August 1788, the Northwest Territory legislature, meeting in Marietta, had enacted an enabling act creating a Court of Quarter Sessions for the region, and local residents quickly took advantage of the law's provisions; William McMillan was named one of the court's first judges.[3]","title":"Earliest years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cincinnati_Serious_Crime_(2000-2019).png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"several public safety dashboards online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//insights.cincinnati-oh.gov/stories/s/Public-Safety/dy6d-ufh8/"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"This is a graph of part one crimes that were reported from 2000 to 2019. Part one crimes consist of homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, arson, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft.Overall violent crime reached an all-time low in 2022; rape and robbery went up that year, while homicides and aggravated assaults decreased.[4] Property crimes went up in 2022, primarily driven by an increase in auto thefts.[5]Using FBI data for 2019, Cincinnati ranks 19th in the 100 most populous cities in the U.S. for overall crime rate (includes both violent and property crime).[6]Homicides reached a record high 94 in 2020,[7] and the record was matched in 2021.[8] There were 78 homicides in 2022; of those, 64 involved a firearm.[7]The City of Cincinnati publishes several public safety dashboards online:Fire & Rescue\nEmergency Medical Services\nPolice Calls for Service\n911 Call Performance\nAlternative Response to Crisis\nReported Crime\nReported Shootings\nTraffic Crashes\nPolice Firearm Discharge\nUse of Force\nAssaults on Officers\nTraffic Stops\nPedestrian Stops\nClosed Citizen Complaints[9][10][11][12][13]","title":"Crime over time"}] | [{"image_text":"This is a graph of part one crimes that were reported from 2000 to 2019. Part one crimes consist of homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, arson, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cincinnati_Serious_Crime_%282000-2019%29.png/350px-Cincinnati_Serious_Crime_%282000-2019%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"FBI\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum/rape_addendum_final","url_text":"\"FBI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings\". WVXU. 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvxu.org/politics/2023-02-07/violent-crime-cincinnati-all-time-low","url_text":"\"Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings\". WVXU. 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvxu.org/politics/2023-02-07/violent-crime-cincinnati-all-time-low","url_text":"\"Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of United States cities by crime rate\", Wikipedia, 2023-02-06, retrieved 2023-02-13","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_crime_rate&oldid=1137715712","url_text":"\"List of United States cities by crime rate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati Saw Record Number Of Homicides In 2020\". WVXU. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvxu.org/local-news/2021-01-21/cincinnati-saw-record-number-of-homicides-in-2020","url_text":"\"Cincinnati Saw Record Number Of Homicides In 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati crime is at a 10-year low, even after tying the record for homicides last year\". WVXU. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvxu.org/local-news/2022-01-25/cincinnati-crime-10-year-low-after-tying-record-for-homicides","url_text":"\"Cincinnati crime is at a 10-year low, even after tying the record for homicides last year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do | Cincinnati Enquirer\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cincinnati.com/assets/AB170762220.PDF","url_text":"\"Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do | Cincinnati Enquirer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crime & Courts - Cincinnati.com - cincinnati.com\". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cincinnati.com/article/AB/20111230/NEWS0107/312300094","url_text":"\"Crime & Courts - Cincinnati.com - cincinnati.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"New city officials face hangover of problems\". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20140105/NEWS0108/301050057/New-city-officials-face-hangover-problems","url_text":"\"New city officials face hangover of problems\""}]},{"reference":"Elgazzar, Kareem (January 2, 2015). \"INTERACTIVE MAP: Killings, shootings and violent crime all down in Cincinnati in 2014\". WCPO-TV. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104203301/http://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/hold-homicides-2014","url_text":"\"INTERACTIVE MAP: Killings, shootings and violent crime all down in Cincinnati in 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPO-TV","url_text":"WCPO-TV"},{"url":"https://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/hold-homicides-2014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's where city's shootings occur\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2016/01/04/cincy-shootings-up-nearly-28-percent-2015/78262914/","url_text":"\"Here's where city's shootings occur\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-8/table-8-state-cuts/ohio.xls","external_links_name":"FBI 2019 UCR data"},{"Link":"https://insights.cincinnati-oh.gov/stories/s/Public-Safety/dy6d-ufh8/","external_links_name":"several public safety dashboards online"},{"Link":"https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum/rape_addendum_final","external_links_name":"\"FBI\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C","external_links_name":"Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens"},{"Link":"https://www.wvxu.org/politics/2023-02-07/violent-crime-cincinnati-all-time-low","external_links_name":"\"Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings\""},{"Link":"https://www.wvxu.org/politics/2023-02-07/violent-crime-cincinnati-all-time-low","external_links_name":"\"Violent crime in Cincinnati is at an all-time low, despite increased reports of rape, non-fatal shootings\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_crime_rate&oldid=1137715712","external_links_name":"\"List of United States cities by crime rate\""},{"Link":"https://www.wvxu.org/local-news/2021-01-21/cincinnati-saw-record-number-of-homicides-in-2020","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Saw Record Number Of Homicides In 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.wvxu.org/local-news/2022-01-25/cincinnati-crime-10-year-low-after-tying-record-for-homicides","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati crime is at a 10-year low, even after tying the record for homicides last year\""},{"Link":"http://news.cincinnati.com/assets/AB170762220.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to do | Cincinnati Enquirer\""},{"Link":"http://news.cincinnati.com/article/AB/20111230/NEWS0107/312300094","external_links_name":"\"Crime & Courts - Cincinnati.com - cincinnati.com\""},{"Link":"http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20140105/NEWS0108/301050057/New-city-officials-face-hangover-problems","external_links_name":"\"New city officials face hangover of problems\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104203301/http://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/hold-homicides-2014","external_links_name":"\"INTERACTIVE MAP: Killings, shootings and violent crime all down in Cincinnati in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/hold-homicides-2014","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2016/01/04/cincy-shootings-up-nearly-28-percent-2015/78262914/","external_links_name":"\"Here's where city's shootings occur\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Purgly | Emil Purgly | ["1 References"] | Hungarian politician (1880–1964)
Emil PurglyMinister of Agriculture of HungaryIn office4 February 1932 – 1 October 1932Preceded byBéla IvádySucceeded byMiklós Kállay
Personal detailsBorn(1880-02-19)19 February 1880Tompapuszta, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-HungaryDied13 May 1964(1964-05-13) (aged 84)Budapest, People's Republic of HungaryPolitical partyUnity PartyProfessionpolitician
The native form of this personal name is jószáshelyi Purgly Emil. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Emil Purgly de Jószáshely (19 February 1880 – 13 May 1964) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture in 1932.
He was a cousin of Magdolna Purgly, wife of Regent Miklós Horthy.
References
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
Political offices
Preceded byBéla Ivády
Minister of Agriculture 1932
Succeeded byMiklós Kállay
vteMinisters of Agriculture of Hungary since 1848Revolution of 1848
Klauzál
Batthyány
Kingdom of Hungary
Gorove
Szlávy
Zichy
Bartal
Simonyi
Trefort
Kemény
Széchenyi
Szapáry
A. Bethlen
Fejérváry
Festetics
I. Darányi
Tallián
György
Feilitzsch
I. Darányi
Serényi
Ghillány
Mezőssy
Wekerle
Serényi
Transition period
Buza
Csizmadia
Nyisztor
Hamburger
Vántus (opposed by Kintzig)
Takács
Győry
I. Szabó
Rubinek
Regency
I. Szabó
Mayer
I. Szabó
I. Bethlen
Mayer
Ivády
Purgly
Kállay
K. Darányi
Marschall
Sztranyavszky
Teleki
Bánffy
Jurcsek
Transition period
Pálffy
Im. Nagy
Kovács
Dobi
Bárányos
Á. Szabó
Dobi
Csala
Communist Hungary
Erdei
Hegedüs
Erdei
Matolcsi
Kovács
Dögei
Losonczi
Dimény
Romány
Váncsa
Hütter
Republic of Hungary
F. J. Nagy
Gergátz
J. Szabó
Lakos
F. Nagy
Torgyán
Boros
Vonza
Németh
Gráf
Fazekas
Is. Nagy
Ministers of Agriculture, Industry and Trade (1848-1889)
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF
This article about a Hungarian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Minister of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Magdolna Purgly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdolna_Purgly"},{"link_name":"Miklós Horthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is jószáshelyi Purgly Emil. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Emil Purgly de Jószáshely (19 February 1880 – 13 May 1964) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture in 1932.He was a cousin of Magdolna Purgly, wife of Regent Miklós Horthy.","title":"Emil Purgly"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/index.html","external_links_name":"Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000113049530","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/164963210","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Purgly&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Room_with_No_View | A Room with No View | ["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Broadcast and reception","4 Notes","5 Footnotes","5.1 References","6 External links"] | 20th episode of the 2nd season of Millennium
"A Room with No View"Millennium episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 20Directed byThomas J. WrightWritten byKen HortonFeatured music"Love is Blue" by Paul MauriatProduction code5C20Original air dateApril 24, 1998 (1998-04-24)Guest appearances
Christopher Kennedy Masterson as Landon Bryce
Chad Todhunter as Ben
Mariangela Pino as Teresa
Timothy Webber as Mr. Bryce
Sarah-Jane Redmond as Lucy Butler
Episode chronology
← Previous"Anamnesis"
Next →"Somehow, Satan Got Behind Me"
Millennium season 2List of episodes
"'A Room with No View" is the twentieth episode of the second season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium. It premiered on the Fox network on April 24, 1998. The episode was written by Ken Horton, and directed by Thomas J. Wright. "A Room With No View" featured an appearance by recurring guest star Sarah-Jane Redmond.
Millennium Group member Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) learns that a figure from his past has been abducting students, seemingly in an attempt to quash their hopes and aspirations. The episode was Horton's first script for the series, and saw the return of villain Lucy Butler (Redmond), who appeared sporadically throughout the series. "A Room With No View" received positive feedback from television critics, and was viewed by approximately 4.7 million households in its initial broadcast.
Plot
A young man tunnels out of a farmhouse in Oregon City, Oregon, escaping into the night. He finds an abandoned car and attempts to hot-wire it; someone inside starts the engine and runs him off the road, injuring his ankle. A woman, face obscured, and her male accomplice exit the car and throw the man into its trunk.
In Seattle, two friends argue about applying for college. Landon Bryce (Christopher Kennedy Masterson) tells his friend Howard Gordon (Michael R. Coleman) to apply, but Gordon has been convinced by school counselor Teresa Roe (Mariangela Pino) that his progress is too mediocre to make it worthwhile. Bryce accosts Roe, calling her a failure. That night, Gordon is killed, and Bryce is kidnapped. Millennium Group criminal profiler Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) learns that Gordon died of a heart attack, which the coroner believes was caused by fear. Black visits the crime scene, and sees visions of Lucy Butler (Sarah-Jane Redmond), a woman who killed his friend and colleague Bob Bletcher (in season one's Lamentation). Meanwhile, Bryce is bound and gagged in a remote farmhouse, then left in a room with the would-be escapee. The woman from earlier tells Bryce she loves him.
Black speaks to fellow Group member Peter Watts (Terry O'Quinn) about his Butler vision. Watts informs Black that a Group member, Olson, has been tasked with monitoring Butler since her release. Watts and Black travel to Butler's last known address and find Olson's long-dead body. They realize Butler had been filing her own surveillance reports in Olson's name. Meanwhile, Bryce attempts to escape, but is subdued and later comforted by Lucy Butler. Black interviews Roe, suspecting her involvement when she continually refers to Bryce in the past tense. He later discovers that in every school she has worked for, students have been kidnapped; all the victims resembled Bryce in being average students who showed signs of promise.
Bryce learns about the tunnel from his cellmate, and the two escape again. Emerging from the tunnel, they are met by Butler and a dog that attacks Bryce. After being brought back to the farmhouse, Bryce is told to accept that he is mediocre and ordinary. Elsewhere, Black and Watts interview Roe again, who seems to espouse the same mindset. Black reveals that he knows Roe was once a promising student, and accuses her of being cowed by a fear of failure. Frightened, she reveals the location of Butler's farm. Police raid the farm, freeing several captive youths, including Bryce, but Butler is nowhere to be found.
Production
"A Room With No View" was directed by Thomas J. Wright, who helmed a total of twenty-six episodes across all three seasons. Wright would also go on to direct "Millennium", the series' crossover episode with its sister show The X-Files. "A Room With No View" was the first to have been written by producer Ken Horton, and his only solo writing credit. Horton would pen a further two episodes in the third season, both with Chip Johannessen.
"A Room With No View" saw the third appearance of recurring villain Lucy Butler, who had previously appeared in "Lamentation" and "Powers, Principalities, Thrones and Dominions", and would return for the third season episodes "Antipas" and "Saturn Dreaming of Mercury". Redmond, a fan of series creator Chris Carter and recurring series director David Nutter, had initially auditioned for another episode of the first season which would have been directed by Nutter. Redmond did not get the part she auditioned for but was instead contacted about portraying a minor recurring role instead, which led to her casting as Butler. The episode features the repeated use of the song "Love Is Blue", performed by Paul Mauriat.
Broadcast and reception
"A Room With No View" was first broadcast on the Fox network on April 24, 1998. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.8 during its original broadcast, meaning that 4.8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode. This represented approximately 4.7 million households, and left the episode the eighty-second most-viewed broadcast that week.
The episode has received positive reviews from critics. The A.V. Club's Zack Handlen rated the episode an "A", finding it to be a particularly well-executed version of kidnapping trope in crime thrillers. Handlen also praised the development of the Lucy Butler character, feeling positively that her scenes did not seem like "rote horror" but made use of clear motives and characterization. Bill Gibron, writing for DVD Talk, rated the episode 4.5 out of 5, praising the dialogue and the use of "Love Is Blue". However, Gibron felt that the episode did little to move the series along, not exploring any of the season's themes or mythology. Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated "A Room With No View" five stars out of five. Shearman felt the episode was the season's most frightening installment, as it dispensed with the wider theological trappings that he felt lessened the impact of other episodes. He also praised the decision to bring back Redmond as Lucy Butler, finding the character to be a good balance between the different depictions of evil depicted throughout the series.
Notes
^ Each ratings point represented 980,000 households during the 1997–98 television season.
Footnotes
^ Millennium: The Complete First Season (Media notes). David Nutter, et al. Fox. 1996–97.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b Millennium: The Complete Second Season (Media notes). Thomas J. Wright, et al. Fox. 1997–98.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b Millennium: The Complete Third Season (Media notes). Thomas J. Wright, et al. Fox. 1998–1999.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Thomas J. Wright (director); Vince Gilligan & Frank Spotnitz (writers) (November 28, 1999). "Millennium". The X-Files. Season 7. Episode 4. Fox.
^ Genge 1997, p. 58.
^ Genge 1997, p. 70.
^ Thomas J. Wright (director); Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz (writers) (February 12, 1999). "Antipas". Millennium. Season 3. Episode 13. Fox.
^ Paul Shapiro (director); Chip Johannessen & Jordan Hawley (writers) (April 9, 1999). "Antipas". Millennium. Season 3. Episode 16. Fox.
^ "Millennium: Lucy Butler". Sarah-Jane Redmond.com. Sarah-Jane Redmond. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
^ a b Handlen, Zack (August 13, 2011). "'The End'/'A Room With No View' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
^ a b Shearman & Pearson 2009, p. 160.
^ a b "Prime time Nielsen ratings". Associated Press. April 29, 1998. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2012. (subscription required)
^ Gibron, Bill (January 3, 2005). "Millennium: Season 2: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video". DVD Talk. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
References
Genge, N. E. (1997). Millennium: The Unofficial Companion Volume Two. Century. ISBN 0712678697.
Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0975944691.
External links
"A Room with No View" at IMDb
vteMillenniumEpisodesSeason 1
"Pilot"
"Gehenna"
"Dead Letters"
"The Judge"
"522666"
"Kingdom Come"
"Blood Relatives"
"The Well-Worn Lock"
"Wide Open"
"The Wild and the Innocent"
"Weeds"
"Loin Like a Hunting Flame"
"Force Majeure"
"The Thin White Line"
"Sacrament"
"Covenant"
"Walkabout"
"Lamentation"
"Powers, Principalities, Thrones and Dominions"
"Broken World"
"Maranatha"
"Paper Dove"
Season 2
"The Beginning and the End"
"Beware of the Dog"
"Sense and Antisense"
"Monster"
"A Single Blade of Grass"
"The Curse of Frank Black"
"19:19"
"The Hand of St. Sebastian"
"Jose Chung's Doomsday Defense"
"The Mikado"
"The Pest House"
"Owls"
"Roosters"
"Siren"
"In Arcadia Ego"
"Anamnesis"
"A Room with No View"
"Somehow, Satan Got Behind Me"
"The Fourth Horseman"
"The Time Is Now"
Season 3
"...Thirteen Years Later"
"Collateral Damage"
Characters
Frank Black
Emma Hollis
Millennium Group
See also
Awards
Comic
"Millennium" (The X-Files)
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_2"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_(genre)"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Ken Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Horton"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. 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Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_R._Coleman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"school counselor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_counselor"},{"link_name":"Mariangela Pino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariangela_Pino"},{"link_name":"Millennium Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Group"},{"link_name":"Frank Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Black_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lance Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Henriksen"},{"link_name":"Sarah-Jane Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah-Jane_Redmond"},{"link_name":"Lamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_(Millennium)"},{"link_name":"Terry O'Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn"}],"text":"A young man tunnels out of a farmhouse in Oregon City, Oregon, escaping into the night. He finds an abandoned car and attempts to hot-wire it; someone inside starts the engine and runs him off the road, injuring his ankle. A woman, face obscured, and her male accomplice exit the car and throw the man into its trunk.In Seattle, two friends argue about applying for college. Landon Bryce (Christopher Kennedy Masterson) tells his friend Howard Gordon (Michael R. Coleman) to apply, but Gordon has been convinced by school counselor Teresa Roe (Mariangela Pino) that his progress is too mediocre to make it worthwhile. Bryce accosts Roe, calling her a failure. That night, Gordon is killed, and Bryce is kidnapped. Millennium Group criminal profiler Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) learns that Gordon died of a heart attack, which the coroner believes was caused by fear. Black visits the crime scene, and sees visions of Lucy Butler (Sarah-Jane Redmond), a woman who killed his friend and colleague Bob Bletcher (in season one's Lamentation). Meanwhile, Bryce is bound and gagged in a remote farmhouse, then left in a room with the would-be escapee. The woman from earlier tells Bryce she loves him.Black speaks to fellow Group member Peter Watts (Terry O'Quinn) about his Butler vision. Watts informs Black that a Group member, Olson, has been tasked with monitoring Butler since her release. Watts and Black travel to Butler's last known address and find Olson's long-dead body. They realize Butler had been filing her own surveillance reports in Olson's name. Meanwhile, Bryce attempts to escape, but is subdued and later comforted by Lucy Butler. Black interviews Roe, suspecting her involvement when she continually refers to Bryce in the past tense. He later discovers that in every school she has worked for, students have been kidnapped; all the victims resembled Bryce in being average students who showed signs of promise.Bryce learns about the tunnel from his cellmate, and the two escape again. Emerging from the tunnel, they are met by Butler and a dog that attacks Bryce. After being brought back to the farmhouse, Bryce is told to accept that he is mediocre and ordinary. Elsewhere, Black and Watts interview Roe again, who seems to espouse the same mindset. Black reveals that he knows Roe was once a promising student, and accuses her of being cowed by a fear of failure. Frightened, she reveals the location of Butler's farm. Police raid the farm, freeing several captive youths, including Bryce, but Butler is nowhere to be found.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas J. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season1book-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season2book-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season3book-3"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_crossover"},{"link_name":"sister show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_show"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millenniumxfiles-4"},{"link_name":"Ken Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Horton"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_3"},{"link_name":"Chip Johannessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Johannessen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season2book-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season3book-3"},{"link_name":"Lamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_(Millennium)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenge199758-5"},{"link_name":"Powers, Principalities, Thrones and Dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers,_Principalities,_Thrones_and_Dominions"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenge199770-6"},{"link_name":"Antipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipas_(Millennium)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Saturn Dreaming of Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Dreaming_of_Mercury"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"David Nutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Love Is Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27amour_est_bleu#Paul_Mauriat_version"},{"link_name":"Paul Mauriat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mauriat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avc-10"}],"text":"\"A Room With No View\" was directed by Thomas J. Wright, who helmed a total of twenty-six episodes across all three seasons.[1][2][3] Wright would also go on to direct \"Millennium\", the series' crossover episode with its sister show The X-Files.[4] \"A Room With No View\" was the first to have been written by producer Ken Horton, and his only solo writing credit. Horton would pen a further two episodes in the third season, both with Chip Johannessen.[2][3]\"A Room With No View\" saw the third appearance of recurring villain Lucy Butler, who had previously appeared in \"Lamentation\"[5] and \"Powers, Principalities, Thrones and Dominions\",[6] and would return for the third season episodes \"Antipas\"[7] and \"Saturn Dreaming of Mercury\".[8] Redmond, a fan of series creator Chris Carter and recurring series director David Nutter, had initially auditioned for another episode of the first season which would have been directed by Nutter. Redmond did not get the part she auditioned for but was instead contacted about portraying a minor recurring role instead, which led to her casting as Butler.[9] The episode features the repeated use of the song \"Love Is Blue\", performed by Paul Mauriat.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearmanPearson2009160-11"},{"link_name":"Nielsen rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_rating"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-12"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avc-10"},{"link_name":"DVD Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdtalk-14"},{"link_name":"Robert Shearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shearman"},{"link_name":"Lars Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Pearson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShearmanPearson2009160-11"}],"text":"\"A Room With No View\" was first broadcast on the Fox network on April 24, 1998.[11] The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.8 during its original broadcast, meaning that 4.8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode. This represented approximately 4.7 million households, and left the episode the eighty-second most-viewed broadcast that week.[12][nb 1]The episode has received positive reviews from critics. The A.V. Club's Zack Handlen rated the episode an \"A\", finding it to be a particularly well-executed version of kidnapping trope in crime thrillers. Handlen also praised the development of the Lucy Butler character, feeling positively that her scenes did not seem like \"rote horror\" but made use of clear motives and characterization.[10] Bill Gibron, writing for DVD Talk, rated the episode 4.5 out of 5, praising the dialogue and the use of \"Love Is Blue\". However, Gibron felt that the episode did little to move the series along, not exploring any of the season's themes or mythology.[13] Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated \"A Room With No View\" five stars out of five. Shearman felt the episode was the season's most frightening installment, as it dispensed with the wider theological trappings that he felt lessened the impact of other episodes. He also praised the decision to bring back Redmond as Lucy Butler, finding the character to be a good balance between the different depictions of evil depicted throughout the series.[11]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-12"}],"text":"^ Each ratings point represented 980,000 households during the 1997–98 television season.[12]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-season1book_1-0"},{"link_name":"Millennium: The Complete First Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_1"},{"link_name":"David Nutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutter"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"cite AV media notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-season2book_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-season2book_2-1"},{"link_name":"Millennium: The Complete Second Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_2"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"cite AV media notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-season3book_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-season3book_3-1"},{"link_name":"Millennium: The Complete Third Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_3"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"cite AV media notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-millenniumxfiles_4-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"Frank Spotnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenge199758_5-0"},{"link_name":"Genge 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGenge1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenge199770_6-0"},{"link_name":"Genge 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGenge1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright"},{"link_name":"Chris Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Frank Spotnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz"},{"link_name":"Antipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipas_(Millennium)"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Paul Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shapiro_(director)"},{"link_name":"Chip Johannessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Johannessen"},{"link_name":"Jordan Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Hawley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipas_(Millennium)"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Millennium: Lucy Butler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sarahjaneredmond.com/millennium.php"},{"link_name":"Sarah-Jane Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah-Jane_Redmond"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avc_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avc_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"'The End'/'A Room With No View' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.avclub.com/articles/the-enda-room-with-no-view,60203/"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearmanPearson2009160_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShearmanPearson2009160_11-1"},{"link_name":"Shearman & Pearson 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShearmanPearson2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ratings_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ratings_12-1"},{"link_name":"\"Prime time Nielsen ratings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140611022133/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19860475.html"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19860475.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dvdtalk_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Millennium: Season 2: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/13926/millennium-season-2/?___rd=1"},{"link_name":"DVD Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk"}],"text":"^ Millennium: The Complete First Season (Media notes). David Nutter, et al. Fox. 1996–97.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)\n\n^ a b Millennium: The Complete Second Season (Media notes). Thomas J. Wright, et al. Fox. 1997–98.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)\n\n^ a b Millennium: The Complete Third Season (Media notes). Thomas J. Wright, et al. Fox. 1998–1999.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)\n\n^ Thomas J. Wright (director); Vince Gilligan & Frank Spotnitz (writers) (November 28, 1999). \"Millennium\". The X-Files. Season 7. Episode 4. Fox.\n\n^ Genge 1997, p. 58.\n\n^ Genge 1997, p. 70.\n\n^ Thomas J. Wright (director); Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz (writers) (February 12, 1999). \"Antipas\". Millennium. Season 3. Episode 13. Fox.\n\n^ Paul Shapiro (director); Chip Johannessen & Jordan Hawley (writers) (April 9, 1999). \"Antipas\". Millennium. Season 3. Episode 16. Fox.\n\n^ \"Millennium: Lucy Butler\". Sarah-Jane Redmond.com. Sarah-Jane Redmond. Retrieved October 11, 2012.\n\n^ a b Handlen, Zack (August 13, 2011). \"'The End'/'A Room With No View' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 11, 2012.\n\n^ a b Shearman & Pearson 2009, p. 160.\n\n^ a b \"Prime time Nielsen ratings\". Associated Press. April 29, 1998. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2012. (subscription required)\n\n^ Gibron, Bill (January 3, 2005). \"Millennium: Season 2: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\". DVD Talk. Retrieved October 8, 2012.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0712678697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712678697"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0975944691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0975944691"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Genge, N. E. (1997). Millennium: The Unofficial Companion Volume Two. Century. ISBN 0712678697.\nShearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0975944691.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Millennium: The Complete First Season (Media notes). David Nutter, et al. Fox. 1996–97.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_1","url_text":"Millennium: The Complete First Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutter","url_text":"David Nutter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"Millennium: The Complete Second Season (Media notes). Thomas J. Wright, et al. Fox. 1997–98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_2","url_text":"Millennium: The Complete Second Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright","url_text":"Thomas J. Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"Millennium: The Complete Third Season (Media notes). Thomas J. Wright, et al. Fox. 1998–1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_season_3","url_text":"Millennium: The Complete Third Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright","url_text":"Thomas J. Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"Thomas J. Wright (director); Vince Gilligan & Frank Spotnitz (writers) (November 28, 1999). \"Millennium\". The X-Files. Season 7. Episode 4. Fox.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wright","url_text":"Thomas J. 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Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)","url_text":"Chris Carter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz","url_text":"Frank Spotnitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipas_(Millennium)","url_text":"Antipas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(TV_series)","url_text":"Millennium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"Paul Shapiro (director); Chip Johannessen & Jordan Hawley (writers) (April 9, 1999). \"Antipas\". Millennium. Season 3. Episode 16. Fox.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shapiro_(director)","url_text":"Paul Shapiro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Johannessen","url_text":"Chip Johannessen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Hawley&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Jordan Hawley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipas_(Millennium)","url_text":"Antipas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(TV_series)","url_text":"Millennium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"\"Millennium: Lucy Butler\". Sarah-Jane Redmond.com. Sarah-Jane Redmond. Retrieved October 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://sarahjaneredmond.com/millennium.php","url_text":"\"Millennium: Lucy Butler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah-Jane_Redmond","url_text":"Sarah-Jane Redmond"}]},{"reference":"Handlen, Zack (August 13, 2011). \"'The End'/'A Room With No View' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-enda-room-with-no-view,60203/","url_text":"\"'The End'/'A Room With No View' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime time Nielsen ratings\". Associated Press. April 29, 1998. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611022133/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19860475.html","url_text":"\"Prime time Nielsen ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19860475.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibron, Bill (January 3, 2005). \"Millennium: Season 2: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\". DVD Talk. Retrieved October 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/13926/millennium-season-2/?___rd=1","url_text":"\"Millennium: Season 2: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk","url_text":"DVD Talk"}]},{"reference":"Genge, N. E. (1997). Millennium: The Unofficial Companion Volume Two. Century. ISBN 0712678697.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712678697","url_text":"0712678697"}]},{"reference":"Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0975944691.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0975944691","url_text":"978-0975944691"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://sarahjaneredmond.com/millennium.php","external_links_name":"\"Millennium: Lucy Butler\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-enda-room-with-no-view,60203/","external_links_name":"\"'The End'/'A Room With No View' | The X-Files/Millennium | TV Club\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611022133/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19860475.html","external_links_name":"\"Prime time Nielsen ratings\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19860475.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/13926/millennium-season-2/?___rd=1","external_links_name":"\"Millennium: Season 2: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0648216/","external_links_name":"\"A Room with No View\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte | Lambertus de Monte | ["1 Works","2 References"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lambertus de Monte, also Lambertus de Monte Domini or Lambert of Cologne (Dutch: Lambertus van 's-Heerenbergh; c. 1430/5–1499), was a medieval scholastic and Thomist.
Originally from 's-Heerenberg (Monte Domini), he went to the University of Cologne in 1450, where he was taught by his uncle Gerhardus de Monte, and received his Master of Arts in 1454, holding an arts professorship there from 1455 until 1473, when he became a doctor of theology. He then taught in the faculty of theology until his death.
He wrote several Thomist commentaries on Aristotle, including the Physics, De anima, and the logica nova, most of which were printed in Cologne during his lifetime or shortly thereafter. He was a defender of the Thomistic interpretation of Aristotle against that of Albert the Great and his followers. He was a member of the Schola Coloniensis of Thomists. Notably, he argued for Aristotle's salvation against the scholarly consensus that Aristotle was in Hell. He also wrote copulata (introductory logical analysis) of Peter of Spain. Besides Thomas and Gerhardus, he was influenced by Henry of Gorkum, Gerhardus' teacher. After Henry and Gerhardus, he was the third doctor of the bursa Montana, a college of students and faculty living in common.
Works
Copulata totius novae logicae Aristotelis
Copulata super libros De anima Aristotelis ("Expositio ... circa tres libros De anima Aristotelis"), first published 1485, 1492
Compilatio commentaria ... in octo libros Aristotelis De physico ("Prohemium Phisicorum"), first published 1493, 1498
Copulata omnium tractatuum Petri Hispani etiam (syncategorematum et) parvorum logicalium ac trium modernorum secundum doctrinam Thomae Aquinatis cum textu
De salvatione Arestotelis, first published c. 1498
References
Chroust, Anton-Hermann. 1945. Contribution to the Medieval Discussion: Utrum Aristoteles Sit Salvatus. Journal of the History of Ideas, 6(2), 231–238.
Duhem, Pierre; Roger Ariew, ed. and trans. 1985. Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-16922-7.
Lagerlund, Henrik. 2000. Modal Syllogistics in the Middle Ages. BRILL, ISBN 90-04-11626-5.
Michael, Emily. 2003. Renaissance Theories of Body, Soul, and Mind. Psyche and Soma: Physicians and Metaphysicians on the Mind-Body Problem from Antiquity to Enlightenment. John P. Wright and Paul Potter, edd. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925674-8.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"scholastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"Thomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomist"},{"link_name":"'s-Heerenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Heerenberg"},{"link_name":"University of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Gerhardus de Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhardus_de_Monte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"doctor of theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_theology"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"De anima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_anima"},{"link_name":"logica nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica_nova"},{"link_name":"Albert the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Schola Coloniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schola_Coloniensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"copulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Spain_(author)"},{"link_name":"Henry of Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum"}],"text":"Lambertus de Monte, also Lambertus de Monte Domini or Lambert of Cologne (Dutch: Lambertus van 's-Heerenbergh; c. 1430/5–1499), was a medieval scholastic and Thomist.Originally from 's-Heerenberg (Monte Domini), he went to the University of Cologne in 1450, where he was taught by his uncle Gerhardus de Monte, and received his Master of Arts in 1454, holding an arts professorship there from 1455 until 1473, when he became a doctor of theology. He then taught in the faculty of theology until his death.He wrote several Thomist commentaries on Aristotle, including the Physics, De anima, and the logica nova, most of which were printed in Cologne during his lifetime or shortly thereafter. He was a defender of the Thomistic interpretation of Aristotle against that of Albert the Great and his followers. He was a member of the Schola Coloniensis of Thomists. Notably, he argued for Aristotle's salvation against the scholarly consensus that Aristotle was in Hell. He also wrote copulata (introductory logical analysis) of Peter of Spain. Besides Thomas and Gerhardus, he was influenced by Henry of Gorkum, Gerhardus' teacher. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Johnston | Russell Johnston | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 Obituaries","6 External links"] | British politician (1932–2008)
For other people named Russell Johnston, see Russell Johnston (disambiguation).
The Right HonourableThe Lord Russell-JohnstonJohnston (right) shares a joke with David Steel at the 1987 Liberal Party AssemblyDeputy Leader of the Liberal DemocratsIn office16 July 1988 – 13 April 1992LeaderPaddy AshdownPreceded byAlan Beith (Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party)Succeeded byAlan BeithLeader of the Scottish Liberal PartyIn office1974 – 16 July 1988Succeeded byMalcolm Bruce (Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats)Member of Parliamentfor Inverness, Nairn and LochaberInverness (1964–1983)In office15 October 1964 – 8 April 1997Preceded byNeil McLeanSucceeded byConstituency abolished
Personal detailsBornDavid Russell Johnston(1932-07-28)28 July 1932Edinburgh, ScotlandDied27 July 2008(2008-07-27) (aged 75)Paris, FrancePolitical partyLiberal Democrats (1988–1997)Other politicalaffiliationsLiberal (1964–1988)
David Russell Russell-Johnston, Baron Russell-Johnston (born David Russell Johnston; 28 July 1932 – 27 July 2008), usually known as Russell Johnston, was a leading Scottish Liberal Democrat politician and was the Leader of the Scottish Liberal Party from 1974 to 1988.
Early life
David Russell Johnston was born on 28 July 1932 at 39 Palmerston Place, Edinburgh to Georgina Margaret Gerrie (née Russell) and David Knox Johnston, a customs and excise officer. He was educated at Portree High School on the Isle of Skye, and attended the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1957 with an MA in history. After completing national service in the intelligence corps (1958–9) he trained as a teacher at Moray House College of Education, going on to teach at Liberton High School.
In 1961, he won The Observer Mace, speaking with David Harcus and representing the University of Edinburgh.
Political career
He was elected to the House of Commons and represented Inverness for the Liberal Party (1964–83) and Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber as a member of parliament (MP) for the Liberal Party (1983–88) and for the Liberal Democrats (1988–97). He also served as leader of the Scottish Liberal Party and as deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats (1988–92). In October 1966, he proposed a bill of federal law in order to deal with the Scotland and Wales case.
Johnston was knighted in 1985.
In the 1992 election, he made history by holding his seat with just 26% of the vote in a close four-way battle with Labour, the SNP, and the Conservatives. At the time, this was the lowest ever winning percentage for a candidate, until being superseded by Belfast South at the 2015 election. On retiring from the House of Commons in 1997, he was created a life peer as Baron Russell-Johnston of Minginish in Highlands, changing his surname by deed poll to allow his forename to be incorporated into his title.
He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1985 to his death in 2008, leading the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE-PACE) from 1994 to 1999, and serving as the assembly's president from 1999 until 2002. In 2003 Alija Izetbegović described him as "a great friend of Bosnia."
Personal life
In 1967 Johnston married Joan Graham Menzies a bank clerk, and together they had three sons.
Lord Russell-Johnston collapsed and died in a Paris street on 27 July 2008, the day before his 76th birthday. He had been diagnosed with cancer, for which he was receiving chemotherapy. While undergoing treatment he continued to work on human rights issues for the Council of Europe. At the time of his death he and his wife had been estranged for over ten years, although they remained close friends.
References
^ "Former Scots Liberal leader dies". BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
^ a b c Stuart, Mark (5 January 2012). Johnston, (David) Russell Russell-, Baron Russell-Johnston (1932–2008), politician. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/99961.
^ a b c "Russell-Johnston, Baron, ((David) Russell Russell-Johnston) (28 July 1932–27 July 2008)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u33505, retrieved 4 May 2019
^ ALDE-PACE Group; accessed 12 February 2016.
^ a b "Liberal Democrat Lord Russell-Johnston dies on eve of 76th birthday". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
^ "No. 54844". The London Gazette. 25 July 1997. p. 8547.
^ Profile, Council of Europe website; accessed 12 February 2016.
^ Inescapable Questions (2003), page.424.
^ a b "Tributes as ex-Liberal leader dies in street". The Scotsman. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
Obituaries
Obituary, guardian.co.uk, 29 July 2008; accessed 12 February 2016.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Russell Johnston
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byNeil McLean
Member of Parliament for Inverness 1964–1983
Constituency abolished
New constituency
Member of Parliament for Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber 1983–1997
Constituency abolished
Party political offices
Preceded byGeorge Mackie, Baron Mackie of Benshie
Chairman of the Scottish Liberal Party 1970–1974
Succeeded byMenzies Campbell
Preceded by?
Leader of the Scottish Liberal Party 1974–1988
Succeeded byMalcolm BruceLeader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats
Preceded byAlan BeithDeputy Leader of the Liberal Party?Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic Party
Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats 1988–1992
Succeeded byAlan Beith
Preceded byGeorge Mackie, Baron Mackie of Benshieas President of the Scottish Liberal Party
President of the Scottish Liberal Democrats 1988–1994
Succeeded by?
Political offices
Preceded byLeni Fischer
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1999–2002
Succeeded byPeter Schieder
vteScottish Liberal DemocratsLeaders
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Johnston (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Johnston_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrat"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Scottish Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Party"}],"text":"For other people named Russell Johnston, see Russell Johnston (disambiguation).David Russell Russell-Johnston, Baron Russell-Johnston (born David Russell Johnston; 28 July 1932 – 27 July 2008),[1] usually known as Russell Johnston, was a leading Scottish Liberal Democrat politician and was the Leader of the Scottish Liberal Party from 1974 to 1988.","title":"Russell Johnston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Portree High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portree_High_School"},{"link_name":"Isle of Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Skye"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"national service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_service"},{"link_name":"Moray House College of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moray_House_College_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Liberton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberton_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"The Observer Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer_Mace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"David Russell Johnston was born on 28 July 1932 at 39 Palmerston Place, Edinburgh to Georgina Margaret Gerrie (née Russell) and David Knox Johnston, a customs and excise officer.[2][3] He was educated at Portree High School on the Isle of Skye, and attended the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1957 with an MA in history.[3] After completing national service in the intelligence corps (1958–9) he trained as a teacher at Moray House College of Education, going on to teach at Liberton High School.[2]In 1961, he won The Observer Mace, speaking with David Harcus and representing the University of Edinburgh.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness,_Nairn_and_Lochaber"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"Belfast South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"life peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"deed poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed_poll"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE-PACE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_in_the_Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Alija Izetbegović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He was elected to the House of Commons and represented Inverness for the Liberal Party (1964–83) and Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber as a member of parliament (MP) for the Liberal Party (1983–88) and for the Liberal Democrats (1988–97). He also served as leader of the Scottish Liberal Party and as deputy leader of the[4] Liberal Democrats (1988–92). In October 1966, he proposed a bill of federal law in order to deal with the Scotland and Wales case.[citation needed]Johnston was knighted in 1985.[5]In the 1992 election, he made history by holding his seat with just 26% of the vote in a close four-way battle with Labour, the SNP, and the Conservatives. At the time, this was the lowest ever winning percentage for a candidate, until being superseded by Belfast South at the 2015 election. On retiring from the House of Commons in 1997, he was created a life peer as Baron Russell-Johnston of Minginish in Highlands,[6] changing his surname by deed poll to allow his forename to be incorporated into his title.[5]He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1985 to his death in 2008,[7] leading the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE-PACE) from 1994 to 1999, and serving as the assembly's president from 1999 until 2002. In 2003 Alija Izetbegović described him as \"a great friend of Bosnia.\"[8]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman-9"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman-9"}],"text":"In 1967 Johnston married Joan Graham Menzies a bank clerk, and together they had three sons.[3]Lord Russell-Johnston collapsed and died in a Paris street on 27 July 2008, the day before his 76th birthday.[9] He had been diagnosed with cancer, for which he was receiving chemotherapy. While undergoing treatment he continued to work on human rights issues for the Council of Europe. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucicones | Eucicones | ["1 Species","2 References","3 Further reading"] | Genus of beetles
Eucicones
Eucicones marginalis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Infraorder:
Cucujiformia
Family:
Zopheridae
Subfamily:
Colydiinae
Tribe:
Synchitini
Genus:
EuciconesSharp, 1894
Eucicones is a genus of cylindrical bark beetles in the family Zopheridae. There are at least two described species in the genus Eucicones.
Species
These two species belong to the genus Eucicones:
Eucicones marginalis (Melsheimer, 1846)
Eucicones oblongopunctata (Wickham, 1913)
References
^
"Eucicones Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
^
"Eucicones". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
^
"Eucicones genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
^
Ivie, Michael A.; Lord, Nathan P.; Foley, Ian A.; Slipinski, S. Adam (2016). "Colydiine genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the new World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 70 (4): 755–788. doi:10.1649/0010-065X-70.4.755.
Further reading
Slipinski, Stanislaw Adam; Lawrence, John F. (1999). "Phylogeny and classification of Zopheridae sensu novo (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) with a review of the genera of Zopherinae (excluding Monommatini)". Annales Zoologici. 49 (1): 1–53. ISSN 0003-4541.
Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5: Tenebrionoidea. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26090-0.
Taxon identifiersEucicones
Wikidata: Q18116185
BioLib: 314109
BugGuide: 391063
CoL: 4F7M
GBIF: 1045336
iNaturalist: 173490
IRMNG: 1159816
ITIS: 706130
NCBI: 2713723
Open Tree of Life: 4618451
Paleobiology Database: 317470
This Zopheridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cylindrical bark beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_bark_beetle"},{"link_name":"Zopheridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zopheridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buglink-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivie2016-4"}],"text":"Eucicones is a genus of cylindrical bark beetles in the family Zopheridae. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchesse_Anne | Duchesse Anne | ["1 History","2 Similar ships","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°02′15″N 2°22′20″E / 51.03750°N 2.37222°E / 51.03750; 2.37222French 3-masted sailing ship
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Duchesse Anne permanently moored in Dunkirk
History
Germany
NameGroßherzogin Elisabeth (Grand Duchess Elisabeth)
OwnerDeutscher Schulschiffverein
BuilderJohann C. Tecklenborg, Bremerhaven
Launched7 March 1901
Nickname(s)Lisbeth
FateHanded over to France as a war reparation, August 15, 1946
France
NameDuchesse Anne
NamesakeDuchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Owner
French Navy (1946–1981)
City of Dunkirk (1981–present)
Acquired15 August 1946
HomeportDunkirk
StatusMuseum ship
General characteristics
Displacement1,250 tons
Length92 m (302 ft)
Beam11.9 m (39 ft)
Draft5.45 m (17.9 ft)
NotesSail area: 2,060 m²
Duchesse Anne (formerly called Großherzogin Elisabeth) is the last remaining full-rigged ship under French flag. She was built in 1901 with a steel hull by the yard of Joh. C. Tecklenborg of Bremerhaven-Geestemünde (Germany) according to plans drawn by Georg W. Claussen. The mainmast is 48 m tall and 25 sails were rigged. She was used as a training ship for young aspiring sailors in the German merchant marine.
History
Sailing as Großherzogin Elisabeth in 1913
The ship was handed over to France as war reparations after World War II and renamed Duchesse Anne. The ship has been classified a historical monument since 5 November 1982.This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2019)
Similar ships
Several other training windjammers of the German "Deutscher Schulschiff-Verein" also survive to this day:
Dar Pomorza (originally Prinzess Eitel Friedrich)
Schulschiff Deutschland
Statsraad Lehmkuhl (originally Großherzog Friedrich August)
References
^ "Site officiel de la Ville de Dunkerque: La Duchesse Anne". Ville de Dunkerque. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
External links
Media related to Duchesse Anne (ship, 1901) at Wikimedia Commons
vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800
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Enterprise⛵ (1878)
Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878)
Gannet⚓ (1878)
Holland I⚓ (1878)
Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879)
Vallejo⛵️ (1879)
1880–1899
Annie⚓ (1880)
Fenian Ram⚓ (1881)
Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881)
Rothbury⛵️ (1881)
George Smeed⛵️ (1882)
Grace Bailey⛵ (1882)
Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882)
Christeen⚓ (1883)
Nelcebee⚓ (1883)
Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884)
Little Jennie ⚓ (1884)
Kuna⛵ (1884)
PW Mayflower⛵ (1884)
Amazon⛵ (1885)
Coronet⚓ (1885)
Pioneer⛵ (1885)
Polly Woodside⚓ (1885)
Wavertree⚓ (1885)
Balclutha⚓ (1886)
L'Almée⚓ (1885)
Segwun⛵ (1887)
Sigyn⚓ (1887)
Tyr⚓ (1887)
Akarana⚓ (1888)
af Chapman⚓ (1888)
Elf⛵ (1888)
Equator⚓ (1888)
Priscilla⚓ (1888)
Anna Kristina⛵ (1889)
Arthur Foss⚓ (1889)
Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889)
Peral⚓ (1889)
Raven⛵ (1889)
"Eureka"⚓ (1890)
Persistence⛵️ (1890)
Robin⚓ (1890)
Alma⚓ (1891)
Nellie⚓ (1891)
Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891)
Tern⛵ (1891)
Fram⚓ (1892)
Kestrel⚓ (1892)
Mirosa⛵ (1892)
Olympia⚓ (1892)
Rona⚓️ (1892)
Coya⚓ (1893)
El Primero⛵ (1893)
Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893)
Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893)
Result⚓ (1893)
Viking⚓ (1893)
Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894)
Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894)
Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894)
Turbinia⚓ (1894)
Vridni⚓ (1894)
Lagaren⚓ (1894)
Bessie⛵ (1895)
C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895)
Centaur⛵ (1895)
Gedser Rev⚓ (1895)
Hiawatha⛵ (1895)
Kitty⛵ (1895)
Belem⛵ (1896)
Daisy⚓ (1896)
Edna G⚓ (1896)
Genève⚓ (1896)
Glenlee⚓ (1896)
Meteor⚓ (1896)
Pyap⛵ (1896)
Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896)
Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896)
La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897)
Keenora⚓ (1897)
Marion⛵ (1897)
Najaden⚓ (1897)
Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897)
Tarella⚓ (1897)
Wyvern⛵ (1897)
Carola⚓ (1898)
Marjorie⛵ (1898)
Niagara⛵ (1898)
Berkeley⚓ (1898)
Edme⛵ (1898)
Etona⛵ (1898)
Moyie⚓ (1898)
Niagara⛵ (1898)
Waimarie⛵️ (1898)
Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898)
Albatros⛵ (1899)
Decima⛵ (1899)
Maud⛵ (1899)
Stjernen I⛵ (1899)
William B. Tennison⚓ (1899)
1900–1907
Aurora⚓ (1900)
Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900)
Ena⛵ (1900)
Helen McAllister⚓ (1900)
Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900)
Ironsides⛵ (1900)
Kathleen and May⛵ (1900)
Mikasa⚓ (1900)
Regina M.⚓️ (1900)
Västan⛵ (1900)
Victory Chimes⛵ (1900)
Cangarda⛵ (1901)
Discovery⚓ (1901)
Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901)
Elsworth⚓ (1901)
Gazela⚓ (1901)
Holland 1⚓ (1901)
Kathryn⚓ (1901)
Reaper⛵ (1901)
Sigsbee⛵ (1901)
Tilikum⚓ c. 1901
Urger⛵ (1901)
Basuto⚓ (1902)
Columbia⚓ (1902)
Jupiter⚓ (1902)
Madiz⛵ (1902)
Shenandoah⛵ (1902)
Solway Lass⛵ (1902)
Stanley Norman⚓ (1902)
Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902)
Alma Doepel⛵ (1903)
Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903)
Celtic⚓ (1903)
Finngrundet⚓ (1903)
Föri⛵️ (1903)
Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903)
Maggie Lee⛵ (1903)
Normac⚓ (1903)
Pommern⚓ (1903)
Alose⚓ (1904)
Ariki⚓ (1904)
Barnegat⚓ (1904)
Black Jack⛵ (1904)
Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904)
J C Madge⚓ (1904)
Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904)
Juniata⚓ (1904)
Medea⚓ (1904)
Moshulu⚓ (1904)
Sava⚓ (1904)
Swiftsure⚓ (1904)
Asgard⚓ (1905)
Fæmund II⛵ (1905)
Hathor⛵ (1905)
Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905)
Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905)
Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906)
Baltimore⚓ (1906)
Blümlisalp⛵ (1906)
Cambria⛵ (1906)
Edith May⛵ (1906)
Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906)
Ida May⛵ (1906)
Minnehaha⛵ (1906)
Minnie V⛵️ (1906)
Östanå I⛵ (1906)
St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906)
Thalatta⛵ (1906)
Ticonderoga⚓ (1906)
U-1⚓ (1906)
Viola⚓ (1906)
Ambrose⚓ (1907)
Drazki⚓ (1907)
Canally⚓ (1907)
F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907)
Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907)
Hercules⚓ (1907)
Irene⛵ (1907)
Keewatin⚓ (1907)
Nyanza⚓ (1907)
Rosa⛵ (1907)
Ruby⚓ (1907)
Tarmo⚓ (1907)
Viking⚓ (1907)
Yankee⚓ (1907)
1908–1914
Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908)
Entiat Princess⛵ (1908)
Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908)
Mohican II⛵ (1908)
Oscar W⛵ (1908)
Oster⛵ (1908)
Sabino⛵ (1908)
Speeder⛵️ (1908)
Storskär⛵ (1908)
Ardwina⛵ (1909)
Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909)
Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909)
Duwamish⚓ (1909)
Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909)
Lotus⛵ (1909)
President⛵ (1909)
Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909)
Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909)
Gonca⛵ (1909)
E.C. Collier⚓ (1910)
Georgios Averof⚓ (1910)
Noorderlicht⛵ (1910)
Norrskär⛵ (1910)
Ste. Claire⚓ (1910)
Trillium⛵ (1910)
Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910)
Europa⛵ (1911)
Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911)
Helen Smitton⚓ (1911)
Hestmanden⚓ (1911)
Industry⛵ (1911)
James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911)
McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911)
Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911)
Nomadic⚓ (1911)
Nusret⚓ (1911)
Passat⚓ (1911)
Peking⚓ (1911)
Pevensey⛵ (1911)
Tradewind⛵ (1911)
Wäiski⚓ (1911)
African Queen⚓ (1912)
Astoria⛵️ (1912)
Canberra⛵ (1912)
Cartela⛵ (1912)
Chacon⚓ (1912)
Earnslaw⛵ (1912)
Gustaf III⛵ (1912)
Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912)
James Caird⚓ (1912)
J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912)
Kwasind⛵ (1912)
Lady Denman⚓ (1912)
Margaret⛵ (1912)
Melbourne⛵ (1912)
Sundowner⛵ (1912)
Texas⚓ (1912)
Wendameen⛵ (1912)
Zhongshan⚓ (1912)
Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912)
Acadia⚓ (1913)
Adventuress⛵ (1913)
Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913)
Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913)
Jolie Brise⛵ (1913)
Kildare⛵ (1913)
Kommuna⛵ (1913)
Kyle⚓ (1913)
North Head⚓ (1913)
Rusinga⚓️ (1913)
Stord I⛵ (1913)
Suur Tõll⛵ (1913)
Usoga⛵ (1913)
Naramata⚓ (1914)
Sicamous⚓ (1914)
Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914)
World War I
Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914)
Britannia⛵️ (1914)
Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914)
Caroline⚓ (1914)
Hercules⛵ (1914)
Horns Rev⚓ (1914)
Katahdin⛵ (1914)
Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914)
Doulos Phos⚓ (1914)
Perth⚓ (1914)
Pilot⛵ (1914)
Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914)
Zumbrota⛵ (1914)
Bradbury⚓ (1915)
Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915)
Katie⛵ (1915)
Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915)
M33⚓ (1915)
Mar-Sue⛵ (1915)
Miseford⛵ (1915)
Peacock⛵ (1915)
Sankt Erik⛵ (1915)
Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915)
Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916)
Krassin⚓ (1916)
Mariette⛵️ (1916)
Mercantile⛵ (1916)
Portsmouth⚓ (1916)
UB-46⚓ (1916)
Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917)
Carpentaria⚓ (1917)
Commander⛵ (1917)
L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917)
Maud⚓ (1917)
St. Julien⛵️ (1917)
Valley Camp⚓️ (1917)
El Don⛵️ (1918)
Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918)
Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918)
Lotus⛵ (1918)
Oosterschelde⛵ (1918)
President⚓ (1918)
Surprise⛵ (1918)
W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918)
51°02′15″N 2°22′20″E / 51.03750°N 2.37222°E / 51.03750; 2.37222
This article about a specific civilian ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Joh. C. Tecklenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh._C._Tecklenborg"},{"link_name":"Bremerhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anne-1"}],"text":"French 3-masted sailing shipDuchesse Anne (formerly called Großherzogin Elisabeth) is the last remaining full-rigged ship under French flag. She was built in 1901 with a steel hull by the yard of Joh. C. Tecklenborg of Bremerhaven-Geestemünde (Germany) according to plans drawn by Georg W. Claussen. The mainmast is 48 m tall and 25 sails were rigged.[1] She was used as a training ship for young aspiring sailors in the German merchant marine.","title":"Duchesse Anne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grossherzogin_Elisabeth.jpg"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"}],"text":"Sailing as Großherzogin Elisabeth in 1913The ship was handed over to France as war reparations after World War II and renamed Duchesse Anne. The ship has been classified a historical monument since 5 November 1982.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"windjammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship"},{"link_name":"Dar Pomorza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Pomorza"},{"link_name":"Schulschiff Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulschiff_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Statsraad Lehmkuhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsraad_Lehmkuhl"}],"text":"Several other training windjammers of the German \"Deutscher Schulschiff-Verein\" also survive to this day:Dar Pomorza (originally Prinzess Eitel Friedrich)\nSchulschiff Deutschland\nStatsraad Lehmkuhl (originally Großherzog Friedrich August)","title":"Similar ships"}] | [{"image_text":"Sailing as Großherzogin Elisabeth in 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Grossherzogin_Elisabeth.jpg/220px-Grossherzogin_Elisabeth.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Site officiel de la Ville de Dunkerque: La Duchesse Anne\". Ville de Dunkerque. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100625052019/http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/decouvrirdunkerque/histoire/la-duchesse-anne/index.html","url_text":"\"Site officiel de la Ville de Dunkerque: La Duchesse Anne\""},{"url":"http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/decouvrirdunkerque/histoire/la-duchesse-anne/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchesse_Anne¶ms=51_02_15_N_2_22_20_E_region:FR-59_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"51°02′15″N 2°22′20″E / 51.03750°N 2.37222°E / 51.03750; 2.37222"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuchesse_Anne_(trois-m%C3%A2ts_carr%C3%A9)&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchesse_Anne&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100625052019/http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/decouvrirdunkerque/histoire/la-duchesse-anne/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Site officiel de la Ville de Dunkerque: La Duchesse Anne\""},{"Link":"http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/decouvrirdunkerque/histoire/la-duchesse-anne/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duchesse_Anne¶ms=51_02_15_N_2_22_20_E_region:FR-59_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"51°02′15″N 2°22′20″E / 51.03750°N 2.37222°E / 51.03750; 2.37222"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchesse_Anne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldfield_Thomas | Oldfield Thomas | ["1 Career","2 Taxonomic descriptions","2.1 Higher ranks","2.2 Genera","2.3 Species","3 See also","4 References","5 External links","6 Further reading"] | British mammalogist (1858–1929)
Not to be confused with Thomas Oldfield.
Oldfield ThomasFRS FZSPainting by John Ernest BreunBornMichael Rogers Oldfield Thomas21 February 1858Millbrook, Bedfordshire, EnglandDied16 June 1929(1929-06-16) (aged 71)Known forMammalogyScientific careerFieldsZoologyInstitutionsNatural History MuseumAuthor abbrev. (zoology)Thomas
Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas FRS FZS (21 February 1858 – 16 June 1929) was a British zoologist.
Career
Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum on mammals, describing about 2,000 new species and subspecies for the first time. He was appointed to the museum secretary's office in 1876, transferring to the zoological department in 1878.
In 1891, Thomas married Mary Kane, daughter of Sir Andrew Clark, heiress to a small fortune, which gave him the finances to hire mammal collectors and present their specimens to the museum. He also did field work himself in Western Europe and South America. His wife shared his interest in natural history, and accompanied him on collecting trips. In 1896, when William Henry Flower took control of the department, he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions, allowing Thomas to concentrate on these new specimens.
Thomas viewed his taxonomy efforts from the scope of British imperialism. "You and I in our scientific lives have seen the general knowledge of Mammals of the world wonderfully advanced – there are few or no blank areas anymore", he said in a letter to Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.
Officially retired from the museum in 1923, he continued his work without interruption. Although popular rumours suggested he died by shooting himself with a handgun while sitting at his museum desk, he actually died at home in 1929, aged 71, about a year after the death of his wife, "a severe blow from which he never recovered."
Taxonomic descriptions
Higher ranks
Deomyinae
Desmanini
Myzopodidae
Ochotonidae
Phalangeroidea
Procaviidae
Genera
Aethalops
Aethomys
Ammodillus
Ammodorcas
Anisomys
Anthops
Batomys
Beamys
Belomys
Blarinella
Brachiones
Bunomys
Caenolestes
Callicebus
Calomyscus
Caloprymnus
Cannomys
Carpomys
Casinycteris
Chiromyscus
Chiruromys
Choeroniscus
Chrotogale
Chrotomys
Cistugo
Cloeotis
Clyomys
Colomys
Crateromys
Crossomys
Crunomys
Ctenomys
Cynomops
Cyttarops
Dacnomys
Damaliscus
Deomys
Dephomys
Desmodillus
Desmomys
Diomys
Diplogale
Diplomys
Diplothrix
Dologale
Dromiciops
Dryomys
Epixerus
Eupetaurus
Euxerus
Galeopterus
Gerbilliscus
Glaucomys
Glironia
Glirulus
Glyphonycteris
Glyphotes
Grammomys
Hadromys
Haeromys
Harpiola
Harpyionycteris
Hybomys
Hylochoerus
Hylomyscus
Hylonycteris
Hylopetes
Hyomys
Ia
Ichthyomys
Iomys
Laephotis
Lariscus
Leggadina
Lemmiscus
Lenomys
Leporillus
Leptomys
Lichonycteris
Lionycteris
Lonchophylla
Lonchothrix
Mallomys
Mastacomys
Mastomys
Melanomys
Melomys
Menetes
Mesophylla
Microdillus
Microgale
Microryzomys
Millardia
Mimetillus
Muriculus
Mylomys
Myoprocta
Myosciurus
Myotomys
Neacomys
Nesoromys
Octomys
Oecomys
Oenomys
Oreonax
Otomops
Parotomys
Peroryctes
Petaurillus
Petinomys
Petromyscus
Pharotis
Philetor
Platalina
Platymops
Poecilogale
Praomys
Proedromys
Pteralopex
Pteromyscus
Rhabdomys
Rheomys
Rhynchogale
Rhynchomys
Sciurillus
Scleronycteris
Scotinomys
Scotoecus
Scutisorex
Sminthopsis
Solomys
Stochomys
Surdisorex
Sylvisorex
Taterillus
Thallomys
Thamnomys
Vampyressa
Vampyriscus
Vampyrodes
Xeromys
Zyzomys
Species
Admiralty flying fox
Asian particolored bat
Azores noctule
Bare-tailed armored tree-rat
Beatrix's bat
Bibundi bat
Birdlike noctule
Bonthain rat
Brooks's dyak fruit bat
Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum
Dark-brown serotine
Dayak fruit bat
Desert woodrat
Egyptian pipistrelle
Ethiopian hare
Euryoryzomys macconnelli
Forrest's pika
Buller's pocket gopher
Gerbillus allenbyi
Gerbillus bonhotei
Gerbillus eatoni
Great evening bat
Greater bamboo bat
Greater Papuan pipistrelle
Greater sheath-tailed bat
Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat
Hairy-footed flying squirrel
Harpy fruit bat
Hinde's lesser house bat
Holochilus chacarius
Hylomyscus aeta
Indonesian mountain weasel
Intermediate long-fingered bat
Isabelle's ghost bat
Junín red squirrel
Korean hare
Lagos serotine
Large Luzon forest rat
Lesser long-fingered bat
Light-winged lesser house bat
Long-tailed planigale
Bengal slow loris
Javan slow loris
Luzon hairy-tailed rat
Maclear's rat
Goeldi's marmoset
Melanomys robustulus
Mindomys hammondi
Miniopterus manavi
Monito del monte
Mount Popa pipistrelle
Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum
White-bellied woolly mouse opossum
Woolly mouse opossum
Mouse-like hamster
Neacomys guianae
Neacomys spinosus
Neacomys tenuipes
Nectomys magdalenae
Nephelomys auriventer
Nephelomys caracolus
Nephelomys childi
Nephelomys levipes
Nephelomys meridensis
Nesoryzomys indefessus
New Guinea long-eared bat
Oecomys flavicans
Oecomys mamorae
Oecomys paricola
Oecomys phaeotis
Oecomys rex
Oecomys roberti
Oecomys superans
Oligoryzomys arenalis
Oligoryzomys victus
Opossum rat
Oreoryzomys balneator
Oryzomys peninsulae
Parahydromys asper
Paruromys dominator
Persian vole
Pratt's roundleaf bat
Proechimys roberti
Pygmy fruit bat
Sculptor squirrel
Scutisorex somereni
Southern common cuscus
Sphaerias blanfordi
Spinifex hopping mouse
Strange big-eared brown bat
Sturdee's pipistrelle
Sulawesi giant rat
Surat serotine
Szechwan myotis
Taiwan field mouse
Thomas's yellow bat
Tiny pipistrelle
Velvety fruit-eating bat
Inland broad-nosed bat
White-bellied lesser house bat
White-tipped tufted-tailed rat
Woolly flying squirrel
Woolly-headed spiny tree-rat
Zygodontomys brunneus
Zyzomys argurus
See also
Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
References
^ "Thomas, Oldfield". Who's Who. Vol. 59. A & C Black. 1907. p. 1737.
^ a b c Haddon, Alfred Cort (1929). "MR. M. R. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S". Nature. 124 (3116): 101–102. Bibcode:1929Natur.124..101M. doi:10.1038/124101a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ Haddon, Albert Cort (9 May 1901). "M. R. Oldfield Thomas". Nature. 64 (1645): 37–38. doi:10.1038/064038a0. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ a b Driskell, Jay (19 January 2016). "Between Science and Empire: Oldfield Thomas and Anglo-American Zoology". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ The Natural History Museum at South Kensington, William T. Stearn ISBN 0-434-73600-7
^ Oldfield Thomas, Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History) Dept of Zoology (1888), Taylor and Francis, London Catalogue of the Marsupialia... full text
^ Oldfield Thomas F. R. S., The History of the Collections Contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum Vol. II, Separate Historical accounts of the Historical Collections included in the Department of Zoology, I. Mammals,(1906) William Clowes and Sons Ltd. London. retrieved 21 March 2007 The History of the Collections..." full text Archived 29 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Flannery, T. (6 November 2012). Among the Islands: Adventures in the Pacific. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8021-9404-6. OCLC 793838823. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ Portch, Lorraine (18 November 2015). "Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas – a resolved ending to a suicide mystery". London: Blogs from the Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
External links
Scholia has a profile for Michael Roger Oldfield Thomas (Q318207).
Works by or about Michael Roger Oldfield Thomas at Wikisource
Further reading
The collected works of Oldfield Thomas
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FZS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_London_Zoological_Society"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Thomas Oldfield.Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas FRS FZS (21 February 1858 – 16 June 1929) was a British zoologist.[1][2][3]","title":"Oldfield Thomas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Clark,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian_Institution_Archives_2016-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-2"},{"link_name":"William Henry Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Flower"},{"link_name":"Richard Lydekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lydekker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller_Jr."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian_Institution_Archives_2016-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flannery2012-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-2"}],"text":"Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum on mammals, describing about 2,000 new species and subspecies for the first time. He was appointed to the museum secretary's office in 1876, transferring to the zoological department in 1878.In 1891, Thomas married Mary Kane, daughter of Sir Andrew Clark, heiress to a small fortune, which gave him the finances to hire mammal collectors and present their specimens to the museum.[4] He also did field work himself in Western Europe and South America. His wife shared his interest in natural history, and accompanied him on collecting trips.[2] In 1896, when William Henry Flower took control of the department, he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions,[5] allowing Thomas to concentrate on these new specimens.[6][7]Thomas viewed his taxonomy efforts from the scope of British imperialism. \"You and I in our scientific lives have seen the general knowledge of Mammals of the world wonderfully advanced – there are few or no blank areas anymore\", he said in a letter to Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.[4]Officially retired from the museum in 1923, he continued his work without interruption. Although popular rumours suggested he died by shooting himself with a handgun while sitting at his museum desk,[8] he actually died at home[9] in 1929, aged 71, about a year after the death of his wife, \"a severe blow from which he never recovered.\"[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Taxonomic descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deomyinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deomyinae"},{"link_name":"Desmanini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmanini"},{"link_name":"Myzopodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myzopodidae"},{"link_name":"Ochotonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochotonidae"},{"link_name":"Phalangeroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeroidea"},{"link_name":"Procaviidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaviidae"}],"sub_title":"Higher ranks","text":"Deomyinae\nDesmanini\nMyzopodidae\nOchotonidae\nPhalangeroidea\nProcaviidae","title":"Taxonomic descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aethalops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethalops"},{"link_name":"Aethomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethomys"},{"link_name":"Ammodillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammodillus"},{"link_name":"Ammodorcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammodorcas"},{"link_name":"Anisomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisomys"},{"link_name":"Anthops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthops"},{"link_name":"Batomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomys"},{"link_name":"Beamys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamys"},{"link_name":"Belomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belomys"},{"link_name":"Blarinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarinella"},{"link_name":"Brachiones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiones"},{"link_name":"Bunomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunomys"},{"link_name":"Caenolestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenolestes"},{"link_name":"Callicebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callicebus"},{"link_name":"Calomyscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calomyscus"},{"link_name":"Caloprymnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloprymnus"},{"link_name":"Cannomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannomys"},{"link_name":"Carpomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpomys"},{"link_name":"Casinycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casinycteris"},{"link_name":"Chiromyscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiromyscus"},{"link_name":"Chiruromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiruromys"},{"link_name":"Choeroniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choeroniscus"},{"link_name":"Chrotogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrotogale"},{"link_name":"Chrotomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrotomys"},{"link_name":"Cistugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistugo"},{"link_name":"Cloeotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloeotis"},{"link_name":"Clyomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyomys"},{"link_name":"Colomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomys"},{"link_name":"Crateromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crateromys"},{"link_name":"Crossomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossomys"},{"link_name":"Crunomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunomys"},{"link_name":"Ctenomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenomys"},{"link_name":"Cynomops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynomops"},{"link_name":"Cyttarops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyttarops"},{"link_name":"Dacnomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacnomys"},{"link_name":"Damaliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaliscus"},{"link_name":"Deomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deomys"},{"link_name":"Dephomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dephomys"},{"link_name":"Desmodillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmodillus"},{"link_name":"Desmomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmomys"},{"link_name":"Diomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomys"},{"link_name":"Diplogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplogale"},{"link_name":"Diplomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomys"},{"link_name":"Diplothrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplothrix"},{"link_name":"Dologale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dologale"},{"link_name":"Dromiciops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromiciops"},{"link_name":"Dryomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryomys"},{"link_name":"Epixerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epixerus"},{"link_name":"Eupetaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupetaurus"},{"link_name":"Euxerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxerus"},{"link_name":"Galeopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeopterus"},{"link_name":"Gerbilliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbilliscus"},{"link_name":"Glaucomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucomys"},{"link_name":"Glironia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glironia"},{"link_name":"Glirulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glirulus"},{"link_name":"Glyphonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphonycteris"},{"link_name":"Glyphotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphotes"},{"link_name":"Grammomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammomys"},{"link_name":"Hadromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadromys"},{"link_name":"Haeromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeromys"},{"link_name":"Harpiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpiola"},{"link_name":"Harpyionycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpyionycteris"},{"link_name":"Hybomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybomys"},{"link_name":"Hylochoerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylochoerus"},{"link_name":"Hylomyscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomyscus"},{"link_name":"Hylonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylonycteris"},{"link_name":"Hylopetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylopetes"},{"link_name":"Hyomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyomys"},{"link_name":"Ia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Ichthyomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyomys"},{"link_name":"Iomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iomys"},{"link_name":"Laephotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laephotis"},{"link_name":"Lariscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lariscus"},{"link_name":"Leggadina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggadina"},{"link_name":"Lemmiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmiscus"},{"link_name":"Lenomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenomys"},{"link_name":"Leporillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leporillus"},{"link_name":"Leptomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomys"},{"link_name":"Lichonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichonycteris"},{"link_name":"Lionycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionycteris"},{"link_name":"Lonchophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchophylla"},{"link_name":"Lonchothrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchothrix"},{"link_name":"Mallomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallomys"},{"link_name":"Mastacomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastacomys"},{"link_name":"Mastomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastomys"},{"link_name":"Melanomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanomys"},{"link_name":"Melomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melomys"},{"link_name":"Menetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menetes"},{"link_name":"Mesophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophylla"},{"link_name":"Microdillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdillus"},{"link_name":"Microgale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgale"},{"link_name":"Microryzomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microryzomys"},{"link_name":"Millardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millardia"},{"link_name":"Mimetillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetillus"},{"link_name":"Muriculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriculus"},{"link_name":"Mylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylomys"},{"link_name":"Myoprocta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoprocta"},{"link_name":"Myosciurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosciurus"},{"link_name":"Myotomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotomys"},{"link_name":"Neacomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neacomys"},{"link_name":"Nesoromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesoromys"},{"link_name":"Octomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octomys"},{"link_name":"Oecomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys"},{"link_name":"Oenomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenomys"},{"link_name":"Oreonax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreonax"},{"link_name":"Otomops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomops"},{"link_name":"Parotomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotomys"},{"link_name":"Peroryctes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroryctes"},{"link_name":"Petaurillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaurillus"},{"link_name":"Petinomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petinomys"},{"link_name":"Petromyscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyscus"},{"link_name":"Pharotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharotis"},{"link_name":"Philetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philetor_(bat)"},{"link_name":"Platalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platalina"},{"link_name":"Platymops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platymops"},{"link_name":"Poecilogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecilogale"},{"link_name":"Praomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praomys"},{"link_name":"Proedromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proedromys"},{"link_name":"Pteralopex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteralopex"},{"link_name":"Pteromyscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteromyscus"},{"link_name":"Rhabdomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomys"},{"link_name":"Rheomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheomys"},{"link_name":"Rhynchogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchogale"},{"link_name":"Rhynchomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchomys"},{"link_name":"Sciurillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurillus"},{"link_name":"Scleronycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleronycteris"},{"link_name":"Scotinomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotinomys"},{"link_name":"Scotoecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoecus"},{"link_name":"Scutisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutisorex"},{"link_name":"Sminthopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sminthopsis"},{"link_name":"Solomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomys"},{"link_name":"Stochomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochomys"},{"link_name":"Surdisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surdisorex"},{"link_name":"Sylvisorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvisorex"},{"link_name":"Taterillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taterillus"},{"link_name":"Thallomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallomys"},{"link_name":"Thamnomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnomys"},{"link_name":"Vampyressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyressa"},{"link_name":"Vampyriscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyriscus"},{"link_name":"Vampyrodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyrodes"},{"link_name":"Xeromys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeromys"},{"link_name":"Zyzomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyzomys"}],"sub_title":"Genera","text":"Aethalops\nAethomys\nAmmodillus\nAmmodorcas\nAnisomys\nAnthops\n\nBatomys\nBeamys\nBelomys\nBlarinella\nBrachiones\nBunomys\n\nCaenolestes\nCallicebus\nCalomyscus\nCaloprymnus\nCannomys\nCarpomys\nCasinycteris\nChiromyscus\nChiruromys\nChoeroniscus\nChrotogale\nChrotomys\nCistugo\nCloeotis\nClyomys\nColomys\nCrateromys\nCrossomys\nCrunomys\nCtenomys\nCynomops\nCyttarops\nDacnomys\nDamaliscus\nDeomys\nDephomys\nDesmodillus\nDesmomys\nDiomys\nDiplogale\nDiplomys\nDiplothrix\nDologale\nDromiciops\nDryomys\n\nEpixerus\nEupetaurus\nEuxerus\n\nGaleopterus\nGerbilliscus\nGlaucomys\nGlironia\nGlirulus\nGlyphonycteris\nGlyphotes\nGrammomys\n\nHadromys\nHaeromys\nHarpiola\nHarpyionycteris\nHybomys\nHylochoerus\nHylomyscus\nHylonycteris\nHylopetes\nHyomys\n\nIa\nIchthyomys\nIomys\n\nLaephotis\nLariscus\nLeggadina\nLemmiscus\nLenomys\nLeporillus\nLeptomys\nLichonycteris\nLionycteris\nLonchophylla\nLonchothrix\n\nMallomys\nMastacomys\nMastomys\nMelanomys\nMelomys\nMenetes\nMesophylla\nMicrodillus\nMicrogale\nMicroryzomys\nMillardia\nMimetillus\nMuriculus\nMylomys\nMyoprocta\nMyosciurus\nMyotomys\n\nNeacomys\nNesoromys\n\nOctomys\nOecomys\nOenomys\nOreonax\nOtomops\n\nParotomys\nPeroryctes\nPetaurillus\nPetinomys\nPetromyscus\nPharotis\nPhiletor\nPlatalina\nPlatymops\nPoecilogale\nPraomys\nProedromys\nPteralopex\nPteromyscus\n\nRhabdomys\nRheomys\nRhynchogale\nRhynchomys\n\nSciurillus\nScleronycteris\nScotinomys\nScotoecus\nScutisorex\nSminthopsis\nSolomys\nStochomys\nSurdisorex\nSylvisorex\n\nTaterillus\nThallomys\nThamnomys\n\nVampyressa\nVampyriscus\nVampyrodes\n\nXeromys\n\nZyzomys","title":"Taxonomic descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiralty flying fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_flying_fox"},{"link_name":"Asian particolored bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_particolored_bat"},{"link_name":"Azores noctule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_noctule"},{"link_name":"Bare-tailed armored tree-rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-tailed_armored_tree-rat"},{"link_name":"Beatrix's bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix%27s_bat"},{"link_name":"Bibundi bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibundi_bat"},{"link_name":"Birdlike noctule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdlike_noctule"},{"link_name":"Bonthain rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonthain_rat"},{"link_name":"Brooks's dyak fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%27s_dyak_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff-bellied_fat-tailed_mouse_opossum"},{"link_name":"Dark-brown serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-brown_serotine"},{"link_name":"Dayak fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Desert woodrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_woodrat"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_hare"},{"link_name":"Euryoryzomys macconnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryoryzomys_macconnelli"},{"link_name":"Forrest's pika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest%27s_pika"},{"link_name":"Buller's pocket gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buller%27s_pocket_gopher"},{"link_name":"Gerbillus allenbyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbillus_allenbyi"},{"link_name":"Gerbillus bonhotei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbillus_bonhotei"},{"link_name":"Gerbillus eatoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbillus_eatoni"},{"link_name":"Great evening bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_evening_bat"},{"link_name":"Greater bamboo bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_bamboo_bat"},{"link_name":"Greater Papuan pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Papuan_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Greater sheath-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_sheath-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_monkey-faced_bat"},{"link_name":"Hairy-footed flying squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy-footed_flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Harpy fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpy_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Hinde's lesser house bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinde%27s_lesser_house_bat"},{"link_name":"Holochilus chacarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holochilus_chacarius"},{"link_name":"Hylomyscus aeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomyscus_aeta"},{"link_name":"Indonesian mountain weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel"},{"link_name":"Intermediate long-fingered bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_long-fingered_bat"},{"link_name":"Isabelle's ghost bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle%27s_ghost_bat"},{"link_name":"Junín red squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%C3%ADn_red_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Korean hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_hare"},{"link_name":"Lagos serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_serotine"},{"link_name":"Large Luzon forest rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Luzon_forest_rat"},{"link_name":"Lesser long-fingered bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_long-fingered_bat"},{"link_name":"Light-winged lesser house bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-winged_lesser_house_bat"},{"link_name":"Long-tailed planigale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_planigale"},{"link_name":"Bengal slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"Javan slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"Luzon hairy-tailed rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_hairy-tailed_rat"},{"link_name":"Maclear's rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclear%27s_rat"},{"link_name":"Goeldi's marmoset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeldi%27s_marmoset"},{"link_name":"Melanomys robustulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanomys_robustulus"},{"link_name":"Mindomys hammondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindomys_hammondi"},{"link_name":"Miniopterus manavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniopterus_manavi"},{"link_name":"Monito del monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monito_del_monte"},{"link_name":"Mount Popa pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Popa_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-tailed_woolly_mouse_opossum"},{"link_name":"White-bellied woolly mouse opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_woolly_mouse_opossum"},{"link_name":"Woolly mouse opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mouse_opossum"},{"link_name":"Mouse-like hamster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse-like_hamster"},{"link_name":"Neacomys guianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neacomys_guianae"},{"link_name":"Neacomys spinosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neacomys_spinosus"},{"link_name":"Neacomys tenuipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neacomys_tenuipes"},{"link_name":"Nectomys magdalenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectomys_magdalenae"},{"link_name":"Nephelomys auriventer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelomys_auriventer"},{"link_name":"Nephelomys caracolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelomys_caracolus"},{"link_name":"Nephelomys childi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelomys_childi"},{"link_name":"Nephelomys levipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelomys_levipes"},{"link_name":"Nephelomys meridensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelomys_meridensis"},{"link_name":"Nesoryzomys indefessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesoryzomys_indefessus"},{"link_name":"New Guinea long-eared bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_long-eared_bat"},{"link_name":"Oecomys flavicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_flavicans"},{"link_name":"Oecomys mamorae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_mamorae"},{"link_name":"Oecomys paricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_paricola"},{"link_name":"Oecomys phaeotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_phaeotis"},{"link_name":"Oecomys rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_rex"},{"link_name":"Oecomys roberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_roberti"},{"link_name":"Oecomys superans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecomys_superans"},{"link_name":"Oligoryzomys arenalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoryzomys_arenalis"},{"link_name":"Oligoryzomys victus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoryzomys_victus"},{"link_name":"Opossum rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum_rat"},{"link_name":"Oreoryzomys balneator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreoryzomys_balneator"},{"link_name":"Oryzomys peninsulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzomys_peninsulae"},{"link_name":"Parahydromys asper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parahydromys_asper"},{"link_name":"Paruromys dominator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruromys_dominator"},{"link_name":"Persian vole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_vole"},{"link_name":"Pratt's roundleaf bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt%27s_roundleaf_bat"},{"link_name":"Proechimys roberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%27s_spiny_rat"},{"link_name":"Pygmy fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Sculptor squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Scutisorex somereni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutisorex_somereni"},{"link_name":"Southern common cuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_common_cuscus"},{"link_name":"Sphaerias blanfordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerias_blanfordi"},{"link_name":"Spinifex hopping mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinifex_hopping_mouse"},{"link_name":"Strange big-eared brown bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_big-eared_brown_bat"},{"link_name":"Sturdee's pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturdee%27s_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi giant rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_giant_rat"},{"link_name":"Surat serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_serotine"},{"link_name":"Szechwan myotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szechwan_myotis"},{"link_name":"Taiwan field mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_field_mouse"},{"link_name":"Thomas's yellow bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%27s_yellow_bat"},{"link_name":"Tiny pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Velvety fruit-eating bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvety_fruit-eating_bat"},{"link_name":"Inland broad-nosed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_broad-nosed_bat"},{"link_name":"White-bellied lesser house bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_lesser_house_bat"},{"link_name":"White-tipped tufted-tailed rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tipped_tufted-tailed_rat"},{"link_name":"Woolly flying squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Woolly-headed spiny tree-rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly-headed_spiny_tree-rat"},{"link_name":"Zygodontomys brunneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygodontomys_brunneus"},{"link_name":"Zyzomys argurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyzomys_argurus"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Admiralty flying fox\nAsian particolored bat\nAzores noctule\nBare-tailed armored tree-rat\nBeatrix's bat\nBibundi bat\nBirdlike noctule\nBonthain rat\nBrooks's dyak fruit bat\nBuff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum\nDark-brown serotine\nDayak fruit bat\nDesert woodrat\nEgyptian pipistrelle\nEthiopian hare\nEuryoryzomys macconnelli\nForrest's pika\nBuller's pocket gopher\nGerbillus allenbyi\nGerbillus bonhotei\nGerbillus eatoni\nGreat evening bat\nGreater bamboo bat\nGreater Papuan pipistrelle\nGreater sheath-tailed bat\nGuadalcanal monkey-faced bat\nHairy-footed flying squirrel\nHarpy fruit bat\nHinde's lesser house bat\nHolochilus chacarius\nHylomyscus aeta\nIndonesian mountain weasel\nIntermediate long-fingered bat\nIsabelle's ghost bat\nJunín red squirrel\nKorean hare\nLagos serotine\nLarge Luzon forest rat\nLesser long-fingered bat\nLight-winged lesser house bat\nLong-tailed planigale\nBengal slow loris\nJavan slow loris\nLuzon hairy-tailed rat\nMaclear's rat\nGoeldi's marmoset\nMelanomys robustulus\nMindomys hammondi\nMiniopterus manavi\nMonito del monte\nMount Popa pipistrelle\nBare-tailed woolly mouse opossum\nWhite-bellied woolly mouse opossum\nWoolly mouse opossum\nMouse-like hamster\nNeacomys guianae\nNeacomys spinosus\nNeacomys tenuipes\nNectomys magdalenae\nNephelomys auriventer\nNephelomys caracolus\nNephelomys childi\nNephelomys levipes\nNephelomys meridensis\nNesoryzomys indefessus\nNew Guinea long-eared bat\nOecomys flavicans\nOecomys mamorae\nOecomys paricola\nOecomys phaeotis\nOecomys rex\nOecomys roberti\nOecomys superans\nOligoryzomys arenalis\nOligoryzomys victus\nOpossum rat\nOreoryzomys balneator\nOryzomys peninsulae\nParahydromys asper\nParuromys dominator\nPersian vole\nPratt's roundleaf bat\nProechimys roberti\nPygmy fruit bat\nSculptor squirrel\nScutisorex somereni\nSouthern common cuscus\nSphaerias blanfordi\nSpinifex hopping mouse\nStrange big-eared brown bat\nSturdee's pipistrelle\nSulawesi giant rat\nSurat serotine\nSzechwan myotis\nTaiwan field mouse\nThomas's yellow bat\nTiny pipistrelle\nVelvety fruit-eating bat\nInland broad-nosed bat\nWhite-bellied lesser house bat\nWhite-tipped tufted-tailed rat\nWoolly flying squirrel\nWoolly-headed spiny tree-rat\nZygodontomys brunneus\nZyzomys argurus","title":"Taxonomic descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The collected works of Oldfield Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pidba.com.ar/?page_id=2513"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Oldfield_Thomas"}] | [{"reference":"\"Thomas, Oldfield\". Who's Who. Vol. 59. A & C Black. 1907. p. 1737.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1737","url_text":"\"Thomas, Oldfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_%26_C_Black","url_text":"A & C Black"}]},{"reference":"Haddon, Alfred Cort (1929). \"MR. M. R. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S\". Nature. 124 (3116): 101–102. Bibcode:1929Natur.124..101M. doi:10.1038/124101a0. ISSN 0028-0836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon","url_text":"Haddon, Alfred Cort"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F124101a0","url_text":"\"MR. M. R. 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Retrieved 9 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MAyco5tb2j0C&pg=PT76","url_text":"Among the Islands: Adventures in the Pacific"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9404-6","url_text":"978-0-8021-9404-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793838823","url_text":"793838823"}]},{"reference":"Portch, Lorraine (18 November 2015). \"Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas – a resolved ending to a suicide mystery\". London: Blogs from the Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000114/https://blog.nhm.ac.uk/2015/11/18/michael-rogers-oldfield-thomas-a-resolved-ending-to-a-suicide-mystery-for-explorearchives-library-and-archives/","url_text":"\"Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas – a resolved ending to a suicide mystery\""},{"url":"https://blog.nhm.ac.uk/2015/11/18/michael-rogers-oldfield-thomas-a-resolved-ending-to-a-suicide-mystery-for-explorearchives-library-and-archives/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1737","external_links_name":"\"Thomas, Oldfield\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F124101a0","external_links_name":"\"MR. M. R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty) | Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty) | ["1 History","2 List of rulers","3 See also","4 References"] | For the kingdom first appearing in the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms, see Yan (Three Kingdoms).
Kingdom in Imperial China
Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC
Yan (燕國) was a kingdom/principality in early Imperial China. It first appeared during the interregnum between the Qin and Han dynasties as one of the Eighteen Kingdoms created by Xiang Yu, and was subsequently dissolved and recreated multiple times, mainly during the Han dynasty. It was eventually dissolved in the War of the Eight Princes during the Jin dynasty.
History
The first Prince of Yan was Zang Tu, a national of the former Yan state in the Warring States period who served under Xiang Yu during the rebellion against the Qin dynasty. In 202 BC, Zang swore fealty to Liu Bang, the founder of Han dynasty. Later that year, Zang rebelled against Han, and was captured and executed. Yan was subsequently granted to Lu Wan, a trusted general and early follower of the emperor.
In 195 BC, Lu defected to Xiongnu, and the land was granted to Liu Jian (劉建), the eighth son of Liu Bang. He died In 182 BC, and his only heir was killed by Empress Dowager Lü. Afterwards, the principality passed to Lü Tong, the grandson of a brother of the empress dowager. Lü Tong was killed in the campaign to eliminate the Lü Clan only one year later. In 180 BC, Liu Ze (劉澤), a former Prince of Langya, was granted the Principality of Yan.
Yan's territory and autonomy were much reduced during Emperor Jing of Han's reign. The Yan territories in early Han dynasty consisted of six Qin-era commanderies, including Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong and Guangyang. Five of them were revoked around 155 BC, and the remaining territory was equivalent to the Guangyang Commandery of Qin dynasty.
The kingdom passed to his grandson Liu Dingguo (定國), Dingguo practiced incest with his own daughters as well as concubines of his father and brother, and committed suicide after the act was exposed in 128 BC. After his death, the territory was taken over by the imperial central government and administered as a commandery.
In 117 BC, the principality was recreated and granted to Liu Dan, a son of Emperor Wu. He committed suicide in 80 AD after two failed attempts of rebellion. Afterwards, the territories was reorganized into Guangyang Commandery.
In Cao Wei, Guangyang Commandery again became the fief of Princes of Yan. The title was first granted to Cao Yu in 232 AD. After the Jin dynasty was established, the principality was granted to Sima Ji (司馬機), and Yuyang Commandery was added to its territory. The principality was dissolved after the War of the Eight Princes.
List of rulers
Zang Tu (臧荼), 206 BC – 202 BC;
Lu Wan (盧綰), 202 BC – 195 BC;
Liu Jian (劉建), King Ling (靈) of Yan, 195 BC – 182 BC;
Lü Tong (呂通), 181 BC – 180 BC;
Liu Ze (劉澤), King Jing (敬) of Yan, 180 BC – 179 BC;
Liu Jia (劉嘉), King Jia (嘉) of Yan, 179 BC – 170 BC;
Liu Dingguo (劉定國), 170 BC – 128 BC;
Liu Dan (劉旦), King La (剌) of Yan, 117 BC – 79 BC;
Cao Yu (曹宇), 232 – 265;
Sima Ji (司馬機), 266 – ?
Name unknown, ? – ?.
See also
History of Beijing
Jicheng (Beijing)
References
^ Book of Han, Chapter 13.
^ Book of Han, Chapter 38.
^ Zhou, Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili (in Chinese). Beijing: People's Publishing House. p. 64.
^ Book of Han, Chapter 35.
^ Book of Han, Chapter 63.
^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 20.
^ Book of Jin, Chapter 38. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Yan (Three Kingdoms)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Han_dynasty_Kingdoms_195_BC.png"},{"link_name":"kingdom/principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"the interregnum between the Qin and Han dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention"},{"link_name":"Eighteen Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"War of the Eight Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)"}],"text":"For the kingdom first appearing in the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms, see Yan (Three Kingdoms).Kingdom in Imperial ChinaKingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BCYan (燕國) was a kingdom/principality in early Imperial China. It first appeared during the interregnum between the Qin and Han dynasties as one of the Eighteen Kingdoms created by Xiang Yu, and was subsequently dissolved and recreated multiple times, mainly during the Han dynasty. It was eventually dissolved in the War of the Eight Princes during the Jin dynasty.","title":"Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince of Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Yan"},{"link_name":"Zang Tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang_Tu"},{"link_name":"Yan state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_(state)"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Liu Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lu Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Wan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Liu Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(Han_Dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_L%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the campaign to eliminate the Lü Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_Disturbance"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jing of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Guangyang Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangyang_Commandery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Guangyang Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangyang_Commandery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei"},{"link_name":"Cao Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yu_(Three_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yuyang Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyang_Commandery"},{"link_name":"War of the Eight Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The first Prince of Yan was Zang Tu, a national of the former Yan state in the Warring States period who served under Xiang Yu during the rebellion against the Qin dynasty. In 202 BC, Zang swore fealty to Liu Bang, the founder of Han dynasty. Later that year, Zang rebelled against Han, and was captured and executed. Yan was subsequently granted to Lu Wan, a trusted general and early follower of the emperor.[1]In 195 BC, Lu defected to Xiongnu, and the land was granted to Liu Jian (劉建), the eighth son of Liu Bang. He died In 182 BC, and his only heir was killed by Empress Dowager Lü.[2] Afterwards, the principality passed to Lü Tong, the grandson of a brother of the empress dowager. Lü Tong was killed in the campaign to eliminate the Lü Clan only one year later. In 180 BC, Liu Ze (劉澤), a former Prince of Langya, was granted the Principality of Yan.Yan's territory and autonomy were much reduced during Emperor Jing of Han's reign. The Yan territories in early Han dynasty consisted of six Qin-era commanderies, including Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong and Guangyang. Five of them were revoked around 155 BC, and the remaining territory was equivalent to the Guangyang Commandery of Qin dynasty.[3]The kingdom passed to his grandson Liu Dingguo (定國), Dingguo practiced incest with his own daughters as well as concubines of his father and brother, and committed suicide after the act was exposed in 128 BC. After his death, the territory was taken over by the imperial central government and administered as a commandery.[4]In 117 BC, the principality was recreated and granted to Liu Dan, a son of Emperor Wu. He committed suicide in 80 AD after two failed attempts of rebellion. Afterwards, the territories was reorganized into Guangyang Commandery.[5]In Cao Wei, Guangyang Commandery again became the fief of Princes of Yan. The title was first granted to Cao Yu in 232 AD.[6] After the Jin dynasty was established, the principality was granted to Sima Ji (司馬機), and Yuyang Commandery was added to its territory. The principality was dissolved after the War of the Eight Princes.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zang Tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang_Tu"},{"link_name":"Lu Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Wan"},{"link_name":"Cao Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yu_(Three_Kingdoms)"}],"text":"Zang Tu (臧荼), 206 BC – 202 BC;\nLu Wan (盧綰), 202 BC – 195 BC;\nLiu Jian (劉建), King Ling (靈) of Yan, 195 BC – 182 BC;\nLü Tong (呂通), 181 BC – 180 BC;\nLiu Ze (劉澤), King Jing (敬) of Yan, 180 BC – 179 BC;\nLiu Jia (劉嘉), King Jia (嘉) of Yan, 179 BC – 170 BC;\nLiu Dingguo (劉定國), 170 BC – 128 BC;\nLiu Dan (劉旦), King La (剌) of Yan, 117 BC – 79 BC;\nCao Yu (曹宇), 232 – 265;\nSima Ji (司馬機), 266 – ?\nName unknown, ? – ?.","title":"List of rulers"}] | [{"image_text":"Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Han_dynasty_Kingdoms_195_BC.png/220px-Han_dynasty_Kingdoms_195_BC.png"}] | [{"title":"History of Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Beijing"},{"title":"Jicheng (Beijing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)"}] | [{"reference":"Zhou, Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili (in Chinese). Beijing: People's Publishing House. p. 64.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Zhenhe","url_text":"Zhou, Zhenhe"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel%C3%A9ne_Bj%C3%B6rklund | Heléne Björklund | ["1 Biography","2 Career","3 References"] | Swedish politician (born 1972)
Heléne BjörklundSMember of the RiksdagIncumbentAssumed office 24 September 2018ConstituencyBlekinge County
Personal detailsBornEva Heléne Persson (1972-09-29) 29 September 1972 (age 51)Sölvesborg parish, Sölvesborg Municipality, Blekinge County, SwedenPolitical partySocial Democratic PartySpouseMarkus AlexanderssonProfessionPolitician, teacher
Eva Heléne Björklund (née Persson; born 29 September 1972) is a Swedish social democratic politician who has been a member of the Riksdag since the 2018 general election. She takes up seat number 184 for Blekinge County's constituency but originally was seated on seat number 93. She is currently a member of the Committee on Defence.
Biography
Björklund was born and raised in Sölvesborg Municipality. She is the daughter of Gunnar Persson (born 1947) and Monica Gadd (born 1953). She currently lives in Sölvesborg with her husband Markus Alexandersson and her four children. She is a teacher by profession.
Career
Björklund started off as a municipal politician for municipal council of Sölvesborg Municipality. From the years 2006 until 2018 she was the municipal board chairperson when her successor Louise Erixon was elected in 2018. She is the president of the Swedish Social Democratic Party in Blekinge County where she is also a board member.
She took over as the chairperson for Sölvesborg Municipality in 2006 from Jens Åberg who had been serving as the chairperson since 1988. She became the first woman to serve as chairperson for Sölvesborg Municipality.
On 2 June 2021 she became a godparent of Sofia Sapega, a Russian-Belarusian political prisoner.
References
^ a b "Heléne Björklund on ratsit.se". ratsit.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Sveriges befolkning 1990
^ "Heléne Björklund (S)". riksdagen.se (in Swedish). Riksdag. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Eriksson, Mikael (28 September 2017). "Letandet efter Björklunds efterträdare är igång". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ a b "Valkompass – Heléne Björklund". svt.se (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ "Heléne Björklund – socialdemokraternablekinge". socialdemokraternablekinge.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ "Heléne Björklund (S) slutar som kommunalråd". kristianstadsbladet.se (in Swedish). kristianstadsbladet. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ "Members of Parliament from Sweden, Germany and Austria take over godparenthood for Sofia Sapega, Safiya Malashevich and Vital Prokharau". Libereco – Partnership for Human Rights. 2021-06-02. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
^ Nilsson, Anders (2021-06-06). "Björklund engagerar sig för politisk fånge i Belarus" (in Swedish). Sydöstran. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
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Replacements and substitutes in brackets
Substitutes in italics
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Rangdag
From Utterstedt
Gholam Ali Pour
Gille
Giertz
Grubb
Hedlund
Hellsborn
Jomshof
Jönsson
Karlsson
Kinnunen
Kronlid
Kroon
Westmont
Lång
Lindahl
Lindberg
Lindholm
Lundberg
Marttinen
Morell
Nordberg
Lönn
Nyberg
Olin
Palmqvist
Perez
Persson, Daniel
Persson, Magnus
Quensel
Reslow
Rubbestad
Sällström
Sjöstedt
Söder
Söderlund
Ståhl
Ståhl Herrstedt
Stegrud
Stenkvist
Svedin
Tiblom
Tidland
Timgren
Vinge
Westroth
Widding
Wiechel
Wistedt
Yurkovskiy
Replacements and substitutes in brackets
Substitutes in italics
This article about a Swedish Social Democratic Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profil-1"},{"link_name":"social democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag"},{"link_name":"2018 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Swedish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Blekinge County's constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekinge_County_(Riksdag_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Committee on Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Defence_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Eva Heléne Björklund (née Persson; born 29 September 1972)[1] is a Swedish social democratic politician who has been a member of the Riksdag since the 2018 general election. She takes up seat number 184 for Blekinge County's constituency but originally was seated on seat number 93.[2] She is currently a member of the Committee on Defence.[3]","title":"Heléne Björklund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sölvesborg Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lvesborg_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profil-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kommunalr%C3%A5d-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Björklund was born and raised in Sölvesborg Municipality. She is the daughter of Gunnar Persson (born 1947) and Monica Gadd (born 1953). She currently lives in Sölvesborg with her husband Markus Alexandersson and her four children.[1][4] She is a teacher by profession.[5][6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Swedish Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kommunalr%C3%A5d-5"},{"link_name":"Sofia Sapega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Sapega"},{"link_name":"political prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Björklund started off as a municipal politician for municipal council of Sölvesborg Municipality. From the years 2006 until 2018 she was the municipal board chairperson when her successor Louise Erixon was elected in 2018.[7] She is the president of the Swedish Social Democratic Party in Blekinge County where she is also a board member.[5]She took over as the chairperson for Sölvesborg Municipality in 2006 from Jens Åberg who had been serving as the chairperson since 1988. She became the first woman to serve as chairperson for Sölvesborg Municipality.On 2 June 2021 she became a godparent of Sofia Sapega, a Russian-Belarusian political prisoner.[8][9]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Heléne Björklund on ratsit.se\". ratsit.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155619/https://www.ratsit.se/19720929-Eva_Helene_Bjorklund_Solvesborg/z71b2Z9UU7NvpR5gzKO4cxyAUjtXuai0PD8p76oT6AQ","url_text":"\"Heléne Björklund on ratsit.se\""},{"url":"https://www.ratsit.se/19720929-Eva_Helene_Bjorklund_Solvesborg/z71b2Z9UU7NvpR5gzKO4cxyAUjtXuai0PD8p76oT6AQ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heléne Björklund (S)\". riksdagen.se (in Swedish). Riksdag. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305155902/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/ledamoter-partier/ledamot/helene-bjorklund_a4581b8d-78fd-41c1-a55d-7fe9ed93c878","url_text":"\"Heléne Björklund (S)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag","url_text":"Riksdag"},{"url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/ledamoter-partier/ledamot/helene-bjorklund_a4581b8d-78fd-41c1-a55d-7fe9ed93c878","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eriksson, Mikael (28 September 2017). \"Letandet efter Björklunds efterträdare är igång\". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305171800/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6787845","url_text":"\"Letandet efter Björklunds efterträdare är igång\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio","url_text":"Sveriges Radio"},{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6787845","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valkompass – Heléne Björklund\". svt.se (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929001934/https://valkompassen.svt.se/kandidat/helene-bjorklund-socialdemokraterna-solvesborg","url_text":"\"Valkompass – Heléne Björklund\""},{"url":"https://valkompassen.svt.se/kandidat/helene-bjorklund-socialdemokraterna-solvesborg/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heléne Björklund – socialdemokraternablekinge\". socialdemokraternablekinge.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930035301/http://solvesborg.socialdemokraternablekinge.se/val-2018/helene-bjorklund/","url_text":"\"Heléne Björklund – socialdemokraternablekinge\""},{"url":"http://solvesborg.socialdemokraternablekinge.se/val-2018/helene-bjorklund/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heléne Björklund (S) slutar som kommunalråd\". kristianstadsbladet.se (in Swedish). kristianstadsbladet. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000506/http://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/bromolla/helene-bjorklund-s-slutar-som-kommunalrad/","url_text":"\"Heléne Björklund (S) slutar som kommunalråd\""},{"url":"https://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/bromolla/helene-bjorklund-s-slutar-som-kommunalrad/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of Parliament from Sweden, Germany and Austria take over godparenthood for Sofia Sapega, Safiya Malashevich and Vital Prokharau\". Libereco – Partnership for Human Rights. 2021-06-02. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lphr.org/abgeordnete-aus-schweden-deutschland-und-oesterreich-uebernehmen-patenschaften-fuer-sofia-sapega-safiya-malashevich-und-vital-prokharau/","url_text":"\"Members of Parliament from Sweden, Germany and Austria take over godparenthood for Sofia Sapega, Safiya Malashevich and Vital Prokharau\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210803202225/https://www.lphr.org/en/abgeordnete-aus-schweden-deutschland-und-oesterreich-uebernehmen-patenschaften-fuer-sofia-sapega-safiya-malashevich-und-vital-prokharau/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nilsson, Anders (2021-06-06). \"Björklund engagerar sig för politisk fånge i Belarus\" (in Swedish). Sydöstran. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydostran.se/nyheter/bjorklund-engagerar-sig-for-politisk-fange-i-belarus-17c80835/","url_text":"\"Björklund engagerar sig för politisk fånge i Belarus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syd%C3%B6stran&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sydöstran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607135748/https://www.sydostran.se/nyheter/bjorklund-engagerar-sig-for-politisk-fange-i-belarus-17c80835/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155619/https://www.ratsit.se/19720929-Eva_Helene_Bjorklund_Solvesborg/z71b2Z9UU7NvpR5gzKO4cxyAUjtXuai0PD8p76oT6AQ","external_links_name":"\"Heléne Björklund on ratsit.se\""},{"Link":"https://www.ratsit.se/19720929-Eva_Helene_Bjorklund_Solvesborg/z71b2Z9UU7NvpR5gzKO4cxyAUjtXuai0PD8p76oT6AQ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305155902/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/ledamoter-partier/ledamot/helene-bjorklund_a4581b8d-78fd-41c1-a55d-7fe9ed93c878","external_links_name":"\"Heléne Björklund (S)\""},{"Link":"https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/ledamoter-partier/ledamot/helene-bjorklund_a4581b8d-78fd-41c1-a55d-7fe9ed93c878","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305171800/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6787845","external_links_name":"\"Letandet efter Björklunds efterträdare är igång\""},{"Link":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6787845","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929001934/https://valkompassen.svt.se/kandidat/helene-bjorklund-socialdemokraterna-solvesborg","external_links_name":"\"Valkompass – Heléne Björklund\""},{"Link":"https://valkompassen.svt.se/kandidat/helene-bjorklund-socialdemokraterna-solvesborg/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930035301/http://solvesborg.socialdemokraternablekinge.se/val-2018/helene-bjorklund/","external_links_name":"\"Heléne Björklund – socialdemokraternablekinge\""},{"Link":"http://solvesborg.socialdemokraternablekinge.se/val-2018/helene-bjorklund/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000506/http://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/bromolla/helene-bjorklund-s-slutar-som-kommunalrad/","external_links_name":"\"Heléne Björklund (S) slutar som kommunalråd\""},{"Link":"https://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/bromolla/helene-bjorklund-s-slutar-som-kommunalrad/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lphr.org/abgeordnete-aus-schweden-deutschland-und-oesterreich-uebernehmen-patenschaften-fuer-sofia-sapega-safiya-malashevich-und-vital-prokharau/","external_links_name":"\"Members of Parliament from Sweden, Germany and Austria take over godparenthood for Sofia Sapega, Safiya Malashevich and Vital Prokharau\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210803202225/https://www.lphr.org/en/abgeordnete-aus-schweden-deutschland-und-oesterreich-uebernehmen-patenschaften-fuer-sofia-sapega-safiya-malashevich-und-vital-prokharau/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sydostran.se/nyheter/bjorklund-engagerar-sig-for-politisk-fange-i-belarus-17c80835/","external_links_name":"\"Björklund engagerar sig för politisk fånge i Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607135748/https://www.sydostran.se/nyheter/bjorklund-engagerar-sig-for-politisk-fange-i-belarus-17c80835/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hel%C3%A9ne_Bj%C3%B6rklund&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neasa_Hourigan | Neasa Hourigan | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | Irish politician (born 1980)
Neasa HouriganTDHourigan in 2022Teachta DálaIncumbentAssumed office February 2020ConstituencyDublin CentralChair of the Committee on Budgetary OversightIn office15 September 2020 – 22 March 2023Preceded byColm Brophy
Personal detailsBornOctober 1980 (age 43)Limerick, IrelandPolitical partyGreen Party (suspended until June 2024)Spouse
Colin Toomey (m. 2005)Children3Alma materTU DublinUniversity College DublinQueen's University BelfastWebsiteneasahourigan.com
Neasa Hourigan (born October 1980) is an Irish Green Party politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Central constituency since the 2020 general election. She was Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight from September 2020 until being suspended from the parliamentary party in March 2023.
Early life
Hourigan was born in Limerick. Her father Michael Hourigan is a former Fine Gael member of Limerick City Council as well as a former Mayor of Limerick. Neasa was educated at Laurel Hill Coláiste FCJ. She graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture from Technological University Dublin, a Master of Architecture from University College Dublin, a Post Graduate Certificate in Higher Education and has lectured in sustainable communities, environmental design and green procurement at both Queen's University Belfast and Technological University Dublin.
Political career
Hourigan joined the Green Party in 2011. She was elected to represent Cabra-Glasnevin local electoral area on Dublin City Council at the 2019 local elections. She is the Green Party's Spokesperson for Finance and Health.
Hourigan helped to establish the Irish Pedestrian Network born out of Dublin Blockers, a social media campaign she started in 2018 highlighting the issues pedestrians in Central Dublin were facing. Within this network, she organised an activist group, Streets are for People.
At the 2020 general election, Hourigan was elected as a TD for Dublin Central. Darcy Lonergan was then co-opted to Hourigan's seat on Dublin City Council.
On 22 July 2020, Hourigan was amongst several prominent members of the Green Party who formed the "Just Transition Greens", an affiliate group within the party with a green left/eco-socialist outlook, who have the objective of pressuring the party towards more hardline policies based on the concept of a Just Transition.
On 30 July 2020, Hourigan resigned as party whip of the Green Party, but did not leave the party after voting against the Government twice on amendments to the Residential Tenancies Bill. She was later sanctioned by party leader Eamon Ryan by having her speaking rights withdrawn for two months.
In December 2020 Hourigan, alongside fellow Green TD Patrick Costello, spoke out against the entry of Ireland into the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), a trade agreement between Canada and members of the EU, due to fears about the proposed "Investment court system". The investment court system is designed to act as a method of solving business disputes between investors and participating countries. Hourigan and Costello argued that the court system would allow Canadians investing in Ireland to sue the state if the state impeded their profits, such as with environmentalist laws, and this was a major threat to Ireland's sovereignty.
On 17 May 2022 Costello and Hourigan were both suspended from the Green Party for six months after they voted against the government on a motion calling for the new National Maternity Hospital to be built on land wholly owned by the state. Before the vote, Hourigan explained her rationale by saying she could not support the government's decision to approve plans to move the National Maternity Hospital from Holles Street to the St Vincent's Hospital campus due to concerns over the governance and ethos at the new facility, which is to be built on a site ultimately leased from the Catholic Church, and with fears in some quarters that potential lingering religious influence could mean abortions or fertility treatment would not be allowed to take place at the new hospital. The government coalition parties (Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil and the Greens) had been whipped to abstain on the motion. Costello and Hourigan were re-admitted to the parliamentary party in November 2022.
On 7 March 2023, Hourigan criticised the government for its decision to end the eviction ban, calling the decision "heartless". Hourigan also spoke out against Green Party leader Eamon Ryan, saying that he did not speak to the party's policies. Senator and Green Party Chair Pauline O'Reilly rebuked Hourigan's remarks and said that it was "clear Neasa didn't have all the facts". On 22 March 2023 Hourigan was suspended from the Green Parliamentary Party for fifteen months and removed from her committee position for voting against the government on an amendment to a Sinn Féin motion calling for the extension of the eviction ban.
Personal life
Hourigan lives in Cabra, Dublin. She has three children, one of whom is hard of hearing and is registered as blind.
Her sister Niamh Hourigan was an unsuccessful Labour Party candidate in the 2024 European Parliament elections.
References
^ Ryan, Tim (2020). Nealon's Guide to the 33rd Dáil and 26th Seanad and the 2019 Local and European Elections. Irish Times. p. 53.
^ "Neasa Hourigan". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
^ Rabbitts, Nick (12 December 2018). "Daughter of former Limerick mayor to seek election with the Green Party". Limerick Leader. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ a b "About". neasahourigan.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ Ryan, Órla (22 December 2020). "Hourigan says being in the Greens is 'hostile' and 'lots of people would be relieved' if she left". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020. Neasa Hourigan has been a member of the Green Party for almost a decade but was only elected to represent the Cabra-Glasnevin area on Dublin City Council in 2019.
^ "YOUNG BLOOD: NEASA HOURIGAN". The Phoenix. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ "The Green Wave: a new breed of eco-councillors". 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ "The Green Party promises free student travel, public housing and a Universal Basic Income". thejournal.ie. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ McGuire, Erin (13 February 2019). "A New Pedestrian Advocacy Network Seeks Others to Get Involved". Dublin Enquirer. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Ginty, Cian (31 August 2019). "'Streets Are For People' staging second day of action at Lower Liffey Street". Irish Cycle. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Bray, Jennifer (10 February 2020). "Dublin Central results: McDonald tops poll, Donohoe elected on final count". Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
^ McGibbon, Adam (3 August 2020). "Just Transiti ON". Village. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
^ Rafferty, Michael (6 August 2020). "Just Transition are Left insurgents in the Green Party aiming higher than 'internal opposition'". Village. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
^ "Cllr Lorna Bogue on the Just Transition Greens". 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
^ Hurley, Sandra (30 July 2020). "Green TD Neasa Hourigan resigns as party whip". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ Finn, Christina (30 July 2020). "Green Party TD Neasa Hourigan resigns as party whip after voting against government rental Bill". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ "Green Party sanctions O'Brien, Hourigan over Dáil vote". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
^ O'Faolain, Aodhan (16 September 2021). "High Court dismisses Ceta challenge by Green Party TD Patrick Costello". Irish Times. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ O’Loughlin, Ann (29 March 2022). "Green TDs appeal against EU-Canada trade deal opens in Supreme Court". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ Ryan, Órla (16 December 2020). "Neasa Hourigan says efforts to push CETA deal through are 'extraordinary' and 'cynical'". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
^ "Green Party suspends two TDs after vote against Govt". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 19 May 2022.
^ O'Connell, Hugh (17 May 2022). "Two Green TDs suspended from party for six months after they defy Coalition and back Sinn Féin motion on National Maternity Hospital". Irish Independent. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
^ a b Bray, Jennifer; Burns, Sarah (18 May 2022). "National Maternity Hospital: Green Party suspends two TDs for voting with Opposition". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
^ McQuinn, Cormac (23 November 2022). "Government officially regains Dáil majority after Hourigan and Costello readmitted into Green Party fold". The Irish Times.
^ "Ending eviction ban 'completely wrong', says Green Party's Neasa Hourigan". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^ Gataveckaite, Gabija; Mulgrew, Seoirse; Ryan, Philip (22 March 2023). "Green Party suspends Neasa Hourigan for 15 months over Dáil eviction ban vote". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
^ MacRedmond, David (18 February 2024). "Labour select Limerick sociologist Niamh Hourigan as EU candidate in Ireland South constituency". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
External links
Green Party profile
vteCurrent Teachtaí Dála (TDs)
Members of the 33rd Dáil Éireann, as elected in 2020 with changesCeann Comhairle: Seán Ó Fearghaíl
Fianna Fáil (35)
J. Browne
Butler
Byrne
Cahill
Calleary
Chambers
N. Collins
C. Crowe
S. Donnelly
Devlin
Flaherty
Fleming
Foley
Haughey
Lahart
Lawless
M. Martin§
A. Moynihan
M. Moynihan
Murnane O'Connor
McAuliffe
McConalogue
Michael McGrath
McGuinness
D. O'Brien
J. O'Callaghan
O'Connor
Ó Cuív
O'Dea
C. O'Sullivan
P. O'Sullivan
Rabbitte
Brendan Smith
N. Smyth
Troy
Sinn Féin (35)
Andrews
Brady
M. Browne
Buckley
Carthy
Clarke
Conway-Walsh
Cronin
S. Crowe
Cullinane
Daly
Doherty
P. Donnelly
Ellis
M. Farrell
Gould
Guirke
M. Kenny
Kerrane
Mac Lochlainn
McDonald§
Mitchell
Munster
Mythen
Ó Broin
Ó Laoghaire
Ó Murchú
O'Reilly
O'Rourke
Ó Snodaigh
Quinlivan
P. Ryan
Stanley
Tully
Ward
Fine Gael (34)
Brophy
Bruton
C. Burke
P. Burke
Carey
Carroll MacNeill
Cannon
Coveney
Creed
Dillon
Donohoe
Durkan
English
A. Farrell
Feighan
Flanagan
Griffin
Harris§
Heydon
Higgins
Humphreys
Kehoe
Madigan
McEntee
McHugh
Naughton
O'Donnell
O'Donovan
O'Dowd
Phelan
Richmond
Ring
Stanton
Varadkar
Green Party (12)
Costello
Duffy
Hourigan
Leddin
C. Martin
Matthews
Noonan
J. O'Brien
Ó Cathasaigh
O'Gorman
E. Ryan§
O. Smyth
Labour Party (6)
Bacik§
Howlin
Kelly
Nash
Sherlock
D. Smith
Social Democrats (6)
Cairns§
Gannon
C. Murphy
C. O'Callaghan
Shortall
Whitmore
PBP–Solidarity (5)
Barry
Boyd Barrett
G. Kenny
P. Murphy
Bríd Smith
Independent Ireland (3)
M. Collins§
Fitzmaurice
O'Donoghue
Aontú (1)
Tóibín§
Right to Change (1)
J. Collins
Independent (17)
Berry
Canney
Connolly
Fitzpatrick
Grealish
Harkin
D. Healy-Rae
M. Healy-Rae
Lowry
Mattie McGrath
MacSharry
V. Murphy
Naughten
Nolan
Pringle
Shanahan
Wynne
Women
Bacik
Butler
Cairns
Carroll MacNeill
Clarke
J. Collins
Connolly
Conway-Walsh
Cronin
Farrell
Foley
Harkin
Higgins
Hourigan
Humphreys
Kerrane
McDonald§
Madigan
C. Martin
McEntee
Mitchell
Munster
Murnane O'Connor
C. Murphy§
V. Murphy
Naughton
Nolan
O'Reilly
Rabbitte
P. Ryan
Shortall§
B. Smith
N. Smyth
Tully
Whitmore
Wynne
§ Party leaders; Italics = Ministers
vteTeachtaí Dála (TDs) for the Dublin Central constituencyThis table is transcluded from Dublin Central (Dáil constituency). (edit | history)
Dáil
Election
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
19th
1969
Frank Cluskey(Lab)
Vivion de Valera(FF)
Thomas J. Fitzpatrick(FF)
Maurice E. Dockrell(FG)
20th
1973
21st
1977
Constituency abolished
Dáil
Election
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
22nd
1981
Bertie Ahern(FF)
Alice Glenn(FG)
Michael Keating(FG)
George Colley(FF)
Michael O'Leary(Lab)
23rd
1982 (Feb)
Tony Gregory(Ind)
24th
1982 (Nov)
Alice Glenn(FG)
1983 by-election
Tom Leonard(FF)
25th
1987
Michael Keating(PDs)
Dermot Fitzpatrick(FF)
John Stafford(FF)
26th
1989
Pat Lee(FG)
27th
1992
Jim Mitchell(FG)
Joe Costello(Lab)
4 seatsfrom 1992
28th
1997
Marian McGennis(FF)
29th
2002
Dermot Fitzpatrick(FF)
Joe Costello(Lab)
30th
2007
Cyprian Brady(FF)
2009 by-election
Maureen O'Sullivan(Ind)
31st
2011
Mary Lou McDonald(SF)
Paschal Donohoe(FG)
32nd
2016
3 seatsfrom 2016
33rd
2020
Gary Gannon(SD)
Neasa Hourigan(GP)
4 seatsfrom 2020
vteGreen PartyFounders
Christopher Fettes
Roger Garland
Máire Mullarney
LeadershipLeaders
Trevor Sargent
John Gormley
Eamon Ryan
Deputy leaders
Mary White
Catherine Martin
Seanad leaders
Dan Boyle
Pauline O'Reilly
Assembly leaders
Brian Wilson
Steven Agnew
Clare Bailey
Chairpersons
John Gormley
Dan Boyle
Roderic O'Gorman
Hazel Chu
Pauline O'Reilly
Leadership elections
2002 (Sargent)
2007 (Gormley)
2011 (Ryan)
2020 (Ryan)
2024
Party structures
Green Party Front Bench
Young Greens
Green Party Northern Ireland
Elected representativesOireachtasDáil Éireann
Patrick Costello
Francis Noel Duffy
Neasa Hourigan
Brian Leddin
Catherine Martin
Steven Matthews
Malcolm Noonan
Joe O'Brien
Marc Ó Cathasaigh
Roderic O'Gorman
Eamon Ryan
Ossian Smyth
Seanad Éireann
Róisín Garvey
Pippa Hackett
Pauline O'Reilly
Vincent P. Martin
AlliancesEuropeanEuropean Green PartyInternational
Global Greens
Green Party Green Party in Northern Ireland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Teachta Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Dublin Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2020 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Committee on Budgetary Oversight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_D%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oireachtas_db-2"}],"text":"Neasa Hourigan (born October 1980) is an Irish Green Party politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Central constituency since the 2020 general election. She was Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Oversight from September 2020 until being suspended from the parliamentary party in March 2023.[2]","title":"Neasa Hourigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"Limerick City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Laurel Hill Coláiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Col%C3%A1iste"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Technological University Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_University_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Master of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"University College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-4"}],"text":"Hourigan was born in Limerick. Her father Michael Hourigan is a former Fine Gael member of Limerick City Council as well as a former Mayor of Limerick.[3] Neasa was educated at Laurel Hill Coláiste FCJ. She graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture from Technological University Dublin, a Master of Architecture from University College Dublin, a Post Graduate Certificate in Higher Education and has lectured in sustainable communities, environmental design and green procurement at both Queen's University Belfast[4] and Technological University Dublin.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabra,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin"},{"link_name":"Dublin City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_City_Council"},{"link_name":"2019 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Irish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2020 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Dublin Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes-2020-02-10-dublin-central-11"},{"link_name":"green left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_left"},{"link_name":"eco-socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-socialist"},{"link_name":"Just Transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Transition"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGibbon-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rafferty-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogue_Green_News-14"},{"link_name":"party whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"party leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)#Party_leader"},{"link_name":"Eamon Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Patrick Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Costello_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Faolain_High_Court_dismisses-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Maternity Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maternity_Hospital,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmh-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT20220518-23"},{"link_name":"Fine Gael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT20220518-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pauline O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Hourigan joined the Green Party in 2011.[5][6] She was elected to represent Cabra-Glasnevin local electoral area on Dublin City Council at the 2019 local elections.[7] She is the Green Party's Spokesperson for Finance and Health.[8]Hourigan helped to establish the Irish Pedestrian Network born out of Dublin Blockers, a social media campaign she started in 2018 highlighting the issues pedestrians in Central Dublin were facing.[9] Within this network, she organised an activist group, Streets are for People.[10]At the 2020 general election, Hourigan was elected as a TD for Dublin Central.[11] Darcy Lonergan was then co-opted to Hourigan's seat on Dublin City Council.On 22 July 2020, Hourigan was amongst several prominent members of the Green Party who formed the \"Just Transition Greens\", an affiliate group within the party with a green left/eco-socialist outlook, who have the objective of pressuring the party towards more hardline policies based on the concept of a Just Transition.[12][13][14]On 30 July 2020, Hourigan resigned as party whip of the Green Party, but did not leave the party after voting against the Government twice on amendments to the Residential Tenancies Bill.[15][16] She was later sanctioned by party leader Eamon Ryan by having her speaking rights withdrawn for two months.[17]In December 2020 Hourigan, alongside fellow Green TD Patrick Costello, spoke out against the entry of Ireland into the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), a trade agreement between Canada and members of the EU, due to fears about the proposed \"Investment court system\". The investment court system is designed to act as a method of solving business disputes between investors and participating countries. Hourigan and Costello argued that the court system would allow Canadians investing in Ireland to sue the state if the state impeded their profits, such as with environmentalist laws, and this was a major threat to Ireland's sovereignty.[18][19][20]On 17 May 2022 Costello and Hourigan were both suspended from the Green Party for six months after they voted against the government on a motion calling for the new National Maternity Hospital to be built on land wholly owned by the state.[21] Before the vote, Hourigan explained her rationale by saying she could not support the government's decision to approve plans to move the National Maternity Hospital from Holles Street to the St Vincent's Hospital campus due to concerns over the governance and ethos at the new facility,[22] which is to be built on a site ultimately leased from the Catholic Church, and with fears in some quarters that potential lingering religious influence could mean abortions or fertility treatment would not be allowed to take place at the new hospital.[23] The government coalition parties (Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil and the Greens) had been whipped to abstain on the motion.[23] Costello and Hourigan were re-admitted to the parliamentary party in November 2022.[24]On 7 March 2023, Hourigan criticised the government for its decision to end the eviction ban, calling the decision \"heartless\". Hourigan also spoke out against Green Party leader Eamon Ryan, saying that he did not speak to the party's policies. Senator and Green Party Chair Pauline O'Reilly rebuked Hourigan's remarks and said that it was \"clear Neasa didn't have all the facts\".[25] On 22 March 2023 Hourigan was suspended from the Green Parliamentary Party for fifteen months and removed from her committee position for voting against the government on an amendment to a Sinn Féin motion calling for the extension of the eviction ban.[26]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabra, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabra,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-4"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"2024 European Parliament elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Hourigan lives in Cabra, Dublin. She has three children, one of whom is hard of hearing and is registered as blind.[4]Her sister Niamh Hourigan was an unsuccessful Labour Party candidate in the 2024 European Parliament elections.[27]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ryan, Tim (2020). Nealon's Guide to the 33rd Dáil and 26th Seanad and the 2019 Local and European Elections. Irish Times. p. 53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Neasa Hourigan\". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Neasa-Hourigan.D.2020-02-08/","url_text":"\"Neasa Hourigan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215204206/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Neasa-Hourigan.D.2020-02-08/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rabbitts, Nick (12 December 2018). \"Daughter of former Limerick mayor to seek election with the Green Party\". Limerick Leader. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/352661/daughter-of-former-limerick-mayor-to-seek-election-with-the-green-party.html","url_text":"\"Daughter of former Limerick mayor to seek election with the Green Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". neasahourigan.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116002648/https://neasahourigan.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"https://neasahourigan.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Órla (22 December 2020). \"Hourigan says being in the Greens is 'hostile' and 'lots of people would be relieved' if she left\". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020. Neasa Hourigan has been a member of the Green Party for almost a decade but was only elected to represent the Cabra-Glasnevin area on Dublin City Council in 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/neasa-hourigan-green-party-interview-5301891-Dec2020/","url_text":"\"Hourigan says being in the Greens is 'hostile' and 'lots of people would be relieved' if she left\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201222104857/https://www.thejournal.ie/neasa-hourigan-green-party-interview-5301891-Dec2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"YOUNG BLOOD: NEASA HOURIGAN\". The Phoenix. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thephoenix.ie/article/young-blood-neasa-hourigan/","url_text":"\"YOUNG BLOOD: NEASA HOURIGAN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_(magazine)","url_text":"The Phoenix"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172854/https://www.thephoenix.ie/article/young-blood-neasa-hourigan/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Green Wave: a new breed of eco-councillors\". 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://greennews.ie/green-wave-new-breed/","url_text":"\"The Green Wave: a new breed of eco-councillors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200516235028/https://greennews.ie/green-wave-new-breed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Green Party promises free student travel, public housing and a Universal Basic Income\". thejournal.ie. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/green-party-manifesto-4979601-Jan2020/","url_text":"\"The Green Party promises free student travel, public housing and a Universal Basic Income\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215230407/https://www.thejournal.ie/green-party-manifesto-4979601-Jan2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGuire, Erin (13 February 2019). \"A New Pedestrian Advocacy Network Seeks Others to Get Involved\". Dublin Enquirer. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dublininquirer.com/2019/02/13/a-new-pedestrian-advocacy-network-seeks-others-to-get-involved","url_text":"\"A New Pedestrian Advocacy Network Seeks Others to Get Involved\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503000248/https://www.dublininquirer.com/2019/02/13/a-new-pedestrian-advocacy-network-seeks-others-to-get-involved","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ginty, Cian (31 August 2019). \"'Streets Are For People' staging second day of action at Lower Liffey Street\". Irish Cycle. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://irishcycle.com/2019/08/31/streetsareforpeople-staging-second-day-of-action-at-lower-liffey-street/","url_text":"\"'Streets Are For People' staging second day of action at Lower Liffey Street\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210111328/https://irishcycle.com/2019/08/31/streetsareforpeople-staging-second-day-of-action-at-lower-liffey-street/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bray, Jennifer (10 February 2020). \"Dublin Central results: McDonald tops poll, Donohoe elected on final count\". Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/dublin-central/dublin-central-results-mcdonald-tops-poll-donohoe-elected-on-final-count-1.4165191","url_text":"\"Dublin Central results: McDonald tops poll, Donohoe elected on final count\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210605093158/https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/dublin-central/dublin-central-results-mcdonald-tops-poll-donohoe-elected-on-final-count-1.4165191","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGibbon, Adam (3 August 2020). \"Just Transiti ON\". Village. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://villagemagazine.ie/just-transition/","url_text":"\"Just Transiti ON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(magazine)","url_text":"Village"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184640/https://villagemagazine.ie/just-transition/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rafferty, Michael (6 August 2020). \"Just Transition are Left insurgents in the Green Party aiming higher than 'internal opposition'\". Village. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://villagemagazine.ie/just-transition-are-left-insurgents-in-the-green-party-aiming-higher-than-internal-opposition/","url_text":"\"Just Transition are Left insurgents in the Green Party aiming higher than 'internal opposition'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(magazine)","url_text":"Village"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005121425/https://villagemagazine.ie/just-transition-are-left-insurgents-in-the-green-party-aiming-higher-than-internal-opposition/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cllr Lorna Bogue on the Just Transition Greens\". 3 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://greennews.ie/lorna-bogue-jt-greens-interview-feature/","url_text":"\"Cllr Lorna Bogue on the Just Transition Greens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002212927/https://greennews.ie/lorna-bogue-jt-greens-interview-feature/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hurley, Sandra (30 July 2020). \"Green TD Neasa Hourigan resigns as party whip\". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2020/0730/1156516-neasa-vote/","url_text":"\"Green TD Neasa Hourigan resigns as party whip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News_and_Current_Affairs","url_text":"RTÉ News and Current Affairs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801001307/https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2020/0730/1156516-neasa-vote/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Finn, Christina (30 July 2020). \"Green Party TD Neasa Hourigan resigns as party whip after voting against government rental Bill\". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/neasa-hourigan-rent-vote-5163999-Jul2020/","url_text":"\"Green Party TD Neasa Hourigan resigns as party whip after voting against government rental Bill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731191430/https://www.thejournal.ie/neasa-hourigan-rent-vote-5163999-Jul2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Party sanctions O'Brien, Hourigan over Dáil vote\". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2020/0731/1156610-green-party-politics/","url_text":"\"Green Party sanctions O'Brien, Hourigan over Dáil vote\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News_and_Current_Affairs","url_text":"RTÉ News and Current Affairs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731081348/https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2020/0731/1156610-green-party-politics/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Faolain, Aodhan (16 September 2021). \"High Court dismisses Ceta challenge by Green Party TD Patrick Costello\". Irish Times. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/high-court-dismisses-ceta-challenge-by-green-party-td-patrick-costello-1.4675783","url_text":"\"High Court dismisses Ceta challenge by Green Party TD Patrick Costello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"O’Loughlin, Ann (29 March 2022). \"Green TDs appeal against EU-Canada trade deal opens in Supreme Court\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/courtandcrime/arid-40839815.html","url_text":"\"Green TDs appeal against EU-Canada trade deal opens in Supreme Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Examiner","url_text":"Irish Examiner"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Órla (16 December 2020). \"Neasa Hourigan says efforts to push CETA deal through are 'extraordinary' and 'cynical'\". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/neasa-hourigan-ceta-green-party-5300456-Dec2020/","url_text":"\"Neasa Hourigan says efforts to push CETA deal through are 'extraordinary' and 'cynical'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Party suspends two TDs after vote against Govt\". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2022/0519/1299855-party-whip/","url_text":"\"Green Party suspends two TDs after vote against Govt\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Hugh (17 May 2022). \"Two Green TDs suspended from party for six months after they defy Coalition and back Sinn Féin motion on National Maternity Hospital\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/two-green-tds-suspended-from-party-for-six-months-after-they-defy-coalition-and-back-sinn-fein-motion-on-national-maternity-hospital-41664389.html","url_text":"\"Two Green TDs suspended from party for six months after they defy Coalition and back Sinn Féin motion on National Maternity Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"Bray, Jennifer; Burns, Sarah (18 May 2022). \"National Maternity Hospital: Green Party suspends two TDs for voting with Opposition\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/national-maternity-hospital-green-party-suspends-two-tds-for-voting-with-opposition-1.4881766","url_text":"\"National Maternity Hospital: Green Party suspends two TDs for voting with Opposition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"McQuinn, Cormac (23 November 2022). \"Government officially regains Dáil majority after Hourigan and Costello readmitted into Green Party fold\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2022/11/23/government-officially-regains-dail-majority-after-hourigan-and-costello-readmitted-into-green-party-fold/","url_text":"\"Government officially regains Dáil majority after Hourigan and Costello readmitted into Green Party fold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ending eviction ban 'completely wrong', says Green Party's Neasa Hourigan\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/housing-planning/2023/03/07/ending-eviction-ban-completely-wrong-says-green-partys-neasa-hourigan/","url_text":"\"Ending eviction ban 'completely wrong', says Green Party's Neasa Hourigan\""}]},{"reference":"Gataveckaite, Gabija; Mulgrew, Seoirse; Ryan, Philip (22 March 2023). \"Green Party suspends Neasa Hourigan for 15 months over Dáil eviction ban vote\". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/green-party-suspends-neasa-hourigan-for-15-months-over-dail-eviction-ban-vote-42400048.html","url_text":"\"Green Party suspends Neasa Hourigan for 15 months over Dáil eviction ban vote\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Independent","url_text":"The Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"MacRedmond, David (18 February 2024). \"Labour select Limerick sociologist Niamh Hourigan as EU candidate in Ireland South constituency\". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/labour-european-election-candidate-niamh-hourigan-ireland-south-6302974-Feb2024/","url_text":"\"Labour select Limerick sociologist Niamh Hourigan as EU candidate in Ireland South constituency\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://neasahourigan.com/","external_links_name":"neasahourigan.com"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Neasa-Hourigan.D.2020-02-08/","external_links_name":"\"Neasa Hourigan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215204206/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Neasa-Hourigan.D.2020-02-08/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/352661/daughter-of-former-limerick-mayor-to-seek-election-with-the-green-party.html","external_links_name":"\"Daughter of former Limerick mayor to seek election with the Green 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Hourigan as EU candidate in Ireland South constituency\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenparty.ie/people/neasa-hourigan/","external_links_name":"Green Party profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)&action=history","external_links_name":"history"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney | George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney | ["1 Early life","2 Early career","2.1 Captain","2.2 Battle of Cape Finisterre","3 Commander","4 Seven Years' War","4.1 Louisbourg","4.2 Le Havre","4.3 Martinique","5 Years of peace","6 American War of Independence","6.1 Moonlight Battle","6.2 Battle of Martinique","6.3 Capture of St Eustatius","6.4 Controversy and Yorktown","6.5 Battle of the Saintes","6.6 Recall","7 Later life","7.1 Nepotism and self-interest","7.2 Retirement and death","8 Legacy","8.1 Places named after Rodney","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | British naval officer (1718–1792)
"George Rodney" redirects here. For other similarly named people, see George Rodney (disambiguation).
The Right HonourableThe Lord RodneyKBAdmiral Rodney after the Battle of the Saintes, 1782, by Thomas Gainsborough. Behind is the French fleur de lys naval ensign from the captured Ville De ParisBornbap. 13 February 1718Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, EnglandDied24 May 1792(1792-05-24) (aged 74)Hanover Square, London, EnglandBuriedOld AlresfordAllegiance Kingdom of Great BritainService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1732–1792RankAdmiralCommands heldGreenwich HospitalJamaica StationLeeward Islands StationBattles/wars
War of the Austrian Succession
Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)
Seven Years' War
Raid on Rochefort
Raid on Le Havre
British Blockade of France (1756–1762)
Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
British expedition against Martinique (1762)
British expedition against Grenada (1762)
British expedition against St Lucia (1762)
British expedition against Cuba (1762)
American War of Independence
Cape Finisterre (1780)
Battle of Cape St. Vincent
Relief of Gibraltar
Battle of Martinique (1780)
French invasion of Tobago
Battle of the Saintes
Fourth Anglo–Dutch War
Capture of Sint Eustatius (1781)
AwardsKnight of the Order of the Bath
Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, KB (bap. 13 February 1718 – 24 May 1792), was a British naval officer. He is best known for his commands in the American War of Independence, particularly his victory over the French at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782. It is often claimed that he was the commander to have pioneered the tactic of breaking the line.
Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747. He made a large amount of prize money during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a large country estate and a seat in the House of Commons of Great Britain. During the Seven Years' War, Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on Rochefort and Le Havre and the Siege of Louisbourg. He became well known for his role in the capture of Martinique in 1762. Following the Peace of Paris, Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail when war was declared in 1778. Thanks to a French benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.
Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the Great Siege and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent, known as the "Moonlight Battle" because it took place at night. He then was posted to the Jamaica Station, where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius. Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucial Battle of the Chesapeake leading to the surrender at Yorktown.
To some, Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius, for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat to Jamaica.
Rodney accompanied the future King William IV on his visit (April 1783) to Cuba. There the prince conferred with Captain General Luis de Unzaga to reach the preliminaries of peace conditions that would later recognize the birth of the United States of America. On his return to Britain, Rodney was made a peer and was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.
Early life
George Brydges Rodney was born either in Walton-on-Thames or in London, though the family seat was Rodney Stoke, Somerset. He was most likely born sometime in January 1718. He was baptised in St Giles-in-the-Fields on 13 February 1718. He was the third of four surviving children of Henry Rodney and Mary (Newton) Rodney, daughter of Sir Henry Newton. His father had served in Spain under the Earl of Peterborough during the War of the Spanish Succession, and on leaving the army served as captain in a marine corps which was disbanded in 1713. A major investment in the South Sea Company ruined Henry Rodney and impoverished the family. In spite of their lack of money, the family was well-connected by marriage. It is sometimes claimed that Henry Rodney had served as commander of the Royal Yacht of George I and it was after him that George was named, but this had been discounted more recently.
George was educated at Harrow School, and left as one of the last King's letter boys to join the Royal Navy, having been appointed, by warrant dated 21 June 1732, a junior officer on board Sunderland.
Early career
After serving aboard Sunderland, Rodney switched to Dreadnought where he served from 1734 to 1737 under Captain Henry Medley who acted as a mentor to him. Around this time he spent eighteen months stationed in Lisbon, a city he would later return to several times. He then changed ships several times, taking part in the navy's annual trip to protect the British fishing fleet off Newfoundland in 1738.
He rose swiftly through the ranks of the navy helped by a combination of his own talents and the patronage of the Duke of Chandos.
While serving on the Mediterranean station he was made lieutenant in Dolphin, his promotion dating 15 February 1739. He then served on Namur, the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief Sir Thomas Mathews.
Captain
The War of the Austrian Succession had broken out by this point, and in August 1742, Rodney had his first taste of action when he was ordered by Matthews to take a smaller vessel and launch a raid on Ventimiglia, where the Spanish army had stockpiled supplies and stores ready for a planned invasion of Britain's ally the Republic of Genoa, which he successfully accomplished. Shortly after this, he attained the rank of post-captain, having been appointed by Matthews to Plymouth on 9 November. He picked up several British merchantmen in Lisbon to escort them home, but lost contact with them in heavy storms. Once he reached Britain his promotion was confirmed, making him one of the youngest Captains in the navy.
After serving in home waters learning about convoy protection he was appointed to the newly built Ludlow Castle which he used to blockade the Scottish coast during the Jacobite Rebellion in 1745. Two of Rodney's midshipman aboard Ludlow Castle were Samuel Hood, later to become a distinguished sailor, and Rodney's younger brother James Rodney. In 1746 he obtained command of the 60-gun Eagle. After some time spent blockading French-occupied Ostend and cruising around the Western Approaches, where on 24 May he took his first prize a 16-gun Spanish privateer, Eagle was sent to join the Western Squadron.
Battle of Cape Finisterre
Main articles: Second Battle of Cape Finisterre and Western Squadron
The Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747.
The Western Squadron was a new strategy by Britain's naval planners to operate a more effective blockade system of France by stationing the Home Fleet in the Western Approaches, where they could guard both the English Channel and the French Atlantic coast.
Eagle continued to take prizes while stationed with the Squadron being involved directly, or indirectly, in the capture of sixteen enemy ships. After taking one of the captured prizes to Kinsale in Ireland, Eagle was not present at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre when the Western Squadron commanded by Lord Anson won a significant victory over the French. While returning from Ireland, Eagle fell in with a small squadron under Commodore Thomas Fox which sighted a French merchant convoy heading for the Bay of Biscay. In total around 48 merchantmen were taken by the squadron, although Rodney ignored an order of Fox by pursuing several ships which had broken away from the rest in an attempt to escape managing to capture six of them. Afterwards Eagle rejoined the Western Squadron now under the command of Edward Hawke.
On 14 October 1747 the ship took part in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre, a victory off Ushant over the French fleet. The French were trying to escort an outgoing convoy from France to the West Indies and had eight large ships-of-the-line while the British had fourteen smaller ships. Rodney was at the rear of the British line, and Eagle was one of the last British ships to come into action engaging the French shortly after noon. Initially Eagle was engaged with two French ships, but one moved away. Rodney engaged the 70-gun Neptune for two hours until his steering wheel was struck by a lucky shot, and his ship became unmanageable. Rodney later complained that Thomas Fox in Kent had failed to support him, and testified at Fox's court martial. The British took six of the eight French ships, but were unable to prevent most of the merchant convoy escaping, although much of it was later taken in the West Indies.
The two Battles of Cape Finisterre had proved a vindication of the Western Squadron strategy. Rodney later often referred to "the good old discipline" of the Western Squadron, using it as an example for his own views on discipline. For the remainder of the war Rodney took part in further cruises, and took several more prizes. Following the Congress of Breda, an agreement was signed at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ending the war. Rodney took his ship back to Plymouth where it was decommissioned on 13 August 1748. Rodney's total share of prize money during his time with Eagle was £15,000 giving him financial security for the first time in his life.
Commander
On 9 May 1749 he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of Commodore, it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests. He was given command of Rainbow and had two smaller ships under his overall command. It was extremely difficult for naval officers to secure commands in peacetime, and Rodney's appointment suggests that he was well regarded by his superiors. Rodney's role as Governor was rather limited. Each summer a large British fishing fleet sailed for Newfoundland, where it took part in the valuable cod trade. The fleet then returned home during the winter. Rodney oversaw three such trips to Newfoundland between 1749 and 1751.
Around this time Rodney began to harbour political ambitions and gained the support of the powerful Duke of Bedford and Lord Sandwich. He stood unsuccessfully in a 1750 by-election in Launceston. He was elected MP for Saltash, a safe seat controlled by the Admiralty, in 1751. After his third and final trip to Newfoundland in the summer of 1751, Rodney sailed home via Spain and Portugal, escorting some merchantmen. Once home he fell ill, and was then unemployed for around ten months. During this time he oversaw the development of an estate at Old Alresford in Hampshire, which he had bought with the proceeds of his prize money.
In 1753 he married his first wife, Jane Compton (1730–1757), sister of Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton. He had initially been undecided whether to marry Jane or her younger sister Kitty whom he had met in Lisbon during his various visits to the city, where their father Charles Compton was consul. The marriage proved happy, and they had three children together before she died in January 1757. From 1753 Rodney commanded a series of Portsmouth guard ships without actually having to go to sea before the onset of the Seven Years' War.
Seven Years' War
Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years War
Portrait of Rodney by Joshua Reynolds showing him after his appointment as a rear admiral in 1759.
The first fighting broke out in North America in 1754, with competing British and French forces clashing in the Ohio Country. Despite this fighting formal war wasn't declared in Europe until 1756 and opened with a French attack on Minorca, the loss of which was blamed on Admiral John Byng who was court-martialled and executed. He was shot on the quarterdeck of Monarch, which until recently had been commanded by Rodney. Rodney excused himself from serving on the court martial by pleading illness. While Rodney disapproved of Byng's conduct, he thought the death sentence excessive and unsuccessfully worked for it to be commuted.
Louisbourg
Main articles: Raid on Rochefort and Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
Rodney had in 1755 and 1756, taken part in preventive cruises under Hawke and Edward Boscawen. In 1757, he took part in the expedition against Rochefort, commanding the 74-gun ship of the line Dublin. After an initial success, the expedition made no serious attempt on Rochefort and sailed for home. Next year, in the same ship, he was ordered to serve under Boscawen as part of an attempt to capture the strategic French fortress of Louisbourg in North America. He was given the task of carrying Major General Jeffery Amherst, the expedition's commander to Louisbourg. On the way Rodney captured a French East Indiamen, and took it into Vigo. This action saw the beginning of criticism of Rodney that he was obsessed with prize money ahead of strategic importance, with some claiming he spent two weeks or more in Vigo making sure of his prize money instead of carrying Amherst to Louisbourg. This appears to be untrue, as Rodney sailed within four days from Vigo.
Rodney and his ship played a minor role in the taking of Louisburg, which laid the way open for a British campaign up the St Lawrence River the following year, and the fall of Quebec. In August 1758 Rodney sailed for home in charge of six warships and ten transports carrying the captured garrison of Louisbourg who were being taken to Britain as prisoners of war.
Le Havre
Main article: Raid on Le Havre
On 19 May 1759 he became a rear admiral, and shortly afterwards he was given command of a small squadron. The admiralty had received intelligence that the French had gathered at Le Havre, at the mouth of the River Seine, a large number of flat-bottomed boats and stores which were being collected there for an invasion of the British Isles. After drawing up plans for an attack on Le Havre, Lord Anson briefed Rodney in person. The operation was intended to be a secret with it being implied that Rodney's actual destination was Gibraltar. This soon became impossible to maintain as Rodney tried to acquire pilots who knew the Normandy coast.
Rodney received his final orders on 26 June, and by 4 July he was off Le Havre. His force included six bomb-vessels which could fire at a very high trajectory. In what become known as the Raid on Le Havre, he bombarded the town for two days and nights, and inflicted great loss of war-material on the enemy. The bomb ships fired continuously for fifty two hours, starting large fires. Rodney then withdrew to Spithead, leaving several ships to blockade the mouth of the Seine. Although the attack hadn't significantly affected French plans, it proved a morale boost in Britain. In August Rodney was again sent to Le Havre with similar orders but through a combination of weather and improved French defences he was unable to get his bomb-vessels into position, and the Admiralty accepted his judgement that a further attack was impossible. The invasion was ultimately cancelled because of French naval defeats at the Battle of Lagos and Battle of Quiberon Bay.
From 1759 and 1761 Rodney concentrated on his blockade of the French coast, particularly around Le Havre. In July 1760, with another small squadron, he succeeded in taking many more of the enemy's flat-bottomed boats and in blockading the coast as far as Dieppe.
Martinique
Main article: British expedition against Martinique (1762)
Rodney was elected MP for Penryn in 1761. Lord Anson then selected him to command the naval element of a planned amphibious attack on the lucrative and strategically important French colony of Martinique in the West Indies, promoting him over the heads of a number of more senior officers. A previous British attack on Martinique had failed in 1759. The land forces for the attack on Martinique were to be a combination of troops from various locations including some sent out from Europe and reinforcements from New York City, who were available following the Conquest of Canada which had been completed in 1760. During 1761 Martinique was blockaded by Sir James Douglas to prevent reinforcements or supplies from reaching it. In 1762 he was formally appointed commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station.
Within the first three months of 1762, Monckton and he had reduced the important island of Martinique, while both Saint Lucia and Grenada had surrendered to his squadron. During the siege of Fort Royal (later Fort de France) his seamen and marines rendered splendid service on shore. Afterwards Rodney's squadron, amounting to eight ships of the line joined the British expedition to Cuba bringing the total number of ships of the line to 15 by the end of April 1762. However he was later criticised for moving his ships to protect Jamaica from attack by a large Franco-Spanish force that had gathered in the area, rather than waiting to support the expedition as he had been ordered.
Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Admiral Rodney returned home having been during his absence made Vice-Admiral of the Blue and having received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. In the peace terms Martinique was returned to France.
Years of peace
George Brydges Rodney, by Joshua Reynolds in 1789
In 1764, Rodney was created a baronet, and the same year he married Henrietta, daughter of John Clies of Lisbon. From 1765 to 1770, he was governor of Greenwich Hospital, and on the dissolution of parliament in 1768 he successfully contested Northampton at a ruinous cost. When appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station in 1771, he lost his Greenwich post, but a few months later received the office of Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. Until 1774, he held the Jamaica command, and during a period of quiet, was active in improving the naval yards on his station. Sir George struck his flag with a feeling of disappointment at not obtaining the governorship of Jamaica, and was shortly after forced to settle in Paris. Election expenses and losses at play in fashionable circles had shattered his fortune, and he could not secure payment of the salary as Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. In February 1778, having just been promoted Admiral of the White, he used every possible exertion to obtain a command to free himself from his money difficulties. By May, he had, through the splendid generosity of his Parisian friend Marshal Biron, effected the latter task, and accordingly he returned to London with his children. The debt was repaid out of the arrears due to him on his return. The story that he was offered a French command is fiction.
American War of Independence
Further information: American Revolutionary War
In London, he suggested to Lord George Germain that George Washington could "certainly be bought – honours will do it".
Moonlight Battle
Main article: Battle of Cape St Vincent (1780)
Rodney was appointed once more commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station late in 1779. His orders were to relieve Gibraltar on his way to the West Indies. He captured a Spanish convoy of 22 vessels off Cape Finisterre on 8 January 1780. Eight days later at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent he defeated the Spanish Admiral Don Juan de Lángara, taking or destroying seven ships. He then brought some relief to Gibraltar by delivering reinforcements and supplies.
Battle of Martinique
Main article: Battle of Martinique (1780)
On 17 April he fought an action off Martinique with the French Admiral Guichen which, owing to the carelessness of some of Rodney's captains, was indecisive.
Capture of St Eustatius
Main article: Capture of St Eustatius
Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, by Jean-Laurent Mosnier, painted 1791.
Following the outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War between Britain and the Dutch Republic Rodney, acting under orders from London, captured the valuable Dutch island of St Eustatius on 3 February 1781. Rodney had already identified several individuals on the island who were aiding the Americans, such as "... Mr Smith at the House of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles) cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France..." The island was also home to a Jewish community who were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. The Jews were estimated to have been at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.
Rodney immediately arrested and imprisoned 101 Jews in the warehouses of the lower city. He treated them harshly, summarily deporting 31 heads of families without mercy or word to their dependents. Rodney looted Jewish personal possessions and even tore out the linings of the clothes of his captives in search of hidden valuables; this alone yielded him 8,000 pounds. When Rodney realised that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.
Even large quantities of non-military trading goods belonging to English merchants on the island were arbitrarily confiscated. This resulted in Rodney being entangled in a series of costly lawsuits for the rest of his life. Still, the wealth Rodney stole on St. Eustatius exceeded his expectations.
Controversy and Yorktown
Rodney wrote to his family with promises of a new London home; to his daughter "the best harpsichord money can purchase". He confidently wrote of a marriage settlement for one of his sons and a soon-to-be purchased commission in the Foot Guards for another son. Rodney also wrote of a dowry for his daughter to marry the Earl of Oxford and noted he would have enough to pay off the young prospective bridegroom's debts.
Other Royal Navy officers scathingly criticised Rodney for his actions. In particular, Viscount Samuel Hood suggested that Rodney should have sailed to intercept a French fleet under Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse, travelling to Martinique. The French fleet instead turned north and headed for the Chesapeake Bay of Virginia and Maryland.
Rodney's delay at St. Eustatius was not the first time he had taken the opportunity to capture prizes over the immediate and expeditious fulfillment of his military duties. During the Seven Years' War Rodney had been ordered to Barbados to link up with Admiral Sir George Pocock and the Earl of Albemarle for an attack on Cuba. Instead, Rodney sent valuable ships off in search of prizes. In 1762, Rodney, after the fall of Martinique, quarreled with the army over prize money. During Rodney's command in Jamaica, 1771–1774, the Earl of Sandwich feared that Rodney might provoke a war with Spain to obtain prize money.
Plundering the wealth of St. Eustatius and capturing many prizes over a number of months, Rodney further weakened his fleet by sending two ships-of-the-line to escort his treasure ships to England, though both were in need of major repair. Nevertheless, he is both blamed and defended for the subsequent disaster at Yorktown. His orders as naval commander in chief in the eastern Caribbean were not only to watch de Grasse but also to protect the valuable sugar trade. Rodney had received intelligence earlier that de Grasse would send part of his fleet before the start of the hurricane season to relieve the French squadron at Newport and to co-operate with Washington, returning in the fall to the Caribbean. The other half of de Grasse's fleet, as usual, would escort the French merchantmen back across the Atlantic. Rodney accordingly made his dispositions in the light of this intelligence. Sixteen of his remaining twenty-one battleships would go with Hood to reinforce the squadron at New York under Sir Thomas Graves, while Rodney, who was in ill health, returned to England with three other battleships as merchant escorts, leaving two others in dock for repair. Hood was well satisfied with these arrangements, informing a colleague that his fleet was "fully equal to defeat any designs of the enemy." What Rodney and Hood could not know was that at the last moment de Grasse decided to take his entire fleet to North America, leaving the French merchantmen to the protection of the Spanish. The result was a decisive French superiority in battleships during the subsequent naval campaign, when the combined fleets of Hood and Graves were unable to relieve the British army of Charles Cornwallis, who was then establishing a base on the York River. This left Cornwallis no option but to surrender, resulting a year later in British recognition of American Independence. Although Rodney's actions at St. Eustatius and afterwards contributed to the British naval inferiority in the Battle of the Chesapeake, the real reason for the disaster at Yorktown was the inability of Britain to match the resources of the other naval powers of Europe.
Battle of the Saintes
Further information: Battle of the Saintes
Battle of the Saintes, April 1782painting by François Aimé Louis Dumoulin
After a few months in England, restoring his health and defending himself in Parliament, Sir George returned to his command in February 1782, and a running engagement with the French fleet on 9 April led up to his crowning victory at the Battle of the Saintes off Dominica, when on 12 April with thirty-five sail of the line he defeated the Comte de Grasse, who had thirty-three sail. The French inferiority in numbers was more than counterbalanced by the greater size and superior sailing qualities of their ships, yet four French ships of the line were captured (including the flagship) as well as one destroyed after eleven hours' fighting.
This important battle saved Jamaica and ruined French naval prestige, while it enabled Rodney to write: "Within two little years I have taken two Spanish, one French and one Dutch admirals." A long and wearisome controversy exists as to the originator of the manoeuvre of "breaking the line" in this battle, but the merits of the victory have never seriously been affected by any difference of opinion on the question. A shift of wind broke the French line of battle, and the British ships took advantage of this by crossing in two places; many were taken prisoner including the Comte de Grasse.
From 29 April to 10 July he sat with his fleet at Port Royal, Jamaica while his fleet was repaired after the battle.
Recall
In a 15 April letter to Lord George Germain, who unknown to Rodney had recently lost his position, he wrote "Permit me most sincerely to congratulate you on the most important victory I believe ever gained against our perfidious enemies, the French". The news of Rodney's victories reached England on 18 May 1782 via HMS Andromache and boosted national morale in Britain and strengthened the pro-war party, who wished to carry on the fight. George III observed to the new Prime Minister Lord Shelburne that he "must see that the great success of Lord Rodney's engagement has so far roused the nation, that the peace which would have been acquiesced in three months ago would now be a matter for complaint".
Rodney was preparing to sail to meet the enemy off Cape Haitien when HMS Jupiter arrived from England, not only relieving him of duty, but also bringing his replacement: Admiral Hugh Pigot. This bizarre exchange was largely the result of changing politics in Britain: Rodney was a Tory placed in charge of the fleet by a Tory government... but the Whigs were now in power. That said, at 64 years of age, he was perhaps due for retirement. However, Pigot and the command to retire was dispatched on 15 May, three days before the news of the victory at the Battle of the Saintes reached the Admiralty. A cutter sent by the Admiralty on 19 May failed to catch the Jupiter so Rodney's fate was sealed.
Rodney quietly quit his quarters on the Formidable and returned to England in more modest quarters on HMS Montagu.
Later life
Nepotism and self-interest
Rodney was unquestionably a most able officer, but he was also vain, selfish and unscrupulous, both in seeking prize money, and in using his position to push the fortunes of his family, although such nepotism was common (not to say normal) at the time. He made his son a post-captain at fifteen, and his assiduous self-interest alienated his fellow officers and the Board of Admiralty alike. Naval historian Nicholas A. M. Rodger describes Rodney as possessing weaknesses with respect to patronage "which destroyed the basis of trust upon which alone an officer can command." It must be remembered that he was then prematurely old and racked by disease.
Retirement and death
Rodney arrived home in August to receive unbounded honour from his country. He had already been created Baron Rodney of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, by patent of 19 June 1782, and the House of Commons had voted him a pension of £2000 a year. From this time he led a quiet country life until his death in London. He was succeeded as 2nd Baron by his son, George (1753–1802).
In 1782 Rodney was presented with the Freedom of the City of Cork, Ireland. The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, holds the gold presentation box that the City of Cork gave him on 16 September 1782.
Rodney died in 1792, and was buried in the church of St Mary the Virgin, Old Alresford, in Hampshire, which adjoins his family seat. There is a memorial to him within St Paul's Cathedral.
Legacy
Monument of George Brydges Rodney in Memorial in Spanish Town
Memorial in St Paul's Cathedral, London
Rodney's Pillar on Breidden Hill in Wales
Admiral Rodney public house, Long Buckby
In February 1783, the government of Jamaica commissioned John Bacon, a renowned British sculptor, to create a statue of Admiral Lord Rodney, as an expression of their appreciation. The Assembly spent $5,200 on the statue alone and a reputed $31,000 on the entire project. Bacon sourced the finest marble from Italy to create the Neo-classical sculpture of the Admiral, dressed in a Roman robe and breastplate. On its completion, the statue was fronted with cannons taken from the French flagship, Ville de Paris, in the battle. The truly huge monument, known as the Rodney Temple stands in Spanish Town, Jamaica, next to the Governor's House.
In late 1782 and early 1783 a large number of existing taverns renamed themselves "The Admiral Rodney" in admiration of the victory.
Admiral Rodney's Pillar was constructed on the peak of Breidden Hill to commemorate his victories.
In St. Paul's Cathedral crypt, there is a memorial to Rodney designed by Charles Rossi.
At least four serving warships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Rodney in his honour.
Two British public schools, Churcher's College and Emanuel School, have houses named after him.
Due to his popularity with citizens of Newfoundland as governor, small round-bottomed wooden boats, propelled by oars and/or sails, are often referred to as a "Rodney" up to the present day in Newfoundland.
In 1793, following Rodney's death, Scotland's Bard, the poet Robert Burns (1759–1796), published a poem "Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory" commemorating the Battle of the Saintes. The poem opens with the lines:
"Instead of a Song, boy's, I'll give you a Toast;
"Here's to the memory of those on the twelfth that we lost!-
"That we lost, did I say?-nay, by Heav'n, that we found;
"For their fame it will last while the world goes round. “
Places named after Rodney
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Rodney Street, Liverpool
Rodney Street, Edinburgh
Rodney Bay, Saint Lucia, the Caribbean
Rodney County, New Zealand
Rodney Gardens, Perth, Scotland
Cape Rodney, North Island, New Zealand
Rodney, Ontario, Canada
Admiral Rodney – Pub, Worcestershire
Admiral Rodney - Pub, Criggion Lane, Powys
Admiral Lord Rodney - Pub, Colne, Lancashire
Admiral Rodney - Hotel, Horncastle, Lincolnshire
Admiral Rodney - Pub, Sheffield
Rodney Inn - Pub, Helston, Cornwall
The Admiral Rodney Inn - Criggion, Powys (in sight of Rodney's Pillar monument on Breidden Hill)
The Admiral Rodney Inn - Pub, Hartshorne, Swadlincote, Derbyshire.
The Admiral Rodney - Pub, Prestbury, Cheshire
The Lord Rodney - Pub, Keighley, West Yorkshire
The Admiral Rodney - Pub, Calverton, Nottinghamshire
The Rodney Hotel - Hotel, Clifton, Bristol
Admiral Rodney - Pub, Wollaton, Nottinghamshire
References
^ Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019) The governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States of America and in Liberalism. Foundation. Malaga. pages 108–116
^ Stewart, p. 249.
^ Hannay, p. 5.
^ a b c Trew, p. 13.
^ Burke, John "The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females, Vol. 1", p. 125.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rodney, George Brydges Rodney, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–448.
^ Hannay, pp. 3–4.
^ Fraser 2009, p. 64
^ a b Trew, p. 14.
^ a b Trew, p. 15.
^ Trew, pp. 15–16.
^ Trew, pp. 16–18.
^ Rodger, p. 253.
^ Trew, p. 11.
^ Trew, p. 21.
^ Trew, p. 22.
^ Cruickshanks, Eveline (1970). "Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)". In Sedgwick, Romney (ed.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754. London: HMSO. ISBN 9780118800983.
^ Trew, p. 23.
^ Trew, pp. 23–24.
^ Trew, pp. 24–25.
^ Trew, p. 25.
^ a b Trew, p. 26.
^ Drummond, Mary M. (1964). "Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)". In Namier, Lewis; Brooke, John (eds.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790. London: Haynes. ISBN 9780436304200.
^ Trew, p. 30.
^ Billias, George Athan (1972). The life and correspondence of the late Admiral Lord Rodney. Boston: Gregg Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780839812715.
^ Cundall, p. xx.
^ Hibbert, p. 295.
^ Haydn, Joseph (13 June 2008). The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain Original 1851 Digitized by the University of Michigan. Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 279.
^ "No. 12056". The London Gazette. 8 February 1780. p. 1.
^ "The American Revolution". www.ouramericanrevolution.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ "SECAR". steustatiushistory.org. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ Norton, Louis Arthur. "Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius" Jewish Magazine (October 2006).
^ Is there documentary evidence for this?
^ Trew, pp. 103–104.
^ Trew, pp. 104–105.
^ Rodney, Spinney, pp. 141, 201–202, 206, 255.
^ The Men Who Lost America, Yale University Press, by Prof. Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, strongly asserts that Rodney's delay was directly linked to the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
^ Middleton, Richard (2014). "Naval Resources and the British Defeat at Yorktown, 1781". The Mariner's Mirror. 100 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1080/00253359.2014.866373. S2CID 154569534.
^ O'Shaughnessy, Andrew (2013). The men who lost America: British Command during the Revolutionary War and the preservation of the empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-1780742465.
^ a b Fraser 2009, p. 165
^ Weintraub, p. 319.
^ Fleming, p. 180.
^ Fraser 2009, p. 167
^ a b Fraser 2009, p. 169
^ Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 344. ISBN 0393060500.
^ Rodger (1986), pp. 326–327.
^ "Gold freedom box presented by the City of Cork on 16 September 1782 to Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich". Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ "Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" Sinclair, W. p. 451: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.
^ Aspinall, Algernon E. (1907). The pocket guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas, the Spanish Main, and the Panama canal (New and revised 1914 ed.). Rand, McNally & Company. pp. 188–189. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
^ "Robert Burns Country: Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory". www.robertburns.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ "Liverpool Local History". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
Bibliography
Cundall, Frank (1915). Historic Jamaica. West India Committee.
The Naval Chronicle, Volume 1 1799, J. Gold, London. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01840-1
Fraser, Edward (2009). Famous Fighters of the Fleet: Glimpses Through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy (1904). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781104820039.
Fleming, Thomas. The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival After Yorktown. First Smithsonian books, 2008.
Hannay, David. Life of Rodney. Macmillan, 1891.
Hibbert, Christopher. Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British Eyes. Avon Books, 1990.
General Mundy, Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney (2 vols, 1830)
O'Shaunhassey, Andrew Jackson. The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution and the Fate of Empire. Yale University Press, 2013.
Rodger, N. A. M. Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. Penguin Books, 2006.
Spinney, David. Rodney, George Allen & Unwin, 1969.
Stewart, William. Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary 1500 to the Present. McFarland, 2009.
Trew, Peter. Rodney and the Breaking of the Line. Pen and Sword, 2006.
Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears: Rebellion in America, 1775–1783. Simon & Schuster, 2005.
Rodney letters in 9th Report of Hist. manuscripts Coin., pt. iiL; "Memoirs," in Naval Chronicle, i. 353–93; and Charnock, Biographia Navalis, v. 204–28. Lord Rodney published in his lifetime (probably 1789)
Letters to His Majesty's Ministers, etc., relative to St Eustatius, etc., of which there is a copy in the British Museum. Most of these letters are printed in Mundy's Life, vol. ii., though with many variant readings.
Further reading
Arbell, Mordechai. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas (2002) Geffen Press, Jerusalem
Bernardini, P. & Fiering, N. (editors). The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800 (2001), Berghan Press
Charnock, John. Biographia Navalis volume, 5 pg 204–228. 1797, London.
Ezratty, Harry. 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies (1997) Omni Arts, Baltimore
Macintyre, Donald. Admiral Rodney (1962) Peter Davies, London.
Middleton, Richard. The War of American Independence, 1775–1783. Pearson. London, 2012
Mundy, Godfrey Basil. Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Vols 1 and 2 1830
Syrett, David. The Rodney Papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney 2007, Ashgate Publishing Ltd
Hartog, J. History of St. Eustatius (1976) Central USA Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles
Attema, Y. A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments (1976) Wahlberg Pers
External links
Media related to George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney at Wikimedia Commons
Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador
George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney at Find a Grave
"Retribution:Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius", by Louis Arthur Norton
Chapter III, Rodney: The Form in
Types of Naval Officers at Project Gutenberg, by A. T. Mahan
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Rodney (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rodney_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"bap.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"breaking the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Sail#Developments_during_the_American_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1747)"},{"link_name":"prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_(law)"},{"link_name":"country estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_estate"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Siege of Louisbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)"},{"link_name":"capture of Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_against_Martinique_(1762)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"war was declared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%9383)"},{"link_name":"Great Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Station_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"capture of Sint Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"surrender at Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV"},{"link_name":"Luis de Unzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Unzaga"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"}],"text":"\"George Rodney\" redirects here. For other similarly named people, see George Rodney (disambiguation).Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, KB (bap. 13 February 1718 – 24 May 1792), was a British naval officer. He is best known for his commands in the American War of Independence, particularly his victory over the French at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782. It is often claimed that he was the commander to have pioneered the tactic of breaking the line.Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747. He made a large amount of prize money during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a large country estate and a seat in the House of Commons of Great Britain. During the Seven Years' War, Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on Rochefort and Le Havre and the Siege of Louisbourg. He became well known for his role in the capture of Martinique in 1762. Following the Peace of Paris, Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail when war was declared in 1778. Thanks to a French benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the Great Siege and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent, known as the \"Moonlight Battle\" because it took place at night. He then was posted to the Jamaica Station, where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius. Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucial Battle of the Chesapeake leading to the surrender at Yorktown.To some, Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius, for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat to Jamaica.Rodney accompanied the future King William IV on his visit (April 1783) to Cuba. There the prince conferred with Captain General Luis de Unzaga to reach the preliminaries of peace conditions that would later recognize the birth of the United States of America.[1] On his return to Britain, Rodney was made a peer and was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.","title":"George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rodney Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Stoke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St Giles-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew13-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Rodney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Newton_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Earl of Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mordaunt,_3rd_Earl_of_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"South Sea Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew13-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yacht"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew13-4"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"King's letter boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_letter_boys"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser64-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sunderland_(1724)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"}],"text":"George Brydges Rodney was born either in Walton-on-Thames[2] or in London, though the family seat was Rodney Stoke, Somerset. He was most likely born sometime in January 1718.[3] He was baptised in St Giles-in-the-Fields on 13 February 1718.[4] He was the third of four surviving children of Henry Rodney and Mary (Newton) Rodney, daughter of Sir Henry Newton.[5] His father had served in Spain under the Earl of Peterborough during the War of the Spanish Succession, and on leaving the army served as captain in a marine corps which was disbanded in 1713.[6] A major investment in the South Sea Company ruined Henry Rodney and impoverished the family.[4] In spite of their lack of money, the family was well-connected by marriage. It is sometimes claimed that Henry Rodney had served as commander of the Royal Yacht of George I and it was after him that George was named,[7] but this had been discounted more recently.[4]George was educated at Harrow School, and left as one of the last King's letter boys[8] to join the Royal Navy, having been appointed, by warrant dated 21 June 1732, a junior officer on board Sunderland.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Medley"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew14-9"},{"link_name":"Duke of Chandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brydges,_1st_Duke_of_Chandos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew14-9"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Dolphin_(1731)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mathews"}],"text":"After serving aboard Sunderland, Rodney switched to Dreadnought where he served from 1734 to 1737 under Captain Henry Medley who acted as a mentor to him. Around this time he spent eighteen months stationed in Lisbon, a city he would later return to several times. He then changed ships several times, taking part in the navy's annual trip to protect the British fishing fleet off Newfoundland in 1738.[9]He rose swiftly through the ranks of the navy helped by a combination of his own talents and the patronage of the Duke of Chandos.[9]\nWhile serving on the Mediterranean station he was made lieutenant in Dolphin, his promotion dating 15 February 1739.[6] He then served on Namur, the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief Sir Thomas Mathews.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Ventimiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventimiglia,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew15-10"},{"link_name":"post-captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-captain"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Plymouth_(1708)"},{"link_name":"merchantmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew15-10"},{"link_name":"blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade"},{"link_name":"Jacobite Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rebellion_(1745)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1745)"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"Western Approaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Approaches"},{"link_name":"privateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"Western Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Squadron"}],"sub_title":"Captain","text":"The War of the Austrian Succession had broken out by this point, and in August 1742, Rodney had his first taste of action when he was ordered by Matthews to take a smaller vessel and launch a raid on Ventimiglia, where the Spanish army had stockpiled supplies and stores ready for a planned invasion of Britain's ally the Republic of Genoa, which he successfully accomplished.[10] Shortly after this, he attained the rank of post-captain, having been appointed by Matthews to Plymouth on 9 November. He picked up several British merchantmen in Lisbon to escort them home, but lost contact with them in heavy storms. Once he reached Britain his promotion was confirmed, making him one of the youngest Captains in the navy.[10]After serving in home waters learning about convoy protection he was appointed to the newly built Ludlow Castle which he used to blockade the Scottish coast during the Jacobite Rebellion in 1745. Two of Rodney's midshipman aboard Ludlow Castle were Samuel Hood, later to become a distinguished sailor, and Rodney's younger brother James Rodney.[11] In 1746 he obtained command of the 60-gun Eagle. After some time spent blockading French-occupied Ostend and cruising around the Western Approaches, where on 24 May he took his first prize a 16-gun Spanish privateer, Eagle was sent to join the Western Squadron.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_du_cap_Finistere_octobre_1747.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre"},{"link_name":"Lord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Anson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Fox_(sailor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Edward Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre"},{"link_name":"Ushant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushant"},{"link_name":"ships-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships-of-the-line"},{"link_name":"court martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Congress of Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Breda"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"prize money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_money"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Cape Finisterre","text":"The Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747.The Western Squadron was a new strategy by Britain's naval planners to operate a more effective blockade system of France by stationing the Home Fleet in the Western Approaches, where they could guard both the English Channel and the French Atlantic coast.Eagle continued to take prizes while stationed with the Squadron being involved directly, or indirectly, in the capture of sixteen enemy ships. After taking one of the captured prizes to Kinsale in Ireland, Eagle was not present at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre when the Western Squadron commanded by Lord Anson won a significant victory over the French. While returning from Ireland, Eagle fell in with a small squadron under Commodore Thomas Fox which sighted a French merchant convoy heading for the Bay of Biscay. In total around 48 merchantmen were taken by the squadron, although Rodney ignored an order of Fox by pursuing several ships which had broken away from the rest in an attempt to escape managing to capture six of them.[12] Afterwards Eagle rejoined the Western Squadron now under the command of Edward Hawke.On 14 October 1747 the ship took part in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre, a victory off Ushant over the French fleet. The French were trying to escort an outgoing convoy from France to the West Indies and had eight large ships-of-the-line while the British had fourteen smaller ships. Rodney was at the rear of the British line, and Eagle was one of the last British ships to come into action engaging the French shortly after noon. Initially Eagle was engaged with two French ships, but one moved away. Rodney engaged the 70-gun Neptune for two hours until his steering wheel was struck by a lucky shot, and his ship became unmanageable. Rodney later complained that Thomas Fox in Kent had failed to support him, and testified at Fox's court martial. The British took six of the eight French ships, but were unable to prevent most of the merchant convoy escaping, although much of it was later taken in the West Indies.The two Battles of Cape Finisterre had proved a vindication of the Western Squadron strategy.[13] Rodney later often referred to \"the good old discipline\" of the Western Squadron, using it as an example for his own views on discipline.[14] For the remainder of the war Rodney took part in further cruises, and took several more prizes. Following the Congress of Breda, an agreement was signed at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ending the war. Rodney took his ship back to Plymouth where it was decommissioned on 13 August 1748. Rodney's total share of prize money during his time with Eagle was £15,000 giving him financial security for the first time in his life.[15]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(RN)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Rainbow_(1747)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Lord Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Saltash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltash_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Old Alresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Alresford_House"},{"link_name":"Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Compton,_7th_Earl_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"Charles Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Compton_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"}],"text":"On 9 May 1749 he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of Commodore, it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests.[6] He was given command of Rainbow and had two smaller ships under his overall command. It was extremely difficult for naval officers to secure commands in peacetime, and Rodney's appointment suggests that he was well regarded by his superiors. Rodney's role as Governor was rather limited. Each summer a large British fishing fleet sailed for Newfoundland, where it took part in the valuable cod trade. The fleet then returned home during the winter. Rodney oversaw three such trips to Newfoundland between 1749 and 1751.Around this time Rodney began to harbour political ambitions and gained the support of the powerful Duke of Bedford and Lord Sandwich. He stood unsuccessfully in a 1750 by-election in Launceston. He was elected MP for Saltash, a safe seat controlled by the Admiralty, in 1751.[16][17] After his third and final trip to Newfoundland in the summer of 1751, Rodney sailed home via Spain and Portugal, escorting some merchantmen. Once home he fell ill, and was then unemployed for around ten months. During this time he oversaw the development of an estate at Old Alresford in Hampshire, which he had bought with the proceeds of his prize money.In 1753 he married his first wife, Jane Compton (1730–1757), sister of Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton. He had initially been undecided whether to marry Jane or her younger sister Kitty whom he had met in Lisbon during his various visits to the city, where their father Charles Compton was consul. The marriage proved happy, and they had three children together before she died in January 1757.[18] From 1753 Rodney commanded a series of Portsmouth guard ships without actually having to go to sea before the onset of the Seven Years' War.","title":"Commander"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain in the Seven Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Bridges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"British and French forces clashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Ohio Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Country"},{"link_name":"a French attack on Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Minorca"},{"link_name":"Admiral John Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_John_Byng"},{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1747)"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years WarPortrait of Rodney by Joshua Reynolds showing him after his appointment as a rear admiral in 1759.The first fighting broke out in North America in 1754, with competing British and French forces clashing in the Ohio Country. Despite this fighting formal war wasn't declared in Europe until 1756 and opened with a French attack on Minorca, the loss of which was blamed on Admiral John Byng who was court-martialled and executed. He was shot on the quarterdeck of Monarch, which until recently had been commanded by Rodney. Rodney excused himself from serving on the court martial by pleading illness. While Rodney disapproved of Byng's conduct, he thought the death sentence excessive and unsuccessfully worked for it to be commuted.[19]","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Boscawen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Boscawen"},{"link_name":"expedition against Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dublin_(1757)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Louisbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisbourg"},{"link_name":"Jeffery Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst"},{"link_name":"East Indiamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiamen"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"taking of Louisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)"},{"link_name":"St Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"fall of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham"},{"link_name":"transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_ships"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Louisbourg","text":"Rodney had in 1755 and 1756, taken part in preventive cruises under Hawke and Edward Boscawen. In 1757, he took part in the expedition against Rochefort, commanding the 74-gun ship of the line Dublin.[6] After an initial success, the expedition made no serious attempt on Rochefort and sailed for home. Next year, in the same ship, he was ordered to serve under Boscawen as part of an attempt to capture the strategic French fortress of Louisbourg in North America. He was given the task of carrying Major General Jeffery Amherst, the expedition's commander to Louisbourg. On the way Rodney captured a French East Indiamen, and took it into Vigo. This action saw the beginning of criticism of Rodney that he was obsessed with prize money ahead of strategic importance, with some claiming he spent two weeks or more in Vigo making sure of his prize money instead of carrying Amherst to Louisbourg. This appears to be untrue, as Rodney sailed within four days from Vigo.[20]Rodney and his ship played a minor role in the taking of Louisburg, which laid the way open for a British campaign up the St Lawrence River the following year, and the fall of Quebec. In August 1758 Rodney sailed for home in charge of six warships and ten transports carrying the captured garrison of Louisbourg who were being taken to Britain as prisoners of war.[21]","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew26-22"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"River Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Seine"},{"link_name":"flat-bottomed boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-bottomed_boat"},{"link_name":"invasion of the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)"},{"link_name":"Lord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Anson"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trew26-22"},{"link_name":"Raid on Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Spithead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spithead"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Quiberon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"}],"sub_title":"Le Havre","text":"On 19 May 1759 he became a rear admiral, and shortly afterwards he was given command of a small squadron.[22] The admiralty had received intelligence that the French had gathered at Le Havre, at the mouth of the River Seine, a large number of flat-bottomed boats and stores which were being collected there for an invasion of the British Isles. After drawing up plans for an attack on Le Havre, Lord Anson briefed Rodney in person. The operation was intended to be a secret with it being implied that Rodney's actual destination was Gibraltar. This soon became impossible to maintain as Rodney tried to acquire pilots who knew the Normandy coast.[22]Rodney received his final orders on 26 June, and by 4 July he was off Le Havre. His force included six bomb-vessels which could fire at a very high trajectory. In what become known as the Raid on Le Havre, he bombarded the town for two days and nights, and inflicted great loss of war-material on the enemy. The bomb ships fired continuously for fifty two hours, starting large fires. Rodney then withdrew to Spithead, leaving several ships to blockade the mouth of the Seine. Although the attack hadn't significantly affected French plans, it proved a morale boost in Britain. In August Rodney was again sent to Le Havre with similar orders but through a combination of weather and improved French defences he was unable to get his bomb-vessels into position, and the Admiralty accepted his judgement that a further attack was impossible. The invasion was ultimately cancelled because of French naval defeats at the Battle of Lagos and Battle of Quiberon Bay.From 1759 and 1761 Rodney concentrated on his blockade of the French coast, particularly around Le Havre. In July 1760, with another small squadron, he succeeded in taking many more of the enemy's flat-bottomed boats and in blockading the coast as far as Dieppe.[6]","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"British attack on Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1759)"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Sir James Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Douglas,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Leeward Islands Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_Station"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Monckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Monckton"},{"link_name":"had reduced the important island of Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_against_Martinique"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Fort Royal (later Fort de France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-de-France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"British expedition to Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1762)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"}],"sub_title":"Martinique","text":"Rodney was elected MP for Penryn in 1761.[23] Lord Anson then selected him to command the naval element of a planned amphibious attack on the lucrative and strategically important French colony of Martinique in the West Indies, promoting him over the heads of a number of more senior officers. A previous British attack on Martinique had failed in 1759. The land forces for the attack on Martinique were to be a combination of troops from various locations including some sent out from Europe and reinforcements from New York City, who were available following the Conquest of Canada which had been completed in 1760. During 1761 Martinique was blockaded by Sir James Douglas to prevent reinforcements or supplies from reaching it.[24] In 1762 he was formally appointed commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station.[25]Within the first three months of 1762, Monckton and he had reduced the important island of Martinique, while both Saint Lucia and Grenada had surrendered to his squadron. During the siege of Fort Royal (later Fort de France) his seamen and marines rendered splendid service on shore.[6] Afterwards Rodney's squadron, amounting to eight ships of the line joined the British expedition to Cuba bringing the total number of ships of the line to 15 by the end of April 1762. However he was later criticised for moving his ships to protect Jamaica from attack by a large Franco-Spanish force that had gathered in the area, rather than waiting to support the expedition as he had been ordered.Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Admiral Rodney returned home having been during his absence made Vice-Admiral of the Blue and having received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament.[6] In the peace terms Martinique was returned to France.","title":"Seven Years' War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodney_by_Reynolds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Station_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Rear-Admiral of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-Admiral_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Marshal Biron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Gontaut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"}],"text":"George Brydges Rodney, by Joshua Reynolds in 1789In 1764, Rodney was created a baronet, and the same year he married Henrietta, daughter of John Clies of Lisbon. From 1765 to 1770, he was governor of Greenwich Hospital, and on the dissolution of parliament in 1768 he successfully contested Northampton at a ruinous cost. When appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station in 1771,[26] he lost his Greenwich post, but a few months later received the office of Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. Until 1774, he held the Jamaica command, and during a period of quiet, was active in improving the naval yards on his station. Sir George struck his flag with a feeling of disappointment at not obtaining the governorship of Jamaica, and was shortly after forced to settle in Paris. Election expenses and losses at play in fashionable circles had shattered his fortune, and he could not secure payment of the salary as Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. In February 1778, having just been promoted Admiral of the White, he used every possible exertion to obtain a command to free himself from his money difficulties. By May, he had, through the splendid generosity of his Parisian friend Marshal Biron, effected the latter task, and accordingly he returned to London with his children. The debt was repaid out of the arrears due to him on his return. The story that he was offered a French command is fiction.[6]","title":"Years of peace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Lord George Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_George_Germain"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Further information: American Revolutionary WarIn London, he suggested to Lord George Germain that George Washington could \"certainly be bought – honours will do it\".[27]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"captured a Spanish convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1780"},{"link_name":"Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Finisterre"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)"},{"link_name":"Don Juan de Lángara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"brought some relief to Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Gibraltar"}],"sub_title":"Moonlight Battle","text":"Rodney was appointed once more commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station late in 1779.[28] His orders were to relieve Gibraltar on his way to the West Indies. He captured a Spanish convoy of 22 vessels off Cape Finisterre on 8 January 1780.[29] Eight days later at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent he defeated the Spanish Admiral Don Juan de Lángara, taking or destroying seven ships.[6] He then brought some relief to Gibraltar by delivering reinforcements and supplies.","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)"},{"link_name":"Guichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Urbain_de_Bouexic,_comte_de_Guichen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Martinique","text":"On 17 April he fought an action off Martinique with the French Admiral Guichen which, owing to the carelessness of some of Rodney's captains, was indecisive.[6]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosnier,_George_Rodney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean-Laurent Mosnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Laurent_Mosnier"},{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"St Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Eustatius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Capture of St Eustatius","text":"Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, by Jean-Laurent Mosnier, painted 1791.Following the outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War between Britain and the Dutch Republic Rodney, acting under orders from London, captured the valuable Dutch island of St Eustatius on 3 February 1781.[6] Rodney had already identified several individuals on the island who were aiding the Americans, such as \"... Mr Smith at the House of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)[30] cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France...\" The island was also home to a Jewish community who were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. The Jews were estimated to have been at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.[31]Rodney immediately arrested and imprisoned 101 Jews in the warehouses of the lower city. He treated them harshly, summarily deporting 31 heads of families without mercy or word to their dependents. Rodney looted Jewish personal possessions and even tore out the linings of the clothes of his captives in search of hidden valuables; this alone yielded him 8,000 pounds.[32] When Rodney realised that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.[33]\nEven large quantities of non-military trading goods belonging to English merchants on the island were arbitrarily confiscated. This resulted in Rodney being entangled in a series of costly lawsuits for the rest of his life. Still, the wealth Rodney stole on St. Eustatius exceeded his expectations.[34]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"},{"link_name":"Foot Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_Guards#Britain"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"Earl of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harley,_4th_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood"},{"link_name":"Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"ships-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships-of-the-line"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Charles Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Controversy and Yorktown","text":"Rodney wrote to his family with promises of a new London home; to his daughter \"the best harpsichord money can purchase\". He confidently wrote of a marriage settlement for one of his sons and a soon-to-be purchased commission in the Foot Guards for another son. Rodney also wrote of a dowry for his daughter to marry the Earl of Oxford and noted he would have enough to pay off the young prospective bridegroom's debts.Other Royal Navy officers scathingly criticised Rodney for his actions. In particular, Viscount Samuel Hood suggested that Rodney should have sailed to intercept a French fleet under Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse, travelling to Martinique.[35] The French fleet instead turned north and headed for the Chesapeake Bay of Virginia and Maryland.Rodney's delay at St. Eustatius was not the first time he had taken the opportunity to capture prizes over the immediate and expeditious fulfillment of his military duties. During the Seven Years' War Rodney had been ordered to Barbados to link up with Admiral Sir George Pocock and the Earl of Albemarle for an attack on Cuba. Instead, Rodney sent valuable ships off in search of prizes. In 1762, Rodney, after the fall of Martinique, quarreled with the army over prize money. During Rodney's command in Jamaica, 1771–1774, the Earl of Sandwich feared that Rodney might provoke a war with Spain to obtain prize money.[36]Plundering the wealth of St. Eustatius and capturing many prizes over a number of months, Rodney further weakened his fleet by sending two ships-of-the-line to escort his treasure ships to England, though both were in need of major repair. Nevertheless, he is both blamed and defended for the subsequent disaster at Yorktown.[37] His orders as naval commander in chief in the eastern Caribbean were not only to watch de Grasse but also to protect the valuable sugar trade. Rodney had received intelligence earlier that de Grasse would send part of his fleet before the start of the hurricane season to relieve the French squadron at Newport and to co-operate with Washington, returning in the fall to the Caribbean. The other half of de Grasse's fleet, as usual, would escort the French merchantmen back across the Atlantic. Rodney accordingly made his dispositions in the light of this intelligence. Sixteen of his remaining twenty-one battleships would go with Hood to reinforce the squadron at New York under Sir Thomas Graves, while Rodney, who was in ill health, returned to England with three other battleships as merchant escorts, leaving two others in dock for repair. Hood was well satisfied with these arrangements, informing a colleague that his fleet was \"fully equal to defeat any designs of the enemy.\" What Rodney and Hood could not know was that at the last moment de Grasse decided to take his entire fleet to North America, leaving the French merchantmen to the protection of the Spanish. The result was a decisive French superiority in battleships during the subsequent naval campaign, when the combined fleets of Hood and Graves were unable to relieve the British army of Charles Cornwallis, who was then establishing a base on the York River.[38] This left Cornwallis no option but to surrender, resulting a year later in British recognition of American Independence. Although Rodney's actions at St. Eustatius and afterwards contributed to the British naval inferiority in the Battle of the Chesapeake, the real reason for the disaster at Yorktown was the inability of Britain to match the resources of the other naval powers of Europe.[39]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combat_naval_12_avril_1782-Dumoulin-IMG_5486.JPG"},{"link_name":"François Aimé Louis Dumoulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Aim%C3%A9_Louis_Dumoulin"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"Comte de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul,_marquis_de_Grasetilly,_comte_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"Port Royal, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser165-40"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Saintes","text":"Further information: Battle of the SaintesBattle of the Saintes, April 1782painting by François Aimé Louis DumoulinAfter a few months in England, restoring his health and defending himself in Parliament, Sir George returned to his command in February 1782, and a running engagement with the French fleet on 9 April led up to his crowning victory at the Battle of the Saintes off Dominica, when on 12 April with thirty-five sail of the line he defeated the Comte de Grasse, who had thirty-three sail. The French inferiority in numbers was more than counterbalanced by the greater size and superior sailing qualities of their ships, yet four French ships of the line were captured (including the flagship) as well as one destroyed after eleven hours' fighting.[6]This important battle saved Jamaica and ruined French naval prestige, while it enabled Rodney to write: \"Within two little years I have taken two Spanish, one French and one Dutch admirals.\" A long and wearisome controversy exists as to the originator of the manoeuvre of \"breaking the line\" in this battle, but the merits of the victory have never seriously been affected by any difference of opinion on the question. A shift of wind broke the French line of battle, and the British ships took advantage of this by crossing in two places;[6] many were taken prisoner including the Comte de Grasse.From 29 April to 10 July he sat with his fleet at Port Royal, Jamaica while his fleet was repaired after the battle.[40]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord George Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lord Shelburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Shelburne"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Cape Haitien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Haitien"},{"link_name":"HMS Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jupiter_(1778)"},{"link_name":"Admiral Hugh Pigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Pigot_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1722)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser165-40"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser167-43"},{"link_name":"HMS Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1779)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser169-44"}],"sub_title":"Recall","text":"In a 15 April letter to Lord George Germain, who unknown to Rodney had recently lost his position, he wrote \"Permit me most sincerely to congratulate you on the most important victory I believe ever gained against our perfidious enemies, the French\".[41] The news of Rodney's victories reached England on 18 May 1782 via HMS Andromache and boosted national morale in Britain and strengthened the pro-war party, who wished to carry on the fight. George III observed to the new Prime Minister Lord Shelburne that he \"must see that the great success of Lord Rodney's engagement has so far roused the nation, that the peace which would have been acquiesced in three months ago would now be a matter for complaint\".[42]Rodney was preparing to sail to meet the enemy off Cape Haitien when HMS Jupiter arrived from England, not only relieving him of duty, but also bringing his replacement: Admiral Hugh Pigot. This bizarre exchange was largely the result of changing politics in Britain: Rodney was a Tory placed in charge of the fleet by a Tory government... but the Whigs were now in power.[40] That said, at 64 years of age, he was perhaps due for retirement. However, Pigot and the command to retire was dispatched on 15 May, three days before the news of the victory at the Battle of the Saintes reached the Admiralty. A cutter sent by the Admiralty on 19 May failed to catch the Jupiter so Rodney's fate was sealed.[43]Rodney quietly quit his quarters on the Formidable and returned to England in more modest quarters on HMS Montagu.[44]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Nicholas A. M. Rodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"}],"sub_title":"Nepotism and self-interest","text":"Rodney was unquestionably a most able officer, but he was also vain, selfish and unscrupulous,[45] both in seeking prize money, and in using his position to push the fortunes of his family, although such nepotism was common (not to say normal) at the time. He made his son a post-captain at fifteen, and his assiduous self-interest alienated his fellow officers and the Board of Admiralty alike. Naval historian Nicholas A. M. Rodger describes Rodney as possessing weaknesses with respect to patronage \"which destroyed the basis of trust upon which alone an officer can command.\"[46] It must be remembered that he was then prematurely old and racked by disease.[6]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rodney,_2nd_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-6"},{"link_name":"City of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Old Alresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Alresford"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Retirement and death","text":"Rodney arrived home in August to receive unbounded honour from his country. He had already been created Baron Rodney of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, by patent of 19 June 1782, and the House of Commons had voted him a pension of £2000 a year. From this time he led a quiet country life until his death in London. He was succeeded as 2nd Baron by his son, George (1753–1802).[6]In 1782 Rodney was presented with the Freedom of the City of Cork, Ireland. The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, holds the gold presentation box that the City of Cork gave him on 16 September 1782.[47]Rodney died in 1792, and was buried in the church of St Mary the Virgin, Old Alresford, in Hampshire, which adjoins his family seat. There is a memorial to him within St Paul's Cathedral.[48]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodney_monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spanish Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodney_monument,_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breiddin02LB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Breidden Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breidden_Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Rodney_public_house,_Long_Buckby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"John Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bacon_(sculptor,_born_1740)"},{"link_name":"Neo-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"French flagship, Ville de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Ville_de_Paris_(1764)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Rodney Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodney_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spanish Town, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Town,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser169-44"},{"link_name":"Admiral Rodney's Pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Rodney%27s_Pillar"},{"link_name":"Breidden Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breidden_Hill"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Charles Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rossi"},{"link_name":"HMS Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rodney"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(England)"},{"link_name":"Churcher's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churcher%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Emanuel School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_School"},{"link_name":"houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_System"},{"link_name":"\"Rodney\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_boat"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"}],"text":"Monument of George Brydges Rodney in Memorial in Spanish Town\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial in St Paul's Cathedral, London\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRodney's Pillar on Breidden Hill in Wales\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdmiral Rodney public house, Long BuckbyIn February 1783, the government of Jamaica commissioned John Bacon, a renowned British sculptor, to create a statue of Admiral Lord Rodney, as an expression of their appreciation. The Assembly spent $5,200 on the statue alone and a reputed $31,000 on the entire project. Bacon sourced the finest marble from Italy to create the Neo-classical sculpture of the Admiral, dressed in a Roman robe and breastplate. On its completion, the statue was fronted with cannons taken from the French flagship, Ville de Paris, in the battle.[49] The truly huge monument, known as the Rodney Temple stands in Spanish Town, Jamaica, next to the Governor's House.In late 1782 and early 1783 a large number of existing taverns renamed themselves \"The Admiral Rodney\" in admiration of the victory.[44]\nAdmiral Rodney's Pillar was constructed on the peak of Breidden Hill to commemorate his victories.In St. Paul's Cathedral crypt, there is a memorial to Rodney designed by Charles Rossi.At least four serving warships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Rodney in his honour.Two British public schools, Churcher's College and Emanuel School, have houses named after him.Due to his popularity with citizens of Newfoundland as governor, small round-bottomed wooden boats, propelled by oars and/or sails, are often referred to as a \"Rodney\" up to the present day in Newfoundland.In 1793, following Rodney's death, Scotland's Bard, the poet Robert Burns (1759–1796), published a poem \"Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory\"[50] commemorating the Battle of the Saintes. The poem opens with the lines:\"Instead of a Song, boy's, I'll give you a Toast;\n\"Here's to the memory of those on the twelfth that we lost!-\n\"That we lost, did I say?-nay, by Heav'n, that we found;\n\"For their fame it will last while the world goes round. “","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney Street, Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Street,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rodney Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Bay"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Rodney County, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_County,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Rodney Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Cape Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Rodney"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"sub_title":"Places named after Rodney","text":"Rodney Street, Liverpool[51]\nRodney Street, Edinburgh\nRodney Bay, Saint Lucia, the Caribbean\nRodney County, New Zealand\nRodney Gardens, Perth, Scotland\nCape Rodney, North Island, New Zealand\nRodney, Ontario, Canada\nAdmiral Rodney – Pub, Worcestershire\nAdmiral Rodney - Pub, Criggion Lane, Powys\nAdmiral Lord Rodney - Pub, Colne, Lancashire\nAdmiral Rodney - Hotel, Horncastle, Lincolnshire\nAdmiral Rodney - Pub, Sheffield\nRodney Inn - Pub, Helston, Cornwall\nThe Admiral Rodney Inn - Criggion, Powys (in sight of Rodney's Pillar monument on Breidden Hill)\nThe Admiral Rodney Inn - Pub, Hartshorne, Swadlincote, Derbyshire.\nThe Admiral Rodney - Pub, Prestbury, Cheshire\nThe Lord Rodney - Pub, Keighley, West Yorkshire\nThe Admiral Rodney - Pub, Calverton, Nottinghamshire\nThe Rodney Hotel - Hotel, Clifton, Bristol\nAdmiral Rodney - Pub, Wollaton, Nottinghamshire","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historic Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924020417527#page/n27/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-108-01840-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01840-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781104820039","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781104820039"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"}],"text":"Cundall, Frank (1915). Historic Jamaica. West India Committee.\nThe Naval Chronicle, Volume 1 1799, J. Gold, London. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01840-1\nFraser, Edward (2009). Famous Fighters of the Fleet: Glimpses Through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy (1904). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781104820039.\nFleming, Thomas. The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival After Yorktown. First Smithsonian books, 2008.\nHannay, David. Life of Rodney. Macmillan, 1891.\nHibbert, Christopher. Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British Eyes. Avon Books, 1990.\nGeneral Mundy, Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney (2 vols, 1830)\nO'Shaunhassey, Andrew Jackson. The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution and the Fate of Empire. Yale University Press, 2013.\nRodger, N. A. M. Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. Penguin Books, 2006.\nSpinney, David. Rodney, George Allen & Unwin, 1969.\nStewart, William. Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary 1500 to the Present. McFarland, 2009.\nTrew, Peter. Rodney and the Breaking of the Line. Pen and Sword, 2006.\nWeintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears: Rebellion in America, 1775–1783. Simon & Schuster, 2005.\nRodney letters in 9th Report of Hist. manuscripts Coin., pt. iiL; \"Memoirs,\" in Naval Chronicle, i. 353–93; and Charnock, Biographia Navalis, v. 204–28. Lord Rodney published in his lifetime (probably 1789)\nLetters to His Majesty's Ministers, etc., relative to St Eustatius, etc., of which there is a copy in the British Museum. Most of these letters are printed in Mundy's Life, vol. ii., though with many variant readings.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arbell, Mordechai. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas (2002) Geffen Press, Jerusalem\nBernardini, P. & Fiering, N. (editors). The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800 (2001), Berghan Press\nCharnock, John. Biographia Navalis volume, 5 pg 204–228. 1797, London.\nEzratty, Harry. 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies (1997) Omni Arts, Baltimore\nMacintyre, Donald. Admiral Rodney (1962) Peter Davies, London.\nMiddleton, Richard. The War of American Independence, 1775–1783. Pearson. London, 2012\nMundy, Godfrey Basil. Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Vols 1 and 2 1830\nSyrett, David. The Rodney Papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney 2007, Ashgate Publishing Ltd\nHartog, J. History of St. Eustatius (1976) Central USA Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles\nAttema, Y. A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments (1976) Wahlberg Pers","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bataille_du_cap_Finistere_octobre_1747.jpeg/220px-Bataille_du_cap_Finistere_octobre_1747.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Rodney by Joshua Reynolds showing him after his appointment as a rear admiral in 1759.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/220px-George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Brydges Rodney, by Joshua Reynolds in 1789","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rodney_by_Reynolds.jpg/220px-Rodney_by_Reynolds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, by Jean-Laurent Mosnier, painted 1791.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mosnier%2C_George_Rodney.jpg/220px-Mosnier%2C_George_Rodney.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of the Saintes, April 1782painting by François Aimé Louis Dumoulin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Combat_naval_12_avril_1782-Dumoulin-IMG_5486.JPG/220px-Combat_naval_12_avril_1782-Dumoulin-IMG_5486.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Rodney, George Brydges Rodney, Baron\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rodney,_George_Brydges_Rodney,_Baron","url_text":"Rodney, George Brydges Rodney, Baron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Cruickshanks, Eveline (1970). \"Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)\". In Sedgwick, Romney (ed.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754. London: HMSO. ISBN 9780118800983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveline_Cruickshanks","url_text":"Cruickshanks, Eveline"},{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/rodney-george-brydges-1719-92","url_text":"\"Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney_Sedgwick","url_text":"Sedgwick, Romney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Parliament","url_text":"The History of Parliament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780118800983","url_text":"9780118800983"}]},{"reference":"Drummond, Mary M. (1964). \"Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)\". In Namier, Lewis; Brooke, John (eds.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790. London: Haynes. ISBN 9780436304200.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/rodney-george-brydges-1719-92","url_text":"\"Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier","url_text":"Namier, Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brooke_(English_historian)","url_text":"Brooke, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Parliament","url_text":"The History of Parliament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780436304200","url_text":"9780436304200"}]},{"reference":"Billias, George Athan (1972). The life and correspondence of the late Admiral Lord Rodney. Boston: Gregg Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780839812715.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780839812715","url_text":"9780839812715"}]},{"reference":"Haydn, Joseph (13 June 2008). The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain Original 1851 Digitized by the University of Michigan. Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 279.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aURnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272","url_text":"The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain Original 1851 Digitized by the University of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12056\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1780. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12056/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 12056\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"The American Revolution\". www.ouramericanrevolution.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ouramericanrevolution.org/index.cfm/page/view/p0157","url_text":"\"The American Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"SECAR\". steustatiushistory.org. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085844/http://steustatiushistory.org/secar.htm","url_text":"\"SECAR\""},{"url":"http://www.steustatiushistory.org/secar.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Middleton, Richard (2014). \"Naval Resources and the British Defeat at Yorktown, 1781\". The Mariner's Mirror. 100 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1080/00253359.2014.866373. S2CID 154569534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2014.866373","url_text":"10.1080/00253359.2014.866373"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154569534","url_text":"154569534"}]},{"reference":"O'Shaughnessy, Andrew (2013). The men who lost America: British Command during the Revolutionary War and the preservation of the empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-1780742465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780742465","url_text":"978-1780742465"}]},{"reference":"Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 344. ISBN 0393060500.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna00rodg","url_text":"The Command of the Ocean"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna00rodg/page/344","url_text":"344"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393060500","url_text":"0393060500"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold freedom box presented by the City of Cork on 16 September 1782 to Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich\". Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090509120706/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=PLT0744","url_text":"\"Gold freedom box presented by the City of Cork on 16 September 1782 to Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich\""},{"url":"http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=PLT0744","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aspinall, Algernon E. (1907). The pocket guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas, the Spanish Main, and the Panama canal (New and revised 1914 ed.). Rand, McNally & Company. pp. 188–189. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pocketguidetowes00aspi/pocketguidetowes00aspi#page/188/mode/1up","url_text":"The pocket guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas, the Spanish Main, and the Panama canal"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Burns Country: Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory\". www.robertburns.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertburns.org/works/406.shtml","url_text":"\"Robert Burns Country: Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool Local History\". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/localhistory/journey/scouse/city/street_facts.shtml","url_text":"\"Liverpool Local History\""}]},{"reference":"Cundall, Frank (1915). Historic Jamaica. West India Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924020417527#page/n27/mode/2up","url_text":"Historic Jamaica"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Edward (2009). Famous Fighters of the Fleet: Glimpses Through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy (1904). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781104820039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781104820039","url_text":"9781104820039"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MPoGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"\"The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females, Vol. 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/rodney-george-brydges-1719-92","external_links_name":"\"Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/rodney-george-brydges-1719-92","external_links_name":"\"Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aURnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_%C4%86aki%C4%87 | Goran Ćakić | ["1 Playing career","2 References","3 External links"] | Serbian basketball player and executive
Goran ĆakićMega BasketPositionGeneral managerLeagueAdriatic LeagueBasketball League of SerbiaPersonal informationBorn (1980-05-21) 21 May 1980 (age 44)Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR YugoslaviaNationalitySerbianListed height2.09 m (6 ft 10 in)Listed weight109 kg (240 lb)Career informationNBA draft2002: undraftedPlaying career1998–2013PositionPower forwardCareer history1998–2000Beobanka2000–2001BKK Radnički2002Budućnost Podgorica2002–2003Crvena zvezda2003–2004Partizan2004SLUC Nancy2004–2006Apollon Patras2006–2009Khimik2009Azovmash2009–2010Banvit2010Mega Vizura2010Scavolini Pesaro2010–2011Trabzonspor2011–2012Astana2012–2013Mega Vizura
Medals
Representing Yugoslavia
Universiade
2001 Beijing
National Team
Goran Ćakić (born 21 May 1980) is a Serbian professional basketball executive and former player. He is currently working as a team manager in Mega Basket.
Playing career
Ćakić was selected to play at 2000 Nike Hoop Summit in Indianapolis. He represented Serbia at University games in 1999 where he won silver and 2001 where he won gold medal. He was also member of Serbian U20 team at FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship in 2000.
References
^ "Ćakić završio igračku karijeru, ali ostao u košarci" (in Serbian). novosti.rs. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
External links
Goran Ćakić at beobasket.net
Goran Ćakić at euroleague.net
Goran Ćakić at eurobasket.com
This biographical article relating to a Serbian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Mega Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Mega_Basket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Goran Ćakić (born 21 May 1980) is a Serbian professional basketball executive and former player. He is currently working as a team manager in Mega Basket.[1]","title":"Goran Ćakić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nike Hoop Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hoop_Summit"},{"link_name":"University games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiade"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1999_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2001_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"}],"text":"Ćakić was selected to play at 2000 Nike Hoop Summit in Indianapolis. He represented Serbia at University games in 1999 where he won silver and 2001 where he won gold medal. He was also member of Serbian U20 team at FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship in 2000.","title":"Playing career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ćakić završio igračku karijeru, ali ostao u košarci\" (in Serbian). novosti.rs. Retrieved 2 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/sport.295.html:466520-Cakic-zavrsio-igracku-karijeru-ali-ostao-u-kosarci","url_text":"\"Ćakić završio igračku karijeru, ali ostao u košarci\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/sport.295.html:466520-Cakic-zavrsio-igracku-karijeru-ali-ostao-u-kosarci","external_links_name":"\"Ćakić završio igračku karijeru, ali ostao u košarci\""},{"Link":"http://www.beobasket.net/page/playerMarket/sr.html?view=player&id=43","external_links_name":"Goran Ćakić"},{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=BBM&seasoncode=e2003","external_links_name":"Goran Ćakić"},{"Link":"http://www.asia-basket.com/player.asp?Cntry=KAZ&PlayerID=7887&AmNotSure=1","external_links_name":"Goran Ćakić"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goran_%C4%86aki%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Andersson_(actor) | Peter Andersson (actor) | ["1 Filmography","2 External links"] | Swedish actor (born 1953)
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Peter AnderssonBornUlf Harry Peter Andersson (1953-02-12) 12 February 1953 (age 71)Gothenburg, SwedenNationalitySwedishOccupationActorYears active1983–present
Ulf Harry Peter Andersson (born 12 February 1953) is a Swedish actor, famous in Denmark for his role as the Faroese in the 2000 film Flickering Lights.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988
Jungfruresan
Leif
Venus 90
Peter O.
1991
Freud's Leaving Home
Adrian
1992
House of Angels
Ragnar Zetterberg
1993
Sista dansen
Lennart Waltner
1994
House of Angels – The Second Summer
Ragnar Zetterberg
1995
Älskar älskar inte
Henrik
Passageraren
Passenger
1996
Pusher
Hasse
Kalle Blomkvist - Mästerdetektiven lever farligt
Polisinspektör Strand
1997
Spring för livet
Kriminalinspektören
1999
Zero Tolerance
Leo Gaut
2000
Flickering Lights
Færingen (the Faroese)
Gossip
Tomas Berg
2001
Deadline
The Source
2003
Daybreak
Olof
2005
Carambole
Pieter Clausen
Mouth to Mouth
Mats / Vera's father
2008
The Kautokeino Rebellion
Lars Johan Bucht
2009
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
Nils Bjurman
The Girl Who Played with Fire
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest
2011
Happy End
Mårten
Någon annanstans i Sverige
Ove
Arme Riddere
Lasse
2012
Hamilton: In the Interest of the Nation
Staffan Wärnman
The Last Sentence
Christian Günther
2013
Ego
Göran
2014
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit
Dimitri Lemkov
In Order of Disappearance
Wingman - Egil Dickman
Flugparken
Berndt
2015
Jordskott
Gustaf Borén
10 episodes
The Vatican Tapes
Cardinal Bruun
2016
Underworld: Blood Wars
Vidar
2018
Innan vintern kommer
Soldier
2019
Quick
Jan Olsson
2020
Orca
Allan
2023
Estonia
Jörgen Berglund
6 episodes
External links
Peter Andersson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Flickering Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickering_Lights"}],"text":"Ulf Harry Peter Andersson (born 12 February 1953) is a Swedish actor, famous in Denmark for his role as the Faroese in the 2000 film Flickering Lights.","title":"Peter Andersson (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0027800/","external_links_name":"Peter Andersson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084869141","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/122403479","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXvgDfHkKxpm38twqRKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1628344","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15097389t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15097389t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1026737842","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007315167305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010115601","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0145001&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/250130319","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingjing_hutong | Lingjing hutong | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 39°54′58″N 116°22′25″E / 39.9161°N 116.3737°E / 39.9161; 116.3737Street in Beijing, China
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
West entrance of the Lingjing hutong
East entrance of the Lingjing hutong
Lingjing hutong (Chinese: 灵境胡同; pinyin: Língjìng hútong) is a hutong in Beijing, located near to Xidan, in the Xicheng District, Beijing. It is approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, running from Xidan North Street to Fuyou Street with a width of 32 metres (105 ft), it is considered the broadest hutong in Beijing.
History
In the Ming Dynasty it was divided into the eastern and western sections, each with very distinct characters. The eastern section was home to the Lingji Palace. It went through many changes in the Qing Dynasty.
In 1911, after the Republic of China was established, the eastern section was renamed to Huang Cheng Gen, and the western section is what is now known as the Lingjing hutong.
In 1985, the municipal government decided to replace many of the houses with six-story residential buildings. In 1988 there were a total of 13 residential buildings.
Around 1992, it was widened. Nowadays, it is 32.18 m wide at the broadest point.
In 2009, the Lingjing Hutong station of Beijing Subway opened. The station is located outside of the hutong, on Xidan North Street, about 150 metres north of the west entrance of the hutong.
References
^ http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E5%A2%83%E8%83%A1%E5%90%8C
^ "Inside hutong history".
^ "39°54'55.6"N 116°22'25.5"E".
vteXicheng, BeijingFormer districts
Xuanwu District
Areas
Caishikou
Dashilan (Dashilar)
Liulichang
Niujie
Xidan
Xisi
Xizhimen
EducationinstitutionsHigher
Education
Normal Xicheng Campus
Central Music
Foreign Affairs Zhanguanlan Rd Campus
People's Public Security
Secondary
China-Cuba Friendship
4
8
Normal
Normal Experimental
Normal Second
Facility
National Library of China Ancient Books Library
Landmarks
Beihai Park
Beijing Financial Street
Beijing Planetarium
Beijing Zoo
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
Cultural Palace of Nationalities
Deshengmen
Fayuan Temple
Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling
Great Hall of the People
Guanghua Temple
Houhai
Huguang Guild Hall
Jingshan Park
Lingjing hutong
Minzu Hotel
National Centre for the Performing Arts
Niujie Mosque
Peking Union Medical College Hospital Xidan Campus
Prince Chun Mansion
Prince Gong's Mansion
Shichahai
Zhongnanhai
Railway stations
Beijing North railway station
Subway stations
Anhuaqiao
Beihai North
Beijing Zoo
Caishikou
Changchunjie
Chegongzhuang
Chegongzhuang West
Daguanying
Fuchengmen
Fuxingmen
Guang'anmennei
Guloudajie (part)
Hepingmen
Hufangqiao
Jishuitan
Lingjing Hutong
Muxidi
Nanlishilu
Ping'anli
Shichahai (part)
Taoranting
Tianqiao (part)
Tiananmen West
Wanzi
Xidan
Xinjiekou
Xisi
Xizhimen
Xuanwumen
Zhushikou (part)
History
Caishikou Execution Grounds
This list is incomplete.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oklahoma_Sooners_bowl_games | List of Oklahoma Sooners bowl games | ["1 List of bowl games","1.1 Key","1.2 Bowl games","2 References"] | Oklahoma Sooners
Oklahoma logo
First season
1895
Bowl record
31–25–1 (.553)
NY6 bowl appearances
39
NY6 bowl record
22–17
CFP appearances
4 (2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20)
CFP record
0–4
First bowl appearance
1939 Orange Bowl
Last bowl appearance
2023 Alamo Bowl
Longest win streak
4 (1954–1959, 1972–1976, 1979–1981)
Longest losing streak
3 (2007–2009, 2018–2019)
Most bowl appearances
19 (Orange Bowl)
The Oklahoma Sooners college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the University of Oklahoma in the Big 12 Conference. Since the establishment of the team in 1895, OU has appeared in 57 bowl games and has a record of 31 victories, 25 losses, and one tie. Oklahoma is one of only two schools to have appeared in all five of the BCS era bowl games (2001 Orange, 2003 Rose, 2004 Sugar, 2007 Fiesta, 2009 BCS NCG), with the other being Ohio State. Oklahoma's bowl game participation and victories rank among the top of FBS bowl records.
List of bowl games
Key
General
†
Bowl game record attendance
‡
Former bowl game record attendance
^
Stadium record attendance
*
National championship game
1
CFP semifinal
Results
W
Win
L
Loss
T
Tie
Bowl games
#
Bowl
Score
Date
Season
Opponent
Stadium
Location
Attendance
Head coach
1
Orange Bowl
L 0–17
January 2, 1939
1938
Tennessee
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
32,191
Tom Stidham
2
Gator Bowl
W 34–12
January 1, 1947
1946
NC State
Fairfield Stadium
Jacksonville, Florida
10,034
Jim Tatum
3
Sugar Bowl
W 14–6
January 1, 1949
1948
North Carolina
Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana
80,383
Bud Wilkinson
4
Sugar Bowl
W 35–0
January 2, 1950
1949
LSU
Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana
82,000
Bud Wilkinson
5
Sugar Bowl
L 7–13
January 1, 1951
1950
Kentucky
Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana
80,206
Bud Wilkinson
6
Orange Bowl
W 7–0
January 1, 1954
1953
Maryland
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
68,640
Bud Wilkinson
7
Orange Bowl
W 20–6
January 2, 1956
1955
Maryland
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
75,561
Bud Wilkinson
8
Orange Bowl
W 48–21
January 1, 1958
1957
Duke
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
76,561
Bud Wilkinson
9
Orange Bowl
W 21–6
January 1, 1959
1958
Syracuse
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
75,281
Bud Wilkinson
10
Orange Bowl
L 0–17
January 1, 1963
1962
Alabama
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
73,380
Bud Wilkinson
11
Gator Bowl
L 19–36
January 2, 1965
1964
Florida State
Gator Bowl Stadium
Miami, Florida
50,408
Gomer Jones
12
Orange Bowl
W 26–24
January 1, 1968
1967
Tennessee
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
77,993
Chuck Fairbanks
13
Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
L 27–28
December 31, 1968
1968
SMU
Rice Stadium
Houston, Texas
53,453
Chuck Fairbanks
14
Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
T 24–24
December 31, 1970
1970
Alabama
Houston Astrodome
Houston, Texas
53,822
Chuck Fairbanks
15
Sugar Bowl
W 40–22
January 1, 1972
1971
Auburn
Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana
84,031
Chuck Fairbanks
16
Sugar Bowl
W 14–0
December 31, 1972
1972
Penn State
Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana
72,316
Chuck Fairbanks
17
Orange Bowl
W 14–6
January 1, 1976
1975
Michigan
Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
80,307
Barry Switzer
18
Fiesta Bowl
W 41–7
December 25, 1976
1976
Wyoming
Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona
46,315
Barry Switzer
19
Orange Bowl
L 6–31
January 1, 1978
1977
Arkansas
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
69,500
Barry Switzer
20
Orange Bowl
W 31–24
January 1, 1979
1978
Nebraska
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
66,635
Barry Switzer
21
Orange Bowl
W 24–7
January 1, 1980
1979
Florida State
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
66,714
Barry Switzer
22
Orange Bowl
W 18–17
January 1, 1981
1980
Florida State
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
71,043
Barry Switzer
23
Sun Bowl
W 40–14
December 26, 1981
1981
Houston
Sun Bowl Stadium
El Paso, Texas
33,816
Barry Switzer
24
Fiesta Bowl
L 21–32
January 1, 1983
1982
Arizona State
Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona
70,553
Barry Switzer
25
Orange Bowl
L 17–28
January 1, 1985
1984
Washington
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
56,294
Barry Switzer
26
Orange Bowl
W 25–10
January 1, 1986
1985
Penn State
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
74,178
Barry Switzer
27
Orange Bowl
W 42–8
January 1, 1987
1986
Arkansas
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
57,291
Barry Switzer
28
Orange Bowl
L 14–20
January 1, 1988
1987
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida
74,760
Barry Switzer
29
Citrus Bowl
L 6–13
January 2, 1989
1988
Clemson
Citrus Bowl
Orlando, Florida
53,571
Barry Switzer
30
Gator Bowl
W 48–14
December 29, 1991
1991
Virginia
Gator Bowl Stadium
Jacksonville, Florida
62,003
Gary Gibbs
31
John Hancock Bowl
W 41–10
December 24, 1993
1993
Texas Tech
Sun Bowl Stadium
El Paso, Texas
43,848
Gary Gibbs
32
Copper Bowl
L 6–31
December 29, 1994
1994
BYU
Arizona Stadium
Tucson, Arizona
45,122
Gary Gibbs
33
Independence Bowl
L 25–27
December 31, 1999
1999
Ole Miss
Independence Stadium
Shreveport, Louisiana
49,843
Bob Stoops
34
Orange Bowl*
W 13–2
January 3, 2001
2000
Florida State
Pro Player Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
76,835
Bob Stoops
35
Cotton Bowl
W 10–3
January 1, 2002
2001
Arkansas
Cotton Bowl
Dallas, Texas
72,955
Bob Stoops
36
Rose Bowl
W 34–14
January 1, 2003
2002
Washington State
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
86,848
Bob Stoops
37
Sugar Bowl*
L 14–21
January 4, 2004
2003
LSU
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
79,342
Bob Stoops
38
Orange Bowl*
L 19–55
January 4, 2005
2004
USC
Pro Player Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
77,912
Bob Stoops
39
Holiday Bowl
W 17–14
December 29, 2005
2005
Oregon
Qualcomm Stadium
San Diego, California
65,416
Bob Stoops
40
Fiesta Bowl
L 42–43
January 1, 2007
2006
Boise State
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
73,719
Bob Stoops
41
Fiesta Bowl
L 28–48
January 2, 2008
2007
West Virginia
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
70,016
Bob Stoops
42
BCS National Championship*
L 14–24
January 8, 2009
2008
Florida
Dolphin Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
70,016
Bob Stoops
43
Sun Bowl
W 31–27
December 31, 2009
2009
Stanford
Sun Bowl Stadium
El Paso, Texas
53,713
Bob Stoops
44
Fiesta Bowl
W 48–20
January 1, 2011
2010
Connecticut
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
67,232
Bob Stoops
45
Insight Bowl
W 31–14
December 30, 2011
2011
Iowa
Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona
54,247
Bob Stoops
46
Cotton Bowl
L 13–41
January 4, 2013
2012
Texas A&M
Cowboys Stadium
Arlington, Texas
87,025
Bob Stoops
47
Sugar Bowl
W 45–31
January 2, 2014
2013
Alabama
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
70,473
Bob Stoops
48
Russell Athletic Bowl
L 6–40
December 29, 2014
2014
Clemson
Orlando Citrus Bowl Stadium
Orlando, Florida
42,702
Bob Stoops
49
Orange Bowl1
L 17–37
December 31, 2015
2015
Clemson
Sun Life Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
67,615
Bob Stoops
50
Sugar Bowl
W 35–19
January 2, 2017
2016
Auburn
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
54,077
Bob Stoops
51
Rose Bowl1
L 48–54 (2OT)
January 1, 2018
2017
Georgia
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
92,844
Lincoln Riley
52
Orange Bowl1
L 34–45
December 29, 2018
2018
Alabama
Hard Rock Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
66,203
Lincoln Riley
53
Peach Bowl1
L 28–63
December 28, 2019
2019
LSU
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Atlanta, Georgia
78,347
Lincoln Riley
54
Cotton Bowl
W 55–20
December 30, 2020
2020
Florida
AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
17,323
Lincoln Riley
55
Alamo Bowl
W 47–32
December 29, 2021
2021
Oregon
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
59,121
Bob Stoops
56
Cheez-It Bowl
L 32–35
December 29, 2022
2022
Florida State
Camping World Stadium
Orlando, Florida
61,520
Brent Venables
57
Alamo Bowl
L 24–38
December 28, 2023
2023
Arizona
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
55,853
Brent Venables
References
^ Includes the five BCS bowls (Rose, Fiesta, Orange, Sugar, BCS NCG), the Peach, the Cotton and the CFP National Championship.
^ a b c "Bowl History". www.soonersports.com. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
^ "Quick Facts". www.soonersports.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
vteOklahoma Sooners bowl games
1939 Orange Bowl
1947 Gator Bowl
1949 Sugar Bowl
1950 Sugar Bowl
1951 Sugar Bowl
1954 Orange Bowl
1956 Orange Bowl
1958 Orange Bowl
1959 Orange Bowl
1963 Orange Bowl
1965 Gator Bowl (January)
1968 Orange Bowl
1968 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1970 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1972 Sugar Bowl (January)
1972 Sugar Bowl (December)
1976 Orange Bowl
1976 Fiesta Bowl
1978 Orange Bowl
1979 Orange Bowl
1980 Orange Bowl
1981 Orange Bowl
1981 Sun Bowl
1983 Fiesta Bowl
1985 Orange Bowl
1986 Orange Bowl
1987 Orange Bowl
1988 Orange Bowl #
1989 Florida Citrus Bowl
1991 Gator Bowl (December)
1993 John Hancock Bowl
1994 Copper Bowl
1999 Independence Bowl
2001 Orange Bowl #
2002 Cotton Bowl Classic
2003 Rose Bowl
2004 Sugar Bowl #
2005 Orange Bowl #
2005 Holiday Bowl
2007 Fiesta Bowl
2008 Fiesta Bowl
2009 BCS National Championship Game #
2009 Sun Bowl
2011 Fiesta Bowl
2011 Insight Bowl
2013 Cotton Bowl Classic
2014 Sugar Bowl
2014 Russell Athletic Bowl
2015 Orange Bowl †
2017 Sugar Bowl
2018 Rose Bowl †
2018 Orange Bowl †
2019 Peach Bowl †
2020 Cotton Bowl Classic
2021 Alamo Bowl
2022 Cheez-It Bowl
2023 Alamo Bowl
# denotes national championship game; † denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
vteOklahoma Sooners footballVenues
Boyd Field (1905–1923)
Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium (1923–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Missouri
Nebraska
Oklahoma State: Bedlam Series
Texas: Red River Rivalry
Culture & lore
T formation
Wishbone formation
1971 Nebraska game
2008 Big 12 South 3-way tie controversy
2016 Texas Tech game
Oklahoma drill
Sooner Schooner
RUF/NEKS
Black 41 Flash Reverse Pass
Boomer and Sooner
"Boomer Sooner"
Marching band
The Kick
Play Like a Champion Today
People
Head coaches
Starting quarterbacks
All-Americans
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
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1921
1922
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1924
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National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Football Bowl Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"bowl games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowl_History-2"},{"link_name":"BCS era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FBS bowl records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_bowl_records"}],"text":"The Oklahoma Sooners college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the University of Oklahoma in the Big 12 Conference. Since the establishment of the team in 1895, OU has appeared in 57 bowl games and has a record of 31 victories, 25 losses, and one tie.[2] Oklahoma is one of only two schools to have appeared in all five of the BCS era bowl games (2001 Orange, 2003 Rose, 2004 Sugar, 2007 Fiesta, 2009 BCS NCG), with the other being Ohio State.[3] Oklahoma's bowl game participation and victories rank among the top of FBS bowl records.","title":"List of Oklahoma Sooners bowl games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of bowl games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"CFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff"}],"sub_title":"Key","text":"General\n\n\n†\n\nBowl game record attendance\n\n\n‡\n\nFormer bowl game record attendance\n\n\n^\n\nStadium record attendance\n\n\n*\n\nNational championship game\n\n\n1\n\nCFP semifinal\n\n\n\n\nResults\n\n\nW\n\nWin\n\n\nL\n\nLoss\n\n\nT\n\nTie","title":"List of bowl games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bowl games","title":"List of bowl games"}] | [{"image_text":"Oklahoma logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oklahoma_Sooners_logo.svg/100px-Oklahoma_Sooners_logo.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bowl History\". www.soonersports.com. Retrieved January 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soonersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&&DB_OEM_ID=31000&ATCLID=208798504","url_text":"\"Bowl History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quick Facts\". www.soonersports.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820100647/http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-quick-facts.html","url_text":"\"Quick Facts\""},{"url":"http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-quick-facts.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.soonersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&&DB_OEM_ID=31000&ATCLID=208798504","external_links_name":"\"Bowl History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820100647/http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-quick-facts.html","external_links_name":"\"Quick Facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-quick-facts.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boss_(Diana_Ross_song) | The Boss (Diana Ross song) | ["1 Commercial performance","2 Formats","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 The Braxtons version","5.1 Critical reception","5.2 Commercial performance","5.3 Music video","5.4 Credits","5.5 Track listings and formats","5.6 Charts","5.7 Release history","6 Other cover versions","7 See also","8 References"] | 1979 song by Diana Ross
"The Boss"German 7' vinylSingle by Diana Rossfrom the album The Boss B-side"I'm in the World"ReleasedMay 22, 1979Recorded1979GenreDiscoLength3:52LabelMotownSongwriter(s)Nickolas Ashford & Valerie SimpsonProducer(s)Nickolas Ashford & Valerie SimpsonDiana Ross singles chronology
"What You Gave Me" (1979)
"The Boss" (1979)
"It's My House" (1979)
"The Boss" is a 1979 song written and produced by Ashford & Simpson and recorded by American singer Diana Ross, who released it as a single on the Motown label. It was the first release from the album of the same title (1979). The song was released on May 22, 1979, a day before the album release.
Commercial performance
The single peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reached #12 on the Hot Soul Singles chart, and went to number 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.
The song debuted at number 64 in the UK Singles Chart on July 21, 1979, reaching its highest peak on August 4, 1979. The song spent 7 weeks in the top 75 before leaving the chart on September 1, 1979.
Formats
The track was remixed by David Morales in 1993 and included on Ross' album Diana Extended: The Remixes.
The track was also remixed by Almighty Records in 2009 and was included on their album "Almighty – We Love Diana Ross". In 2019, a remix by Eric Kupper, entitled "The Boss 2019" went to number one on the Billboard, US Dance Club Songs chart.
Personnel
Lead vocals by Diana Ross
Background vocals by Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson, Maxine and Julia Waters
Produced and written by Ashford & Simpson
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1979)
Peakposition
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
48
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)
1
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)
8
UK Singles (OCC)
40
US Billboard Hot 100
19
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
41
US Hot Disco Singles (Billboard)
1
US Hot Soul Singles (Billboard)
12
US Cash Box Top 100
21
Year-end charts
Chart (1979)
Rank
US Top Pop Singles (Billboard)
97
The Braxtons version
"The Boss"Single by The Braxtonsfrom the album So Many Ways ReleasedMarch 17, 1997Recorded1996Length9:41 (album version)4:27 (video version)4:13 (radio edit)LabelAtlanticSongwriter(s)Ashford & SimpsonProducer(s)Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez"Little" Louie VegaThe Braxtons singles chronology
"Only Love" (1997)
"The Boss" (1997)
"Slow Flow" (1997)
American R&B group the Braxtons released a cover of "The Boss" in 1997. The song was written by Ashford & Simpson and produced by Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez, "Little" Louie Vega. It was released on March 17, 1997 as the third single from their first studio album, So Many Ways (1996).
Critical reception
In his review of the So Many Ways album, Peter Miro from Cash Box wrote, "Can't say "The Boss" by Diana Ross belongs on the collection, unless it's there to appeal to a techno-oriented dance crowd. Its straight-up hip-hop intro would have made a nice tune if it was fleshed out, but the rest of it sounds incongruous on this otherwise tranquil, luxuriant disc." Jeremy Newall from Music Week's RM Dance Update praised the track, rating it five out of five. He added, "Live bass, real strings and disco drums capture the lush feeling of the original in breathtaking style."
Commercial performance
On February 1, 1997 the Masters At Work version topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart for one week a #1 in the United States. The song stayed in the chart for 14 weeks.
On March 29, 1997, the song debuted at number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. The song spent a total of three weeks on the chart at numbers 50 and 69 respectively before leaving the Top 75 on April 12, 1997, becoming their second top 40 in the UK.
Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring The Braxtons Trina, Towanda and Tamar with a length of the video at 4 minutes and 27 seconds. The video starts with Towanda kissing goodbye her lover as he rushes off to work. Then the video brings you to a living room where Towanda, Trina, and Tamar are singing and dancing.
The video also shows them talking on the phone to each other and also singing by a tree. The plot of the video revolves around Towanda acquiring photos of her husband with another woman, and after he leaves for work, the sisters have a garage sale clearing out the entire house. The video ends with Towanda's husband coming home to an empty house with the pictures left in an envelope on the floor.
Credits
Producer, Mixed by – Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez, "Little" Louie Vega*
Executive producer – Bryant Reid
Track listings and formats
US 12" vinyl single
"The Boss" (Kenlou Mix) – 9:03
"Only Love" (Radio Mix) – 4:13
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15
"The Boss" (MAW Album Mix) – 9:41
"The Boss" (MAW Groove) – 7:33
US, UK 12" vinyl promo
"The Boss" (Kenlou Mix)- 9:03
"The Boss" (Kenlou Radio Mix) – 4:13
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15
"The Boss" (Reprise) – 6:12
"The Boss" (MAW Album Mix) – 9:41
"The Boss" (Hip Hop Vocal) – 1:33
"The Boss" (MAW Groove) – 7:33
US, CD, 12" vinyl maxi-single promo
"The Boss" (Radio Edit Of Album) – 3:32
"The Boss" (Spyda Mix With Rap Radio Edit) – 4:21
"The Boss" (Spyda Mix Without Rap Radio Edit) – 4:23
"The Boss" (H.O.P. Quiet Storm Mix Radio Edit) – 4:20
UK 12" vinyl single
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Album Mix) – 9:40
"The Boss" (Reprise) – 6:12
"The Boss" (Kenlou Mix) – 9:03
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15
Europe, Australia CD maxi-single
"The Boss" (Kenlou Radio Mix) – 4:13
"The Boss" (Kenlou Mix)- 9:03
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Album Mix) – 9:40
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15
"The Boss" (Reprise) – 6:12
Germany CD single
"The Boss" (Kenlou Radio Mix) – 4:13
"The Boss" (Kenlou Mix)- 9:03
"The Boss" (Masters At Work Album Mix) – 9:40
Charts
Chart (1997)
Peakposition
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)
20
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
26
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
24
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
10
Scotland (OCC)
49
UK Singles (OCC)
31
UK Dance (OCC)
6
US Hot Dance Club Play (Billboard)
1
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref
United States
Late 1996
Vinyl 12", Promo
Atlantic Records
United Kingdom
United States
1997
CD
Europe
Germany
Australia
Warner Music Australia
Other cover versions
On February 12, 2008, American dance-pop singer Kristine W released a cover of this song as the first single off her album The Power of Music. Kristine's version also hit number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in March 2008, becoming her eleventh US dance chart-topper and the third version of the song to top this survey.
The song was covered by Ashford and Simpson during a televised live concert special in 1982, and by Whitney Houston during her live shows in 1997/98.
Korean pop singer J covered the song on her 2001 special English album Chocolate.
Louise performed the song on her Heavy Love Tour.
See also
List of number-one dance singles of 1979 (U.S.)
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications)
^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 21.07.1979". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 04.08.1979". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 01.09.1979". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "Dance Club Songs – April 13, 2019". Billboard. April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
^ "Image : RPM Weekly". Library and Archives Canada. July 17, 2013.
^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. October 20, 1979. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ "Disco Playlist". RPM Weekly. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
^ "1979 Talent in Action – Year End Charts : Pop Singles". Billboard. Vol. 91, no. 51. December 22, 1979. p. TIA-10.
^ Miro, Peter (August 24, 1996). "Urban" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 11. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^ Newall, Jeremy (December 21, 1996). "Hot Vinyl" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 9. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ "The Braxtons – Chart History Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "Hot Dance Club Songs, Billboard.com, issue date February 1, 1997". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "UK Singles Chart Archive 29.03.1997". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 05.04.1997". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "UK Singles Chart Archive 12.04.1997". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "The Braxtons – The Boss". YouTube. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss Maxi Single Promo". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss UK (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss Australia Maxi Single at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss (CD) Europe at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ a b "The Braxtons – The Boss Germany CD at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
^ "Íslenski Listinn NR. 222 Vikuna 22.5. '97 – 28.5. '97" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir. May 23, 1997. p. 16. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ "Dutch Top 40". August 7, 1997. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
^ "Single Top 100". July 19, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ "The Braxtons – The Boss". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". officialcharts.com.
^ "Current Billboard Hot Dance Club Play". Billboard. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
vteDiana Ross
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Diana Ross (1970)
Everything Is Everything (1970)
Surrender (1971)
Touch Me in the Morning (1973)
Diana & Marvin (1973)
Last Time I Saw Him (1973)
Diana Ross (1976)
Baby It's Me (1977)
Ross (1978)
The Boss (1979)
Diana (1980)
Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1981)
Silk Electric (1982)
Ross (1983)
Swept Away (1984)
Eaten Alive (1985)
Red Hot Rhythm & Blues (1987)
Workin' Overtime (1989)
The Force Behind the Power (1991)
A Very Special Season (1994)
Take Me Higher (1995)
Every Day Is a New Day (1999)
Blue (2006)
I Love You (2006)
Diana Ross Sings Songs from The Wiz (rec. 1978, rel. 2015)
Thank You (2021)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1972)
Diana Ross' Greatest Hits (1976)
20 Golden Greats (1979)
To Love Again (1981)
All the Great Hits (1981)
Forever Diana: Musical Memoirs (1993)
One Woman: The Ultimate Collection (1993)
Diana Extended: The Remixes (1994)
Voice of Love (1996)
Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross (2001)
The Definitive Collection (2006)
The Greatest (2011)
Upside Down: The Collection (2012)
Supertonic: Mixes (2020)
Live releases
Live at Caesars Palace (1974)
An Evening with Diana Ross (1977)
Greatest Hits Live (1989)
Stolen Moments: The Lady Sings... Jazz and Blues (1993)
Christmas in Vienna (1993)
Soundtrack albums
Diana! (1971)
Lady Sings the Blues (1972)
Mahogany (1975)
The Wiz (1978)
Endless Love (1981)
Video albums
Live in Central Park (2012)
Paris 1968: Broadcast Archives (2013)
Singles
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"Remember Me"
"Reach Out (I'll Be There)"
"Surrender"
"I'm Still Waiting"
"Good Morning Heartache"
"Touch Me in the Morning"
"You're a Special Part of Me"
"Last Time I Saw Him"
"My Mistake (Was to Love You)"
"You Are Everything"
"Don't Knock My Love"
"Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)"
"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"
"Love Hangover"
"Gettin' Ready for Love"
"Your Love Is So Good for Me"
"You Got It"
"Lovin', Livin' and Givin'"
"Ease on Down the Road"
"Pops, We Love You (A Tribute to Father)"
"What You Gave Me"
"The Boss"
"It's My House"
"Upside Down"
"I'm Coming Out"
"My Old Piano"
"It's My Turn"
"Endless Love"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"Mirror, Mirror"
"Work That Body"
"Muscles"
"So Close"
"Pieces of Ice"
"All of You"
"Swept Away"
"Touch by Touch"
"Missing You"
"Eaten Alive"
"Chain Reaction"
"Experience"
"Dirty Looks"
"If We Hold On Together"
"Workin' Overtime"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Someday We'll Be Together"
"Take Me Higher"
"I Will Survive"
"Not Over You Yet"
"Goin' Back"
"I've Got a Crush on You"
"Thank You"
"If the World Just Danced"
"Turn Up the Sunshine"
Featured singles
"A Brand New Day"
"We Are the World"
Tours and concerts
Super Bowl XXX halftime show (1996)
Return to Love Tour (2000)
I Love You Tour (2006–2008)
More Today Than Yesterday: The Greatest Hits Tour (2010–2012)
In the Name of Love Tour (2013–2017)
The Essential Diana Ross: Some Memories Never Fade (2015–2017)
Related topics
The Supremes
Rhonda Ross Kendrick (daughter)
Tracee Ellis Ross (daughter)
Evan Ross (son)
Arne Næss Jr. (second husband)
Arthur "T-Boy" Ross (brother)
Diana Ross Playground
Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5
Category
vteKristine WStudio albumsand singlesLand of the Living
"Feel What You Want"
"One More Try"
"Land of the Living"
Stronger
"Stronger"
"Lovin' You"
Fly Again
"Fly Again"
"Save My Soul"
"The Wonder of It All"
"I'll Be Your Light"
The Power of Music
"Walk Away"
"The Boss"
"Never"
"Love Is the Look"
"Be Alright"
"The Power of Music"
"Fade"
Straight Up with a Twist
none
Non-album singles
"Stars"
vteThe Braxtons
Toni Braxton
Towanda Braxton
Trina Braxton
Tamar Braxton
Traci Braxton
Studio albums
So Many Ways
Braxton Family Christmas
Singles
"Good Life"
"So Many Ways"
"Only Love"
"The Boss"
"Slow Flow"
Tours
Secrets Tour
Related articles
Braxton Family Values
Tamar & Vince
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashford & Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"the album of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boss_(Diana_Ross_album)"}],"text":"\"The Boss\" is a 1979 song written and produced by Ashford & Simpson and recorded by American singer Diana Ross, who released it as a single on the Motown label. It was the first release from the album of the same title (1979). The song was released on May 22, 1979, a day before the album release.","title":"The Boss (Diana Ross song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hot Soul Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Soul_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The single peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[1] reached #12 on the Hot Soul Singles chart, and went to number 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.The song debuted at number 64 in the UK Singles Chart on July 21, 1979, reaching its highest peak on August 4, 1979.[2][3] The song spent 7 weeks in the top 75 before leaving the chart on September 1, 1979.[4]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Diana Extended: The Remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Extended:_The_Remixes"},{"link_name":"Almighty Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almighty_Records"},{"link_name":"Eric Kupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kupper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The track was remixed by David Morales in 1993 and included on Ross' album Diana Extended: The Remixes.\nThe track was also remixed by Almighty Records in 2009 and was included on their album \"Almighty – We Love Diana Ross\". In 2019, a remix by Eric Kupper, entitled \"The Boss 2019\" went to number one on the Billboard, US Dance Club Songs chart.[5]","title":"Formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashford & Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson"}],"text":"Lead vocals by Diana Ross\nBackground vocals by Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson, Maxine and Julia Waters\nProduced and written by Ashford & Simpson","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boss_(Diana_Ross_song)&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Disco Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Soul Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cash Box Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_Top_100_Pop_Singles"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boss_(Diana_Ross_song)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"US Top Pop Singles (Billboard)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1979"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1979)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[6]\n\n48\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[7]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[8]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)\n\n40\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[9]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)\n\n41\n\n\nUS Hot Disco Singles (Billboard)\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot Soul Singles (Billboard)\n\n12\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100\n\n21\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1979)\n\nRank\n\n\nUS Top Pop Singles (Billboard)[10]\n\n97","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"the Braxtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Braxtons"},{"link_name":"Ashford & Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson"},{"link_name":"So Many Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Many_Ways"}],"text":"American R&B group the Braxtons released a cover of \"The Boss\" in 1997. The song was written by Ashford & Simpson and produced by Kenny \"Dope\" Gonzalez, \"Little\" Louie Vega. It was released on March 17, 1997 as the third single from their first studio album, So Many Ways (1996).","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"So Many Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Many_Ways"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"In his review of the So Many Ways album, Peter Miro from Cash Box wrote, \"Can't say \"The Boss\" by Diana Ross belongs on the collection, unless it's there to appeal to a techno-oriented dance crowd. Its straight-up hip-hop intro would have made a nice tune if it was fleshed out, but the rest of it sounds incongruous on this otherwise tranquil, luxuriant disc.\"[11] Jeremy Newall from Music Week's RM Dance Update praised the track, rating it five out of five. He added, \"Live bass, real strings and disco drums capture the lush feeling of the original in breathtaking style.\"[12]","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters At Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_At_Work"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Dance_Club_Chart-14"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Highest_The_Boss_Chart-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"On February 1, 1997 the Masters At Work version topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart for one week a #1 in the United States.[13] The song stayed in the chart for 14 weeks.[14]On March 29, 1997, the song debuted at number 31 on the UK Singles Chart.[15] The song spent a total of three weeks on the chart at numbers 50 and 69 respectively before leaving the Top 75 on April 12, 1997, becoming their second top 40 in the UK.[16][17]","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Music video","text":"A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring The Braxtons Trina, Towanda and Tamar with a length of the video at 4 minutes and 27 seconds. The video starts with Towanda kissing goodbye her lover as he rushes off to work. Then the video brings you to a living room where Towanda, Trina, and Tamar are singing and dancing.The video also shows them talking on the phone to each other and also singing by a tree. The plot of the video revolves around Towanda acquiring photos of her husband with another woman, and after he leaves for work, the sisters have a garage sale clearing out the entire house. The video ends with Towanda's husband coming home to an empty house with the pictures left in an envelope on the floor.[18]","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Credits","text":"Producer, Mixed by – Kenny \"Dope\" Gonzalez, \"Little\" Louie Vega*\nExecutive producer – Bryant Reid","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Braxtons_The_Boss_Vinyl_US-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Promo-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Promo_Vinyl-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Maxi_Single_release-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Vinyl_release-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia_release-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe_CD_release-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany_release-26"}],"sub_title":"Track listings and formats","text":"US 12\" vinyl single[19]\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Mix) – 9:03\n\"Only Love\" (Radio Mix) – 4:13\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15\n\"The Boss\" (MAW Album Mix) – 9:41\n\"The Boss\" (MAW Groove) – 7:33\nUS, UK 12\" vinyl promo[20][21]\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Mix)- 9:03\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Radio Mix) – 4:13\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15\n\"The Boss\" (Reprise) – 6:12\n\"The Boss\" (MAW Album Mix) – 9:41\n\"The Boss\" (Hip Hop Vocal) – 1:33\n\"The Boss\" (MAW Groove) – 7:33\nUS, CD, 12\" vinyl maxi-single promo[22]\n\"The Boss\" (Radio Edit Of Album) – 3:32\n\"The Boss\" (Spyda Mix With Rap Radio Edit) – 4:21\n\"The Boss\" (Spyda Mix Without Rap Radio Edit) – 4:23\n\"The Boss\" (H.O.P. Quiet Storm Mix Radio Edit) – 4:20\n\n\nUK 12\" vinyl single[23]\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Album Mix) – 9:40\n\"The Boss\" (Reprise) – 6:12\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Mix) – 9:03\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15\nEurope, Australia CD maxi-single[24][25]\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Radio Mix) – 4:13\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Mix)- 9:03\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Album Mix) – 9:40\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Dub) – 7:15\n\"The Boss\" (Reprise) – 6:12\nGermany CD single[26]\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Radio Mix) – 4:13\n\"The Boss\" (Kenlou Mix)- 9:03\n\"The Boss\" (Masters At Work Album Mix) – 9:40","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Release history","title":"The Braxtons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"Kristine W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_W"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Korean pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Redknapp"},{"link_name":"Heavy Love Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Love_(Louise_album)#Heavy_Love_Tour"}],"text":"On February 12, 2008, American dance-pop singer Kristine W released a cover of this song as the first single off her album The Power of Music. Kristine's version also hit number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart[33] in March 2008, becoming her eleventh US dance chart-topper and the third version of the song to top this survey.The song was covered by Ashford and Simpson during a televised live concert special in 1982, and by Whitney Houston during her live shows in 1997/98.Korean pop singer J covered the song on her 2001 special English album Chocolate.Louise performed the song on her Heavy Love Tour.","title":"Other cover versions"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of number-one dance singles of 1979 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_1979_(U.S.)"}] | [{"reference":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 21.07.1979\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19790721/7501","url_text":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 21.07.1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 04.08.1979\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19790804/7501","url_text":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 04.08.1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 01.09.1979\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19790901/7501","url_text":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 01.09.1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs – April 13, 2019\". Billboard. April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-songs/2019-04-13","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs – April 13, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image : RPM Weekly\". Library and Archives Canada. July 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6839a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6839a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6839a","url_text":"\"Image : RPM Weekly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. October 20, 1979. Retrieved April 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6832&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6832.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6832","url_text":"\"Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disco Playlist\". RPM Weekly. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6826&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6826.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6826","url_text":"\"Disco Playlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"1979 Talent in Action – Year End Charts : Pop Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 91, no. 51. December 22, 1979. p. TIA-10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miro, Peter (August 24, 1996). \"Urban\" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 11. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1996/CB-1996-08-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Urban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"Newall, Jeremy (December 21, 1996). \"Hot Vinyl\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 9. Retrieved October 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-12-21.pdf","url_text":"\"Hot Vinyl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – Chart History Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/388935/braxtons/chart?f=359","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – Chart History Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Dance Club Songs, Billboard.com, issue date February 1, 1997\". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1997-02-01/dance-club-play-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Dance Club Songs, Billboard.com, issue date February 1, 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 29.03.1997\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19970329/7501","url_text":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 29.03.1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 05.04.1997\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19970405/7501","url_text":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 05.04.1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 12.04.1997\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19970412/7501","url_text":"\"UK Singles Chart Archive 12.04.1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss\". YouTube. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=rWCLpeMNgTK","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss (Vinyl) at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/20171","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss (Vinyl) at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/431225","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss (Vinyl) at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/417180","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss (Vinyl) at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss Maxi Single Promo\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/2430876","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss Maxi Single Promo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss UK (Vinyl) at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/220624","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss UK (Vinyl) at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss Australia Maxi Single at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/1561434","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss Australia Maxi Single at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss (CD) Europe at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/51772","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss (CD) Europe at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss Germany CD at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved August 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Braxtons-The-Boss/release/2117854","url_text":"\"The Braxtons – The Boss Germany CD at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn NR. 222 Vikuna 22.5. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_Davis_Cup_team | South Africa Davis Cup team | ["1 History","2 Current team (2022)","3 All players","4 References","5 External links"] | South African national tennis team
South AfricaCaptainMarcos OndruskaITF ranking51 1 (20 September 2021)ColorsGreen & WhiteFirst year1913Years played63Ties played (W–L)149 (88–61)Years inWorld Group5 (3–4)Davis Cup titles1 (1974)Most total winsWayne Ferreira (41–18)Most singles winsCliff Drysdale (32–12)Most doubles winsFrew McMillan (23–5)Best doubles teamBob Hewitt & Frew McMillan (16–1)Most ties playedFrew McMillan (28)Most years playedWayne Ferreira (13)Last updated on: April 2020.
The South Africa men's national tennis team represents South Africa in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis South Africa.
South Africa won the Davis Cup in 1974 by default as India withdrew from the finals as a protest against apartheid policies. They currently compete in Group II of the Europe/Africa Zone. They competed in the World Group from 1995 to 1998.
History
South Africa competed in its first Davis Cup in 1913. Their player with the most single wins all-time is Cliff Drysdale with 32 and in doubles it is Frew McMillan with 23.
Current team (2022)
Philip Henning
Lleyton Cronje
Raven Klaasen
Christo van Rensburg (Captain-player)
All players
Main article: List of South Africa Davis Cup team representatives
References
External links
Team page on DavisCup.com, the official website of the Davis Cup
vteDavis Cup
Current champions (2023): Italy
Editions
1900
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2024
World Groups / Finals
1981
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World Groups play-offs
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Qualifying rounds
2019
2020–21
2022
2023
2024
2023 Davis Cup Finals teams
Australia
Canada
Chile
Croatia
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Great Britain
Italy
Netherlands
Serbia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
Former World Group / Finals teams
Argentina
Austria
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Brazil
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Colombia
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Denmark
Ecuador
Germany
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Players
American
Argentine
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Austrian
Belarusian
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Brazilian
British
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List of champions
Winning players
vteDavis Cup teamsFinals
Argentina
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Italy
Netherlands
Slovakia
Spain
United States
World Group I
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Chinese Taipei
Colombia
Croatia
Denmark
Egypt
Greece
Hungary
India
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Lithuania
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Serbia
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
World Group II
Barbados
Bolivia
Bulgaria
China
Ecuador
El Salvador
Georgia
Hong Kong
Ireland
Latvia
Lebanon
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Morocco
Mexico
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New Zealand
Pakistan
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Togo
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Benin
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Group IVAmericas zone
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Cuba
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Panama
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Asia/Oceania zone
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Group VAsia/Oceania zone
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Former
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vte National sports teams of South Africa
A1 GP
Australian rules football
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Baseball
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Baseball5
Basketball
M
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F
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Beach soccer
Cricket
M
SA A
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W
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Blind
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Futsal
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Indoor hockey
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Softball
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F
F U/19
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Squash
M
F
Tennis
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Volleyball
M
F
Water polo
M
F
Olympics
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This article related to Davis Cup tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a South African sports club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Tennis South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"}],"text":"The South Africa men's national tennis team represents South Africa in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis South Africa.South Africa won the Davis Cup in 1974 by default as India withdrew from the finals as a protest against apartheid policies. They currently compete in Group II of the Europe/Africa Zone. They competed in the World Group from 1995 to 1998.","title":"South Africa Davis Cup team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Cliff Drysdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Drysdale"},{"link_name":"Frew McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frew_McMillan"}],"text":"South Africa competed in its first Davis Cup in 1913. Their player with the most single wins all-time is Cliff Drysdale with 32 and in doubles it is Frew McMillan with 23.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Henning"},{"link_name":"Lleyton Cronje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lleyton_Cronje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raven Klaasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Klaasen"},{"link_name":"Christo van Rensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_van_Rensburg"}],"text":"Philip Henning\nLleyton Cronje\nRaven Klaasen\nChristo van Rensburg (Captain-player)","title":"Current team (2022)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"All players"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.daviscup.com/en/teams/team.aspx?id=RSA","external_links_name":"Team page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_Davis_Cup_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_Davis_Cup_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Bettazzi | Luigi Bettazzi | ["1 Early life","2 Bishop","3 Retirement and death","4 References","5 External links"] | Italian Catholic bishop (1923–2023)
His ExcellencyLuigi BettazziBishop Emeritus of IvreaBettazzi in 2015ArchdioceseTurinAppointed26 November 1966Term ended20 February 1999PredecessorAlbino Mensa SuccessorArrigo MiglioOrdersOrdination4 August 1946by Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di CornelianoConsecration4 October 1963by Giacomo LercaroPersonal detailsBorn(1923-11-26)26 November 1923Treviso, ItalyDied16 July 2023(2023-07-16) (aged 99)Albiano d'Ivrea, ItalyPrevious post(s)Auxiliary Bishop of Bologna and Titular Bishop of Thagaste (1963–1966)
Styles ofLuigi BettazziReference style
His Excellency
The Most Reverend
Spoken styleYour ExcellencyReligious styleBishop
Luigi Bettazzi (26 November 1923 – 16 July 2023) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who was bishop of Ivrea from 1966 to 1999. One of the youngest and most junior participants in the Second Vatican Council, he was one of the original signatories of the Pact of the Catacombs.
Early life
Bettazzi was born on 26 November 1923 in Treviso, the third of seven children; his father was an engineer in Turin. He entered the minor seminary before he was ten years old and then studied philosophy and theology at the Gregorian University in Rome before earning a degree in philosophy at the University of Bologna. He was ordained a priest on 4 August 1946 by Giovanni Cardinal Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano of Bologna. He taught at the seminary in Bologna.
Bishop
Pope Paul VI named him an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bologna and titular bishop of Thagaste on 10 August 1963. He became vicar general of the Archdiocese of Bologna on 1 September 1963 and received his episcopal consecration on 4 October 1963 from Giacomo Cardinal Lercaro of Bologna, who was one of the four bishops who served as moderators of the Second Vatican Council.
Bettazzi was the most recently created bishop of the Catholic Church and one of the youngest bishops when, on 11 October 1963, he spoke at the second session of the Second Vatican Council on the subject of collegiality. In 2012 he explained his view of the subject: "Once they are consecrated, bishops share with the pope a responsibility for the whole church. This has a rock-solid theological tradition that is often ignored. Collegiality can make the papacy more efficacious rather than weaken it. Papal decisions would be more acceptable if more participation by fellow bishops was involved." Yves Congar described Bettazzi's contributions to the debate as "given at great speed and with fire", calling for clearly expressing "the idea that consecration confers all the powers and that it brings the bishop into the episcopal body" or collegium and does not depend upon any papal action. It met with applause.
On 16 November 1965, he joined 41 other bishops in signing the Pact of the Catacombs, promising in "housing, food and means of transportation to live in accordance with the ordinary manner of our people" and to "renounce forever wealth and the appearance thereof". More than 500 of their peers soon joined them. Bettazzi nevertheless lived in the bishop's residence in Ivrea but never wore the ring Pope Paul VI gave to each Council participant, calling it "ostentatious".
Bettazzi was made bishop of Ivrea in 1966. He was president of the Italian branch of Pax Christi from 1968 to 1975 and served as president of Pax Christi International from 1978 to 1985, accepting for the organization at the end of his term UNESCO's Peace Education prize. He retired from his position in Ivrea upon the appointment of his successor on 20 February 1999.
Retirement and death
In retirement he expressed his view of what the Council represented: "The council endorsed continuity with the basic doctrines of the church but also meant pastoral discontinuity—adoption of new approaches for new circumstances. The anxiety over doctrinal integrity has produced half-heartedness about pastoral initiatives." Having known Pope Benedict XVI since the 1960s, he thought his resignation possible a year before it occurred, saying "I wish him a long life and lasting lucidity but I think that, if the moment arrives when he sees that things are changing, I think he has the courage to resign."
In 2007 he endorsed a proposal of the Italian government to establish legal recognition for same-sex relationships called civil unions. Speaking of homosexuality in April 2015, he said that "the question of sex must be studied, emancipating ourselves from the neo-Platonists who identified sex with spiritual decadence. Why not an expression of the human spirit?"
Bettazzi was made an honorary citizen of Bologna in 2016. Bettazzi was the last living of the original signatories to the signed Pact of the Catacombs. He was also the last surviving Italian bishop who participated in the Second Vatican Council. In retirement, he lived in Bologna. Bettazzi died in Albiano d'Ivrea on 16 July 2023, at age 99.
References
^ "Letzter europäischer Konzilsvater Bettazzi gestorben" . Vatican News (in German). 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ a b c d e f Bettazzi, Luigi (18 December 2012). "The Spirit Is Still on the Job". Commonweal (Interview). Interviewed by Desmond O'Grady. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ "Una messa a Bologna per ricordare i 75 anni di ordinazione sacerdotale di monsignor Bettazzi". La Guida (in Italian). 4 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LVI. 1964. p. 865. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ a b "Bologna: a mons. Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria" (in Italian). AgenSIR. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ O'Malley 2008, p. 167-70.
^ Congar, Yves (2012). My Journal of the Council. Liturgical Press. pp. 366, 374. ISBN 9780814680292.
^ Bettazzi, Luigi (4 August 2020). "Intervista. Bettazzi: «Francesco, figlio del Vaticano II»". Avvenire (Interview) (in Italian). Interviewed by Filippo Rizzi. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Wooden, Cindy. "Back to the catacombs: New emphasis placed on bishops' simplicity pact". The Catholic Register. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Bertolone, Emanuela (17 April 2018). "Monsignor Bettazzi a Biella testimone del "dialogo"". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XCI. 1999. p. 406. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ Hornby, Catherine (13 February 2013). "Benedict - a resignation foretold, if you knew where to look". Reuters. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ "Bettazzi, ex vescovo di Ivrea "Repulisti dentro la Chiesa"". La Repubblica (in Italian). 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Bettazzi, Luigi (7 April 2015). "«Comunione ai divorziati e gay, la Chiesa affronti le nuove sfide»". La Stampa (Interview) (in Italian). Interviewed by Bruno Quaranta. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Poggioli, Sylvia. "Pope Francis' Emphasis On Poverty Revives The 'Pact of The Catacombs'". NPR. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
^ Ferrone, Rita (23 July 2021). "A Living Catholic Tradition: Pope Francis unifies the Roman Rite". Commonweal. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ "A monsignor Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria di Bologna". La Repubblica (in Italian). 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Agasso Jr., Domenico (1 October 2017). ""If a congregation loses all its assets, I thank God"". La Stampa. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ "Lutto. È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace". Avvenire. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
^ Allen, John L. Jr. (17 July 2023). "Prophet-Bishop of the 'Poor Church for the Poor' dies just shy of 100". Crux. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
Additional sources
Cernuzio, Salvatore (16 July 2023). "È morto monsignor Bettazzi, voce di pace e ultimo padre italiano del Concilio". Vatican News (in Italian).
Maccioni, Riccardo (16 July 2023). "È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace". L'Avennire (in Italian).
O'Malley, John W. (2008). What Happened at Vatican II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04749-5.
External links
"Bishop Luigi Bettazzi". Catholic-Hierarchy.
"Bettazzi S. E. Mons. Luigi". Diocesi di Ivrea (in Italian).
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byAlbino Mensa
Bishop of Ivrea 1966–1999
Succeeded byArrigo Miglio
Preceded by—
Auxiliary Bishop of Bologna 1963–1966
Succeeded by—
Preceded byGilberto Baroni
Titular Bishop of Thagaste 1963–1966
Succeeded byAntonio Mauro
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"bishop of Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Pact of the Catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_the_Catacombs"}],"text":"Luigi Bettazzi (26 November 1923 – 16 July 2023) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who was bishop of Ivrea from 1966 to 1999. One of the youngest and most junior participants in the Second Vatican Council, he was one of the original signatories of the Pact of the Catacombs.","title":"Luigi Bettazzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogrady-2"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Cardinal Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Nasalli_Rocca_di_Corneliano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogrady-2"}],"text":"Bettazzi was born on 26 November 1923[1] in Treviso, the third of seven children; his father was an engineer in Turin. He entered the minor seminary before he was ten years old and then studied philosophy and theology at the Gregorian University in Rome before earning a degree in philosophy at the University of Bologna.[2] He was ordained a priest on 4 August 1946 by Giovanni Cardinal Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano of Bologna.[3] He taught at the seminary in Bologna.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"titular bishop of Thagaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thagaste_(diocese)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Cardinal Lercaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Lercaro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onoraria-5"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley2008167-70-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogrady-2"},{"link_name":"Yves Congar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Congar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pact of the Catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_the_Catacombs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogrady-2"},{"link_name":"Pax Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Christi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogrady-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Pope Paul VI named him an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bologna and titular bishop of Thagaste on 10 August 1963.[4] He became vicar general of the Archdiocese of Bologna on 1 September 1963 and received his episcopal consecration on 4 October 1963 from Giacomo Cardinal Lercaro of Bologna,[5] who was one of the four bishops who served as moderators of the Second Vatican Council.[6]Bettazzi was the most recently created bishop of the Catholic Church and one of the youngest bishops when, on 11 October 1963, he spoke at the second session of the Second Vatican Council on the subject of collegiality. In 2012 he explained his view of the subject: \"Once they are consecrated, bishops share with the pope a responsibility for the whole church. This has a rock-solid theological tradition that is often ignored. Collegiality can make the papacy more efficacious rather than weaken it. Papal decisions would be more acceptable if more participation by fellow bishops was involved.\"[2] Yves Congar described Bettazzi's contributions to the debate as \"given at great speed and with fire\", calling for clearly expressing \"the idea that consecration confers all the powers and that it brings the bishop into the episcopal body\" or collegium and does not depend upon any papal action.[7] It met with applause.[8]On 16 November 1965, he joined 41 other bishops in signing the Pact of the Catacombs, promising in \"housing, food and means of transportation to live in accordance with the ordinary manner of our people\" and to \"renounce forever wealth and the appearance thereof\". More than 500 of their peers soon joined them. Bettazzi nevertheless lived in the bishop's residence in Ivrea but never wore the ring Pope Paul VI gave to each Council participant, calling it \"ostentatious\".[9]Bettazzi was made bishop of Ivrea in 1966.[2] He was president of the Italian branch of Pax Christi from 1968 to 1975 and served as president of Pax Christi International from 1978 to 1985, accepting for the organization at the end of his term UNESCO's Peace Education prize.[2][10] He retired from his position in Ivrea upon the appointment of his successor on 20 February 1999.[11]","title":"Bishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogrady-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repulisti-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onoraria-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Albiano d'Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albiano_d%27Ivrea"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crux-obit-20"}],"text":"In retirement he expressed his view of what the Council represented: \"The council endorsed continuity with the basic doctrines of the church but also meant pastoral discontinuity—adoption of new approaches for new circumstances. The anxiety over doctrinal integrity has produced half-heartedness about pastoral initiatives.\"[2] Having known Pope Benedict XVI since the 1960s, he thought his resignation possible a year before it occurred, saying \"I wish him a long life and lasting lucidity but I think that, if the moment arrives when he sees that things are changing, I think he has the courage to resign.\"[12]In 2007 he endorsed a proposal of the Italian government to establish legal recognition for same-sex relationships called civil unions.[13] Speaking of homosexuality in April 2015, he said that \"the question of sex must be studied, emancipating ourselves from the neo-Platonists who identified sex with spiritual decadence. Why not an expression of the human spirit?\"[14]Bettazzi was made an honorary citizen of Bologna in 2016.[5] Bettazzi was the last living of the original signatories to the signed Pact of the Catacombs.[15][16] He was also the last surviving Italian bishop who participated in the Second Vatican Council.[17] In retirement, he lived in Bologna.[18] Bettazzi died in Albiano d'Ivrea on 16 July 2023, at age 99.[19][20]","title":"Retirement and death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Letzter europäischer Konzilsvater Bettazzi gestorben\" [Last European Council Father Bettazzi Died]. Vatican News (in German). 16 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vaticannews.va/de/welt/news/2023-07/italien-bettazzi-konzilsvater-verstorben-pax-christi.html","url_text":"\"Letzter europäischer Konzilsvater Bettazzi gestorben\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_News","url_text":"Vatican News"}]},{"reference":"Bettazzi, Luigi (18 December 2012). \"The Spirit Is Still on the Job\". Commonweal (Interview). Interviewed by Desmond O'Grady. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/spirit-still-job","url_text":"\"The Spirit Is Still on the Job\""}]},{"reference":"\"Una messa a Bologna per ricordare i 75 anni di ordinazione sacerdotale di monsignor Bettazzi\". La Guida (in Italian). 4 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laguida.it/2021/08/04/una-messa-a-bologna-per-ricordare-i-75-anni-di-ordinazione-sacerdotale-di-monsignor-bettazzi/","url_text":"\"Una messa a Bologna per ricordare i 75 anni di ordinazione sacerdotale di monsignor Bettazzi\""}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LVI. 1964. p. 865. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-56-1964-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"\"Bologna: a mons. Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria\" (in Italian). AgenSIR. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agensir.it/quotidiano/2016/4/4/bologna-a-mons-luigi-bettazzi-la-cittadinanza-onoraria/","url_text":"\"Bologna: a mons. Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria\""}]},{"reference":"Congar, Yves (2012). My Journal of the Council. Liturgical Press. pp. 366, 374. ISBN 9780814680292.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MlIYG3_oaM4C&pg=PA366","url_text":"My Journal of the Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814680292","url_text":"9780814680292"}]},{"reference":"Bettazzi, Luigi (4 August 2020). \"Intervista. Bettazzi: «Francesco, figlio del Vaticano II»\". Avvenire (Interview) (in Italian). Interviewed by Filippo Rizzi. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avvenire.it/chiesa/pagine/francesco-figlio-del-vaticano-ii","url_text":"\"Intervista. Bettazzi: «Francesco, figlio del Vaticano II»\""}]},{"reference":"Wooden, Cindy. \"Back to the catacombs: New emphasis placed on bishops' simplicity pact\". The Catholic Register. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicregister.org/faith/item/21273-back-to-the-catacombs-new-emphasis-placed-on-bishops-simplicity-pact","url_text":"\"Back to the catacombs: New emphasis placed on bishops' simplicity pact\""}]},{"reference":"Bertolone, Emanuela (17 April 2018). \"Monsignor Bettazzi a Biella testimone del \"dialogo\"\". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lastampa.it/biella/2018/04/17/news/monsignor-bettazzi-a-biella-testimone-del-dialogo-1.34006433","url_text":"\"Monsignor Bettazzi a Biella testimone del \"dialogo\"\""}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XCI. 1999. p. 406. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-91-1999-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Hornby, Catherine (13 February 2013). \"Benedict - a resignation foretold, if you knew where to look\". Reuters. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/pope-resignation-film-idINDEE91C0EG20130213","url_text":"\"Benedict - a resignation foretold, if you knew where to look\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bettazzi, ex vescovo di Ivrea \"Repulisti dentro la Chiesa\"\". La Repubblica (in Italian). 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/02/25/news/bettazzi_ex_vescovo_di_ivrea_repulisti_dentro_la_chiesa-53382735/","url_text":"\"Bettazzi, ex vescovo di Ivrea \"Repulisti dentro la Chiesa\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bettazzi, Luigi (7 April 2015). \"«Comunione ai divorziati e gay, la Chiesa affronti le nuove sfide»\". La Stampa (Interview) (in Italian). Interviewed by Bruno Quaranta. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2015/04/07/news/comunione-ai-divorziati-e-gay-la-chiesa-affronti-le-nuove-sfide-1.35270105","url_text":"\"«Comunione ai divorziati e gay, la Chiesa affronti le nuove sfide»\""}]},{"reference":"Poggioli, Sylvia. \"Pope Francis' Emphasis On Poverty Revives The 'Pact of The Catacombs'\". NPR. Retrieved 26 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/11/26/456376586/pope-francis-emphasis-on-poverty-revives-the-pact-of-the-catacombs","url_text":"\"Pope Francis' Emphasis On Poverty Revives The 'Pact of The Catacombs'\""}]},{"reference":"Ferrone, Rita (23 July 2021). \"A Living Catholic Tradition: Pope Francis unifies the Roman Rite\". Commonweal. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/living-catholic-tradition","url_text":"\"A Living Catholic Tradition: Pope Francis unifies the Roman Rite\""}]},{"reference":"\"A monsignor Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria di Bologna\". La Repubblica (in Italian). 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/04/04/foto/a_monsignor_luigi_bettazzi_la_cittadinanza_onoraria_di_bologna-136913322/1/","url_text":"\"A monsignor Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria di Bologna\""}]},{"reference":"Agasso Jr., Domenico (1 October 2017). \"\"If a congregation loses all its assets, I thank God\"\". La Stampa. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/10/01/news/if-a-congregation-loses-all-its-assets-i-thank-god-1.34394767","url_text":"\"\"If a congregation loses all its assets, I thank God\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lutto. È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace\". Avvenire. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avvenire.it/amp/av/pagine/monsignor-luigi-bettazzi","url_text":"\"Lutto. È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, John L. Jr. (17 July 2023). \"Prophet-Bishop of the 'Poor Church for the Poor' dies just shy of 100\". Crux. Retrieved 18 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cruxnow.com/obituary/2023/07/prophet-bishop-of-the-poor-church-for-the-poor-dies-just-shy-of-100","url_text":"\"Prophet-Bishop of the 'Poor Church for the Poor' dies just shy of 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_(online_newspaper)","url_text":"Crux"}]},{"reference":"Cernuzio, Salvatore (16 July 2023). \"È morto monsignor Bettazzi, voce di pace e ultimo padre italiano del Concilio\". Vatican News (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vaticannews.va/it/chiesa/news/2023-07/monsignor-luigi-bettazzi-vescovo-ivrea-morte.html","url_text":"\"È morto monsignor Bettazzi, voce di pace e ultimo padre italiano del Concilio\""}]},{"reference":"Maccioni, Riccardo (16 July 2023). \"È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace\". L'Avennire (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avvenire.it/av/pagine/monsignor-luigi-bettazzi","url_text":"\"È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace\""}]},{"reference":"O'Malley, John W. (2008). What Happened at Vatican II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04749-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._O%27Malley","url_text":"O'Malley, John W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva0000omal","url_text":"What Happened at Vatican II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04749-5","url_text":"978-0-674-04749-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Luigi Bettazzi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbettazzi.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Luigi Bettazzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bettazzi S. E. Mons. Luigi\". Diocesi di Ivrea (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diocesivrea.it/wd-annuario-persone/luigi-bettazzi-721/","url_text":"\"Bettazzi S. E. Mons. Luigi\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vaticannews.va/de/welt/news/2023-07/italien-bettazzi-konzilsvater-verstorben-pax-christi.html","external_links_name":"\"Letzter europäischer Konzilsvater Bettazzi gestorben\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/spirit-still-job","external_links_name":"\"The Spirit Is Still on the Job\""},{"Link":"https://www.laguida.it/2021/08/04/una-messa-a-bologna-per-ricordare-i-75-anni-di-ordinazione-sacerdotale-di-monsignor-bettazzi/","external_links_name":"\"Una messa a Bologna per ricordare i 75 anni di ordinazione sacerdotale di monsignor Bettazzi\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-56-1964-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"https://www.agensir.it/quotidiano/2016/4/4/bologna-a-mons-luigi-bettazzi-la-cittadinanza-onoraria/","external_links_name":"\"Bologna: a mons. Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MlIYG3_oaM4C&pg=PA366","external_links_name":"My Journal of the Council"},{"Link":"https://www.avvenire.it/chiesa/pagine/francesco-figlio-del-vaticano-ii","external_links_name":"\"Intervista. Bettazzi: «Francesco, figlio del Vaticano II»\""},{"Link":"https://www.catholicregister.org/faith/item/21273-back-to-the-catacombs-new-emphasis-placed-on-bishops-simplicity-pact","external_links_name":"\"Back to the catacombs: New emphasis placed on bishops' simplicity pact\""},{"Link":"https://www.lastampa.it/biella/2018/04/17/news/monsignor-bettazzi-a-biella-testimone-del-dialogo-1.34006433","external_links_name":"\"Monsignor Bettazzi a Biella testimone del \"dialogo\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-91-1999-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/pope-resignation-film-idINDEE91C0EG20130213","external_links_name":"\"Benedict - a resignation foretold, if you knew where to look\""},{"Link":"https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/02/25/news/bettazzi_ex_vescovo_di_ivrea_repulisti_dentro_la_chiesa-53382735/","external_links_name":"\"Bettazzi, ex vescovo di Ivrea \"Repulisti dentro la Chiesa\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2015/04/07/news/comunione-ai-divorziati-e-gay-la-chiesa-affronti-le-nuove-sfide-1.35270105","external_links_name":"\"«Comunione ai divorziati e gay, la Chiesa affronti le nuove sfide»\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/11/26/456376586/pope-francis-emphasis-on-poverty-revives-the-pact-of-the-catacombs","external_links_name":"\"Pope Francis' Emphasis On Poverty Revives The 'Pact of The Catacombs'\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/living-catholic-tradition","external_links_name":"\"A Living Catholic Tradition: Pope Francis unifies the Roman Rite\""},{"Link":"https://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/04/04/foto/a_monsignor_luigi_bettazzi_la_cittadinanza_onoraria_di_bologna-136913322/1/","external_links_name":"\"A monsignor Luigi Bettazzi la cittadinanza onoraria di Bologna\""},{"Link":"https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/10/01/news/if-a-congregation-loses-all-its-assets-i-thank-god-1.34394767","external_links_name":"\"\"If a congregation loses all its assets, I thank God\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.avvenire.it/amp/av/pagine/monsignor-luigi-bettazzi","external_links_name":"\"Lutto. È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace\""},{"Link":"https://cruxnow.com/obituary/2023/07/prophet-bishop-of-the-poor-church-for-the-poor-dies-just-shy-of-100","external_links_name":"\"Prophet-Bishop of the 'Poor Church for the Poor' dies just shy of 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.vaticannews.va/it/chiesa/news/2023-07/monsignor-luigi-bettazzi-vescovo-ivrea-morte.html","external_links_name":"\"È morto monsignor Bettazzi, voce di pace e ultimo padre italiano del Concilio\""},{"Link":"https://www.avvenire.it/av/pagine/monsignor-luigi-bettazzi","external_links_name":"\"È morto monsignor Bettazzi, costruttore di pace\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva0000omal","external_links_name":"What Happened at Vatican II"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbettazzi.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Luigi Bettazzi\""},{"Link":"http://www.diocesivrea.it/wd-annuario-persone/luigi-bettazzi-721/","external_links_name":"\"Bettazzi S. E. Mons. Luigi\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/93805/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000375296646","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102133143","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrYTmYKbD3Dx9gxMGWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12306048d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12306048d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123896460","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV018983","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14675229","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82079216","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna20221169573&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067927157","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535517205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/92799","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031936644","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Tobin | Edgar Gardner Tobin | ["1 World War I service","2 Business career","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | American WW1 flying ace (1896-1954)
Edgar Gardner TobinEdgar Gardner Tobin, 1918Born7 September 1896San Antonio, Texas, USADiedJanuary 10, 1954(1954-01-10) (aged 57)Wallace Lake, Louisiana, USAAllegiance United StatesService/branchAir Service, United States ArmyYears of service1917 - 1918RankLieutenantUnit94th Aero Squadron103rd Aero SquadronBattles/wars World War IAwardsDistinguished Service Cross, Croix de GuerreOther workBecame president of world's largest aerial mapping firm
Edgar Gardner Tobin (July 12, 1896 – November 6, 1954) was an American World War I flying ace, businessman, and pioneer in aerial photography. Tobin was born to a prominent San Antonio family and was educated at Texas Military Institute.
World War I service
During World War I, Tobin served as a pilot in the United States Army Air Service. While he served in the 94th and 103rd Aero Squadrons, he scored all his victories while flying for the 103rd. From 11 July to 28 September 1918, he scored credited with six aerial victories. and an unverified one; one of his wins was shared with fellow ace George W. Furlow. Tobin ended the war with the Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de Guerre for his actions in combat.
Business career
After the war, Tobin returned to San Antonio and started a successful business selling Pierce-Arrow automobiles. In the late 1920s, he became interested in the emerging aviation technology and began selling Alexander Eaglerock aircraft.
In 1928, he took over an aerial mapping firm, which became instrumental in surveying the State of Texas and thus enabled the development Texas oil industry. During the Second World War, Tobin served as a civilian aide to General Henry "Hap" Arnold of the United States Army Air Corps. He died in the crash of a Grumman Mallard on 10 January 1954 on Lake Wallace, Louisiana along with one of the co-founders of Braniff International Airways, Thomas Elmer Braniff.
See also
Biography portal
List of World War I flying aces from the United States
References
^ www.theaerodrome.com Retrieved on 29 June 2010.
^ "www.tobin.com". Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
^ American Aces of World War I. p. 82.
Bibliography
American Aces of World War I. Norman Franks, Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-375-6, ISBN 978-1-84176-375-0.
Grieve, W. I. "Photogrammetric Pioneers: The Texas Story 1925 and Beyond." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 50, no. 9 (September 1984): 1297-1300. https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1984journal/sep/1984_sep_1297-1300.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
This biographical article related to World War I United States Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Military_Institute"}],"text":"Edgar Gardner Tobin (July 12, 1896 – November 6, 1954) was an American World War I flying ace, businessman, and pioneer in aerial photography. Tobin was born to a prominent San Antonio family and was educated at Texas Military Institute.","title":"Edgar Gardner Tobin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George W. Furlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Furlow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.theaerodrome.com-1"}],"text":"During World War I, Tobin served as a pilot in the United States Army Air Service. While he served in the 94th and 103rd Aero Squadrons, he scored all his victories while flying for the 103rd. From 11 July to 28 September 1918, he scored credited with six aerial victories. and an unverified one; one of his wins was shared with fellow ace George W. Furlow. Tobin ended the war with the Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de Guerre for his actions in combat.[1]","title":"World War I service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry \"Hap\" Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grumman Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_Mallard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Braniff International Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"Thomas Elmer Braniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Elmer_Braniff"}],"text":"After the war, Tobin returned to San Antonio and started a successful business selling Pierce-Arrow automobiles. In the late 1920s, he became interested in the emerging aviation technology and began selling Alexander Eaglerock aircraft.In 1928, he took over an aerial mapping firm, which became instrumental in surveying the State of Texas and thus enabled the development Texas oil industry. During the Second World War, Tobin served as a civilian aide to General Henry \"Hap\" Arnold of the United States Army Air Corps.[2] He died in the crash of a Grumman Mallard on 10 January 1954 on Lake Wallace, Louisiana [3] along with one of the co-founders of Braniff International Airways, Thomas Elmer Braniff.","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-375-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-375-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84176-375-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-375-0"},{"link_name":"https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1984journal/sep/1984_sep_1297-1300.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1984journal/sep/1984_sep_1297-1300.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-personnel-icon.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Gardner_Tobin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-army-World-War-I-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-army-World-War-I-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-army-World-War-I-bio-stub"}],"text":"American Aces of World War I. Norman Franks, Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-375-6, ISBN 978-1-84176-375-0.\nGrieve, W. I. \"Photogrammetric Pioneers: The Texas Story 1925 and Beyond.\" Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 50, no. 9 (September 1984): 1297-1300. https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1984journal/sep/1984_sep_1297-1300.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.This biographical article related to World War I United States Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of World War I flying aces from the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_flying_aces_from_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"www.tobin.com\". Archived from the original on 2010-06-26. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626053232/http://www.tobin.com/AboutHistorySuccess.asp","url_text":"\"www.tobin.com\""},{"url":"http://www.tobin.com/abouthistorysuccess.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"American Aces of World War I. p. 82.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/usa/tobin.php","external_links_name":"www.theaerodrome.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626053232/http://www.tobin.com/AboutHistorySuccess.asp","external_links_name":"\"www.tobin.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.tobin.com/abouthistorysuccess.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1984journal/sep/1984_sep_1297-1300.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1984journal/sep/1984_sep_1297-1300.pdf"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Gardner_Tobin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleh_Dar_(disambiguation) | Galleh Dar (disambiguation) | [] | Galleh Dar is a city in Fars province, Iran.
Galleh Dar or Galeh Dar (Persian: گله دار) may also refer to:
Galleh Dar, Bavanat, Fars province
Galleh Dar District, in Fars province
Galleh Dar Rural District, in Fars province
Galleh Dar, Ilam, Ilam province
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galleh Dar, Bavanat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleh_Dar,_Bavanat"},{"link_name":"Galleh Dar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleh_Dar_District"},{"link_name":"Galleh Dar Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleh_Dar_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Galleh Dar, Ilam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleh_Dar,_Ilam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Galleh_Dar_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Galleh Dar or Galeh Dar (Persian: گله دار) may also refer to:Galleh Dar, Bavanat, Fars province\nGalleh Dar District, in Fars province\nGalleh Dar Rural District, in Fars province\nGalleh Dar, Ilam, Ilam provinceTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Galleh Dar (disambiguation)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Galleh_Dar_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_Bridge_School | Hoe Bridge School | ["1 Site and facilities","2 Activities","3 Notable alumni","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°18′29″N 0°32′12″W / 51.3081°N 0.5368°W / 51.3081; -0.5368
Independent pre-prep & prep school in Woking, Surrey, EnglandHoe Bridge SchoolAddressHoe Place, Old Woking RoadWoking, Surrey, GU22 8JEEnglandCoordinates51°18′29″N 0°32′12″W / 51.3081°N 0.5368°W / 51.3081; -0.5368InformationTypeIndependent Pre-prep & prep schoolEstablished1986Local authoritySurreyDepartment for Education URN125397 TablesHead teacherChris WebsterGenderMixedAge3 to 13Enrolment486 (as of 2014)Websitewww.hoebridgeschool.co.uk
Hoe Bridge School is an independent co-educational, pre-prep and prep school in Woking, England. At its last full inspection in 2023 it was rated excellent by the Independent Schools Inspectorate. The school was established in 1986 following the merger of two former proprietorial boys schools, Allen House and St Michael's School. In 1987 it became a charitable trust administered by a board of governors, and developed to include girls up to Year 6 in 1999. The school is based in a seventeenth century house and is set in its own grounds in Woking, Surrey.
Site and facilities
Hoe Place is a former mansion which is home to the Hoe Bridge Prep department. It dates from 1680 and was a favourite retreat of Lady Castlemaine, a mistress of King Charles II.
The chapel, which houses teaching and music rooms, dates back to 1850 and has an original ice house in the gardens. The mansion remained a private residence until the 1920s, when Hoe Place Preparatory School was established in 1928 and in turn, became St. Michael's School in 1964.
Hoe Bridge School itself was formed in 1986 when St Michael's School merged with Allen House Preparatory School which had been founded at Box Grove near Guildford, then on part of the present Royal Grammar School site. In 2019 the school opened a new performing arts facility.
A Senior School building is planned to be opened by 2026 in order to expand the school to accommodate 13-16 year olds throughout GCSEs.
Activities
The school sponsors a girls' field hockey team.
Notable alumni
Rufus Hound, comedian
References
^ ISL, Online (17 October 2014). "Hoe Bridge School ISL Inspection Report". isi.net/school. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ HoeBridge. "School Estate & Facilities". hoebridgeschool.co.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ "Dermot O’Leary opens new centre at Hoe Bridge School". Woking News and Mail, October 17, 2019
^ "Estate Map and Senior School details". hoebridgeschool.co.uk, October 30, 2023
^ "Hoe Bridge School's hockey girls reach national finals". "Surrey Live, By Richard Spiller, 12 NOV 2015
^ "Comedian Rufus Hound on Surrey school days, theatre and politics". Surrey Life, 02 August 2017
External links
Official website
vte Schools in SurreyPrimary
Cobham Free School
Royal Alexandra and Albert School
South Farnham School
Secondary
All Hallows Catholic School
Ash Manor School
The Ashcombe School
The Beacon School
Bishop David Brown School
The Bishop Wand CE School
Blenheim High School
Broadwater School
Carrington School
Chertsey High School
Christ's College
Cobham Free School
Collingwood College
de Stafford School
Epsom and Ewell High School
Esher CE High School
Farnham Heath End School
Fullbrook School
George Abbot School
Glebelands School
Glyn School
Gordon's School
Guildford County School
Heathside School
Hinchley Wood School
Hoe Valley School
Howard of Effingham School
Jubilee High School
King's College
Kings International College
The Magna Carta School
Matthew Arnold School
Oakwood School
Oxted School
The Priory School
Reigate School
Rodborough School
Rosebery School for Girls
The Royal Alexandra and Albert School
St Andrew's Catholic School
St Bede's School
St John the Baptist School
St Paul's College
St Peter's School
Salesian School
Sunbury Manor School
Thamesmead School
Therfield School
Thomas Knyvett College
Three Rivers Academy
Tomlinscote School
Warlingham School
Weydon School
The Winston Churchill School
Woking High School
Woolmer Hill School
IndependentPreparatory
Aberdour School
Amesbury School
Chinthurst School
Edgeborough School
Feltonfleet School
The Hawthorns School
Hazelwood School
Hoe Bridge School
Milbourne Lodge School
Parkside School
Reigate St Mary's School
St John's Beaumont School
ACS International School
The American School In England
Belmont School
Box Hill School
Caterham School
Charterhouse School
City of London Freemen's School
Claremont Fan Court School
Cranleigh School
Downsend School
Duke of Kent School
Dunottar School
Epsom College
Ewell Castle School
Frensham Heights School
Guildford High School
Halliford School
Hurtwood House
King Edward's School
Kingswood House School
Lingfield College
Manor House School
Notre Dame School
Prior's Field School
Reed's School
Reigate Grammar School
Royal Grammar School
Royal School Haslemere
St Catherine's School
St Edmund's School
St George's College
St James Independent Schools
St John's School
St Teresa's School
Sir William Perkins's School
Tormead School
Woldingham School
Yehudi Menuhin School
Special
Knowl Hill School
Moon Hall School
Pond Meadow School
St Dominic's School
Sunnydown School
Further education
Esher College
Farnham College
Godalming College
Reigate College
RES Sixth Form College
Strode's College
Woking College
Former
Beechholme
Falconbury School
Farnham Grammar School
Godalming Grammar School
Greenacre School for Girls
Nower Lodge School
Ottershaw School
Parsons Mead School
Pierrepont School
Priory Preparatory School
St David's School
Scaitcliffe
Stoatley Rough School
Wispers School
Category
Commons
List
vteWokingTowns, villages and hamlets
Brookwood
Byfleet
Castle Green
Goldsworth Park
Horsell
Knaphill
Mayford
Mimbridge
Old Woking
Pyrford
Sheerwater
Sutton Green
Westfield
West Byfleet
Parks
Horsell Common
Westfield Common
Woking Park
Places of worship
All Souls' Church, Sutton Green
Christ Church, Woking
Church of St Andrew, Goldsworth Park
Church of St. Edward the Martyr, Brookwood
Church of St Mary the Virgin, Horsell
St Dunstan's Church, Woking
St John's Church, Woking
St Mark's Church, Woking
St Peter's Church, Old Woking
Shah Jahan Mosque
Education
Bishop David Brown School
Hoe Valley School
St John the Baptist School, Woking
Tante Marie
The Winston Churchill School, Woking
Woking College
Woking High School
Transport
Brookwood railway station
Byfleet & New Haw railway station
West Byfleet railway station
Woking railway station
Buildings and structures
Brookwood Cemetery
Brookwood Hospital
Civic Offices
Export House
Kingfield Stadium
McLaren Technology Centre
Newark Priory
New Victoria Theatre
Rhoda McGaw Theatre
Sutton Place
Victoria Place
Victoria Square
Woking Crematorium
SportFootball
Knaphill F.C.
Sheerwater F.C.
Westfield F.C.
Woking F.C.
Hockey
Woking Hockey Club
People
List of people from the Borough of Woking
Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Independent Schools Inspectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Schools_Inspectorate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"charitable trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trusts_in_English_law"},{"link_name":"Year 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Six"}],"text":"Independent pre-prep & prep school in Woking, Surrey, EnglandHoe Bridge School is an independent co-educational, pre-prep and prep school in Woking, England. At its last full inspection in 2023 it was rated excellent by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.[1] The school was established in 1986 following the merger of two former proprietorial boys schools, Allen House and St Michael's School. 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It dates from 1680 and was a favourite retreat of Lady Castlemaine, a mistress of King Charles II.[citation needed]The chapel, which houses teaching and music rooms, dates back to 1850 and has an original ice house in the gardens. The mansion remained a private residence until the 1920s, when Hoe Place Preparatory School was established in 1928 and in turn, became St. Michael's School in 1964.Hoe Bridge School itself was formed in 1986 when St Michael's School merged with Allen House Preparatory School which had been founded at Box Grove near Guildford, then on part of the present Royal Grammar School site.[2] In 2019 the school opened a new performing arts facility.[3]A Senior School building is planned to be opened by 2026[4] in order to expand the school to accommodate 13-16 year olds throughout GCSEs.","title":"Site and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The school sponsors a girls' field hockey team.[5]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rufus Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Hound"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Rufus Hound, comedian[6]","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"ISL, Online (17 October 2014). \"Hoe Bridge School ISL Inspection Report\". isi.net/school. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isi.net/school/hoe-bridge-school-6551","url_text":"\"Hoe Bridge School ISL Inspection Report\""}]},{"reference":"HoeBridge. \"School Estate & Facilities\". hoebridgeschool.co.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hoebridgeschool.co.uk/about-us/history-estate.html","url_text":"\"School Estate & Facilities\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoe_Bridge_School¶ms=51.3081_N_0.5368_W_type:edu_region:GB-SUR","external_links_name":"51°18′29″N 0°32′12″W / 51.3081°N 0.5368°W / 51.3081; -0.5368"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoe_Bridge_School¶ms=51.3081_N_0.5368_W_type:edu_region:GB-SUR","external_links_name":"51°18′29″N 0°32′12″W / 51.3081°N 0.5368°W / 51.3081; -0.5368"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/125397","external_links_name":"125397"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/125397","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://www.hoebridgeschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.hoebridgeschool.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.isi.net/school/hoe-bridge-school-6551","external_links_name":"\"Hoe Bridge School ISL Inspection Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.hoebridgeschool.co.uk/about-us/history-estate.html","external_links_name":"\"School Estate & Facilities\""},{"Link":"https://www.wokingnewsandmail.co.uk/?p=24377","external_links_name":"\"Dermot O’Leary opens new centre at Hoe Bridge School\""},{"Link":"https://www.hoebridgeschool.co.uk/curriculum/senior-school.html","external_links_name":"\"Estate Map and Senior School details\""},{"Link":"https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/sport/youth-sport/hoe-bridge-schools-hockey-girls-10435854","external_links_name":"\"Hoe Bridge School's hockey girls reach national finals\""},{"Link":"https://www.surreylife.co.uk/people/celebrity-interviews/comedian-rufus-hound-on-surrey-school-days-theatre-and-politics-1-5110592","external_links_name":"\"Comedian Rufus Hound on Surrey school days, theatre and politics\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoebridgeschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446760371","external_links_name":"ISNI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridgway_(sailor) | John Ridgway (sailor) | ["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"] | British yachtsman and rower (born 1938)
John Manfield Ridgway MBE (born 8 July 1938) is a British yachtsman and rower.
Biography
Ridgway was educated at the Pangbourne Nautical College and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. In 1966, whilst a Captain in the Parachute Regiment, Ridgway, together with Chay Blyth, rowed across the North Atlantic in a 20 ft open dory called English Rose III. They successfully completed this in 92 days as second team after George Harbo and Frank Samuelsen in 1896. In 1967 Ridgway and Blyth were awarded the Medal of the Order of the British Empire for Meritorious Service for their trip which was still considered impossible then.
In 1964 he married Marie Christine d’Albiac, daughter of Air Marshal Sir John d'Albiac.
Ridgway entered the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race in 1968 with his sloop English Rose IV, in an attempt to become the first person to sail single-handed non-stop around the world, but retired from the race in Recife, Brazil. In 1969 he founded the John Ridgway School of Adventure at Ardmore, Sutherland, Scotland. It is now managed by his daughter, Rebecca. In 1977–78 Ridgway raced his yacht Debenhams in the Whitbread Round the World Race.
In 1983/4 Ridgway and Andy Briggs sailed the school's 57-foot ketch, English Rose VI, in a non-stop passage round the world, setting (what was then) a 203-day record. In 1987 he awarded the Mungo Park Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. In 2003/4 Ridgway circumnavigated the globe in English Rose VI, in a campaign under the flag of the UN Environment Programme to highlight the plight of albatrosses.
Ridgway served with the Special Air Service (SAS).
Bibliography
A Fighting Chance. with Chay Blyth, Pan Books / Readers Book Club, 1966, ISBN 9780330020411.
Journey to Ardmore. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1971, ISBN 9780340125120.
Cockleshell Journey: The adventures of three men and a girl. Travel Book Club, 1975, ISBN 9780340174319.
Storm Passage: A Winter's Voyage to the Sun. Quality Book Club, 1977, ISBN 9780340198247.
Round the World with John Ridgway. with Marie C. Ridgway, William Heinemann Ltd, 1978, ISBN 9780030437519.
Round the World Non-Stop. with Andrew Briggs, Round the World Non-Stop, 1985, ISBN 9780850597578.
Road to Osambre. 1986, ISBN 0-670-81650-7.
Flood Tide. Hodder & Stoughton, 1989, ISBN 9780340320273.
Then We Sailed Away. with Marie C. Ridgway and Rebecca Ridgway, Little Brown, 1996, ISBN 9780316877091.
References
^ "Donald Crowhurst: The fake sailing story behind The Mercy". Yachting World. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
^ Young, Fiona (22 November 2009). "Exclusive: Sailing legend Chay makes peace with Atalantic rowing pal after 43-year fall-out". dailyrecord. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
^ "John Ridgway & Chay Blyth".
^ Jordan Hanssen (2012). Rowing into the Son: Four Young Men Crossing the North Atlantic, Mountaineers Books, ISBN 978-1594856365
^ Nicolas Tomalin and Ron Hall (1970). The Strange Voyage of Donald Crowhurst, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, ISBN 978-0340129203
^ Senior, Antonia (25 July 2009). "Sutherland: Cape Wrath". The Times. London. p. 11.
^ "Archive Volvo Ocean Race". Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "ENGLISH ROSE VI VOYAGE TO PROTECT THE ALBATROSS - Early Day Motions - UK Parliament".
^ Renehan, Edward (2016). Desperate Voyage: Donald Crowhurst, The London Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, and the Tragedy of Teignmouth Electron. New Street Communications.
External links
John and Marie Christine Ridgway biographies
Save The Albatross campaign site
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"yachtsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"John Manfield Ridgway MBE (born 8 July 1938) is a British yachtsman and rower.[1][2]","title":"John Ridgway (sailor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pangbourne Nautical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangbourne_Nautical_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Chay Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chay_Blyth"},{"link_name":"dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Medal of the Order of the British Empire for Meritorious Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John d'Albiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_d%27Albiac"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times Golden Globe Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Golden_Globe_Race"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ardmore, Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardmore,_Sutherland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Whitbread Round the World Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketch"},{"link_name":"Mungo Park Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Park_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Scottish Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"UN Environment Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ridgway was educated at the Pangbourne Nautical College and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selibe_Phikwe | Selebi-Phikwe | ["1 Mining","2 Government and infrastructure","3 Energy","4 Amenities and tourism","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 21°58′33″S 27°50′24″E / 21.97583°S 27.84000°E / -21.97583; 27.84000City in Central, BotswanaSelebi-PhikweCity
FlagSelebi-PhikweCoordinates: 21°58′33″S 27°50′24″E / 21.97583°S 27.84000°E / -21.97583; 27.84000Country BotswanaDistrictCentralElevation878 m (2,881 ft)Population (2022) • Total42,488Time zoneUTC+2 (Central Africa Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (not observed)ISO 3166 codeBW-CEClimateBSh
Selebi-Phikwe (also spelt Selibe Phikwe) is a mining town located in the Central District of Botswana. It had a population of 42,488 in 2022. The town is an administrative district, separate from the surrounding Central District.
Mining
Nickel mining commenced in 1973 and has been the main activity since. The complex includes a mine and a smelter. All operations are now deep mining. Originally there were two tiny places called Selebi and Phikwe, which straddled a large undiscovered deposit of copper and nickel in the area. When the mineral wealth of the area was discovered in the 1960s a mine and a township were built in the woodland between the places with the combined name of Selebi-Phikwe.
The main source of employment was the BCL Limited mine which excavated and smelted mixed copper-nickel ore from several shafts in deep and opencast mines. The opencast pit is now unused. Ore is transported from the shaft by rail for smelting. The locomotives used were steam-powered, having been bought from National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) and South African Railways (SAR).
BCL only intended to stay in operation until 2010 and more recently 2013. It finally ceased operations in September 2016 putting thousands out of work.
Government and infrastructure
The Botswana Prison Service (BPS) operates the Selebi-Phikwe Prison.
Phikwe Industrial Area provides premises for Factories and Business Houses as ancillary for the Mine. Construction companies include Watson, GSP, etc., SP Electricals, Britannia Backers, George Backers and Change and CO.
The town is also home to the Eastern Military Garrison run by the Botswana Defence Force.
Voice of America Botswana Shortwave Relay Facility: in 1991 the VOA inaugurated a shortwave transmitter at Moepeng Hill, about 20 km. from Selebi-Phikwe, a nickel and copper mining center. Owned jointly by the VOA and Radio Botswana, the station had operated on mediumwave since 1981.
Energy
A small coal-fired power station was built along with the mine to meet the electricity needs of the mining operation and the surrounding area. Until the late 1980s, this was the only power station in Botswana. It was closed down some years ago when the Morupule Power Station began to produce power. Most of the electricity demand was met by importing electricity from South Africa. In the current situation of 'rationing' by the South African power supplier Eskom, Botswana suffers from power shortages.
In 2010, a private company ENERGY POINT (PTY) LTD, promoted by a foreign direct investor from India, started its operation of the Manufacturing of UPS, inverters, surge protectors etc. But the investor could not continue due to non compliance of BEDI and a government promise to provide basic infrastructure such as industrial land etc. Still, the company made a significant mark in this area giving most of the businesses and residences an uninterrupted power supply.
Amenities and tourism
The town itself has a principal shopping mall, First Shopping Mall LESEDI shopping mall with ABC Bank and Barclays Extension Counter, Phikwe Square. There are five in-town hotels (Hotel Stonehouse, Hotel Selebi, Cresta Bosele, Syringa Lodge and Travel Inn), several guest houses and a number of serviced apartment complexes. The Phokoje Bush Lodge is about seven kilometres from town. The town has a small airport which only operates during daylight hours but does not have refuelling facilities. It has a technical college for artisan level training. A College of Applied Arts & Technology is being planned.
The town is on a tourist route from South Africa to the popular destinations of Okavango and Chobe. There is significant potential for birdwatching and fishing (bass and bream are well established but are not indigenous) at the Letsibogo Dam but, unfortunately, it is difficult to gain access to the dam due to rough terrain and necessity to camp on the shore. An experimental population of tigerfish (indigenous to the Limpopo basin) was introduced in 2009 which has proven that the environment would be suitable. The introduced population is thought to be insufficient for breeding. There are some local camp sites a few kilometres away from the dam. The water and wildlife at Letsibogo do not appear to have been negatively impacted by the pollution from BCL.
Selebi-Phikwe has seven government schools and across the town, Selebi Phikwe Senior Secondary School. Private schools include Kopano Primary, Morula Primary and Mount Pleasant Primary.
Selebi Phikwe hosts the biggest marathon in Botswana, the Phikwe Marathon; it was started by the late Boet Kahts and Phill Roberts who was a teacher at Selebi Phikwe Senior Secondary School in 1985 as a gesture of Community Service. The Marathon is classified as one of the best in the world by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). A report for SPEDU (Selebi Phikwe Economic Development), a local Regional Development Agency, suggests that there is significant potential for expansion of the marathon and also to apply the skills and experience gained by running that event for other events such as cross country cycling and quad biking and for bass fishing competitions at the Letsibogo Dam. The latter site also offers potential for bird watching and sailing if the infrastructure mentioned above were to be established.
Notable people
Shepard Mosekgwa (born 1976), Botswanan retired footballer
References
^ "Selebi Phikwe, Botswana Page". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.
^ a b "Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages" (PDF).
^ Laws of Botswana, Ministry of Local Government
^ Ekosse, G-I; De Jager, L; Van den Heever, DJ (2008-06-18). "Headaches among residents within the Selebi Phikwe Nickel-Copper mining environment, Botswana". African Journal of Health Sciences. 13 (3). doi:10.4314/ajhs.v13i3.30835. ISSN 1022-9272.
^ "6,000 jobs to go at state-owned mines in Botswana". IndustriALL. 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
^ "Prisons and Rehabilitation." (Archive) Government of Botswana. Retrieved on 26 March 2013.
^ "Eastern Military Garrison celebrates soldiers". dailynews.gov.bw. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
^ VOA-Foreign_Relays ontheshortwaves.com
External links
Selibe Phikwe Airport
vte50 largest cities of Botswana by populationItalics indicate capitals of districts
Gaborone
Francistown
Molepolole
Mogoditshane
Maun
Selebi-Phikwe
Serowe
Kanye
Mochudi
Mahalapye
Palapye
Tlokweng
Lobatse
Ramotswa
Letlhakane
Tonota
Moshupa
Thamaga
Jwaneng
Bobonong
Tutume
Gabane
Mmopane
Ghanzi
Mmadinare
Orapa
Shoshong
Kopong
Kasane
Metsimotlhaba
Tsabong
Gumare
Otse
Letlhakeng
Molapowabojang
Tati
Mmankgodi
Lerala
Good Hope
Shakawe
Maitengwe
Bokaa
Masunga
Borolong
Oodi
Kumakwane
Lotlhakane
Tsienyane
Nata
Gweta
Retrieved from 2011 Census
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_Bostwana_-_Census_2022_-_Population_of_cities,_towns_and_villages-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"City in Central, BotswanaSelebi-Phikwe (also spelt Selibe Phikwe) is a mining town located in the Central District of Botswana. It had a population of 42,488 in 2022.[2] The town is an administrative district, separate from the surrounding Central District.[3]","title":"Selebi-Phikwe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"smelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelter"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"BCL Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL_Limited"},{"link_name":"opencast mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opencast_mine"},{"link_name":"National Railways of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railways_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"South African Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Railways"},{"link_name":"BCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCL_Limited"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Nickel mining commenced in 1973 and has been the main activity since.[4] The complex includes a mine and a smelter. All operations are now deep mining. Originally there were two tiny places called Selebi and Phikwe, which straddled a large undiscovered deposit of copper and nickel in the area. When the mineral wealth of the area was discovered in the 1960s a mine and a township were built in the woodland between the places with the combined name of Selebi-Phikwe.The main source of employment was the BCL Limited mine which excavated and smelted mixed copper-nickel ore from several shafts in deep and opencast mines. The opencast pit is now unused. Ore is transported from the shaft by rail for smelting. The locomotives used were steam-powered, having been bought from National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) and South African Railways (SAR).BCL only intended to stay in operation until 2010 and more recently 2013. It finally ceased operations in September 2016 putting thousands out of work.[5]","title":"Mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botswana Prison Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Prison_Service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prisons-6"},{"link_name":"Botswana Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Botswana Prison Service (BPS) operates the Selebi-Phikwe Prison.[6]Phikwe Industrial Area provides premises for Factories and Business Houses as ancillary for the Mine. Construction companies include Watson, GSP, etc., SP Electricals, Britannia Backers, George Backers and Change and CO.The town is also home to the Eastern Military Garrison run by the Botswana Defence Force.[7]Voice of America Botswana Shortwave Relay Facility: in 1991 the VOA inaugurated a shortwave transmitter at Moepeng Hill, about 20 km. from Selebi-Phikwe, a nickel and copper mining center. Owned jointly by the VOA and Radio Botswana, the station had operated on mediumwave since 1981.[8]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station"},{"link_name":"Morupule Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morupule_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Eskom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskom"}],"text":"A small coal-fired power station was built along with the mine to meet the electricity needs of the mining operation and the surrounding area. Until the late 1980s, this was the only power station in Botswana. It was closed down some years ago when the Morupule Power Station began to produce power. Most of the electricity demand was met by importing electricity from South Africa. In the current situation of 'rationing' by the South African power supplier Eskom, Botswana suffers from power shortages.In 2010, a private company ENERGY POINT (PTY) LTD, promoted by a foreign direct investor from India, started its operation of the Manufacturing of UPS, inverters, surge protectors etc. But the investor could not continue due to non compliance of BEDI and a government promise to provide basic infrastructure such as industrial land etc. Still, the company made a significant mark in this area giving most of the businesses and residences an uninterrupted power supply.","title":"Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"technical college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_college"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"birdwatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Letsibogo Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsibogo_Dam"},{"link_name":"tigerfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerfish"},{"link_name":"Limpopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"}],"text":"The town itself has a principal shopping mall, First Shopping Mall LESEDI shopping mall with ABC Bank and Barclays Extension Counter, Phikwe Square. There are five in-town hotels (Hotel Stonehouse, Hotel Selebi, Cresta Bosele, Syringa Lodge and Travel Inn), several guest houses and a number of serviced apartment complexes. The Phokoje Bush Lodge is about seven kilometres from town. The town has a small airport which only operates during daylight hours but does not have refuelling facilities. It has a technical college for artisan level training. A College of Applied Arts & Technology is being planned.The town is on a tourist route from South Africa to the popular destinations of Okavango and Chobe. There is significant potential for birdwatching and fishing (bass and bream are well established but are not indigenous) at the Letsibogo Dam but, unfortunately, it is difficult to gain access to the dam due to rough terrain and necessity to camp on the shore. An experimental population of tigerfish (indigenous to the Limpopo basin) was introduced in 2009 which has proven that the environment would be suitable. The introduced population is thought to be insufficient for breeding. There are some local camp sites a few kilometres away from the dam. The water and wildlife at Letsibogo do not appear to have been negatively impacted by the pollution from BCL.Selebi-Phikwe has seven government schools and across the town, Selebi Phikwe Senior Secondary School. Private schools include Kopano Primary, Morula Primary and Mount Pleasant Primary.[citation needed]Selebi Phikwe hosts the biggest marathon in Botswana, the Phikwe Marathon; it was started by the late Boet Kahts and Phill Roberts who was a teacher at Selebi Phikwe Senior Secondary School in 1985 as a gesture of Community Service.[clarification needed] The Marathon is classified as one of the best in the world by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). A report for SPEDU (Selebi Phikwe Economic Development), a local Regional Development Agency, suggests that there is significant potential for expansion of the marathon and also to apply the skills and experience gained by running that event for other events such as cross country cycling and quad biking and for bass fishing competitions at the Letsibogo Dam. The latter site also offers potential for bird watching and sailing if the infrastructure mentioned above were to be established.","title":"Amenities and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shepard Mosekgwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Mosekgwa"}],"text":"Shepard Mosekgwa (born 1976), Botswanan retired footballer","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Selebi Phikwe, Botswana Page\". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BC/01/SelebiPhikwe.html.html","url_text":"\"Selebi Phikwe, Botswana Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages\""}]},{"reference":"Ekosse, G-I; De Jager, L; Van den Heever, DJ (2008-06-18). \"Headaches among residents within the Selebi Phikwe Nickel-Copper mining environment, Botswana\". African Journal of Health Sciences. 13 (3). doi:10.4314/ajhs.v13i3.30835. ISSN 1022-9272.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?jh06027","url_text":"\"Headaches among residents within the Selebi Phikwe Nickel-Copper mining environment, Botswana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fajhs.v13i3.30835","url_text":"10.4314/ajhs.v13i3.30835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1022-9272","url_text":"1022-9272"}]},{"reference":"\"6,000 jobs to go at state-owned mines in Botswana\". IndustriALL. 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2022-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.industriall-union.org/over-6000-jobs-to-go-at-state-owned-mines-in-botswana","url_text":"\"6,000 jobs to go at state-owned mines in Botswana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Military Garrison celebrates soldiers\". dailynews.gov.bw. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=34373&flag=5","url_text":"\"Eastern Military Garrison celebrates soldiers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Selebi-Phikwe¶ms=21_58_33_S_27_50_24_E_region:BW_type:city(42488)","external_links_name":"21°58′33″S 27°50′24″E / 21.97583°S 27.84000°E / -21.97583; 27.84000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Selebi-Phikwe¶ms=21_58_33_S_27_50_24_E_region:BW_type:city(42488)","external_links_name":"21°58′33″S 27°50′24″E / 21.97583°S 27.84000°E / -21.97583; 27.84000"},{"Link":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BC/01/SelebiPhikwe.html.html","external_links_name":"\"Selebi Phikwe, Botswana Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages\""},{"Link":"http://www.laws.gov.bw/","external_links_name":"Laws of Botswana"},{"Link":"http://www.mlg.gov.bw/","external_links_name":"Ministry of Local Government"},{"Link":"http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?jh06027","external_links_name":"\"Headaches among residents within the Selebi Phikwe Nickel-Copper mining environment, Botswana\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fajhs.v13i3.30835","external_links_name":"10.4314/ajhs.v13i3.30835"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1022-9272","external_links_name":"1022-9272"},{"Link":"https://www.industriall-union.org/over-6000-jobs-to-go-at-state-owned-mines-in-botswana","external_links_name":"\"6,000 jobs to go at state-owned mines in Botswana\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.bw/Global/Prisons%20and%20rehabilitation%5B1%5D.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisons and Rehabilitation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131122211101/http://www.gov.bw/Global/Prisons%20and%20rehabilitation%5b1%5d.pdf","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=34373&flag=5","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Military Garrison celebrates soldiers\""},{"Link":"https://ontheshortwaves.com/VOA_QSLs/VOA-Foreign_Relays.html","external_links_name":"VOA-Foreign_Relays"},{"Link":"http://www.dca.gov.bw/index.php?sectid=246","external_links_name":"Selibe Phikwe Airport"},{"Link":"http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-42&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=1pnanBotswana%27s","external_links_name":"2011 Census"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140751503","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559859305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82243769","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/5760c291-78b1-4467-baec-584a09d65c44","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Neitzel | Karsten Neitzel | ["1 Managerial career","1.1 VfL Bochum","1.2 Selangor F.C.","2 Career statistics","3 Managerial statistics","4 References","5 External links"] | German association football player and coach
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Karsten Neitzel
Neitzel in 2015Personal informationDate of birth
(1967-12-17) 17 December 1967 (age 56)Place of birth
Dresden, East GermanyHeight
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
MidfielderYouth career1977–1980
BSG Robotron Radeberg1980–1986
Dynamo DresdenSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1985–1989
Dynamo Dresden II
69
(5)1985–1989
Dynamo Dresden
10
(0)1989–1991
Chemie Halle
48
(1)1991–1992
Hallescher FC
23
(1)1992–1994
Stuttgarter Kickers
79
(1)1994–1997
SC Freiburg
18
(0)Total
247
(8)International career
East Germany U-21
Managerial career1997–2007
SC Freiburg (assistant)1997–2008
SC Freiburg II2009–2010
Urawa Reds (assistant)2011–2012
VfL Bochum (assistant)2012–2013
VfL Bochum (caretaker)2013–2016
Holstein Kiel2017–2018
SV Elversberg2018–2019
Rot-Weiss Essen2021–2022
Selangor F.C.2022
Selangor F.C. (assistant)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Karsten Neitzel (born 17 December 1967) is a former German football player and former manager. He previously served as both head and assistant coach (to Michael Feichtenbeiner) of Malaysia Super League club Selangor.
Managerial career
VfL Bochum
On 8 April 2013, Neitzel was sacked as the manager of VfL Bochum.
Selangor F.C.
In 16 November 2020, he was appointed as the manager of Malaysia Super League club Selangor F.C.
In 21 November 2021, he was appointed as assistant coach for Head Coach Michael Feichtenbeiner of Malaysia Super League club Selangor F.C.
Career statistics
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Dynamo Dresden II
1985–86
DDR-Liga
0
0
—
0
0
1986–87
21
0
—
21
0
1987–88
24
2
—
24
2
1988–89
24
3
—
24
3
Total
69
5
0
0
69
5
Dynamo Dresden
1985–86
DDR-Oberliga
6
0
0
0
6
0
1986–87
3
0
—
3
0
1987–88
0
0
0
0
0
0
1988–89
1
0
0
0
1
0
Total
10
0
0
0
10
0
Chemie Halle
1989–90
DDR-Oberliga
23
1
—
23
1
1990–91
NOFV-Oberliga
25
0
—
25
0
Total
48
1
0
0
48
1
Hallescher FC
1991–92
2. Bundesliga
23
1
2
0
1
0
26
1
Stuttgarter Kickers
1992–93
2. Bundesliga
44
1
1
0
—
45
1
1993–94
35
0
1
0
—
36
0
Total
79
1
2
0
0
0
81
1
SC Freiburg
1994–95
Bundesliga
5
0
1
0
—
6
0
1995–96
11
0
1
0
0
0
12
0
1996–97
2
0
1
0
—
3
0
Total
18
0
3
0
0
0
21
0
Career total
247
8
7
0
1
0
255
8
Managerial statistics
As of match played 18 November 2021
Team
From
To
Record
G
W
D
L
Win%
Selangor F.C.
16 November 2020
22 November 2021
30
14
6
10
046.67
Total
30
14
6
10
046.67
References
^ "Karsten Neitzel Commits To The Red Giants Project".
^ Karsten Neitzel neuer Chef-Trainer an der Hafenstraße‚ rot-weiss-essen.de, 8 April 2018
^ "Neitzel, Karsten" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
^ "Karsten Neitzel Commits To The Red Giants Project".
^ "Abschied von Todt und Neitzel, Neururer übernimmt" (in German). VfL Bochum. 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^ "Selangor Football Club - Kelab Bola Sepak Selangor". www.selangorfc.com. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Karsten Neitzel Commits To The Red Giants Project".
^ "Karsten Neitzel appointed Selangor head coach". Malay Mail. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Selangor make changes to coaching set-up | New Straits Times". 24 November 2021.
External links
Karsten Neitzel at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Karsten Neitzel at Soccerway
vteVfL Bochum – managers
Hochgesang (1938–?)
... (?)
Prokoph (?–1953)
Melcher (1953–56)
Widmayer (1956–60)
Silken (1960–61)
Lindemann (1961–63)
Schieth (1963–67)
Eppenhoff (1967–72)
Höher (1972–79)
Johannsen (1979–81)
Schafstall (1981–86)
Gerland (1986–88)
Tenhagen (1988–89)
Saftig (1989–91)
Schafstallc (1991)
Osieck (1991–92)
Gelsdorf (1992–94)
Toppmöller (1994–99)
Middendorp (1999)
Dietzc (1999)
Zumdick (1999–2001)
Schafstallc (2001)
Dietz (2001)
Neururer (2001–05)
Koller (2005–09)
Heinemannc (2009)
Herrlich (2009–10)
Woszc (2010)
Funkel (2010–11)
Bergmann (2011–12)
Neitzelc (2012–13)
Neururer (2013–14)
Heinemannc (2014)
Verbeek (2015–17)
Atalan (2017)
Rasiejewski (2017–18)
Butscherc (2018)
Dutt (2018–19)
Butscherc (2019)
Reis (2019–22)
Butscherc (2022)
Letsch (2022–24)
Butscher (2024)
Zeidler (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteHolstein Kiel – managers
Linken & Esser (1947)
Tauchert (1948)
Kretschmann (1948–50)
Beimel (1950–52)
Tauchert (1952–54)
Johannsen (1954–61)
Wolf (1961–64)
Ullmann (1964–65)
Johannsen (1965)
Meidt (1965–66)
Faßnacht (1966–68)
Ehlers (1968–72)
Preuß (1972–74)
Bannasch (1974–76)
Koll (1976–78)
Böge (1978–79)
Arkoç (1979)
Prokop (1979–80)
Rickert (1980–81)
von Soden (1981–84)
Wendland (1984)
Bannasch (1984–85)
Siegel (1985–86)
Lorkowski (1986–88)
Zemojtel (1988–89)
Schildt (1989–91)
Penning (1991)
Paetau (1992)
Brexendorf (1992–94)
Krüger (1994–95)
Paetau (1995)
Witt (1995)
Oktober (1995–97)
Bollow (1997–99)
Lorkowski (1999–2000)
Schock (2000–02)
Moors (2002–03)
Schock (2003–04)
Vollmann (2004)
Neubarth (2004–06)
Böger (2006–07)
Vollmann (2007–08)
Götz (2008–09)
Wück (2009–10)
Gutzeit (2010–13)
Neitzel (2013–16)
Anfang (2016–18)
Walter (2018–19)
Schubert (2019)
Werner (2019–21)
Bremser (2021)
Rapp (2021–)
vteSV Elversberg – managers
Brehmer (1996)
Herrmann (1996)
Marmon (1996–2000)
Holzer (2000–01)
Scheer (2001–02)
Holzer (2002)
Eichmann (2002–03)
Schwickert (2003–04)
Goulet (2004–08)
Vasić (2008–09)
Erhardt (2009–11)
Kiefer (2011–13)
Hirsch (2013–14)
Seitz (2014)
Kronhardt (2014–15)
Minkwitz (2015)
Wiesinger (2015–17)
Neitzel (2017–18)
Seitz (2018)
Steffen (2018–)
vteRot-Weiss Essen – managers
Schwartz (1955–57)
Harthaus (1963–65)
Pliska (1965–67)
Ribbeck (1967–68)
Klötzer (1968–69)
Vordenbäumen (1969)
Burdenski (1969–71)
Vordenbäumen (1971)
Bédl (1971–72)
Witzler (1972–73)
Ferner (1973–75)
Horvat (1975–76)
Erlhoff (1976–78)
Quinkert (1978)
Ferner (1978–79)
Schafstall (1979–81)
Mandziara (1981–83)
Bock (1983)
Bédl (1983)
Schacht (1983)
Melzig (1984)
Hrubesch (1986–87)
Neururer (1987)
Franz (1987–88)
Buchmann (1988)
Melzig (1988)
Moors (1989–91)
Röber (1991–93)
Frank (1994–95)
Gores (1995–97)
Berge (1998–99)
Fuchs (1999)
Berge (1999–2001)
Pleß (2001–03)
Fach (2003)
Gelsdorf (2003–05)
Neuhaus (2005–06)
Köstner (2006–07)
Bonan (2007–08)
Kulm (2008–09)
Aussem (2009)
Middendorp (2009)
Aussem (2009–10)
Erkenbrecher (2009–10)
Wrobel (2010–14)
Fascher (2014–15)
Lucas (2015)
Reiter (2015)
Siewert (2015–16)
Demandt (2016–17)
Giannikis (2017–18)
Neitzel (2018–19)
Titz (2019–20)
Neidhart (2020–22)
Nowak (2022)
Dabrowski (2022–)
vteSelangor F.C. – Head coaches
Abdul-Ghani (1970–73)
Coaching committee (1974)
M. Chandran (1975–78)
Chow K.L. (1979–83)
Abdul-Ghani (1983–85)
M. Chandran (1986–88)
Bena (1989)
Khaidir (1989–90)
Worden (1991)
M. Chandran (1992)
Schumm (1993)
Worden (1994–96)
Wicks (1997–98)
Ismail Zakaria (1998)
Pejic (1999)
Rajagopal (1999–00)
Abdul-Rahman (2001–02)
Worden (2002–03)
Larrosa (2004)
Ismail Ibrahim (2004)
Worden (2004)
Dollah (2005–08)
Devan (2008–2011)
Maniamc (2011)
Irfan Bakti (2011–13)
Maniamc (2013)
Duraković (2014–15)
Zainal (2016)
K. Gunalanc (2016)
Maniam (2017–18)
Nazliazmic (2018)
Sathianathan (2018–2020)
Feichtenbeiner (2020)
Neitzel (2020–21)
Feichtenbeiner (2021–22)
Tan C.H. (2022–24)
Nidzamc (2024–)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Shaheed | Syed Ahmad Barelvi | ["1 Early life and education","2 Later career and military service","3 Reform movement","4 Jihad movement and Islamic State","5 Battle of Balakot","6 Legacy","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"] | Indian Muslim activist (1786–1831)
Not to be confused with Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi and Syed Ahmad Khan.
For other uses, see Syed Ahmed (disambiguation).
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Sayyid Ahmad bin Muhammad Irfan Al-Hasani Al-BarelviGrave of Syed Ahmad in 2023PersonalBorn(1786-11-29)29 November 1786Rae Bareli, Kingdom of OudhDied6 May 1831(1831-05-06) (aged 44)Balakot, Sikh EmpireReligionSunni IslamJurisprudenceHanafiIndependentMain interest(s)Islamic fundamentalism, Anti-Shi'ism, Hadith, JihadKnown forIslamic revivalismOther namesShaheed-e-Balakot, Imam-ul-Mujahidin,Senior posting
Influenced by
Ahmed Sirhindi, Shah Waliullah, Shah Abdul Aziz
Influenced
Siddiq Hasan Khan, Syed Nazeer Husain, Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Abul A'la Maududi, Titumir virtually every subsequent Indian Jihadist movement
Syed Ahmad Barelvi, also known as Sayyid Ahmad Shahid, (1786–1831) was an Indian Islamic revivalist, scholar, and military commander from Raebareli, a part of the historical United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (now called Uttar Pradesh). He launched the Indian jihad movement that waged a decades-long Islamic revolt against colonial rule across various provinces of British India. Sayyid Ahmad is revered as a major scholarly authority in the Ahl-i Hadith and Deobandi movements. The epithet 'Barelvi' is derived from Raebareli, his place of origin.
His ancestors migrated to India in the early 13th century. Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi wrote Seerat-i-Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, the first historical biography of Syed Ahmad Barelvi.
Early life and education
Syed Ahmad Barelvi was born on 29 November 1786 in Raebareli, into a Syed family. His primary education was initiated in 1791, when he was aged four. As he turned 10, his father died and the familial responsibilities fell onto his shoulders, and this made him travel to Lucknow, at the age of 18 in search of some work. He however inclined to stay in the tutelage of Shah Abdul Aziz, an Islamic scholar, who was the son of revivalist reformer Shah Waliullah, in Delhi.
Ahmad travelled to Delhi, and was subsequently allotted accommodation in the Akbarabadi Mosque. He stayed in the tutelage of Abdul Aziz for a few years, and returned to his hometown in the early 1808, or in the late 1807.
Later career and military service
After his tutelage under Shah Abdul Aziz from 1806 to 1811, Syed Ahmad began his career as a Pindari horse soldier in the militia of Amir Khan Pindari, a military expeditionary at the age of 25. This was an era where large numbers of North Indian Muslim horsemen from the Uttar Pradesh region were unemployed and saw a destruction of their livelihood due to the fall of Muslim rule, and a large number of those disaffected turned into plunderers known as the Pindari freebooters who fought merely for loot and plunder to establish power.
In 1817, after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Amir Khan allied with the East India Company, the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, the Marquess of Hastings, resolved to defeat the Pindaris whom they deemed a menace. The Treaty of Gwalior severed the link between them and Scindia. Moreover, the treaty required the latter to join forces with the East India Company to eliminate the Pindaris and Pathans. Bowing to the inevitable, Amir Khan came to terms with the English, agreeing to disband his men in return for a large stipend and recognition as a hereditary Nawab, who quietly settled down to consolidate his little state. Being against this treaty, Syed Ahmed left the military service, because for him the British were kuffar (Christian infidels).
Now unemployed, Syed Ahmad returned to Delhi after his service and decided to emulate Amir Khan. Journalist Tariw Hasan writes that W.W. Hunter described Syed Ahmad "as a robber who took to religion to plunder for wealth". During this period in his life, Syed Ahmad became more mature and harmonized his military experiences with a zealous commitment to establish Sharia (Islamic law). Two family members of the theologian Shah Waliullah—Shah Ismail Dehlavi (1771–1831) and Maulvi Abdul Hai (died 1828)—became disciples of Syed Ahmad, an event that raised his mystic confidence. This endorsement only added to his reputation, and his popularity grew with adherents flocking to him by the thousands.
Reform movement
Syed Ahmad was the first major Islamic theologian on the subcontinent to realize the necessity of an Islamic movement that was simultaneously scholarly, military, and political to repel the British. He eagerly addressed the Muslim masses directly, not traditional leaders, in his call for a popular jihad against a Sikh rule in Punjab. His evangelism—based on networks of preachers, collectors, and judges—also addressed the common people and not the rulers' courts.
At the core of the reform movement initiated by Syed Ahmad was the advocacy of a puritanical interpretation of Tawhid (monotheism), similar to the Muwahhidun movement in Arabia. The movement fought against local practices and customs related to saint veneration and grave visits, which they regarded as bid'ah (religious innovations) and shirk (polytheism) that corrupted Islam. Syed Ahmad's reformist teachings were set down in two prominent treatises: Sirat'ul Mustaqim (The Straight Path) and Taqwiyatul-Iman (Strengthening of the Faith), compiled by his acolyte Shah Muhammad Ismail. The two works stressed the centrality of Tawhid (monotheism), advocated that acts of worship—such as dua and sacrifices—belonged solely to God, and denounced all those practices and beliefs that were held in any way to compromise Tawhid. The followers of Syed Ahmad viewed three sources of threat to their beliefs: traditional Sufism, Shiism, and popular custom.
Syed Ahmad urged Muslims to follow the path laid down by Muhammad (Tariqa -i Muhammadiyah), abandon all superstitious activities in various Sufi orders, and called for a total reformation of Tasawwuf. Syed Ahmad reserved his sharpest condemnations for the moral degradation of Muslims and blamed the corrupt Sufis as the primary cause of Muslim decline. He called upon Muslims to strictly abide by the tenets of the Shariah (Islamic law) by following the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The most prominent feature of Syed Ahmad's teachings was his warning to avoid shirk (polytheism), bid'ah (religious innovations); and re-assertion of Tawhid. Once he said to a group of his disciples: Brethren! the purpose of performing the bay'ah is that you should give up everything you do which is of the nature of polytheism or heresy, your making of ta'ziyahs, setting up banners, worshipping the tombs of Pirs and martyrs, making offerings to them and taking vows in their names. All this you should give up, and do not believe that your good and ill come from anyone except God; do not recognize anyone but Him as having the power to grant the fulfillment of your wishes. If you continue , merely offering bay'ah will bring no benefit.
Syed Ahmad visited numerous towns of the North Indian plains between 1818 and 1821. He incited hundreds of missionaries to preach against Shia beliefs and practices. Syed Ahmad repeatedly destroyed tazias, an act that resulted in subsequent riots and chaos. Syed Ahmad called upon the Muslim masses to abandon practices related to Shia influence, such as the tazias which were replicas of the tombs of the martyrs of Karbala taken in procession during the mourning ceremony of Muharram. Shah Muhammad Ismail declared the act of breaking tazias as an obligation upon all believers and asserted that it was as virtuous as breaking idols. Syed Ahmad is reported to have organized the burning of thousands of tazias.
In 1821, Syed Ahmad left for Hajj along with a group of devotees. He returned from Hajj in 1823, and once again visited different parts of India. For Syed Ahmad and the followers of the Faraizi movement, India was "Dar al-Harb" (a land without a peace treaty with Muslims) and therefore jihad was obligatory for all Muslims. In his book Sirat-e-Mustaqeem, Shah Ismail Dehlvi wrote:A large part of present-day India has become “Dar-ul-Harab”. Compare the situation with the heavenly blessings of India two and three hundred years ago.Syed Ahmad's opponents labeled him a Wahhabi (a follower of the puritan Sunni reform movement in Arabia), but he did not consider himself as such.
Jihad movement and Islamic State
See also: Ahl-i Hadith § Indian Jihad Movement
Upon return, Syed Ahmad regarded his immediate enemy to be the Sikh Empire ruled by Ranjit Singh, which was expanding, close to Afghanistan. Syed Ahmad intended to establish a strong Islamic state on the North-West Frontier region in the Peshawar valley, as a strategic base for the future invasion of India. When the military action began, some Muslim Nawabs (like his former employer Amir Khan) provided funds but did not join Syed Ahmad for jihad. Around 8,000 mujahideen (holy warriors) accompanied him, mostly consisting of clergymen and poor people. The rulers of Tonk, Gwalior, and Rampur supported Syed Ahmad with British consent because they were dependent on British forces and knew the British would not stop them from aiding an enemy of a nation they would soon be at war with.
Arriving in Peshawar valley in late 1826, Syed Ahmad and his followers made their base in towns of Hund and Zaida in Swabi District. Syed Ahmad called upon the local Pashtun and Hazarewal tribes to wage jihad, and demanded that they renounce their tribal customs and adopt the Sharia. The traditional khans were replaced by Traditional ulama (Islamic scholars) and a system of Islamic taxes was established to finance the jihad. Soon after this evangelist campaign and the establishment of the Sharia system, jihad was declared. He sent an ultimatum to Ranjit Singh, demanding: either become a Muslim, pay Jizyah or fight and remember that in case of war, Yaghistan supports the Indians.
The mujahideen were educated with both theological doctrines and physical training sessions. Syed Ahmad organized wrestling, archery training, and shooting competitions. The mujahideen also repeated several Islamic anthems. One such popular anthem has survived, known as "Risala Jihad". On 21 December 1826, Syed Ahmad and his 1,500 followers clashed with 4,000 Sikh troops in the battle of Akora Khattak and obtained a significant victory. On 11 January 1827, allegiance was sworn on his hand and he was declared Caliph and Imam. Syed Ahmad's claim to Khilafah was viewed with suspicion in the Frontier region as well as in the clerical circles of North India. When the Jumu'ah (Friday prayer) sermon was read in his name, symbolising his claim to power, the tribal chiefs became wary. According to prominent Pathan Sardars like Khadi Khan, Maulvis were ill-equipped to run the affairs of a state. In response to the criticisms, Syed Ahmad asserted that his aim was not material but to lead a jihad against kuffar. Defending his claim to Caliphate, Syed Ahmad writes:We thank and praise God, the real master and the true king, who bestowed upon his humble, recluse and helpless servant the title of Caliphate, first through occult gestures and revelations, in which there is no room for doubt, and then by guiding the hearts of the believers towards me. This way God appointed me as the Imam (leader)... the person who sincerely confesses to my position is special in the eyes of God, and the one who denies it is, of course sinful. My opponents who deny me of this position will be humiliated and disgraced.
Apart from the rebellious Pashtun chieftains, Syed Ahmad also faced strong opposition from Sufi clerical establishment. Throughout their armed activities during the 1820s and 1830s, mujahideen engaged in ideological and physical conflict with the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidis and various Sufi orders such as Qadiris and Chishtis. In March 1827, mujahideen suffered a serious defeat against the Sikhs during the battle of Shaidu, worsening the position of Syed Ahmad.
After the conquest of Peshawar by the mujahideen, Syed Ahmad announced the abolition of all tribal rituals that he regarded as bid'ah (religious innovations). He abolished various practices such as: the bride being paid a regular price for marriage; the widowed of the deceased Muslims being divided among his heirs; practice of more than four marriages; denial of inheritance to women; clan wars being considered like jihad and its plunder being considered as booty. He also pushed for aggressive and violent policies to enforce Sharia. These included: allowing brides as long as half of the agreed money was given; young girls eligible for marriage should be married immediately; flogging people who didn't pray.
In addition to his Islamic social agenda, Syed Ahmad also attempted to collect ushr (an Islamic tithe), amounting to 10% of crop yields. This policy was faced with fierce opposition from an alliance of local Pathan tribesmen, who briefly managed to occupy Peshawar. The alliance was defeated and the Islamic reformers finally re-captured Peshawar. Over several months during 1830, Sayyed Ahmad tried to reconcile between established power hierarchies. But before the end of 1830, another organized uprising occurred, and Syed Ahmad's soldiers in Peshawar and surrounding villages were murdered and the movement was forced to retreat to the hills. There, in the town of Balakot in 1831, Syed Ahmad was killed and beheaded by the Sikh Army.
Battle of Balakot
Position of the Sikh forces at the foot of the Metikot hill
Main article: Battle of Balakot Syed Ahmad's political and religious power created strong opposition against him in the Frontier region and the locals started to revolt. The decisive moments for Syed Ahmad came in 1830.After being bribed by Ranjit Singh, many Pukhtun leaders rose against him and around two hundred mujahideen were killed in the Peshawar valley, which compelled him to migrate and try his luck in Kashmir, his long-cherished dream.
Regarding the expulsion of Syed Ahmad from Peshawar by Sultan Muhammad, Joseph Cunningham (1812-1851) writes:The petty Muhammadan chiefs generally, with whom self-interest overcame influence and faith, were averse to the domination of the Indian adventurer, and the imprudence of Saiyid Ahmad gave umbrage to his Usufzai adherents. He had levied from the peasants a tithe of their goods, and this measure caused little or no dissatisfaction, for it agreed with their notion of the rights of a religious teacher; but his decree that all the young women of marriageable age should be at once wedded interfered with the profits of Afghan parents, proverbially avaricious, and who usually disposed of their daughters to the wealthiest bridegrooms. But when Saiyid Ahmad was accused, perhaps unjustly, of assigning the maidens one by one to his needy Indian followers, his motives were impugned, and the discontent was loud. Early in November 1830, he was constrained to relinquish Peshawar to Sultan Muhammad at a fixed tribute, and he proceeded to the left bank of the Indus to give battle to the Sikhs. The Saiyid depended chiefly on the few 'Ghazis' who had followed his fortunes throughout, and on the insurrectionary spirit of the Muzalfarabad and other chiefs, for his Usufzai adherents had greatly decreased. The hill 'khans' were soon brought under subjection by the efforts of Sher Singh and the governor of Kashmir; yet Ahmad continued active, and, in a desultory warfare amid rugged mountains, success for a time attended him; but, during a cessation of the frequent conflicts, he was surprised, early in May 1831, at a place called Balakot, and fallen upon and slain. The Usufzais at once expelled his deputies, the 'Ghazis' dispersed in disguise, and the family of the Saiyid hastened to Hindustan to find an honourable asylum with their friend the Nawab of Tonk.
On 6 May 1831, on the day of Jumu'ah 23 Zulqa'da 1246 AH, Syed Ahmad Barelvi's mujahideen forces prepared for the final battle at Balakot Maidan in the mountainous valley of Mansehra district. An ill-equipped army of mujahideen faced a significantly larger number of soldiers led by the Sikh commander Sher Singh. On that day, Syed Ahmed, Shah Ismail, and prominent leaders of the Islamic movement fell fighting in the battlefield. Sikh victory at Balakot arose jubilation in Lahore. The defeat at Balakot was a devastating blow to the movement.
Legacy
Syed Ahmad is widely regarded as the founder of the subcontinental Ahl-i Hadith movement and his teachings are highly influential amongst its members. Another major group that carries his legacy is the Deobandi school of thought. Scholar Edward Mortimer believes Syed Ahmad anticipated modern Islamists in waging jihad and attempting to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Sharia. Scholar Olivier Roy considers Syed Ahmad to be the first modern Islamic leader to lead a movement that was "religious, military and political" and to address the common people and rulers with a call for jihad. The mujahideen were unprecedented for their tactics of popular mobilization aimed at swiftly achieving the objectives of social reformation through military means, combined with fierce hostility towards non-Muslim powers such as the British Empire and the Sikhs. Syed Ahmad was committed to expand his emirate to the whole of South Asia and authored tracts calling upon Indian Muslims to join the cause of jihad.
Syed Ahmad attained the exemplar status of shahid (martyr), one of the highest honours in Islam, and would inspire generations of Militant Islamist ideologues and Jihadi activists throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. His calls to action—such as a return to the pristine Islam of the Salaf, and the purifying of Islamic culture from Western and Shi'i influences through armed jihad—became major hallmarks of South Asian and Central Asian militant Islamist movements like the Taliban. Al-Qaeda's ideology was greatly inspired by Syed Ahmad's jihad movement, which was waged from Eastern Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkwa. Influenced by Syed Ahmad, contemporary Jihadists compare American hegemony to the 19th century British rule to justify their campaigns.
The jihad movement of Syed Ahmad made a great impact on Islamic scholarly tradition of South Asia and would deeply divide many clerics and theologians. Some intellectuals and scholars criticised the militant aspects of his reform programme, especially its sectarian violence against other self-professed Muslims whom the mujahideen declared as heretics or apostates. Scholars like Wahiduddin Khan asserted that Syed Ahmad's jihad was illegitimate, since it was self-declared and not waged by a Muslim ruler. Meanwhile, South Asian Islamists eagerly embraced Syed Ahmad's teachings and popularised his writings that sought the militant restoration of an Islamic state. All major organisations that wage militant jihad in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir use the rhetoric and legacy of Syed Ahmad's mujahideen to shore up support from the conservative base. Hafiz Saeed's Lashkar-e-Taiba and Masood Azhar's Jaish-e-Muhammad are two major militant Islamist organisations inspired by Syed Ahmad that wage jihad against India in Kashmir. Other organisations include Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, a Jihadist group in Pakistan.
References
^ Hedayetullah, Muhammad (1968). Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Ra'e Bareli. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill University. pp. 113, 115, 158. second feature of 'tarÎqah~i Muhammadiyah' is its insistence on t he right of ijtihad (independent reasoning ) and rejection of taqlid.. Sayyid Ahmad condemned the muqallidin and urged the Muslims to turn to the authority of the Qur'an and the Sunnah for guidance... he rejected all authority of the four orthodox schools of Muslim jurisprudence , which meant , positively, that he declared himself a ghayr muqallid(non-conformist).
^ a b Guhathakurta, van Schendel, Meghna, Willem (2013). "Wage Holy War-Or Leave!". The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. London, United Kingdom: Duke University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8223-5304-1. Sayyid Ahmad Shahid{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Adamec 2009, p. 54.
^ Jalal 2009, pp. 307–308.
^ Ayesha Jalal (30 June 2009). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780674039070.
^ Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 28.
^ Zubair Zafar, Khan (2010). A critical study of Moulana Abdul Hasan Ali nadwis islamic thought (Thesis). India: Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University. p. 146. hdl:10603/60854.
^ Nishat 2015, p. 25.
^ Nishat 2015, p. 26.
^ Nishat 2015, p. 28.
^ Nishat 2015, p. 29.
^ Nishat 2015, p. 31.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 29.
^ Tariq Hasan (2015). Colonialism and the Call to Jihad in British India. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9789351505402.
^ Defence Journal:Volumes 4-5. 2001. p. 66.
^ Sumit Walia (2021). Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security. Lancer Publishers. p. 125. ISBN 9788170623311.
^ Calcutta Review 1956. University of Calcutta. 1956. p. 38.
^ Hardy (1972). The Muslims of British India. CUP Archive. p. 35. ISBN 9780521084888.
^ Bashir, Aamir (2013). Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf. Dar al-Sa'adah Publication.
^ Tariq Hasan (2006). The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002. Rupa & Company. p. XIV. ISBN 9788129108470.
^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly (2002). Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900 (3rd impression. ed.). New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0195660498.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. xiv.
^ Abbott, Freeland (1962). "The Jihad of Sayyid Ahmad". The Muslim World. 52 (3): 216–222. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02616.x.
^ a b c d e f Roy, Olivier (1985). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–8. ISBN 9780521397001. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", pp. 56 - 57, Princeton University Press (1982).
^ Hedayetullah, Muhammad (1968). Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill University. pp. 113, 115, 134.
^ Hedayetullah, Muhammad (1968). Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill University. p. 134.
^ Andreas Rieck, "The Shia's of Pakistan", p. 16, Oxford University Press (2016).
^ B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", p. 58, Princeton University Press (1982).
"The second group of abuses Syed Ahmad held were those that originated from Shi’i influence. He particularly urged Muslims to give up the keeping of ta’ziyahs. Syed Ahmad himself is said, no doubt with considerable exaggeration, to have torn down thousands of imambaras, the building that house the taziyahs".
^ a b c d Dr. Mubarak Ali, "Almiyah-e-Tarikh", Chapter 11, pp.107-121, Fiction House, Lahore (2012).
^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 57.
^ a b Wahhabi movement in India. Qeyamuddin Ahmad, (1994, p.50). open library
^ Jūrj al-Maqdisī, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb · (1965). Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb. Brill Archive. p. 96.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 63.
^ Charles Allen, "God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad", p. 86, Abacus (2006).
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 62.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 66.
^ Ziad, Waleed (2021). "6: Peshawar in Turmoil". Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hardvard University Press. pp. 174–175. ISBN 9780674269378.
^ Riaz, Ismat (2013). Understanding History. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 77.
^ Altaf Qadir 2014.
^ Cunningham, Joseph Davey (2011). A History of the Sikhs: From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. Cambridge Library Collection - South Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 172. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511873652. ISBN 978-1-108-06456-9.
^ Naqvi, A.Q. (2001). The Salafis (History of the Ahle Hadees Movement in India). New Delhi: Al-Kitab International. pp. 132–139, 148.
^ Roy, Olivier (1994). "Chapter 7: The Geostrategy of Islamism: States and Networks". The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-674-29140-9. ..Sayyid Barelvi, founder of the Ahl-i Hadith movement.
^ B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", p. 50-60, Princeton University Press (1982).
^ Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power, (1982), p.68-70
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 184–186.
^ Marquardt, Heffelfinger, Erich, Christopher (2008). Terrorism & Political Islam: Origins, Ideologies, and Methods; a Counter Terrorism Textbook; 2nd Edition. Combating Terrorism Center, Department of Social Sciences. pp. 37–38, 42, 150–151, 153. ASIN B004LJQ8O8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 184–191.
Bibliography
Altaf Qadir (2014). Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-486-3. Archived
Nishat, Shah Ibadur Rahman (April 2015). سید احمد شہید: شخصیت، تحریک اور اثرات (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Raebareli: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Academy.
Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-6303-3
Jalal, Ayesha (2009), "The Martyrs of Balakot", Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia, Harvard University Press, pp. 58–113, ISBN 978-0-674-03907-0
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Syed Ahmad Barelvi.
Syed Ahmed Barelvi and his Jihad movement
Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
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14th/20thBarelvi
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Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921)
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Ghulam Muhammad Dinpuri (1835–1936)
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Hamid Raza Khan (1875–1943)
Amjad Ali Aazmi (1882–1948)
Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi (1887–1948)
Abdullah Barelvi (1841–1949)
Jamaat Ali Shah (1834–1951)
Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri (1868–1951)
Kifayatullah Dehlawi (1875–1952)
Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi (1885–1954)
Abdul Aleem Siddiqi (1892–1954)
Amin ul-Hasanat (1922–1960)
Sardar Ahmad Chishti (1903–1962)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907–1965)
Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898–1970)
Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi (1909–1970)
Fazlur Rahman Ansari (1914–1974)
Ghulam Mohiuddin Ghaznavi (1902–1975)
Mustafa Raza Khan (1892–1981)
Ziauddin Madni (1877–1981)
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Muslehuddin Siddiqui (1918–1983)
Faiz-ul Hassan Shah (1911–1984)
Shafee Okarvi (1930–1984)
Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (1913–1986)
Shujaat Ali Qadri (1941–1993)
Waqaruddin Qadri (1915–1993)
Abdul Wahab Siddiqi (1942–1994)
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Ghulam Ali Okarvi (1919–2000)
Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri (1889–2001)
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Shah Ahmad Noorani (1926–2003)
Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi (1948–2009)
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Abdul Hamid Madarshahi (1869–1920)
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920)
Sufi Azizur Rahman (1862–1922)
Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (1852–1927)
Muhammad Ali Mungeri (1846–1927)
Azizur Rahman Usmani (1859–1928)
Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi (1862–1930)
Ibrahim Ali Tashna (1872–1931)
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933)
Sayyid Mumtaz Ali (1860–1935)
Majid Ali Jaunpuri (d. 1935)
Abul Muhasin Sajjad (1880–1940)
Shukrullah Mubarakpuri (1895–1942)
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)
Ibrahim Ujani (1863–1943)
Habibullah Qurayshi (1865–1943)
Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872–1944)
Ilyas Kandhlawi (1885–1944)
Asghar Hussain Deobandi (1877–1945)
Sahool Bhagalpuri (d. 1948)
Sulaiman Nadvi (1884–1953)
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949)
Izaz Ali Amrohi (1882–1955)
Manazir Ahsan Gilani (1892–1956)
Hussain Ahmed Madani (1879–1957)
Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi (1888–1959)
Badre Alam Merathi (1898–1965)
Azizul Haq (1903–1961)
Maqsudullah (1883–1961)
Abdul Qadir Raipuri (1878–1962)
Ahmed Ali Lahori (1887–1962)
Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi (1900–1962)
Yusuf Kandhlawi (1917–1965)
Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882–1967)
Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (1896–1969)
Khair Muhammad Jalandhari (1895–1970)
Muhammad Ali Jalandhari (1895–1971)
Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri (1907–1971)
Abdur Rahman Kashgari (1912–1971)
Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad (1889–1972)
Deen Muhammad Khan (1900–1974)
Zafar Ahmad Usmani (1892–1974)
Muhammad Miyan Deobandi (1903–1975)
Ibrahim Balyawi (1887–1976)
Muhammad Faizullah (1892–1976)
Abdul Wahhab Pirji (1895–1976)
Athar Ali Bengali (1891–1976)
Shafi Usmani (1897–1976)
Yusuf Banuri (1908–1977)
Syed Muhammad Ishaq (1915–1977)
Ahmed Ali Badarpuri (1915–2000)
Mehboob Rizwi (1911–1979)
Sahvi Shah (1923–1979)
Mufti Mehmood (1919–1980)
Shah Abd al-Wahhab (1894–1982)
Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1898–1982)
Tayyib Qasmi (1897–1983)
Shamsul Haq Afghani (1901–1983)
Ibrahim Chatuli (1894–1984)
Atiqur Rahman Usmani (1901–1984)
Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908–1985)
Azhar Shah Qaiser (1920–1985)
Harun Babunagari (1902–1986)
Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish (1900–1986)
Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi (1910–1987)
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Abdul Aziz Malazada (1917–1987)
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Abdul Jalil Badarpuri (1925–1989)
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Minnatullah Rahmani (1913–1991)
Taqi Amini (1926–1991)
Habib al-Rahman al-A'zami (1900–1992)
Muhammad Yunus (1906–1992)
Masihullah Khan (1912–1992)
Abul Hasan Jashori (1918–1993)
Shams Naved Usmani (1931–1993)
Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi (1918–1995)
Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (1907–1996)
Athar Mubarakpuri (1916–1996)
Shamsuddin Qasemi (1935–1996)
Manzoor Nomani (1905–1997)
Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri (1914–1997)
Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi (1935–1998)
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1913–1999)
Ismail Katki (1914–2005)
Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)
Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928–2005)
Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942–2006)
Syed Fazlul Karim (1935–2006)
Abdullah Abbas Nadwi (1925–2006)
Sirajussajidin Katki (1939–2006)
Abrarul Haq Haqqi (1920–2006)
Ubaidul Haq (1928–2007)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927–2008)
Obaidul Haque Wazirpuri (1934–2008)
Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848–1917)
Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri (1867–1921)
Azimuddin Hanafi (1838–1922)
Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi (1859–1927)
Hamiduddin Farahi (1863–1930)
Machiliwale Shah (d. 1932)
Abdur Rab Jaunpuri (1875–1935)
Meher Ali Shah (1859–1937)
Ghulamur Rahman Maizbhandari (1865–1937)
Muhammad Ishaq (1883–1938)
Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique (1845–1939)
Abd Allah Siraj (1876–1949)
Khwaja Yunus Ali (1886–1951)
Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873–1952)
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (1879–1952)
Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954)
Ghousi Shah (1893–1954)
Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri (1898–1959)
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Living
Saifur Rahman Nizami (b. 1916)
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vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD
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4th AH/10th AD
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5th AH/11th AD
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)
Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)
Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)
Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)
Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)
Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)
Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)
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6th AH/12th AD
Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
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7th AH/13th AD
Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)
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Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)
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Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)
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Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)
8th AH/14th AD
Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)
Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)
'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)
Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)
Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)
Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)
Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)
Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH)
Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)
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9th AH/15th AD
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Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)
Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)
Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)
10th AH/16th AD
Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)
'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)
Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)
Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)
Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)
'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)
Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)
'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)
Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)
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Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)
Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)
11th AH/17th AD
Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)
Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)
Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)
Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)
Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)
'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)
İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)
Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)
12th AH/18th AD
Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)
Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)
Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)
Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)
Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)
Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)
Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)
Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)
Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)
Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)
Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)
Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)
Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)
'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)
13th AH/19th AD
'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)
Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)
Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)
Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)
Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)
Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)
Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)
Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)
Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)
Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)
Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)
Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)
Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)
Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)
Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)
Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)
Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)
Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)
Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)
Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)
Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)
Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)
Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH)
Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)
Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)
14th AH/20th AD
Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)
Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)
Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)
Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)
Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)
Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)
Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)
Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)
Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)
Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)
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Husein Kavazović
Salah Mezhiev
Theology books
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See also
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
2020 International Maturidi Conference
Ahl al-Ra'y
Kalam
Tawhid
Gedimu
Firangi Mahal
Deobandi
Barelvi
Maturidi-related templates
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Raza_Khan_Barelvi"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmed (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guha-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamec200954-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal2009307%E2%80%93308-4"},{"link_name":"Islamic revivalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujaddid"},{"link_name":"scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholar"},{"link_name":"military commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"Raebareli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raebareli"},{"link_name":"United Provinces of Agra and Oudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Indian jihad movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith#Indian_Jihad_Movement"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guha-2"},{"link_name":"Ahl-i Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Raebareli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raebareli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201428-7"},{"link_name":"Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi"},{"link_name":"Seerat-i-Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seerat-i-Sayyid_Ahmad_Shaheed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi and Syed Ahmad Khan.For other uses, see Syed Ahmed (disambiguation).Syed Ahmad Barelvi, also known as Sayyid Ahmad Shahid,[2] (1786–1831)[3][4] was an Indian Islamic revivalist, scholar, and military commander from Raebareli, a part of the historical United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (now called Uttar Pradesh). He launched the Indian jihad movement that waged a decades-long Islamic revolt against colonial rule across various provinces of British India.[5][2] Sayyid Ahmad is revered as a major scholarly authority in the Ahl-i Hadith and Deobandi movements.[6] The epithet 'Barelvi' is derived from Raebareli, his place of origin.His ancestors migrated to India in the early 13th century.[7] Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi wrote Seerat-i-Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, the first historical biography of Syed Ahmad Barelvi.[8]","title":"Syed Ahmad Barelvi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raebareli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raebareli"},{"link_name":"Syed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishat201525-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishat201526-10"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz"},{"link_name":"Shah Waliullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Waliullah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishat201528-11"},{"link_name":"Akbarabadi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarabadi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishat201529-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishat201531-13"}],"text":"Syed Ahmad Barelvi was born on 29 November 1786 in Raebareli, into a Syed family.[9] His primary education was initiated in 1791, when he was aged four.[10] As he turned 10, his father died and the familial responsibilities fell onto his shoulders, and this made him travel to Lucknow, at the age of 18 in search of some work. He however inclined to stay in the tutelage of Shah Abdul Aziz, an Islamic scholar, who was the son of revivalist reformer Shah Waliullah, in Delhi.[11]Ahmad travelled to Delhi, and was subsequently allotted accommodation in the Akbarabadi Mosque.[12] He stayed in the tutelage of Abdul Aziz for a few years, and returned to his hometown in the early 1808, or in the late 1807.[13]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pindari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindari"},{"link_name":"Amir Khan Pindari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khan_(Nawab_of_Tonk)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201429-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Pindari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindari"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Pindaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindari"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Scindia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scindia"},{"link_name":"Pindaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaris"},{"link_name":"Pathans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"kuffar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuffar"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shariat_and_Tariqat-20"},{"link_name":"W.W. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.W._Hunter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islamic_Revival_in_British_India-22"},{"link_name":"Shah Ismail Dehlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir2014xiv-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeland_Abbott_Jihad-24"}],"text":"After his tutelage under Shah Abdul Aziz from 1806 to 1811, Syed Ahmad began his career as a Pindari horse soldier in the militia of Amir Khan Pindari, a military expeditionary at the age of 25.[14][15] This was an era where large numbers of North Indian Muslim horsemen from the Uttar Pradesh region were unemployed and saw a destruction of their livelihood due to the fall of Muslim rule, and a large number of those disaffected turned into plunderers known as the Pindari freebooters who fought merely for loot and plunder to establish power.[16][17][18][19]In 1817, after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Amir Khan allied with the East India Company, the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, the Marquess of Hastings, resolved to defeat the Pindaris whom they deemed a menace. The Treaty of Gwalior severed the link between them and Scindia. Moreover, the treaty required the latter to join forces with the East India Company to eliminate the Pindaris and Pathans. Bowing to the inevitable, Amir Khan came to terms with the English, agreeing to disband his men in return for a large stipend and recognition as a hereditary Nawab, who quietly settled down to consolidate his little state. Being against this treaty, Syed Ahmed left the military service, because for him the British were kuffar (Christian infidels).[20]Now unemployed, Syed Ahmad returned to Delhi after his service and decided to emulate Amir Khan. Journalist Tariw Hasan writes that W.W. Hunter described Syed Ahmad \"as a robber who took to religion to plunder for wealth\".[21] During this period in his life, Syed Ahmad became more mature and harmonized his military experiences with a zealous commitment to establish Sharia (Islamic law).[22] Two family members of the theologian Shah Waliullah—Shah Ismail Dehlavi (1771–1831) and Maulvi Abdul Hai (died 1828)—became disciples of Syed Ahmad, an event that raised his mystic confidence.[23] This endorsement only added to his reputation, and his popularity grew with adherents flocking to him by the thousands.[24]","title":"Later career and military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-57-25"},{"link_name":"reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islah"},{"link_name":"Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid"},{"link_name":"Muwahhidun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwahhidun"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"bid'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah"},{"link_name":"shirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Tawhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid"},{"link_name":"dua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Shiism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Sufi orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa"},{"link_name":"Tasawwuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasawwuf"},{"link_name":"Shariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah"},{"link_name":"shirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"bid'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"bay'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%27ah"},{"link_name":"ta'ziyahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27zieh"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"North Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"tazias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27zieh"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Muharram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram"},{"link_name":"Shah Muhammad Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-57-25"},{"link_name":"Faraizi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraizi_movement"},{"link_name":"Dar al-Harb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Harb"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Shah Ismail Dehlvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"Wahhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Syed Ahmad was the first major Islamic theologian on the subcontinent to realize the necessity of an Islamic movement that was simultaneously scholarly, military, and political to repel the British. He eagerly addressed the Muslim masses directly, not traditional leaders, in his call for a popular jihad against a Sikh rule in Punjab. His evangelism—based on networks of preachers, collectors, and judges—also addressed the common people and not the rulers' courts.[25]At the core of the reform movement initiated by Syed Ahmad was the advocacy of a puritanical interpretation of Tawhid (monotheism), similar to the Muwahhidun movement in Arabia. The movement fought against local practices and customs related to saint veneration and grave visits, which they regarded as bid'ah (religious innovations) and shirk (polytheism) that corrupted Islam. Syed Ahmad's reformist teachings were set down in two prominent treatises: Sirat'ul Mustaqim (The Straight Path) and Taqwiyatul-Iman (Strengthening of the Faith), compiled by his acolyte Shah Muhammad Ismail. The two works stressed the centrality of Tawhid (monotheism), advocated that acts of worship—such as dua and sacrifices—belonged solely to God, and denounced all those practices and beliefs that were held in any way to compromise Tawhid. The followers of Syed Ahmad viewed three sources of threat to their beliefs: traditional Sufism, Shiism, and popular custom.[26]Syed Ahmad urged Muslims to follow the path laid down by Muhammad (Tariqa -i Muhammadiyah), abandon all superstitious activities in various Sufi orders, and called for a total reformation of Tasawwuf. Syed Ahmad reserved his sharpest condemnations for the moral degradation of Muslims and blamed the corrupt Sufis as the primary cause of Muslim decline. He called upon Muslims to strictly abide by the tenets of the Shariah (Islamic law) by following the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The most prominent feature of Syed Ahmad's teachings was his warning to avoid shirk (polytheism), bid'ah (religious innovations); and re-assertion of Tawhid.[27] Once he said to a group of his disciples:Brethren! the purpose of performing the bay'ah is that you should give up everything you do which is of the nature of polytheism or heresy, your making of ta'ziyahs, setting up banners, worshipping the tombs of Pirs and martyrs, making offerings to them and taking vows in their names. All this you should give up, and do not believe that your good and ill come from anyone except God; do not recognize anyone but Him as having the power to grant the fulfillment of your wishes. If you continue [in this way of polytheism and heresy], merely offering bay'ah will bring no benefit.[28]Syed Ahmad visited numerous towns of the North Indian plains between 1818 and 1821. He incited hundreds of missionaries to preach against Shia beliefs and practices. Syed Ahmad repeatedly destroyed tazias, an act that resulted in subsequent riots and chaos.[29] Syed Ahmad called upon the Muslim masses to abandon practices related to Shia influence, such as the tazias which were replicas of the tombs of the martyrs of Karbala taken in procession during the mourning ceremony of Muharram. Shah Muhammad Ismail declared the act of breaking tazias as an obligation upon all believers and asserted that it was as virtuous as breaking idols. Syed Ahmad is reported to have organized the burning of thousands of tazias.[30]In 1821, Syed Ahmad left for Hajj along with a group of devotees. He returned from Hajj in 1823,[25] and once again visited different parts of India. For Syed Ahmad and the followers of the Faraizi movement, India was \"Dar al-Harb\" (a land without a peace treaty with Muslims) and therefore jihad was obligatory for all Muslims. In his book Sirat-e-Mustaqeem, Shah Ismail Dehlvi wrote:A large part of present-day India has become “Dar-ul-Harab”. Compare the situation with the heavenly blessings of India two and three hundred years ago.[31]Syed Ahmad's opponents labeled him a Wahhabi (a follower of the puritan Sunni reform movement in Arabia), but he did not consider himself as such.[32]","title":"Reform movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahl-i Hadith § Indian Jihad Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith#Indian_Jihad_Movement"},{"link_name":"Sikh Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state"},{"link_name":"North-West Frontier region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province"},{"link_name":"Peshawar valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_valley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-57-25"},{"link_name":"Amir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khan_(Nawab_of_Tonk)"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Rampur"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201457-33"},{"link_name":"Hund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund_(village)"},{"link_name":"Zaida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaida,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Swabi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabi_District"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlibrary.org-34"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun"},{"link_name":"Hazarewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazarewal"},{"link_name":"khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-57-25"},{"link_name":"Yaghistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaghistan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201463-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"battle of Akora Khattak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Akora_Khattak"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201462-38"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201466-39"},{"link_name":"Khilafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Frontier region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province"},{"link_name":"Jumu'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumu%27ah"},{"link_name":"Sardars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Maulvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvis"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Naqshbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi"},{"link_name":"Sufi orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa"},{"link_name":"Qadiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya"},{"link_name":"Chishtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti_Order"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"battle of Shaidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shaidu"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"bid'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"ushr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate#Ushr"},{"link_name":"tithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"Balakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakot"},{"link_name":"was killed and beheaded by the Sikh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balakot"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlibrary.org-34"}],"text":"See also: Ahl-i Hadith § Indian Jihad MovementUpon return, Syed Ahmad regarded his immediate enemy to be the Sikh Empire ruled by Ranjit Singh, which was expanding, close to Afghanistan. Syed Ahmad intended to establish a strong Islamic state on the North-West Frontier region in the Peshawar valley, as a strategic base for the future invasion of India.[25] When the military action began, some Muslim Nawabs (like his former employer Amir Khan) provided funds but did not join Syed Ahmad for jihad. Around 8,000 mujahideen (holy warriors) accompanied him, mostly consisting of clergymen and poor people. The rulers of Tonk, Gwalior, and Rampur supported Syed Ahmad with British consent because they were dependent on British forces and knew the British would not stop them from aiding an enemy of a nation they would soon be at war with.[33]Arriving in Peshawar valley in late 1826, Syed Ahmad and his followers made their base in towns of Hund and Zaida in Swabi District.[34] Syed Ahmad called upon the local Pashtun and Hazarewal tribes to wage jihad, and demanded that they renounce their tribal customs and adopt the Sharia. The traditional khans were replaced by Traditional ulama (Islamic scholars) and a system of Islamic taxes was established to finance the jihad. Soon after this evangelist campaign and the establishment of the Sharia system, jihad was declared.[35][25] He sent an ultimatum to Ranjit Singh, demanding:[...] either become a Muslim, pay Jizyah or fight and remember that in case of war, Yaghistan supports the Indians.[36]The mujahideen were educated with both theological doctrines and physical training sessions. Syed Ahmad organized wrestling, archery training, and shooting competitions. The mujahideen also repeated several Islamic anthems. One such popular anthem has survived, known as \"Risala Jihad\".[37] On 21 December 1826, Syed Ahmad and his 1,500 followers clashed with 4,000 Sikh troops in the battle of Akora Khattak and obtained a significant victory.[38] On 11 January 1827, allegiance was sworn on his hand and he was declared Caliph and Imam.[39] Syed Ahmad's claim to Khilafah was viewed with suspicion in the Frontier region as well as in the clerical circles of North India. When the Jumu'ah (Friday prayer) sermon was read in his name, symbolising his claim to power, the tribal chiefs became wary. According to prominent Pathan Sardars like Khadi Khan, Maulvis were ill-equipped to run the affairs of a state.[31] In response to the criticisms, Syed Ahmad asserted that his aim was not material but to lead a jihad against kuffar. Defending his claim to Caliphate, Syed Ahmad writes:We thank and praise God, the real master and the true king, who bestowed upon his humble, recluse and helpless servant the title of Caliphate, first through occult gestures and revelations, in which there is no room for doubt, and then by guiding the hearts of the believers towards me. This way God appointed me as the Imam (leader)... the person who sincerely confesses to my position is special in the eyes of God, and the one who denies it is, of course sinful. My opponents who deny me of this position will be humiliated and disgraced.[31]Apart from the rebellious Pashtun chieftains, Syed Ahmad also faced strong opposition from Sufi clerical establishment. Throughout their armed activities during the 1820s and 1830s, mujahideen engaged in ideological and physical conflict with the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidis and various Sufi orders such as Qadiris and Chishtis.[40] In March 1827, mujahideen suffered a serious defeat against the Sikhs during the battle of Shaidu, worsening the position of Syed Ahmad.After the conquest of Peshawar by the mujahideen, Syed Ahmad announced the abolition of all tribal rituals that he regarded as bid'ah (religious innovations). He abolished various practices such as: the bride being paid a regular price for marriage; the widowed of the deceased Muslims being divided among his heirs; practice of more than four marriages; denial of inheritance to women; clan wars being considered like jihad and its plunder being considered as booty. He also pushed for aggressive and violent policies to enforce Sharia. These included: allowing brides as long as half of the agreed money was given; young girls eligible for marriage should be married immediately; flogging people who didn't pray.[31]In addition to his Islamic social agenda, Syed Ahmad also attempted to collect ushr (an Islamic tithe), amounting to 10% of crop yields. This policy was faced with fierce opposition from an alliance of local Pathan tribesmen, who briefly managed to occupy Peshawar. The alliance was defeated and the Islamic reformers finally re-captured Peshawar. Over several months during 1830, Sayyed Ahmad tried to reconcile between established power hierarchies. But before the end of 1830, another organized uprising occurred, and Syed Ahmad's soldiers in Peshawar and surrounding villages were murdered and the movement was forced to retreat to the hills. There, in the town of Balakot in 1831, Syed Ahmad was killed and beheaded by the Sikh Army.[34]","title":"Jihad movement and Islamic State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balakot,_Mansehra_District,_Pakistan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Frontier region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-57-25"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Pukhtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun"},{"link_name":"mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"Peshawar valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_valley"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir2014-42"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Davey_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Balakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakot"},{"link_name":"Maidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidan"},{"link_name":"Mansehra district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra_district"},{"link_name":"Sher Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Singh"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Position of the Sikh forces at the foot of the Metikot hillSyed Ahmad's political and religious power created strong opposition against him in the Frontier region and the locals started to revolt.[25] The decisive moments for Syed Ahmad came in 1830.After being bribed by Ranjit Singh,[41] many Pukhtun leaders rose against him and around two hundred mujahideen were killed in the Peshawar valley, which compelled him to migrate and try his luck in Kashmir, his long-cherished dream.[42]\nRegarding the expulsion of Syed Ahmad from Peshawar by Sultan Muhammad, Joseph Cunningham (1812-1851) writes:The petty Muhammadan chiefs generally, with whom self-interest overcame influence and faith, were averse to the domination of the Indian adventurer, and the imprudence of Saiyid Ahmad gave umbrage to his Usufzai adherents. He had levied from the peasants a tithe of their goods, and this measure caused little or no dissatisfaction, for it agreed with their notion of the rights of a religious teacher; but his decree that all the young women of marriageable age should be at once wedded interfered with the profits of Afghan parents, proverbially avaricious, and who usually disposed of their daughters to the wealthiest bridegrooms. But when Saiyid Ahmad was accused, perhaps unjustly, of assigning the maidens one by one to his needy Indian followers, his motives were impugned, and the discontent was loud. Early in November 1830, he was constrained to relinquish Peshawar to Sultan Muhammad at a fixed tribute, and he proceeded to the left bank of the Indus to give battle to the Sikhs. The Saiyid depended chiefly on the few 'Ghazis' who had followed his fortunes throughout, and on the insurrectionary spirit of the Muzalfarabad and other chiefs, for his Usufzai adherents had greatly decreased. The hill 'khans' were soon brought under subjection by the efforts of Sher Singh and the governor of Kashmir; yet Ahmad continued active, and, in a desultory warfare amid rugged mountains, success for a time attended him; but, during a cessation of the frequent conflicts, he was surprised, early in May 1831, at a place called Balakot, and fallen upon and slain. The Usufzais at once expelled his deputies, the 'Ghazis' dispersed in disguise, and the family of the Saiyid hastened to Hindustan to find an honourable asylum with their friend the Nawab of Tonk.[43]On 6 May 1831, on the day of Jumu'ah 23 Zulqa'da 1246 AH, Syed Ahmad Barelvi's mujahideen forces prepared for the final battle at Balakot Maidan in the mountainous valley of Mansehra district. An ill-equipped army of mujahideen faced a significantly larger number of soldiers led by the Sikh commander Sher Singh. On that day, Syed Ahmed, Shah Ismail, and prominent leaders of the Islamic movement fell fighting in the battlefield. Sikh victory at Balakot arose jubilation in Lahore. The defeat at Balakot was a devastating blow to the movement.[44]","title":"Battle of Balakot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subcontinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Ahl-i Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Edward Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Islamists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"Islamic state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Olivier Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy-57-25"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir2014184%E2%80%93186-48"},{"link_name":"shahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid"},{"link_name":"Militant Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_Islamism"},{"link_name":"Jihadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism"},{"link_name":"Islamic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"Shi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"Central Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"American hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Americana"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"apostates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Wahiduddin Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiduddin_Khan"},{"link_name":"Islamists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamists"},{"link_name":"Hafiz Saeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed"},{"link_name":"Lashkar-e-Taiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba"},{"link_name":"Masood Azhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Azhar"},{"link_name":"Jaish-e-Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed"},{"link_name":"militant Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_Islamist"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Harkat-ul-Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"Jihadist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir2014184%E2%80%93191-50"}],"text":"Syed Ahmad is widely regarded as the founder of the subcontinental Ahl-i Hadith movement and his teachings are highly influential amongst its members.[45] Another major group that carries his legacy is the Deobandi school of thought.[46] Scholar Edward Mortimer believes Syed Ahmad anticipated modern Islamists in waging jihad and attempting to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Sharia.[47] Scholar Olivier Roy considers Syed Ahmad to be the first modern Islamic leader to lead a movement that was \"religious, military and political\" and to address the common people and rulers with a call for jihad.[25] The mujahideen were unprecedented for their tactics of popular mobilization aimed at swiftly achieving the objectives of social reformation through military means, combined with fierce hostility towards non-Muslim powers such as the British Empire and the Sikhs. Syed Ahmad was committed to expand his emirate to the whole of South Asia and authored tracts calling upon Indian Muslims to join the cause of jihad.[48]Syed Ahmad attained the exemplar status of shahid (martyr), one of the highest honours in Islam, and would inspire generations of Militant Islamist ideologues and Jihadi activists throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. His calls to action—such as a return to the pristine Islam of the Salaf, and the purifying of Islamic culture from Western and Shi'i influences through armed jihad—became major hallmarks of South Asian and Central Asian militant Islamist movements like the Taliban. Al-Qaeda's ideology was greatly inspired by Syed Ahmad's jihad movement, which was waged from Eastern Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkwa. Influenced by Syed Ahmad, contemporary Jihadists compare American hegemony to the 19th century British rule to justify their campaigns.[49]The jihad movement of Syed Ahmad made a great impact on Islamic scholarly tradition of South Asia and would deeply divide many clerics and theologians. Some intellectuals and scholars criticised the militant aspects of his reform programme, especially its sectarian violence against other self-professed Muslims whom the mujahideen declared as heretics or apostates. Scholars like Wahiduddin Khan asserted that Syed Ahmad's jihad was illegitimate, since it was self-declared and not waged by a Muslim ruler. Meanwhile, South Asian Islamists eagerly embraced Syed Ahmad's teachings and popularised his writings that sought the militant restoration of an Islamic state. All major organisations that wage militant jihad in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir use the rhetoric and legacy of Syed Ahmad's mujahideen to shore up support from the conservative base. Hafiz Saeed's Lashkar-e-Taiba and Masood Azhar's Jaish-e-Muhammad are two major militant Islamist organisations inspired by Syed Ahmad that wage jihad against India in Kashmir. Other organisations include Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, a Jihadist group in Pakistan.[50]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hRlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-5150-486-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-486-3"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/sayyidahmadbarailvihismovementandlagacyfromthepukhtunperspectivebydr.altafqadir/page/n87/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"سید احمد شہید: شخصیت، تحریک اور اثرات","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/sayed-ahmed-shaheed-shaksiyat-tehrik-aur-asarat/"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7_nPfLOj6MUC&pg=PA54"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8108-6303-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6303-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Martyrs of Balakot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC&pg=PA58"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-03907-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03907-0"}],"text":"Altaf Qadir (2014). Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-486-3. Archived\nNishat, Shah Ibadur Rahman (April 2015). سید احمد شہید: شخصیت، تحریک اور اثرات [Syed Ahmed Shaheed: Personality, Movement and Impact] (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Raebareli: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Academy.\nAdamec, Ludwig W. (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-6303-3\nJalal, Ayesha (2009), \"The Martyrs of Balakot\", Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia, Harvard University Press, pp. 58–113, ISBN 978-0-674-03907-0","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Position of the Sikh forces at the foot of the Metikot hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Balakot%2C_Mansehra_District%2C_Pakistan.JPG/200px-Balakot%2C_Mansehra_District%2C_Pakistan.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hedayetullah, Muhammad (1968). Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Ra'e Bareli. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill University. pp. 113, 115, 158. second feature of 'tarÎqah~i Muhammadiyah' is its insistence on t he right of ijtihad (independent reasoning ) and rejection of taqlid.. Sayyid Ahmad condemned the muqallidin and urged the Muslims to turn to the authority of the Qur'an and the Sunnah for guidance... he rejected all authority of the four orthodox schools of Muslim jurisprudence , which meant , positively, that he declared himself a ghayr muqallid(non-conformist).","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/hq37vs57f","url_text":"Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Ra'e Bareli"}]},{"reference":"Guhathakurta, van Schendel, Meghna, Willem (2013). \"Wage Holy War-Or Leave!\". The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. London, United Kingdom: Duke University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8223-5304-1. Sayyid Ahmad Shahid","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5304-1","url_text":"978-0-8223-5304-1"}]},{"reference":"Ayesha Jalal (30 June 2009). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780674039070.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC&dq=pindari+sayyid&pg=PA71","url_text":"Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674039070","url_text":"9780674039070"}]},{"reference":"Zubair Zafar, Khan (2010). A critical study of Moulana Abdul Hasan Ali nadwis islamic thought (Thesis). India: Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University. p. 146. hdl:10603/60854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University","url_text":"Aligarh Muslim University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F60854","url_text":"10603/60854"}]},{"reference":"Tariq Hasan (2015). Colonialism and the Call to Jihad in British India. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9789351505402.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl0lDAAAQBAJ&dq=barelvi+robber+freebooter&pg=PT39","url_text":"Colonialism and the Call to Jihad in British India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351505402","url_text":"9789351505402"}]},{"reference":"Defence Journal:Volumes 4-5. 2001. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VaLfAAAAMAAJ&q=ranghar+lalkhani","url_text":"Defence Journal:Volumes 4-5"}]},{"reference":"Sumit Walia (2021). Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security. Lancer Publishers. p. 125. ISBN 9788170623311.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125","url_text":"Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170623311","url_text":"9788170623311"}]},{"reference":"Calcutta Review 1956. University of Calcutta. 1956. p. 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4g8xAQAAMAAJ&q=Three+-+fourths+of+the+Cavalry+branch+of+the+Bengal+Army+were+recruited+from+the+Muslims+of+various+descriptions+such+as+Hindusthanee+Muhammadans+,+Sheikhs+,+Syuds+,+Moguls+,+Pathans+,+Rangars+(+Rajput+Mussalmans+)+and+Afghans+,+while","url_text":"Calcutta Review 1956"}]},{"reference":"Hardy (1972). The Muslims of British India. CUP Archive. p. 35. ISBN 9780521084888.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&dq=india+british+muslim+disband+cavalry&pg=PA35","url_text":"The Muslims of British India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521084888","url_text":"9780521084888"}]},{"reference":"Bashir, Aamir (2013). Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf. Dar al-Sa'adah Publication.","urls":[{"url":"http://ilmresources.wordpress.com/","url_text":"Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf"}]},{"reference":"Tariq Hasan (2006). The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002. Rupa & Company. p. XIV. ISBN 9788129108470.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1uAAAAMAAJ&q=barelvi+robber+freebooter","url_text":"The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129108470","url_text":"9788129108470"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Barbara Daly (2002). Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900 (3rd impression. ed.). New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0195660498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195660498","url_text":"0195660498"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Freeland (1962). \"The Jihad of Sayyid Ahmad\". The Muslim World. 52 (3): 216–222. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02616.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1962.tb02616.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02616.x"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Olivier (1985). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–8. ISBN 9780521397001. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m3OfC1ZRq38C&q=barelvi+resistance+to+british+1826&pg=PA56","url_text":"Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521397001","url_text":"9780521397001"}]},{"reference":"Hedayetullah, Muhammad (1968). Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill University. pp. 113, 115, 134.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/hq37vs57f","url_text":"Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli"}]},{"reference":"Hedayetullah, Muhammad (1968). Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli. Montreal, Canada: Mcgill University. p. 134.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/hq37vs57f","url_text":"Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli"}]},{"reference":"Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=Sayyid+Ahmad%E2%80%99s++opponents+labeled+him+a+%E2%80%9CWahhabi%2C%E2%80%9D+a+follower+of++the+puritanical+Saudi+form+of+Islam%2C+but+he+did+not++consider+himself+as+such.","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8","url_text":"978-1-4381-2696-8"}]},{"reference":"Jūrj al-Maqdisī, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb · (1965). Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb. Brill Archive. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O8oUAAAAIAAJ&dq=akora&pg=PA96","url_text":"Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb"}]},{"reference":"Ziad, Waleed (2021). \"6: Peshawar in Turmoil\". Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hardvard University Press. pp. 174–175. ISBN 9780674269378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674269378","url_text":"9780674269378"}]},{"reference":"Riaz, Ismat (2013). Understanding History. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 77.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Joseph Davey (2011). A History of the Sikhs: From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. Cambridge Library Collection - South Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 172. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511873652. ISBN 978-1-108-06456-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-sikhs/98CC35634EF641C89F8850F85D268D1C","url_text":"A History of the Sikhs: From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511873652","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511873652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06456-9","url_text":"978-1-108-06456-9"}]},{"reference":"Naqvi, A.Q. (2001). The Salafis (History of the Ahle Hadees Movement in India). New Delhi: Al-Kitab International. pp. 132–139, 148.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roy, Olivier (1994). \"Chapter 7: The Geostrategy of Islamism: States and Networks\". The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-674-29140-9. ..Sayyid Barelvi, founder of the Ahl-i Hadith movement.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-29140-9","url_text":"0-674-29140-9"}]},{"reference":"Marquardt, Heffelfinger, Erich, Christopher (2008). Terrorism & Political Islam: Origins, Ideologies, and Methods; a Counter Terrorism Textbook; 2nd Edition. Combating Terrorism Center, Department of Social Sciences. pp. 37–38, 42, 150–151, 153. ASIN B004LJQ8O8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004LJQ8O8","url_text":"B004LJQ8O8"}]},{"reference":"Altaf Qadir (2014). Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-486-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hRlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62","url_text":"Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-486-3","url_text":"978-93-5150-486-3"}]},{"reference":"Nishat, Shah Ibadur Rahman (April 2015). سید احمد شہید: شخصیت، تحریک اور اثرات [Syed Ahmed Shaheed: Personality, Movement and Impact] (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Raebareli: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Academy.","urls":[{"url":"https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/sayed-ahmed-shaheed-shaksiyat-tehrik-aur-asarat/","url_text":"سید احمد شہید: شخصیت، تحریک اور اثرات"}]},{"reference":"Adamec, Ludwig W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dominant_(MSO-431) | USS Dominant (AM-431) | ["1 European deployments","2 Providing services for BUSHIPS","3 Assigned as Naval Reserve training ship and home port shift to St. Petersburg, Florida","4 Home port shifts to Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Virginia Beach, Virginia","5 Encounter with a Cuban gunboat","6 Decommissioning","7 References","8 External links"] | Minesweeper of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Dominant.
USS Dominant in 1981
History
United States
NameUSS Dominant
Laid down23 April 1952
Launched5 November 1953
Commissioned8 November 1954
Decommissioned1 October 1982
Stricken1 October 1982
FateSold for scrap, 7 December 1983
General characteristics
Displacement620 tons
Length172 ft (52 m)
Beam36 ft (11 m)
Draught10 ft (3.0 m)
Speed15 knots
Complement74
Armamentone 40 mm mount
USS Dominant (MSO-431) was an Agile-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy.
The second ship to be named Dominant by the U.S. Navy was launched as AM-431 on 5 November 1953 by C. Hiltebrant Dry Dock Co., Kingston, New York; sponsored by Mrs. Belle S. Hiltebrant; and commissioned on 8 November 1954. On 7 February 1955, the ship's hull classification was changed from "AM" for "minesweeper" to "MSO" for "minesweeper, ocean" during a mid-1950s hull reclassification of all U.S. Navy mine warfare vessels.
European deployments
After shakedown training out of Naval Station Key West at Key West, Florida, during which time the ship's designation was changed to MSO-431, Dominant reported to her home port, Naval Base Charleston, South Carolina, on 10 November 1955 for duty with Mine Force, Atlantic. Assigned to Mine Division 43 (MINDIV 43), Dominant spent the next four years conducting deployments to Europe for operations and exercises with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) navies, providing services for Navy Mine Defense Laboratory Panama City, Florida, and supporting amphibious and other fleet exercises off the east coast and in the West Indies.
Dominant first deployed to Europe soon after arriving at NAVBASE Charleston (4 January – 11 June 1956) and followed that a Mediterranean deployment the next year (1 May – 2 October 1957), a northern European deployment that included a cruise to Danish and German ports in the Baltic Sea (12 May – 30 September 1958), and another Mediterranean deployment (27 April - 27 August 1959) before returning to her new home port at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, Virginia.
Providing services for BUSHIPS
After her shift to the Norfolk, Virginia area, Dominant reported to Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force (COMOPTEVFOR), to provide towing, recovery and other services for Bureau of Ships (BUSHIPS) projects. These duties were again interspersed with deployments, including the West Indies (23 January – 4 May 1961, 30 October 1961 – 17 January 1962, 17 June – 25 September 1964 and 4 October – 16 December 1965), and the Mediterranean.
Dominant participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 22–26 October 1962. While attached to MINDIV 43, Dominant, along with minesweepers Dash, Direct, and Detector were assigned to the Caribbean to patrol the Windward Passage in search of and the potential boarding of Russian ships (12 February 1963; 7 February – July 16, 1965), as well as amphibious and other fleet operations off the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Dominant also provided contingency services for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) off Bermuda in April 1963.
Dominant continued the same pattern of activities through the end of the decade, with one more Mediterranean deployment (3 November 1966 – 14 May 1967), an exercise with Colombian and Venezuelan naval forces (9 May- 10 June 1968), an additional NATO exercise off Halifax, Nova Scotia (Exercise Silver Tower, 9–27 September 1968), and an extensive modernization period at the Old Dominion Shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia starting in early 1969.
Following her refit, Dominant was homeported again at NAVBASE Charleston along with her entire squadron (the other "D" named ships of Agile class minesweepers). From Charleston, they departed for another European cruise. Port hopping via Halifax, Nova Scotia and St. John's, Newfoundland for topping off with fuel, fresh water and other stores, she and her squadron sailed unescorted to Campbelltown, Scotland. Dominant and her sister ships carried insufficient fuel in their tanks for the crossing, so a 2,500 gallon fuel bladder was installed on each ship's fantail. The squadron arrived in Scotland with fuel to spare, which was reported to have made U.S. Naval history; an MSO crossing the Atlantic unescorted. The cruise continued to Denmark where the squadron was engaged in Operation Love Song, a NATO exercise and then on to Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain and into the Mediterranean. The squadron continued into the Mediterranean for several months with a maintenance stop in Naples, Italy. The squadron recrossed the Atlantic, sailing from the Straits of Gibraltar to NAVBASE Charleston in company with a destroyer tender which had completed her assignment in Naples. Dominant and the other "D" squadron minesweepers arrived at NAVBASE Charleston in early spring of 1971 and it was rumored that Dominant and her sister ships were to be taken out of service.
Assigned as Naval Reserve training ship and home port shift to St. Petersburg, Florida
After the minesweeper shifted to the newly reorganized Mine Division 23 (MINDIV 23) in April 1971, Dominant changed status to become a U.S. Naval Reserve Training (NRT) ship on 1 July 1971, joining Mine Division 12 (MINDIV 12) with three other minesweepers that same day. Her designation was later changed to a Naval Reserve Force (NRF) ship.
As an NRF ship, Dominant also changed home port to St. Petersburg, Florida on 20 August 1971, utilizing waterfront pierside facilities at Naval Reserve Center St. Petersburg. Re-manned with a composite crew of 2/3 active duty Regular Navy and Training and Administration of the Reserve (TAR) personnel and 1/3 part time Selected Reserve (SELRES) personnel, Dominant began training her complement of Naval Reserve crews underway one weekend a month and for two or more weeks of annual training underway each year. Although Naval Reserve training duties generally kept Dominant in Florida waters, she occasionally sailed to NAVSTA Key West or Naval Station Mayport in Florida, NAVBASE Charleston in South Carolina or Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia for overhaul or minesweeping exercises. Dominant also periodically conducted search and rescue sweeps for crashed military and civilian fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, primarily in the Gulf of Mexico.
Home port shifts to Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Virginia Beach, Virginia
On 1 July 1977, Dominant shifted home port again to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, where her crew conducted a cross-deck transfer with the minesweeper USS Exultant (MSO-441). Dominant operated out of pier facilities at Naval Reserve Center Perth Amboy for the next four years. In 1981, Dominant shifted home ports again, returning to one of her earlier home ports, NAVPHIBASE Little Creek, Virginia, again training local Naval Reserve crews and periodically conducting exercises along the Atlantic coast ranging from Rhode Island to South Carolina. During one cruise in June 1979, Dominant assisted the stricken civilian yacht, That Boat, south of Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, providing aid to the sinking vessel until U.S. Coast Guard assets arrived on the scene.
Encounter with a Cuban gunboat
Her next significant deployment took place in early June 1980, when Dominant sailed to the Straits of Florida, whose waters were flooded with Cuban refugees during the mass migration known as the Mariel boatlift. During her week-long operations in the Straits of Florida (5 – 11 June 1980), Dominant rescued refugees from several over-crowded and sinking small craft. At one point the minesweeper was challenged by a Cuban Revolutionary Navy gunboat, which demanded the return of a specific refugee, but Dominant refused the demand.
Decommissioning
Dominant made one more West Indies deployment (2 June – 20 July 1982) before commencing deactivation procedures. Dominant decommissioned at NAVBASE Charleston on 1 October 1982 and was struck from the Navy List the same day. She was then sold for scrap to Wayne Hobbs of Huntington Beach, California, on 7 December 1983.
References
^ Larzelere, Alex (1988). Castro's Ploy-America's Dilemma: The 1980 Cuban Boatlift (PDF) (Report). National Defense University Press.
^ "USS DOMINANT (MSO-431) Deployments & History".
^ "MSO-431 Dominant".
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive – Dominant (MSO-431) – ex-AM-431
Agile-class minesweepers United States Navy
Agile
Aggressive
Avenge
Bold
Bulwark
Conflict
Conquest
Dash
Detector
Direct
Dominant
Dynamic
Embattle
Endurance
Energy
Engage
Enhance
Esteem
Excel
Exploit
Exultant
Fearless
Fidelity
Firm
Force
Fortify
Gallant
Guide
Illusive
Impervious
Implicit
Inflict
Leader
Loyalty
Lucid
Nimble
Notable
Observer
Persistent
Pinnacle
Pivot
Pledge
Pluck
Prestige
Prime
Reaper
Rival
Sagacity
Salute
Skill
Stalwart
Sturdy
Swerve
Valor
Venture
Vigor
Vital
Belgian Navy
Artevelde
Breydel
De Brouwer
Dufour
F. Bovesse
Georges Truffaut
French Navy
Alençon
Autun
Baccarat
Berlaimont
Berneval
Bir Hakeim
Can Tho
Colmar
Dompaire
Garigliano
My Tho
Narvik
Origny
Ouistreham
Vinh Long
Italian Navy
Salmone
Sgombro
Squalo
Storione
Royal Netherlands Navy
Onbevreesd
Onverdroten
Onvermoeid
Onversaagd
Onverschrokken
Onvervaard
Royal Norwegian Navy
Lågen
Namsen
Philippine Navy
Davao del Norte
Davao del Sur
Portuguese Navy
Corvo
Graciosa
Pico
São Jorge
Spanish Navy
Guadalete
Guadalmedina
Guadalquivir
Guadiana
Republic of China Navy
Yung Ku
Yung Teh
Yung Tzu
Yung Yang
National Navy of Uruguay
Maldonado
List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dominant"},{"link_name":"Agile-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kingston, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_New_York"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Dominant.USS Dominant (MSO-431) was an Agile-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy.The second ship to be named Dominant by the U.S. Navy was launched as AM-431 on 5 November 1953 by C. Hiltebrant Dry Dock Co., Kingston, New York; sponsored by Mrs. Belle S. Hiltebrant; and commissioned on 8 November 1954. 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Dominant and the other \"D\" squadron minesweepers arrived at NAVBASE Charleston in early spring of 1971 and it was rumored that Dominant and her sister ships were to be taken out of service.","title":"Providing services for BUSHIPS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mine Division 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Division"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mine Division 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Squadron"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Mayport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Mayport"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"}],"text":"After the minesweeper shifted to the newly reorganized Mine Division 23 (MINDIV 23) in April 1971, Dominant changed status to become a U.S. Naval Reserve Training (NRT) ship on 1 July 1971, joining Mine Division 12 (MINDIV 12) with three other minesweepers that same day. Her designation was later changed to a Naval Reserve Force (NRF) ship.As an NRF ship, Dominant also changed home port to St. Petersburg, Florida on 20 August 1971, utilizing waterfront pierside facilities at Naval Reserve Center St. Petersburg. Re-manned with a composite crew of 2/3 active duty Regular Navy and Training and Administration of the Reserve (TAR) personnel and 1/3 part time Selected Reserve (SELRES) personnel, Dominant began training her complement of Naval Reserve crews underway one weekend a month and for two or more weeks of annual training underway each year. Although Naval Reserve training duties generally kept Dominant in Florida waters, she occasionally sailed to NAVSTA Key West or Naval Station Mayport in Florida, NAVBASE Charleston in South Carolina or Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia for overhaul or minesweeping exercises. Dominant also periodically conducted search and rescue sweeps for crashed military and civilian fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, primarily in the Gulf of Mexico.","title":"Assigned as Naval Reserve training ship and home port shift to St. Petersburg, Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth Amboy, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"USS Exultant (MSO-441)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Exultant_(AM-441)"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"Shinnecock Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinnecock_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"}],"text":"On 1 July 1977, Dominant shifted home port again to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, where her crew conducted a cross-deck transfer with the minesweeper USS Exultant (MSO-441). Dominant operated out of pier facilities at Naval Reserve Center Perth Amboy for the next four years. In 1981, Dominant shifted home ports again, returning to one of her earlier home ports, NAVPHIBASE Little Creek, Virginia, again training local Naval Reserve crews and periodically conducting exercises along the Atlantic coast ranging from Rhode Island to South Carolina. During one cruise in June 1979, Dominant assisted the stricken civilian yacht, That Boat, south of Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, providing aid to the sinking vessel until U.S. Coast Guard assets arrived on the scene.","title":"Home port shifts to Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Virginia Beach, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Straits of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Mariel boatlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariel_boatlift"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolutionary Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Her next significant deployment took place in early June 1980, when Dominant sailed to the Straits of Florida, whose waters were flooded with Cuban refugees during the mass migration known as the Mariel boatlift.[1] During her week-long operations in the Straits of Florida (5 – 11 June 1980), Dominant rescued refugees from several over-crowded and sinking small craft. At one point the minesweeper was challenged by a Cuban Revolutionary Navy gunboat, which demanded the return of a specific refugee, but Dominant refused the demand.[2]","title":"Encounter with a Cuban gunboat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_List"},{"link_name":"Huntington Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Dominant made one more West Indies deployment (2 June – 20 July 1982) before commencing deactivation procedures. Dominant decommissioned at NAVBASE Charleston on 1 October 1982 and was struck from the Navy List the same day. She was then sold for scrap to Wayne Hobbs of Huntington Beach, California, on 7 December 1983.[3]","title":"Decommissioning"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Larzelere, Alex (1988). Castro's Ploy-America's Dilemma: The 1980 Cuban Boatlift (PDF) (Report). National Defense University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Apr/23/2002287258/-1/-1/0/LARZELERE_MARIEL_BOATLIFT.PDF","url_text":"Castro's Ploy-America's Dilemma: The 1980 Cuban Boatlift"}]},{"reference":"\"USS DOMINANT (MSO-431) Deployments & History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hullnumber.com/MSO-431","url_text":"\"USS DOMINANT (MSO-431) Deployments & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"MSO-431 Dominant\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/02431.htm","url_text":"\"MSO-431 Dominant\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Apr/23/2002287258/-1/-1/0/LARZELERE_MARIEL_BOATLIFT.PDF","external_links_name":"Castro's Ploy-America's Dilemma: The 1980 Cuban Boatlift"},{"Link":"http://www.hullnumber.com/MSO-431","external_links_name":"\"USS DOMINANT (MSO-431) Deployments & History\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/02431.htm","external_links_name":"\"MSO-431 Dominant\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/d5/dominant-ii.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/02431.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive – Dominant (MSO-431) – ex-AM-431"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Shinfield_Park | RAF Shinfield Park | ["1 History","1.1 RAF Flying Training Command","1.2 RAF Training Command","1.3 Meteorological Office College","1.4 ECMWF","1.5 Recent development","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°25′05″N 0°57′00″W / 51.418°N 0.950°W / 51.418; -0.950Former RAF base in Berkshire, England
RAF Shinfield Park was a Royal Air Force administrative site in the south of Reading, Berkshire. It served as the Met Office residential training college from 1971 until 2002. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts was built on part of the site in 1978.
History
The site is adjacent to the west side of the A327 road in the south of the Reading area, near the current roundabout with the B3270. Adjacent to the south is the former Shire Hall of Berkshire County Council, and the M4. Adjacent to the north is the independent Crosfields School, built on a former part of the RAF site. To the west is Whitley Wood. Although it was built as a part of Berkshire, the current site is in the civil parish of Shinfield, in the Borough of Wokingham.
The RAF station was built on the Shinfield Lodge Estate. The site had been owned by Ebenezer Maitland in the 1700s.
RAF Flying Training Command
For many years it was the headquarters of RAF Flying Training Command (HQFTC) from 27 May 1940 until 1 June 1968. From 1940 until 1945, it was also the headquarters of RAF Technical Training Command.
RAF Training Command
From 1 June 1968 to 13 June 1977 it was the headquarters of RAF Training Command. In June 1977 RAF Training Command became part of RAF Support Command, situated at RAF Brampton in Cambridgeshire.
Meteorological Office College
It became the Meteorological Office College in October 1971, who had moved from Stanmore in north-west London. The Met Office College, when under Peter Ewins, left in 2002, briefly staying at South Devon College, before moving to Exeter in 2004. The Met Office College trained not just British meteorologists, but TV weather presenters across Europe. TV weather presenters would receive an intensive 18-week course in meteorology.
ECMWF
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts was established next to the Met Office College in 1978. It is known for its Integrated Forecast System. It has around 100 staff. The site had been agreed to be built following a meeting of 18 countries in Brussels in March 1973. It looked at forecasts from four to ten days hence.
Recent development
Most of the site has been turned into housing. Shinfield Lodge has Grade II listing.
Shinfield Lodge in 1984
See also
Shinfield Grange Estate, 478-acre site on the other side of the M4, formerly owned by the University of Reading from 1949, and owned previous to that by Sir Eric Palmer of Huntley & Palmers
References
^ "Francis Family- RAF Shinfield". Retrieved 14 July 2019.
^ "Complaint against council over Shinfield Lodge plans". Reading Post. 8 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
External links
RAF Shinfield Park
Met Office College history
2010 planning application to Wokingham Borough Council
vteCeremonial county of BerkshireBerkshire PortalUnitary authorities
Bracknell Forest
Reading
Slough
West Berkshire
Windsor and Maidenhead
Wokingham
Major settlements(cities in italics)
Ascot
Bracknell
Earley
Eton
Hungerford
Maidenhead
Newbury
Reading
Sandhurst
Slough
Thatcham
Windsor
Wokingham
WoodleySee also: List of civil parishes in Berkshire
Topics
Country houses
Flag
Grade I listed buildings
Grade II* listed buildings
High Sheriffs
History
Lord Lieutenants
Museums
Parliamentary constituencies
Places
Population of major settlements
Public art
SSSIs
51°25′05″N 0°57′00″W / 51.418°N 0.950°W / 51.418; -0.950 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Reading, Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Met Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Office"},{"link_name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF_Shinfield-1"}],"text":"Former RAF base in Berkshire, EnglandRAF Shinfield Park was a Royal Air Force administrative site in the south of Reading, Berkshire. It served as the Met Office residential training college from 1971 until 2002. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts was built on part of the site in 1978.[1]","title":"RAF Shinfield Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A327 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A327_road"},{"link_name":"Berkshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"M4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_motorway"},{"link_name":"Crosfields School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosfields_School"},{"link_name":"Whitley Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Wood"},{"link_name":"Shinfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinfield"},{"link_name":"Borough of Wokingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Maitland"}],"text":"The site is adjacent to the west side of the A327 road in the south of the Reading area, near the current roundabout with the B3270. Adjacent to the south is the former Shire Hall of Berkshire County Council, and the M4. Adjacent to the north is the independent Crosfields School, built on a former part of the RAF site. To the west is Whitley Wood. Although it was built as a part of Berkshire, the current site is in the civil parish of Shinfield, in the Borough of Wokingham.The RAF station was built on the Shinfield Lodge Estate. The site had been owned by Ebenezer Maitland in the 1700s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Flying Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Flying_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"RAF Technical Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Technical_Training_Command"}],"sub_title":"RAF Flying Training Command","text":"For many years it was the headquarters of RAF Flying Training Command (HQFTC) from 27 May 1940 until 1 June 1968. From 1940 until 1945, it was also the headquarters of RAF Technical Training Command.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"RAF Support Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Support_Command"},{"link_name":"RAF Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brampton"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"}],"sub_title":"RAF Training Command","text":"From 1 June 1968 to 13 June 1977 it was the headquarters of RAF Training Command. In June 1977 RAF Training Command became part of RAF Support Command, situated at RAF Brampton in Cambridgeshire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmore"},{"link_name":"Peter Ewins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ewins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Devon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Devon_College"}],"sub_title":"Meteorological Office College","text":"It became the Meteorological Office College in October 1971, who had moved from Stanmore in north-west London. The Met Office College, when under Peter Ewins, left in 2002, briefly staying at South Devon College, before moving to Exeter in 2004. The Met Office College trained not just British meteorologists, but TV weather presenters across Europe. TV weather presenters would receive an intensive 18-week course in meteorology.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts"},{"link_name":"Integrated Forecast System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Forecast_System"}],"sub_title":"ECMWF","text":"The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts was established next to the Met Office College in 1978. It is known for its Integrated Forecast System. It has around 100 staff. The site had been agreed to be built following a meeting of 18 countries in Brussels in March 1973. It looked at forecasts from four to ten days hence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grade II listing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Berkshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinfield_Park_(%22Goodrest%22)_and_its_history_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897099.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Recent development","text":"Most of the site has been turned into housing.[2] Shinfield Lodge has Grade II listing.Shinfield Lodge in 1984","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Shinfield Lodge in 1984","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shinfield_Park_%28%22Goodrest%22%29_and_its_history_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897099.jpg/200px-Shinfield_Park_%28%22Goodrest%22%29_and_its_history_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897099.jpg"}] | [{"title":"University of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading"},{"title":"Huntley & Palmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Francis Family- RAF Shinfield\". Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-francis-family.com/RAF_Shinfield_Park_2/about-the-camp-2/general-information.html","url_text":"\"Francis Family- RAF Shinfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Complaint against council over Shinfield Lodge plans\". Reading Post. 8 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/complaint-against-council-over-shinfield-4230067","url_text":"\"Complaint against council over Shinfield Lodge plans\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Shinfield_Park¶ms=51.418_N_0.95_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°25′05″N 0°57′00″W / 51.418°N 0.950°W / 51.418; -0.950"},{"Link":"http://www.the-francis-family.com/RAF_Shinfield_Park_2/about-the-camp-2/general-information.html","external_links_name":"\"Francis Family- RAF Shinfield\""},{"Link":"http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/complaint-against-council-over-shinfield-4230067","external_links_name":"\"Complaint against council over Shinfield Lodge plans\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-francis-family.com/RAF_Shinfield_Park_2/","external_links_name":"RAF Shinfield Park"},{"Link":"http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/training/college/history","external_links_name":"Met Office College history"},{"Link":"http://wokingham.moderngov.co.uk/Data/Planning%20Committee/201002031900/Agenda/Click%20to%20Download%20-%206753376.pdf","external_links_name":"2010 planning application to Wokingham Borough Council"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Shinfield_Park¶ms=51.418_N_0.95_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°25′05″N 0°57′00″W / 51.418°N 0.950°W / 51.418; -0.950"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spikefish_(AGSS-404) | USS Spikefish | ["1 World War II Service","2 End of War","3 Post War service and fate","4 References","5 External links"] | Submarine of the United States
History
United States
BuilderPortsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine
Laid down29 January 1944
Launched26 April 1944
Commissioned30 June 1944
Decommissioned2 April 1963
Stricken1 May 1963
FateSunk as a target off Long Island, 4 August 1964
General characteristics
Class and typeBalao class diesel-electric submarine
Displacement
1,526 tons (1,550 t) surfaced
2,391 tons (2,429 t) submerged
Length311 ft 6 in (94.95 m)
Beam27 ft 3 in (8.31 m)
Draft16 ft 10 in (5.13 m) maximum
Propulsion
4 × Fairbanks-Morse Model 38D8-⅛ 10-cylinder opposed piston diesel engines driving electrical generators
2 × 126-cell Sargo batteries
4 × high-speed Elliott electric motors with reduction gears
two propellers
5,400 shp (4.0 MW) surfaced
2,740 shp (2.0 MW) submerged
Speed
20.25 knots (38 km/h) surfaced
8.75 kn (16 km/h) submerged
Range
11,000 nmi surfaced at 10 knots
(20,000 km at 19 km/h)
Endurance
48 hours at 2 knots (3.7 km/h) submerged
75 days on patrol
Test depth400 ft (120 m)
Complement10 officers, 70–71 enlisted
Armament
10 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
6 forward, 4 aft
24 torpedoes
1 × 5-inch (127 mm) / 25 caliber deck gun
Bofors 40 mm and Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
USS Spikefish (SS/AGSS-404), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy, named for the spikefish. She was the first United States submarine to record 10,000 dives.
World War II Service
Spikefish was laid down on 29 January 1944 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine; launched on 26 April 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Harvey W. Moore, and commissioned on 30 June 1944.
She outfitted there until 31 July when she moved to the Portsmouth-New London area for training. The submarine departed Portsmouth on 16 September and proceeded via the Panama Canal to the Hawaiian Islands. Upon arriving at Pearl Harbor on 23 October, she began preparation for her first war patrol.
Spikefish got underway on 15 November 1944 for the Kuril Islands and the Sea of Okhotsk. She encountered no enemy shipping during the patrol which ended at Midway Island on 1 January 1945. On 26 January, she sailed for the Ryukyus and began patrolling westward of that group.
On 24 February, the submarine made a submerged attack on a convoy of six cargo ships with four escorts. She fired six torpedoes at two of the freighters, three of which were heard to hit, but results were not observed as Spikefish was forced to go deep and weather out a four-hour attack of about 80 depth charges. She sighted another convoy on 5 March and expended six torpedoes in a fruitless attack which led to another pounding by escorts. Spikefish was ordered to terminate her patrol on 6 March, and she returned to Pearl Harbor on 19 March.
One month later, Spikefish, under Cdr. Robert R. Managhan, sailed with Dragonet (SS-293) for Guam, topped off with fuel, and proceeded independently, on 3 May, toward an area off the east coast of Formosa where she assumed lifeguard station duties. She made no rescues during this period and sighted only one enemy ship. That occurred on the night of 14 May, and all four torpedoes that she fired missed the target. On 29 May, Spikefish was ordered to take station off Sakishima Gunto and act as lifeguard for carrier planes in the area. On 5 June, she bombarded Miyara airstrip on Ishigaki Jima with her 5-inch (130 mm) gun. Two days later, the submarine rescued a downed pilot whose plane had crashed after taking off from escort carrier, Sargent Bay (CVE-83). She returned to Guam on 13 June.
Spikefish began her last war patrol on 8 July with an uneventful patrol in the Yellow Sea and lifeguard duty off Shanghai. On 24 July, she bombarded Surveyor Island, off the China coast, in an attempt to destroy an enemy radar station. Shortly after midnight on 11 August, she located a small Japanese cargo ship near her lifeguard station but could not make positive identification at night. The ship was dead in the water, so Spikefish waited until morning, identified it as enemy and sank it with gunfire. Three survivors were brought on board. On the night of 13 August about 190 nmi (350 km) southeast of Shanghai, she made radar contact with a surfaced submarine. After tracking it for about an hour, the submarine submerged and disappeared from Spikefish's scope. At 00:07, contact was regained and the submarine was tracked until morning, when she was sighted on the surface. Her silhouette proved her to be Japanese. Spikefish fired six torpedoes. Two hit the target, which sank in a cloud of smoke at 29°02′N 123°53′E / 29.033°N 123.883°E / 29.033; 123.883 (Japanese submarine I-373).
The sole survivor who was taken prisoner identified the submarine as I-373; she was the last Japanese submarine sunk in the war.
End of War
On 15 August, an order was received to cease all attacks, as Japan had agreed to surrender. The submarine delivered her prisoners to Saipan on 21 August and proceeded to Pearl Harbor, On 6 September, she and Hoe (SS-258) sailed for the east coast of the United States. Spikefish transited the Panama Canal on 23 September and arrived at New London, Conn. on 29 September. She was in drydock at the Portsmouth Navy Yard from 1 November 1945 to 15 February 1946. Upon her return to New London, her home port, she was assigned to Submarine Squadron 2 and trained personnel of the submarine school.
Post War service and fate
Her training duty was interrupted by an overhaul from 7 April to 22 September 1947; a cruise to Bermuda from 25 September to 2 October 1947; and another overhaul at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard from 16 May to 8 July 1948. Spikefish operated from New London making training cruises along the east coast from Bermuda to Nova Scotia until 30 April 1955. On that day, she and Piper (SS-409) sailed for the Mediterranean and deployment with the 6th Fleet. Spikefish returned to New London on 8 October 1955 and resumed her normal training duties until early 1963. On 18 March 1960, Spikefish became the first United States submarine to record 10,000 dives.
Spikefish was redesignated an Auxiliary Research Submarine and renumbered AGSS-404 (auxiliary, submarine) in 1962. She was decommissioned at Key West, Florida on 2 April 1963 and was stricken from the Navy list on 1 May 1963. She was subsequently sunk as a target in August 1964 off Long Island, New York.
Spikefish received three battle stars for World War II service.
References
^ a b c d e f Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
^ a b c d e f g Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.
^ a b c d e f U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311.
^ a b c d e Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9.
^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 261–263
^ a b c U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
^ "SS-404, U.S.S. Spikefish". FleetSubmarine.com. 2002. Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2002). "IJN Submarine I-373: Tabular Record of Movement". Sensuikan!. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
^ Stille, Mark. Imperial Japanese Navy Submarines 1941-45 (Osprey, 2007), p.40.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entries can be found here and here.
External links
Photo gallery of Spikefish at NavSource Naval History
vteBalao-class submarines United States NavyCompleted
Balao
Billfish
Bowfin
Cabrilla
Capelin
Cisco
Crevalle
Devilfish
Dragonet
Escolar
Hackleback
Lancetfish
Ling
Lionfish
Manta
Moray
Roncador
Sabalo
Sablefish
Seahorse
Skate
Tang
Tilefish
Apogon
Aspro
Batfish
Archerfish
Burrfish
Perch
Shark
Sealion
Barbel
Barbero
Baya
Becuna
Bergall
Besugo
Blackfin
Caiman
Blenny
Blower
Blueback
Boarfish
Charr
Chub
Brill
Bugara
Bullhead
Bumper
Cabezon
Dentuda
Capitaine
Carbonero
Carp
Catfish
Entemedor
Chivo
Chopper
Clamagore
Cobbler
Cochino
Corporal
Cubera
Cusk
Diodon
Dogfish
Greenfish
Halfbeak
Hardhead
Hawkbill
Icefish
Jallao
Kete
Kraken
Lagarto
Lamprey
Lizardfish
Loggerhead
Macabi
Mapiro
Menhaden
Mero
Sand Lance
Picuda
Pampanito
Parche
Bang
Pilotfish
Pintado
Pipefish
Piranha
Plaice
Pomfret
Sterlet
Queenfish
Razorback
Redfish
Ronquil
Scabbardfish
Segundo
Sea Cat
Sea Devil
Sea Dog
Sea Fox
Atule
Spikefish
Sea Owl
Sea Poacher
Sea Robin
Sennet
Piper
Threadfin
Spadefish
Trepang
Spot
Springer
Stickleback
Tiru
Trumpetfish
Tusk
Canceled
Dugong
Eel
Espada
Jawfish
Ono
Garlopa
Garrupa
Goldring
Needlefish
Nerka
Turbot
Ulua
Unicorn
Vendace
Walrus
Whitefish
Whiting
Wolffish
SS-438 – SS-463 (Unnamed)
Chicolar
SS-465 – SS-474 (Unnamed)
SS-530 – SS-536 (Unnamed)
Other operators Argentine Navy
Santa Fe (S-11)
Santa Fe (S-21) (ex-Catfish)
Santiago del Estero (S-12)
Santiago del Estero (S-22)
Brazilian Navy
Amazonas
Bahia
Goias
Guanabara
Rio Grande do Sul
Royal Canadian Navy
Grilse
Chilean Navy
Thomson
Simpson
Republic of China Navypart of Hai Shih class
Hai Pao
Hellenic Navy
Papanikolis
Triaina
Marina Militare
Alfredo Cappellini
Evangelista Torricelli
Francesco Morosini
Royal Netherlands NavyWalrus class
Walrus
Zeeleeuw
Peruvian Navy
La Pedrera
Pacocha (ex-Atule)
Spanish Navy
Almirante García de los Reyes
Cosme García
Isaac Peral
Narcíso Monturiol (S33)
Narcíso Monturiol (S35)
Turkish Navy
1. İnönü (S330)
1. İnönü (S346)
2. İnönü (S331)
2. İnönü (S333)
Burakreis
Çanakkale (S333)
Çanakkale (S341)
Dumlupınar (D6)
Dumlupınar (S339)
Gür
Hızırreis
Muratreis
Oruçreis
Pirireis
Preveze
Sakarya
Turgutreis
Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela
Carite
Tiburon
Preceded by: Gato class
Followed by: Tench class
List of submarines of the United States Navy
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1964Shipwrecks
12 Jan: Demeter
10 Feb: HMAS Voyager (Melbourne–Voyager collision)
2 May: Alkimos, USNS Card
29 June: RPS Rajah Soliman
4 Aug: USS Spikefish
14 Sep: Avalon
7 Oct: USS Barbero
14 Oct: Dia
27 Oct: Charles A. Dunning
15 Nov: Archangelos/ ex-Dolly Madison
24 Nov: USS Sea Devil
7 Dec: Scantic
23 Dec: Vijaya
27 Dec: Brainerd Victory
Other incidents
10 Jan: HMS Tiptoe
10 Feb: HMAS Melbourne (Melbourne–Voyager collision)
18 Feb: San Jacinto
2 Aug: USS Maddox (Gulf of Tonkin Incident)
4 Aug: USS Maddox, USS Turner Joy (Gulf of Tonkin Incident)
26 Nov: Shalom
Unknown date: Thorium
1963 1965 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balao-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balao_class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"spikefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikefish"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"USS Spikefish (SS/AGSS-404), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy, named for the spikefish. She was the first United States submarine to record 10,000 dives.[citation needed]","title":"USS Spikefish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portsmouth Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Kittery, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittery,_Maine"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Kuril Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sea of Okhotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk"},{"link_name":"Midway Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Island"},{"link_name":"Ryukyus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Islands"},{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dragonet (SS-293)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dragonet"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"lifeguard station duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeguard_League"},{"link_name":"Sakishima Gunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakishima_Gunto"},{"link_name":"carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Miyara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miyara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishigaki_Jima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"escort carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Sargent Bay (CVE-83)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sargent_Bay"},{"link_name":"Yellow Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Surveyor Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveyor_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"29°02′N 123°53′E / 29.033°N 123.883°E / 29.033; 123.883 (Japanese submarine I-373)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Spikefish¶ms=29_02_N_123_53_E_&title=Japanese+submarine+I-373"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"I-373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-373"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Spikefish was laid down on 29 January 1944 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine; launched on 26 April 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Harvey W. Moore, and commissioned on 30 June 1944.She outfitted there until 31 July when she moved to the Portsmouth-New London area for training. The submarine departed Portsmouth on 16 September and proceeded via the Panama Canal to the Hawaiian Islands. Upon arriving at Pearl Harbor on 23 October, she began preparation for her first war patrol.Spikefish got underway on 15 November 1944 for the Kuril Islands and the Sea of Okhotsk. She encountered no enemy shipping during the patrol which ended at Midway Island on 1 January 1945. On 26 January, she sailed for the Ryukyus and began patrolling westward of that group.On 24 February, the submarine made a submerged attack on a convoy of six cargo ships with four escorts. She fired six torpedoes at two of the freighters, three of which were heard to hit, but results were not observed as Spikefish was forced to go deep and weather out a four-hour attack of about 80 depth charges. She sighted another convoy on 5 March and expended six torpedoes in a fruitless attack which led to another pounding by escorts. Spikefish was ordered to terminate her patrol on 6 March, and she returned to Pearl Harbor on 19 March.One month later, Spikefish, under Cdr. Robert R. Managhan,[7] sailed with Dragonet (SS-293) for Guam, topped off with fuel, and proceeded independently, on 3 May, toward an area off the east coast of Formosa where she assumed lifeguard station duties. She made no rescues during this period and sighted only one enemy ship. That occurred on the night of 14 May, and all four torpedoes that she fired missed the target. On 29 May, Spikefish was ordered to take station off Sakishima Gunto and act as lifeguard for carrier planes in the area. On 5 June, she bombarded Miyara airstrip on Ishigaki Jima with her 5-inch (130 mm) gun. Two days later, the submarine rescued a downed pilot whose plane had crashed after taking off from escort carrier, Sargent Bay (CVE-83). She returned to Guam on 13 June.Spikefish began her last war patrol on 8 July with an uneventful patrol in the Yellow Sea and lifeguard duty off Shanghai. On 24 July, she bombarded Surveyor Island, off the China coast, in an attempt to destroy an enemy radar station. Shortly after midnight on 11 August, she located a small Japanese cargo ship near her lifeguard station but could not make positive identification at night. The ship was dead in the water, so Spikefish waited until morning, identified it as enemy and sank it with gunfire. Three survivors were brought on board. On the night of 13 August about 190 nmi (350 km) southeast of Shanghai, she made radar contact with a surfaced submarine. After tracking it for about an hour, the submarine submerged and disappeared from Spikefish's scope. At 00:07, contact was regained and the submarine was tracked until morning, when she was sighted on the surface. Her silhouette proved her to be Japanese. Spikefish fired six torpedoes. Two hit the target, which sank in a cloud of smoke at 29°02′N 123°53′E / 29.033°N 123.883°E / 29.033; 123.883 (Japanese submarine I-373).[8] \nThe sole survivor who was taken prisoner identified the submarine as I-373; she was the last Japanese submarine sunk in the war.[9]","title":"World War II Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Hoe (SS-258)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hoe"},{"link_name":"New London, Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"Submarine Squadron 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_2"}],"text":"On 15 August, an order was received to cease all attacks, as Japan had agreed to surrender. The submarine delivered her prisoners to Saipan on 21 August and proceeded to Pearl Harbor, On 6 September, she and Hoe (SS-258) sailed for the east coast of the United States. Spikefish transited the Panama Canal on 23 September and arrived at New London, Conn. on 29 September. She was in drydock at the Portsmouth Navy Yard from 1 November 1945 to 15 February 1946. Upon her return to New London, her home port, she was assigned to Submarine Squadron 2 and trained personnel of the submarine school.","title":"End of War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Piper (SS-409)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Piper"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"6th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._6th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Her training duty was interrupted by an overhaul from 7 April to 22 September 1947; a cruise to Bermuda from 25 September to 2 October 1947; and another overhaul at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard from 16 May to 8 July 1948. Spikefish operated from New London making training cruises along the east coast from Bermuda to Nova Scotia until 30 April 1955. On that day, she and Piper (SS-409) sailed for the Mediterranean and deployment with the 6th Fleet. Spikefish returned to New London on 8 October 1955 and resumed her normal training duties until early 1963. On 18 March 1960, Spikefish became the first United States submarine to record 10,000 dives.[citation needed]Spikefish was redesignated an Auxiliary Research Submarine and renumbered AGSS-404 (auxiliary, submarine) in 1962. She was decommissioned at Key West, Florida on 2 April 1963 and was stricken from the Navy list on 1 May 1963. She was subsequently sunk as a target in August 1964 off Long Island, New York.Spikefish received three battle stars for World War II service.","title":"Post War service and fate"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland","url_text":"Annapolis, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"United States Naval Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-263-3","url_text":"1-55750-263-3"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26202-0","url_text":"0-313-26202-0"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 275–280. ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Jack_Bauer","url_text":"Bauer, K. Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26202-9","url_text":"978-0-313-26202-9"}]},{"reference":"\"SS-404, U.S.S. Spikefish\". FleetSubmarine.com. 2002. Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528012505/http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/ss-404.html","url_text":"\"SS-404, U.S.S. Spikefish\""},{"url":"http://fleetsubmarine.com/ss-404.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2002). \"IJN Submarine I-373: Tabular Record of Movement\". Sensuikan!. Retrieved 2009-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-373.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Submarine I-373: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Spikefish¶ms=29_02_N_123_53_E_&title=Japanese+submarine+I-373","external_links_name":"29°02′N 123°53′E / 29.033°N 123.883°E / 29.033; 123.883 (Japanese submarine I-373)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528012505/http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/ss-404.html","external_links_name":"\"SS-404, U.S.S. Spikefish\""},{"Link":"http://fleetsubmarine.com/ss-404.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-373.htm","external_links_name":"\"IJN Submarine I-373: Tabular Record of Movement\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s16/spikefish.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://hazegray.org/danfs/submar/ss404.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08404.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Period | Cambrian | ["1 Etymology and history","2 Geology","2.1 Stratigraphy","2.1.1 Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary","2.1.2 Terreneuvian","2.1.3 Cambrian Series 2","2.1.4 Miaolingian","2.1.5 Furongian","2.1.6 Cambrian–Ordovician boundary","3 Paleogeography","3.1 Laurentia","3.2 Gondwana","3.2.1 Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma Terranes","3.3 Baltica","3.4 Siberia","3.5 Central Asia","3.6 North China","3.7 South China and Annamia","4 Climate","5 Geochemistry","5.1 Isotope excursions","5.1.1 Base of Cambrian","5.1.2 Cambrian Stages 2 and 3","5.1.3 Cambrian Stage 4 to early Miaolingian","5.1.4 Early Furongian","5.2 Magnesium/calcium isotope ratios in seawater","6 Flora","7 Oceanic life","8 Symbol","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | First period of the Paleozoic Era, 539–485 million years ago
For other uses, see Cambrian (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cambria or Cumbria.
"Cambrian fauna" redirects here. For the first evolutionary fauna, see Evolutionary fauna § Cambrian fauna.
Cambrian538.8 ± 0.2 – 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma
PreꞒ
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Earth in the middle of the Cambrian Period, c. 510 MaChronology−540 —–−535 —–−530 —–−525 —–−520 —–−515 —–−510 —–−505 —–−500 —–−495 —–−490 —–−485 —–N♇PaleozoicEdiacaranCambrianOrdovicianTerreneuvianSeries2Miaoling.Furong.Fortunian"Stage 2""Stage 3""Stage 4"WuliuanDrumianGuzhangianPaibianJiangshanian"Stage 10" ←Orsten Fauna←Burgess Shale←Kaili biota←Archaeocyatha extinction←Emu Bay Shale←Sirius Passet biota←Chengjiang biota←First Trilobites←SSF diversification, first brachiopods & archaeocyatha←First halkieriids, mollusсs, hyoliths SSF←Baykonurian glaciation←Dresbachian extinction Major Glacial period
Subdivision of the Cambrian according to the ICS, as of 2022. Vertical axis scale: millions of years agoEtymologyName formalityFormalUsage informationCelestial bodyEarthRegional usageGlobal (ICS)Time scale(s) usedICS Time ScaleDefinitionChronological unitPeriodStratigraphic unitSystemFirst proposed byAdam Sedgwick, 1835Time span formalityFormalLower boundary definitionAppearance of the Ichnofossil Treptichnus pedumLower boundary GSSPFortune Head section, Newfoundland, Canada47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W / 47.0762; -55.8310Lower GSSP ratified1992Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus.Upper boundary GSSPGreenpoint section, Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W / 49.6829; -57.9653Upper GSSP ratified2000Atmospheric and climatic dataSea level above present dayRising steadily from 4 m to 90 m
The Cambrian ( /ˈkæmbri.ən, ˈkeɪm-/ KAM-bree-ən, KAYM-) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran period 538.8 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 Ma.
Most of the continents lay in the southern hemisphere surrounded by the vast Panthalassa Ocean. The assembly of Gondwana during the Ediacaran and early Cambrian led to the development of new convergent plate boundaries and continental-margin arc magmatism along its margins that helped drive up global temperatures. Laurentia lay across the equator, separated from Gondwana by the opening Iapetus Ocean.
The Cambrian was a time of greenhouse climate conditions, with high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen in the atmosphere and seas. Upwellings of anoxic deep ocean waters into shallow marine environments lead to extinction events, whilst periods of raised oxygenation led to increased biodiversity.
The Cambrian marked a profound change in life on Earth; prior to the Period, the majority of living organisms were small, unicellular and poorly preserved. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common during the Ediacaran, but it was not until the Cambrian that organisms with mineralised shells and skeletons are found in the rock record, and the rapid diversification of lifeforms, known as the Cambrian explosion, produced the first representatives of most modern animal phyla. The Period is also unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells.
By the end of the Cambrian, myriapods, arachnids, and hexapods started adapting to the land, along with the first plants.
Etymology and history
The term Cambrian is derived from the Latin version of Cymru, the Welsh name for Wales, where rocks of this age were first studied. It was named by Adam Sedgwick in 1835, who divided it into three groups; the Lower, Middle, and Upper. He defined the boundary between the Cambrian and the overlying Silurian, together with Roderick Murchison, in their joint paper "On the Silurian and Cambrian Systems, Exhibiting the Order in which the Older Sedimentary Strata Succeed each other in England and Wales". This early agreement did not last.
Due to the scarcity of fossils, Sedgwick used rock types to identify Cambrian strata. He was also slow in publishing further work. The clear fossil record of the Silurian, however, allowed Murchison to correlate rocks of a similar age across Europe and Russia, and on which he published extensively. As increasing numbers of fossils were identified in older rocks, he extended the base of the Silurian downwards into the Sedgwick's "Upper Cambrian", claiming all fossilised strata for "his" Silurian series. Matters were complicated further when, in 1852, fieldwork carried out by Sedgwick and others revealed an unconformity within the Silurian, with a clear difference in fauna between the two. This allowed Sedgwick to now claim a large section of the Silurian for "his" Cambrian and gave the Cambrian an identifiable fossil record. The dispute between the two geologists and their supporters, over the boundary between the Cambrian and Silurian, would extend beyond the life times of both Sedgwick and Murchison. It was not resolved until 1879, when Charles Lapworth proposed the disputed strata belong to its own system, which he named the Ordovician.
The term Cambrian for the oldest period of the Paleozoic was officially agreed in 1960, at the 21st International Geological Congress. It only includes Sedgwick's "Lower Cambrian series", but its base has been extended into much older rocks.
Geology
Stratigraphy
Systems, series and stages can be defined globally or regionally. For global stratigraphic correlation, the ICS ratify rock units based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the unit. Currently the boundaries of the Cambrian System, three series and six stages are defined by global stratotype sections and points.
Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary
The lower boundary of the Cambrian was originally held to represent the first appearance of complex life, represented by trilobites. The recognition of small shelly fossils before the first trilobites, and Ediacara biota substantially earlier, has led to calls for a more precisely defined base to the Cambrian Period.
Despite the long recognition of its distinction from younger Ordovician rocks and older Precambrian rocks, it was not until 1994 that the Cambrian system/period was internationally ratified. After decades of careful consideration, a continuous sedimentary sequence at Fortune Head, Newfoundland was settled upon as a formal base of the Cambrian Period, which was to be correlated worldwide by the earliest appearance of Treptichnus pedum. Discovery of this fossil a few metres below the GSSP led to the refinement of this statement, and it is the T. pedum ichnofossil assemblage that is now formally used to correlate the base of the Cambrian.
This formal designation allowed radiometric dates to be obtained from samples across the globe that corresponded to the base of the Cambrian. An early date of 570 Ma quickly gained favour, though the methods used to obtain this number are now considered to be unsuitable and inaccurate. A more precise analysis using modern radiometric dating yields a date of 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma. The ash horizon in Oman from which this date was recovered corresponds to a marked fall in the abundance of carbon-13 that correlates to equivalent excursions elsewhere in the world, and to the disappearance of distinctive Ediacaran fossils (Namacalathus, Cloudina). Nevertheless, there are arguments that the dated horizon in Oman does not correspond to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, but represents a facies change from marine to evaporite-dominated strata – which would mean that dates from other sections, ranging from 544 to 542 Ma, are more suitable.
Approximate correlation of global and regional stages in Cambrian stratigraphy
International Series
International Stage
Chinese
Australian
Russian-Kazakhian
North American
European
Cambrian
Furongian
"Stage 10"
Niuchehean
Datsonian
Batyrbaian
Skullrockian / Ibexian (part)
Merionethian
Payntonian
Sunwaptan / Trempealeauan
Jiangshanian
Jiangshanian
Iverian
Aksaian
Sakian
Paibian
Paibian
Idamean
Steptoean / Franconian
Miaolingian
Guzhangian
Guzhangian
Mindyallan
Ayusokkanian
Marjuman / Dresbachian
Boomerangian
Mayan
Acadian / St. David's
Drumian
Wangcunian
Undillian
Florian
Wuliuan
Wuliuan
Templetonian
Amgan / Amgaian
Topazan
Ordian
Delmaran
Cambrian Series 2
"Stage 4"
Duyunian
Branchian / Comley (part)
Toyonian
Dyeran
Botomian
"Stage 3"
Nangaoan
Atdabanian
Montezuman
Placentian / Comley (part)
Terreneuvian
"Stage 2"
Meishucunian
Tommotian*
Begadean
Jinningian
Nemakit-Daldynian*
Fortunian
Ediacaran
Sinian
Adelaidean
Sakharan / Vendian
Hadrynian
Part of a series onThe Cambrian explosion
Fossil localities
Burgess Shale
Chengjiang
Sirius Passet
Doushantuo
Key organisms
Ediacaran biota
Dickinsonia
Kimberella
Kimberichnus
Vernanimalcula
Burgess-type
Marrella
Radiodonts
Halwaxiids
Opabinia
Odontogriphus
Small shelly fauna
Helcionellids
Evolutionary concepts
Trends
Cambrian substrate revolution
Themes
Cladistics
Convergent evolution
Stem and crown groups
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*Most Russian paleontologists define the lower boundary of the Cambrian at the base of the Tommotian Stage, characterized by diversification and global distribution of organisms with mineral skeletons and the appearance of the first Archaeocyath bioherms.
Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary section at Fortune Head, Newfoundland, GSSP
Terreneuvian
The Terreneuvian is the lowermost series/epoch of the Cambrian, lasting from 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma to c. 521 Ma. It is divided into two stages: the Fortunian stage, 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma to c. 529 Ma; and the unnamed Stage 2, c. 529 Ma to c. 521 Ma. The name Terreneuvian was ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in 2007, replacing the previous "Cambrian Series 1". The GSSP defining its base is at Fortune Head on the Burin Peninsula, eastern Newfoundland, Canada (see Ediacaran - Cambrian boundary above). The Terreneuvian is the only series in the Cambrian to contain no trilobite fossils. Its lower part is characterised by complex, sediment-penetrating Phanerozoic-type trace fossils, and its upper part by small shelly fossils.
Cambrian Series 2
The second series/epoch of the Cambrian is currently unnamed and known as Cambrian Series 2. It lasted from c. 521 Ma to c. 509 Ma. Its two stages are also unnamed and known as Cambrian Stage 3, c. 521 Ma to c. 514 Ma, and Cambrian Stage 4, c. 514 Ma to c. 509 Ma. The base of Series 2 does not yet have a GSSP, but it is expected to be defined in strata marking the first appearance of trilobites in Gondwana. There was a rapid diversification of metazoans during this epoch, but their restricted geographic distribution, particularly of the trilobites and archaeocyaths, have made global correlations difficult, hence ongoing efforts to establish a GSSP.
Miaolingian
Diorama of the Burgess Shale Biota
The Miaolingian is the third series/epoch of the Cambrian, lasting from c. 509 Ma to c. 497 Ma. It is divided into three stages: the Wuliuan c. 509 Ma to 504.5 Ma; the Drumian c. 504.5 Ma to c. 500.5 Ma; and the Guzhangian c. 500.5 Ma to c. 497 Ma. The name replaces Cambrian Series 3 and was ratified by the IUGS in 2018. It is named after the Miaoling Mountains in southeastern Guizhou Province, South China, where the GSSP marking its base is found. This is defined by the first appearance of the oryctocephalid trilobite Oryctocephalus indicus. Secondary markers for the base of the Miaolingian include the appearance of many acritarchs forms, a global marine transgression, and the disappearance of the polymerid trilobites, Bathynotus or Ovatoryctocara. Unlike the Terreneuvian and Series 2, all the stages of the Miaolingian are defined by GSSPs.
The olenellids, eodiscids, and most redlichiids trilobites went extinct at the boundary between Series 2 and the Miaolingian. This is considered the oldest mass extinction of trilobites.
Furongian
The Furongian, c. 497 Ma to 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma, is the fourth and uppermost series/epoch of the Cambrian. The name was ratified by the IUGS in 2003 and replaces Cambrian Series 4 and the traditional "Upper Cambrian". The GSSP for the base of the Furongian is in the Wuling Mountains, in northwestern Hunan Province, China. It coincides with the first appearance of the agnostoid trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus, and is near the beginning of a large positive δ13C isotopic excursion.
The Furongian is divided into three stages: the Paibian, c. 497 Ma to c. 494 Ma, and the Jiangshanian c. 494 Ma to c. 489.5 Ma, which have defined GSSPs; and the unnamed Cambrian Stage 10, c. 489.5 Ma to 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.
Cambrian–Ordovician boundary
The GSSP for the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is at Green Point, western Newfoundland, Canada, and is dated at 485.4 Ma. It is defined by the appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus. Where these conodonts are not found the appearance of planktonic graptolites or the trilobite Jujuyaspis borealis can be used. The boundary also corresponds with the peak of the largest positive variation in the δ13C curve during the boundary time interval and with a global marine transgression.
Paleogeography
Reconstructing the position of the continents during the Cambrian is based on palaeomagnetic, palaeobiogeographic, tectonic, geological and palaeoclimatic data. However, these have different levels of uncertainty and can produce contradictory locations for the major continents. This, together with the ongoing debate around the existence of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent of Pannotia, means that while most models agree the continents lay in the southern hemisphere, with the vast Panthalassa Ocean covering most of northern hemisphere, the exact distribution and timing of the movements of the Cambrian continents varies between models.
Most models show Gondwana stretching from the south polar region to north of the equator. Early in the Cambrian, the south pole corresponded with the western South American sector and as Gondwana rotated anti-clockwise, by the middle of the Cambrian, the south pole lay in the northwest African region.
Laurentia lay across the equator, separated from Gondwana by the Iapetus Ocean. Proponents of Pannotia have Laurentia and Baltica close to the Amazonia region of Gondwana with a narrow Iapetus Ocean that only began to open once Gondwana was fully assembled c. 520 Ma. Those not in favour of the existence of Pannotia show the Iapetus opening during the Late Neoproterozoic, with up to c. 6,500 km (c. 4038 miles) between Laurentia and West Gondwana at the beginning of the Cambrian.
Of the smaller continents, Baltica lay between Laurentia and Gondwana, the Ran Ocean (an arm of the Iapetus) opening between it and Gondwana. Siberia lay close to the western margin of Gondwana and to the north of Baltica. Annamia and South China formed a single continent situated off north central Gondwana. The location of North China is unclear. It may have lain along the northeast Indian sector of Gondwana or already have been a separate continent.
Laurentia
During the Cambrian, Laurentia lay across or close to the equator. It drifted south and rotated c. 20° anticlockwise during the middle Cambrian, before drifting north again in the late Cambrian.
After the Late Neoproterozoic (or mid-Cambrian) rifting of Laurentia from Gondwana and the subsequent opening of the Iapetus Ocean, Laurentia was largely surrounded by passive margins with much of the continent covered by shallow seas.
As Laurentia separated from Gondwana, a sliver of continental terrane rifted from Laurentia with the narrow Taconic seaway opening between them. The remains of this terrane are now found in southern Scotland, Ireland, and Newfoundland. Intra-oceanic subduction either to the southeast of this terrane in the Iapetus, or to its northwest in the Taconic seaway, resulted in the formation of an island arc. This accreted to the terrane in the late Cambrian, triggering southeast-dipping subduction beneath the terrane itself and consequent closure of the marginal seaway. The terrane collided with Laurentia in the Early Ordovician.
Towards the end of the early Cambrian, rifting along Laurentia's southeastern margin led to the separation of Cuyania (now part of Argentina) from the Ouachita embayment with a new ocean established that continued to widen through the Cambrian and Early Ordovician.
Gondwana
Gondwana was a massive continent, three times the size of any of the other Cambrian continents. Its continental land area extended from the south pole to north of the equator. Around it were extensive shallow seas and numerous smaller land areas.
The cratons that formed Gondwana came together during the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian. A narrow ocean separated Amazonia from Gondwana until c. 530 Ma and the Arequipa-Antofalla block united with the South American sector of Gondwana in the early Cambrian. The Kuunga Orogeny between northern (Congo Craton, Madagascar and India) and southern Gondwana (Kalahari Craton and East Antarctica), which began c. 570 Ma, continued with parts of northern Gondwana over-riding southern Gondwana and was accompanied by metamorphism and the intrusion of granites.
Subduction zones, active since the Neoproterozoic, extended around much of Gondwana's margins, from northwest Africa southwards round South America, South Africa, East Antarctica, and the eastern edge of West Australia. Shorter subduction zones existed north of Arabia and India.
The Famatinian continental arc stretched from central Peru in the north to central Argentina in the south. Subduction beneath this proto-Andeanmargin began by the late Cambrian.
Along the northern margin of Gondwana, between northern Africa and the Armorican Terranes of southern Europe, the continental arc of the Cadomian Orogeny continued from the Neoproterozoic in response to the oblique subduction of the Iapetus Ocean. This subduction extended west along the Gondwanan margin and by c. 530 Ma may have evolved into a major transform fault system.
At c. 511 Ma the continental flood basalts of the Kalkarindji large igneous province (LIP) began to erupt. These covered an area of > 2.1 × 106 km2 across northern, central and Western Australia regions of Gondwana making it one of the largest, as well as the earliest, LIPs of the Phanerozoic. The timing of the eruptions suggests they played a role in the early to middle Cambrian mass extinction.
Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma Terranes
The terranes of Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma lay in polar regions during the early Cambrian, and high-to-mid southern latitudes by the mid to late Cambrian. They are commonly shown as an island arc-transform fault system along the northwestern margin of Gondwana north of northwest Africa and Amazonia, which rifted from Gondwana during the Ordovician. However, some models show these terranes as part of a single independent microcontinent, Greater Avalonia, lying to the west of Baltica and aligned with its eastern (Timanide) margin, with the Iapetus to the north and the Ran Ocean to the south.
Baltica
During the Cambrian, Baltica rotated more than 60° anti-clockwise and began to drift northwards. This rotation was accommodated by major strike-slip movements in the Ran Ocean between it and Gondwana.
Baltica lay at mid-to-high southerly latitudes, separated from Laurentia by the Iapetus and from Gondwana by the Ran Ocean. It was composed of two continents, Fennoscandia and Sarmatia, separated by shallow seas. The sediments deposited in these unconformably overlay Precambrian basement rocks. The lack of coarse-grained sediments indicates low lying topography across the centre of the craton.
Along Baltica's northeastern margin subduction and arc magmatism associated with the Ediacaran Timanian Orogeny was coming to an end. In this region the early to middle Cambrian was a time of non-deposition and followed by late Cambrian rifting and sedimentation.
Its southeastern margin was also a convergent boundary, with the accretion of island arcs and microcontinents to the craton, although the details are unclear.
Siberia
Siberia began the Cambrian close to western Gondwana and north of Baltica. It drifted northwestwards to close to the equator as the Ægir Ocean opened between it and Baltica. Much of the continent was covered by shallow seas with extensive archaeocyathan reefs. The then northern third of the continent (present day south; Siberia has rotated 180° since the Cambrian) adjacent to its convergent margin was mountainous.
From the Late Neoproterozoic to the Ordovician, a series of island arcs accreted to Siberia's then northeastern margin, accompanied by extensive arc and back-arc volcanism. These now form the Altai-Sayan terranes. Some models show a convergent plate margin extending from Greater Avalonia, through the Timanide margin of Baltica, forming the Kipchak island arc offshore of southeastern Siberia and curving round to become part of the Altai-Sayan convergent margin.
Along the then western margin, Late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian rifting was followed by the development of a passive margin.
To the then north, Siberia was separated from the Central Mongolian terrane by the narrow and slowly opening Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The Central Mongolian terrane's northern margin with the Panthalassa was convergent, whilst its southern margin facing the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean was passive.
Central Asia
During the Cambrian, the terranes that would form Kazakhstania later in the Paleozoic were a series of island arc and accretionary complexes that lay along an intra-oceanic convergent plate margin to the south of North China.
To the south of these the Tarim microcontinent lay between Gondwana and Siberia. Its northern margin was passive for much of the Paleozoic, with thick sequences of platform carbonates and fluvial to marine sediments resting unconformably on Precambrian basement. Along its southeast margin was the Altyn Cambro–Ordovician accretionary complex, whilst to the southwest a subduction zone was closing the narrow seaway between the North West Kunlun region of Tarim and the South West Kunlun terrane.
North China
Life reconstruction of the Linyi Lagerstätte in Northern China
North China lay at equatorial to tropical latitudes during the early Cambrian, although its exact position is unknown. Much of the craton was covered by shallow seas, with land in the northwest and southeast.
Northern North China was a passive margin until the onset of subduction and the development of the Bainaimiao arc in the late Cambrian. To its south was a convergent margin with a southwest dipping subduction zone, beyond which lay the North Qinling terrane (now part of the Qinling Orogenic Belt).
South China and Annamia
South China and Annamia formed a single continent. Strike-slip movement between it and Gondwana accommodated its steady drift northwards from offshore the Indian sector of Gondwana to near the western Australian sector. This northward drift is evidenced by the progressive increase in limestones and increasing faunal diversity.
The northern margin South China, including the South Qinling block, was a passive margin.
Along the southeastern margin, lower Cambrian volcanics indicate the accretion of an island arc along the Song Ma suture zone. Also, early in the Cambrian, the eastern margin of South China changed from passive to active, with the development of oceanic volcanic island arcs that now form part of the Japanese terrane.
Climate
The distribution of climate-indicating sediments, including the wide latitudinal distribution of tropical carbonate platforms, archaeocyathan reefs and bauxites, and arid zone evaporites and calcrete deposits, show the Cambrian was a time of greenhouse climate conditions. During the late Cambrian the distribution of trilobite provinces also indicate only a moderate pole-to-equator temperature gradient. There is evidence of glaciation at high latitudes on Avalonia. However, it is unclear whether these sediments are early Cambrian or actually late Neoproterozoic in age.
Calculations of global average temperatures (GAT) vary depending on which techniques are used. Whilst some measurements show GAT over c. 40°C (104°F) models that combine multiple sources give GAT of c. 20 - 22°C (68 - 72°F) in the Terreneuvian increasing to c. 23 - 25°C (73 - 77°F) for the rest of the Cambrian. The warm climate was linked to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Assembly of Gondwana led to the reorganisation of the tectonic plates with the development of new convergent plate margins and continental-margin arc magmatism that helped drive climatic warming. The eruptions of the Kalkarindji LIP basalts during Stage 4 and into the early Miaolingian, also released large quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere leading to rapid climatic changes and elevated sea surface temperatures.
There is uncertainty around the maximum sea surface temperatures. These are calculated using δ18O values from marine rocks, and there is an ongoing debate about the levels δ18O in Cambrian seawater relative to the rest of the Phanerozoic. Estimates for tropical sea surface temperatures vary from c. 28-32°C (82 - 90°F), to c. 29-38°C (84 - 100°F). Modern average tropical sea surface temperatures are 26°C (79°F).
Atmospheric oxygen levels rose steadily rising from the Neoproterozoic due to the increase in photosynthesising organisms. Cambrian levels varied between c. 3% and 14% (present day levels are c. 21%). Low levels of atmospheric oxygen and the warm climate resulted in lower dissolved oxygen concentrations in marine waters and widespread anoxia in deep ocean waters.
There is a complex relationship between oxygen levels, the biogeochemistry of ocean waters, and the evolution of life. Newly evolved burrowing organisms exposed anoxic sediments to the overlying oxygenated seawater. This bioturbation decreased the burial rates of organic carbon and sulphur, which over time reduced atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels, leading to widespread anoxic conditions. Periods of higher rates of continental weathering led to increased delivery of nutrients to the oceans, boosting productivity of phytoplankton and stimulating metazoan evolution. However, rapid increases in nutrient supply led to eutrophication, where rapid growth in phytoplankton numbers result in the depletion of oxygen in the surrounding waters.
Pulses of increased oxygen levels are linked to increased biodiversity; raised oxygen levels supported the increasing metabolic demands of organisms, and increased ecological niches by expanding habitable areas of seafloor. Conversely, incursions of oxygen-deficient water, due to changes in sea level, ocean circulation, upwellings from deeper waters and/or biological productivity, produced anoxic conditions that limited habitable areas, reduced ecological niches and resulted in extinction events both regional and global.
Overall, these dynamic, fluctuating environments, with global and regional anoxic incursions resulting in extinction events, and periods of increased oceanic oxygenation stimulating biodiversity, drove evolutionary innovation.
Geochemistry
During the Cambrian, variations in isotope ratios were more frequent and more pronounced than later in the Phanerozoic, with at least 10 carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions (significant variations in global isotope ratios) recognised. These excursions record changes in the biogeochemistry of the oceans and atmosphere, which are due to processes such as the global rates of continental arc magmatism, rates of weathering and nutrients levels entering the marine environment, sea level changes, and biological factors including the impact of burrowing fauna on oxygen levels.
Isotope excursions
Base of Cambrian
The basal Cambrian δ13C excursion (BACE), together with low δ238U and raised δ34S indicates a period of widespread shallow marine anoxia, which occurs at the same time as the extinction off the Ediacaran acritarchs. It was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals.
Cambrian Stages 2 and 3
During the early Cambrian, 87Sr/86Sr rose in response to enhanced continental weathering. This increased the input of nutrients into the oceans and led to higher burial rates of organic matter. Over long timescales, the extra oxygen released by organic carbon burial is balanced by a decrease in the rates of pyrite (FeS2) burial (a process which also releases oxygen), leading to stable levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, during the early Cambrian, a series of linked δ13C and δ34S excursions indicate high burial rates of both organic carbon and pyrite in biologically productive yet anoxic ocean floor waters. The oxygen-rich waters produced by these processes spread from the deep ocean into shallow marine environments, extending the habitable regions of the seafloor. These pulses of oxygen are associated with the radiation of the small shelly fossils and the Cambrian arthropod radiation isotope excursion (CARE). The increase in oxygenated waters in the deep ocean ultimately reduced the levels of organic carbon and pyrite burial, leading to a decrease in oxygen production and the re-establishment of anoxic conditions. This cycle was repeated several times during the early Cambrian.
Archeocyathids from the Poleta formation in the Death Valley area
Cambrian Stage 4 to early Miaolingian
The beginning of the eruptions of the Kalkarindji LIP basalts during Stage 4 and the early Miaolingian released large quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. The changes these wrought are reflected by three large and rapid δ13C excursions. Increased temperatures led to a global sea level rise that flooded continental shelves and interiors with anoxic waters from the deeper ocean and drowned carbonate platforms of archaeocyathan reefs, resulting in the widespread accumulation of black organic-rich shales. Known as the Sinsk anoxic extinction event, this triggered the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic, the 513 - 508 Ma Botoman-Toyonian Extinction (BTE), which included the loss of the archaeocyathids and hyoliths and saw a major drop in biodiversity. The rise in sea levels is also evidenced by a global decrease in 87Sr/86Sr. The flooding of continental areas decreased the rates of continental weathering, reducing the input of 87Sr to the oceans and lowering the 87Sr/86Sr of seawater.
The base of the Miaolingian is marked by the Redlichiid–Olenellid extinction carbon isotope event (ROECE), which coincides with the main phase of Kalkarindji volcanism.
During the Miaolingian, orogenic events along the Australian-Antarctic margin of Gondwana led to an increase in weathering and an influx of nutrients into the ocean, raising the level of productivity and organic carbon burial. These can be seen in the steady increase in 87Sr/86Sr and δ13C.
Early Furongian
Continued erosion of the deeper levels of the Gondwanan mountain belts led to a peak in 87Sr/86Sr and linked positive δ13C and δ34S excursions, known as the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE). This indicates similar geochemical conditions to Stages 2 and 3 of the early Cambrian existed, with the expansion of seafloor anoxia enhancing the burial rates of organic matter and pyrite. This increase in the extent of anoxic seafloor conditions led to the extinction of the marjumiid and damesellid trilobites, whilst the increase in oxygen levels that followed helped drive the radiation of plankton.
87Sr/86Sr fell sharply near the top of the Jiangshanian Stage, and through Stage 10 as the Gondwanan mountains were eroded down and rates of weathering decreased.
Magnesium/calcium isotope ratios in seawater
The mineralogy of inorganic marine carbonates has varied through the Phanerozoic, controlled by the Mg2+/Ca2+ values of seawater. High Mg2+/Ca2+ result in calcium carbonate precipitation dominated by aragonite and high-magnesium calcite, known as aragonite seas, and low ratios result in calcite seas where low-magnesium calcite is the primary calcium carbonate precipitate. The shells and skeletons of biomineralising organisms reflect the dominant form of calcite.
During the late Ediacaran to early Cambrian increasing oxygen levels led to a decrease in ocean acidity and an increase in the concentration of calcium in sea water. However, there was not a simple transition from aragonite to calcite seas, rather a protracted and variable change through the Cambrian. Aragonite and high-magnesium precipitation continued from the Ediacaran into Cambrian Stage 2. Low-magnesium calcite skeletal hard parts appear in Cambrian Age 2, but inorganic precipitation of aragonite also occurred at this time. Mixed aragonite–calcite seas continued through the middle and late Cambrian, with fully calcite seas not established until the early Ordovician.
These variations and slow decrease in Mg2+/Ca2+ of seawater were due to low oxygen levels, high continental weathering rates and the geochemistry of the Cambrian seas. In conditions of low oxygen and high iron levels, iron substitutes for magnesium in authigenic clay mineralsdeposited on the ocean floor, slowing the removal rates of magnesium from seawater. The enrichment of ocean waters in silica, prior to the radiation of siliceous organisms, and the limited bioturbation of the anoxic ocean floor increased the rates of deposition, relative to the rest of the Phanerozoic, of these clays. This, together with the high input of magnesium into the oceans via enhanced continental weathering, delayed the reduction in Mg2+/Ca2+ and facilitated continued aragonite precipitation.
The conditions that favoured the deposition of authigenic clays were also ideal for the formation of lagerstätten, with the minerals in the clays replacing the soft body parts of Cambrian organisms.
Flora
The Cambrian flora was little different from the Ediacaran. The principal taxa were the marine macroalgae Fuxianospira, Sinocylindra, and Marpolia. No calcareous macroalgae are known from the period.
No land plant (embryophyte) fossils are known from the Cambrian. However, biofilms and microbial mats were well developed on Cambrian tidal flats and beaches 500 mya, and microbes forming microbial Earth ecosystems, comparable with modern soil crust of desert regions, contributing to soil formation. Although molecular clock estimates suggest terrestrial plants may have first emerged during the Middle or Late Cambrian, the consequent large-scale removal of the greenhouse gas CO2 from the atmosphere through sequestration did not begin until the Ordovician.
Oceanic life
Life timelineThis box: viewtalkedit−4500 —–—–−4000 —–—–−3500 —–—–−3000 —–—–−2500 —–—–−2000 —–—–−1500 —–—–−1000 —–—–−500 —–—–0 — Water Single-celled life Photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Plants Arthropods MolluscsFlowersDinosaurs MammalsBirdsPrimatesHadeanArcheanProterozoicPhanerozoic ←Earth formed←Earliest water←LUCA←Earliest fossils←LHB meteorites←Earliest oxygen←Pongola glaciation*←Atmospheric oxygen←Huronian glaciation*←Sexual reproduction←Earliest multicellular life←Earliest fungi←Earliest plants←Earliest animals←Cryogenian ice age*←Ediacaran biota←Cambrian explosion←Andean glaciation*←Earliest tetrapods←Karoo ice age*←Earliest apes / humans←Quaternary ice age*(million years ago)*Ice Ages
Main article: Cambrian explosion
The Cambrian explosion was a period of rapid multicellular growth. Most animal life during the Cambrian was aquatic. Trilobites were once assumed to be the dominant life form at that time, but this has proven to be incorrect. Arthropods were by far the most dominant animals in the ocean, but trilobites were only a minor part of the total arthropod diversity. What made them so apparently abundant was their heavy armor reinforced by calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which fossilized far more easily than the fragile chitinous exoskeletons of other arthropods, leaving numerous preserved remains.
The period marked a steep change in the diversity and composition of Earth's biosphere. The Ediacaran biota suffered a mass extinction at the start of the Cambrian Period, which corresponded with an increase in the abundance and complexity of burrowing behaviour. This behaviour had a profound and irreversible effect on the substrate which transformed the seabed ecosystems. Before the Cambrian, the sea floor was covered by microbial mats. By the end of the Cambrian, burrowing animals had destroyed the mats in many areas through bioturbation. As a consequence, many of those organisms that were dependent on the mats became extinct, while the other species adapted to the changed environment that now offered new ecological niches. Around the same time there was a seemingly rapid appearance of representatives of all the mineralized phyla, including the Bryozoa, which were once thought to have only appeared in the Lower Ordovician. However, many of those phyla were represented only by stem-group forms; and since mineralized phyla generally have a benthic origin, they may not be a good proxy for (more abundant) non-mineralized phyla.
A reconstruction of Margaretia dorus from the Burgess Shale, which were once believed to be green algae, but are now understood to represent hemichordates
While the early Cambrian showed such diversification that it has been named the Cambrian Explosion, this changed later in the period, when there occurred a sharp drop in biodiversity. About 515 Ma, the number of species going extinct exceeded the number of new species appearing. Five million years later, the number of genera had dropped from an earlier peak of about 600 to just 450. Also, the speciation rate in many groups was reduced to between a fifth and a third of previous levels. 500 Ma, oxygen levels fell dramatically in the oceans, leading to hypoxia, while the level of poisonous hydrogen sulfide simultaneously increased, causing another extinction. The later half of Cambrian was surprisingly barren and showed evidence of several rapid extinction events; the stromatolites which had been replaced by reef building sponges known as Archaeocyatha, returned once more as the archaeocyathids became extinct. This declining trend did not change until the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.
Artistic reconstruction of Marjum biota, including various arthropods (trilobites, hymenocarines, and radiodonts), sponges, echinoderms, and various other groups
Some Cambrian organisms ventured onto land, producing the trace fossils Protichnites and Climactichnites. Fossil evidence suggests that euthycarcinoids, an extinct group of arthropods, produced at least some of the Protichnites. Fossils of the track-maker of Climactichnites have not been found; however, fossil trackways and resting traces suggest a large, slug-like mollusc.
In contrast to later periods, the Cambrian fauna was somewhat restricted; free-floating organisms were rare, with the majority living on or close to the sea floor; and mineralizing animals were rarer than in future periods, in part due to the unfavourable ocean chemistry.
Many modes of preservation are unique to the Cambrian, and some preserve soft body parts, resulting in an abundance of Lagerstätten. These include Sirius Passet, the Sinsk Algal Lens, the Maotianshan Shales, the Emu Bay Shale, and the Burgess Shale,.
Symbol
The United States Federal Geographic Data Committee uses a "barred capital C" ⟨Ꞓ⟩ character to represent the Cambrian Period.
The Unicode character is U+A792 Ꞓ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH BAR.
Gallery
Stromatolites of the Pika Formation (Middle Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada
Trilobites, like these Elrathia kingii were very common arthropods during this time
Anomalocaris was an early marine predator, a member of the stem-arthropod group Radiodonta
Opabinia was a bizarre stem-arthropod that possessed five stalked eyes, and a fused proboscis tipped with a claw-like appendage.
Pikaia was a stem-chordate from the Middle Cambrian
Protichnites were the trackways of arthropods that walked Cambrian beaches
Hallucigenia sparsa was a member of group lobopodian, that is considered to be related to modern velvet worms.
Cambroraster falcatus was a hurdiid radiodont that bore a large horseshoe-shaped carapace.
Amiskwia sagittiformis was a large bodied gnathiferan from Canada and China
Haplophrentis was a hyolith, a group of conical shelled lophotrochozoans that were potentially related to either lophophorates or mollusks.
Halkieria was a bizarre invertebrate that was an early member of the mollusk group
See also
Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event – circa 488 Ma
Dresbachian extinction event—circa 499 Ma
End Botomian extinction event—circa 513 Ma
List of fossil sites (with link directory)
Type locality (geology), the locality where a particular rock type, stratigraphic unit, fossil or mineral species is first identified
vteModes of preservation in the CambrianExceptional
Orsten
Doushantuo type
Bitter Springs type
Burgess Shale type
Beecher's Trilobite Bed type
Ediacaran type
Conventional
Small shelly fossils
Acritarchs
Trace fossils
References
^ "Chart/Time Scale". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^ Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
^ Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^ Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–8. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.
^ Howe 1911, p. 86.
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Further reading
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Paleozoic#Cambrian
Amthor, J. E.; Grotzinger, John P.; Schröder, Stefan; Bowring, Samuel A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Martin, Mark W.; Matter, Albert (2003). "Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman". Geology. 31 (5): 431–434. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..431A. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2.
Collette, J. H.; Gass, K. C.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2012). "Protichnites eremita unshelled? Experimental model-based neoichnology and new evidence for a euthycarcinoid affinity for this ichnospecies". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 442–454. Bibcode:2012JPal...86..442C. doi:10.1666/11-056.1. S2CID 129234373.
Collette, J. H.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2010). "Three-dimensionally preserved arthropods from Cambrian Lagerstatten of Quebec and Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (4): 646–667. doi:10.1666/09-075.1. S2CID 130064618.
Getty, P. R.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2008). "Reinterpretation of Climactichnites Logan 1860 to include subsurface burrows, and erection of Musculopodus for resting traces of the trailmaker". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (6): 1161–1172. Bibcode:2008JPal...82.1161G. doi:10.1666/08-004.1. S2CID 129732925.
Gould, S. J. (1989). Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of Life. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393027051.
Howe, John Allen (1911). "Cambrian System" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–89.
Ogg, J. (June 2004). "Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs)". Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
Owen, R. (1852). "Description of the impressions and footprints of the Protichnites from the Potsdam sandstone of Canada". Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal. 8 (1–2): 214–225. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26. S2CID 130712914.
Peng, S.; Babcock, L.E.; Cooper, R.A. (2012). "The Cambrian Period" (PDF). The Geologic Time Scale. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Schieber, J.; Bose, P. K.; Eriksson, P. G.; Banerjee, S.; Sarkar, S.; Altermann, W.; Catuneau, O. (2007). Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved within the Clastic Rock Record. Elsevier. pp. 53–71. ISBN 9780444528599.
Yochelson, E. L.; Fedonkin, M. A. (1993). "Paleobiology of Climactichnites, and Enigmatic Late Cambrian Fossil". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 74 (74): 1–74. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.74.1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambrian.
Cambrian period on In Our Time at the BBC
Biostratigraphy – includes information on Cambrian trilobite biostratigraphy
Sam Gon's trilobite pages (contains numerous Cambrian trilobites)
Examples of Cambrian Fossils
Paleomap Project
Report on the web on Amthor and others from Geology vol. 31
Weird Life on the Mats
Chronostratigraphy scale v.2018/08 | Cambrian
vteCambrian PeriodTerreneuvianSeries 2MiaolingianFurongian
Fortunian
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Wuliuan
Drumian
Guzhangian
Paibian
Jiangshanian
Stage 10
vteGeological history of EarthCenozoic Era(present–66.0 Ma)Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma)
Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma)
Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma)
Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
Mesozoic Era(66.0–252 Ma)Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma)
Late (66.0–100 Ma)
Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic (145–201 Ma)
Late (145–164 Ma)
Middle (164–174 Ma)
Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic (201–252 Ma)
Late (201–237 Ma)
Middle (237–247 Ma)
Early (247–252 Ma)
Paleozoic Era(252–539 Ma)Permian (252–299 Ma)
Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous (299–359 Ma)
Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian (359–419 Ma)
Late (359–383 Ma)
Middle (383–393 Ma)
Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian (419–444 Ma)
Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician (444–485 Ma)
Late (444–458 Ma)
Middle (458–470 Ma)
Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian (485–539 Ma)
Furongian (485–497 Ma)
Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
Proterozoic Eon(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga)
Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga)
Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga)
Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga)
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga) ka = kiloannum (thousands years ago); Ma = megaannum (millions years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billions years ago). See also: Geologic time scale • Geology portal • World portal
Authority control databases: National
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambrian (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Cambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary fauna § Cambrian fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_fauna#Cambrian_fauna"},{"link_name":"/ˈkæmbri.ən, ˈkeɪm-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KAM-bree-ən, KAYM-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"geological period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_period"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Phanerozoic Eon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanerozoic_Eon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe191186-5"},{"link_name":"Ediacaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"},{"link_name":"Panthalassa Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthalassa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"convergent plate boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary"},{"link_name":"continental-margin arc magmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"},{"link_name":"Laurentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentia"},{"link_name":"Iapetus Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"anoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_waters"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"life on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life"},{"link_name":"unicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular_organism"},{"link_name":"multicellular organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism"},{"link_name":"Cambrian explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion"},{"link_name":"phyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterfield2007-10"},{"link_name":"lagerstätte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr2003-11"},{"link_name":"myriapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColletteGassHagadorn2012-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"arachnids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hexapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapoda"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophytes#Phylogeny,_evolutionary_history_and_classification"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"For other uses, see Cambrian (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cambria or Cumbria.\"Cambrian fauna\" redirects here. For the first evolutionary fauna, see Evolutionary fauna § Cambrian fauna.The Cambrian ( /ˈkæmbri.ən, ˈkeɪm-/ KAM-bree-ən, KAYM-) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon.[5] The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran period 538.8 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 Ma.[6]Most of the continents lay in the southern hemisphere surrounded by the vast Panthalassa Ocean.[7] The assembly of Gondwana during the Ediacaran and early Cambrian led to the development of new convergent plate boundaries and continental-margin arc magmatism along its margins that helped drive up global temperatures.[8] Laurentia lay across the equator, separated from Gondwana by the opening Iapetus Ocean.[7]The Cambrian was a time of greenhouse climate conditions, with high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen in the atmosphere and seas. Upwellings of anoxic deep ocean waters into shallow marine environments lead to extinction events, whilst periods of raised oxygenation led to increased biodiversity.[9]The Cambrian marked a profound change in life on Earth; prior to the Period, the majority of living organisms were small, unicellular and poorly preserved. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common during the Ediacaran, but it was not until the Cambrian that organisms with mineralised shells and skeletons are found in the rock record, and the rapid diversification of lifeforms, known as the Cambrian explosion, produced the first representatives of most modern animal phyla.[10] The Period is also unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where \"soft\" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells.[11]By the end of the Cambrian, myriapods,[12][13] arachnids,[14] and hexapods[15] started adapting to the land, along with the first plants.[16][17]","title":"Cambrian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymru"},{"link_name":"Adam Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"Roderick Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Murchison"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sedgwick1852-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Charles Lapworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lapworth"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"International Geological Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"}],"text":"The term Cambrian is derived from the Latin version of Cymru, the Welsh name for Wales, where rocks of this age were first studied. It was named by Adam Sedgwick in 1835, who divided it into three groups; the Lower, Middle, and Upper.[18] He defined the boundary between the Cambrian and the overlying Silurian, together with Roderick Murchison, in their joint paper \"On the Silurian and Cambrian Systems, Exhibiting the Order in which the Older Sedimentary Strata Succeed each other in England and Wales\". This early agreement did not last.[19]Due to the scarcity of fossils, Sedgwick used rock types to identify Cambrian strata. He was also slow in publishing further work. The clear fossil record of the Silurian, however, allowed Murchison to correlate rocks of a similar age across Europe and Russia, and on which he published extensively. As increasing numbers of fossils were identified in older rocks, he extended the base of the Silurian downwards into the Sedgwick's \"Upper Cambrian\", claiming all fossilised strata for \"his\" Silurian series. Matters were complicated further when, in 1852, fieldwork carried out by Sedgwick and others revealed an unconformity within the Silurian, with a clear difference in fauna between the two.[20][19] This allowed Sedgwick to now claim a large section of the Silurian for \"his\" Cambrian and gave the Cambrian an identifiable fossil record. The dispute between the two geologists and their supporters, over the boundary between the Cambrian and Silurian, would extend beyond the life times of both Sedgwick and Murchison. It was not resolved until 1879, when Charles Lapworth proposed the disputed strata belong to its own system, which he named the Ordovician.[19]The term Cambrian for the oldest period of the Paleozoic was officially agreed in 1960, at the 21st International Geological Congress. It only includes Sedgwick's \"Lower Cambrian series\", but its base has been extended into much older rocks.[18]","title":"Etymology and history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_formation"},{"link_name":"stratotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratotype"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy","text":"Systems, series and stages can be defined globally or regionally. For global stratigraphic correlation, the ICS ratify rock units based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the unit. Currently the boundaries of the Cambrian System, three series and six stages are defined by global stratotype sections and points.[6]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trilobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"small shelly fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_shelly_fossils"},{"link_name":"Ediacara biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara_biota"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Treptichnus pedum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treptichnus_pedum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"},{"link_name":"carbon-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13"},{"link_name":"facies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"},{"link_name":"Archaeocyath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeocyatha"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rozanov2008-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SokolovFedonkin1984-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khomentovskii2005-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy - Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary","text":"The lower boundary of the Cambrian was originally held to represent the first appearance of complex life, represented by trilobites. The recognition of small shelly fossils before the first trilobites, and Ediacara biota substantially earlier, has led to calls for a more precisely defined base to the Cambrian Period.[21]Despite the long recognition of its distinction from younger Ordovician rocks and older Precambrian rocks, it was not until 1994 that the Cambrian system/period was internationally ratified. After decades of careful consideration, a continuous sedimentary sequence at Fortune Head, Newfoundland was settled upon as a formal base of the Cambrian Period, which was to be correlated worldwide by the earliest appearance of Treptichnus pedum.[21] Discovery of this fossil a few metres below the GSSP led to the refinement of this statement, and it is the T. pedum ichnofossil assemblage that is now formally used to correlate the base of the Cambrian.[21][22]This formal designation allowed radiometric dates to be obtained from samples across the globe that corresponded to the base of the Cambrian. An early date of 570 Ma quickly gained favour,[21] though the methods used to obtain this number are now considered to be unsuitable and inaccurate. A more precise analysis using modern radiometric dating yields a date of 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma.[6] The ash horizon in Oman from which this date was recovered corresponds to a marked fall in the abundance of carbon-13 that correlates to equivalent excursions elsewhere in the world, and to the disappearance of distinctive Ediacaran fossils (Namacalathus, Cloudina). Nevertheless, there are arguments that the dated horizon in Oman does not correspond to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, but represents a facies change from marine to evaporite-dominated strata – which would mean that dates from other sections, ranging from 544 to 542 Ma, are more suitable.[21]*Most Russian paleontologists define the lower boundary of the Cambrian at the base of the Tommotian Stage, characterized by diversification and global distribution of organisms with mineral skeletons and the appearance of the first Archaeocyath bioherms.[23][24][25]Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary section at Fortune Head, Newfoundland, GSSP","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terreneuvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terreneuvian"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"},{"link_name":"Fortunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"},{"link_name":"International Union of Geological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences"},{"link_name":"trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy - Terreneuvian","text":"The Terreneuvian is the lowermost series/epoch of the Cambrian, lasting from 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma to c. 521 Ma. It is divided into two stages: the Fortunian stage, 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma to c. 529 Ma; and the unnamed Stage 2, c. 529 Ma to c. 521 Ma.[6] The name Terreneuvian was ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in 2007, replacing the previous \"Cambrian Series 1\". The GSSP defining its base is at Fortune Head on the Burin Peninsula, eastern Newfoundland, Canada (see Ediacaran - Cambrian boundary above). The Terreneuvian is the only series in the Cambrian to contain no trilobite fossils. Its lower part is characterised by complex, sediment-penetrating Phanerozoic-type trace fossils, and its upper part by small shelly fossils.[18]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambrian Series 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2"},{"link_name":"Cambrian Stage 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3"},{"link_name":"Cambrian Stage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"metazoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"archaeocyaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeocyatha"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy - Cambrian Series 2","text":"The second series/epoch of the Cambrian is currently unnamed and known as Cambrian Series 2. It lasted from c. 521 Ma to c. 509 Ma. Its two stages are also unnamed and known as Cambrian Stage 3, c. 521 Ma to c. 514 Ma, and Cambrian Stage 4, c. 514 Ma to c. 509 Ma.[6] The base of Series 2 does not yet have a GSSP, but it is expected to be defined in strata marking the first appearance of trilobites in Gondwana. There was a rapid diversification of metazoans during this epoch, but their restricted geographic distribution, particularly of the trilobites and archaeocyaths, have made global correlations difficult, hence ongoing efforts to establish a GSSP.[18]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_(Middle_Cambrian)_-_sponges,_arthropods_(44691571505).jpg"},{"link_name":"Burgess Shale Biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiota_of_the_Burgess_Shale"},{"link_name":"Miaolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaolingian"},{"link_name":"Wuliuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuliuan"},{"link_name":"Drumian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-26"},{"link_name":"Guizhou Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"oryctocephalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctocephalidae"},{"link_name":"Oryctocephalus indicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctocephalus_indicus"},{"link_name":"acritarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acritarch"},{"link_name":"marine transgression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_transgression"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-26"},{"link_name":"olenellids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenelloidea"},{"link_name":"eodiscids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eodiscidae"},{"link_name":"redlichiids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlichiida"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy - Miaolingian","text":"Diorama of the Burgess Shale BiotaThe Miaolingian is the third series/epoch of the Cambrian, lasting from c. 509 Ma to c. 497 Ma. It is divided into three stages: the Wuliuan c. 509 Ma to 504.5 Ma; the Drumian c. 504.5 Ma to c. 500.5 Ma; and the Guzhangian c. 500.5 Ma to c. 497 Ma.[6] The name replaces Cambrian Series 3 and was ratified by the IUGS in 2018.[26] It is named after the Miaoling Mountains in southeastern Guizhou Province, South China, where the GSSP marking its base is found. This is defined by the first appearance of the oryctocephalid trilobite Oryctocephalus indicus. Secondary markers for the base of the Miaolingian include the appearance of many acritarchs forms, a global marine transgression, and the disappearance of the polymerid trilobites, Bathynotus or Ovatoryctocara. Unlike the Terreneuvian and Series 2, all the stages of the Miaolingian are defined by GSSPs.[26]The olenellids, eodiscids, and most redlichiids trilobites went extinct at the boundary between Series 2 and the Miaolingian. This is considered the oldest mass extinction of trilobites.[18]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Furongian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furongian"},{"link_name":"Wuling Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Hunan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"δ13C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9413C"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"Paibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paibian"},{"link_name":"Jiangshanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshanian"},{"link_name":"Cambrian Stage 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy - Furongian","text":"The Furongian, c. 497 Ma to 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma, is the fourth and uppermost series/epoch of the Cambrian. The name was ratified by the IUGS in 2003 and replaces Cambrian Series 4 and the traditional \"Upper Cambrian\". The GSSP for the base of the Furongian is in the Wuling Mountains, in northwestern Hunan Province, China. It coincides with the first appearance of the agnostoid trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus, and is near the beginning of a large positive δ13C isotopic excursion.[18]The Furongian is divided into three stages: the Paibian, c. 497 Ma to c. 494 Ma, and the Jiangshanian c. 494 Ma to c. 489.5 Ma, which have defined GSSPs; and the unnamed Cambrian Stage 10, c. 489.5 Ma to 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.[6]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Point,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"conodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conodont"},{"link_name":"Iapetognathus fluctivagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetognathus_fluctivagus"},{"link_name":"planktonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"graptolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graptolite"},{"link_name":"trilobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Stratigraphy - Cambrian–Ordovician boundary","text":"The GSSP for the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is at Green Point, western Newfoundland, Canada, and is dated at 485.4 Ma. It is defined by the appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus. Where these conodonts are not found the appearance of planktonic graptolites or the trilobite Jujuyaspis borealis can be used. The boundary also corresponds with the peak of the largest positive variation in the δ13C curve during the boundary time interval and with a global marine transgression.[27]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palaeomagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleomagnetism"},{"link_name":"palaeobiogeographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"tectonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"palaeoclimatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"Pannotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia"},{"link_name":"Panthalassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthalassa"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"Laurentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentia"},{"link_name":"Iapetus Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Baltica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltica"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia_(continent)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"South China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Craton"},{"link_name":"North China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Craton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"text":"Reconstructing the position of the continents during the Cambrian is based on palaeomagnetic, palaeobiogeographic, tectonic, geological and palaeoclimatic data. However, these have different levels of uncertainty and can produce contradictory locations for the major continents.[28] This, together with the ongoing debate around the existence of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent of Pannotia, means that while most models agree the continents lay in the southern hemisphere, with the vast Panthalassa Ocean covering most of northern hemisphere, the exact distribution and timing of the movements of the Cambrian continents varies between models.[28]Most models show Gondwana stretching from the south polar region to north of the equator.[7] Early in the Cambrian, the south pole corresponded with the western South American sector and as Gondwana rotated anti-clockwise, by the middle of the Cambrian, the south pole lay in the northwest African region.[28]Laurentia lay across the equator, separated from Gondwana by the Iapetus Ocean.[7] Proponents of Pannotia have Laurentia and Baltica close to the Amazonia region of Gondwana with a narrow Iapetus Ocean that only began to open once Gondwana was fully assembled c. 520 Ma.[29] Those not in favour of the existence of Pannotia show the Iapetus opening during the Late Neoproterozoic, with up to c. 6,500 km (c. 4038 miles) between Laurentia and West Gondwana at the beginning of the Cambrian.[7]Of the smaller continents, Baltica lay between Laurentia and Gondwana, the Ran Ocean (an arm of the Iapetus) opening between it and Gondwana. Siberia lay close to the western margin of Gondwana and to the north of Baltica.[30][7] Annamia and South China formed a single continent situated off north central Gondwana. The location of North China is unclear. It may have lain along the northeast Indian sector of Gondwana or already have been a separate continent.[7]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"rifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"passive margins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_margin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"terrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"Taconic seaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_orogeny"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"island arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc"},{"link_name":"accreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"Cuyania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyania"},{"link_name":"Ouachita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouachita_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"}],"sub_title":"Laurentia","text":"During the Cambrian, Laurentia lay across or close to the equator. It drifted south and rotated c. 20° anticlockwise during the middle Cambrian, before drifting north again in the late Cambrian.[7]After the Late Neoproterozoic (or mid-Cambrian) rifting of Laurentia from Gondwana and the subsequent opening of the Iapetus Ocean, Laurentia was largely surrounded by passive margins with much of the continent covered by shallow seas.[7]As Laurentia separated from Gondwana, a sliver of continental terrane rifted from Laurentia with the narrow Taconic seaway opening between them. The remains of this terrane are now found in southern Scotland, Ireland, and Newfoundland. Intra-oceanic subduction either to the southeast of this terrane in the Iapetus, or to its northwest in the Taconic seaway, resulted in the formation of an island arc. This accreted to the terrane in the late Cambrian, triggering southeast-dipping subduction beneath the terrane itself and consequent closure of the marginal seaway. The terrane collided with Laurentia in the Early Ordovician.[31]Towards the end of the early Cambrian, rifting along Laurentia's southeastern margin led to the separation of Cuyania (now part of Argentina) from the Ouachita embayment with a new ocean established that continued to widen through the Cambrian and Early Ordovician.[31]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"cratons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craton"},{"link_name":"Amazonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_Craton"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Arequipa-Antofalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa-Antofalla"},{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Kuunga Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuunga_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Congo Craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Craton"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_India"},{"link_name":"Kalahari Craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Craton"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield"},{"link_name":"metamorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism"},{"link_name":"intrusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_intrusion"},{"link_name":"granites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Subduction zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Famatinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famatinian_orogeny"},{"link_name":"continental arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_arc"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_orogeny"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"Armorican Terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorican_terrane"},{"link_name":"Cadomian Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadomian_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"oblique subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_subduction"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"transform fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fault"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"continental flood basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_basalt"},{"link_name":"Kalkarindji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkarindji"},{"link_name":"large igneous province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_igneous_province"},{"link_name":"mass extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"}],"sub_title":"Gondwana","text":"Gondwana was a massive continent, three times the size of any of the other Cambrian continents. Its continental land area extended from the south pole to north of the equator. Around it were extensive shallow seas and numerous smaller land areas.[7]The cratons that formed Gondwana came together during the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian. A narrow ocean separated Amazonia from Gondwana until c. 530 Ma[32] and the Arequipa-Antofalla block united with the South American sector of Gondwana in the early Cambrian.[7] The Kuunga Orogeny between northern (Congo Craton, Madagascar and India) and southern Gondwana (Kalahari Craton and East Antarctica), which began c. 570 Ma, continued with parts of northern Gondwana over-riding southern Gondwana and was accompanied by metamorphism and the intrusion of granites.[33]Subduction zones, active since the Neoproterozoic, extended around much of Gondwana's margins, from northwest Africa southwards round South America, South Africa, East Antarctica, and the eastern edge of West Australia. Shorter subduction zones existed north of Arabia and India.[7]The Famatinian continental arc stretched from central Peru in the north to central Argentina in the south. Subduction beneath this proto-Andeanmargin began by the late Cambrian.[31]Along the northern margin of Gondwana, between northern Africa and the Armorican Terranes of southern Europe, the continental arc of the Cadomian Orogeny continued from the Neoproterozoic in response to the oblique subduction of the Iapetus Ocean.[34] This subduction extended west along the Gondwanan margin and by c. 530 Ma may have evolved into a major transform fault system.[34]At c. 511 Ma the continental flood basalts of the Kalkarindji large igneous province (LIP) began to erupt. These covered an area of > 2.1 × 106 km2 across northern, central and Western Australia regions of Gondwana making it one of the largest, as well as the earliest, LIPs of the Phanerozoic. The timing of the eruptions suggests they played a role in the early to middle Cambrian mass extinction.[34]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderia"},{"link_name":"Avalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalonia"},{"link_name":"Carolinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_terrane"},{"link_name":"Meguma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meguma_terrane"},{"link_name":"latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"microcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_fragment"},{"link_name":"Timanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timanide_Orogen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"}],"sub_title":"Gondwana - Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma Terranes","text":"The terranes of Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma lay in polar regions during the early Cambrian, and high-to-mid southern latitudes by the mid to late Cambrian.[31][28] They are commonly shown as an island arc-transform fault system along the northwestern margin of Gondwana north of northwest Africa and Amazonia, which rifted from Gondwana during the Ordovician.[31] However, some models show these terranes as part of a single independent microcontinent, Greater Avalonia, lying to the west of Baltica and aligned with its eastern (Timanide) margin, with the Iapetus to the north and the Ran Ocean to the south.[28]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Fennoscandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Shield"},{"link_name":"Sarmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatian_Craton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"sediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"unconformably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity"},{"link_name":"basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_(geology)"},{"link_name":"topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Timanian Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timanide_Orogen"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"convergent boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Baltica","text":"During the Cambrian, Baltica rotated more than 60° anti-clockwise and began to drift northwards.[31] This rotation was accommodated by major strike-slip movements in the Ran Ocean between it and Gondwana.[7]Baltica lay at mid-to-high southerly latitudes, separated from Laurentia by the Iapetus and from Gondwana by the Ran Ocean. It was composed of two continents, Fennoscandia and Sarmatia, separated by shallow seas.[7][31] The sediments deposited in these unconformably overlay Precambrian basement rocks. The lack of coarse-grained sediments indicates low lying topography across the centre of the craton.[7]Along Baltica's northeastern margin subduction and arc magmatism associated with the Ediacaran Timanian Orogeny was coming to an end. In this region the early to middle Cambrian was a time of non-deposition and followed by late Cambrian rifting and sedimentation.[35]Its southeastern margin was also a convergent boundary, with the accretion of island arcs and microcontinents to the craton, although the details are unclear.[7]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"archaeocyathan reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeocyatha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"back-arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc_region"},{"link_name":"Altai-Sayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol-Okhotsk_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Siberia","text":"Siberia began the Cambrian close to western Gondwana and north of Baltica. It drifted northwestwards to close to the equator as the Ægir Ocean opened between it and Baltica.[7][30] Much of the continent was covered by shallow seas with extensive archaeocyathan reefs. The then northern third of the continent (present day south; Siberia has rotated 180° since the Cambrian) adjacent to its convergent margin was mountainous.[7]From the Late Neoproterozoic to the Ordovician, a series of island arcs accreted to Siberia's then northeastern margin, accompanied by extensive arc and back-arc volcanism. These now form the Altai-Sayan terranes.[7][35] Some models show a convergent plate margin extending from Greater Avalonia, through the Timanide margin of Baltica, forming the Kipchak island arc offshore of southeastern Siberia and curving round to become part of the Altai-Sayan convergent margin.[28]Along the then western margin, Late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian rifting was followed by the development of a passive margin.[35]To the then north, Siberia was separated from the Central Mongolian terrane by the narrow and slowly opening Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The Central Mongolian terrane's northern margin with the Panthalassa was convergent, whilst its southern margin facing the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean was passive.[7]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakhstania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstania"},{"link_name":"accretionary complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretionary_wedge"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"platform carbonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_platform"},{"link_name":"fluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes"},{"link_name":"Altyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altyn-Tagh"},{"link_name":"Kunlun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"}],"sub_title":"Central Asia","text":"During the Cambrian, the terranes that would form Kazakhstania later in the Paleozoic were a series of island arc and accretionary complexes that lay along an intra-oceanic convergent plate margin to the south of North China.[35]To the south of these the Tarim microcontinent lay between Gondwana and Siberia.[7] Its northern margin was passive for much of the Paleozoic, with thick sequences of platform carbonates and fluvial to marine sediments resting unconformably on Precambrian basement. Along its southeast margin was the Altyn Cambro–Ordovician accretionary complex, whilst to the southwest a subduction zone was closing the narrow seaway between the North West Kunlun region of Tarim and the South West Kunlun terrane.[35]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea,_North_China.png"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Qinling Orogenic Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinling_orogenic_belt"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"}],"sub_title":"North China","text":"Life reconstruction of the Linyi Lagerstätte in Northern ChinaNorth China lay at equatorial to tropical latitudes during the early Cambrian, although its exact position is unknown.[30] Much of the craton was covered by shallow seas, with land in the northwest and southeast.[7]Northern North China was a passive margin until the onset of subduction and the development of the Bainaimiao arc in the late Cambrian. To its south was a convergent margin with a southwest dipping subduction zone, beyond which lay the North Qinling terrane (now part of the Qinling Orogenic Belt).[35]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"faunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Japanese terrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"South China and Annamia","text":"South China and Annamia formed a single continent. Strike-slip movement between it and Gondwana accommodated its steady drift northwards from offshore the Indian sector of Gondwana to near the western Australian sector. This northward drift is evidenced by the progressive increase in limestones and increasing faunal diversity.[7]The northern margin South China, including the South Qinling block, was a passive margin.[7]Along the southeastern margin, lower Cambrian volcanics indicate the accretion of an island arc along the Song Ma suture zone. Also, early in the Cambrian, the eastern margin of South China changed from passive to active, with the development of oceanic volcanic island arcs that now form part of the Japanese terrane.[7]","title":"Paleogeography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bauxites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite"},{"link_name":"evaporites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporite"},{"link_name":"calcrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliche"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-37"},{"link_name":"trilobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-37"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"},{"link_name":"basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"sulphur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"},{"link_name":"δ18O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9418O"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-37"},{"link_name":"photosynthesising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"anoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_waters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-40"},{"link_name":"biogeochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemistry"},{"link_name":"bioturbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioturbation"},{"link_name":"sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-41"},{"link_name":"weathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-42"},{"link_name":"metabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"ecological niches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-41"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-42"}],"text":"The distribution of climate-indicating sediments, including the wide latitudinal distribution of tropical carbonate platforms, archaeocyathan reefs and bauxites, and arid zone evaporites and calcrete deposits, show the Cambrian was a time of greenhouse climate conditions.[36][37] During the late Cambrian the distribution of trilobite provinces also indicate only a moderate pole-to-equator temperature gradient.[37] There is evidence of glaciation at high latitudes on Avalonia. However, it is unclear whether these sediments are early Cambrian or actually late Neoproterozoic in age.[36]Calculations of global average temperatures (GAT) vary depending on which techniques are used. Whilst some measurements show GAT over c. 40°C (104°F) models that combine multiple sources give GAT of c. 20 - 22°C (68 - 72°F) in the Terreneuvian increasing to c. 23 - 25°C (73 - 77°F) for the rest of the Cambrian.[37][9] The warm climate was linked to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Assembly of Gondwana led to the reorganisation of the tectonic plates with the development of new convergent plate margins and continental-margin arc magmatism that helped drive climatic warming.[9][8] The eruptions of the Kalkarindji LIP basalts during Stage 4 and into the early Miaolingian, also released large quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere leading to rapid climatic changes and elevated sea surface temperatures.[8]There is uncertainty around the maximum sea surface temperatures. These are calculated using δ18O values from marine rocks, and there is an ongoing debate about the levels δ18O in Cambrian seawater relative to the rest of the Phanerozoic.[37][38] Estimates for tropical sea surface temperatures vary from c. 28-32°C (82 - 90°F),[37][38] to c. 29-38°C (84 - 100°F).[39][36] Modern average tropical sea surface temperatures are 26°C (79°F).[37]Atmospheric oxygen levels rose steadily rising from the Neoproterozoic due to the increase in photosynthesising organisms. Cambrian levels varied between c. 3% and 14% (present day levels are c. 21%). Low levels of atmospheric oxygen and the warm climate resulted in lower dissolved oxygen concentrations in marine waters and widespread anoxia in deep ocean waters.[9][40]There is a complex relationship between oxygen levels, the biogeochemistry of ocean waters, and the evolution of life. Newly evolved burrowing organisms exposed anoxic sediments to the overlying oxygenated seawater. This bioturbation decreased the burial rates of organic carbon and sulphur, which over time reduced atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels, leading to widespread anoxic conditions.[41] Periods of higher rates of continental weathering led to increased delivery of nutrients to the oceans, boosting productivity of phytoplankton and stimulating metazoan evolution. However, rapid increases in nutrient supply led to eutrophication, where rapid growth in phytoplankton numbers result in the depletion of oxygen in the surrounding waters.[9][42]Pulses of increased oxygen levels are linked to increased biodiversity; raised oxygen levels supported the increasing metabolic demands of organisms, and increased ecological niches by expanding habitable areas of seafloor. Conversely, incursions of oxygen-deficient water, due to changes in sea level, ocean circulation, upwellings from deeper waters and/or biological productivity, produced anoxic conditions that limited habitable areas, reduced ecological niches and resulted in extinction events both regional and global.[40][41][42]Overall, these dynamic, fluctuating environments, with global and regional anoxic incursions resulting in extinction events, and periods of increased oceanic oxygenation stimulating biodiversity, drove evolutionary innovation.[41][9][42]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isotope ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_ratio"},{"link_name":"δ13C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9413C"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-42"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"}],"text":"During the Cambrian, variations in isotope ratios were more frequent and more pronounced than later in the Phanerozoic, with at least 10 carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions (significant variations in global isotope ratios) recognised.[18] These excursions record changes in the biogeochemistry of the oceans and atmosphere, which are due to processes such as the global rates of continental arc magmatism, rates of weathering and nutrients levels entering the marine environment, sea level changes, and biological factors including the impact of burrowing fauna on oxygen levels.[9][42][8]","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Isotope excursions","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"δ238U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"δ34S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9434S"},{"link_name":"bilaterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"}],"sub_title":"Isotope excursions - Base of Cambrian","text":"The basal Cambrian δ13C excursion (BACE), together with low δ238U and raised δ34S indicates a period of widespread shallow marine anoxia, which occurs at the same time as the extinction off the Ediacaran acritarchs. It was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals.[18][9]","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"87Sr/86Sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-43"},{"link_name":"pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-44"},{"link_name":"arthropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-43"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archeocyathids.JPG"},{"link_name":"Archeocyathids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeocyathid"},{"link_name":"Poleta formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleta_formation"},{"link_name":"Death Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley"}],"sub_title":"Isotope excursions - Cambrian Stages 2 and 3","text":"During the early Cambrian, 87Sr/86Sr rose in response to enhanced continental weathering. This increased the input of nutrients into the oceans and led to higher burial rates of organic matter.[43] Over long timescales, the extra oxygen released by organic carbon burial is balanced by a decrease in the rates of pyrite (FeS2) burial (a process which also releases oxygen), leading to stable levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, during the early Cambrian, a series of linked δ13C and δ34S excursions indicate high burial rates of both organic carbon and pyrite in biologically productive yet anoxic ocean floor waters. The oxygen-rich waters produced by these processes spread from the deep ocean into shallow marine environments, extending the habitable regions of the seafloor.[18][44] These pulses of oxygen are associated with the radiation of the small shelly fossils and the Cambrian arthropod radiation isotope excursion (CARE).[43] The increase in oxygenated waters in the deep ocean ultimately reduced the levels of organic carbon and pyrite burial, leading to a decrease in oxygen production and the re-establishment of anoxic conditions. This cycle was repeated several times during the early Cambrian.[18][44]Archeocyathids from the Poleta formation in the Death Valley area","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hyoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyolitha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-43"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-43"}],"sub_title":"Isotope excursions - Cambrian Stage 4 to early Miaolingian","text":"The beginning of the eruptions of the Kalkarindji LIP basalts during Stage 4 and the early Miaolingian released large quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. The changes these wrought are reflected by three large and rapid δ13C excursions. Increased temperatures led to a global sea level rise that flooded continental shelves and interiors with anoxic waters from the deeper ocean and drowned carbonate platforms of archaeocyathan reefs, resulting in the widespread accumulation of black organic-rich shales. Known as the Sinsk anoxic extinction event, this triggered the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic, the 513 - 508 Ma Botoman-Toyonian Extinction (BTE), which included the loss of the archaeocyathids and hyoliths and saw a major drop in biodiversity.[8][44] The rise in sea levels is also evidenced by a global decrease in 87Sr/86Sr. The flooding of continental areas decreased the rates of continental weathering, reducing the input of 87Sr to the oceans and lowering the 87Sr/86Sr of seawater.[43][18]The base of the Miaolingian is marked by the Redlichiid–Olenellid extinction carbon isotope event (ROECE), which coincides with the main phase of Kalkarindji volcanism.[8]During the Miaolingian, orogenic events along the Australian-Antarctic margin of Gondwana led to an increase in weathering and an influx of nutrients into the ocean, raising the level of productivity and organic carbon burial. These can be seen in the steady increase in 87Sr/86Sr and δ13C.[43]","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steptoean_positive_carbon_isotope_excursion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-43"},{"link_name":"damesellid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damesellidae"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-43"}],"sub_title":"Isotope excursions - Early Furongian","text":"Continued erosion of the deeper levels of the Gondwanan mountain belts led to a peak in 87Sr/86Sr and linked positive δ13C and δ34S excursions, known as the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE).[8] This indicates similar geochemical conditions to Stages 2 and 3 of the early Cambrian existed, with the expansion of seafloor anoxia enhancing the burial rates of organic matter and pyrite.[43] This increase in the extent of anoxic seafloor conditions led to the extinction of the marjumiid and damesellid trilobites, whilst the increase in oxygen levels that followed helped drive the radiation of plankton.[18][9]87Sr/86Sr fell sharply near the top of the Jiangshanian Stage, and through Stage 10 as the Gondwanan mountains were eroded down and rates of weathering decreased.[18][43]","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"aragonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"aragonite seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite_sea"},{"link_name":"calcite seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite_sea"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-46"},{"link_name":"authigenic clay minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authigenesis"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-45"},{"link_name":"lagerstätten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tten"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"}],"sub_title":"Magnesium/calcium isotope ratios in seawater","text":"The mineralogy of inorganic marine carbonates has varied through the Phanerozoic, controlled by the Mg2+/Ca2+ values of seawater. High Mg2+/Ca2+ result in calcium carbonate precipitation dominated by aragonite and high-magnesium calcite, known as aragonite seas, and low ratios result in calcite seas where low-magnesium calcite is the primary calcium carbonate precipitate.[45] The shells and skeletons of biomineralising organisms reflect the dominant form of calcite.[46]During the late Ediacaran to early Cambrian increasing oxygen levels led to a decrease in ocean acidity and an increase in the concentration of calcium in sea water. However, there was not a simple transition from aragonite to calcite seas, rather a protracted and variable change through the Cambrian. Aragonite and high-magnesium precipitation continued from the Ediacaran into Cambrian Stage 2. Low-magnesium calcite skeletal hard parts appear in Cambrian Age 2, but inorganic precipitation of aragonite also occurred at this time.[46] Mixed aragonite–calcite seas continued through the middle and late Cambrian, with fully calcite seas not established until the early Ordovician.[46]These variations and slow decrease in Mg2+/Ca2+ of seawater were due to low oxygen levels, high continental weathering rates and the geochemistry of the Cambrian seas. In conditions of low oxygen and high iron levels, iron substitutes for magnesium in authigenic clay mineralsdeposited on the ocean floor, slowing the removal rates of magnesium from seawater. The enrichment of ocean waters in silica, prior to the radiation of siliceous organisms, and the limited bioturbation of the anoxic ocean floor increased the rates of deposition, relative to the rest of the Phanerozoic, of these clays. This, together with the high input of magnesium into the oceans via enhanced continental weathering, delayed the reduction in Mg2+/Ca2+ and facilitated continued aragonite precipitation.[45]The conditions that favoured the deposition of authigenic clays were also ideal for the formation of lagerstätten, with the minerals in the clays replacing the soft body parts of Cambrian organisms.[9]","title":"Geochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuxianospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuxianospira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinocylindra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinocylindra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marpolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marpolia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"land plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_plant"},{"link_name":"embryophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchieberBoseErikssonBanerjee200753%E2%80%9371-48"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"soil crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiotic_soil"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"terrestrial plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyta"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"The Cambrian flora was little different from the Ediacaran. The principal taxa were the marine macroalgae Fuxianospira, Sinocylindra, and Marpolia. No calcareous macroalgae are known from the period.[47]No land plant (embryophyte) fossils are known from the Cambrian. However, biofilms and microbial mats were well developed on Cambrian tidal flats and beaches 500 mya,[48] and microbes forming microbial Earth ecosystems, comparable with modern soil crust of desert regions, contributing to soil formation.[49][50] Although molecular clock estimates suggest terrestrial plants may have first emerged during the Middle or Late Cambrian, the consequent large-scale removal of the greenhouse gas CO2 from the atmosphere through sequestration did not begin until the Ordovician.[51]","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"chitinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ediacaran biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran_biota"},{"link_name":"profound and irreversible effect on the substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_substrate_revolution"},{"link_name":"seabed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed"},{"link_name":"microbial mats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"phyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"},{"link_name":"Bryozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor2013-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Budd2000-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png"},{"link_name":"Margaretia dorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaretia"},{"link_name":"Burgess Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Shale"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"hemichordates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)"},{"link_name":"hydrogen sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"stromatolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite"},{"link_name":"Archaeocyatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeocyatha"},{"link_name":"Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ordovician_Biodiversification_Event"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_(Drumian)_Marjum_biota.png"},{"link_name":"Marjum biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjum_Formation"},{"link_name":"trilobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"hymenocarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenocarina"},{"link_name":"radiodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodonta"},{"link_name":"Protichnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protichnites"},{"link_name":"Climactichnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climactichnites"},{"link_name":"euthycarcinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthycarcinoid"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColletteHagadorn2010ColletteGassHagadorn2012-61"},{"link_name":"slug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug"},{"link_name":"mollusc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYochelsonFedonkin1993GettyHagadorn2008-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munnecke2010-63"},{"link_name":"ocean chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munnecke2010-63"},{"link_name":"Lagerstätten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte"},{"link_name":"Sirius Passet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Passet"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinskAlgalLens-66"},{"link_name":"Maotianshan Shales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Emu Bay Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu_Bay_Shale"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterfield1990-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Page2008-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrrEtAl1998-71"}],"text":"The Cambrian explosion was a period of rapid multicellular growth. Most animal life during the Cambrian was aquatic. Trilobites were once assumed to be the dominant life form at that time,[52] but this has proven to be incorrect. Arthropods were by far the most dominant animals in the ocean, but trilobites were only a minor part of the total arthropod diversity. What made them so apparently abundant was their heavy armor reinforced by calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which fossilized far more easily than the fragile chitinous exoskeletons of other arthropods, leaving numerous preserved remains.[53]The period marked a steep change in the diversity and composition of Earth's biosphere. The Ediacaran biota suffered a mass extinction at the start of the Cambrian Period, which corresponded with an increase in the abundance and complexity of burrowing behaviour. This behaviour had a profound and irreversible effect on the substrate which transformed the seabed ecosystems. Before the Cambrian, the sea floor was covered by microbial mats. By the end of the Cambrian, burrowing animals had destroyed the mats in many areas through bioturbation. As a consequence, many of those organisms that were dependent on the mats became extinct, while the other species adapted to the changed environment that now offered new ecological niches.[54] Around the same time there was a seemingly rapid appearance of representatives of all the mineralized phyla, including the Bryozoa,[55] which were once thought to have only appeared in the Lower Ordovician.[56] However, many of those phyla were represented only by stem-group forms; and since mineralized phyla generally have a benthic origin, they may not be a good proxy for (more abundant) non-mineralized phyla.[57]A reconstruction of Margaretia dorus from the Burgess Shale, which were once believed to be green algae, but are now understood to represent hemichordates[58]While the early Cambrian showed such diversification that it has been named the Cambrian Explosion, this changed later in the period, when there occurred a sharp drop in biodiversity. About 515 Ma, the number of species going extinct exceeded the number of new species appearing. Five million years later, the number of genera had dropped from an earlier peak of about 600 to just 450. Also, the speciation rate in many groups was reduced to between a fifth and a third of previous levels. 500 Ma, oxygen levels fell dramatically in the oceans, leading to hypoxia, while the level of poisonous hydrogen sulfide simultaneously increased, causing another extinction. The later half of Cambrian was surprisingly barren and showed evidence of several rapid extinction events; the stromatolites which had been replaced by reef building sponges known as Archaeocyatha, returned once more as the archaeocyathids became extinct. This declining trend did not change until the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.[59][60]Artistic reconstruction of Marjum biota, including various arthropods (trilobites, hymenocarines, and radiodonts), sponges, echinoderms, and various other groupsSome Cambrian organisms ventured onto land, producing the trace fossils Protichnites and Climactichnites. Fossil evidence suggests that euthycarcinoids, an extinct group of arthropods, produced at least some of the Protichnites.[61] Fossils of the track-maker of Climactichnites have not been found; however, fossil trackways and resting traces suggest a large, slug-like mollusc.[62]In contrast to later periods, the Cambrian fauna was somewhat restricted; free-floating organisms were rare, with the majority living on or close to the sea floor;[63] and mineralizing animals were rarer than in future periods, in part due to the unfavourable ocean chemistry.[63]Many modes of preservation are unique to the Cambrian, and some preserve soft body parts, resulting in an abundance of Lagerstätten. These include Sirius Passet,[64][65] the Sinsk Algal Lens,[66] the Maotianshan Shales,[67] the Emu Bay Shale,[68] and the Burgess Shale,.[69][70][71]","title":"Oceanic life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Geographic_Data_Committee"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"The United States Federal Geographic Data Committee uses a \"barred capital C\" ⟨Ꞓ⟩ character to represent the Cambrian Period.[72]\nThe Unicode character is U+A792 Ꞓ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH BAR.[73][74]","title":"Symbol"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CambrianStromatolites.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stromatolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trilobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"Elrathia kingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrathia_kingii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png"},{"link_name":"Anomalocaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris"},{"link_name":"Radiodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodonta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png"},{"link_name":"Opabinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opabinia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pikaia_NT_small.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pikaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protichnites,_Blackberry_Hill,_Wisconsin,_Cambrian_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Protichnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protichnites"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png"},{"link_name":"Hallucigenia sparsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucigenia"},{"link_name":"lobopodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodia"},{"link_name":"velvet worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png"},{"link_name":"Cambroraster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambroraster"},{"link_name":"hurdiid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdiidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png"},{"link_name":"Amiskwia sagittiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiskwia_sagittiformis"},{"link_name":"gnathiferan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haplophrentis.png"},{"link_name":"Haplophrentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplophrentis"},{"link_name":"hyolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyolitha"},{"link_name":"lophotrochozoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa"},{"link_name":"lophophorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophorata"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halkieria_reconstruction.png"},{"link_name":"Halkieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkieriid"}],"text":"Stromatolites of the Pika Formation (Middle Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrilobites, like these Elrathia kingii were very common arthropods during this time\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnomalocaris was an early marine predator, a member of the stem-arthropod group Radiodonta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpabinia was a bizarre stem-arthropod that possessed five stalked eyes, and a fused proboscis tipped with a claw-like appendage.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPikaia was a stem-chordate from the Middle Cambrian\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProtichnites were the trackways of arthropods that walked Cambrian beaches\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHallucigenia sparsa was a member of group lobopodian, that is considered to be related to modern velvet worms.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCambroraster falcatus was a hurdiid radiodont that bore a large horseshoe-shaped carapace.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmiskwia sagittiformis was a large bodied gnathiferan from Canada and China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHaplophrentis was a hyolith, a group of conical shelled lophotrochozoans that were potentially related to either lophophorates or mollusks.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHalkieria was a bizarre invertebrate that was an early member of the mollusk group","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleozoic#Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Paleozoic#Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2003Geo....31..431A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geo....31..431A"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282003%29031%3C0431%3AEOCANA%3E2.0.CO%3B2"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012JPal...86..442C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPal...86..442C"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1666/11-056.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1666%2F11-056.1"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"129234373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129234373"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1666/09-075.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1666%2F09-075.1"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"130064618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130064618"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2008JPal...82.1161G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPal...82.1161G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1666/08-004.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1666%2F08-004.1"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"129732925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129732925"},{"link_name":"Gould, S. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._J._Gould"},{"link_name":"Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wonderfullifebur00goul"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780393027051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393027051"},{"link_name":"\"Cambrian System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cambrian_System"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"\"Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060423084018/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Description of the impressions and footprints of the Protichnites from the Potsdam sandstone of Canada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1602923"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"130712914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130712914"},{"link_name":"\"The Cambrian Period\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150212062427/http://www.geol.umd.edu/~hcui/Reference/GeolTimeScale2012/Ch19-Cambrian.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geol.umd.edu/~hcui/Reference/GeolTimeScale2012/Ch19-Cambrian.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780444528599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444528599"},{"link_name":"\"Paleobiology of Climactichnites, and Enigmatic Late Cambrian Fossil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/159009"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5479/si.00810266.74.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.74.1"}],"text":"Wikisource has original works on the topic: Paleozoic#CambrianAmthor, J. E.; Grotzinger, John P.; Schröder, Stefan; Bowring, Samuel A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Martin, Mark W.; Matter, Albert (2003). \"Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman\". Geology. 31 (5): 431–434. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..431A. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2.\nCollette, J. H.; Gass, K. C.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2012). \"Protichnites eremita unshelled? Experimental model-based neoichnology and new evidence for a euthycarcinoid affinity for this ichnospecies\". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 442–454. Bibcode:2012JPal...86..442C. doi:10.1666/11-056.1. S2CID 129234373.\nCollette, J. H.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2010). \"Three-dimensionally preserved arthropods from Cambrian Lagerstatten of Quebec and Wisconsin\". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (4): 646–667. doi:10.1666/09-075.1. S2CID 130064618.\nGetty, P. R.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2008). \"Reinterpretation of Climactichnites Logan 1860 to include subsurface burrows, and erection of Musculopodus for resting traces of the trailmaker\". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (6): 1161–1172. Bibcode:2008JPal...82.1161G. doi:10.1666/08-004.1. S2CID 129732925.\nGould, S. J. (1989). Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of Life. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393027051.\nHowe, John Allen (1911). \"Cambrian System\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–89.\nOgg, J. (June 2004). \"Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs)\". Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.\nOwen, R. (1852). \"Description of the impressions and footprints of the Protichnites from the Potsdam sandstone of Canada\". Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal. 8 (1–2): 214–225. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26. S2CID 130712914.\nPeng, S.; Babcock, L.E.; Cooper, R.A. (2012). \"The Cambrian Period\" (PDF). The Geologic Time Scale. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.\nSchieber, J.; Bose, P. K.; Eriksson, P. G.; Banerjee, S.; Sarkar, S.; Altermann, W.; Catuneau, O. (2007). Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved within the Clastic Rock Record. Elsevier. pp. 53–71. ISBN 9780444528599.\nYochelson, E. L.; Fedonkin, M. A. (1993). \"Paleobiology of Climactichnites, and Enigmatic Late Cambrian Fossil\". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 74 (74): 1–74. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.74.1.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/90px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary section at Fortune Head, Newfoundland, GSSP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg/220px-Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diorama of the Burgess Shale Biota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg/250px-Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life reconstruction of the Linyi Lagerstätte in Northern China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png/250px-Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png"},{"image_text":"Archeocyathids from the Poleta formation in the Death Valley area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Archeocyathids.JPG/220px-Archeocyathids.JPG"},{"image_text":"A reconstruction of Margaretia dorus from the Burgess Shale, which were once believed to be green algae, but are now understood to represent hemichordates[58]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png/150px-Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png"},{"image_text":"Artistic reconstruction of Marjum biota, including various arthropods (trilobites, hymenocarines, and radiodonts), sponges, echinoderms, and various other groups","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png/250px-Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png"}] | [{"title":"Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event"},{"title":"Dresbachian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresbachian"},{"title":"End Botomian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction"},{"title":"List of fossil sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites"},{"title":"Type locality (geology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cambrian_preservational_modes"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cambrian_preservational_modes"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambrian_preservational_modes"},{"title":"Orsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten"},{"title":"Doushantuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doushantuo_Formation"},{"title":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doushantuo_type_preservation"},{"title":"Bitter Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Springs_(fossil_locality)"},{"title":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Springs_type_preservation"},{"title":"Burgess Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Shale"},{"title":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Shale-type_preservation"},{"title":"Beecher's Trilobite Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beecher%27s_Trilobite_Bed"},{"title":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beecher%27s_Trilobite_type_preservation"},{"title":"Ediacaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara_biota"},{"title":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran_type_preservation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"title":"Small shelly fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna"},{"title":"Acritarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acritarch"},{"title":"Trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chart/Time Scale\". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.","urls":[{"url":"https://stratigraphy.org/chart","url_text":"\"Chart/Time Scale\""}]},{"reference":"Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). \"Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype\" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/fortunian.pdf","url_text":"\"Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1994%2Fv17i1.2%2F002","url_text":"10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/fortunian.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). \"Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System\" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/tremadocian.pdf","url_text":"\"Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i1%2F005","url_text":"10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/tremadocian.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). \"A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes\". Science. 322 (5898): 64–8. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...322...64H","url_text":"2008Sci...322...64H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161648","url_text":"10.1126/science.1161648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18832639","url_text":"18832639"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206514545","url_text":"206514545"}]},{"reference":"\"International Stratigraphic Chart\" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. June 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-06.pdf","url_text":"\"International Stratigraphic Chart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230713060338/https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-06.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. R. M. (2017). Earth history and palaeogeography. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-10532-4. OCLC 968155663.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/968155663","url_text":"Earth history and palaeogeography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10532-4","url_text":"978-1-107-10532-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/968155663","url_text":"968155663"}]},{"reference":"Myrow, Paul M.; Goodge, John W.; Brock, Glenn A.; Betts, Marissa J.; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Hughes, Nigel C.; Gaines, Robert R. (2024). \"Tectonic trigger to the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic: The early Cambrian Sinsk event\". Science Advances. 10 (13): eadl3452. Bibcode:2024SciA...10L3452M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl3452. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10980278. PMID 38552008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10980278","url_text":"\"Tectonic trigger to the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic: The early Cambrian Sinsk event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024SciA...10L3452M","url_text":"2024SciA...10L3452M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adl3452","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.adl3452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548","url_text":"2375-2548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10980278","url_text":"10980278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38552008","url_text":"38552008"}]},{"reference":"Pruss, Sara B.; Gill, Benjamin C. (30 May 2024). \"Life on the Edge: The Cambrian Marine Realm and Oxygenation\". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 52 (1). doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-070316. hdl:10919/117422. ISSN 0084-6597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-070316","url_text":"\"Life on the Edge: The Cambrian Marine Realm and Oxygenation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-031621-070316","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-070316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919%2F117422","url_text":"10919/117422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597","url_text":"0084-6597"}]},{"reference":"Butterfield, N. J. (2007). \"Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time\". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 41–55. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50...41B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00613.x","url_text":"\"Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Palgy..50...41B","url_text":"2007Palgy..50...41B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00613.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x"}]},{"reference":"Orr, P. J.; Benton, M. J.; Briggs, D. E. G. (2003). \"Post-Cambrian closure of the deep-water slope-basin taphonomic window\". Geology. 31 (9): 769–772. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..769O. doi:10.1130/G19193.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geo....31..769O","url_text":"2003Geo....31..769O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG19193.1","url_text":"10.1130/G19193.1"}]},{"reference":"Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Góral, Tomasz; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Thompson, Christine; Koch, Marcus (2020). \"Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and terrestrial fossil record\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (16): 8966–8972. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.8966E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1920733117. PMC 7183169. PMID 32253305. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-trade_zone | Free-trade zone | ["1 Definition","1.1 Synonyms","2 Export-processing zone","2.1 Brazil","2.2 China","3 Background","4 US Foreign-Trade Zones Board","5 UAE Free Zones","6 Kuwait Free Trade Zone","7 Strategic benefits","8 Criticism","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Geographic area where economic activity between and within countries is less regulated
This article is about the special economic zones within countries. For other uses, see Free Zone.
"FTZ" redirects here. For other uses, see FTZ (disambiguation).
This is currently being merged.
After a discussion, consensus to merge this with content from Free economic zone was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at Help:Merging and the resolution on the discussion. Process started in May 2023.
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A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone. It is a geographic area where goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty. Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers—areas with many geographic advantages for trade.
Definition
The World Bank defines free trade zones as "small, fenced-in, duty-free areas, offering warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations". Free-trade zones can also be defined as labor-intensive manufacturing centers that involve the import of raw materials or components and the export of factory products, but this is a dated definition as more and more free-trade zones focus on service industries such as software, back-office operations, research, and financial services.
Synonyms
Free-trade zones are referred to as "foreign-trade zones" in the United States (Foreign Trade Zones Act of 1934), where FTZs provide customs-related advantages as well as exemptions from state and local inventory taxes. In other countries, they have been called "duty-free export processing zones," "export-free zones," "export processing zones," "free export zones," "free zones," "industrial free zones," "investment promotion zones," "maquiladoras," and "special economic zones". Some were previously called "free ports". Free zones range from specific-purpose manufacturing facilities to areas where legal systems and economic regulation vary from the normal provisions of the country concerned.
Free zones may reduce or eliminate taxes, customs duties, and regulatory requirements for registration of business. Zones around the world often provide special exemptions from normal immigration procedures and foreign investment restrictions as well as other features. Free zones are intended to foster economic activity and employment that could occur elsewhere.
Export-processing zone
An export-processing zone (EPZ) is a specific type of FTZ usually set up in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. According to the World Bank, "an export processing zone is an industrial estate, usually a fenced-in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in manufacturing for export. It offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its objectives are to attract foreign investors, collaborators, and buyers who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy's industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange". Most FTZs are located in developing countries; Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, El Salvador, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Madagascar all have EPZ programs. In 1997, 93 countries had set up export processing zones, employing 22.5 million people, and five years later, in 2003, EPZs in 116 countries employed 43 million people.
Brazil
In Brazil, 25 Export-Processing Zones have been authorized in 17 states, and 19 of them have been implemented. Brazilian government launched the first Export processing zones in 1988, aiming to fight the unbalances in the country. First EPZ area in operation was located near of the Port of Pecém in Ceará. Companies in these areas are benefited from tax exemptions and incentives at the ICMS Tax (State Value-Added Tax). Some Brazilian states offer other regional incentives. Companies also can take advantage of a Foreign exchange treatment supported by the law that created the EPZ and proximity of Custom authorities with offices inside the EPZ.
China
China has specific rules differentiating an EPZ from a FTZ. For example, 70% of goods in EPZs must be exported, but there is no such quota for FTZs.
Background
The world's first-documented free-trade zone was established on the Greek Island of Delos in 166 BCE. It lasted until about 69 BCE when the island was overrun by pirates. The Romans had many civitas libera, or free cities, some of which could coin money, establish their own laws, and not pay an annual tribute to the Roman Emperor. These continued through at least the first millennium CE. In the 12th century, the Hanseatic League began operating in Northern Europe and established trading colonies throughout Europe. These Free Trade Zones included Hamburg and the Steelyard in London. The Steelyard, like other Hansa stations, was a separate walled community with its own warehouses, weighing house, chapel, counting houses, and residential quarters. In 1988, remains of the former Hanseatic trading house, once the largest medieval trading complex in Britain, were uncovered by archaeologists during maintenance work on Cannon Street Station. Shannon, Ireland (Shannon Free Zone), established in 1959, has claimed to be the first "modern" free trade zone. The Shannon Zone was started to help the city airport adjust to a radical change in aircraft technology that permitted longer range aircraft to skip previously-required refueling stops in Shannon. It was an attempt by the Irish government to maintain employment around the airport so that the airport would continue to generate revenue for the Irish economy. It was hugely successful and is still in operation today. Other free zones to note are the Kandla Free Zone in India, which started in about 1960, and the Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone in Taiwan, which started in 1967. The number of worldwide free-trade zones proliferated in the late 20th century.
Corporations setting up in a zone may be given a number of regulatory and fiscal incentives, such as the right to establish a business, the right to import parts and equipment without duty, the right to keep and use foreign exchange earnings, and sometimes income or property tax breaks. There may also be other incentives relating the methods of customs control and filing requirements. The rationale is that the zones will attract investment, create employment, and thus reduce poverty and unemployment, stimulating the area's economy. These zones are often used by multinational corporations to set up factories to produce goods (such as clothing, shoes, and electronics).
Free-trade zones should be distinguished from free trade areas. A free trade zone is normally established in a single country, although there are a few exceptions where a free zone may cross a national border, such as the Syrian/Jordanian Free Trade Zone. Free trade areas are set up between countries; for example, the Latin America Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was created in the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay; and the North American Free Trade Agreement was established between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. In free trade areas, tariffs are only lowered between member countries. They should also be distinguished from customs unions, like the former European Economic Community, where several countries agree to unify customs regulations and eliminate customs between the union members.
Free-trade zones have more recently been also called special economic zones in some countries. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been established in many countries as testing grounds for the implementation of liberal market economy principles. SEZs are viewed as instruments to enhance the acceptability and the credibility of the transformation policies and to attract domestic and foreign investment. The change in terminology has been driven by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which prohibits members from offering certain types of fiscal incentives to promote the exports of goods, thus why the term Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is no longer used with newer zones. For example, India converted all of its EPZs to SEZs in 2000.
In 1999, there were 43 million people working in about 3,000 FTZs spanning 116 countries and producing clothes, shoes, sneakers, electronics, and toys. The basic objectives of economic zones are to enhance foreign exchange earnings, develop export-oriented industries, and generate employment opportunities.
US Foreign-Trade Zones Board
In the United States, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board (FTZB), established under the Foreign-Trade Zones (FTZ) Act of 1934, is led by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Treasury.
In January 2009, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board adopted an FTZ Board staff proposal to make what it called the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) as a means of designating and managing general-purpose FTZ sites through reorganization. The ASF provides Foreign-Trade Zone grantees greater flexibility to meet specific requests for zone status by utilizing the minor boundary modification process. The theory of the ASF is that by more closely linking the amount of FTZ-designated space to the amount of space activated with Customs and Border Protection, Zone users would have better and quicker access to benefits.
When an FTZ grantee evaluates whether or not to expand its FTZ project in order to improve the ease in which the Zone may be utilized by existing companies, as well as how it attracts new prospective companies, the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) should be considered. The ASF may be an appropriate option for certain Foreign-Trade Zone projects, but the decision of whether to adopt the new framework and what the configuration of the sites should be requires careful analysis and planning. Regardless of the choice to expand the FTZ project, the sites should be selected and the application drafted in such a manner as to receive swift approval while maximizing benefit to those that locate in the Zone. Successful zone projects are generally the result of a plan developed and implemented by individuals who understand all aspects of the FTZ program.
The FTZB approves the reorganization of Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) 32 under the alternative site framework. The application submitted by its grantee, the Greater Miami Foreign Trade Zone was approved and officially ordered by the FTZB on January 8, 2013. From California to Oklahoma, North Carolina, and New York State, FTZs all across the United States have recently been making use of the flexible opportunities offered by the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) program. The ASF program is designed to serve zone projects that want the flexibility to both attract users/operators to certain fixed sites but also want the ability to serve companies at other locations where the demand for FTZ services will arise in the future. FTZ 32 was founded in 1979 and processes over $1 billion in goods with products from more than 65 countries and exported to more than 75 countries worldwide with speed and efficiency. According to the official order from the FTZB, FTZ 32 existing site 1, Miami Free Zone, will be classified as a magnet site.
UAE Free Zones
Due to growing business opportunities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the UAE government has introduced 'Free Zones' to make it easier for foreigners to invest and operate in the UAE. In these Free Zones, investors benefit from maintaining full business ownership and receiving tax exemptions.
Some of the benefits of setting up business in UAE Free Zones are:
No Corporate Tax, 100% exemption provided that business done between the free zone company and any mainland companies are under 375,000 AED a year.
100% ownership of business
Bank accounts can be opened in a business's name
Reasonable renewal fees
100% import and export tax exemptions
100% repatriation of profits and capital
Investor VISA
Some Free Zones in UAE are:
Ajman Free Zone
Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ)
International Free Zone Authority (IFZA)
Sharjah Media City Free Zone (SHAMS)
Hamriyah-Free Zone
Kuwait Free Trade Zone
Kuwait's free trade zone (FTZ) was formally established in 1999 to expand businesses and lure the export industry. The zone was located in the western part of the commercial port of Shuwaikh. It was the only free trade zone in the country.
In 2019, the Council of Ministers cancelled the free-zone, leaving Kuwait without a special economic zone.
Strategic benefits
Aberdeen Group research published in 2013 noted that best-in-class companies make strategic use of free-trade zones as a means of reducing inbound trade costs, shortening import timescales, and optimising the balance of their corporate sourcing and operational activities.
Criticism
Sometimes the domestic government pays part of the initial cost of factory setup, loosens environmental protections and rules regarding negligence and the treatment of workers, and promises not to ask payment of taxes for the next few years. When the taxation-free years are over, the corporation that set up the factory without fully assuming its costs is often able to set up operations elsewhere for less expense than the taxes to be paid, giving it leverage to take the host government to the bargaining table with more demands, but parent companies in the United States are rarely held accountable.
Political writer Naomi Klein has also criticized the transient nature of FTZs, noting the factory closures connected to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. She criticized the low wages and long hours, citing workdays of twelve or more hours in Indonesia, Philippines, Southern China, and Sri Lanka circa 2000.
See also
Aggressive legalism
Bonded logistics park
Foreign trade zones of the United States
Free trade areas in Europe
Free economic zone
Free-trade area
Free trade
Open Balkan
Craiovia Group
CEFTA
Index of international trade topics
List of free-trade zones
List of free-trade zones in Dubai
Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
Special economic zone
Factory (trading post)
References
^ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОСОБЫМИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ ЗОНАМИ СУБЪЕКТА РФ Масаев С.Н. В сборнике: XIII Всероссийское совещание по проблемам управления ВСПУ-2019 Труды. Под общей редакцией Д.А. Новикова. 2019. С. 1773-1778.
^ Masaev S. Destruction of the Resident Enterprise in the Special Economic Zone with Sanctions. Publisher: IEEE. 2019
^ "Free-trade zone", Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
^ "Zone Definition", Special Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development, Washington DC: World Bank, 2008, pp. 9–11
^ a b Tiefenbrun, Susan (2012), Tax Free Trade Zones Of The World And In The United States, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84980-243-7
^ "Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Chinese Economics", Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved September 16, 2016
^ Farole, Akinci, ed., "Special Economic Zones: Progress, Challenges and Future Directions, World Bank, 2011
^ Export Processing Zones (PDF), Policy and Research Series, Washington DC: World Bank, 1992
^ a b Sargent, John; Matthews, Linda. "China vs. Mexico in the Global EPZ Industry: Maquiladoras, FDI Quality and Plant Mortality" (PDF). University of Texas Pan America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ "Zonas de Processamento de Exportação". Ministério da Economia INDÚSTRIA, COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR E SERVIÇOS. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
^ a b c de Souza Feitosa, Roberto (2016-02-18). "The Free Trade Zones in Brazil". Tax & Accounting Blog Posts by Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
^ "Export Processing Zones (EPZ)". Ministério da Economia INDÚSTRIA, COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR E SERVIÇOS. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
^ "Compare". Yusen Logistics Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ "Welcome to Shannon Development". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
^ "Syria, Jordan open a free trade zone". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
^ "Foreign-Trade Zone Alternative Site Framework (ASF)". Foreign Trade Zone Corporation. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "81b. Establishment of zones". Retrieved 10 April 2013.
^ "Corporate tax (CT) - the Official Portal of the UAE Government".
^ "The UAE introduces its first-ever corporate taxes, set to start in 2023". CNBC.
^ "Kuwait's government cancels adopted Free Trade Zone decision". Zawya.
^ "Supply Chain Digest - The best in supply chain management and logistics news, insight, education, opinion and education". www.scdigest.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ Millen, Joyce; Holtz, Timothy (2007). "Dying for Growth", in The Politics of Globalization: A Reader at Google Books, ed. Mark Kesselman. Houghton Mifflin.
^ Klein, Naomi (2000). No Logo. Flamingo. pp. 204–229.
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Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Zone_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"FTZ (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTZ_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"special economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone#Types"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods"},{"link_name":"imported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imported"},{"link_name":"exported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exported"},{"link_name":"customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs"},{"link_name":"customs duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_duty"},{"link_name":"Free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"seaports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport"},{"link_name":"international airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the special economic zones within countries. For other uses, see Free Zone.\"FTZ\" redirects here. For other uses, see FTZ (disambiguation).A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone.[1][2] It is a geographic area where goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty. Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers—areas with many geographic advantages for trade.[3]","title":"Free-trade zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"duty-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty-free"},{"link_name":"transshipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transshipment"},{"link_name":"re-export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-export"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"labor-intensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_intensity"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"raw materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"}],"text":"The World Bank defines free trade zones as \"small, fenced-in, duty-free areas, offering warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations\".[4] Free-trade zones can also be defined as labor-intensive manufacturing centers that involve the import of raw materials or components and the export of factory products, but this is a dated definition as more and more free-trade zones focus on service industries such as software, back-office operations, research, and financial services.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiefenbrun2012-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiefenbrun2012-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Synonyms","text":"Free-trade zones are referred to as \"foreign-trade zones\" in the United States (Foreign Trade Zones Act of 1934),[5] where FTZs provide customs-related advantages as well as exemptions from state and local inventory taxes. In other countries, they have been called \"duty-free export processing zones,\" \"export-free zones,\" \"export processing zones,\" \"free export zones,\" \"free zones,\" \"industrial free zones,\" \"investment promotion zones,\" \"maquiladoras,\" and \"special economic zones\".[5][6] Some were previously called \"free ports\". Free zones range from specific-purpose manufacturing facilities to areas where legal systems and economic regulation vary from the normal provisions of the country concerned.Free zones may reduce or eliminate taxes, customs duties, and regulatory requirements for registration of business. Zones around the world often provide special exemptions from normal immigration procedures and foreign investment restrictions as well as other features. Free zones are intended to foster economic activity and employment that could occur elsewhere.[7]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sargent-Matthews-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sargent-Matthews-9"}],"text":"An export-processing zone (EPZ) is a specific type of FTZ usually set up in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. According to the World Bank, \"an export processing zone is an industrial estate, usually a fenced-in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in manufacturing for export. It offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its objectives are to attract foreign investors, collaborators, and buyers who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy's industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange\".[8] Most FTZs are located in developing countries; Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, El Salvador, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Madagascar all have EPZ programs.[9] In 1997, 93 countries had set up export processing zones, employing 22.5 million people, and five years later, in 2003, EPZs in 116 countries employed 43 million people.[9]","title":"Export-processing zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Port of Pecém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Pecem"},{"link_name":"Ceará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"ICMS Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"In Brazil, 25 Export-Processing Zones have been authorized in 17 states, and 19 of them have been implemented.[10] Brazilian government launched the first Export processing zones in 1988, aiming to fight the unbalances in the country.[11] First EPZ area in operation was located near of the Port of Pecém in Ceará.[11] Companies in these areas are benefited from tax exemptions and incentives at the ICMS Tax (State Value-Added Tax). Some Brazilian states offer other regional incentives.[12] Companies also can take advantage of a Foreign exchange treatment supported by the law that created the EPZ and proximity of Custom authorities with offices inside the EPZ.[11]","title":"Export-processing zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yusen-13"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"China has specific rules differentiating an EPZ from a FTZ. For example, 70% of goods in EPZs must be exported, but there is no such quota for FTZs.[13]","title":"Export-processing zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos"},{"link_name":"civitas libera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_libera"},{"link_name":"Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Steelyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelyard"},{"link_name":"counting houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_house"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon,_County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Shannon Free Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Free_Zone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kandla Free Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandla_Free_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaohsiung_Export_Processing_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tax breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_break"},{"link_name":"free trade areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_area"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"special economic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones"},{"link_name":"Special economic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones"},{"link_name":"countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries"},{"link_name":"clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe"},{"link_name":"sneakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaker_(footwear)"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics"},{"link_name":"toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy"}],"text":"The world's first-documented free-trade zone was established on the Greek Island of Delos in 166 BCE. It lasted until about 69 BCE when the island was overrun by pirates. The Romans had many civitas libera, or free cities, some of which could coin money, establish their own laws, and not pay an annual tribute to the Roman Emperor. These continued through at least the first millennium CE. In the 12th century, the Hanseatic League began operating in Northern Europe and established trading colonies throughout Europe. These Free Trade Zones included Hamburg and the Steelyard in London. The Steelyard, like other Hansa stations, was a separate walled community with its own warehouses, weighing house, chapel, counting houses, and residential quarters. In 1988, remains of the former Hanseatic trading house, once the largest medieval trading complex in Britain, were uncovered by archaeologists during maintenance work on Cannon Street Station. Shannon, Ireland (Shannon Free Zone),[14] established in 1959, has claimed to be the first \"modern\" free trade zone. The Shannon Zone was started to help the city airport adjust to a radical change in aircraft technology that permitted longer range aircraft to skip previously-required refueling stops in Shannon. It was an attempt by the Irish government to maintain employment around the airport so that the airport would continue to generate revenue for the Irish economy. It was hugely successful and is still in operation today. Other free zones to note are the Kandla Free Zone in India, which started in about 1960, and the Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone in Taiwan, which started in 1967. The number of worldwide free-trade zones proliferated in the late 20th century.Corporations setting up in a zone may be given a number of regulatory and fiscal incentives, such as the right to establish a business, the right to import parts and equipment without duty, the right to keep and use foreign exchange earnings, and sometimes income or property tax breaks. There may also be other incentives relating the methods of customs control and filing requirements. The rationale is that the zones will attract investment, create employment, and thus reduce poverty and unemployment, stimulating the area's economy. These zones are often used by multinational corporations to set up factories to produce goods (such as clothing, shoes, and electronics).Free-trade zones should be distinguished from free trade areas. A free trade zone is normally established in a single country, although there are a few exceptions where a free zone may cross a national border, such as the Syrian/Jordanian Free Trade Zone.[15] Free trade areas are set up between countries; for example, the Latin America Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was created in the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay; and the North American Free Trade Agreement was established between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. In free trade areas, tariffs are only lowered between member countries. They should also be distinguished from customs unions, like the former European Economic Community, where several countries agree to unify customs regulations and eliminate customs between the union members.Free-trade zones have more recently been also called special economic zones in some countries. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been established in many countries as testing grounds for the implementation of liberal market economy principles. SEZs are viewed as instruments to enhance the acceptability and the credibility of the transformation policies and to attract domestic and foreign investment. The change in terminology has been driven by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which prohibits members from offering certain types of fiscal incentives to promote the exports of goods, thus why the term Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is no longer used with newer zones. For example, India converted all of its EPZs to SEZs in 2000.In 1999, there were 43 million people working in about 3,000 FTZs spanning 116 countries and producing clothes, shoes, sneakers, electronics, and toys. The basic objectives of economic zones are to enhance foreign exchange earnings, develop export-oriented industries, and generate employment opportunities.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Alternative Site Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_Site_Framework&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Foreign-Trade_Zones_Board-17"}],"text":"In the United States, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board (FTZB), established under the Foreign-Trade Zones (FTZ) Act of 1934, is led by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Treasury.In January 2009, the Foreign-Trade Zones Board adopted an FTZ Board staff proposal to make what it called the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) as a means of designating and managing general-purpose FTZ sites through reorganization. The ASF provides Foreign-Trade Zone grantees greater flexibility to meet specific requests for zone status by utilizing the minor boundary modification process. The theory of the ASF is that by more closely linking the amount of FTZ-designated space to the amount of space activated with Customs and Border Protection, Zone users would have better and quicker access to benefits.When an FTZ grantee evaluates whether or not to expand its FTZ project in order to improve the ease in which the Zone may be utilized by existing companies, as well as how it attracts new prospective companies, the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) should be considered. The ASF may be an appropriate option for certain Foreign-Trade Zone projects, but the decision of whether to adopt the new framework and what the configuration of the sites should be requires careful analysis and planning. Regardless of the choice to expand the FTZ project, the sites should be selected and the application drafted in such a manner as to receive swift approval while maximizing benefit to those that locate in the Zone. Successful zone projects are generally the result of a plan developed and implemented by individuals who understand all aspects of the FTZ program.[16]The FTZB approves the reorganization of Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) 32 under the alternative site framework. The application submitted by its grantee, the Greater Miami Foreign Trade Zone was approved and officially ordered by the FTZB on January 8, 2013. From California to Oklahoma, North Carolina, and New York State, FTZs all across the United States have recently [when?] been making use of the flexible opportunities offered by the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) program. The ASF program is designed to serve zone projects that want the flexibility to both attract users/operators to certain fixed sites but also want the ability to serve companies at other locations where the demand for FTZ services will arise in the future. FTZ 32 was founded in 1979 and processes over $1 billion in goods with products from more than 65 countries and exported to more than 75 countries worldwide with speed and efficiency. According to the official order from the FTZB, FTZ 32 existing site 1, Miami Free Zone, will be classified as a magnet site.[17]","title":"US Foreign-Trade Zones Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"UAE Free Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free-trade_zones_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Due to growing business opportunities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the UAE government has introduced 'Free Zones' to make it easier for foreigners to invest and operate in the UAE. In these Free Zones, investors benefit from maintaining full business ownership and receiving tax exemptions.Some of the benefits of setting up business in UAE Free Zones are:No Corporate Tax, 100% exemption[18] provided that business done between the free zone company and any mainland companies are under 375,000 AED a year.[19]\n100% ownership of business\nBank accounts can be opened in a business's name\nReasonable renewal fees\n100% import and export tax exemptions\n100% repatriation of profits and capital\nInvestor VISASome Free Zones in UAE are:Ajman Free Zone\nRas Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ)\nInternational Free Zone Authority (IFZA)\nSharjah Media City Free Zone (SHAMS)\nHamriyah-Free Zone","title":"UAE Free Zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuwaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuwaikh_Port"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Kuwait's free trade zone (FTZ) was formally established in 1999 to expand businesses and lure the export industry. The zone was located in the western part of the commercial port of Shuwaikh. It was the only free trade zone in the country.In 2019, the Council of Ministers cancelled the free-zone, leaving Kuwait without a special economic zone.[20]","title":"Kuwait Free Trade Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Group"},{"link_name":"strategic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_strategy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Aberdeen Group research published in 2013 noted that best-in-class companies make strategic use of free-trade zones as a means of reducing inbound trade costs, shortening import timescales, and optimising the balance of their corporate sourcing and operational activities.[21]","title":"Strategic benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental protections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"treatment of workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health"},{"link_name":"taxation-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Naomi Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NoLogo-23"}],"text":"Sometimes the domestic government pays part of the initial cost of factory setup, loosens environmental protections and rules regarding negligence and the treatment of workers, and promises not to ask payment of taxes for the next few years. When the taxation-free years are over, the corporation that set up the factory without fully assuming its costs is often able to set up operations elsewhere for less expense than the taxes to be paid, giving it leverage to take the host government to the bargaining table with more demands, but parent companies in the United States are rarely held accountable.[22]Political writer Naomi Klein has also criticized the transient nature of FTZs, noting the factory closures connected to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. She criticized the low wages and long hours, citing workdays of twelve or more hours in Indonesia, Philippines, Southern China, and Sri Lanka circa 2000.[23]","title":"Criticism"}] | [] | [{"title":"Aggressive legalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggressive_legalism"},{"title":"Bonded logistics park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_logistics_park"},{"title":"Foreign trade zones of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_zones_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Free trade areas in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe"},{"title":"Free economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_economic_zone"},{"title":"Free-trade area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_area"},{"title":"Free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"title":"Open Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Balkan"},{"title":"Craiovia Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova_Group"},{"title":"CEFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"title":"Index of international trade topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_topics"},{"title":"List of free-trade zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free-trade_zones"},{"title":"List of free-trade zones in Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free-trade_zones_in_Dubai"},{"title":"Shanghai Free-Trade Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Free-Trade_Zone"},{"title":"Special economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone"},{"title":"Factory (trading post)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Zone Definition\", Special Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development, Washington DC: World Bank, 2008, pp. 9–11","urls":[{"url":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/343901468330977533/Special-economic-zone-performance-lessons-learned-and-implication-for-zone-development","url_text":"\"Zone Definition\""}]},{"reference":"Tiefenbrun, Susan (2012), Tax Free Trade Zones Of The World And In The United States, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84980-243-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdz5eG3b2nwC","url_text":"Tax Free Trade Zones Of The World And In The United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-243-7","url_text":"978-1-84980-243-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Chinese Economics\", Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved September 16, 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/special-economic-zone","url_text":"\"Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Chinese Economics\""}]},{"reference":"Export Processing Zones (PDF), Policy and Research Series, Washington DC: World Bank, 1992","urls":[{"url":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/400411468766543358/pdf/multi-page.pdf","url_text":"Export Processing Zones"}]},{"reference":"Sargent, John; Matthews, Linda. \"China vs. Mexico in the Global EPZ Industry: Maquiladoras, FDI Quality and Plant Mortality\" (PDF). University of Texas Pan America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2009-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100716003319/http://ea.panam.edu/cbes/pdf/WorkingPaper1-06.pdf","url_text":"\"China vs. Mexico in the Global EPZ Industry: Maquiladoras, FDI Quality and Plant Mortality\""},{"url":"http://ea.panam.edu/cbes/pdf/WorkingPaper1-06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zonas de Processamento de Exportação\". Ministério da Economia INDÚSTRIA, COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR E SERVIÇOS. Retrieved 2020-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/zpe/institucional/86-assuntos/zonas-de-processamento-de-exportacao-czpe/895-czpe","url_text":"\"Zonas de Processamento de Exportação\""}]},{"reference":"de Souza Feitosa, Roberto (2016-02-18). \"The Free Trade Zones in Brazil\". Tax & Accounting Blog Posts by Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2020-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/blog/the-free-trade-zones-in-brazil/","url_text":"\"The Free Trade Zones in Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Export Processing Zones (EPZ)\". Ministério da Economia INDÚSTRIA, COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR E SERVIÇOS. Retrieved 2020-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/zpe/epz","url_text":"\"Export Processing Zones (EPZ)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compare\". Yusen Logistics Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232246/http://www.jp.yusen-logistics.com/china/english/compare/","url_text":"\"Compare\""},{"url":"http://www.jp.yusen-logistics.com/china/english/compare/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Shannon Development\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511151239/http://www.shannondevelopment.ie/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Shannon Development\""},{"url":"http://www.shannondevelopment.ie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syria, Jordan open a free trade zone\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2017-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=438&n=syria-jordan-open-a-free-trade-zone-2000-05-29","url_text":"\"Syria, Jordan open a free trade zone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign-Trade Zone Alternative Site Framework (ASF)\". Foreign Trade Zone Corporation. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ftzcorp.com/ftz-services/alternative-site-management-framework-asf.aspx","url_text":"\"Foreign-Trade Zone Alternative Site Framework (ASF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"81b. Establishment of zones\". Retrieved 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ia.ita.doc.gov/ftzpage/19uscftz/ch1a.html#81b","url_text":"\"81b. Establishment of zones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate tax (CT) - the Official Portal of the UAE Government\".","urls":[{"url":"https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation/corporate-tax","url_text":"\"Corporate tax (CT) - the Official Portal of the UAE Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"The UAE introduces its first-ever corporate taxes, set to start in 2023\". CNBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/31/the-uae-introduces-its-first-ever-corporate-taxes-set-to-start-in-2023-.html","url_text":"\"The UAE introduces its first-ever corporate taxes, set to start in 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Kuwait's government cancels adopted Free Trade Zone decision\". Zawya.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/kuwaits-government-cancels-adopted-free-trade-zone-decision-tzxyzeus","url_text":"\"Kuwait's government cancels adopted Free Trade Zone decision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supply Chain Digest - The best in supply chain management and logistics news, insight, education, opinion and education\". www.scdigest.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scdigest.com/experts/AmberRoad_13-12-19.php?cid=7686","url_text":"\"Supply Chain Digest - The best in supply chain management and logistics news, insight, education, opinion and education\""}]},{"reference":"Klein, Naomi (2000). No Logo. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapponian_Herder | Lapponian Herder | ["1 Appearance","2 Temperament","3 Activities","4 History","4.1 Lineage","5 See also","6 References"] | Dog breedLapponian HerderLapinporokoiraOther namesLapland Reindeer Dog, Reindeer Herder, lapinporokoira (Finnish), lapsk vallhund (Swedish)OriginFinlandTraitsHeight
Males
51 cm
Females
46 cmKennel club standardsSuomen Kennelliitto
standardFédération Cynologique Internationale
standardDog (domestic dog)
The Lapponian Herder (Lapinporokoira or Lapp Reindeer Dog or Lapsk Vallhund) is a breed of dog from Finland, one of three Lapphund breeds developed from a type of dog used by the Sami people for herding and guarding their reindeer.
Appearance
The Lapinporokoira is a medium-sized dog, with medium length fur in a double coat. Ears are pricked (standing up; drop ears are a disqualifying fault.) Colour is generally black or dark grey or brown, and occasionally red brown, with a lighter shade on the head and lower parts of the body, often with white markings. Medium in build, height should be 51 cm (20 in) at the withers for males, 46 cm (18 in) for females. Males and females should look distinctly different. Weight is between 55–65 lb (25–29 kg), males usually heavier than females.
Temperament
The breed standard states that the dog should be calm, friendly, and docile, but also energetic. Most herding breeds need to be given regular exercise. The temperament of individual dogs may vary.
Activities
The Lapponian Herder can participate in dog agility trials, carting, mushing, obedience, Rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Lapponian Herders exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.
History
The Sami people of northern Europe used Spitz type herding dogs in managing their herds of reindeer for a very long time. Such dogs were not of modern breeds of documented heritage, and did not have a fixed appearance, but rather were a landrace type of herding dog. Although Swedish and Finnish dog fanciers began collecting information about the type in the 1930s, most of the dogs were lost as a result of World War II.
After the war, various breeders in Sweden and Finland began to try to recreate the lost reindeer herding dogs in their various forms. In Finland, the first was recognised as the Kukonharjulainen (a kennel name) by the Finnish Kennel Club. The breed was a few of the herding dogs crossed with black and white Karelian Bear Dogs, resulting in a short-coated dog. Other breeders with another kennel club in Finland created another breed, this one with a more heavy coat, called the Lapponian Herder. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, more dogs were collected, and assigned to one of the two varieties based on their appearance. Around the same time, the two kennel clubs merged, and all the Finnish reindeer dogs were placed in the same registry. In 1966, they were separated again, based on coat length. One breed was renamed Lapphund at that time, and the other was named Lapinporokoira (translated into English as the Lapponian Herder.)
The Lapinporokoira is recognised under Finnish sponsorship as Fédération Cynologique Internationale in Group 5 Spitz and primitive types Section 3 Nordic Watchdogs and Herders. The stud book for the breed remains open. Exported to North America, it is recognised there by the United Kennel Club in the Herding group (the United Kennel Club places the Finnish Lapphund in the Northern Breed Group.) It is also recognised by various minor kennel clubs and internet based dog registry businesses, and promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.
Lineage
The breed falls under the mitochondrial DNA sub-clade referred to as d1 that is only found in northern Scandinavia. It is the result of a female wolf / male dog hybridization that occurred post-domestication. Subclade d1 originated at most 480–3,000 years ago and includes all Sami-related breeds: Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund, Lapponian Herder, Jamthund, Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound. The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to these breeds has not been matched across Eurasia and its branch on the phylogenetic tree is rooted in the same sequence as the 33,000 year-old Altai dog (not a direct ancestor).
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
Finnish Lapphund
Swedish Lapphund
Finnish Spitz
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lapinporokoira.
^ Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.
^ Finnish Lapphund Comprehensive Owner's Guide
by Toni Jackson
Publisher: Kennel Club Books (September 2003)
ISBN 1-59378-374-4
ISBN 978-1-59378-374-7
pps 11–14
^ Historical Summary in the breed standard
^ Pang, J.-F.; Kluetsch, C.; Zou, X.-J.; Zhang, A.-b.; Luo, L.-Y.; Angleby, H.; Ardalan, A.; Ekstrom, C.; Skollermo, A.; Lundeberg, J.; Matsumura, S.; Leitner, T.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Savolainen, P. (2009). "MtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (12): 2849–64. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp195. PMC 2775109. PMID 19723671.
^ Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 19: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014. PMID 26218982.
^ Klütsch, C.F.C.; Savolainen, Peter (2011). "Regional occurrence, high frequency, but low diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup d1 suggests a recent dog-wolf hybridization in Scandinavia". Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. 6: 85. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2010.08.035.
^ Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpre, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; Lopez-Giraldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H.-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.- P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Paabo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
vteSpitz-type dogsSled dogs
Alaskan husky
Alaskan Malamute
Canadian Eskimo Dog
Chinook
Chukotka sled dog
Eurohound
Greenland Dog
Kamchatka Sled Dog
Mackenzie River husky
Samoyed
Siberian Husky
Yakutian Laika
Sakhalin Husky
Hunting dogs
Black Norwegian Elkhound
East Siberian Laika
Finnish Spitz
Hällefors Elkhound
Hokkaido
Jindo
Kai Ken
Karelian Bear Dog
Karelo-Finnish Laika
Kishu Ken
Norrbottenspets
Norwegian Elkhound
Norwegian Lundehund
Pungsan dog
Russo-European Laika
Shiba Inu
Shikoku
Jämthund
Taiwan Dog
West Siberian Laika
Zerdava
Herding dogs
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Finnish Lapphund
Icelandic Sheepdog
Lapponian Herder
Nenets Herding Laika
Norwegian Buhund
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Asian breeds
Akita
Bắc Hà dog
Chow Chow
Dikkulak
Donggyeongi
Hmong bobtail dog
Indian Spitz
Japanese Spitz
Jeju dog
Kintamani dog
Nureongi
Ryukyu dog
Shar Pei
Thai Bangkaew Dog
Companion dogs
Alaskan Klee Kai
American Eskimo Dog
Danish Spitz
Eurasier
German Spitz
Keeshond (Wolfspitz)
Pomeranian (Zwergspitz)
Northern Inuit Dog
Schipperke
Tonya Finosu
Volpino Italiano
Extinct breeds
Argentine polar dog
Guejae Gae
Hare Indian Dog
Hütespitz
Salish Wool Dog
Tahltan Bear Dog
Types: Husky, Laika, Tugou
vteHerding and droving dogs
Armant
Australian Cattle Dog
Australian Kelpie
Australian Shepherd
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Basque Shepherd Dog
Bearded Collie
Beauceron
Belgian Shepherd
Bergamasco Shepherd
Berger Picard
Blue Lacy
Bohemian Shepherd
Border Collie
Bouvier des Ardennes
Bouvier des Flandres
Briard
Can de Chira
Cane Lupino del Gigante
Cane di Oropa
Cane Toccatore
Cão da Serra de Aires
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Carea Castellano Manchego
Carea Leonés
Catahoula Leopard Dog
Catalan Sheepdog
Collie (Rough)
Collie (Smooth)
Croatian Sheepdog
Dutch Shepherd
English Shepherd
Faroese Sheepdog
Finnish Lapphund
Galician Palleiro
Garafian Shepherd
Gaucho sheepdog
German Shepherd
Huntaway
Icelandic Sheepdog
King Shepherd
Koolie
Lancashire Heeler
Lapponian Herder
Magellan sheep dog
McNab dog
Miniature American Shepherd
Mudi
Nenets Herding Laika
New Zealand Heading Dog
Norwegian Buhund
Old English Sheepdog
Old German Herding Dogs (Altdeutsche)
Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Polish Lowland Sheepdog
Portuguese Sheepdog
Puli
Pumi
Pyrenean Sheepdog
Sardinian Shepherd Dog
Schapendoes
Schipperke
Shetland Sheepdog
Smithfield
Spanish Water Dog
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Tibetan Terrier
Welsh Sheepdog
White Shepherd
White Swiss Shepherd Dog
vteDogs originating in FinlandExtant
Finnish Hound
Finnish Lapphund
Finnish Spitz
Karelian Bear Dog
Lapponian Herder
Extinct
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Ears are pricked (standing up; drop ears are a disqualifying fault.) Colour is generally black or dark grey or brown, and occasionally red brown, with a lighter shade on the head and lower parts of the body, often with white markings. Medium in build, height should be 51 cm (20 in) at the withers for males, 46 cm (18 in) for females. Males and females should look distinctly different. Weight is between 55–65 lb (25–29 kg), males usually heavier than females.[citation needed]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The breed standard states that the dog should be calm, friendly, and docile, but also energetic. Most herding breeds need to be given regular exercise. The temperament of individual dogs may vary.","title":"Temperament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dog agility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_agility"},{"link_name":"carting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carting"},{"link_name":"mushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushing"},{"link_name":"obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_training"},{"link_name":"Rally obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_obedience"},{"link_name":"showmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_showmanship"},{"link_name":"flyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyball"},{"link_name":"tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_(dog)"},{"link_name":"herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding"},{"link_name":"Herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnagle-Taylor_and_Ty_Taylor-1"}],"text":"The Lapponian Herder can participate in dog agility trials, carting, mushing, obedience, Rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Lapponian Herders exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.[1]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sami people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"northern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitz"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_type"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"landrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace#Dogs"},{"link_name":"herding dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dog"},{"link_name":"dog fanciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fancy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Lapphund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fédération Cynologique Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Cynologique_Internationale"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_stud_book"},{"link_name":"United Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"Herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dog"},{"link_name":"rare breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_breed_(dog)"}],"text":"The Sami people of northern Europe used Spitz type herding dogs in managing their herds of reindeer for a very long time. Such dogs were not of modern breeds of documented heritage, and did not have a fixed appearance, but rather were a landrace type of herding dog. Although Swedish and Finnish dog fanciers began collecting information about the type in the 1930s, most of the dogs were lost as a result of World War II.After the war, various breeders in Sweden and Finland began to try to recreate the lost reindeer herding dogs in their various forms. In Finland, the first was recognised as the Kukonharjulainen (a kennel name) by the Finnish Kennel Club. The breed was a few of the herding dogs crossed with black and white Karelian Bear Dogs, resulting in a short-coated dog. Other breeders with another kennel club in Finland created another breed, this one with a more heavy coat, called the Lapponian Herder. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, more dogs were collected, and assigned to one of the two varieties based on their appearance. Around the same time, the two kennel clubs merged, and all the Finnish reindeer dogs were placed in the same registry. In 1966, they were separated again, based on coat length.[2] One breed was renamed Lapphund at that time, and the other was named Lapinporokoira (translated into English as the Lapponian Herder.)[3]The Lapinporokoira is recognised under Finnish sponsorship as Fédération Cynologique Internationale in Group 5 Spitz and primitive types Section 3 Nordic Watchdogs and Herders. The stud book for the breed remains open. Exported to North America, it is recognised there by the United Kennel Club in the Herding group (the United Kennel Club places the Finnish Lapphund in the Northern Breed Group.) It is also recognised by various minor kennel clubs and internet based dog registry businesses, and promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"Finnish Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Lapphund"},{"link_name":"Swedish Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Lapphund"},{"link_name":"Jamthund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamthund"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Elkhound"},{"link_name":"Hällefors Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4llefors_Elkhound"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree"},{"link_name":"Altai dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_dog#Altai_dog_%E2%80%93_33,000_BP"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Lineage","text":"The breed falls under the mitochondrial DNA sub-clade referred to as d1 that is only found in northern Scandinavia. It is the result of a female wolf / male dog hybridization that occurred post-domestication.[4][5] Subclade d1 originated at most 480–3,000 years ago and includes all Sami-related breeds: Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund, Lapponian Herder, Jamthund, Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound. The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to these breeds has not been matched across Eurasia[6] and its branch on the phylogenetic tree is rooted in the same sequence as the 33,000 year-old Altai dog (not a direct ancestor).[7]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Dogs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dogs"},{"title":"List of dog breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds"},{"title":"Finnish Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Lapphund"},{"title":"Swedish Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Lapphund"},{"title":"Finnish Spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Spitz"}] | [{"reference":"Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57779-106-5","url_text":"978-1-57779-106-5"}]},{"reference":"Pang, J.-F.; Kluetsch, C.; Zou, X.-J.; Zhang, A.-b.; Luo, L.-Y.; Angleby, H.; Ardalan, A.; Ekstrom, C.; Skollermo, A.; Lundeberg, J.; Matsumura, S.; Leitner, T.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Savolainen, P. (2009). \"MtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (12): 2849–64. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp195. PMC 2775109. PMID 19723671.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775109","url_text":"\"MtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp195","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msp195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775109","url_text":"2775109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19723671","url_text":"19723671"}]},{"reference":"Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). \"Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris\". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 19: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014. PMID 26218982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2015.06.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218982","url_text":"26218982"}]},{"reference":"Klütsch, C.F.C.; Savolainen, Peter (2011). \"Regional occurrence, high frequency, but low diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup d1 suggests a recent dog-wolf hybridization in Scandinavia\". Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. 6: 85. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2010.08.035.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jveb.2010.08.035","url_text":"10.1016/j.jveb.2010.08.035"}]},{"reference":"Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpre, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; Lopez-Giraldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H.-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.- P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Paabo, S.; et al. (2013). \"Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs\". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..871T","url_text":"2013Sci...342..871T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1243650","url_text":"10.1126/science.1243650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24233726","url_text":"24233726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1526260","url_text":"1526260"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.kennelliitto.fi/en/dogs/finnish-breeds/lapponian-herder","external_links_name":"standard"},{"Link":"http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/LAPPONIAN-HERDER-284.html","external_links_name":"standard"},{"Link":"http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/","external_links_name":"Historical Summary in the breed standard"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775109","external_links_name":"\"MtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp195","external_links_name":"10.1093/molbev/msp195"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775109","external_links_name":"2775109"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19723671","external_links_name":"19723671"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2015.06.014","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218982","external_links_name":"26218982"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jveb.2010.08.035","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jveb.2010.08.035"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..871T","external_links_name":"2013Sci...342..871T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1243650","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1243650"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24233726","external_links_name":"24233726"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1526260","external_links_name":"1526260"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Francisco | Ben Francisco | ["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Cleveland Indians","2.2 Philadelphia Phillies","2.3 Toronto Blue Jays","2.4 Houston Astros","2.5 Tampa Bay Rays","2.6 Return to Indians","2.7 New York Yankees","2.8 Lancaster Barnstormers","2.9 Arizona Diamondbacks","2.10 Rieleros de Aguascalientes","2.11 Post-playing career","3 References","4 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1981)
Baseball player
Ben FranciscoFrancisco with the Rays in 2012OutfielderBorn: (1981-10-23) October 23, 1981 (age 42)Santa Ana, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 1, 2007, for the Cleveland IndiansLast MLB appearanceMay 17, 2013, for the New York YankeesMLB statisticsBatting average.253Home runs50Runs batted in190
Teams
Cleveland Indians (2007–2009)
Philadelphia Phillies (2009–2011)
Toronto Blue Jays (2012)
Houston Astros (2012)
Tampa Bay Rays (2012)
New York Yankees (2013)
Louis Benjamin Francisco (born October 23, 1981), is an American former professional baseball outfielder, who is currently a major league scout for the Los Angeles Angels. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, Houston Astros, Tampa Bay Rays, and New York Yankees.
Early life
He is a 1999 graduate of Servite High School, a Roman Catholic high school for boys, in Anaheim, California where he played on the same baseball team as former Indians teammate Ryan Garko. He later attended and played baseball at Cypress Junior College in 2000 and went on to play at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2001 through 2003.
Professional career
Francisco during his tenure with the Cleveland Indians in 2008.
Cleveland Indians
He was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the fifth round (154th overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft.
He was called up from the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons on May 1, 2007,
and made his major league debut that night as a late-game defensive replacement. On June 29, 2007, Francisco got his first hit and his first home run in his first major league start. His home run came leading off the bottom of the ninth inning, giving the Indians a 2–1, walk-off win over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.
Philadelphia Phillies
On July 29, 2009, Francisco was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with reigning Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee, for a selection of top minor league prospects including Carlos Carrasco, Jason Donald, Lou Marson, and Jason Knapp.
He spent the remainder of 2009 and the entire 2010 season as a reserve outfielder and pinch hitter with the Phillies. Following the departure of starting right fielder Jayson Werth, Francisco earned a regular spot in the Phillies' starting lineup at the onset of the 2011 season. By mid season, however, Francisco returned to his reserve role.
Though limited in play during the second half of the year, this year Francisco will most notably be remembered for his clutch performance in Game 3 of the 2011 NLDS against the St. Louis Cardinals. In a scoreless game, with Shane Victorino on second, the Cardinals elected to intentionally walk Carlos Ruiz in order to face Francisco. After nearly hitting a home run against Jaime Garcia a few weeks earlier, Francisco blasted a 405-foot home run into the Phillies' bullpen. Francisco ended up being the winning run in a game where the Philadelphia Phillies defeated the Cardinals 3–2.
Toronto Blue Jays
On December 12, 2011, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays in exchange for minor leaguer Frank Gailey.
Houston Astros
On July 20, 2012, the Blue Jays traded Francisco, Francisco Cordero, Asher Wojciechowski, David Rollins, Joe Musgrove, Carlos Pérez, and a player to be named later (Kevin Comer) to the Houston Astros for J. A. Happ, Brandon Lyon, and David Carpenter.
Tampa Bay Rays
On August 31, 2012, the Tampa Bay Rays acquired Francisco for a player to be named later.
Return to Indians
On January 21, 2013, Francisco signed a minor-league deal with the Cleveland Indians. The Indians released him on March 11, 2013.
New York Yankees
On March 11, 2013, Francisco signed a minor-league deal with the New York Yankees. He was added to the Yankees' Opening Day roster. He was used as the designated hitter against left-handed pitchers but struggled drastically batting .103 in the month of April. Francisco was designated for assignment on May 26, and was released from the team on June 3, 2013.
Lancaster Barnstormers
On June 8, 2014, Francisco signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League. He was active for the Barnstormers next game the following day against the Camden Riversharks.
Arizona Diamondbacks
On December 15, 2014, Francisco signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. On March 15, 2015, he was released by the Diamondbacks.
Rieleros de Aguascalientes
On May 8, 2015, Francisco signed with the Rieleros de Aguascalientes of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on May 24, 2015.
Post-playing career
In 2016, he was hired by the Los Angeles Angels as a scout. In 2022, Francisco was inducted into the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame, in recognition of his three seasons with the Buffalo Bisons.
References
^ "Ben Francisco Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
^ "Ben Francisco Baseball Statistics". The Baseball Cube. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
^ Castrovince, Anthony (2007-05-01). "Tribe sends Carmona to Triple-A". MLB.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
^ Lee, Francisco traded to Phillies MLB.com
^ http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111212&content_id=26149028&vkey=news_phi&c_id=phi
^ "Toronto Blue Jays Acquire Outfielder Ben Francisco". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved Jun 11, 2019.
^ a b "Blue Jays send Comer to Astros to complete swap". MLB.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ "Astros make 10 player trade with Toronto". 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ Dave Zangaro Staff Writer. "Blue Jays trade Comer to Astros - News - Burlington County Times - Willingboro, NJ". Burlington County Times. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
^ "Indians vs. Yankees - Game Recap - June 3, 2013 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved Jun 11, 2019.
^ Staff, Sports (9 June 2014). "Former Phillie Ben Francisco joins Barnstormers". LancasterOnline. Retrieved Jun 11, 2019.
^ Creech, Edward (March 15, 2015). "Minor Moves: Ben Francisco, Jiwan James". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
^ Harrington, Mike (July 28, 2022). "Ben Francisco's consistency lands him in Buffalo Hall". The Buffalo News.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ben Francisco.
Biography portalBaseball portal
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Ben Francisco at Astros Daily | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)#Kinds_of_scouts"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbreffranciscomaj-1"}],"text":"Baseball playerLouis Benjamin Francisco (born October 23, 1981), is an American former professional baseball outfielder, who is currently a major league scout for the Los Angeles Angels. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, Houston Astros, Tampa Bay Rays, and New York Yankees.[1]","title":"Ben Francisco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Servite High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servite_High_School"},{"link_name":"Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"Ryan Garko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Garko"},{"link_name":"Cypress Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_College"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"He is a 1999 graduate of Servite High School, a Roman Catholic high school for boys, in Anaheim, California where he played on the same baseball team as former Indians teammate Ryan Garko. He later attended and played baseball at Cypress Junior College in 2000 and went on to play at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2001 through 2003.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_Francisco_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_season"}],"text":"Francisco during his tenure with the Cleveland Indians in 2008.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"2002 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"walk-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-off_home_run"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Indians","text":"He was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the fifth round (154th overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft.[2]\nHe was called up from the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons on May 1, 2007,[3]\nand made his major league debut that night as a late-game defensive replacement. On June 29, 2007, Francisco got his first hit and his first home run in his first major league start. His home run came leading off the bottom of the ninth inning, giving the Indians a 2–1, walk-off win over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Cliff Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Lee"},{"link_name":"Carlos Carrasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Carrasco_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jason Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Donald_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Lou Marson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Marson"},{"link_name":"Jason Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Knapp_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jayson Werth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayson_Werth"},{"link_name":"Shane Victorino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Victorino"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ruiz_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jaime Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Garc%C3%ADa_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Phillies","text":"On July 29, 2009, Francisco was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with reigning Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee, for a selection of top minor league prospects including Carlos Carrasco, Jason Donald, Lou Marson, and Jason Knapp.[4]He spent the remainder of 2009 and the entire 2010 season as a reserve outfielder and pinch hitter with the Phillies. Following the departure of starting right fielder Jayson Werth, Francisco earned a regular spot in the Phillies' starting lineup at the onset of the 2011 season. By mid season, however, Francisco returned to his reserve role.Though limited in play during the second half of the year, this year Francisco will most notably be remembered for his clutch performance in Game 3 of the 2011 NLDS against the St. Louis Cardinals. In a scoreless game, with Shane Victorino on second, the Cardinals elected to intentionally walk Carlos Ruiz in order to face Francisco. After nearly hitting a home run against Jaime Garcia a few weeks earlier, Francisco blasted a 405-foot home run into the Phillies' bullpen. Francisco ended up being the winning run in a game where the Philadelphia Phillies defeated the Cardinals 3–2.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Toronto Blue Jays","text":"On December 12, 2011, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays in exchange for minor leaguer Frank Gailey.[5][6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Cordero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Cordero"},{"link_name":"Asher Wojciechowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_Wojciechowski"},{"link_name":"David Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Joe Musgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Musgrove"},{"link_name":"Carlos Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P%C3%A9rez_(catcher,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"player to be named later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later"},{"link_name":"Kevin Comer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Comer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"J. A. Happ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Happ"},{"link_name":"Brandon Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Lyon"},{"link_name":"David Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carpenter_(baseball,_born_1985)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Houston Astros","text":"On July 20, 2012, the Blue Jays traded Francisco, Francisco Cordero, Asher Wojciechowski, David Rollins, Joe Musgrove, Carlos Pérez, and a player to be named later (Kevin Comer)[7] to the Houston Astros for J. A. Happ, Brandon Lyon, and David Carpenter.[8][7][9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"}],"sub_title":"Tampa Bay Rays","text":"On August 31, 2012, the Tampa Bay Rays acquired Francisco for a player to be named later.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"}],"sub_title":"Return to Indians","text":"On January 21, 2013, Francisco signed a minor-league deal with the Cleveland Indians. The Indians released him on March 11, 2013.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Opening Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Day"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"New York Yankees","text":"On March 11, 2013, Francisco signed a minor-league deal with the New York Yankees. He was added to the Yankees' Opening Day roster. He was used as the designated hitter against left-handed pitchers but struggled drastically batting .103 in the month of April. Francisco was designated for assignment on May 26, and was released from the team on June 3, 2013.[10]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Lancaster Barnstormers","text":"On June 8, 2014, Francisco signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League. He was active for the Barnstormers next game the following day against the Camden Riversharks.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Diamondbacks","text":"On December 15, 2014, Francisco signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. On March 15, 2015, he was released by the Diamondbacks.[12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rieleros de Aguascalientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieleros_de_Aguascalientes"},{"link_name":"Mexican Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Baseball_League"}],"sub_title":"Rieleros de Aguascalientes","text":"On May 8, 2015, Francisco signed with the Rieleros de Aguascalientes of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on May 24, 2015.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Post-playing career","text":"In 2016, he was hired by the Los Angeles Angels as a scout. In 2022, Francisco was inducted into the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame, in recognition of his three seasons with the Buffalo Bisons.[13]","title":"Professional career"}] | [{"image_text":"Francisco during his tenure with the Cleveland Indians in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ben_Francisco_2008.jpg/220px-Ben_Francisco_2008.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ben Francisco Stats\". Baseball-Reference.com. 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Retrieved March 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2015/03/minor-moves-ben-francisco-jiwan-james.html","url_text":"\"Minor Moves: Ben Francisco, Jiwan James\""}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Mike (July 28, 2022). \"Ben Francisco's consistency lands him in Buffalo Hall\". The Buffalo News.","urls":[{"url":"https://buffalonews.com/sports/baseball/inside-baseball-ben-franciscos-consistency-lands-him-in-buffalo-hall/article_a1ebde9a-0a96-11ed-b3f0-a73c1c59165f.html#tracking-source=home-sports","url_text":"\"Ben Francisco's consistency lands him in Buffalo Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News","url_text":"The Buffalo News"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/f/francbe01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ben Francisco Stats\""},{"Link":"http://thebaseballcube.com/players/F/ben-francisco.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ben Francisco Baseball Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171902/http://thebaseballcube.com/players/F/Ben-Francisco.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214456/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070501&content_id=1940255&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle","external_links_name":"\"Tribe sends Carmona to Triple-A\""},{"Link":"http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070501&content_id=1940255&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090729&content_id=6127566&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp","external_links_name":"Lee, Francisco traded to Phillies"},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111212&content_id=26149028&vkey=news_phi&c_id=phi","external_links_name":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111212&content_id=26149028&vkey=news_phi&c_id=phi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035740/http://www.bluejays101.com/2011/12/12/toronto-blue-jays-acquire-outfielder-ben-francisco-2/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Blue Jays Acquire Outfielder Ben Francisco\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluejays101.com/2011/12/12/toronto-blue-jays-acquire-outfielder-ben-francisco-2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160830132514/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/36795536","external_links_name":"\"Blue Jays send Comer to Astros to complete swap\""},{"Link":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/36795536//","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191213140136/http://www.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120720&content_id=35238954&vkey=pr_hou&c_id=hou&partnerId=aw-7119523136731341375-996","external_links_name":"\"Astros make 10 player trade with Toronto\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120720&content_id=35238954&vkey=pr_hou&c_id=hou","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.burlingtoncountytimes.com/c102ea5f-62aa-5518-807e-2834f0936cd3.html","external_links_name":"\"Blue Jays trade Comer to Astros - News - Burlington County Times - Willingboro, NJ\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=330603110","external_links_name":"\"Indians vs. Yankees - Game Recap - June 3, 2013 - ESPN\""},{"Link":"https://lancasteronline.com/sports/barnstormers/former-phillie-ben-francisco-joins-barnstormers/article_c7b4e628-efdb-11e3-bd2d-0017a43b2370.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Phillie Ben Francisco joins Barnstormers\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2015/03/minor-moves-ben-francisco-jiwan-james.html","external_links_name":"\"Minor Moves: Ben Francisco, Jiwan James\""},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/sports/baseball/inside-baseball-ben-franciscos-consistency-lands-him-in-buffalo-hall/article_a1ebde9a-0a96-11ed-b3f0-a73c1c59165f.html#tracking-source=home-sports","external_links_name":"\"Ben Francisco's consistency lands him in Buffalo Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/450204","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/28672","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/f/francbe01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=4677","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=franci001lou","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/F/Pfranb001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://www.astrosdaily.com/players/Francisco_Ben.html","external_links_name":"Ben Francisco"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-tip_skis | Twin-tip ski | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Twintip skis (back to front: backcountry ski, park ski with wood core, park ski with foam core, skiboards
A modified version of their alpine counterparts, twin-tip skis are designed to enable a skier to take off and land backward while jumping and to ski backwards (switch) down a slope. The name "twin-tip" comes from the dual shape of the ski. While most alpine skis have a defined, curved-up front end (or "tip") as well as a flat rear end (or "tail"), twin-tip skis have a curved-up tip and tail.
Initially designed for terrain park and halfpipe skiing, the twin tip design has become common in the ski industry. Some modern twin-tip skis have been designed to be highly flexible and durable, specifically for disciplines like urban skiing and swerve skiing. They have rapidly gained popularity on other parts of the mountain as well. Powder skis, all-mountain skis, and even telemark skis are all available with twin tips.
History
Skier on twin-tip skis
Early photographic evidence, of a purpose built twin tip ski, is discernible in director Arnold Fanck’s 1931 film The White Ecstasy. In a comedic scene, while wearing twin tip skis, actor Walter Riml plays a novice skier inadvertently performing a series of 360s on snow, all the while reading a book on how to ski.
The first mass produced twin-tip ski (modest rise in the tail) was the Olin Mark IV Comp introduced in 1974. The first company to successfully market a twin-tip ski to ski switch and "Air Carve" was the Salomon Group, with their 1080 ski in 1998. LINE skis also evolved from twin tip ski boards and inspired the newschool freeskiing movement and ultimately helped give rise to independent ski companies Armada, 4FRNT, and Ninthward, all of which specialized in the design of twin-tip skis.
References
^ Der Weisse Rausch - edit.
^ "afpworldtour - the history of competitive freeskiing".
^ Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
^ "Skiing the Wrong way since '95".
External links
Der Weisse Rausch - edit.
Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"},{"link_name":"skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"swerve skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swerve_skiing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark_skiing"}],"text":"A modified version of their alpine counterparts, twin-tip skis are designed to enable a skier to take off and land backward while jumping and to ski backwards (switch) down a slope. The name \"twin-tip\" comes from the dual shape of the ski. While most alpine skis have a defined, curved-up front end (or \"tip\") as well as a flat rear end (or \"tail\"), twin-tip skis have a curved-up tip and tail.Initially designed for terrain park and halfpipe skiing, the twin tip design has become common in the ski industry. Some modern twin-tip skis have been designed to be highly flexible and durable, specifically for disciplines like urban skiing and swerve skiing. They have rapidly gained popularity on other parts of the mountain as well. Powder skis, all-mountain skis, and even telemark skis are all available with twin tips.","title":"Twin-tip ski"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twintips_Ehrwalder_Alm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arnold Fanck’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Fanck"},{"link_name":"The White Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Ecstasy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Walter Riml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Riml"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Salomon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LINE skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINE_skis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lineskis-4"},{"link_name":"ski boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiboarding"},{"link_name":"Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_(company)"},{"link_name":"4FRNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4FRNT_Skis"}],"text":"Skier on twin-tip skisEarly photographic evidence, of a purpose built twin tip ski, is discernible in director Arnold Fanck’s 1931 film The White Ecstasy. In a comedic scene, while wearing twin tip skis, actor Walter Riml plays a novice skier inadvertently performing a series of 360s on snow, all the while reading a book on how to ski.[1]The first mass produced twin-tip ski (modest rise in the tail) was the Olin Mark IV Comp introduced in 1974. The first company to successfully market a twin-tip ski to ski switch and \"Air Carve\" was the Salomon Group, with their 1080 ski in 1998.[2][3] LINE skis[4] also evolved from twin tip ski boards and inspired the newschool freeskiing movement and ultimately helped give rise to independent ski companies Armada, 4FRNT, and Ninthward, all of which specialized in the design of twin-tip skis.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Twintip skis (back to front: backcountry ski, park ski with wood core, park ski with foam core, skiboards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Twintip_skis.jpg/500px-Twintip_skis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skier on twin-tip skis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Twintips_Ehrwalder_Alm.jpg/220px-Twintips_Ehrwalder_Alm.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Der Weisse Rausch - edit.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuK_mykh2qM","url_text":"Der Weisse Rausch - edit"}]},{"reference":"\"afpworldtour - the history of competitive freeskiing\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afpworldtour.com/news/the-history-of-competitive-freeskiing","url_text":"\"afpworldtour - the history of competitive freeskiing\""}]},{"reference":"Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4A3FfgCRkU","url_text":"Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x4A3FfgCRkU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Skiing the Wrong way since '95\".","urls":[{"url":"http://lineskis.com/our-story","url_text":"\"Skiing the Wrong way since '95\""}]},{"reference":"Der Weisse Rausch - edit.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuK_mykh2qM","url_text":"Der Weisse Rausch - edit"}]},{"reference":"Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doglotion.com/salomon-freeski-video-3-twin-tips","url_text":"Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuK_mykh2qM","external_links_name":"Der Weisse Rausch - edit"},{"Link":"http://www.afpworldtour.com/news/the-history-of-competitive-freeskiing","external_links_name":"\"afpworldtour - the history of competitive freeskiing\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4A3FfgCRkU","external_links_name":"Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x4A3FfgCRkU","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://lineskis.com/our-story","external_links_name":"\"Skiing the Wrong way since '95\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuK_mykh2qM","external_links_name":"Der Weisse Rausch - edit"},{"Link":"http://www.doglotion.com/salomon-freeski-video-3-twin-tips","external_links_name":"Salomon Freeski Video 3 - Twin Tips"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_Sibille | 1st Libyan Division (Italy) | ["1 History","2 Organization","3 Commanding officers","4 See also","5 References"] | Infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II
1st Libyan DivisionActive1939–1941Country Kingdom of ItalyBranch Royal Italian ArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionNickname(s)SibilleEngagementsWorld War IIMilitary unit
The 1st Libyan Division (Italian: 1ª Divisione libica) was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. It was commanded by general Luigi Sibille. The division took part in the Italian invasion of Egypt and was destroyed during the Battle of Sidi Barrani.
History
The division's history begins with the Italian Libyan Colonial Division formed in the 1920s with local troops from Italian Libya. The division fought in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
On 1 March 1940 the 1st Libyan Division and 2nd Libyan Division were formed from existing units in Italian Libya. Both divisions consisted of Italian officers and local non-commissioned officers and troops. By the time Italy entered World War II the division had 7,224 troops and its commanding general was Luigi Sibille.
In September 1940 the 1st Libyan Division participated in the Italian invasion of Egypt. On 13 September the 1st Libyan Division and 1st Paratroopers Regiment "Fanti dell'Aria" attacked Sollum in British Egypt, which was defended by platoons of the Coldstream Guards. The British laid mines in the area and quickly withdrew to Marsa Matruh after suffering 50 casualties.
In December 1940 the 1st Libyan Division was deployed farthest of all Italian division into Egypt. Consequently its camp at Maktila was the first to be attacked during the British Operation Compass. On 10 December 1940, amid a howling sandstorm, the division offered stiff resistance, but by 11 December the division had disintegrated with heavy losses. The division was declared lost on 11 December 1940.
Organization
1st Libyan Division
1st Libyan Infantry Grouping
VIII Libyan Infantry Battalion "Bardia"
IX Libyan Infantry Battalion "Agedabia"
X Libyan Infantry Battalion "Nufilia"
2nd Libyan Infantry Grouping
XI Libyan Infantry Battalion "Derna"
XII Libyan Infantry Battalion "Barce"
XIII Libyan Infantry Battalion "Zezem"
1st Libyan Artillery Grouping
VI Libyan Artillery Group (77/28 field guns)
VII Libyan Artillery Group (77/28 field guns)
6th Libyan Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
7th Libyan Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
I Libyan Mixed Engineer Battalion
1x Libyan engineer company
1x Libyan telegraph and radio operators company
1st Libyan Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
1st Libyan Transport Group
1x Medical section
1x Supply section
26th Field Post Office
Commanding officers
The division's commanding officers were:
Generale di Brigata Luigi Sibille (1 March 1940 - 8 July 1940)
Generale di Brigata Giovanni Cerio (9 July 1940) - 11 December 1940, POW)
See also
Italian Libyan Colonial Division
2nd Libyan Division
Maletti Group
History of Libya as Italian Colony
References
^ a b c d Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 355. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ "Divisione libica, 10.06.40". niehorster.org. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^ "Delusione nel deserto - Dall'entrata in guerra (10-6-1940) alla vigilia del contrattacco inglese (9-12-1940)" (PDF). Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^ "The Italian Army in Egypt during World War II" (PDF). Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^ Walker, Ian W. (2003). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa. Marlborough: Crowood. ISBN 1-86126-646-4.
Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9.
vteDivisions of the Royal Italian Army in World War IIArmored
131st Armored Division "Centauro"
132nd Armored Division "Ariete"
133rd Armored Division "Littorio"
134th Armored Division "Freccia"
135th Armored Cavalry Division "Ariete"
136th Armored Division "Giovani Fascisti"
136th Armored Legionary Division "Centauro"
Cavalry
1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia"
2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"
3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta"
Alpine
1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"
2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"
3rd Alpine Division "Julia"
4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"
5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"
6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie"
InfantryInfantry - Mountain-type
1st Infantry Division "Superga"
2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca"
3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"
4th Infantry Division "Livorno"
11th Infantry Division "Brennero"
19th Infantry Division "Venezia"
23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara"
26th Infantry Division "Assietta"
32nd Infantry Division "Marche"
33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"
36th Infantry Division "Forlì"
37th Infantry Division "Modena"
38th Infantry Division "Puglie"
53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo"
59th Infantry Division "Cagliari"
Line Infantry
5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"
6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"
7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana"
12th Infantry Division "Sassari"
13th Infantry Division "Re"
14th Infantry Division "Isonzo"
15th Infantry Division "Bergamo"
16th Infantry Division "Pistoia"
18th Infantry Division "Messina"
20th Infantry Division "Friuli"
21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna"
22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"
24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"
28th Infantry Division "Aosta"
29th Infantry Division "Piemonte"
30th Infantry Division "Sabauda"
31st Infantry Division "Calabria"
40th Infantry Division "Cacciatori d'Africa"
41st Infantry Division "Firenze"
44th Infantry Division "Cremona"
47th Infantry Division "Bari"
48th Infantry Division "Taro"
49th Infantry Division "Parma"
50th Infantry Division "Regina"
51st Infantry Division "Siena"
54th Infantry Division "Napoli"
56th Infantry Division "Casale"
57th Infantry Division "Lombardia"
58th Infantry Division "Legnano"
65th Infantry Division "Granatieri di Savoia"
Auto-transportable Infantry
9th Infantry Division "Pasubio"
10th Infantry Division "Piave"
52nd Infantry Division "Torino"
103rd Infantry Division "Piacenza"
104th Infantry Division "Mantova"
105th Infantry Division "Rovigo"
Auto-transportable Infantry - North-African-type
17th Infantry Division "Pavia"
25th Infantry Division "Bologna"
27th Infantry Division "Brescia"
55th Infantry Division "Savona"
60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"
61st Infantry Division "Sirte"
62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"
63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"
64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"
Air-transportable Infantry
80th Infantry Division "La Spezia"
Motorized Infantry
101st Motorized Division "Trieste"
102nd Motorized Division "Trento"
Garrison Infantry
151st Infantry Division "Perugia"
152nd Infantry Division "Piceno"
153rd Infantry Division "Macerata"
154th Infantry Division "Murge"
155th Infantry Division "Emilia"
156th Infantry Division "Vicenza"
157th Infantry Division "Novara"
158th Infantry Division "Zara"
159th Infantry Division "Veneto"
Marching
8th Marching Division
Paratroopers
183rd Paratroopers Division "Ciclone"
184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo"
185th Paratroopers Division "Folgore"
Blackshirts
1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"
2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"
3rd CC.NN. Division "21 Aprile"
4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"
1st CC.NN. Armored Division "M"
Libyan
1st Libyan Division
2nd Libyan Division
Colonial
Harar Colonial Division
1st Eritrean Division
2nd Eritrean Division
3rd Colonial Division
4th Colonial Division
21st Colonial Division
22nd Colonial Division
23rd Colonial Division
24th Colonial Division
25th Colonial Division
26th Colonial Division
101st Somali Division
102nd Somali Division
Coastal
201st Coastal Division
202nd Coastal Division
203rd Coastal Division
204th Coastal Division
205th Coastal Division
206th Coastal Division
207th Coastal Division
208th Coastal Division
209th Coastal Division
210th Coastal Division
211th Coastal Division
212th Coastal Division
213th Coastal Division
214th Coastal Division
215th Coastal Division
216th Coastal Division
220th Coastal Division
221st Coastal Division
222nd Coastal Division
223rd Coastal Division
224th Coastal Division
225th Coastal Division
226th Coastal Division
227th Coastal Division
228th Coastal Division
230th Coastal Division
231st Coastal Division
vte Italian EmpireSubdivisionsWestern Mediterranean
Southeastern France
Monaco
Corsica
Balkans
Albania
World War I
World War II
Islands of the Aegean
Independent State of Croatia
Dalmatia
Greece
Hellenic State
Principality of the Pindus
Ionian Islands
Italian Province of Lubiana
Governorate of Montenegro
Horn of Africa
Italian Eritrea
Italian Somaliland
Oltre Giuba
Italian East Africa
Eritrea Governorate
Somalia Governorate
British Somaliland
Amhara Governorate
Harar Governorate
Galla-Sidamo Governorate
Scioa Governorate
Italian Ethiopia
Libya
Tripolitania
Cyrenaica
Italian Libya
Tripoli Province
Misrata Province
Benghazi Province
Derna Province
Southern Military Territory
Far East
Italian concession of Tientsin
Concessions & Forts of Italy in China
Planned expansion
Adalia
Egypt
Majorca
Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
Kenya
Sudan
Malta
Ticino, Valais and Grisons
Tunisia
The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.Settlers and IrredentismSettlers and colonists
Albania
Dodecanese
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Libya
Somalia
Irredentism
Corsica
Nice
Savoy
Dalmatia
Istria-Venezia Giulia
Malta
Switzerland
Corfu
ArchitectureGovernmental
Governor's Palace (Mogadishu)
Governor's Palace (Tripoli)
Governor's Palace (Asmara)
Asmara Presidential Palace (Asmara)
Civilian
Mogadishu Cathedral
Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
Benghazi Cathedral
Tripoli Cathedral
Cinema Impero
Fiat Tagliero Building
Marble Arch
Asmara Theatre
Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
Urbanism
Italian Tripoli
Mogadishu under Italian rule
Italian Benghazi
Italian Asmara
Italian Massaua
Addis Abeba under Italian rule
Infrastructure
Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
Ethio-Djibouti Railways
Eritrean Railway
Asmara-Massawa Cableway
Railway stations in Eritrea
Rail transport in Somalia
Via Balbia
Via della Vittoria
Linea dell'Impero
Italian Libya Railways
Libyan Railway stations
History of Italian colonial railways
Political concepts
Greater Italy
Mare Nostrum
New Roman Empire
Spazio vitale
Fourth Shore
Third Rome
Police and military
Italian African Police
Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
Zaptié
Dubat
Savari
Spahis
Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
Eritrean Ascari
Somali Ascari
Ascari del Cielo
Italian 1st Eritrean Division
Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
1st Libyan Division Sibille
2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
Italian Libyan Colonial Division
Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
Maletti Group
Legione Redenta
Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
Currencies and Stamps
Eritrean tallero
Italian East African lira
Italian Somaliland lira
Italian Somaliland rupia
Somalo
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
Postage stamps of Italian Libya | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian invasion of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sidi Barrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-1"}],"text":"Military unitThe 1st Libyan Division (Italian: 1ª Divisione libica) was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. It was commanded by general Luigi Sibille. The division took part in the Italian invasion of Egypt and was destroyed during the Battle of Sidi Barrani.[1]","title":"1st Libyan Division (Italy)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Libyan Colonial Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libyan_Colonial_Division"},{"link_name":"Italian Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya"},{"link_name":"Second Italo-Abyssinian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War"},{"link_name":"2nd Libyan Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Italian Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Luigi Sibille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Sibille"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Italian invasion of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"1st Paratroopers Regiment \"Fanti dell'Aria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Paratroopers_Regiment_%22Fanti_dell%27Aria%22"},{"link_name":"Sollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallum"},{"link_name":"British Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Coldstream Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream_Guards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marsa Matruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Matruh"},{"link_name":"Maktila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maktila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Operation Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-1"}],"text":"The division's history begins with the Italian Libyan Colonial Division formed in the 1920s with local troops from Italian Libya. The division fought in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.On 1 March 1940 the 1st Libyan Division and 2nd Libyan Division were formed from existing units in Italian Libya. Both divisions consisted of Italian officers and local non-commissioned officers and troops. By the time Italy entered World War II the division had 7,224 troops and its commanding general was Luigi Sibille.[2]In September 1940 the 1st Libyan Division participated in the Italian invasion of Egypt. On 13 September the 1st Libyan Division and 1st Paratroopers Regiment \"Fanti dell'Aria\" attacked Sollum in British Egypt, which was defended by platoons of the Coldstream Guards.[3] The British laid mines in the area and quickly withdrew to Marsa Matruh after suffering 50 casualties.In December 1940 the 1st Libyan Division was deployed farthest of all Italian division into Egypt. Consequently its camp at Maktila was the first to be attacked during the British Operation Compass. On 10 December 1940, amid a howling sandstorm, the division offered stiff resistance, but by 11 December the division had disintegrated with heavy losses.[4][5] The division was declared lost on 11 December 1940.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-1"},{"link_name":"Bardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardia"},{"link_name":"Agedabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdabiya"},{"link_name":"Nufilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofaliya"},{"link_name":"Derna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Barce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marj"},{"link_name":"77/28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_cm_FK_M._5"},{"link_name":"20/65 mod. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Model_35"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"47/32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32"},{"link_name":"anti-tank guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun"}],"text":"1st Libyan Division[1]\n1st Libyan Infantry Grouping\nVIII Libyan Infantry Battalion \"Bardia\"\nIX Libyan Infantry Battalion \"Agedabia\"\nX Libyan Infantry Battalion \"Nufilia\"\n2nd Libyan Infantry Grouping\nXI Libyan Infantry Battalion \"Derna\"\nXII Libyan Infantry Battalion \"Barce\"\nXIII Libyan Infantry Battalion \"Zezem\"\n1st Libyan Artillery Grouping\nVI Libyan Artillery Group (77/28 field guns)\nVII Libyan Artillery Group (77/28 field guns)\n6th Libyan Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)\n7th Libyan Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)\nI Libyan Mixed Engineer Battalion\n1x Libyan engineer company\n1x Libyan telegraph and radio operators company\n1st Libyan Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)\n1st Libyan Transport Group\n1x Medical section\n1x Supply section\n26th Field Post Office","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-1"},{"link_name":"Generale di Brigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy#Ranks_during_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Luigi Sibille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Sibille"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Cerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cerio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_War"}],"text":"The division's commanding officers were:[1]Generale di Brigata Luigi Sibille (1 March 1940 - 8 July 1940)\nGenerale di Brigata Giovanni Cerio (9 July 1940) - 11 December 1940, POW)","title":"Commanding officers"}] | [{"image_text":"The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/280px-Impero_italiano.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Italian Libyan Colonial Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libyan_Colonial_Division"},{"title":"2nd Libyan Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_(Italy)"},{"title":"Maletti Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maletti_Group"},{"title":"History of Libya as Italian Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_as_Italian_Colony"}] | [{"reference":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 355. Retrieved 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo","url_text":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002"}]},{"reference":"\"Divisione libica, 10.06.40\". niehorster.org. Retrieved 21 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://niehorster.org/019_italy/40_organ/div_libica_40.html","url_text":"\"Divisione libica, 10.06.40\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delusione nel deserto - Dall'entrata in guerra (10-6-1940) alla vigilia del contrattacco inglese (9-12-1940)\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/deserto.pdf","url_text":"\"Delusione nel deserto - Dall'entrata in guerra (10-6-1940) alla vigilia del contrattacco inglese (9-12-1940)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Italian Army in Egypt during World War II\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.egyptstudycircle.org.uk/Articles/p280QC223.pdf","url_text":"\"The Italian Army in Egypt during World War II\""}]},{"reference":"Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98505-9","url_text":"978-0-275-98505-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo","external_links_name":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002"},{"Link":"http://niehorster.org/019_italy/40_organ/div_libica_40.html","external_links_name":"\"Divisione libica, 10.06.40\""},{"Link":"http://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/deserto.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Delusione nel deserto - Dall'entrata in guerra (10-6-1940) alla vigilia del contrattacco inglese (9-12-1940)\""},{"Link":"http://www.egyptstudycircle.org.uk/Articles/p280QC223.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Italian Army in Egypt during World War II\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumboisation | Jumboisation | ["1 Methods","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Maritime construction technique
DEV Aratere before (top) and after (bottom) jumboization - note the distance between the lifeboats and main funnels.
Jumboization is a technique in shipbuilding consisting of enlarging a ship by adding an entire section to it. By contrast with refitting or installation of equipment, jumboization is a long and complex endeavour which can require a specialized shipyard.
Enlarging a ship by jumboization allows an increase in its capacity and revenue potential without needing to purchase or build an entirely new ship. This technique has been used on cruise ships and tankers, as well as smaller vessels like sailing or fishing ships.
Methods
Large ships often have a long midsection with a uniform profile. In such cases, the ship is cut in two pieces and an additional section is inserted in between. This operation must be performed in a drydock.
On large ships, the additional sections are typically 20 to 30 metres long, consisting of an oil tank, a cargo ship hold, or a group of cabins, depending on the type of ship. The tanker Seawise Giant became the largest ship in the world after her jumboization.
Smaller ships are usually jumboized by replacing the entire bow or stern section of the ship. This is done because the shape of their hull is usually incompatible with the previous method.
See also
List of stretched cruise ships
References
^ "Jumboization of pleasure sailboat and tuna boats". Guy Saillard (in French).
^ "Modifications & Others". Keppel Offshore & Marine. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
External links
2011 Jumboisation/Body Swapping at Keppel Shipyard | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interislander,_Wellington,_Nueva_Zelanda_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rail_Ferry_Aratere_-_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"DEV Aratere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEV_Aratere"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"tankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"DEV Aratere before (top) and after (bottom) jumboization - note the distance between the lifeboats and main funnels.Jumboization is a technique in shipbuilding consisting of enlarging a ship by adding an entire section to it. By contrast with refitting or installation of equipment, jumboization is a long and complex endeavour which can require a specialized shipyard.Enlarging a ship by jumboization allows an increase in its capacity and revenue potential without needing to purchase or build an entirely new ship. This technique has been used on cruise ships and tankers, as well as smaller vessels like sailing or fishing ships.[1]","title":"Jumboisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cabins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Seawise Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawise_Giant"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"}],"text":"Large ships often have a long midsection with a uniform profile. In such cases, the ship is cut in two pieces and an additional section is inserted in between. This operation must be performed in a drydock.[2]On large ships, the additional sections are typically 20 to 30 metres long, consisting of an oil tank, a cargo ship hold, or a group of cabins, depending on the type of ship. The tanker Seawise Giant became the largest ship in the world after her jumboization.Smaller ships are usually jumboized by replacing the entire bow or stern section of the ship. This is done because the shape of their hull is usually incompatible with the previous method.","title":"Methods"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of stretched cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stretched_cruise_ships"}] | [{"reference":"\"Jumboization of pleasure sailboat and tuna boats\". Guy Saillard (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saillard-guy.com/index.php?page=autres","url_text":"\"Jumboization of pleasure sailboat and tuna boats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modifications & Others\". Keppel Offshore & Marine. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110118090950/http://www.keppelom.com/en/content.aspx?sid=2527","url_text":"\"Modifications & Others\""},{"url":"http://www.keppelom.com/en/content.aspx?sid=2527","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.saillard-guy.com/index.php?page=autres","external_links_name":"\"Jumboization of pleasure sailboat and tuna boats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110118090950/http://www.keppelom.com/en/content.aspx?sid=2527","external_links_name":"\"Modifications & Others\""},{"Link":"http://www.keppelom.com/en/content.aspx?sid=2527","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110118090950/http://www.keppelom.com/en/content.aspx?sid=2527","external_links_name":"2011 Jumboisation/Body Swapping"}] |
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